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Safina

2024-12-10T00:35:57Z

DanielleAdams:

Alsafina is a proposed IAU star name that represents the Arabian asterism ''al-safīna'' (السَّفينة), meaning "the Ship". (Note: The Arabic term denotes a large boat, possibly with multiple masts.) The precise identification of the stars that were incorporated into this asterism is challenging because of obscure and conflicting descriptions in the primary sources, thus leading to multiple interpretations of this figure in the present day.

==Etymology and History==

=== '''''al-safīna''''' in Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018, pp. 162–163. ===
<blockquote>[[File:Alsafina per Adams 2018.png|alt=The Arabian asterism of the Ship/Boat (al-safīna) as interpreted by Danielle Adams (2018). In this view, a transverse oval of stars between the Two Frogs would have represented the hull of the Ship, and two loops to the north would have represented two sails.|thumb|476x476px|The Arabian asterism of the Ship/Boat (al-safīna) as interpreted by Danielle Adams (2018). In this view, a transverse oval of stars between the Two Frogs would have represented the hull of the Ship, and two loops to the north would have represented two sails. (Image: Danielle Adams, annotations on screen capture from ''Stellarium'')]]"Ibn Qutayba identifies an asterism called the Boat ''(al-safīna)'', which was comprised of dim stars that follow in succession from the vicinity of the Well Bucket ''(al-dalw)'' to the Auspice of Auspices (''saʿd al-suʿūd''; 1956, 81).<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref> He also reported that the Front Frog ''(al-ḍifdiʿ al- muqaddam)'' was at its beginning and the Rear Frog ''(al-ḍifdiʿ al-muʾakhkhar)'' was at its end (1956, 81; al-Ṣūfī 1981, 240).<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.

al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.</ref> Al-Ṣūfī further describes a jagged line of stars that connects one end of the boat to the other in the south, and another line extending up towards the Well Bucket that would have represented its mast and sails extending toward the Auspice of Newborn Lambs ''(saʿd al-bihām)'' in the north (1981, 240, 303).<ref>al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.</ref> He then criticizes those who conflated the description of this Arabian Boat with the Greek constellation Argo Navis, which was located much further to the east and used the star Suhayl as one of its oars (1981, 240, 303).71"

"Footnote 71: Paul Kunitzsch also berates Ibn Qutayba’s inclusion of Suhayl as the Edge of the Oar ''(ṭarf al-mijdāf)'' of the Boat, as well as the rest of his description of the Boat, saying it “consists of nothing but absurdities” (1961, 103-104).<ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref> To his credit, Ibn Qutayba distinguishes that element from the rest of his description by saying it was the speech of the mathematical astronomers ''(aṣḥāb al-nujūm)'', which is his typical method of distinguishing Greek from Arabian astronomy in his ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ'' (1956, 81)."<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>

From the above source materials, Adams interprets the figure of the Ship/Boat as seen in the diagram above. This locates the Ship among the stars of modern-day Aquarius and Pisces, with the bright stars Fomalhaut (in Piscis Austrinus) and Diphda (in Cetus) as the beginning and end of the Ship's hull. </blockquote>

=== '''''al-safīna''''' per Khalid AlAjaji ===
[[File:Alsafina per AlAjaji.png|alt=The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Khalid AlAjaji. Used with permission.|thumb|537x537px|The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Khalid AlAjaji. Used with permission.]]
<blockquote>Khalid AlAjaji interprets the Ship as a jagged line of stars that lies slightly north of the Two Frogs. This is somewhat similar to Danielle's placement of the hull of the Ship, but without the bottom half of Danielle's oval. Khalid also does not include the sails from Danielle's interpretation. Khalid's interpretation locates the Ship among the stars of Piscis Austrinus, Aquarius and Cetus.</blockquote>

=== '''''al-safīna''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012. ===
<blockquote>[[File:Alsafina per Laffitte.png|alt=The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Roland Laffitte. Used with permission.|thumb|The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Roland Laffitte. Used with permission.]]'''Figure 34: ''al-Safīna'', « the Ship », under Station XV'''

''d/π Aqr + ν/ 34/35/ρσ/55/57/58//59/66/70 Peg + β Psc'' (?) — Ibn Qutayba

''34/35/ ρσ + 55/57/58/59/66/70, Peg + β Psc'' (?) — Ağdābī[[File:Alsafina drawing per Laffitte.png|alt=The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Roland Laffitte. Used with permission.|thumb|The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Roland Laffitte. Used with permission.]]Roland Laffitte interprets the Ship using stars further north than Adams and AlAjaji, locating the asterism among the stars of Pegasus, Pisces and Aquarius.</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|}

==Discussion==
Three scholars of Arabian astronomy have provided three different interpretations of the asterism of the Ship (al-safīna). During an engaging discussion of the original sources (Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī), the group (Adams, AlAjaji, Laffitte and Matthias Determann) agreed that whereas some elements of the Ship were loosely defined, the sources did locate the Ship in the vicinity of the Well Bucket (modern-day Square of Pegasus) and some of the Auspices (namely, certain stars in northern Aquarius) in the north, and between the Two Frogs (Fomalhaut in Piscis Austrinus and Diphda in Cetus) in the south. Furthermore, the original sources agree that the Front Frog (Fomalhaut) is the start of the Ship and the Rear Frog (Diphda) is the end of the Ship.
[[File:Alsafina Proposed Star.png|alt=Star map from Stellarium, showing the location of the star 88 Aqr, which the WGSN Arabic subgroup has proposed be designated as "Alsafina".|thumb|455x455px|Star map from Stellarium, showing the location of the star 88 Aqr, which the WGSN Arabic subgroup has proposed be designated as "Alsafina".]]
Given that this was a description of reasonable certainty, the Arabic subgroup proposed that one of the stars lying between Fomalhaut and Diphda be recognized as "Alsafina" in honor of the Arabian asterism, ''al-safīna'' (السَّفينة). Specifically the group proposed for this honor 88 Aqr, an as-yet unnamed mag 3.65 star. (See diagram for location.)

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
[[File:Psc-Eri-Stream MellingPan+Ship anim.gif|thumb|modern star names Alsafina (Arabic: The Ship) and Hydor (Greek: The Water) seen in the area covered by the classical (obsolete) constellation The Water and the recently discovered Pisces-Eridanus Stream of stars (4731 members). The image was created with TheGIMP, CDS-Simbad and CDS-Aladin using the Mellinger All Sky Panorama as base map. credits: IAU WGSN 2024]]
The name was discussed by the IAU WGSN in 2024.

"Alsafina" is duplicative with "Alsephina", a star name with similar etymology - Arabic for "the ship" - in this case referring to the constellation Argo Navis by Al-Ṣūfī (~964) in his ''Book of the Fixed Stars'', and following the spelling and star identification by Andreas Cellarius (1660) in ''Harmonia Macrocosmica''. As Alsephina was already adopted for Delta Velorum Aa by WGSN in 2017, some members of WGSN that Alsafina should not be eligible for use again.

Note: The IAU star name Alsephina has been applied to a star in the former Argo Navis, following the Arabic description of a Greek constellation as ''al-safīna'', the Ship. The proposed new name, Alsafina, would be applied to a star that formed part of an indigenous Arabian asterism called the Ship ''(al-safīna)'' in a different region of the sky.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.

Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.
[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

Safina

2024-12-10T00:33:05Z

DanielleAdams: Added References section

Alsafina is a proposed IAU star name that represents the Arabian asterism ''al-safīna'' (السَّفينة), meaning "the Ship". (Note: The Arabic term denotes a large boat, possibly with multiple masts.) The precise identification of the stars that were incorporated into this asterism is challenging because of obscure and conflicting descriptions in the primary sources, thus leading to multiple interpretations of this figure in the present day.

==Etymology and History==

=== '''''al-safīna''''' in Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018, pp. 162–163. ===
<blockquote>[[File:Alsafina per Adams 2018.png|alt=The Arabian asterism of the Ship/Boat (al-safīna) as interpreted by Danielle Adams (2018). In this view, a transverse oval of stars between the Two Frogs would have represented the hull of the Ship, and two loops to the north would have represented two sails.|thumb|476x476px|The Arabian asterism of the Ship/Boat (al-safīna) as interpreted by Danielle Adams (2018). In this view, a transverse oval of stars between the Two Frogs would have represented the hull of the Ship, and two loops to the north would have represented two sails. (Image: Danielle Adams, annotations on screen capture from ''Stellarium'')]]"Ibn Qutayba identifies an asterism called the Boat ''(al-safīna)'', which was comprised of dim stars that follow in succession from the vicinity of the Well Bucket ''(al-dalw)'' to the Auspice of Auspices (''saʿd al-suʿūd''; 1956, 81). He also reported that the Front Frog ''(al-ḍifdiʿ al- muqaddam)'' was at its beginning and the Rear Frog ''(al-ḍifdiʿ al-muʾakhkhar)'' was at its end (1956, 81; al-Ṣūfī 1981, 240). Al-Ṣūfī further describes a jagged line of stars that connects one end of the boat to the other in the south, and another line extending up towards the Well Bucket that would have represented its mast and sails extending toward the Auspice of Newborn Lambs ''(saʿd al-bihām)'' in the north (1981, 240, 303). He then criticizes those who conflated the description of this Arabian Boat with the Greek constellation Argo Navis, which was located much further to the east and used the star Suhayl as one of its oars (1981, 240, 303).71"

"71 Paul Kunitzsch also berates Ibn Qutayba’s inclusion of Suhayl as the Edge of the Oar ''(ṭarf al-mijdāf)'' of the Boat, as well as the rest of his description of the Boat, saying it “consists of nothing but absurdities” (1961, 103-104). To his credit, Ibn Qutayba distinguishes that element from the rest of his description by saying it was the speech of the mathematical astronomers ''(aṣḥāb al-nujūm)'', which is his typical method of distinguishing Greek from Arabian astronomy in his ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ'' (1956, 81)."

From the above source materials, Adams interprets the figure of the Ship/Boat as seen in the diagram above. This locates the Ship among the stars of modern-day Aquarius and Pisces, with the bright stars Fomalhaut (in Piscis Austrinus) and Diphda (in Cetus) as the beginning and end of the Ship's hull. </blockquote>

=== '''''al-safīna''''' per Khalid AlAjaji ===
[[File:Alsafina per AlAjaji.png|alt=The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Khalid AlAjaji. Used with permission.|thumb|537x537px|The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Khalid AlAjaji. Used with permission.]]
<blockquote>Khalid AlAjaji interprets the Ship as a jagged line of stars that lies slightly north of the Two Frogs. This is somewhat similar to Danielle's placement of the hull of the Ship, but without the bottom half of Danielle's oval. Khalid also does not include the sails from Danielle's interpretation. Khalid's interpretation locates the Ship among the stars of Piscis Austrinus, Aquarius and Cetus.</blockquote>

=== '''''al-safīna''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012. ===
<blockquote>[[File:Alsafina per Laffitte.png|alt=The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Roland Laffitte. Used with permission.|thumb|The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Roland Laffitte. Used with permission.]]'''Figure 34: ''al-Safīna'', « the Ship », under Station XV'''

''d/π Aqr + ν/ 34/35/ρσ/55/57/58//59/66/70 Peg + β Psc'' (?) — Ibn Qutayba

''34/35/ ρσ + 55/57/58/59/66/70, Peg + β Psc'' (?) — Ağdābī[[File:Alsafina drawing per Laffitte.png|alt=The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Roland Laffitte. Used with permission.|thumb|The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Roland Laffitte. Used with permission.]]Roland Laffitte interprets the Ship using stars further north than Adams and AlAjaji, locating the asterism among the stars of Pegasus, Pisces and Aquarius.</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|}

==Discussion==
Three scholars of Arabian astronomy have provided three different interpretations of the asterism of the Ship (al-safīna). During an engaging discussion of the original sources (Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī), the group (Adams, AlAjaji, Laffitte and Matthias Determann) agreed that whereas some elements of the Ship were loosely defined, the sources did locate the Ship in the vicinity of the Well Bucket (modern-day Square of Pegasus) and some of the Auspices (namely, certain stars in northern Aquarius) in the north, and between the Two Frogs (Fomalhaut in Piscis Austrinus and Diphda in Cetus) in the south. Furthermore, the original sources agree that the Front Frog (Fomalhaut) is the start of the Ship and the Rear Frog (Diphda) is the end of the Ship.
[[File:Alsafina Proposed Star.png|alt=Star map from Stellarium, showing the location of the star 88 Aqr, which the WGSN Arabic subgroup has proposed be designated as "Alsafina".|thumb|455x455px|Star map from Stellarium, showing the location of the star 88 Aqr, which the WGSN Arabic subgroup has proposed be designated as "Alsafina".]]
Given that this was a description of reasonable certainty, the Arabic subgroup proposed that one of the stars lying between Fomalhaut and Diphda be recognized as "Alsafina" in honor of the Arabian asterism, ''al-safīna'' (السَّفينة). Specifically the group proposed for this honor 88 Aqr, an as-yet unnamed mag 3.65 star. (See diagram for location.)

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
[[File:Psc-Eri-Stream MellingPan+Ship anim.gif|thumb|modern star names Alsafina (Arabic: The Ship) and Hydor (Greek: The Water) seen in the area covered by the classical (obsolete) constellation The Water and the recently discovered Pisces-Eridanus Stream of stars (4731 members). The image was created with TheGIMP, CDS-Simbad and CDS-Aladin using the Mellinger All Sky Panorama as base map. credits: IAU WGSN 2024]]
The name was discussed by the IAU WGSN in 2024.

"Alsafina" is duplicative with "Alsephina", a star name with similar etymology - Arabic for "the ship" - in this case referring to the constellation Argo Navis by Al-Ṣūfī (~964) in his ''Book of the Fixed Stars'', and following the spelling and star identification by Andreas Cellarius (1660) in ''Harmonia Macrocosmica''. As Alsephina was already adopted for Delta Velorum Aa by WGSN in 2017, some members of WGSN that Alsafina should not be eligible for use again.

Note: The IAU star name Alsephina has been applied to a star in the former Argo Navis, following the Arabic description of a Greek constellation as ''al-safīna'', the Ship. The proposed new name, Alsafina, would be applied to a star that formed part of an indigenous Arabian asterism called the Ship ''(al-safīna)'' in a different region of the sky.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.

Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.
[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

Safina

2024-12-04T07:21:12Z

DanielleAdams: Added Khalid's image with a summary. Added notes from the Arabic subgroup's discussion.

Alsafina is a proposed IAU star name that represents the Arabian asterism ''al-safīna'' (السَّفينة), meaning "the Ship". (Note: The Arabic term denotes a large boat, possibly with multiple masts.) The precise identification of the stars that were incorporated into this asterism is challenging because of obscure and conflicting descriptions in the primary sources, thus leading to multiple interpretations of this figure in the present day.

==Etymology and History==

=== '''''al-safīna''''' in Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018, pp. 162–163. ===
<blockquote>[[File:Alsafina per Adams 2018.png|alt=The Arabian asterism of the Ship/Boat (al-safīna) as interpreted by Danielle Adams (2018). In this view, a transverse oval of stars between the Two Frogs would have represented the hull of the Ship, and two loops to the north would have represented two sails.|thumb|476x476px|The Arabian asterism of the Ship/Boat (al-safīna) as interpreted by Danielle Adams (2018). In this view, a transverse oval of stars between the Two Frogs would have represented the hull of the Ship, and two loops to the north would have represented two sails. (Image: Danielle Adams, annotations on screen capture from ''Stellarium'')]]"Ibn Qutayba identifies an asterism called the Boat ''(al-safīna)'', which was comprised of dim stars that follow in succession from the vicinity of the Well Bucket ''(al-dalw)'' to the Auspice of Auspices (''saʿd al-suʿūd''; 1956, 81). He also reported that the Front Frog ''(al-ḍifdiʿ al- muqaddam)'' was at its beginning and the Rear Frog ''(al-ḍifdiʿ al-muʾakhkhar)'' was at its end (1956, 81; al-Ṣūfī 1981, 240). Al-Ṣūfī further describes a jagged line of stars that connects one end of the boat to the other in the south, and another line extending up towards the Well Bucket that would have represented its mast and sails extending toward the Auspice of Newborn Lambs ''(saʿd al-bihām)'' in the north (1981, 240, 303). He then criticizes those who conflated the description of this Arabian Boat with the Greek constellation Argo Navis, which was located much further to the east and used the star Suhayl as one of its oars (1981, 240, 303).71"

"71 Paul Kunitzsch also berates Ibn Qutayba’s inclusion of Suhayl as the Edge of the Oar ''(ṭarf al-mijdāf)'' of the Boat, as well as the rest of his description of the Boat, saying it “consists of nothing but absurdities” (1961, 103-104). To his credit, Ibn Qutayba distinguishes that element from the rest of his description by saying it was the speech of the mathematical astronomers ''(aṣḥāb al-nujūm)'', which is his typical method of distinguishing Greek from Arabian astronomy in his ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ'' (1956, 81)."

From the above source materials, Adams interprets the figure of the Ship/Boat as seen in the diagram above. This locates the Ship among the stars of modern-day Aquarius and Pisces, with the bright stars Fomalhaut (in Piscis Austrinus) and Diphda (in Cetus) as the beginning and end of the Ship's hull. </blockquote>

=== '''''al-safīna''''' per Khalid AlAjaji ===
[[File:Alsafina per AlAjaji.png|alt=The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Khalid AlAjaji. Used with permission.|thumb|537x537px|The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Khalid AlAjaji. Used with permission.]]
<blockquote>Khalid AlAjaji interprets the Ship as a jagged line of stars that lies slightly north of the Two Frogs. This is somewhat similar to Danielle's placement of the hull of the Ship, but without the bottom half of Danielle's oval. Khalid also does not include the sails from Danielle's interpretation. Khalid's interpretation locates the Ship among the stars of Piscis Austrinus, Aquarius and Cetus.</blockquote>

=== '''''al-safīna''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012. ===
<blockquote>[[File:Alsafina per Laffitte.png|alt=The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Roland Laffitte. Used with permission.|thumb|The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Roland Laffitte. Used with permission.]]'''Figure 34: ''al-Safīna'', « the Ship », under Station XV'''

''d/π Aqr + ν/ 34/35/ρσ/55/57/58//59/66/70 Peg + β Psc'' (?) — Ibn Qutayba

''34/35/ ρσ + 55/57/58/59/66/70, Peg + β Psc'' (?) — Ağdābī[[File:Alsafina drawing per Laffitte.png|alt=The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Roland Laffitte. Used with permission.|thumb|The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Roland Laffitte. Used with permission.]]Roland Laffitte interprets the Ship using stars further north than Adams and AlAjaji, locating the asterism among the stars of Pegasus, Pisces and Aquarius.</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|}

==Discussion==
Three scholars of Arabian astronomy have provided three different interpretations of the asterism of the Ship (al-safīna). During an engaging discussion of the original sources (Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī), the group (Adams, AlAjaji, Laffitte and Matthias Determann) agreed that whereas some elements of the Ship were loosely defined, the sources did locate the Ship in the vicinity of the Well Bucket (modern-day Square of Pegasus) and some of the Auspices (namely, certain stars in northern Aquarius) in the north, and between the Two Frogs (Fomalhaut in Piscis Austrinus and Diphda in Cetus) in the south. Furthermore, the original sources agree that the Front Frog (Fomalhaut) is the start of the Ship and the Rear Frog (Diphda) is the end of the Ship.
[[File:Alsafina Proposed Star.png|alt=Star map from Stellarium, showing the location of the star 88 Aqr, which the WGSN Arabic subgroup has proposed be designated as "Alsafina".|thumb|455x455px|Star map from Stellarium, showing the location of the star 88 Aqr, which the WGSN Arabic subgroup has proposed be designated as "Alsafina".]]
Given that this was a description of reasonable certainty, the Arabic subgroup proposed that one of the stars lying between Fomalhaut and Diphda be recognized as "Alsafina" in honor of the Arabian asterism, ''al-safīna'' (السَّفينة). Specifically the group proposed for this honor 88 Aqr, an as-yet unnamed mag 3.65 star. (See diagram for location.)

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was discussed by the IAU WGSN in 2024.

"Alsafina" is duplicative with "Alsephina", a star name with similar etymology - Arabic for "the ship" - in this case referring to the constellation Argo Navis by Al-Ṣūfī (~964) in his ''Book of the Fixed Stars'', and following the spelling and star identification by Andreas Cellarius (1660) in ''Harmonia Macrocosmica''. As Alsephina was already adopted for Delta Velorum Aa by WGSN in 2017, some members of WGSN that Alsafina should not be eligible for use again.

Note: The IAU star name Alsephina has been applied to a star in the former Argo Navis, following the Arabic description of a Greek constellation as ''al-safīna'', the Ship. The proposed new name, Alsafina, would be applied to a star that formed part of an indigenous Arabian asterism called the Ship ''(al-safīna)'' in a different region of the sky.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

File:Alsafina Proposed Star.png

2024-12-04T07:12:54Z

DanielleAdams:

Star map from Stellarium, showing the location of the star 88 Aqr, which the WGSN Arabic subgroup has proposed be designated as "Alsafina".

File:Alsafina per AlAjaji.png

2024-12-04T06:52:31Z

DanielleAdams:

The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Khalid AlAjaji. Used with permission.

Safina

2024-12-04T06:42:49Z

DanielleAdams: Added Roland's content

File:Alsafina drawing per Laffitte.png

2024-12-04T06:35:36Z

DanielleAdams:

The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Roland Laffitte. Used with permission.

File:Alsafina per Laffitte.png

2024-12-04T06:34:26Z

DanielleAdams:

The Arabian asterism of the Ship (al-safīna) per Roland Laffitte. Used with permission.

Safina

2024-12-04T06:16:49Z

DanielleAdams: Added Danielle's content and image for al-safīna

File:Alsafina per Adams 2018.png

2024-12-04T06:14:23Z

DanielleAdams:

The Arabian asterism of the Ship/Boat (al-safīna) as interpreted by Danielle Adams (2018). In this view, a transverse oval of stars between the Two Frogs would have represented the hull of the Ship, and two loops to the north would have represented two sails.

Jordanus

2024-09-19T05:01:41Z

DanielleAdams: /* al-Ẓibā’ in Danielle Adams, Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise, 2018, p. 102. */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Arabic Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961. ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [nr. 329] und ''al-qafazāt'' [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Ptolemäus nicht angeführt hat.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''''English:''''' 'the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt'' “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120:<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Lyncis hinzunimmt. Nur die letzteren drei stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’''” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''''English:''''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Lynis. Only the latter three agree with the ''anwā‘'' definition “below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā''”’.</blockquote>
[[File:The Gazelles after Ibn Qutayba.png|alt=The Gazelles, the Offspring of the Gazelles, the Leaps of the Gazelles, and the Watering Trough, after Ibn Qutayba. The location of the Gazelles according to al-Ṣūfī is also provided.|thumb|The Gazelles, the Offspring of the Gazelles, the Leaps of the Gazelles, and the Watering Trough, after Ibn Qutayba. The location of the Gazelles according to al-Ṣūfī is also provided. (Danielle Adams, own work)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018, p. 102. ===
"Both Ibn Qutayba and al-Marzūqī report that the Gazelles themselves ''[al-ẓibāʾ]'' were represented by an elongated line of stars located below their Leaps, with the Offspring of the Gazelles ''(awlād al-ẓibāʾ)'' as the very faint stars that lie between the Gazelles and their Leaps (Ibn Qutayba 1956, 66-67; al-Marzūqī 1914, 2:374). According to al-Ṣūfī, the Gazelles leapt away from the Coarse Tail Hair of the Lion and arrived at the Watering Trough ''(al-ḥawḍ)'', which is a semicircle of stars located near the Third Leap that the other authors also describe (1981, 33; Ibn Qutayba 1956, 67; al-Marzūqī 1914, 2:374-375). Al-Ṣūfī locates the line of Gazelles in a different location near the Watering Trough, with their Offspring again being the many faint stars located nearby and extending toward the Extended Forearm of the Lion (''dhirāʿ al-asad al-mabsūṭa''; 1981, 33, 34)."

[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012, pp. 112-113. ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |
''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|'''Arabic'''
|'''French'''
|'''English'''
|'''Author'''
|-
| colspan="2" | ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''α'' ''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|the southern one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|the front one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|the northern one of of the Hyena
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="5" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|the small one of the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="5" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|the Water Trough
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|the Meeting
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="5" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|the Jumps
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|the Jumps (of the Gazelles)
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|The Jumps of the Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|the Bouncings
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|the female Gazelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|First Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Second Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Third Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the northern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the southern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|(the northern one) of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|the southern one of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|the southern one of the third jump
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', or "Tables of right ascensions of the stars and their declinations", accompanied by their signs [+ or -] is one of the tables in the book ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' by Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, between 1325 and 1340. It is edited and partially translated by ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The above list of historical names confirms, that there are no Arabic names competing for the stars are suggested to call Ior and Dan.

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-19T04:51:28Z

DanielleAdams: /* al-Ẓibā’ in Danielle Adams, Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise, 2018, p. 102. */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Arabic Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961. ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [nr. 329] und ''al-qafazāt'' [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Ptolemäus nicht angeführt hat.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''''English:''''' 'the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt'' “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120:<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Lyncis hinzunimmt. Nur die letzteren drei stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’''” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''''English:''''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Lynis. Only the latter three agree with the ''anwā‘'' definition “below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā''”’.</blockquote>
[[File:The Gazelles after Ibn Qutayba.png|alt=The Gazelles, the Offspring of the Gazelles, the Leaps of the Gazelles, and the Watering Trough, after Ibn Qutayba. The location of the Gazelles according to al-Ṣūfī is also provided.|thumb|The Gazelles, the Offspring of the Gazelles, the Leaps of the Gazelles, and the Watering Trough, after Ibn Qutayba. The location of the Gazelles according to al-Ṣūfī is also provided.]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018, p. 102. ===
"Both Ibn Qutayba and al-Marzūqī report that the Gazelles themselves ''[al-ẓibāʾ]'' were represented by an elongated line of stars located below their Leaps, with the Offspring of the Gazelles ''(awlād al-ẓibāʾ)'' as the very faint stars that lie between the Gazelles and their Leaps (Ibn Qutayba 1956, 66-67; al-Marzūqī 1914, 2:374). According to al-Ṣūfī, the Gazelles leapt away from the Coarse Tail Hair of the Lion and arrived at the Watering Trough ''(al-ḥawḍ)'', which is a semicircle of stars located near the Third Leap that the other authors also describe (1981, 33; Ibn Qutayba 1956, 67; al-Marzūqī 1914, 2:374-375). Al-Ṣūfī locates the line of Gazelles in a different location near the Watering Trough, with their Offspring again being the many faint stars located nearby and extending toward the Extended Forearm of the Lion (''dhirāʿ al-asad al-mabsūṭa''; 1981, 33, 34)."

[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012, pp. 112-113. ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |
''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|'''Arabic'''
|'''French'''
|'''English'''
|'''Author'''
|-
| colspan="2" | ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''α'' ''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|the southern one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|the front one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|the northern one of of the Hyena
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="5" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|the small one of the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="5" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|the Water Trough
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|the Meeting
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="5" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|the Jumps
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|the Jumps (of the Gazelles)
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|The Jumps of the Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|the Bouncings
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|the female Gazelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|First Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Second Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Third Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the northern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the southern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|(the northern one) of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|the southern one of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|the southern one of the third jump
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', or "Tables of right ascensions of the stars and their declinations", accompanied by their signs [+ or -] is one of the tables in the book ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' by Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, between 1325 and 1340. It is edited and partially translated by ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The above list of historical names confirms, that there are no Arabic names competing for the stars are suggested to call Ior and Dan.

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

File:The Gazelles after Ibn Qutayba.png

2024-09-19T04:49:15Z

DanielleAdams:

The Gazelles, their Offspring, the Leaps and the Watering Trough, after Ibn Qutayba.

Jordanus

2024-09-19T04:32:09Z

DanielleAdams: /* al-Ẓibā’ in Danielle Adams, Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise, 2018, p. 102. */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Arabic Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961. ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [nr. 329] und ''al-qafazāt'' [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Ptolemäus nicht angeführt hat.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''''English:''''' 'the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt'' “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120:<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Lyncis hinzunimmt. Nur die letzteren drei stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’''” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''''English:''''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Lynis. Only the latter three agree with the ''anwā‘'' definition “below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā''”’.</blockquote>

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018, p. 102. ===
"Both Ibn Qutayba and al-Marzūqī report that the Gazelles themselves ''[al-ẓibāʾ]'' were represented by an elongated line of stars located below their Leaps, with the Offspring of the Gazelles ''(awlād al-ẓibāʾ)'' as the very faint stars that lie between the Gazelles and their Leaps (Ibn Qutayba 1956, 66-67; al-Marzūqī 1914, 2:374). According to al-Ṣūfī, the Gazelles leapt away from the Coarse Tail Hair of the Lion and arrived at the Watering Trough ''(al-ḥawḍ)'', which is a semicircle of stars located near the Third Leap that the other authors also describe (1981, 33; Ibn Qutayba 1956, 67; al-Marzūqī 1914, 2:374-375). Al-Ṣūfī locates the line of Gazelles in a different location near the Watering Trough, with their Offspring again being the many faint stars located nearby and extending toward the Extended Forearm of the Lion (''dhirāʿ al-asad al-mabsūṭa''; 1981, 33, 34)."[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012, pp. 112-113. ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |
''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|'''Arabic'''
|'''French'''
|'''English'''
|'''Author'''
|-
| colspan="2" | ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''α'' ''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|the southern one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|the front one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|the northern one of of the Hyena
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="5" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|the small one of the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="5" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|the Water Trough
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|the Meeting
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="5" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|the Jumps
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|the Jumps (of the Gazelles)
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|The Jumps of the Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|the Bouncings
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|the female Gazelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|First Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Second Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Third Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the northern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the southern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|(the northern one) of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|the southern one of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|the southern one of the third jump
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', or "Tables of right ascensions of the stars and their declinations", accompanied by their signs [+ or -] is one of the tables in the book ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' by Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, between 1325 and 1340. It is edited and partially translated by ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The above list of historical names confirms, that there are no Arabic names competing for the stars are suggested to call Ior and Dan.

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-19T04:11:53Z

DanielleAdams: /* al-Ẓibā’ in Paul Kunitzsch, Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur, 1961. */

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Arabic Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961. ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [nr. 329] und ''al-qafazāt'' [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Ptolemäus nicht angeführt hat.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''''English:''''' 'the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt'' “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120:<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Lyncis hinzunimmt. Nur die letzteren drei stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’''” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''''English:''''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Lynis. Only the latter three agree with the ''anwā‘'' definition “below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā''”’.</blockquote>

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018, p. 102. ===
"Both Ibn Qutayba and al-Marzūqī report that the Gazelles themselves were represented by an elongated line of stars located below their Leaps, with the Offspring of the Gazelles (awlād al-ẓibāʾ) as the very faint stars that lie between the Gazelles and their Leaps (Ibn Qutayba 1956, 66-67; al-Marzūqī 1914, 2:374). According to al-Ṣūfī, the Gazelles leapt away from the Coarse Tail Hair of the Lion and arrived at the Watering Trough (al-ḥawḍ), which is a semicircle of stars located near the Third Leap that the other authors also describe (1981, 33; Ibn Qutayba 1956, 67; al-Marzūqī 1914, 2:374-375). Al-Ṣūfī locates the line of Gazelles in a different location near the Watering Trough, with their Offspring again being the many faint stars located nearby and extending toward the Extended Forearm of the Lion (dhirāʿ al-asad al-mabsūṭa; 1981, 33, 34)."[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012, pp. 112-113. ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |
''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|'''Arabic'''
|'''French'''
|'''English'''
|'''Author'''
|-
| colspan="2" | ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''α'' ''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|the southern one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|the front one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|the northern one of of the Hyena
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="5" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|the small one of the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="5" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|the Water Trough
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|the Meeting
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="5" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|the Jumps
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|the Jumps (of the Gazelles)
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|The Jumps of the Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|the Bouncings
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|the female Gazelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|First Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Second Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Third Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the northern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the southern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|(the northern one) of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|the southern one of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|the southern one of the third jump
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', or "Tables of right ascensions of the stars and their declinations", accompanied by their signs [+ or -] is one of the tables in the book ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' by Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, between 1325 and 1340. It is edited and partially translated by ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The above list of historical names confirms, that there are no Arabic names competing for the stars are suggested to call Ior and Dan.

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Alawaidh

2024-04-22T22:47:57Z

DanielleAdams: /* Etymology: Meaning and History */

Alwaid (also Alawaid) derives from an Arabic star name. This name has sometimes been applied to β (beta) Draconis, but it is not in the IAU Catalog of Star Names because another name, Rastaban, was already approved for this star.

== Etymology: Meaning and History ==
The Classical Arabic word العَوائِذ ''al-ʿawāʾidh'' was the plural form for العائِذ ''al-ʿāʾidh'', which meant a female camel, horse or gazelle that had given birth recently (within the past week or two). The Arabic root means "to seek protection", and so the new mothers were called ''al-ʿawāʾidh'' because their newborn calves or foals sought protection from them.

As a star name, ''al-ʿawāʾidh'' (the Camel Mothers) was applied to an indigenous Arabian asterism of four stars in the IAU constellation of Draco: β (Rastaban), γ (Eltanin), ν (Kuma) and ξ (Grumium). A very faint star in the middle of this asterism (HIP 86782) was the newborn camel, called الرُبْع ''ar-rubʿ'' in Arabic.

== Occurrences ==
Allen's assertion that ''al-ʿawāʾidh'' included a fifth star—μ Draconis (Alrakis) known as ''ar-rāqiṣ'' (the Ambling Camel) is one of his many errors, as all early Arabic sources identified the asterism as a group of four stars, not five.

== References ==

* Adams, Danielle K. 2018. ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise: Multivalent Textures of Pre-Islamic Arabian Astronomy and the Hegemonic Discourse of Order.'' PhD Dissertation. The University of Arizona, 92–94.
* Allen, Richard Hinckley. 1899. ''Star-names and their meanings''. GE Stechert.
* Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab).'' Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, 148.
* Lane, Edward William. 1997. ''An Arabic-English Lexicon.'' 8 vols. Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 3:1017.
* al-Marzūqī, Abū ˓Alī Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. 1914. ''Kitāb al-azmina wa al-amkina.'' 2 vols. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-Kāʾina, 2:374-375.
* al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda, 41.

== Modern Star Name Discussion ==
The name "Alwaid" that is found in the literature of popular astronomy was proposed for the IAU-Catalog of Star Names in 2023. However, it was not applied to any star, since all four of the stars representing the Arabian asterism ''al-ʿawāʾidh'' (the Camel Mothers) already had IAU-approved modern star names in use.
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Arabic]]