https://ase.exopla.net/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=CliverugglesAll Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]2026-04-14T20:27:49ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.45.1https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Elieli&diff=39677Elieli2026-03-08T11:19:27Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Elieli}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
Elieli is a Micronesian star name, recorded on the island of Ifalik (Federated States of Micronesia). It is attested only since the middle of the 20th century but still in use. <br />
<br />
==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br />
'''Name Variants''' <br />
<br />
* Eliel, <br />
* Ēlluel<br />
<br />
'''Possible meaning'''<br />
<br />
The meaning (if any) of Elieli in Woleaian, the indigenous language spoken in Ifalik, is unclear but the phonetically similar modern term "Eleeligu" (double “e” now signifying long “i”) is a type of taro grown in the central Carolines.<br />
<br />
<div style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"><br />
<youtube align=right>https://www.youtube.com/shorts/Fq1il4wuwRc</youtube><br />
</div><br />
<br />
'''Concordance & Identification'''<br />
<br />
The name Elieli for a [navigators'] guiding star<ref>Johnson, Rubellite K., John K. Mahelona, and Clive Ruggles (2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'' (3rd edition). Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. p. 414.</ref> was recorded on Ifalik by ethnographers Edwin Burrows and Melford Spiro, who spent six months on the island in 1947–48. It appears in a manuscript held in the Human Relations Area Files database (https://hraf.yale.edu/) and published as a book in 1953,<ref name=":0">Burrows, Edwin G. and Melford E. Spiro (1953). ''An Atoll Culture: Ethnography of Ifaluk in the Central Carolines''. New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files.</ref> hereinafter “BS53”. On p. 97, they give its possible identification as either [[Algedi]] (α Cap) or '''ε Lep''', based on azimuth calculations by Maud Makemson. Makemson does not, however, list the term in her star list in her book ''The Morning Star Rises'',<ref name=":1">Makemson, Maud M. (1941). ''The Morning Star Rises''. New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> which is restricted to Polynesia.<br />
<br />
The name may well, however, be a variant of Eliel, or Ēlluel, other variants of which are widely recorded in the central Caroline Islands. If so, it likely referred to Orion’s belt.<br />
<br />
=== How was this identification obtained? ===<br />
[[File:Burrows+Spiro1953 fig16.png|thumb|Ifalik “star chart”, after Burrows and Spiro 1953<ref name=":0" />:94, fig. 16. Names outside the circle are those of stars used in navigation, shown at their relative rising and setting positions around the compass.]]<br />
<br />
The ethnographer Burrows produced a “star chart” showing the rising (''tagali'') and setting (''tubuwuli'') positions of various Ifalik navigation stars (see figure, after BS53 fig. 16) with the aid of a native informant, “Tom”, as follows:<blockquote>“Fig. 16 shows the positions of the stars used for navigation in Ifaluk [sic] ... Tom gave them to me [Burrows] from memory, but with a compass before us; and I wrote them down on sheets of paper with circles drawn on them like those in Fig. 16, marked to show the points of the compass. ... He approved it, and at times supervised my notations closely, so far as directions are concerned.” (BS53<ref name=":0" />:93) </blockquote>'''Further explanation of the caption to the star chart:'''<br />
<br />
* ''Taga'' means “rises” and<br />
* ''Tubwu'' means “sets”, <br />
* ''li'' being the definite article. <br />
* Horizontal lines indicate the paths of of the stars across the sky. Inside the circle, the two words in parentheses indicate the most clearly conceived cardinal directions: ''Ievang'' (north) and ''Iauru'' (south). <br />
* Names inside the circle and not in parentheses are those of islands or reefs said to be reached by steering for the rising or setting points on the same radial line. <br />
<br />
The account continues: "To identify the stars with names used in our astronomy, Dr Maud W. Makemson of Vassar College, a pioneer in what might be called ethnoastronomy,* kindly responded to an appeal for help. She computed the azimuths of the stars located by Tom according to points on the compass, and identified them as nearly as possible from such rough data. Later, Dr Ward H. Goodenough sent a copy of his “Native astronomy in the central Carolines”<ref name=":2">Goodenough, Ward H. (1953). ''Native Astronomy in the Central Carolines''. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.</ref>, which shows that the native system is, or was, the same throughout what he calls the Central Carolines Language Area. He has worked out an identification applicable to the whole area. ... Where [, as here, Makemson and Goodenough] disagree, the author of this report is quite incompetent to judge where the difficulty lies, beyond the obvious conclusions that it is a matter of inadequate data." (BS53<ref name=":0" />:95)<br />
<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>This, by the way, appears to be the earliest reference to the term, appearing many years before Baity 1973<ref>Baity, Elizabeth C. (1973). “Archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy so far”, ''Current Anthropology'', 14, 389-449.</ref>, which is usually quoted.<br />
<br />
== Mythology/ Religion ==<br />
mnemonic tales and cultural significance<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* Human Relations Area Files database (https://hraf.yale.edu/) <br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
The name was suggested in 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
* [[References]] (general)<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Oceania]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Star Name]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Elieli&diff=39676Elieli2026-03-08T11:16:45Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Elieli}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
Elieli is a Micronesian star name, recorded on the island of Ifalik (Federated States of Micronesia). It is attested only since the middle of the 20th century but still in use. <br />
<br />
==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br />
'''Name Variants''' <br />
<br />
* Eliel, <br />
* Ēlluel<br />
<br />
'''Possible meaning'''<br />
<br />
The meaning (if any) of Elieli in Woleaian, the indigenous language spoken in Ifalik, is unclear but the phonetically similar modern term "Eleeligu" (double “e” now signifying long “i”) is a type of taro grown in the central Carolines.<br />
<br />
<div style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"><br />
<youtube align=right>https://www.youtube.com/shorts/Fq1il4wuwRc</youtube><br />
</div><br />
<br />
'''Concordance & Identification'''<br />
<br />
The name Elieli for a [navigators'] guiding star<ref>Johnson, Rubellite K., John K. Mahelona, and Clive Ruggles (2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'' (3rd edition). Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. p. 414.</ref> was recorded on Ifalik by ethnographers Edwin Burrows and Melford Spiro, who spent six months on the island in 1947–48. It appears in a manuscript held in the Human Relations Area Files database (https://hraf.yale.edu/) and published as a book in 1953,<ref name=":0">Burrows, Edwin G. and Melford E. Spiro (1953). ''An Atoll Culture: Ethnography of Ifaluk in the Central Carolines''. New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files.</ref> hereinafter “BS53”. On p. 97, they give its possible identification as either [[Algedi]] (α Cap) or '''ε Lep''', based on azimuth calculations by Maud Makemson. Makemson does not, however, list the term in her star list in her book ''The Morning Star Rises'',<ref name=":1">Makemson, Maud M. (1941). ''The Morning Star Rises''. New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> which is restricted to Polynesia.<br />
<br />
The name may well, however, be a variant of Eliel, or Ēlluel, other variants of which are widely recorded in the central Caroline Islands. If so, it likely referred to Orion’s belt.<br />
<br />
=== How was this identification obtained? ===<br />
[[File:Burrows+Spiro1953 fig16.png|thumb|Ifalik “star chart”, after Burrows and Spiro 1953<ref name=":0" />:94, fig. 16. Names outside the circle are those of stars used in navigation, shown at their relative rising and setting positions around the compass.]]<br />
<br />
The ethnographer Burrows produced a “star chart” showing the rising (tagali) and setting (tubuwuli) positions of various Ifalik navigation stars (see figure, after BS53 fig. 16) with the aid of a native informant, “Tom”, as follows:<blockquote>“Fig. 16 shows the positions of the stars used for navigation in Ifaluk [sic] ... Tom gave them to me [Burrows] from memory, but with a compass before us; and I wrote them down on sheets of paper with circles drawn on them like those in Fig. 16, marked to show the points of the compass. ... He approved it, and at times supervised my notations closely, so far as directions are concerned.” (BS53<ref name=":0" />:93) </blockquote>'''Explanation in the figure caption of the star chart:'''<br />
<br />
* ''Taga'' means “rises” and<br />
* ''Tubwu'' means “sets”, <br />
* ''li'' being the definite article. <br />
* Horizontal lines indicate the paths of of the stars across the sky. Inside the circle, the two words in parentheses indicate the most clearly conceived cardinal directions: ''Ievang'' (north) and ''Iauru'' (south). <br />
* Names inside the circle and not in parentheses are those of islands or reefs said to be reached by steering for the rising or setting points on the same radial line. <br />
<br />
The account continues: "To identify the stars with names used in our astronomy, Dr Maud W. Makemson of Vassar College, a pioneer in what might be called ethnoastronomy,* kindly responded to an appeal for help. She computed the azimuths of the stars located by Tom according to points on the compass, and identified them as nearly as possible from such rough data. Later, Dr Ward H. Goodenough sent a copy of his “Native astronomy in the central Carolines”<ref name=":2">Goodenough, Ward H. (1953). ''Native Astronomy in the Central Carolines''. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.</ref>, which shows that the native system is, or was, the same throughout what he calls the Central Carolines Language Area. He has worked out an identification applicable to the whole area. ... Where [, as here, Makemson and Goodenough] disagree, the author of this report is quite incompetent to judge where the difficulty lies, beyond the obvious conclusions that it is a matter of inadequate data." (BS53<ref name=":0" />:95)<br />
<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>This, by the way, appears to be the earliest reference to the term, appearing many years before Baity 1973<ref>Baity, Elizabeth C. (1973). “Archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy so far”, ''Current Anthropology'', 14, 389-449.</ref>, which is usually quoted.<br />
<br />
== Mythology/ Religion ==<br />
mnemonic tales and cultural significance<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* Human Relations Area Files database (https://hraf.yale.edu/) <br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
The name was suggested in 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
* [[References]] (general)<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Oceania]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Star Name]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Elieli&diff=39673Elieli2026-03-08T11:15:11Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* Concordance, Etymology, History */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Elieli}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
Elieli is a Micronesian star name, recorded on the island of Ifalik (Federated States of Micronesia). It is attested only since the middle of the 20th century but still in use. <br />
<br />
==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br />
'''Name Variants''' <br />
<br />
* Eliel, <br />
* Ēlluel<br />
<br />
'''Possible meaning'''<br />
<br />
The meaning (if any) of Elieli in Woleaian, the indigenous language spoken in Ifalik, is unclear but the phonetically similar modern term "Eleeligu" (double “e” now signifying long “i”) is a type of taro grown in the central Carolines.<br />
<br />
<div style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"><br />
<youtube align=right>https://www.youtube.com/shorts/Fq1il4wuwRc</youtube><br />
</div><br />
<br />
'''Concordance & Identification'''<br />
<br />
The name Elieli for a [navigators'] guiding star<ref>Johnson, Rubellite K., John K. Mahelona, and Clive Ruggles (2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'' (3rd edition). Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. p. 414.</ref> was recorded on Ifalik by ethnographers Edwin Burrows and Melford Spiro, who spent six months on the island in 1947–48. It appears in a manuscript held in the Human Relations Area Files database (https://hraf.yale.edu/) and published as a book in 1953,<ref name=":0">Burrows, Edwin G. and Melford E. Spiro (1953). ''An Atoll Culture: Ethnography of Ifaluk in the Central Carolines''. New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files.</ref> hereinafter “BS53”. On p. 97, they give its possible identification as either [[Algedi]] (α Cap) or '''ε Lep''', based on azimuth calculations by Maud Makemson. Makemson does not, however, list the term in her star list in her book ''The Morning Star Rises'',<ref name=":1">Makemson, Maud M. (1941). ''The Morning Star Rises''. New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> which is restricted to Polynesia.<br />
<br />
The name may well, however, be a variant of Eliel, or Ēlluel, other variants of which are widely recorded in the central Caroline Islands. Of so, it likely referred to Orion’s belt.<br />
<br />
=== How was this identification obtained? ===<br />
[[File:Burrows+Spiro1953 fig16.png|thumb|Ifalik “star chart”, after Burrows and Spiro 1953<ref name=":0" />:94, fig. 16. Names outside the circle are those of stars used in navigation, shown at their relative rising and setting positions around the compass.]]<br />
<br />
The ethnographer Burrows produced a “star chart” showing the rising (tagali) and setting (tubuwuli) positions of various Ifalik navigation stars (see figure, after BS53 fig. 16) with the aid of a native informant, “Tom”, as follows:<blockquote>“Fig. 16 shows the positions of the stars used for navigation in Ifaluk [sic] ... Tom gave them to me [Burrows] from memory, but with a compass before us; and I wrote them down on sheets of paper with circles drawn on them like those in Fig. 16, marked to show the points of the compass. ... He approved it, and at times supervised my notations closely, so far as directions are concerned.” (BS53<ref name=":0" />:93) </blockquote>'''Explanation in the figure caption of the star chart:'''<br />
<br />
* ''Taga'' means “rises” and<br />
* ''Tubwu'' means “sets”, <br />
* ''li'' being the definite article. <br />
* Horizontal lines indicate the paths of of the stars across the sky. Inside the circle, the two words in parentheses indicate the most clearly conceived cardinal directions: ''Ievang'' (north) and ''Iauru'' (south). <br />
* Names inside the circle and not in parentheses are those of islands or reefs said to be reached by steering for the rising or setting points on the same radial line. <br />
<br />
The account continues: "To identify the stars with names used in our astronomy, Dr Maud W. Makemson of Vassar College, a pioneer in what might be called ethnoastronomy,* kindly responded to an appeal for help. She computed the azimuths of the stars located by Tom according to points on the compass, and identified them as nearly as possible from such rough data. Later, Dr Ward H. Goodenough sent a copy of his “Native astronomy in the central Carolines”<ref name=":2">Goodenough, Ward H. (1953). ''Native Astronomy in the Central Carolines''. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.</ref>, which shows that the native system is, or was, the same throughout what he calls the Central Carolines Language Area. He has worked out an identification applicable to the whole area. ... Where [, as here, Makemson and Goodenough] disagree, the author of this report is quite incompetent to judge where the difficulty lies, beyond the obvious conclusions that it is a matter of inadequate data." (BS53<ref name=":0" />:95)<br />
<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>This, by the way, appears to be the earliest reference to the term, appearing many years before Baity 1973<ref>Baity, Elizabeth C. (1973). “Archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy so far”, ''Current Anthropology'', 14, 389-449.</ref>, which is usually quoted.<br />
<br />
== Mythology/ Religion ==<br />
mnemonic tales and cultural significance<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* Human Relations Area Files database (https://hraf.yale.edu/) <br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
The name was suggested in 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
* [[References]] (general)<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Oceania]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Star Name]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Elieli&diff=39672Elieli2026-03-08T11:08:38Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Elieli}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
Elieli is a Micronesian star name, recorded on the island of Ifalik (Federated States of Micronesia). It is attested only since the middle of the 20th century but still in use. <br />
<br />
==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br />
'''Name Variants''' <br />
<br />
* Eliel, <br />
* Ēlluel<br />
<br />
'''Pronunciation'''<br />
<br />
The meaning (if any) of Elieli in Woleaian, the indigenous language spoken in Ifalik, is unclear but the phonetically similar modern term "Eleeligu" (double “e” now signifying long “i”) is a type of taro grown in the central Carolines.<br />
<br />
<div style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"><br />
<youtube align=right>https://www.youtube.com/shorts/Fq1il4wuwRc</youtube><br />
</div><br />
<br />
'''Concordance & Identification'''<br />
<br />
The name Elieli for a [navigators'] guiding star<ref>Johnson, Rubellite K., John K. Mahelona, and Clive Ruggles (2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'' (3rd edition). Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. p. 414.</ref> was recorded on Ifalik by ethnographers Edwin Burrows and Melford Spiro, who spent six months on the island in 1947–48. It appears in a manuscript held in the Human Relations Area Files database (https://hraf.yale.edu/) and published as a book in 1953,<ref name=":0">Burrows, Edwin G. and Melford E. Spiro (1953). ''An Atoll Culture: Ethnography of Ifaluk in the Central Carolines''. New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files.</ref> hereinafter “BS53”. On p. 97, they give its possible identification as either [[Algedi]] (α Cap) or '''ε Lep''', based on azimuth calculations by Maud Makemson. Makemson does not, however, list the term in her star list in her book ''The Morning Star Rises'',<ref name=":1">Makemson, Maud M. (1941). ''The Morning Star Rises''. New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> which is restricted to Polynesia.<br />
<br />
The name may well, however, be a variant of Eliel, or Ēlluel, other variants of which are widely recorded in the central Caroline Islands. Of so, it likely referred to Orion’s belt.<br />
<br />
=== How this identification was obtained? ===<br />
[[File:Burrows+Spiro1953 fig16.png|thumb|Ifalik “star chart”, after Burrows and Spiro 1953<ref name=":0" />:94, fig. 16. Names outside the circle are those of stars used in navigation, shown at their relative rising and setting positions around the compass.]]<br />
<br />
The ethnographer Burrows produced a “star chart” showing the rising (tagali) and setting (tubuwuli) positions of various Ifalik navigation stars (see figure, after BS53 fig. 16) with the aid of a native informant, “Tom”, as follows:<blockquote>“Fig. 16 shows the positions of the stars used for navigation in Ifaluk [sic] ... Tom gave them to me [Burrows] from memory, but with a compass before us; and I wrote them down on sheets of paper with circles drawn on them like those in Fig. 16, marked to show the points of the compass. ... He approved it, and at times supervised my notations closely, so far as directions are concerned.” (BS53<ref name=":0" />:93) </blockquote>'''Explanation in the figure caption of the star chart:'''<br />
<br />
* ''Taga'' means “rises” and<br />
* ''Tubwu'' means “sets”, <br />
* ''li'' being the definite article. <br />
* Horizontal lines indicate the paths of of the stars across the sky. Inside the circle, the two words in parentheses indicate the most clearly conceived cardinal directions: ''Ievang'' (north) and ''Iauru'' (south). <br />
* Names inside the circle and not in parentheses are those of islands or reefs said to be reached by steering for the rising or setting points on the same radial line. <br />
<br />
The account continues: "To identify the stars with names used in our astronomy, Dr Maud W. Makemson of Vassar College, a pioneer in what might be called ethnoastronomy,* kindly responded to an appeal for help. She computed the azimuths of the stars located by Tom according to points on the compass, and identified them as nearly as possible from such rough data. Later, Dr Ward H. Goodenough sent a copy of his “Native astronomy in the central Carolines”<ref name=":2">Goodenough, Ward H. (1953). ''Native Astronomy in the Central Carolines''. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.</ref>, which shows that the native system is, or was, the same throughout what he calls the Central Carolines Language Area. He has worked out an identification applicable to the whole area. ... Where [, as here, Makemson and Goodenough] disagree, the author of this report is quite incompetent to judge where the difficulty lies, beyond the obvious conclusions that it is a matter of inadequate data." (BS53<ref name=":0" />:95)<br />
<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>This, by the way, appears to be the earliest reference to the term, appearing many years before Baity 1973<ref>Baity, Elizabeth C. (1973). “Archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy so far”, ''Current Anthropology'', 14, 389-449.</ref>, which is usually quoted.<br />
<br />
== Mythology/ Religion ==<br />
mnemonic tales and cultural significance<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* Human Relations Area Files database (https://hraf.yale.edu/) <br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
The name was suggested in 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
* [[References]] (general)<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Oceania]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Star Name]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Elieli&diff=39670Elieli2026-03-08T10:58:37Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Elieli}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
Elieli is a Micronesian star name, recorded on the island of Ifalik (Federated States of Micronesia). It is attested only since the middle of the 20th century but still in use. <br />
<br />
==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br />
'''Name Variants''' <br />
<br />
* Eliel, <br />
* Ēlluel<br />
<br />
'''Pronunciation'''<br />
<br />
The meaning (if any) of Elieli in Woleaian, the indigenous language spoken in Ifalik, is unclear but the phonetically similar modern term "Eleeligu" (double "e" now signifying long "i") is a type of taro grown in the central Carolines.<br />
<br />
<div style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"><br />
<youtube align=right>https://www.youtube.com/shorts/Fq1il4wuwRc</youtube><br />
</div><br />
<br />
'''Concordance & Identification'''<br />
<br />
The name Elieli for a [navigators'] guiding star<ref>Johnson, Rubellite K., John K. Mahelona, and Clive Ruggles (2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'' (3rd edition). Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. p. 414</ref> was recorded on Ifalik by ethnographers Edwin Burrows and Melford Spiro, who spent six months on the island in 1947–48. It appears in a manuscript held in the Human Relations Area Files database (https://hraf.yale.edu/) and published as a book in 1953,<ref name=":0">Burrows, Edwin G. and Melford E. Spiro (1953). ''An Atoll Culture: Ethnography of Ifaluk in the Central Carolines''. New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files.</ref> hereinafter “BS53”. On p. 97, they give its possible identification as either [[Algedi]] (α Cap) or '''ε Lep''', based on azimuth calculations by Maud Makemson. Makemson does not, however, list the term in her star list in her book ''The Morning Star Rises'',<ref name=":1">Makemson, Maud M. (1941). ''The Morning Star Rises''. New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> which is restricted to Polynesia.<br />
<br />
The name may well, however, be a variant of Eliel, or Ēlluel, other variants of which are widely recorded in the central Caroline Islands. Of so, it likely referred to Orion's belt.<br />
<br />
=== How this identification was obtained? ===<br />
[[File:Burrows+Spiro1953 fig16.png|thumb|Ifalik “star chart”, after Burrows and Spiro 1953<ref name=":0" />:94, fig. 16. Names outside the circle are those of stars used in navigation, shown at their relative rising and setting positions around the compass.]]<br />
<br />
The ethnographer Burrows produced a “star chart” showing the rising (tagali) and setting (tubuwuli) positions of various Ifalik navigation stars (see figure, after BS53 fig. 16) with the aid of a native informant, "Tom", as follows:<blockquote>"Fig. 16 shows the positions of the stars used for navigation in Ifaluk [sic] ... Tom gave them to me [Burrows] from memory, but with a compass before us; and I wrote them down on sheets of paper with circles drawn on them like those in Fig. 16, marked to show the points of the compass. ... He approved it, and at times supervised my notations closely, so far as directions are concerned." [BS53<ref name=":0" />:93] </blockquote>'''Explanation in the figure caption of the star chart:'''<br />
<br />
* ''Taga'' means “rises” and<br />
* ''Tubwu'' means “sets”, <br />
* ''li'' being the definite article. <br />
* Horizontal lines indicate the paths of of the stars across the sky. Inside the circle, the two words in parentheses indicate the most clearly conceived cardinal directions: ''Ievang'' (north) and ''Iauru'' (south). <br />
* Names inside the circle and not in parentheses are those of islands or reefs said to be reached by steering for the rising or setting points on the same radial line. <br />
<br />
Then, "To identify the stars with names used in our astronomy, Dr Maud W. Makemson of Vassar College, a pioneer in what might be called ethnoastronomy,* kindly responded to an appeal for help. She computed the azimuths of the stars located by Tom according to points on the compass, and identified them as nearly as possible from such rough data. Later, Dr Ward H. Goodenough<ref name=":2">Goodenough, Ward H. (1953). Native Astronomy in the Central Carolines. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.</ref> sent a copy of his "Native astronomy in the central Carolines" <Goodenough 1953><ref name=":2" />, which shows that the native system is, or was, the same throughout what he calls the Central Carolines Language Area. He has worked out an identification applicable to the whole area. ... Where [, as here, Makemson and Goodenough<ref name=":2" />] disagree, the author of this report is quite incompetent to judge where the difficulty lies, beyond the obvious conclusions that it is a matter of inadequate data." <B&S<ref name=":0" /> p. 95><br />
<br />
This, by the way, appears to be the earliest reference to the term, appearing many years before Baity 1973<ref>Baity, Elizabeth C. (1973). "Archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy so far", Current Anthropology, 14, 389-449.</ref>, which is usually quoted.<br />
<br />
== Mythology/ Religion ==<br />
mnemonic tales and cultural significance<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* Human Relations Area Files database (https://hraf.yale.edu/) <br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
The name was suggested in 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
* [[References]] (general)<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Oceania]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Star Name]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Elieli&diff=39669Elieli2026-03-08T10:41:52Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Elieli}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
Elieli is a Micronesian star name, recorded on the island of Ifalik (Federated States of Micronesia). It is attested only since the middle of the 20th century but still in use. <br />
<br />
==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br />
'''Name Variants''' <br />
<br />
* Eliel, <br />
* Ēlluel<br />
<br />
'''Pronunciation'''<br />
<br />
The meaning (if any) of Elieli in Woleaian, the indigenous language spoken in Ifalik, is unclear but the phonetically similar modern term "Eleeligu" (double "e" now signifying long "i") is a type of taro grown in the central Carolines.<br />
<br />
<div style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"><br />
<youtube align=right>https://www.youtube.com/shorts/Fq1il4wuwRc</youtube><br />
</div><br />
<br />
'''Concordance & Identification'''<br />
<br />
The name Elieli for a [navigators'] guiding star <ref>Johnson, Rubellite K., John K. Mahelona, and Clive Ruggles (2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'' (3rd edition). Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. p. 414</ref> was recorded on Ifalik by ethnographers Edwin Burrows and Melford Spiro (Burrows and Spiro 1953)<ref name=":0">Burrows, Edwin G. and Melford E. Spiro (1953). ''An Atoll Culture: Ethnography of Ifaluk in the Central Carolines''. New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files.</ref>, who spent six months on the island in 1947–48. It appears in a manuscript held in the Human Relations Area Files database (https://hraf.yale.edu/) and published as a book in 1953<ref name=":0" />. On p. 97, they give its possible identification as either [[Algedi]] (α Cap) or '''ε Lep''', based on azimuth calculations by Maud Makemson. Makemson does not, however, list the term in her star list in her book ''The Morning Star Rises''<ref name=":1">Makemson, Maud M. (1941). ''The Morning Star Rises''. New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref>, which is restricted to Polynesia.<br />
<br />
The name may well, however, be a variant of Eliel, or Ēlluel, other variants of which are widely recorded in the central Caroline Islands. Of so, it likely referred to Orion's belt.<br />
<br />
=== How this identification was obtained? ===<br />
[[File:Burrows+Spiro1953 fig16.png|thumb|Star chart. Names outside the circle are those of stars aused in navigation (CC BY Burrows and Spiro 1953<ref name=":0" />, p.94).]]<br />
<br />
The ethnographer Burrows produced a star chart showing the rising (tagali) and setting (tubuwuli) positions of various Ifalik navigation stars <see figure, after Burrows and Spiro 1953:<ref name=":0" /> fig. 16> with the aid of a native informant, "Tom", as follows:<blockquote>"Fig. 16 shows the positions of the stars used for navigation in Ifaluk [sic] ... Tom gave them to me [Burrows] from memory, but with a compass before us; and I wrote them down on sheets of paper with circles drawn on them like those in Fig. 16, marked to show the points of the compass. ... He approved it, and at times supervised my notations closely, so far as directions are concerned." [B&S<ref name=":0" /> p. 93] </blockquote>'''Explanation in the figure caption of the star chart:'''<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
* Taga means "rises"<br />
* tubwu "sets" <br />
* li being the definite article <br />
* Horizontal lines indicate the paths of of the stars across the sky. Inside the circle, the two words in parentheses indicate the most clearly conceived cardinal directions: (levang) north, lsuru (south). <br />
* Names inside the circle and not in parentheses are those of islands or reefs said to be reached by steering for the rising or setting points on the same radial line. <br />
<br />
Then, "To identify the stars with names used in our astronomy, Dr Maud W. Makemson of Vassar College, a pioneer in what might be called ethnoastronomy,* kindly responded to an appeal for help. She computed the azimuths of the stars located by Tom according to points on the compass, and identified them as nearly as possible from such rough data. Later, Dr Ward H. Goodenough<ref name=":2">Goodenough, Ward H. (1953). Native Astronomy in the Central Carolines. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.</ref> sent a copy of his "Native astronomy in the central Carolines" <Goodenough 1953><ref name=":2" />, which shows that the native system is, or was, the same throughout what he calls the Central Carolines Language Area. He has worked out an identification applicable to the whole area. ... Where [, as here, Makemson and Goodenough<ref name=":2" />] disagree, the author of this report is quite incompetent to judge where the difficulty lies, beyond the obvious conclusions that it is a matter of inadequate data." <B&S<ref name=":0" /> p. 95><br />
<br />
This, by the way, appears to be the earliest reference to the term, appearing many years before Baity 1973<ref>Baity, Elizabeth C. (1973). "Archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy so far", Current Anthropology, 14, 389-449.</ref>, which is usually quoted.<br />
<br />
== Mythology/ Religion ==<br />
mnemonic tales and cultural significance<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* Human Relations Area Files database (https://hraf.yale.edu/) <br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
The name was suggested in 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
* [[References]] (general)<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Oceania]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Star Name]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Elieli&diff=39394Elieli2026-03-01T12:39:55Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* How this identification was obtained */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Elieli}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
Elieli is a Micronesian star name, recorded on the island of Ifalik (Federated States of Micronesia).<br />
<br />
==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br />
The name Elieli for a [navigators'] guiding star <NIH3, p 414, Elieli [1]> was recorded on Ifalik by ethnographers Edwin Burrows and Melford Spiro, who spent six months on the island in 1947–48. It appears in a manuscript held in the Human Relations Area Files database (https://hraf.yale.edu/) and published as a book in 1953 <B&S 1953>. On p. 97, they give its possible identification as either Algedi (α Cap) or ε Lep, based on azimuth calculations by Maud Makemson. Makemson does not, however, list the term in her star list in "The Morning Star Rises" <Makemson 1941>, which is restricted to Polynesia.<br />
<br />
The name may well, however, be a variant of Eliel, or Ēlluel, other variants of which are widely recorded in the central Caroline Islands. Of so, it likely referred to Orion's belt.<br />
<br />
The meaning (if any) of Elieli in Woleaian, the indigenous language spoken in Ifalik, is unclear but the phonetically similar modern term "Eleeligu" (double "e" now signifying long "i") is a type of taro grown in the central Carolines.<br />
<br />
==How this identification was obtained==<br />
The ethnographer Burrows produced a star chart showing the rising (tagali) and setting (tubuwuli) positions of various Ifalik navigation stars <see figure, after Burrows and Spiro 1953: fig. 16> with the aid of a native informant, "Tom", as follows:<br />
<br />
"Fig. 16 shows the positions of the stars used for navigation in Ifaluk [sic] ... Tom gave them to me [Burrows] from memory, but with a compass before us; and I wrote them down on sheets of paper with circles drawn on them like those in Fig. 16, marked to show the points of the compass. ... He approved it, and at times supervised my notations closely, so far as directions are concerned." <B&S p. 93> <br />
<br />
Then, "To identify the stars with names used in our astronomy, Dr Maud W. Makemson of Vassar College, a pioneer in what might be called ethnoastronomy,* kindly responded to an appeal for help. She computed the azimuths of the stars located by Tom according to points on the compass, and identified them as nearly as possible from such rough data. Later, Dr Ward H. Goodenough sent a copy of his "Native astronomy in the central Carolines" <Goodenough 1953>, which shows that the native system is, or was, the same throughout what he calls the Central Carolines Language Area. He has worked out an identification applicable to the whole area. ... Where [, as here, Makemson and Goodenough] disagree, the author of this report is quite incompetent to judge where the difficulty lies, beyond the obvious conclusions that it is a matter of inadequate data." <B&S p. 95><br />
<br />
* This, by the way, appears to be the earliest reference to the term, appearing many years before Baity 1973, which is usually quoted.<br />
<br />
<br />
Baity, Elizabeth C. (1973). "Archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy so far", Current Anthropology, 14, 389-449.<br />
Burrows, Edwin G. and Melford E. Spiro (1953). An Atoll Culture: Ethnography of Ifaluk in the Central Carolines. New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files.<br />
Goodenough, Ward H. (1953). Native Astronomy in the Central Carolines. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.<br />
Johnson, Rubellite K., John K. Mahelona, and Clive Ruggles (2026). Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
Makemson, Maud M. (1941). The morning Star Rises. New Haven: Yale University Press.</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Elieli&diff=39393Elieli2026-03-01T12:34:50Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Elieli}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
Elieli is a Micronesian star name, recorded on the island of Ifalik (Federated States of Micronesia).<br />
<br />
==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br />
The name Elieli for a [navigators'] guiding star <NIH3, p 414, Elieli [1]> was recorded on Ifalik by ethnographers Edwin Burrows and Melford Spiro, who spent six months on the island in 1947–48. It appears in a manuscript held in the Human Relations Area Files database (https://hraf.yale.edu/) and published as a book in 1953 <B&S 1953>. On p. 97, they give its possible identification as either Algedi (α Cap) or ε Lep, based on azimuth calculations by Maud Makemson. Makemson does not, however, list the term in her star list in "The Morning Star Rises" <Makemson 1941>, which is restricted to Polynesia.<br />
<br />
The name may well, however, be a variant of Eliel, or Ēlluel, other variants of which are widely recorded in the central Caroline Islands. Of so, it likely referred to Orion's belt.<br />
<br />
The meaning (if any) of Elieli in Woleaian, the indigenous language spoken in Ifalik, is unclear but the phonetically similar modern term "Eleeligu" (double "e" now signifying long "i") is a type of taro grown in the central Carolines.<br />
<br />
==How this identification was obtained==<br />
The ethnographer Burrows produced a star chart showing the rising (tagali) and setting (tubuwuli) positions of various Ifalik navigation stars <see figure, after Burrows and Spiro 1953: fig. 16> with the aid of a native informant, "Tom", as follows:<br />
<br />
"Fig. 16 shows the positions of the stars used for navigation in Ifaluk [sic] ... Tom gave them to me [Burrows] from memory, but with a compass before us; and I wrote them down on sheets of paper with circles drawn on them like those in Fig. 16, marked to show the points of the compass. ... He approved it, and at times supervised my notations closely, so far as directions are concerned." <B&S p. 93> <br />
<br />
Then, "To identify the stars with names used in our astronomy, Dr Maud W. Makemson of Vassar College, a pioneer in what might be called ethnoastronomy,* kindly responded to an appeal for help,. She computed the azimuths of the stars located by Tom according to points on the compass, and identified them as nearly as possible from such rough data. Later, Dr Ward H. Goodenough sent a copy of his "Native astronomy in the central Carolines" <Goodenough 1953>, which shows that the native system is, or was, the same throughout what he calls the Central Carolines Language Area. He has worked out an identification applicable to the whole area. ... Where [, as here, Makemson's and Goodenough's] disagree, the author of this report is quite incompetent to judge where the difficulty lies, beyond the obvious conclusions that ut is a matter of inadequate data." <B&S p. 95><br />
<br />
* This, by the way, appears to be the earliest reference to the term, appearing many years before Baity 1973, which is usually quoted.<br />
<br />
<br />
Baity, Elizabeth C. (1973). "Archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy so far", Current Anthropology, 14, 389-449.<br />
Burrows, Edwin G. and Melford E. Spiro (1953). An Atoll Culture: Ethnography of Ifaluk in the Central Carolines. New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files.<br />
Goodenough, Ward H. (1953). Native Astronomy in the Central Carolines. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.<br />
Johnson, Rubellite K., John K. Mahelona, and Clive Ruggles (2026). Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
Makemson, Maud M. (1941). The morning Star Rises. New Haven: Yale University Press.</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Elieli&diff=39392Elieli2026-03-01T10:58:25Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Elieli}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
Elieli is a Micronesian star name, recorded on the island of Ifalik (Federated States of Micronesia).<br />
<br />
==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br />
What does the term mean, does it always have the same meaning - was it changed over time. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Origin of Constellation ===<br />
<br />
=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br />
<br />
== Mythology ==<br />
mnemonic tales and cultural significance<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* {{NAMESPACE}} <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
* [[References]] (general)<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Oceania]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Pipit&diff=31178Pipit2025-07-29T16:08:44Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* Confusion of Pipit and Ensoelit */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Paddyfield pipit (Anthus rufulus rufulus).jpg|thumb|Paddyfield pipit (Anthus rufulus rufulus)]]<br />
Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as "Pipit", The Little Rice Thief (a species of sparrow).<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
[[File:Schadee1914 Pipit+Ensoelit.jpg|alt=screenshot|thumb|drawing in Schadee (1914: 132), map of "pipit" and "ensoelit" next to Sirius. ]]<br />
<br />
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as "Pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20769751 M.C. Schadee (1914)] in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ĕnsoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". <blockquote>"''Ĕnsoelit, naam van een vogel, welke vaak groote schade aan de te velde staande padi toebrengt. Ĕnsoelit bestaat uit zeta en nu Argus. Nu Argus heet ook pipit = musch''."<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
Ĕnsoelit, name of a bird which often causes great damage to the young rice plants ('padi') in the fields. Ĕnsoelit consists of ζ and ν Argus. ν Argus is also known as pipit = musch.</blockquote>In modern Dutch the latter bird is known as 'mus' which Wikipedia calls a Old World Sparrow. ''Ensoelit'' is the Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name which has not been found elsewhere. "Pipit", or "Burung Pipit" in Indonesian, has also been identified as ''Lonchura striata'', i.e., the white-rumped munia or striated finch.<ref name=":0">Yulius Yogi, M. Sofwan Anwari, S.M. Kartikawati (2019). "Etnozoologi sebagai pertanda oleh masyarakat dayak simpakng di desa mekar raya kecamatan simpang dua kabupaten ketapang" JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI, Vol. 7 (2) : 716 – 722, [[https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e13ab04f64b1a5a8JmltdHM9MTcyMDA1MTIwMCZpZ3VpZD0wM2VmMzFiNS02OTU5LTZlM2QtMDliOS0yM2RlNjhmNTZmZWQmaW5zaWQ9NTIwNw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=03ef31b5-6959-6e3d-09b9-23de68f56fed&psq=hubungan+suku+dayak+dan+burung+pipit&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9qdXJuYWwudW50YW4uYWMuaWQvaW5kZXgucGhwL2ptZmtoL2FydGljbGUvZG93bmxvYWQvMzMyOTgvNzU2NzY1ODE0NDc&ntb=1 link]]</ref><br />
<br />
A footnote in Schadee's paper identifies them as 'rijstdiefjes' = little rice thieves. They are also known as 'rijstvogels' of rice birds and are commonly known as [https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=549BEA0C618F1B97 Java sparrows]. "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, Marie C. (1914)]. “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. ''Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', '''69''', 130–139, p.&nbsp;132 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20769751 JSTOR link]].</ref><br />
<br />
Note that the modern star names are given as ν and ζ Arg (constellation name "[[Argo]]" with abbreviation "Arg" was standardized by the IAU in 1922, although six years later, the decision upon Delporte's borderlines made it unnecessary to be used throughout the 20th century; it is still useful in historical texts). <br />
<br />
=== Confusion of Pipit and Ensoelit ===<br />
Schadee's text stating that "Pipit" is a sparrow and "Ensoelit" is also a bird that named a constellation contradicts his diagram that seems to suggest that "Ensoelit" and "Pipit" are two star names of one (unnamed?) constellation. This leads to the question if the "ensoelit" bird has a similarly important (or any) significance in any Indonesian culture.<br />
<br />
After the spelling reform in Indonesia in 1980, Ensoelit is now spelled "ensulit"; it originates from the "Dayak Iban"-language, spoken in West Borneo and close to Malaysian language. On Java, for instance, it is not common and the term "ensulit" is not known at all. The Dayak are a huge ethnic with many subcultures (languages and ritual traditions). Schadee got the term from the Dayak Landak, we also found it in Dayak Kanayatan and Dayak Simpakng,<br />
<br />
The term "ensulit" is used only in the compound word "burik ensulit", meaning: "the bad looking feather". It refers to a specific feather of some roosters at the point where its tail joins the body. Superstition has it that a rooster with this feather is "the lucky one" in cockfights. It is considered to bring its owner fortune.<br />
<br />
So, this is a misunderstanding by Schadee: "Ensoelit" is not a bird. <br />
<br />
=== Etymology and Species of birds ===<br />
There are also other species of bird called "Pipit", e.g. the [https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Pipit/overview# American Pipit] which lives in the Americas, Northeast and East Asia. However, the star name seems to be applied in Indonesia only. Today, the term designates a [[wikipedia:Pipit|genus of small passerine birds]].<br />
<br />
However, the term "Pipit" occurred in European languages only in the middle of the 18th century and is considered probably imitative (cf. [https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/ Oxford Languages]). We consider the star name as indigenous Indonesian and the term in modern biology a take-over from this original. <br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
<br />
The rice bird is mentioned in the local lore of the Kanayatn Dayak community in West Kalimantan (Borneo) relating to the divine origin of rice:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>... which comes from a sprig of rice from Jubata (God) on an onion mountain that was stolen by a sparrow and the rice fell into the hands of ''ne Jaek'' who was wailing. It was from here that humans, in the Dayak language called ''Talino'', began to know rice as their staple food.<ref>Saiful Bahri &amp; Emi Tipuk Lestari, "Naik Dango Tradition in Supporting the Social Integration of Ethnic Dayak Community Kanayatn Binua Sunge Samak Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan", ''Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture'', '''14(1)''' (2022), pp.&nbsp;53-65 [cf. p.&nbsp;62, slightly modified] [[http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v14i1.30934 doi link]].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.<br />
<br />
The Dayak Simpakng Community avoids four kinds of birds as a sign of bad luck: owl (oleng kuap/burung hantu), sparrow (burung pipit), rock magpigie bird (gagurak/murai batu) and paddy kareo bird (keruak/kareo padi). This particular community believes that if those birds enter their house at night, a bad event will follow: they are a message from Satan or the devil who wants to disturb the people. In order to prevent the oath from coming true, they have to kill any birds that come in; otherwise they have to leave the house for three days. If they want to come back to the house, it must be ritually cleansed by a shaman using a chicken and rice as well as reciting mantras.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group on Star Names==<br />
While "pipit" is a Western bird name it also appears to be a local (Kenyatan) name for a bird, whether a sparrow or munia/finch. It is clearly identified by Schadee with [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=%CE%BD+Pup&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id ν Pup (SIMBAD)]. The blue (B8) giant star has 3.17 mag in V. We are unaware of any other cultural names for Nu Pup. <br />
<br />
WGSN thanks Youla Azkarrula (from Bali, Indonesia) for valuable contributions to this topic. <br />
<br />
In August 2024, WGSN adopted "Pipit" for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=%CE%BD+Pup&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id ν Pup].<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Star Name]] <br />
[[Category:Oceania]]<br />
[[Category:Dayak]]<br />
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]<br />
[[Category:Arg]][[Category:Pup]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Pipit&diff=31177Pipit2025-07-29T16:08:08Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* Confusion of Pipit and Ensoelit */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Paddyfield pipit (Anthus rufulus rufulus).jpg|thumb|Paddyfield pipit (Anthus rufulus rufulus)]]<br />
Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as "Pipit", The Little Rice Thief (a species of sparrow).<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
[[File:Schadee1914 Pipit+Ensoelit.jpg|alt=screenshot|thumb|drawing in Schadee (1914: 132), map of "pipit" and "ensoelit" next to Sirius. ]]<br />
<br />
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as "Pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20769751 M.C. Schadee (1914)] in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ĕnsoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". <blockquote>"''Ĕnsoelit, naam van een vogel, welke vaak groote schade aan de te velde staande padi toebrengt. Ĕnsoelit bestaat uit zeta en nu Argus. Nu Argus heet ook pipit = musch''."<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
Ĕnsoelit, name of a bird which often causes great damage to the young rice plants ('padi') in the fields. Ĕnsoelit consists of ζ and ν Argus. ν Argus is also known as pipit = musch.</blockquote>In modern Dutch the latter bird is known as 'mus' which Wikipedia calls a Old World Sparrow. ''Ensoelit'' is the Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name which has not been found elsewhere. "Pipit", or "Burung Pipit" in Indonesian, has also been identified as ''Lonchura striata'', i.e., the white-rumped munia or striated finch.<ref name=":0">Yulius Yogi, M. Sofwan Anwari, S.M. Kartikawati (2019). "Etnozoologi sebagai pertanda oleh masyarakat dayak simpakng di desa mekar raya kecamatan simpang dua kabupaten ketapang" JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI, Vol. 7 (2) : 716 – 722, [[https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e13ab04f64b1a5a8JmltdHM9MTcyMDA1MTIwMCZpZ3VpZD0wM2VmMzFiNS02OTU5LTZlM2QtMDliOS0yM2RlNjhmNTZmZWQmaW5zaWQ9NTIwNw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=03ef31b5-6959-6e3d-09b9-23de68f56fed&psq=hubungan+suku+dayak+dan+burung+pipit&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9qdXJuYWwudW50YW4uYWMuaWQvaW5kZXgucGhwL2ptZmtoL2FydGljbGUvZG93bmxvYWQvMzMyOTgvNzU2NzY1ODE0NDc&ntb=1 link]]</ref><br />
<br />
A footnote in Schadee's paper identifies them as 'rijstdiefjes' = little rice thieves. They are also known as 'rijstvogels' of rice birds and are commonly known as [https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=549BEA0C618F1B97 Java sparrows]. "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, Marie C. (1914)]. “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. ''Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', '''69''', 130–139, p.&nbsp;132 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20769751 JSTOR link]].</ref><br />
<br />
Note that the modern star names are given as ν and ζ Arg (constellation name "[[Argo]]" with abbreviation "Arg" was standardized by the IAU in 1922, although six years later, the decision upon Delporte's borderlines made it unnecessary to be used throughout the 20th century; it is still useful in historical texts). <br />
<br />
=== Confusion of Pipit and Ensoelit ===<br />
Schadee's text stating that "Pipit" is a sparrow and "Ensoelit" is also a bird that named a constellation contradicts his diagram that seems to suggest that "Ensoelit" and "Pipit" are two star names of one (unnamed?) constellation. This leads to the question if the "ensoelit" bird has a similarly important (or any) significance in any Indonesian culture.<br />
<br />
After the spelling reform in Indonesia in 1980, Ensoelit is now spelled "ensulit"; it originates from the "Dayak Iban"-language, spoken in West Borneo and close to Malaysian language. On Java, for instance, it is not common and the term "ensulit" is not known at all. The Dayak are a huge ethnic with many subcultures (languages and ritual traditions). Schadee got the term from the Dayak Landak, we also found it in Dayak Kanayatan and Dayak Simpakng,<br />
<br />
The term "ensulit" is used only in the compound word "burik ensulit", meaning: "the bad looking feather". It refers to a specific feather of some roosters at the point where its tail joins the body. Supersticion has it that a rooster with this feather is "the lucky one" in cockfights. It is considered to bring its owner fortune.<br />
<br />
So, this is a misunderstanding by Schadee: "Ensoelit" is not a bird. <br />
<br />
=== Etymology and Species of birds ===<br />
There are also other species of bird called "Pipit", e.g. the [https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Pipit/overview# American Pipit] which lives in the Americas, Northeast and East Asia. However, the star name seems to be applied in Indonesia only. Today, the term designates a [[wikipedia:Pipit|genus of small passerine birds]].<br />
<br />
However, the term "Pipit" occurred in European languages only in the middle of the 18th century and is considered probably imitative (cf. [https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/ Oxford Languages]). We consider the star name as indigenous Indonesian and the term in modern biology a take-over from this original. <br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
<br />
The rice bird is mentioned in the local lore of the Kanayatn Dayak community in West Kalimantan (Borneo) relating to the divine origin of rice:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>... which comes from a sprig of rice from Jubata (God) on an onion mountain that was stolen by a sparrow and the rice fell into the hands of ''ne Jaek'' who was wailing. It was from here that humans, in the Dayak language called ''Talino'', began to know rice as their staple food.<ref>Saiful Bahri &amp; Emi Tipuk Lestari, "Naik Dango Tradition in Supporting the Social Integration of Ethnic Dayak Community Kanayatn Binua Sunge Samak Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan", ''Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture'', '''14(1)''' (2022), pp.&nbsp;53-65 [cf. p.&nbsp;62, slightly modified] [[http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v14i1.30934 doi link]].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.<br />
<br />
The Dayak Simpakng Community avoids four kinds of birds as a sign of bad luck: owl (oleng kuap/burung hantu), sparrow (burung pipit), rock magpigie bird (gagurak/murai batu) and paddy kareo bird (keruak/kareo padi). This particular community believes that if those birds enter their house at night, a bad event will follow: they are a message from Satan or the devil who wants to disturb the people. In order to prevent the oath from coming true, they have to kill any birds that come in; otherwise they have to leave the house for three days. If they want to come back to the house, it must be ritually cleansed by a shaman using a chicken and rice as well as reciting mantras.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group on Star Names==<br />
While "pipit" is a Western bird name it also appears to be a local (Kenyatan) name for a bird, whether a sparrow or munia/finch. It is clearly identified by Schadee with [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=%CE%BD+Pup&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id ν Pup (SIMBAD)]. The blue (B8) giant star has 3.17 mag in V. We are unaware of any other cultural names for Nu Pup. <br />
<br />
WGSN thanks Youla Azkarrula (from Bali, Indonesia) for valuable contributions to this topic. <br />
<br />
In August 2024, WGSN adopted "Pipit" for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=%CE%BD+Pup&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id ν Pup].<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Star Name]] <br />
[[Category:Oceania]]<br />
[[Category:Dayak]]<br />
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]<br />
[[Category:Arg]][[Category:Pup]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Bake-eo&diff=2011Bake-eo2024-07-31T08:39:36Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* Meaning of the term */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Erdland1914 Bake-eo.jpg|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|"Bage Eo" mentioned in Erdland's list of Marshallese names in 1914. ]]A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
[[File:Necklace, sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 - Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München - DSC08298.JPG|alt=photograph of the necklace|thumb|Necklace from sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 (Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München, CC0)]]<br />
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage Eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up Erdland 1914: 79 #15]). Erdland identifies it as γ Oph but also possibly as Procyon (alpha Canis Minoris). Abo ''et al''. (2019) render the name as ''Bake-eo''. <br />
<br />
=== Meaning of the term ===<br />
''Bake'' is the [[wikipedia:Spondylus#:~:text=Spondylus%20is%20a%20genus%20of,in%20fact%2C%20true%20oysters).|spondylus mussel]] whose shell is used to make necklaces. A ''debwāāl'' is a drill used to drill holes in the mussels for that purpose. The asterism Debwāāl-eo ("the drill"), identified as 67, 68 and 70 Oph (originally recorded as [https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater ''Räbuäl eo'' by Erdland, p. 79 #14] and "[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/90/mode/2up 67, 68, 70 Ophiuchi bilden einen „Drillbohrer" page 90]), is seen next to the star Bake-eo (γ Oph), the shell itself. <br />
<br />
The particle "Eo" simply means "here it is, take it" (Abo ''et al''. 2019). <br />
<br />
=== Marshallese Sky Culture ===<br />
Erdland had observed the culture(s) on various islands and interviewed Elders; his knowledge comes from stargazing with Elders. He writes ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater Erdland 1914: 76,77]): <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde ist kein Gemeingut aller Eingeborenen noch das Monopol der Häuptlingsfamilien, sondern vielmehr das Geheimnis besonders intelligenter und beobachtungsfähiger Individuen, die diese Kenntnis in ihren Familien vererben. Infolge dieser Kenntnis stehen solche Familien über den gewöhnlichen Untertanen, wenn sie auch von Geburt aus ranglos sind. Diese Restriktion vorausgesetzt, kann ruhig behauptet werden, daß ein gewöhnlicher Eingeborener die Sterne und Wellen nicht kennen darf. Wohl mag ihm aus alten Erzählungen der Name dieses oder jenes Sternes bekannt sein, nicht jedoch dessen Position am Himmelsgewölbe.''" <br />
<br />
'''English''' <br />
<br />
"The science of stars and waves is not the common property of all indigenous people, nor is it the monopoly of the chiefdoms, but rather the secret of particularly intelligent and observant individuals who pass this knowledge on within their families. As a result of this knowledge, such families stand above the ordinary subjects, even as they are rankless by birth. Assuming this restriction, it can safely be said that an ordinary native cannot know the stars and waves. He may know the name of this or that star from old tales, but not its position in the firmament." </blockquote>The star knowledge is secret knowledge of specific families: <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde gilt als ein kostbares Erbgut, das außerhalb des Familienverbandes niemand besitzen darf. Sie ist ein Schatz, der die Familie in den Augen der Häuptlinge sowohl als der Untertanen hebt.''" [...]<br />
<br />
"''Die Hauptseefahrer wohnen auf den nördlich von Ailinlablab gelegenen Atollen Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik und Ronlab. Unter ihnen möchte ich als die bekanntesten angeben : Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur und Loien (Frau Zeit).''"<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
Star and wave lore is considered a precious heritage that no one outside the family is allowed to possess. It is a treasure that elevates the family in the eyes of both the chiefs and the subjects. [...]<br />
<br />
The main seafarers live on the atolls of Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik and Ronlab to the north of Ailinlablab. The best known of these are Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur and Loien (Mrs Time).</blockquote>The better social position of the star people leads to special rights, such as the use of larger estates and the chieftain's right to walk on the weather side of the island. Fathers often have a favourite child to pass on this knowledge and it does not matter whether it is a boy or a girl. Erdland reports that the Marshallese stargazers are very modest and when asked if they know the stars they say "some of them". He got them to share their knowledge with him by asking them about their ancestors: <blockquote>''Alsbald wird er das Lob seiner Voreltern singen: sie haben zuerst die Seefahrt und Sterne gekannt; sie haben auf ihren Fahrten Krieg geführt und den jetzigen Häuptlingen zum Sieg verhelfen; alle anderen Familien hingegen haben keine so ausgedehnte Kenntnis. Stundenlang würde er von seinen Ahnen, den gebildeten, sprechen, machte man ihn nicht darauf aufmerksam, daß es einem nicht um das Wissen längst verschiedener Ahnen zu tun ist, sondern um das von ihnen ererbte.''<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
He will soon sing the praises of his ancestors: they were the first to know navigation and the stars; they waged war on their voyages and helped the present chiefs to victory; all other families, on the other hand, have no such extensive knowledge. He would talk for hours about his ancestors, the educated ones, if it were not pointed out to him that it is not the knowledge of long-gone ancestors that is important, but the knowledge inherited from them.</blockquote><br />
[[File:Micronesian navigational chart.jpg|alt=photograph of a stick chart |thumb|A navigational chart from the Marshall Islands, on display at the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive. It is made of wood, sennit fiber and cowrie shells. From the collection of the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. Date not known. Photo by Jim Heaphy (CC-BY-SA 3.0). ]]<br />
[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater He continues on page 78] <blockquote>''Ich bat ihn [den Häuptling, der selbst fortgeschrittenen Alters war und seine Nachtruhe brauchte] jedoch, die Seefahrer Lowane und Lekoujabue damit zu beauftragen, mir ihr Wissen mitzuteilen. Letzterer kam denn auch abends und selbst in den frühen Morgenstunden. Zu meinem größten Staunen zeigte er 64 Sterne und Sternbilder.''<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
However, I asked him [the chief, who was himself advanced in age and needed his night's rest] to commission the sailors Lowane and Lekoujabue to share their knowledge with me. The latter came in the evening and even in the early hours of the morning. To my great amazement, he showed me 64 stars and constellations.</blockquote>Above his star name list, he writes: <blockquote>''[Es kann für] die Richtigkeit einiger Sternbilder keine volle Garantie übernommen werden[...], da unter den Seefahrern selbst Divergenzen auftreten. Zu verwundern ist, daß manche Sterne erster Größe, wie Sirius, Rigel, keinen Namen haben, wohingegen manche der von den eingeborenen Seefahrern mit einem Namen bedachten Sternbilder aus Sternen vierter bis fünfter Größe zusammengesetzt sind.''<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
No full guarantee can be given for the correctness of some constellations since divergences occur among the navigators themselves. It is surprising that some stars of the first magnitude, such as Sirius and Rigel, have no name, whereas some of the constellations given a name by the native navigators are composed of stars of the fourth to fifth magnitude.</blockquote>Erdland (1914: 92) also refers to the famous [[wikipedia:Marshall_Islands_stick_chart|Marshallese stick charts]] for see navigation. <br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Seen as a spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make "puka shell" necklaces (Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''; Johnson ''et al''.)<br />
<br />
[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/210/mode/2up?view=theater Erdland reports only four star lores (p. 210-226)], three concerning the Pleiades, one concerning Antares. <br />
<br />
* Liködaner gibt ihrem Sohne Siebengestirn das erste Segelkanu. (Liködaner gives her son Pleiades the first sailing canoe.)<br />
* Siebengestirns Eifersucht auf Jibuges Weib. (Pleiades's jealousy of Jibuge's wife.)<br />
* Siebengestirn bestraft zwei Leute wegen Verachtung seiner Person. (Pleiades punishes two people for contempt of his person)<br />
* Antares rächt die Untreue seiner Frau. (Antares avenges his wife's infidelity)<br />
<br />
==IAU Name Discussion== <br />
<br />
The star name has been proposed to the IAU WGSN since 2021; in 2024 the group discussed to register the name Bake-eo for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=gam+Oph&submit=SIMBAD+search γ Oph (SIMBAD-link)] with Vmag = 3.75 in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names. gam Oph currently lacks a name in SIMBAD. Astrophysically, gam Oph is a bright, nearby (distance ~ 30 parsecs) star that was one of the original A0V spectral type and photometric standard stars that helped define the zero points of the Johnson UBV photometric system (Johnson & Morgan 1953; 1953ApJ...117..313J). <br />
<br />
We don't know (yet) what map the author was using to ascribe the Marshallese names to stars with Bayer and Flamsteed designations - because some of the names for the stars and asterisms are for quite surprising stars: e.g. "Lerrik ran nejin Jabro" are attributed to the faint pair pi Tau (V=4.7mag) and 71 Tau (V=4.5mag) in the Hyades. Additionally, they have the curious alias "Rediculus" for alpha Pavonis, which seems to be unique to German 19th cen and early 20th cen navigation works (e.g. Stupar 1908). <br />
<br />
=== Are there alternative cultural names for gam Oph? ===<br />
gam Oph is part of the '''[[Zongzheng]]''' asterism (Sun & Kistemaker 1997; "The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society") from the Shi shi xingjing Star Catalogue. <br />
<br />
'''Aldurajah''' (Moore & Rees 2011). This is one of dozens of star names that appear in Moore & Rees that appear to have dubious origins. The name obviously sounds Arabic, but it does not appear as a celestial name in any other source that covers either indigenous Arabian or scientific Arabic names that I've seen. Mentions online appear to be mainly over the past decade after the publication of Moore & Rees 2011. <br />
<br />
'''Muliphen''' (Allen 1899) "''but I cannot trace it here, although this title is famous in other parts of the sky''". Regardless of the etymology, the name is non-unique and the WGSN already adopted "Muliphein" for gam CMa. <br />
<br />
=== Is the hyphen necessary? ===<br />
Why not just "'''Bakeeo'''" which would ease the lives of astrophysicists? We've not needed hyphens for any of the previous IAU star names. Among ~24,000 IAU names for asteroids, exoplanets, satellites, and stars, they are used sparingly (200 instances or ~0.8%), and all of which are for asteroids - and for proper names where a hyphen was usually used for a modern proper name (e.g., (11274) Castillo-Rogez) or for some modern transliterations of ancient proper names (e.g. (11156) Al-Khwarismi). <br />
<br />
However, writing it "Bakeeo" would introduce a lot of confusion. This is not only because it would tempt people to pronounce it "Bak-ee-yew" rather than "Bak-ey-yew" (i.e. putting in a long "ee" sound, which is wrong, as long and short vowels are distinct in many Pacific languages). The double-vowel is an orthographic nightmare anyway owing to its ambiguous use by various ethnographers, sometimes to represent a long "ey" sound (properly transcribed as "ē", as opposed to "ī" which represents the long "ee" sound) and sometimes to represent "e‘e", i.e. two short "ey" sounds separated by a glottal stop, which is incorrectly omitted. Actually, "Bake‘eo" would be closest to the actual pronunciation, but the glottal stop is not used in Marshallese, so that spelling would be misleading. So we are stuck with "Bake-eo". <br />
<br />
Yet another idea would be to use the spelling "'''Bakeyew'''" as this would reflect the English spelling of the pronunciation. In Arabic transliteration there are also at least two versions of the transliteration: one according to the written letters and one according to the sound in spoken language (cf. "Altair" and "Atair"). However, "Bakeyew" could look like Russian (or other Slavic languages): We checked that there is no Russian meaning of the term. <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <ref>https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2A.htm</ref><br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]<br />
[[Category:Marshallese]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Bake-eo&diff=2010Bake-eo2024-07-31T08:38:55Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* Meaning of the term */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Erdland1914 Bake-eo.jpg|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|"Bage Eo" mentioned in Erdland's list of Marshallese names in 1914. ]]A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
[[File:Necklace, sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 - Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München - DSC08298.JPG|alt=photograph of the necklace|thumb|Necklace from sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 (Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München, CC0)]]<br />
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage Eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up Erdland 1914: 79 #15]). Erdland identifies it as γ Oph but also possibly as Procyon (alpha Canis Minoris). Abo ''et al''. (2019) render the name as ''Bake-eo''. <br />
<br />
=== Meaning of the term ===<br />
''Bake'' is the [[wikipedia:Spondylus#:~:text=Spondylus%20is%20a%20genus%20of,in%20fact%2C%20true%20oysters).|spondylus mussel]] whose shell is used to make necklaces. A ''debwāāl'' is a drill used to drill holes in the mussels for that purpose. The asterism Debwāāl-eo ("the drill"), identified as 67, 68 and 70 Oph (originally recorded as [https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater ''Räbuäl eo'' by Erdland, p. 79 #14] and "[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/90/mode/2up 67, 68, 70 Ophiuchi bilden einen „Drillbohrer" page 90]), is seen next to the star Bake-eo (γ Oph), the shell itself <br />
<br />
The particle "Eo" simply means "here it is, take it" (Abo ''et al''. 2019). <br />
<br />
=== Marshallese Sky Culture ===<br />
Erdland had observed the culture(s) on various islands and interviewed Elders; his knowledge comes from stargazing with Elders. He writes ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater Erdland 1914: 76,77]): <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde ist kein Gemeingut aller Eingeborenen noch das Monopol der Häuptlingsfamilien, sondern vielmehr das Geheimnis besonders intelligenter und beobachtungsfähiger Individuen, die diese Kenntnis in ihren Familien vererben. Infolge dieser Kenntnis stehen solche Familien über den gewöhnlichen Untertanen, wenn sie auch von Geburt aus ranglos sind. Diese Restriktion vorausgesetzt, kann ruhig behauptet werden, daß ein gewöhnlicher Eingeborener die Sterne und Wellen nicht kennen darf. Wohl mag ihm aus alten Erzählungen der Name dieses oder jenes Sternes bekannt sein, nicht jedoch dessen Position am Himmelsgewölbe.''" <br />
<br />
'''English''' <br />
<br />
"The science of stars and waves is not the common property of all indigenous people, nor is it the monopoly of the chiefdoms, but rather the secret of particularly intelligent and observant individuals who pass this knowledge on within their families. As a result of this knowledge, such families stand above the ordinary subjects, even as they are rankless by birth. Assuming this restriction, it can safely be said that an ordinary native cannot know the stars and waves. He may know the name of this or that star from old tales, but not its position in the firmament." </blockquote>The star knowledge is secret knowledge of specific families: <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde gilt als ein kostbares Erbgut, das außerhalb des Familienverbandes niemand besitzen darf. Sie ist ein Schatz, der die Familie in den Augen der Häuptlinge sowohl als der Untertanen hebt.''" [...]<br />
<br />
"''Die Hauptseefahrer wohnen auf den nördlich von Ailinlablab gelegenen Atollen Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik und Ronlab. Unter ihnen möchte ich als die bekanntesten angeben : Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur und Loien (Frau Zeit).''"<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
Star and wave lore is considered a precious heritage that no one outside the family is allowed to possess. It is a treasure that elevates the family in the eyes of both the chiefs and the subjects. [...]<br />
<br />
The main seafarers live on the atolls of Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik and Ronlab to the north of Ailinlablab. The best known of these are Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur and Loien (Mrs Time).</blockquote>The better social position of the star people leads to special rights, such as the use of larger estates and the chieftain's right to walk on the weather side of the island. Fathers often have a favourite child to pass on this knowledge and it does not matter whether it is a boy or a girl. Erdland reports that the Marshallese stargazers are very modest and when asked if they know the stars they say "some of them". He got them to share their knowledge with him by asking them about their ancestors: <blockquote>''Alsbald wird er das Lob seiner Voreltern singen: sie haben zuerst die Seefahrt und Sterne gekannt; sie haben auf ihren Fahrten Krieg geführt und den jetzigen Häuptlingen zum Sieg verhelfen; alle anderen Familien hingegen haben keine so ausgedehnte Kenntnis. Stundenlang würde er von seinen Ahnen, den gebildeten, sprechen, machte man ihn nicht darauf aufmerksam, daß es einem nicht um das Wissen längst verschiedener Ahnen zu tun ist, sondern um das von ihnen ererbte.''<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
He will soon sing the praises of his ancestors: they were the first to know navigation and the stars; they waged war on their voyages and helped the present chiefs to victory; all other families, on the other hand, have no such extensive knowledge. He would talk for hours about his ancestors, the educated ones, if it were not pointed out to him that it is not the knowledge of long-gone ancestors that is important, but the knowledge inherited from them.</blockquote><br />
[[File:Micronesian navigational chart.jpg|alt=photograph of a stick chart |thumb|A navigational chart from the Marshall Islands, on display at the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive. It is made of wood, sennit fiber and cowrie shells. From the collection of the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. Date not known. Photo by Jim Heaphy (CC-BY-SA 3.0). ]]<br />
[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater He continues on page 78] <blockquote>''Ich bat ihn [den Häuptling, der selbst fortgeschrittenen Alters war und seine Nachtruhe brauchte] jedoch, die Seefahrer Lowane und Lekoujabue damit zu beauftragen, mir ihr Wissen mitzuteilen. Letzterer kam denn auch abends und selbst in den frühen Morgenstunden. Zu meinem größten Staunen zeigte er 64 Sterne und Sternbilder.''<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
However, I asked him [the chief, who was himself advanced in age and needed his night's rest] to commission the sailors Lowane and Lekoujabue to share their knowledge with me. The latter came in the evening and even in the early hours of the morning. To my great amazement, he showed me 64 stars and constellations.</blockquote>Above his star name list, he writes: <blockquote>''[Es kann für] die Richtigkeit einiger Sternbilder keine volle Garantie übernommen werden[...], da unter den Seefahrern selbst Divergenzen auftreten. Zu verwundern ist, daß manche Sterne erster Größe, wie Sirius, Rigel, keinen Namen haben, wohingegen manche der von den eingeborenen Seefahrern mit einem Namen bedachten Sternbilder aus Sternen vierter bis fünfter Größe zusammengesetzt sind.''<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
No full guarantee can be given for the correctness of some constellations since divergences occur among the navigators themselves. It is surprising that some stars of the first magnitude, such as Sirius and Rigel, have no name, whereas some of the constellations given a name by the native navigators are composed of stars of the fourth to fifth magnitude.</blockquote>Erdland (1914: 92) also refers to the famous [[wikipedia:Marshall_Islands_stick_chart|Marshallese stick charts]] for see navigation. <br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Seen as a spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make "puka shell" necklaces (Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''; Johnson ''et al''.)<br />
<br />
[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/210/mode/2up?view=theater Erdland reports only four star lores (p. 210-226)], three concerning the Pleiades, one concerning Antares. <br />
<br />
* Liködaner gibt ihrem Sohne Siebengestirn das erste Segelkanu. (Liködaner gives her son Pleiades the first sailing canoe.)<br />
* Siebengestirns Eifersucht auf Jibuges Weib. (Pleiades's jealousy of Jibuge's wife.)<br />
* Siebengestirn bestraft zwei Leute wegen Verachtung seiner Person. (Pleiades punishes two people for contempt of his person)<br />
* Antares rächt die Untreue seiner Frau. (Antares avenges his wife's infidelity)<br />
<br />
==IAU Name Discussion== <br />
<br />
The star name has been proposed to the IAU WGSN since 2021; in 2024 the group discussed to register the name Bake-eo for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=gam+Oph&submit=SIMBAD+search γ Oph (SIMBAD-link)] with Vmag = 3.75 in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names. gam Oph currently lacks a name in SIMBAD. Astrophysically, gam Oph is a bright, nearby (distance ~ 30 parsecs) star that was one of the original A0V spectral type and photometric standard stars that helped define the zero points of the Johnson UBV photometric system (Johnson & Morgan 1953; 1953ApJ...117..313J). <br />
<br />
We don't know (yet) what map the author was using to ascribe the Marshallese names to stars with Bayer and Flamsteed designations - because some of the names for the stars and asterisms are for quite surprising stars: e.g. "Lerrik ran nejin Jabro" are attributed to the faint pair pi Tau (V=4.7mag) and 71 Tau (V=4.5mag) in the Hyades. Additionally, they have the curious alias "Rediculus" for alpha Pavonis, which seems to be unique to German 19th cen and early 20th cen navigation works (e.g. Stupar 1908). <br />
<br />
=== Are there alternative cultural names for gam Oph? ===<br />
gam Oph is part of the '''[[Zongzheng]]''' asterism (Sun & Kistemaker 1997; "The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society") from the Shi shi xingjing Star Catalogue. <br />
<br />
'''Aldurajah''' (Moore & Rees 2011). This is one of dozens of star names that appear in Moore & Rees that appear to have dubious origins. The name obviously sounds Arabic, but it does not appear as a celestial name in any other source that covers either indigenous Arabian or scientific Arabic names that I've seen. Mentions online appear to be mainly over the past decade after the publication of Moore & Rees 2011. <br />
<br />
'''Muliphen''' (Allen 1899) "''but I cannot trace it here, although this title is famous in other parts of the sky''". Regardless of the etymology, the name is non-unique and the WGSN already adopted "Muliphein" for gam CMa. <br />
<br />
=== Is the hyphen necessary? ===<br />
Why not just "'''Bakeeo'''" which would ease the lives of astrophysicists? We've not needed hyphens for any of the previous IAU star names. Among ~24,000 IAU names for asteroids, exoplanets, satellites, and stars, they are used sparingly (200 instances or ~0.8%), and all of which are for asteroids - and for proper names where a hyphen was usually used for a modern proper name (e.g., (11274) Castillo-Rogez) or for some modern transliterations of ancient proper names (e.g. (11156) Al-Khwarismi). <br />
<br />
However, writing it "Bakeeo" would introduce a lot of confusion. This is not only because it would tempt people to pronounce it "Bak-ee-yew" rather than "Bak-ey-yew" (i.e. putting in a long "ee" sound, which is wrong, as long and short vowels are distinct in many Pacific languages). The double-vowel is an orthographic nightmare anyway owing to its ambiguous use by various ethnographers, sometimes to represent a long "ey" sound (properly transcribed as "ē", as opposed to "ī" which represents the long "ee" sound) and sometimes to represent "e‘e", i.e. two short "ey" sounds separated by a glottal stop, which is incorrectly omitted. Actually, "Bake‘eo" would be closest to the actual pronunciation, but the glottal stop is not used in Marshallese, so that spelling would be misleading. So we are stuck with "Bake-eo". <br />
<br />
Yet another idea would be to use the spelling "'''Bakeyew'''" as this would reflect the English spelling of the pronunciation. In Arabic transliteration there are also at least two versions of the transliteration: one according to the written letters and one according to the sound in spoken language (cf. "Altair" and "Atair"). However, "Bakeyew" could look like Russian (or other Slavic languages): We checked that there is no Russian meaning of the term. <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <ref>https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2A.htm</ref><br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]<br />
[[Category:Marshallese]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Bake-eo&diff=2009Bake-eo2024-07-31T08:36:20Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Erdland1914 Bake-eo.jpg|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|"Bage Eo" mentioned in Erdland's list of Marshallese names in 1914. ]]A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
[[File:Necklace, sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 - Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München - DSC08298.JPG|alt=photograph of the necklace|thumb|Necklace from sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 (Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München, CC0)]]<br />
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage Eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up Erdland 1914: 79 #15]). Erdland identifies it as γ Oph but also possibly as Procyon (alpha Canis Minoris). Abo ''et al''. (2019) render the name as ''Bake-eo''. <br />
<br />
=== Meaning of the term ===<br />
''Bake'' is the [[wikipedia:Spondylus#:~:text=Spondylus%20is%20a%20genus%20of,in%20fact%2C%20true%20oysters).|spondylus mussel]] whose shell is used to make necklaces. A ''debwāāl'' is a drill used to drill holes in the mussels for that purpose. The asterism Debwāāl-eo ("the drill"), identified as 67, 68 and 70 Oph (originally recorded as [https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater ''Räbuäl eo'' by Erdland, p. 79 #14] and "[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/90/mode/2up 67, 68, 70 Ophiuchi bilden einen „Drillbohrer" page 90]), is seen next to the star Bake-eo (γ Oph), the shell itself. <br />
<br />
=== Marshallese Sky Culture ===<br />
Erdland had observed the culture(s) on various islands and interviewed Elders; his knowledge comes from stargazing with Elders. He writes ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater Erdland 1914: 76,77]): <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde ist kein Gemeingut aller Eingeborenen noch das Monopol der Häuptlingsfamilien, sondern vielmehr das Geheimnis besonders intelligenter und beobachtungsfähiger Individuen, die diese Kenntnis in ihren Familien vererben. Infolge dieser Kenntnis stehen solche Familien über den gewöhnlichen Untertanen, wenn sie auch von Geburt aus ranglos sind. Diese Restriktion vorausgesetzt, kann ruhig behauptet werden, daß ein gewöhnlicher Eingeborener die Sterne und Wellen nicht kennen darf. Wohl mag ihm aus alten Erzählungen der Name dieses oder jenes Sternes bekannt sein, nicht jedoch dessen Position am Himmelsgewölbe.''" <br />
<br />
'''English''' <br />
<br />
"The science of stars and waves is not the common property of all indigenous people, nor is it the monopoly of the chiefdoms, but rather the secret of particularly intelligent and observant individuals who pass this knowledge on within their families. As a result of this knowledge, such families stand above the ordinary subjects, even as they are rankless by birth. Assuming this restriction, it can safely be said that an ordinary native cannot know the stars and waves. He may know the name of this or that star from old tales, but not its position in the firmament." </blockquote>The star knowledge is secret knowledge of specific families: <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde gilt als ein kostbares Erbgut, das außerhalb des Familienverbandes niemand besitzen darf. Sie ist ein Schatz, der die Familie in den Augen der Häuptlinge sowohl als der Untertanen hebt.''" [...]<br />
<br />
"''Die Hauptseefahrer wohnen auf den nördlich von Ailinlablab gelegenen Atollen Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik und Ronlab. Unter ihnen möchte ich als die bekanntesten angeben : Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur und Loien (Frau Zeit).''"<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
Star and wave lore is considered a precious heritage that no one outside the family is allowed to possess. It is a treasure that elevates the family in the eyes of both the chiefs and the subjects. [...]<br />
<br />
The main seafarers live on the atolls of Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik and Ronlab to the north of Ailinlablab. The best known of these are Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur and Loien (Mrs Time).</blockquote>The better social position of the star people leads to special rights, such as the use of larger estates and the chieftain's right to walk on the weather side of the island. Fathers often have a favourite child to pass on this knowledge and it does not matter whether it is a boy or a girl. Erdland reports that the Marshallese stargazers are very modest and when asked if they know the stars they say "some of them". He got them to share their knowledge with him by asking them about their ancestors: <blockquote>''Alsbald wird er das Lob seiner Voreltern singen: sie haben zuerst die Seefahrt und Sterne gekannt; sie haben auf ihren Fahrten Krieg geführt und den jetzigen Häuptlingen zum Sieg verhelfen; alle anderen Familien hingegen haben keine so ausgedehnte Kenntnis. Stundenlang würde er von seinen Ahnen, den gebildeten, sprechen, machte man ihn nicht darauf aufmerksam, daß es einem nicht um das Wissen längst verschiedener Ahnen zu tun ist, sondern um das von ihnen ererbte.''<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
He will soon sing the praises of his ancestors: they were the first to know navigation and the stars; they waged war on their voyages and helped the present chiefs to victory; all other families, on the other hand, have no such extensive knowledge. He would talk for hours about his ancestors, the educated ones, if it were not pointed out to him that it is not the knowledge of long-gone ancestors that is important, but the knowledge inherited from them.</blockquote><br />
[[File:Micronesian navigational chart.jpg|alt=photograph of a stick chart |thumb|A navigational chart from the Marshall Islands, on display at the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive. It is made of wood, sennit fiber and cowrie shells. From the collection of the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. Date not known. Photo by Jim Heaphy (CC-BY-SA 3.0). ]]<br />
[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater He continues on page 78] <blockquote>''Ich bat ihn [den Häuptling, der selbst fortgeschrittenen Alters war und seine Nachtruhe brauchte] jedoch, die Seefahrer Lowane und Lekoujabue damit zu beauftragen, mir ihr Wissen mitzuteilen. Letzterer kam denn auch abends und selbst in den frühen Morgenstunden. Zu meinem größten Staunen zeigte er 64 Sterne und Sternbilder.''<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
However, I asked him [the chief, who was himself advanced in age and needed his night's rest] to commission the sailors Lowane and Lekoujabue to share their knowledge with me. The latter came in the evening and even in the early hours of the morning. To my great amazement, he showed me 64 stars and constellations.</blockquote>Above his star name list, he writes: <blockquote>''[Es kann für] die Richtigkeit einiger Sternbilder keine volle Garantie übernommen werden[...], da unter den Seefahrern selbst Divergenzen auftreten. Zu verwundern ist, daß manche Sterne erster Größe, wie Sirius, Rigel, keinen Namen haben, wohingegen manche der von den eingeborenen Seefahrern mit einem Namen bedachten Sternbilder aus Sternen vierter bis fünfter Größe zusammengesetzt sind.''<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
No full guarantee can be given for the correctness of some constellations since divergences occur among the navigators themselves. It is surprising that some stars of the first magnitude, such as Sirius and Rigel, have no name, whereas some of the constellations given a name by the native navigators are composed of stars of the fourth to fifth magnitude.</blockquote>Erdland (1914: 92) also refers to the famous [[wikipedia:Marshall_Islands_stick_chart|Marshallese stick charts]] for see navigation. <br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Seen as a spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make "puka shell" necklaces (Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''; Johnson ''et al''.)<br />
<br />
[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/210/mode/2up?view=theater Erdland reports only four star lores (p. 210-226)], three concerning the Pleiades, one concerning Antares. <br />
<br />
* Liködaner gibt ihrem Sohne Siebengestirn das erste Segelkanu. (Liködaner gives her son Pleiades the first sailing canoe.)<br />
* Siebengestirns Eifersucht auf Jibuges Weib. (Pleiades's jealousy of Jibuge's wife.)<br />
* Siebengestirn bestraft zwei Leute wegen Verachtung seiner Person. (Pleiades punishes two people for contempt of his person)<br />
* Antares rächt die Untreue seiner Frau. (Antares avenges his wife's infidelity)<br />
<br />
==IAU Name Discussion== <br />
<br />
The star name has been proposed to the IAU WGSN since 2021; in 2024 the group discussed to register the name Bake-eo for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=gam+Oph&submit=SIMBAD+search γ Oph (SIMBAD-link)] with Vmag = 3.75 in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names. gam Oph currently lacks a name in SIMBAD. Astrophysically, gam Oph is a bright, nearby (distance ~ 30 parsecs) star that was one of the original A0V spectral type and photometric standard stars that helped define the zero points of the Johnson UBV photometric system (Johnson & Morgan 1953; 1953ApJ...117..313J). <br />
<br />
We don't know (yet) what map the author was using to ascribe the Marshallese names to stars with Bayer and Flamsteed designations - because some of the names for the stars and asterisms are for quite surprising stars: e.g. "Lerrik ran nejin Jabro" are attributed to the faint pair pi Tau (V=4.7mag) and 71 Tau (V=4.5mag) in the Hyades. Additionally, they have the curious alias "Rediculus" for alpha Pavonis, which seems to be unique to German 19th cen and early 20th cen navigation works (e.g. Stupar 1908). <br />
<br />
=== Are there alternative cultural names for gam Oph? ===<br />
gam Oph is part of the '''[[Zongzheng]]''' asterism (Sun & Kistemaker 1997; "The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society") from the Shi shi xingjing Star Catalogue. <br />
<br />
'''Aldurajah''' (Moore & Rees 2011). This is one of dozens of star names that appear in Moore & Rees that appear to have dubious origins. The name obviously sounds Arabic, but it does not appear as a celestial name in any other source that covers either indigenous Arabian or scientific Arabic names that I've seen. Mentions online appear to be mainly over the past decade after the publication of Moore & Rees 2011. <br />
<br />
'''Muliphen''' (Allen 1899) "''but I cannot trace it here, although this title is famous in other parts of the sky''". Regardless of the etymology, the name is non-unique and the WGSN already adopted "Muliphein" for gam CMa. <br />
<br />
=== Is the hyphen necessary? ===<br />
Why not just "'''Bakeeo'''" which would ease the lives of astrophysicists? We've not needed hyphens for any of the previous IAU star names. Among ~24,000 IAU names for asteroids, exoplanets, satellites, and stars, they are used sparingly (200 instances or ~0.8%), and all of which are for asteroids - and for proper names where a hyphen was usually used for a modern proper name (e.g., (11274) Castillo-Rogez) or for some modern transliterations of ancient proper names (e.g. (11156) Al-Khwarismi). <br />
<br />
However, writing it "Bakeeo" would introduce a lot of confusion. This is not only because it would tempt people to pronounce it "Bak-ee-yew" rather than "Bak-ey-yew" (i.e. putting in a long "ee" sound, which is wrong, as long and short vowels are distinct in many Pacific languages). The double-vowel is an orthographic nightmare anyway owing to its ambiguous use by various ethnographers, sometimes to represent a long "ey" sound (properly transcribed as "ē", as opposed to "ī" which represents the long "ee" sound) and sometimes to represent "e‘e", i.e. two short "ey" sounds separated by a glottal stop, which is incorrectly omitted. Actually, "Bake‘eo" would be closest to the actual pronunciation, but the glottal stop is not used in Marshallese, so that spelling would be misleading. So we are stuck with "Bake-eo". <br />
<br />
Yet another idea would be to use the spelling "'''Bakeyew'''" as this would reflect the English spelling of the pronunciation. In Arabic transliteration there are also at least two versions of the transliteration: one according to the written letters and one according to the sound in spoken language (cf. "Altair" and "Atair"). However, "Bakeyew" could look like Russian (or other Slavic languages): We checked that there is no Russian meaning of the term. <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <ref>https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2A.htm</ref><br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]<br />
[[Category:Marshallese]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=1799Leepwal2024-07-17T09:55:36Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* Catasterism */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Erdland1914 Leepwal.jpg|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|Leepwal as German transliteration "Läböol" in Erdmann's book (1914).]]<br />
Original spelling Ļeepwal. Pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound. Ļeepwal is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''"'''Läbôol'''"'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up Erdland 1914: 79 #25]).<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
According to commonly known Marshallese mythology, ''Lōktañūr (''Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus), the fourth; and ''Mājlep'', "big eye" (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed — α, β, and γ Aql), the fifth (Abo ''et al''. 2019). The name Mailap and variants are widespread in Micronesia and are mostly identified with Altair (Johnson ''et al''.). Lōktañūr’s sixth child is ''Da'' (Spica), the seventh is ''Jitata'' (γ, ζ and π Aqr), the eighth is ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), and the ninth is ''Jāpe'', "bowl" (α, β and γ Del).<br />
<br />
The legend of Lōktañūr and her sons (of whom there are more than ten in some versions) is well known in the Marshall Islands. According this this story, Ḷeepwal, or Lobol, and his brothers had a canoe race to determine who would be the next chief. The race was won by Jebro, the youngest.<ref>https://pfwpproject.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/marshall-islands-the-111.pdf, 15-17</ref> Jebro is identified as Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades and as a male—the king of the stars. He was also known by various other names: Mājdik when small, Buonṃar when he began the contest with his brothers, Jeḷeilōñ when he became king, Dāpeej as an old man, and also sometimes as Jetakdik (Abo ''et al''. 2019). <br />
[[File:Ten-sons Loctanur Stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Sky over Indonesia, the visible stars of the ten sons marked (not all visible simultaneously), Stellarium map - markings: Susanne M Hoffmann (2024) according to Erdland's identifications. ]]<br />
[[File:Ten-sons Loctanur Stellarium2.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Sky over Indonesia, the visible stars of the ten sons marked (not all visible simultaneously), Stellarium map - markings: Susanne M Hoffmann (2024) according to Erdmann's identifications (1914). ]]<br />
<br />
=== Catasterism ===<br />
Many people will look for a chain or other clear (geometrical) pattern of ten stars/asterisms to fit the "Ten Sons of Loktanur" in the sky. However, the original constellation does not seem to provide such a pattern. The stars are scattered all over the place.<br />
<br />
Loktanur's ten sons in order are <br />
<br />
* (1) ''Tūṃur'', Antares or (τ, α, and σ Sco), <br />
* (2) ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', tail of Scorpius, <br />
* (3) ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen), <br />
* (4) ''Ad'' (Arcturus), <br />
* (5) ''Mājlep'', Altair or (α, β, and γ Aql), <br />
* (6) ''Da'' (Spica), <br />
* (7) ''Jitata'' (γ, ζ and π Aqr), <br />
* (8) ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), <br />
* (9) ''Jāpe'', "bowl" (α, β and γ Del), and <br />
* (10) ''Jebrọ'' (Alcyone).<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
Since 2021, it is suggested to register "Leepwal" as name for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=zet+Cen&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id ζ Cen (SIMBAD)] in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names. The star is a 2.55 mag spectroscopic binary and currently lacks a name in SIMBAD. The suggestion is to be discussed by the IAU WGSN. <br />
<br />
=== Other names ===<br />
There are brief entries on zet Cen: <br />
<br />
* in Allen (1899): "ζ probably being Al Tizini's '''Al Nā᾽ir al Baṭn al Kentaurus''', ''the Bright One in the Centaur's Belly''") and <br />
* [https://archive.org/details/untersuchungenb01idelgoog/page/n273/mode/2up Ideler (1809, footnote 3, p.275]; ). Ideler mentions Al Tizini's "'''''Nair baden Kentaurus'''''" - bright one on the Centaur's belly''.'' <br />
* '''''[[Alnair]]''''' or '''''Al Na'ir''''': "the bright one" - Kunitzsch (1983), Kunitzsch & Smart (2006) - however the name is duplicative with "Alnair", which was already adopted by IAU WGSN for alf Gru (as it was much more commonly used for in recent centuries). <br />
* '''''Baten Kentaurus''''' (Rhoads 1971) is a useful shortened version, although similar to Rigil Kentaurus and Baten Kaitos, which have already been adopted by IAU WGSN for Alpha Centauri A and Zeta Ceti (might be confusing having "Baten Kaitos" for zet Cet and "Baten Kentaurus" for zet Cen!). <br />
* Schaaf (2008) has "'''Al Nair al Kentaurus'''", missing the Batn/Baten/etc.<br />
<br />
"'''Leepwal'''" appears very unique - as of today, it appears in no Google-accessible websites or books (which is remarkable). <br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
*Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <ref>https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2A.htm</ref><br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]<br />
[[Category:Marshallese]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Bake-eo&diff=1798Bake-eo2024-07-17T09:49:52Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Erdland1914 Bake-eo.jpg|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|"Bake Eo" mentioned in Erdland's list of Marshallese names in 1914. ]]A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
[[File:Necklace, sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 - Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München - DSC08298.JPG|alt=photograph of the necklace|thumb|Necklace from sperm whale teeth, glass beads, spondylus disks, plant fiber, Marshall Islands, 1891 (Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München, CC0)]]<br />
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage Eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up Erdland 1914: 79 #15]). Erdland identifies it as γ Oph but also possibly as Procyon (alpha Canis Minoris). <br />
<br />
=== Meaning of the term ===<br />
''Bake'' is the [[wikipedia:Spondylus#:~:text=Spondylus%20is%20a%20genus%20of,in%20fact%2C%20true%20oysters).|spondylus mussel]] whose shell is used to make necklaces. A ''debwāāl'' is a drill used to drill holes in the mussels for that purpose. The asterism Debwāāl-eo ("the drill"), identified as 67, 68 and 70 Oph (originally recorded as [https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater ''Räbuäl eo'' by Erdland, p. 79 #14] and "[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/90/mode/2up 67, 68, 70 Ophiuchi bilden einen „Drillbohrer" page 90]), is seen next to the star Bake-eo (γ Oph), the shell itself. <br />
<br />
=== Marshallese Sky Culture ===<br />
Erdmann had observed the culture(s) on various islands and interviewed Elders; his knowledge comes from stargazing with Elders. He writes ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater Erdmann 1914: 76,77]): <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde ist kein Gemeingut aller Eingeborenen noch das Monopol der Häuptlingsfamilien, sondern vielmehr das Geheimnis besonders intelligenter und beobachtungsfähiger Individuen, die diese Kenntnis in ihren Familien vererben. Infolge dieser Kenntnis stehen solche Familien über den gewöhnlichen Untertanen, wenn sie auch von Geburt aus ranglos sind. Diese Restriktion vorausgesetzt, kann ruhig behauptet werden, daß ein gewöhnlicher Eingeborener die Sterne und Wellen nicht kennen darf. Wohl mag ihm aus alten Erzählungen der Name dieses oder jenes Sternes bekannt sein, nicht jedoch dessen Position am Himmelsgewölbe.''" <br />
<br />
'''English''' <br />
<br />
"The science of stars and waves is not the common property of all indigenous people, nor is it the monopoly of the chiefdoms, but rather the secret of particularly intelligent and observant individuals who pass this knowledge on within their families. As a result of this knowledge, such families stand above the ordinary subjects, even as they are rankless by birth. Assuming this restriction, it can safely be said that an ordinary native cannot know the stars and waves. He may know the name of this or that star from old tales, but not its position in the firmament." </blockquote>The star knowledge is secret knowledge of specific families: <blockquote>"''Die Stern- und Wellenkunde gilt als ein kostbares Erbgut, das außerhalb des Familienverbandes niemand besitzen darf. Sie ist ein Schatz, der die Familie in den Augen der Häuptlinge sowohl als der Untertanen hebt.''" [...]<br />
<br />
"''Die Hauptseefahrer wohnen auf den nördlich von Ailinlablab gelegenen Atollen Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik und Ronlab. Unter ihnen möchte ich als die bekanntesten angeben : Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur und Loien (Frau Zeit).''"<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
Star and wave lore is considered a precious heritage that no one outside the family is allowed to possess. It is a treasure that elevates the family in the eyes of both the chiefs and the subjects. [...]<br />
<br />
The main seafarers live on the atolls of Kuajlen, Lae, Ujaä, Ronrik and Ronlab to the north of Ailinlablab. The best known of these are Lowane, Lekoujabue, Lalur and Loien (Mrs Time).</blockquote>The better social position of the star people leads to special rights, such as the use of larger estates and the chieftain's right to walk on the weather side of the island. Fathers often have a favourite child to pass on this knowledge and it does not matter whether it is a boy or a girl. Erdmann reports that the Marshallese stargazers are very modest and when asked if they know the stars they say "some of them". He got them to share their knowledge with him by asking them about their ancestors: <blockquote>''Alsbald wird er das Lob seiner Voreltern singen: sie haben zuerst die Seefahrt und Sterne gekannt; sie haben auf ihren Fahrten Krieg geführt und den jetzigen Häuptlingen zum Sieg verhelfen; alle anderen Familien hingegen haben keine so ausgedehnte Kenntnis. Stundenlang würde er von seinen Ahnen, den gebildeten, sprechen, machte man ihn nicht darauf aufmerksam, daß es einem nicht um das Wissen längst verschiedener Ahnen zu tun ist, sondern um das von ihnen ererbte.''<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
He will soon sing the praises of his ancestors: they were the first to know navigation and the stars; they waged war on their voyages and helped the present chiefs to victory; all other families, on the other hand, have no such extensive knowledge. He would talk for hours about his ancestors, the educated ones, if it were not pointed out to him that it is not the knowledge of long-gone ancestors that is important, but the knowledge inherited from them.</blockquote><br />
[[File:Micronesian navigational chart.jpg|alt=photograph of a stick chart |thumb|A navigational chart from the Marshall Islands, on display at the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive. It is made of wood, sennit fiber and cowrie shells. From the collection of the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. Date not known. Photo by Jim Heaphy (CC-BY-SA 3.0). ]]<br />
[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater He continues on page 78] <blockquote>''Ich bat ihn [den Häuptling, der selbst fortgeschrittenen Alters war und seine Nachtruhe brauchte] jedoch, die Seefahrer Lowane und Lekoujabue damit zu beauftragen, mir ihr Wissen mitzuteilen. Letzterer kam denn auch abends und selbst in den frühen Morgenstunden. Zu meinem größten Staunen zeigte er 64 Sterne und Sternbilder.''<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
However, I asked him [the chief, who was himself advanced in age and needed his night's rest] to commission the sailors Lowane and Lekoujabue to share their knowledge with me. The latter came in the evening and even in the early hours of the morning. To my great amazement, he showed me 64 stars and constellations.</blockquote>Above his star name list, he writes: <blockquote>''[Es kann für] die Richtigkeit einiger Sternbilder keine volle Garantie übernommen werden[...], da unter den Seefahrern selbst Divergenzen auftreten. Zu verwundern ist, daß manche Sterne erster Größe, wie Sirius, Rigel, keinen Namen haben, wohingegen manche der von den eingeborenen Seefahrern mit einem Namen bedachten Sternbilder aus Sternen vierter bis fünfter Größe zusammengesetzt sind.''<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
No full guarantee can be given for the correctness of some constellations since divergences occur among the navigators themselves. It is surprising that some stars of the first magnitude, such as Sirius and Rigel, have no name, whereas some of the constellations given a name by the native navigators are composed of stars of the fourth to fifth magnitude.</blockquote>Erdmann (1914: 92) also refers to the famous [[wikipedia:Marshall_Islands_stick_chart|Marshallese stick charts]] for see navigation. <br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Seen as a spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make "puka shell" necklaces (Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''; Johnson ''et al''.)<br />
<br />
[https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/210/mode/2up?view=theater Erdmann reports only four star lores (p. 210-226)], three concerning the Pleiades, one concerning Antares. <br />
<br />
* Liködaner gibt ihrem Sohne Siebengestirn das erste Segelkanu. (Liködaner gives her son Pleiades the first sailing canoe.)<br />
* Siebengestirns Eifersucht auf Jibuges Weib. (Pleiades's jealousy of Jibuge's wife.)<br />
* Siebengestirn bestraft zwei Leute wegen Verachtung seiner Person. (Pleiades punishes two people for contempt of his person)<br />
* Antares rächt die Untreue seiner Frau. (Antares avenges his wife's infidelity)<br />
<br />
==IAU Name Discussion== <br />
<br />
The star name has been proposed to the IAU WGSN since 2021; in 2024 the group discussed to register the name Bake-eo for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=gam+Oph&submit=SIMBAD+search γ Oph (SIMBAD-link)] with Vmag = 3.75 in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names. gam Oph currently lacks a name in SIMBAD. Astrophysically, gam Oph is a bright, nearby (distance ~ 30 parsecs) star that was one of the original A0V spectral type and photometric standard stars that helped define the zero points of the Johnson UBV photometric system (Johnson & Morgan 1953; 1953ApJ...117..313J). <br />
<br />
We don't know (yet) what map the author was using to ascribe the Marshallese names to stars with Bayer and Flamsteed designations - because some of the names for the stars and asterisms are for quite surprising stars: e.g. "Lerrik ran nejin Jabro" are attributed to the faint pair pi Tau (V=4.7mag) and 71 Tau (V=4.5mag) in the Hyades. Additionally, they have the curious alias "Rediculus" for alpha Pavonis, which seems to be unique to German 19th cen and early 20th cen navigation works (e.g. Stupar 1908). <br />
<br />
=== Are there alternative cultural names for gam Oph? ===<br />
gam Oph is part of the '''Zongzheng''' asterism (Sun & Kistemaker 1997; "The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society") from the Shi shi xingjing Star Catalogue. <br />
<br />
'''Aldurajah''' (Moore & Rees 2011). This is one of dozens of star names that appear in Moore & Rees that appear to have dubious origins. The name obviously sounds Arabic, but it does not appear as a celestial name in any other source that covers either indigenous Arabian or scientific Arabic names that I've seen. Mentions online appear to be mainly over the past decade after the publication of Moore & Rees 2011. <br />
<br />
'''Muliphen''' (Allen 1899) "''but I cannot trace it here, although this title is famous in other parts of the sky''". Regardless of the etymology, the name is non-unique and the WGSN already adopted "Muliphein" for gam CMa. <br />
<br />
=== Is the hyphen necessary? ===<br />
Why not just "'''Bakeeo'''" which would ease the lives of astrophysicists? We've not needed hyphens for any of the previous IAU star names. Among ~24,000 IAU names for asteroids, exoplanets, satellites, and stars, they are used sparingly (200 instances or ~0.8%), and all of which are for asteroids - and for proper names where a hyphen was usually used for a modern proper name (e.g., (11274) Castillo-Rogez) or for some modern transliterations of ancient proper names (e.g. (11156) Al-Khwarismi). <br />
<br />
However, writing it "Bakeeo" would introduce a lot of confusion. This is not only because it would tempt people to pronounce it "Bak-ee-yew" rather than "Bak-ey-yew" (i.e. putting in a long "ee" sound, which is wrong, as long and short vowels are distinct in many Pacific languages). The double-vowel is an orthographic nightmare anyway owing to its ambiguous use by various ethnographers, sometimes to represent a long "ey" sound (properly transcribed as "ē", as opposed to "ī" which represents the long "ee" sound) and sometimes to represent "e‘e", i.e. two short "ey" sounds separated by a glottal stop, which is incorrectly omitted. Actually, "Bake‘eo" would be closest to the actual pronunciation, but the glottal stop is not used in Marshallese, so that spelling would be misleading. So we are stuck with "Bake-eo". <br />
<br />
Yet another idea would be to use the spelling "'''Bakeyew'''" as this would reflect the English spelling of the pronunciation. In Arabic transliteration there are also at least two versions of the transliteration: one according to the written letters and one according to the sound in spoken language (cf. "Altair" and "Atair"). However, "Bakeyew" could look like Russian (or other Slavic languages): We checked that there is no Russian meaning of the term. <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <ref>https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2A.htm</ref><br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]<br />
[[Category:Marshallese]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=1743Leepwal2024-07-16T18:41:41Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>Original spelling Ļeepwal. Pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound. Ļeepwal is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''"'''Läbôol'''"'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 ([https://archive.org/details/diemarshallinsul00erdl/page/78/mode/2up Erdland 1914: 79 #25]).<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
According to Marshallese mythology, ''Lōktañūr (''Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus), the fourth; and ''Mājlep'', "big eye" (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed — α, β, and γ Aql), the fifth (Abo ''et al''. 2019). The name Mailap and variants are widespread in Micronesia and are mostly identified with Altair (Johnson ''et al''.). Lōktañūr’s sixth child is ''Da'' (Spica), the seventh is ''Jitata'' (γ ζ and π Aqr), the eighth is ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), and the ninth is ''Jāpe'', "bowl" (α, β and γ Del).<br />
<br />
The legend of Lōktañūr and her sons (of whom there are more than ten in some versions) is well known in the Marshall Islands. According this this story, Ḷeepwal, or Lobol, and his brothers had a canoe race to determine who would be the next chief. The race was won by Jebro, the youngest.<ref>https://pfwpproject.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/marshall-islands-the-111.pdf, 15-17</ref> Jebro is identified as Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades and as a male—the king of the stars. He was also known by various other names: Mājdik when small, Buonṃar when he began the contest with his brothers, Jeḷeilōñ when he became king, Dāpeej as an old man, and also sometimes as Jetakdik (Abo ''et al''. 2019). <br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
Since 2021, it is suggested to register "Leepwal" as name for [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=zet+Cen&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id ζ Cen (SIMBAD)] in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names. The star is a 2.55 mag spectroscopic binary and currently lacks a name in SIMBAD. The suggestion is to be discussed by the IAU WGSN. <br />
<br />
=== Other names ===<br />
There are brief entries on zet Cen: <br />
<br />
* in Allen (1899): "ζ probably being Al Tizini's '''Al Nā᾽ir al Baṭn al Kentaurus''', ''the Bright One in the Centaur's Belly''") and <br />
* [https://archive.org/details/untersuchungenb01idelgoog/page/n273/mode/2up Ideler (1809, footnote 3, p.275]; ). Ideler mentions Al Tizini's "'''''Nair baden Kentaurus'''''" - bright one on the Centaur's belly''.'' <br />
* '''''Alnair''''' or '''''Al Na'ir''''': "the bright one" - Kunitzsch (1983), Kunitzsch & Smart (2006) - however the name is duplicative with "Alnair", which was already adopted by IAU WGSN for alf Gru (as it was much more commonly used for in recent centuries). <br />
* '''''Baten Kentaurus''''' (Rhoads 1971) is a useful shortened version, although similar to Rigil Kentaurus and Baten Kaitos, which have already been adopted by IAU WGSN for Alpha Centauri A and Zeta Ceti (might be confusing having "Baten Kaitos" for zet Cet and "Baten Kentaurus" for zet Cen!). <br />
* Schaaf (2008) has "'''Al Nair al Kentaurus'''", missing the Batn/Baten/etc.<br />
<br />
"'''Leepwal'''" appears very unique - as of today, it appears in no Google-accessible websites or books (which is remarkable). <br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
*Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <ref>https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2A.htm</ref><br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=1561Leepwal2024-07-11T10:21:53Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* Etymology and History */</p>
<hr />
<div>Original spelling Ļeepwal. Pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound. Ļeepwal is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25).<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
According to Marshallese mythology, ''Lōktañūr (''Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus), the fourth; and ''Mājlep'', "big eye" (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed — α, β, and γ Aql), the fifth (Abo ''et al''. 2019). The name Mailap and variants are widespread in Micronesia and are mostly identified with Altair (Johnson ''et al''.). Lōktañūr’s sixth child is ''Da'' (Spica), the seventh is ''Jitata'' (γ ζ and π Aqr), the eighth is ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), and the ninth is ''Jāpe'', "bowl" (α, β and γ Del).<br />
<br />
The legend of Lōktañūr and her sons (of whom there are more than ten in some versions) is well known in the Marshall Islands. According this this story, Ḷeepwal, or Lobol, and his brothers had a canoe race to determine who would be the next chief. The race was won by Jebro, the youngest.<ref>https://pfwpproject.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/marshall-islands-the-111.pdf, 15-17</ref> Jebro is identified as Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades and as a male—the king of the stars. He was also known by various other names: Mājdik when small, Buonṃar when he began the contest with his brothers, Jeḷeilōñ when he became king, Dāpeej as an old man, and also sometimes as Jetakdik (Abo ''et al''. 2019). <br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name is to be discussed by the IAU WGSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
*Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=1560Leepwal2024-07-11T10:18:22Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>Original spelling Ļeepwal. Pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound. Ļeepwal is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25).<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
According to Marshallese mythology, ''Lōktañūr (''Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus), the fourth; and ''Mājlep'', "big eye" (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed — α, β, and γ Aql), the fifth (Abo ''et al''. 2019). The name Mailap and variants are widespread in Micronesia and are mostly identified with Altair (Johnson ''et al''.). Lōktañūr’s sixth child is ''Da'' (Spica), the seventh is ''Jitata'' (γ ζ and π Aqr), the eighth is ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), and the ninth is ''Jāpe'', "bowl" (α, β and γ Del).<br />
<br />
The legend of Lōktañūr and her sons (of whom there are more than ten in some versions) is well known in the Marshall Islands. According this this story, Ḷeepwal, or Lobol, and his brothers had a canoe race to determine who would be the next chief. The race was won by Jebro, the youngest. Jebro is identified as Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades and as a male—the king of the stars. He was also known by various other names: Mājdik when small, Buonṃar when he began the contest with his brothers, Jeḷeilōñ when he became king, Dāpeej as an old man, and also sometimes as Jetakdik (Abo ''et al''. 2019). <br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name is to be discussed by the IAU WGSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
*Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Itua_ni_Bure&diff=1524Itua ni Bure2024-07-09T16:18:12Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Melotte-111.jpg|alt=photograph of open star cluster Metotte 111|thumb|Open cluster Melotte 111, or Coma Star Cluster. (Sternwarte Kempten, CC-BY 3.0)]]<br />
A Micronesian name for the constellation Coma Berenices {Gilbert Is.}.<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This name was recorded in the Gilbert Islands between 1913 and 1946 by the French missionary Ernest Sabatier<ref>Sabatier, Ernest (1954). ''Dictionnaire Gilbertin-Français''. Tabwiroa: Mission Catholique.</ref><ref>Sabatier, Ernest (1971). ''Gilbertese-English Dictionary''. Transl. by M. Oliva from Sabatier 1954. Tarawa: Sacred Heart Mission.</ref>. <br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Noted as a string of shells by Sabatier.<ref>Sabatier 1971, 125</ref> The name ''Itua ni Bure'' was also recorded in 1937 by British couple Honor and Henry Maude as that of a string figure, Honor being a authority on string figures in Oceania (Henry was working as a Lands Administrator in the British colonial service).<ref>Maude, Honor C. and Maude, Henry E. (1937). String figures from the Gilbert Islands, instalment no. 4. ''Journal of the Polynesian Society'' 46, 41-48.</ref> The Maudes identified the name as specifically being a string of cowrie shells, but did not associate it with an asterism.<ref>Maude and Maude 1937, 48.</ref> <br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* <br />
<br />
== Reference ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Itua_ni_Bure&diff=1521Itua ni Bure2024-07-09T16:04:55Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* Mythology */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Melotte-111.jpg|alt=photograph of open star cluster Metotte 111|thumb|Open cluster Melotte 111, or Coma Star Cluster. (Sternwarte Kempten, CC-BY 3.0)]]<br />
A Micronesian name for the constellation Coma Berenices {Gilbert Is.}.<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This name was recorded in the Gilbert Islands between 1913 and 1946 by the French missionary Ernest Sabatier<ref>Sabatier, Ernest (1954). ''Dictionnaire Gilbertin-Français''. Tabwiroa: Mission Catholique.</ref><ref>Sabatier, Ernest (1971). ''Gilbertese-English Dictionary''. Transl. by M. Oliva from Sabatier 1954. Tarawa: Sacred Heart Mission.</ref> and in 1937 by British couple Honor and Henry Maude.<ref>Maude, Honor C. and Maude, Henry E. (1937). String figures from the Gilbert Islands, instalment no. 4. ''Journal of the Polynesian Society'' 46, 41-48.</ref> Honor was a authority on string figures in Oceania; Henry was working as a Lands Administrator in the British colonial service. <br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Noted as string of shells by Sabatier<ref>Sabatier 1971, 125</ref> and specifically as a string of cowrie shells in the context of a string figure described by Maude and Maude.<ref>Maude and Maude 1937, 48.</ref> <br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* <br />
<br />
== Reference ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Itua_ni_Bure&diff=1518Itua ni Bure2024-07-09T15:59:19Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* Reference */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Melotte-111.jpg|alt=photograph of open star cluster Metotte 111|thumb|Open cluster Melotte 111, or Coma Star Cluster. (Sternwarte Kempten, CC-BY 3.0)]]<br />
A Micronesian name for the constellation Coma Berenices {Gilbert Is.}.<ref>Sabatier, E. (1971). ''A Gilbertese-English Dictionary''. Originally compiled in French by E. Sabatier and translated by Sister Oliva of the Catholic Mission of Tarawa. Tarawa: Sacred Heart Mission.</ref><ref>Trussel, Stephen and Gordon W. Groves (1978). ''A Combined Kiribati-English Dictionary''. <nowiki>https://www.trussel.com/f_kir.htm</nowiki> (Accessed 21 Aug 2021).</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This name was recorded in the Gilbert Islands between 1913 and 1946 by the French missionary Ernest Sabatier<ref>Sabatier, Ernest (1954). ''Dictionnaire Gilbertin-Français''. Tabwiroa: Mission Catholique.</ref><ref>Sabatier, Ernest (1971). ''Gilbertese-English Dictionary''. Transl. by M. Oliva from Sabatier 1954. Tarawa: Sacred Heart Mission.</ref> and in 1937 by British couple Honor and Henry Maude.<ref>Maude, Honor C. and Maude, Henry E. (1937). String figures from the Gilbert Islands, instalment no. 4. ''Journal of the Polynesian Society'' 46, 41-48.</ref> Honor was a authority on string figures in Oceania; Henry was working as a Lands Administrator in the British colonial service. <br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* <br />
<br />
== Reference ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Itua_ni_Bure&diff=1515Itua ni Bure2024-07-09T15:50:45Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* Etymology and History */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Melotte-111.jpg|alt=photograph of open star cluster Metotte 111|thumb|Open cluster Melotte 111, or Coma Star Cluster. (Sternwarte Kempten, CC-BY 3.0)]]<br />
A Micronesian name for the constellation Coma Berenices {Gilbert Is.}.<ref>Sabatier, E. (1971). ''A Gilbertese-English Dictionary''. Originally compiled in French by E. Sabatier and translated by Sister Oliva of the Catholic Mission of Tarawa. Tarawa: Sacred Heart Mission.</ref><ref>Trussel, Stephen and Gordon W. Groves (1978). ''A Combined Kiribati-English Dictionary''. <nowiki>https://www.trussel.com/f_kir.htm</nowiki> (Accessed 21 Aug 2021).</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This name was recorded in the Gilbert Islands between 1913 and 1946 by the French missionary Ernest Sabatier and in 1937 by British couple Henry and Honor Maude while Henry was working as a Lands Administrator in the British colonial service. Honor was a authority on string figures in Oceania.<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* <br />
<br />
== Reference ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Pipit&diff=1471Pipit2024-07-09T10:03:03Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as "Pipit".<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as "Pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref><br />
<br />
''Ensoelit'' is the Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name which has not been found elsewhere. "Pipit", or "Burung Pipit" in Indonesian, has also been identified as ''Lonchura striata'', i.e., the white-rumped munia or striated finch.<ref name=":0">https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e13ab04f64b1a5a8JmltdHM9MTcyMDA1MTIwMCZpZ3VpZD0wM2VmMzFiNS02OTU5LTZlM2QtMDliOS0yM2RlNjhmNTZmZWQmaW5zaWQ9NTIwNw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=03ef31b5-6959-6e3d-09b9-23de68f56fed&psq=hubungan+suku+dayak+dan+burung+pipit&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9qdXJuYWwudW50YW4uYWMuaWQvaW5kZXgucGhwL2ptZmtoL2FydGljbGUvZG93bmxvYWQvMzMyOTgvNzU2NzY1ODE0NDc&ntb=1</ref><br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.<br />
<br />
The traditional Naik Dango ceremony originates from a myth among the Dayak Kanayatn people regarding the origin of the rice plant which comes from a stalk of rice belonging to Jubata on the Bawang mountain. One day, a sprig of Jubata's rice was stolen by a sparrow and fell into the hands of Ne Jaek, who was headhunting at the time. Since then, humans called Talino began to recognize rice as their staple food.<ref>https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditkma/upacara-adat-naik-dango/</ref><br />
<br />
The Dayak Simpakng Community avoids four kinds of birds as a sign of bad luck: owl (oleng kuap/burung hantu), sparrow (burung pipit), rock magpigie bird (gagurak/murai batu) and paddy kareo bird (keruak/kareo padi). This particular community believes that if those birds enter their house at night, a bad event will follow: they are a message from Satan or the devil who wants to disturb the people. In order to prevent the oath from coming true, they have to kill any birds that come in; otherwise they have to leave the house for three days. If they want to come back to the house, it must be ritually cleansed by a shaman using a chicken and rice as well as reciting mantras.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
While "pipit" is a Western bird name it also appears to be a local (Kenyatan) name for a bird, whether a sparrow or munia/finch. It is clearly identified by Schadee with ν Pup.<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Pipit&diff=1470Pipit2024-07-09T10:00:16Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as "Pipit".<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as "Pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref><br />
<br />
''Ensoelit'' is the Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name which has not been found elsewhere. "Pipit", or "Burung Pipit" in Indonesian, has also been identified as ''Lonchura striata'', i.e., the white-rumped munia or striated finch.<ref name=":0">https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e13ab04f64b1a5a8JmltdHM9MTcyMDA1MTIwMCZpZ3VpZD0wM2VmMzFiNS02OTU5LTZlM2QtMDliOS0yM2RlNjhmNTZmZWQmaW5zaWQ9NTIwNw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=03ef31b5-6959-6e3d-09b9-23de68f56fed&psq=hubungan+suku+dayak+dan+burung+pipit&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9qdXJuYWwudW50YW4uYWMuaWQvaW5kZXgucGhwL2ptZmtoL2FydGljbGUvZG93bmxvYWQvMzMyOTgvNzU2NzY1ODE0NDc&ntb=1</ref><br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.<br />
<br />
The traditional Naik Dango ceremony originates from a myth among the Dayak Kanayatn people regarding the origin of the rice plant which comes from a stalk of rice belonging to Jubata on the Bawang mountain. One day, a sprig of Jubata's rice was stolen by a sparrow and fell into the hands of Ne Jaek, who was headhunting at the time. Since then, humans called Talino began to recognize rice as their staple food.<ref>https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditkma/upacara-adat-naik-dango/</ref><br />
<br />
The Dayak Simpakng Community avoids four kinds of birds as a sign of bad luck: owl (oleng kuap/burung hantu), sparrow (burung pipit), rock magpigie bird (gagurak/murai batu) and paddy kareo bird (keruak/kareo padi). This particular community believes that if those birds enter their house at night, a bad event will follow: they are a message from Satan or the devil who wants to disturb the people. In order to prevent the oath from coming true, they have to kill any birds that come in; otherwise they have to leave the house for three days. If they want to come back to the house, it must be ritually cleansed by a shaman using a chicken and rice as well as reciting mantras.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The local name "Pipit" is equated to theis not the proper (Kenyatan) name for ν Pup, this is probably not a good choice for an IAU name. On the other hand it might be appropriate to use the asterism name ''Ensoelit'' for ν Pup, since ζ Pup already has a name (Naos). But since we should first establish the modern Kenyatan linguistic conventions to determine the appropriate spelling.<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Pipit&diff=1469Pipit2024-07-09T09:58:31Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as "Pipit".<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as "Pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref><br />
<br />
''Ensoelit'' is the Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name which has not been found elsewhere. "Pipit", or "Burung Pipit" in Indonesian, has also been identified as ''Lonchura striata'', i.e., the white-rumped munia or striated finch.<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e13ab04f64b1a5a8JmltdHM9MTcyMDA1MTIwMCZpZ3VpZD0wM2VmMzFiNS02OTU5LTZlM2QtMDliOS0yM2RlNjhmNTZmZWQmaW5zaWQ9NTIwNw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=03ef31b5-6959-6e3d-09b9-23de68f56fed&psq=hubungan+suku+dayak+dan+burung+pipit&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9qdXJuYWwudW50YW4uYWMuaWQvaW5kZXgucGhwL2ptZmtoL2FydGljbGUvZG93bmxvYWQvMzMyOTgvNzU2NzY1ODE0NDc&ntb=1</ref><br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.<br />
<br />
The traditional Naik Dango ceremony originates from a myth among the Dayak Kanayatn people regarding the origin of the rice plant which comes from a stalk of rice belonging to Jubata on the Bawang mountain. One day, a sprig of Jubata's rice was stolen by a sparrow and fell into the hands of Ne Jaek, who was headhunting at the time. Since then, humans called Talino began to recognize rice as their staple food.<ref>https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditkma/upacara-adat-naik-dango/</ref><br />
<br />
The Dayak Simpakng Community avoids four kinds of birds as a sign of bad luck: owl (oleng kuap/burung hantu), sparrow (burung pipit), rock magpigie bird (gagurak/murai batu) and paddy kareo bird (keruak/kareo padi). This particular community believes that if those birds enter their house at night, a bad event will follow: they are a message from Satan or the devil who wants to disturb the people. In order to prevent the oath from coming true, they have to kill any birds that come in; otherwise they have to leave the house for three days. If they want to come back to the house, it must be ritually cleansed by a shaman using a chicken and rice as well as reciting mantras.<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The local name "Pipit" is equated to theis not the proper (Kenyatan) name for ν Pup, this is probably not a good choice for an IAU name. On the other hand it might be appropriate to use the asterism name ''Ensoelit'' for ν Pup, since ζ Pup already has a name (Naos). But since we should first establish the modern Kenyatan linguistic conventions to determine the appropriate spelling.<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Pipit&diff=1468Pipit2024-07-09T09:51:53Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as "Pipit".<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as "Pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref><br />
<br />
''Ensoelit'' is the Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name which has not been found elsewhere. "Pipit", or "Burung Pipit" in Indonesian, has been identified as ''Lonchura striata'', i.e., the white-rumped munia or striated finch.<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e13ab04f64b1a5a8JmltdHM9MTcyMDA1MTIwMCZpZ3VpZD0wM2VmMzFiNS02OTU5LTZlM2QtMDliOS0yM2RlNjhmNTZmZWQmaW5zaWQ9NTIwNw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=03ef31b5-6959-6e3d-09b9-23de68f56fed&psq=hubungan+suku+dayak+dan+burung+pipit&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9qdXJuYWwudW50YW4uYWMuaWQvaW5kZXgucGhwL2ptZmtoL2FydGljbGUvZG93bmxvYWQvMzMyOTgvNzU2NzY1ODE0NDc&ntb=1</ref><br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.<br />
<br />
The traditional Naik Dango ceremony originates from a myth among the Dayak Kanayatn people regarding the origin of the rice plant which comes from a stalk of rice belonging to Jubata on the Bawang mountain. One day, a sprig of Jubata's rice was stolen by a sparrow and fell into the hands of Ne Jaek, who was headhunting at the time. Since then, humans called Talino began to recognize rice as their staple food.<ref>https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditkma/upacara-adat-naik-dango/</ref><br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The local name "Pipit" is equated to theis not the proper (Kenyatan) name for ν Pup, this is probably not a good choice for an IAU name. On the other hand it might be appropriate to use the asterism name ''Ensoelit'' for ν Pup, since ζ Pup already has a name (Naos). But since we should first establish the modern Kenyatan linguistic conventions to determine the appropriate spelling.<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Pipit&diff=1467Pipit2024-07-09T09:50:10Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as "Pipit".<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as "Pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref><br />
<br />
''Ensoelit'' is the Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name which has not been found elsewhere. "Pipit", or "Burung Pipit" in Indonesian, has been identified as ''Lonchura striata'', i.e., the white-rumped munia or striated finch.<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.<br />
<br />
The traditional Naik Dango ceremony originates from a myth among the Dayak Kanayatn people regarding the origin of the rice plant which comes from a stalk of rice belonging to Jubata on the Bawang mountain. One day, a sprig of Jubata's rice was stolen by a sparrow and fell into the hands of Ne Jaek, who was headhunting at the time. Since then, humans called Talino began to recognize rice as their staple food.<ref>https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditkma/upacara-adat-naik-dango/</ref><br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The local name "Pipit" is equated to theis not the proper (Kenyatan) name for ν Pup, this is probably not a good choice for an IAU name. On the other hand it might be appropriate to use the asterism name ''Ensoelit'' for ν Pup, since ζ Pup already has a name (Naos). But since we should first establish the modern Kenyatan linguistic conventions to determine the appropriate spelling.<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Pipit&diff=1460Pipit2024-07-09T09:22:03Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* Reference */</p>
<hr />
<div>Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as a pipit, probably the paddyfield pipit (''anthus rufulus'').<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as a "pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref><br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.<br />
<br />
The traditional Naik Dango ceremony originates from a myth among the Dayak Kanayatn people regarding the origin of the rice plant which comes from a stalk of rice belonging to Jubata on the Bawang mountain. One day, a sprig of Jubata's rice was stolen by a sparrow and fell into the hands of Ne Jaek, who was headhunting at the time. Since then, humans called Talino began to recognize rice as their staple food.<ref>https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditkma/upacara-adat-naik-dango/</ref><br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
Since "Pipit" is not the proper (Kenyatan) name for ν Pup, this is probably not a good choice for an IAU name. On the other hand it might be appropriate to use the asterism name ''Ensoelit'' for ν Pup, since ζ Pup already has a name (Naos). But since Ensoelit is a Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name, we should first establish the modern Kenyatan linguistic conventions to determine the appropriate spelling.<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Pipit&diff=1459Pipit2024-07-09T09:15:39Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* Mythology */</p>
<hr />
<div>Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as a pipit, probably the paddyfield pipit (''anthus rufulus'').<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as a "pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref><br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Naik Dango (also known as Gawai Dayak), a ceremony of the Dayak Kanayatn people, is a form of local wisdom that is a legacy of the ancestors of the Dayak people. It is an expression of gratitude and ritual to God (Jubata) so that the harvest in the coming year will also be abundant and free from pests and disasters.<br />
<br />
The traditional Naik Dango ceremony originates from a myth among the Dayak Kanayatn people regarding the origin of the rice plant which comes from a stalk of rice belonging to Jubata on the Bawang mountain. One day, a sprig of Jubata's rice was stolen by a sparrow and fell into the hands of Ne Jaek, who was headhunting at the time. Since then, humans called Talino began to recognize rice as their staple food.<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
Since "Pipit" is not the proper (Kenyatan) name for ν Pup, this is probably not a good choice for an IAU name. On the other hand it might be appropriate to use the asterism name ''Ensoelit'' for ν Pup, since ζ Pup already has a name (Naos). But since Ensoelit is a Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name, we should first establish the modern Kenyatan linguistic conventions to determine the appropriate spelling.<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Bake-eo&diff=1455Bake-eo2024-07-09T08:52:24Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* Mythology */</p>
<hr />
<div>A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #15). Erdland identifies it as γ Oph but also possibly as Procyon. <br />
<br />
''Bake'' is the spondylus mussel whose shell is used to make necklaces. A ''debwāāl'' is a drill used to drill holes in the mussels for that purpose. The asterism Debwāāl-eo ("the drill"), identified as 67, 68 and 70 Oph (originally recorded as ''Räbuäl eo'' by Erdland), is seen next to the star Bake-eo (γ Oph), the shell itself. <br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Seen as a spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make "puka shell" necklaces (Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''; Johnson ''et al''.)<br />
<br />
==IAU Name Discussion== <br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Pipit&diff=665Pipit2024-06-07T15:26:59Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>Among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia, the star ν Pup is identified as a pipit, probably the paddyfield pipit (''anthus rufulus'').<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) was identified as a "pipit", or sparrow, by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. It is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism whose name was recorded by Schadee as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- "one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields". "The [two] rice thieves are close to Sirius".<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref><br />
<br />
==Mythology== <br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
Since "Pipit" is not the proper (Kenyatan) name for ν Pup, this is probably not a good choice for an IAU name. On the other hand it might be appropriate to use the asterism name ''Ensoelit'' for ν Pup, since ζ Pup already has a name (Naos). But since Ensoelit is a Dutch ethnographer's transcription of a Kenyatan name, we should first establish the modern Kenyatan linguistic conventions to determine the appropriate spelling.<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Pipit&diff=664Pipit2024-06-07T14:55:51Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>Pipit is the name for ν Pup among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia.<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
The name Pipit was reported as a name for ν Pup (then ν in Argo Navis) by ethnographer M.C. Schadee in a paper on time reckoning amongst the Kendayan ("Landak Dayak") people published in 1914. Pipit means "sparrow" in Kendayan.<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Pipit is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) forming an asterism known as ''Ensoelit''. This is also the name of a bird -- one that often causes great damage to rice in paddy fields.<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref> <br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. ...WGSN chose ... (apply/ not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Pipit&diff=663Pipit2024-06-07T14:23:28Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>Pipit is the name for ν Pup among the Kendayan (Dayak Kenayatn) people of West Kalimantan province, Borneo, Indonesia.<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
[!!!]The two star form an asterism known as ''Ensoelit'', which is also the name of a bird.<br />
<br />
Pipit ("sparrow") is one of a pair of stars (the other being ζ Pup) of the Dayak Kanayatn on Borneo.<ref>Schadee, M.C. (1914). “De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 69, 130–139, p. 132</ref> The two star form an asterism known as ''Ensoelit'', which is also the name of a bird.<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. ...WGSN chose ... (apply/ not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Bake-eo&diff=662Bake-eo2024-06-07T14:13:31Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #15). Erdland identifies it as γ Oph but also possibly as Procyon. <br />
<br />
''Bake'' is the spondylus mussel whose shell is used to make necklaces. A ''debwāāl'' is a drill used to drill holes in the mussels for that purpose. The asterism Debwāāl-eo ("the drill"), identified as 67, 68 and 70 Oph (originally recorded as ''Räbuäl eo'' by Erdland), is seen next to the star Bake-eo (γ Oph), the shell itself. <br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Seen as a spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make "puka shell" necklaces [Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''; Johnson ''et al''.)<br />
<br />
==IAU Name Discussion== <br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Bake-eo&diff=661Bake-eo2024-06-07T14:07:26Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #15). Erdland identifies it as γ Oph but also possibly as Procyon. <br />
<br />
''Bake'' is the spondylus mussel whose shell is used to make necklaces. A ''debwāāl'' is a drill used to drill holes in the mussels for that purpose. The asterism Debwāāl-eo ("the drill"), identified as 67, 68 and 70 Oph (originally recorded as ''Räbuäl eo'' by Erdland), is seen next to the star Bake-eo (γ Oph), the shell itself.<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Seen as a Spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Hydra or Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make "puka shell" necklaces [Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''].<br />
<br />
==IAU Name Discussion== <br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Bake-eo&diff=660Bake-eo2024-06-07T13:38:32Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage-eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #15).<br />
<br />
[!!!] spondylus mussel in whose disk Debwāāl-eo ("the drill") (67, 68 and 70 Oph) is used to drill holes to make "puka shell" necklaces<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Seen as a Spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Hydra or Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make necklaces [Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''].<br />
<br />
==IAU Name Discussion== <br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Bake-eo&diff=659Bake-eo2024-06-07T13:36:54Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>A Marshallese star name for γ Oph. Pronounced "bakey-yew".<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This Marshallese star name was originally recorded as ''Bage-eo'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #15).<br />
<br />
[!!!] spondylus mussel in whose disk Debwāāl-eo ("the drill") (67, 68 and 70 Oph) is used to drill holes to make "puka shell" necklaces<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Seen as a Spondylus mussel (''bake''), nearby ''Debwāāl-eo'' (stars in Hydra or Ophiuchus) being a drill used to drill holes in the mussel to make necklaces [Erdland 1914: 83; Abo ''et al''. 2019, under ''Debwāāl-eo''].<br />
<br />
==IAU Name Discussion== <br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). Marshallese-English Online Dictionary. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/html/10524/19441/index.htm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=657Leepwal2024-06-07T13:28:27Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>Original spelling Ļeepwal. Pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound. Ļeepwal is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25).<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
According to Marshallese mythology, Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus), the fourth; and ''Mājlep'', "big eye" (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed — α, β, and γ Aql), the fifth (Abo ''et al''. 2019). The name Mailap and variants are widespread in Micronesia and are mostly identified with Altair (Johnson ''et al''.). Lōktañūr’s sixth child is ''Da'' (Spica), the seventh is ''Jitata'' (γ ζ and π Aqr), the eighth is ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), and the ninth is ''Jāpe'', "bowl" (α, β and γ Del).<br />
<br />
''Jebrọ'', is the youngest of the ten offspring. He is identified as Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades and as a male—the king of the stars. He was also known by various other names: Mājdik when small, Buonṃar when he "began the contest with his brothers", Jeḷeilōñ when he became king, Dāpeej as an old man, and also sometimes as Jetakdik (Abo ''et al''. 2019). <br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name is to be discussed by the IAU WGSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
*Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=656Leepwal2024-06-07T13:25:38Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>Original spelling Ļeepwal. Pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound. Ļeepwal is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25).<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
According to Marshallese mythology, Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus), the fourth; and ''Mājlep'', "big eye" (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed — α, β, and γ Aql), the fifth (Abo ''et al''. 2019). The name Mailap and variants are widespread in Micronesia and are mostly identified with Altair (Johnson ''et al''.). Lōktañūr’s sixth child is ''Da'' (Spica), the seventh is ''Jitata'' (γ ζ and π Aqr), the eighth is ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), and the ninth is ''Jāpe'', "bowl" (α, β and γ Del).<br />
<br />
''Jebrọ'', is the youngest of the ten offspring. He is identified as Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades and as a male—the king of the stars. He was also known by various other names: Mājdik when small, Buonṃar when he "began the contest with his brothers", Jeḷeilōñ when he became king, Dāpeej as an old man, and also sometimes as Jetakdik (Abo ''et al''. 2019). <br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
*Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=655Leepwal2024-06-07T13:04:35Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>Original spelling Ļeepwal. Pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound. Ļeepwal. is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25).<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
According to Marshallese mythology, Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus), the fourth; and ''Mājlep'', "big eye" (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed — α, β, and γ Aql), the fifth (Abo ''et al''. 2019). The name Mailap and variants are widespread in Micronesia and are mostly identified with Altair (Johnson ''et al''.). Lōktañūr’s sixth child is ''Da'' (Spica), the seventh is ''Jitata'' (γ ζ and π Aqr), the eighth is ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), and the ninth is ''Jāpe'', "bowl" (α, β and γ Del). [!!!] ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
*Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=654Leepwal2024-06-07T12:25:28Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>Original spelling Ļeepwal. Pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound. Ļeepwal. is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25).<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
According to Marshallese mythology, Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus), the fourth; and ''Mājlep'', "big eye" (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed — α, β, and γ Aql), the fifth (Abo ''et al''. 2019). The name Mailap and variants are widespread in Micronesia and are mostly identified with Altair (Johnson ''et al''.). Lōktañūr’s sixth child is ''Da'' (Spica), the seventh is ''Jitata'' (γ ζ and π Aqr), the eighth is ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), and the ninth is ''Jāpe'', "bowl" (α, β and γ Del). [!!!] ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=653Leepwal2024-06-07T12:19:59Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>Original spelling Ļeepwal. Pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound. Ļeepwal. is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25).<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
According to Marshallese mythology, Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus), the fourth; and ''Mājlep'', "big eye" (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed — α, β, and γ Aql), the fifth (Abo ''et al''. 2019). The name Mailap and variants are widespread in Micronesia and are mostly identified with Altair (Johnson ''et al''.). [!!!] ''Da'' (Spica (α Vir), the sixth; ''Jitata'' (Sadachbia (γ Aqr), ζ and π Aqr), the seventh; ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), the eighth; ''Jāpe'' (Sualocin (α Del), Rotanev (β Del) and γ Del), the ninth; and ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=652Leepwal2024-06-07T12:18:15Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>original spelling Ļeepwal (pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound) is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25).<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus), the fourth; and ''Mājlep'', "big eye" (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed — α, β, and γ Aql), the fifth (Abo ''et al''. 2019). The name Mailap and variants are widespread in Micronesia and are mostly identified with Altair (Johnson ''et al''.). [!!!] ''Da'' (Spica (α Vir), the sixth; ''Jitata'' (Sadachbia (γ Aqr), ζ and π Aqr), the seventh; ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), the eighth; ''Jāpe'' (Sualocin (α Del), Rotanev (β Del) and γ Del), the ninth; and ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=651Leepwal2024-06-07T12:16:29Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>original spelling Ļeepwal (pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound) is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25).<br />
<br />
Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus), the fourth; and ''Mājlep'', "big eye" (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed — α, β, and γ Aql), the fifth (Abo ''et al''. 2019). The name Mailap and variants are widespread in Micronesia and are mostly identified with Altair (Johnson ''et al''.). [!!!] ''Da'' (Spica (α Vir), the sixth; ''Jitata'' (Sadachbia (γ Aqr), ζ and π Aqr), the seventh; ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), the eighth; ''Jāpe'' (Sualocin (α Del), Rotanev (β Del) and γ Del), the ninth; and ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
here comes the mouse<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=649Leepwal2024-06-07T12:08:47Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>original spelling Ļeepwal (pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound) is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25).<br />
<br />
Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring (Abo ''et al''. 2019). ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco) (Johnson ''et al''.). ''Ḷōmejdikdik'', the second child, is the asterism formed by Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco in the tail of Scorpius. [!!!] ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen) is the third child; ''Ad'' (Arcturus (α Boo)), the fourth; ''Mājlep'' (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed (α, β, and γ Aql)), the fifth; ''Da'' (Spica (α Vir), the sixth; ''Jitata'' (Sadachbia (γ Aqr), ζ and π Aqr), the seventh; ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), the eighth; ''Jāpe'' (Sualocin (α Del), Rotanev (β Del) and γ Del), the ninth; and ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=648Leepwal2024-06-07T11:58:54Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>original spelling Ļeepwal (pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound) is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25; Johnson ''et al''.).<br />
<br />
Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all great stars, has ten offspring. ''Tūṃur'', a son, is the eldest: this name and variants have also been recorded around Micronesia and generally apply either to Antares or to the asterism Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco)). [!!!] ''Ḷōmejdikdik'' (Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco), the second; ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen), the third; ''Ad'' (Arcturus (α Boo)), the fourth; ''Mājlep'' (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed (α, β, and γ Aql)), the fifth; ''Da'' (Spica (α Vir), the sixth; ''Jitata'' (Sadachbia (γ Aqr), ζ and π Aqr), the seventh; ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), the eighth; ''Jāpe'' (Sualocin (α Del), Rotanev (β Del) and γ Del), the ninth; and ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=647Leepwal2024-06-07T11:46:18Z<p>Cliveruggles: </p>
<hr />
<div>original spelling Ļeepwal (pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound) is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25; Johnson ''et al''.).<br />
<br />
The mother of all great stars, her ten offspring being ''Tūṃur'' (Antares (α Sco), or Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco)), the eldest; ''Ḷōmejdikdik'' (Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco), the second; ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen), the third; ''Ad'' (Arcturus (α Boo)), the fourth; ''Mājlep'' (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed (α, β, and γ Aql)), the fifth; ''Da'' (Spica (α Vir), the sixth; ''Jitata'' (Sadachbia (γ Aqr), ζ and π Aqr), the seventh; ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), the eighth; ''Jāpe'' (Sualocin (α Del), Rotanev (β Del) and γ Del), the ninth; and ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=646Leepwal2024-06-07T11:11:02Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* IAU Working Group Star Names */</p>
<hr />
<div>original spelling Ļeepwal (pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound) is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The name Ļeepwal (in modern Marshallese) was originally recorded as ''Läbôol'' by the Catholic missionary August Erdland, who lived in the Jaluit Atoll from 1904 to 1914 (Erdland 1914: 79 #25).<br />
<br />
The mother of all great stars, her ten offspring being ''Tūṃur'' (Antares (α Sco), or Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco)), the eldest; ''Ḷōmejdikdik'' (Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco), the second; ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen), the third; ''Ad'' (Arcturus (α Boo)), the fourth; ''Mājlep'' (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed (α, β, and γ Aql)), the fifth; ''Da'' (Spica (α Vir), the sixth; ''Jitata'' (Sadachbia (γ Aqr), ζ and π Aqr), the seventh; ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), the eighth; ''Jāpe'' (Sualocin (α Del), Rotanev (β Del) and γ Del), the ninth; and ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Erdland, P. August (1914). ''Die Marshall-Insulaner''. Münster i.W.: Aschendorff (Bibliothèque-anthropos, 2(1)).<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
== Reference ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggleshttps://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Leepwal&diff=645Leepwal2024-06-07T10:53:03Z<p>Cliveruggles: /* Reference */</p>
<hr />
<div>original spelling Ļeepwal (pronounced leyepwal, the first "l" being pronounced with the back of the tongue raised (velarized) and the root of the tongue retracted (pharyngealized) so as to elongate the oral cavity, thereby giving the consonant a "heavier" or "darker" sound) is the name for ζ Cen in Marshallese. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
This star name originates from the Marshall Islands. Ļeepwal is the third child of Lōktañūr (Capella), the mother of all stars.<br />
<br />
The mother of all great stars, her ten offspring being ''Tūṃur'' (Antares (α Sco), or Paikauhale, Antares, and Alniyat (τ, α, and σ Sco)), the eldest; ''Ḷōmejdikdik'' (Shaula (λ Sco), Lesath (υ Sco), ι Sco, and κ Sco), the second; ''Ḷeepwal'' (ζ Cen), the third; ''Ad'' (Arcturus (α Boo)), the fourth; ''Mājlep'' (Altair, Alshain, and Tarazed (α, β, and γ Aql)), the fifth; ''Da'' (Spica (α Vir), the sixth; ''Jitata'' (Sadachbia (γ Aqr), ζ and π Aqr), the seventh; ''Ḷokwan-Ḷakeke'' (Cassiopeia), the eighth; ''Jāpe'' (Sualocin (α Del), Rotanev (β Del) and γ Del), the ninth; and ''Jebrọ'' (or ''Jeḷeilōñ''), Alcyone (η Tau) in the Pleiades, the youngest [Abo ''et al.'' 2019, various entries]<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br />
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN 2022-2024. applied to the star ... in the IAU-CSN.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
<br />
* Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, and Tony DeBrum (2019). ''Marshallese-English Online Dictionary''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <nowiki>https://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/dicts/MOD/</nowiki>.<br />
* Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.<br />
<br />
== Reference ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Oceania]]</div>Cliveruggles