All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

Jiantai

2026-05-24T15:52:20Z

HaochengLyu: Add reasons for naming

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Jiantai (渐台)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), '''''Jiantai''''' (lower) and ''Niandao'' (upper left)]]
Jiàn Tái (Clepsydra Terrace, 渐台), Chinese constellation consists of 4 stars, belongs to the Ox (Niu) Lunar Mansion, the Gan school, and corresponds to the modern constellation [[Lyra]]. Jiantai is a terrace built near water, used for observing sundials, timing with water clocks, and establishing pitch pipes and temperaments. It is a symbol of astronomical timekeeping and musical pitch calibration.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
A platform with four square sides is called 'tai' (台); if it has water below, it is called 'jian' (渐). Jiantai governs the gnomon, the water clock, and the affairs of pitch pipes and temperaments. ''Ganshi Zan'' (甘氏赞) says:<blockquote>Jiantai guards the water clock and the gnomon.</blockquote>''Gande'' (甘德) said:<blockquote>Jiantai is in charge of guarding the water clock, and calamities, as well as the Nine Regions (Jiuzhou) and their corresponding field allocations.</blockquote>Jiantai is also "the courtyard where thousands of essences gather". Anomalies in different seasons correspond respectively to warfare (spring), funerals (summer), famine and floods (autumn), and banditry and punishments (winter). It is a constellation that ancient people observed to foretell national fortunes by watching the celestial seasons.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
|-
| 1st
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
|-
| 2nd
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr (Determinative)
|-
| 3rd
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr (Determinative)
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr
|-
|4th
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Zhinü in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), '''''Jiantai''''' (lower) and ''Niandao'' (upper left) bofore later Ming dynasty]]
|-
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]
|-
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Yixiang kaocheng'' Stat Map (18th century)]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 2026, the name of the historical constellation "Jiantai" was suggested to be used for δ2 Lyr in this constellation. This star was numbered as the first star in Jiantai constellation in the 18th century star catalog.

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

Jiantai

2026-05-21T02:38:05Z

HaochengLyu: Supplement the entry

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Jiantai (渐台)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), '''''Jiantai''''' (lower) and ''Niandao'' (upper left)]]
Jiàn Tái (Clepsydra Terrace, 渐台), Chinese constellation consists of 4 stars, belongs to the Ox (Niu) Lunar Mansion, the Gan school, and corresponds to the modern constellation [[Lyra]]. Jiantai is a terrace built near water, used for observing sundials, timing with water clocks, and establishing pitch pipes and temperaments. It is a symbol of astronomical timekeeping and musical pitch calibration.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
A platform with four square sides is called 'tai' (台); if it has water below, it is called 'jian' (渐). Jiantai governs the gnomon, the water clock, and the affairs of pitch pipes and temperaments. ''Ganshi Zan'' (甘氏赞) says:<blockquote>Jiantai guards the water clock and the gnomon.</blockquote>''Gande'' (甘德) said:<blockquote>Jiantai is in charge of guarding the water clock, and calamities, as well as the Nine Regions (Jiuzhou) and their corresponding field allocations.</blockquote>Jiantai is also "the courtyard where thousands of essences gather". Anomalies in different seasons correspond respectively to warfare (spring), funerals (summer), famine and floods (autumn), and banditry and punishments (winter). It is a constellation that ancient people observed to foretell national fortunes by watching the celestial seasons.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
|-
| 1st
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
|-
| 2nd
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr (Determinative)
|-
| 3rd
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr (Determinative)
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr
|-
|4th
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Zhinü in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), '''''Jiantai''''' (lower) and ''Niandao'' (upper left) bofore later Ming dynasty]]
|-
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]
|-
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Yixiang kaocheng'' Stat Map (18th century)]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

Niandao

2026-05-21T02:22:41Z

HaochengLyu: Small fix

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Niandao (辇道)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), ''Jiantai'' (lower) and '''''Niandao''''' (upper left)]]
Niǎn Dào (Imperial Passageway, 辇道), a Chinese constellation consists of 5 stars, belongs to the Ox (Niu, 牛) Lunar Mansion, the Gan school, and corresponds to parts of the modern constellations [[Lyra]] and [[Cygnus]]. Niandao is the road for the imperial chariot, symbolizing the emperor's path for going on excursions and private journeys.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
Niandao is the way along which the emperor "roams freely and travels privately", governing leisurely and harmonious journeys.

''Dongjin Ji'' (东晋纪) says:<blockquote>Niandao governs the concubines' chambers and the spring‑autumn palaces.</blockquote>''Chunqiu Wei'' (春秋纬) calls it the "Concubines' Palace" or the "Palace of Excursions", symbolizing a place where the ruler and ministers flourish in virtue.

The Book of Jin: Astronomical Treatise states: <blockquote>It is the path for the king to take his pleasure and roam; the Han dynasty's Niandao connecting the Northern and Southern Palaces is its earthly image.</blockquote>In Luoyang of the Eastern Han dynasty, a covered passageway (an aerial double corridor) was built to link the Northern and Southern Palaces, imitating the celestial Niandao constellation. Thus the Niandao star official not only represents the physical imperial road but also touches upon the emperor's consorts and recreational life. Its changes can be used to divine whether the emperor's private travels are excessive and whether the state is peaceful.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><ref group="comment">The star chart in the original material is not standard and only displays four stars. The modern star names given here are for reference only.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
|-
| 1st (determinative)
| V545 Lyr ?
| 13 Lyr
| 13 Lyr
| 13 Lyr
| 13 Lyr
| 13 Lyr
|-
| 2nd
| θ Lyr
| η Lyr <ref group="comment">In the original 18th century star catalog, the star (Niandao II) was actually 19 Lyr, not η Lyr. Due to a transcription error in the Flamsteed's catalog, the declination value was copied incorrectly by 10 degrees. The star catalog in ''Yixiang Kaocheng'' used incorrect coordinates, with 19 Lyr mistakenly corresponding to Niandao II. Later scholars often used incorrect coordinates to identify the star as η Lyr, but based on the original data, η Lyr should actually be Niandao Added II.</ref>
| η Lyr
| η Lyr
| η Lyr
| η Lyr
|-
| 3rd
| 4 Cyg
| θ Lyr
| θ Lyr
| θ Lyr
| θ Lyr
| θ Lyr
|-
|4th
| χ Cyg
| 4 Cyg
| 4 Cyg
| 4 Cyg
| 4 Cyg
| 4 Cyg
|-
|5th
|?
|17 Cyg
|8 Cyg
|8 Cyg
|8 Cyg
|8 Cyg
|}

<references group="comment" />

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Zhinü in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), ''Jiantai'' (lower) and '''''Niandao''''' (upper left)]]
|-
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]
|-
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Yixiang kaocheng'' Stat Map (18th century)]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Cyg]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

Jiantai

2026-05-21T02:22:18Z

HaochengLyu: Added star charts

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Jiantai (渐台)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), ''Jiantai'' (lower) and '''''Niandao''''' (upper left)]]
Jiàn Tái (Clepsydra Terrace, 渐台), Chinese constellation consists of 4 stars, belongs to the Ox (Niu) Lunar Mansion, the Gan school, and corresponds to the modern constellation Lyra. Jiantai is a terrace built near water, used for observing sundials, timing with water clocks, and establishing pitch pipes and temperaments. It is a symbol of astronomical timekeeping and musical pitch calibration.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
A platform with four square sides is called ‘tai’; if it has water below, it is called ‘jian’.

Jiantai governs the gnomon, the water clock, and the affairs of pitch pipes and temperaments. Ganshi Zan (甘氏赞) says:

Jiantai guards the water clock and the gnomon – the extinguishing of the dripping.

Gande (甘德) said: “Jiantai is in charge of the water clock, the railings, the calendar, calamities, and the nine provinces and their fields.”

Jiantai is also “the courtyard where the ten thousand essences gather.” Anomalies in different seasons correspond respectively to warfare (spring), funerals (summer), famine and floods (autumn), and banditry and punishments (winter). It is a constellation that ancient people observed to foretell national fortunes by watching the celestial seasons.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
|-
| 1st
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
|-
| 2nd
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr (Determinative)
|-
| 3rd
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr (Determinative)
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr
|-
|4th
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Zhinü in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), ''Jiantai'' (lower) and '''''Niandao''''' (upper left)]]
|-
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]
|-
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Yixiang kaocheng'' Stat Map (18th century)]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

Niandao

2026-05-21T02:15:13Z

HaochengLyu: Supplement the entry

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Niandao (辇道)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), ''Jiantai'' (lower) and '''''Niandao''''' (upper left)]]
Niǎn Dào (Imperial Passageway, 辇道), a Chinese constellation consists of 5 stars, located west of Zhinü ([[Vega]], the Weaving Girl), belongs to the Ox (Niu, 牛) Lunar Mansion, the Gan school, and corresponds to parts of the modern constellations [[Lyra]] and [[Cygnus]]. Niandao is the road for the imperial chariot, symbolizing the emperor's path for going on excursions and private journeys.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
Niandao is the way along which the emperor "roams freely and travels privately", governing leisurely and harmonious journeys.

''Dongjin Ji'' (东晋纪) says:<blockquote>Niandao governs the concubines' chambers and the spring‑autumn palaces.</blockquote>''Chunqiu Wei'' (春秋纬) calls it the "Concubines' Palace" or the "Palace of Excursions", symbolizing a place where the ruler and ministers flourish in virtue.

The Book of Jin: Astronomical Treatise states: <blockquote>It is the path for the king to take his pleasure and roam; the Han dynasty's Niandao connecting the Northern and Southern Palaces is its earthly image.</blockquote>In Luoyang of the Eastern Han dynasty, a covered passageway (an aerial double corridor) was built to link the Northern and Southern Palaces, imitating the celestial Niandao constellation. Thus the Niandao star official not only represents the physical imperial road but also touches upon the emperor's consorts and recreational life. Its changes can be used to divine whether the emperor's private travels are excessive and whether the state is peaceful.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><ref group="comment">The star chart in the original material is not standard and only displays four stars. The modern star names given here are for reference only.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
|-
| 1st (determinative)
| V545 Lyr ?
| 13 Lyr
| 13 Lyr
| 13 Lyr
| 13 Lyr
| 13 Lyr
|-
| 2nd
| θ Lyr
| η Lyr <ref group="comment">In the original 18th century star catalog, the star (Niandao II) was actually 19 Lyr, not η Lyr. Due to a transcription error in the Flamsteed's catalog, the declination value was copied incorrectly by 10 degrees. The star catalog in ''Yixiang Kaocheng'' used incorrect coordinates, with 19 Lyr mistakenly corresponding to Niandao II. Later scholars often used incorrect coordinates to identify the star as η Lyr, but based on the original data, η Lyr should actually be Niandao Added II.</ref>
| η Lyr
| η Lyr
| η Lyr
| η Lyr
|-
| 3rd
| 4 Cyg
| θ Lyr
| θ Lyr
| θ Lyr
| θ Lyr
| θ Lyr
|-
|4th
| χ Cyg
| 4 Cyg
| 4 Cyg
| 4 Cyg
| 4 Cyg
| 4 Cyg
|-
|5th
|?
|17 Cyg
|8 Cyg
|8 Cyg
|8 Cyg
|8 Cyg
|}

<references group="comment" />

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Zhinü in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), ''Jiantai'' (lower) and '''''Niandao''''' (upper left)]]
|-
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]
|-
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Yixiang kaocheng'' Stat Map (18th century)]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Cyg]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium.png

2026-05-21T02:08:16Z

HaochengLyu:

Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium

File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png

2026-05-21T02:06:41Z

HaochengLyu:

Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)

File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png

2026-05-21T02:04:42Z

HaochengLyu:

Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)

Niandao

2026-05-21T01:50:42Z

HaochengLyu: Added star charts

File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png

2026-05-21T00:39:24Z

HaochengLyu:

Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)

File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png

2026-05-21T00:37:32Z

HaochengLyu:

Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)

File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map.png

2026-05-21T00:36:04Z

HaochengLyu:

Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map

File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png

2026-05-21T00:32:54Z

HaochengLyu:

Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map

File:Zhinü in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.png

2026-05-20T14:46:32Z

HaochengLyu:

Zhinü in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart

Chinese (All Terms)

2026-05-20T12:49:21Z

HaochengLyu: Added links

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
<div style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;">
<youtube align=right>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_Ml8wE3jSc</youtube>
</div>
=== Solar System Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Traditional Terms
!Pinyin
!Simplified
!Wade-Giles
!English
!commentary
|-
|日
|rì
|Ri
|
|Sun
|
|-
|月
|yuè
|[[Yue]]
|
|Moon
|
|-
|水星
|shuǐ xīng
|Shui Xing
|
|Mercury
|
|-
|金星
|jīn xīng
|Jin Ying
|
|Venus
|
|-
|火星
|huǒ xīng
|Huo Xing
|
|Mars
|
|-
|木星
|mù xīng
|Mu Xing
|
|Jupiter
|
|-
|土星
|tǔ xīng
|Tu Xing
|
|Saturn
|
|}

=== Here is an overview on all Chinese constellation names ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Constellation Names
! colspan="3" |Romanisation
!English
!commentary
|-
!Classical
!Simplified
!Pinyin
!Simplified
!Wade-Giles
!
!
|-
|
|八穀
|Bā Gǔ
|[[Bagu]]
|
|Eight Kinds of Crops
|
|-
|
|敗瓜
|Bài Guā
|Baigua
|
|Rotten Gourd
|
|-
|
|敗臼
|Bài Jiù
|Baijiu
|
|Decayed Mortar
|
|-
|
|八魁
|Bā Kuí
|Bakui
|
|Net [for Catching Animals]
|
|-
|
|北斗
|Běi Dǒu
|Beidou
|
|Northern Dipper
|
|-
|
|北河
|Běi Hé
|Beihei
|
|North River
|
|-
|
|北極
|Běi Jí
|Beiji
|
|North Pole
|
|-
|
|北落師門
|Běi Luò Shī Mén
|Beiluo Shimen
|
|North Gate of the Military Camp
|
|-
|
|壁宿
|Bì Xiù
|Bi
|
|Wall Mansion
|Dong Bi (Eastern Wall Mansion)
|-
|
|畢宿
|Bì Xiù
|[[Bixiu|Bi]]
|
|Net Mansion
|
|-
|
|鱉
|Biē
|Bie
|
|River Turtle
|
|-
|
|帛度
|Bó Dù
|[[Bodu]]
|
|Textile Ruler
|
|-
|
|策
|Cè
|[[Ce]]
|
|Whip
|
|-
|
|
|
|[[Cexing]]
|
|
|modern star name
|-
|
|常陳
|Cháng Chén
|Changchen
|
|Imperial Guards
|
|-
|
|長沙
|Chángshá
|Changsha
|
|Changsha
|
|-
|
|长垣
|Cháng Yuán
|Changyuan
|
|Long Wall
|
|-
|
|車府
|Chē Fǔ
|Chefu
|
|Yard for Chariots
|
|-
|
|車騎
|Chē Qí
|Cheqi
|
|Chariots and Cavalry
|
|-
|
|車肆
|Chē Sì
|Chesi
|
|Commodity Market
|
|-
|
|杵
|Chǔ
|Chu
|
|Pestle
|
|-
|
|楚
|Chǔ
|Chu
|
|Chu
|
|-
|
|傳舍
|Chuán Shè
|Chuanshe
|
|Guest House
|
|-
|
|芻蒿
|Chú Hāo
|Chuhao
|
|Hay
|
|-
|
|從官
|Cóng Guān
|Congguan
|
|Retinue
|
|-
|
|天皇大帝
|Tiān Huáng Dà Dì
|Dadi
|
|Great Emperor of Heaven
|
|-
|
|代
|Dài
|Dai
|
|Dai
|
|-
|
|大角
|Dà Jiǎo
|Dajiao
|
|Great Horn
|
|-
|
|大理
|Dà Lǐ
|Dali
|
|Chief Judge
|
|-
|
|大陵
|Dà Líng
|Daling
|
|Mausoleum
|
|-
|
|丹凤
|
|[[Danfeng]]
|
|
|modern star name that refers to a sacred (phoenix-like) bird in Chinese mythology
|-
|
|氐宿
|Dī Xiù
|Di
|
|Root Mansion
|
|-
|
|帝
|Dì
|Di
|
|Emperor
|
|-
|
|帝座
|Dì Zuò
|Dizuo
|
|Emperor's Seat
|
|-
|
|東甌
|Dōng Ōu
|Dongou
|
|Dong'ou
|
|-
|
|東次相
|Dōng Cì Xiàng
|Dong Cixiang
|
|Second Eastern Minister
|normally a name for del Vir (Minelauva)
|-
|
|東次將
|Dōng Cì Jiàng
|Dong Cijiang
|
|Second Eastern General
|normally a name for eps Vir (Vindemiatrix)
|-
|
|東上將
|Dōng Shàng Jiàng
|Dong Shangjiang
|
|First Eastern General
|normally a name for alf Com (Diadem)
|-
|
|東上相
|Dōng Shàng Xiàng
|Dong Shangxiang
|
|First Eastern Minister
|normally a name for gam Vir (Porrima)
|-
|
|東咸
|Dōng Xián
|Dongxian
|
|Eastern Door
|
|-
|
|斗宿
|Dǒu Xiù
|Dou
|
|Dipper Mansion
|
|-
|
|斗
|Dǒu
|Dou
|
|Measure for Grain
|
|-
|
|頓頑
|Dùn Wán
|Dunwan
|
|Jailer
|
|-
|
|伐
|Fá
|Fa
|
|Dagger of Shen
|
|-
|
|罰
|Fá
|Fa
|
|Fine
|
|-
|
|房宿
|Fáng Xiù
|[[Fang]]
|
|Room Mansion
|
|-
|
|墳墓
|Fén Mù
|Fenmu
|
|Tomb
|
|-
|
|輔
|Fǔ
|Fu
|
|Assistant
|normally a name for 80 UMa that is named Alcor
|-
|
|附耳
|Fù Ěr
|Fu'er
|
|Attached Ear
|
|-
|
|扶筐
|Fú Kuāng
|Fukuang
|
|Basket for Mulberry Leaves
|
|-
|
|附路
|Fù Lù
|[[Fulu]]
|
|Auxiliary Road
|
|-
|
|
|
|Furen
|
|
|see [[Wei]]
|-
|
|傅說
|Fù Yuè
|[[Fuyue]]
|
|Fu Yue
|
|-
|
|鈇锧
|Fū Zhì
|Fuzhi
|
|Executioner’s Axe and Block
|
|-
|
|蓋屋
|Gài Wū
|Gaiwu
|
|Roofing
|
|-
|
|槓
|Gàng
|[[Gang]]
|
|Canopy Shaft
|
|-
|
|閣道
|Gé Dào
|Gedao
|
|Flying Corridor
|
|-
|
|梗河
|Gěng Hé
|Genghe
|
|Celestial Shield or Lance
|
|-
|
|鈎
|Gōu
|Gou
|
|Hook
|
|-
|
|狗
|Gǒu
|Gou
|
|Dog
|
|-
|
|勾陳
|Gōu Chén
|Gouchen
|
|Curved Array
|
|-
|
|狗國
|Gǒu Guó
|Gougou
|
|Territory of Dogs
|
|-
|
|鈎鈐
|Gōu Yín
|Gouyin
|
|Lock
|
|-
|
|爟
|Guàn
|Guan
|
|Beacon Fire
|
|-
|
|貫索
|Guàn Suǒ
|[[Guansuo]]
|
|Coiled Throng
|
|-
|
|龜
|Guī
|Gui
|
|Tortoise
|
|-
|
|鬼宿
|Guǐ Xiù
|Gui
|
|Ghosts Mansion
|
|-
|
|鼓旗
|Gŭ Qí
|[[Guqi]]
|
|Drum Flag
|
|-
|
|韓
|Hán
|Han
|
|Han
|
|-
|
|河鼓
|Hé Gǔ
|Hegu
|
|Drum at the River
|
|-
|
|衡
|[[Heng|Héng]]
|[[Heng]]
|
|Purlin
|
|-
|
|候
|Hòu
|Hou
|
|Astrologer
|
|-
|
|後宮
|Hòu Gōng
|Hougong
|
|Imperial Harem
|
|-
|
|斛
|Hú
|Hu
|
|Square Box for Measuring
|
|-
|
|華蓋
|Huá Gài
|[[Huagai]]
|
|Canopy of the Emperor
|
|-
|
|宦者
|Huàn Zhě
|[[Huanzhe]]
|
|Eunuch Official
|
|-
|
|虎賁
|Hǔ Bēn
|Huben
|
|Emperor's Bodyguard
|
|-
|
|瓠瓜
|Hù Guā
|Hugua
|
|Gourd
|
|-
|
|弧矢
|Hú Shǐ
|Hushi
|
|Bow and Arrow
|
|-
|
|箕宿
|Jī Xiù
|Ji
|
|Winnowing Basket Mansion
|
|-
|
|建
|Jiàn
|Jian
|
|City with A Banner
|
|-
|
|鍵閉
|Jiàn Bì
|Jianbi
|
|Door Bolt
|
|-
|
|漸臺
|Jiàn Tái
|[[Jiantai]]
|
|Clepsydra Terrace
|
|-
|
|角宿
|Jiǎo Xiù
|Jiao
|
|Horn Mansion
|
|-
|
|晉
|Jìn
|Jin
|
|Jin
|
|-
|
|井宿
|Jǐng Xiù
|Jing
|
|Well Mansion
|
|-
|
|進賢
|Jìn Xián
|JinXian
|
|Recommending Virtuous Man
|
|-
|
|積屍
|Jī Shī
|Jishi
|
|Heaps of Corpses
|
|-
|
|積屍氣
|Jī Shī Qì
|Jishiqi
|
|Fog of Cumulative Corpses
|
|-
|
|積水
|Jī Shuǐ or
Jī Shǔi
|[[Jishui]]
|
|<nowiki>Accumulated Water in the Ship | </nowiki>
Stored Water to Make Wine
|
|-
|
|臼
|Jiù
|Jiu
|
|Mortar
|
|-
|
|九坎
|Jiǔ Kǎn
|Jiukan
|
|Nine Water Wells
|
|-
|
|酒旗
|Jiǔ Qí
|Jiuqi
|
|Banner of Wine Shop
|
|-
|
|九卿內座
|Jiǔ Qīng Nèi Zuò
|Jiuqing Neizuo
|
|Inner Seats for Nine Ministers
|
|-
|
|九斿
|Jiǔ Yóu
|Jiuyou
|
|Nine Flags
|
|-
|
|九州殊口
|Jiǔ Zhōu Shū Kǒu
|Jiuzhou Shukou
|
|Interpreters of Dialects
|
|-
|
|積薪
|Jī Xīn
|Jixin
|
|Pile of Firewood
|
|-
|
|積卒
|Jī Zú
|Jizu
|
|Group of Soldiers
|
|-
|
|卷舌
|Juǎn Shé
|Juanshe
|
|Rolled Tongue
|
|-
|
|軍井
|Jūn Jǐng
|Junjing
|
|Military Well
|
|-
|
|軍門
|Jūn Mén
|Junmen
|
|Military Gate
|
|-
|
|軍南門
|Jūn Nán Mén
|[[Junnanmen]]
|
|Southern Military Gate
|
|-
|
|軍市
|Jūn Shì
|Junshi
|
|Market for the Soldiers
|
|-
|
|糠
|Kāng
|Kang
|
|Chaff
|
|-
|
|亢宿
|[[Kang|Kàng Xiù]]
|[[Kang]]
|
|Neck Mansion
|
|-
|
|亢池
|Kàng Chí
|Kangchi
|
|Boats and Lake
|
|-
|
|開陽
|Kāi Yáng
|Kaiyang
|
|Opener of Heat
|normally a name for zeta UMa that is named Mizar. 83 UMa is the brighter one of two in the vicinity (it is a pulsating M-variable)
|-
|
|哭
|Kū
|Ku
|
|Crying
|
|-
|
|[[Kui|奎宿]]
|[[Kui|Kuí Xiù]]
|[[Kui]]
|
|Crotch Mansion
|
|-
|
|[[Kulou|庫樓]]
|[[Kulou|Kù Lóu]]
|[[Kulou]]
|
|Arsenal
|
|-
|
|狼
|Láng
|Lang
|
|Wolf
|
|-
|
|郎將
|Láng Jiàng
|Langjiang
|
|Captain of the Bodyguards
|
|-
|
|[[Langwei|郎位]]
|[[Langwei|Láng Wèi]]
|[[Langwei]]
|
|Official of the Imperial Guard
|
|-
|
|老人
|Lǎo Rén
|Laoren
|
|Old Man
|
|-
|
|壘壁陣
|Lěi Bì Zhèn
|Leibizhen
|
|Line of Ramparts
|
|-
|
|雷電
|Léi Diàn
|Leidian
|
|Thunder and Lightning
|
|-
|
|列肆
|Liè Sì
|Liesi
|
|Jewel Market
|
|-
|
|離宮
|Lí Gōng
|Ligong
|
|Resting Palace
|
|-
|
|靈台
|Líng Tái
|Lingtai
|
|Astronomical Observatory
|
|-
|
|礪石
|Lì Shí
|Lishi
|
|Grind Stone
|
|-
|
|柳宿
|Liǔ Xiù
|Liu
|
|Willow Mansion
|
|-
|
|六甲
|Liù Jiǎ
|Liujia
|
|Six Jia
|
|-
|
|璃瑜
|Lí Yú
|Liyu
|
|Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear
|
|-
|
|離珠
|Lí Zhū
|Lizhu
|
|Pearls on Ladies' Wear
|
|-
|
|婁宿
|Lóu Xiù
|Lou
|
|Basket Mansion
|
|-
|
|羅堰
|Luó Yàn
|Luoyan
|
|Networks of Dikes
|
|-
|
|昴宿
|Mǎo Xiù
|Mao
|
|Hairy Head Mansion
|
|-
|
|明堂
|Míng Táng
|Mingtang
|
|Cosmological Temple
|
|-
|
|南河
|Nán Hé
|Nanhe
|
|South River
|
|-
|
|南門
|Nán Mén
|Nanmen
|
|Southern Gate
|
|-
|
|內廚
|Nèi Chú
|Neichu
|
|Inner Kitchen
|
|-
|
|內階
|Nèi Jiē
|Neijie
|
|Inner Steps
|
|-
|
|內屏
|Nèi Píng
|Neiping
|
|Inner Screen
|
|-
|
|內平
|Nèi Píng
|Neiping
|
|Inner Judge
|
|-
|
|內五諸侯
|Nèi Wǔ Zhū Hóu
|Neiwu Zhuhou
|
|Five Lords of Heaven inside Taiwei
|
|-
|
|三公內座
|Sān Gōng Nèi Zuò
|Neizuo
|
|Inner Seats for three Excellencies
|
|-
|
|輦道
|Niǎn Dào
|[[Niandao]]
|
|Imperial Passageway
|
|-
|
|牛宿
|Niú Xiù
|Niu
|
|Ox Mansion
|
|-
|
|钮
|Nĭu
|Niu
|
|Pivot
|
|-
|
|農丈人
|Nóng Zhàng Rén
|Nong Zhangren
|
|Old Peasant
|
|-
|
|女宿
|Nǚ Xiù
|Nü
|
|Women Mansion
|
|-
|
|女床
|Nǚ Chuáng
|[[Nüchuang]]
|
|Woman's Bed
|
|-
|
|女史
|Nǚ Shǐ
|Nüshi
|
|Woman Officer in Charge of Time
|
|-
|
|霹靂
|Pī Lì
|Pili
|
|Thunderbolt
|
|-
|
|
|
|Pin
|
|
|see [[Wei]]
|-
|
|屏
|Píng
|[[Ping]]
|
|Screen
|
|-
|
|平
|Píng
|Ping
|
|Judge
|
|-
|
|平道
|Píng Dào
|Pingdao
|
|Flat Road
|
|-
|
|齊
|Qí
|Qi
|
|Qi
|
|-
|
|泣
|Qì
|Qi
|
|Weeping
|
|-
|
|器府
|Qì Fǔ
|Qifu
|
|House for Musical Instruments
|
|-
|
|七公
|Qī Gōng
|[[Qigong]]
|
|Seven Excellencies
|
|-
|
|騎官
|Qí Guān
|Qiguan
|
|Cavalry Officers
|
|-
|
|秦
|Qín
|Qin
|
|Qin
|
|-
|
|青丘
|Qīng Qiū
|Qingqiu
|
|Green Hill
|
|-
|
|騎陣將軍
|Qí Zhèn Jiāng Jūn
|Qizhen Jiangjun
|
|Chariot and Cavalry General
|
|-
|
|闕丘
|Què Qiū
|Queqiu
|
|Two Buildings on both Sides of Palace Gate
|
|-
|
|人
|Rén
|Ren
|
|Humans
|
|-
|
|日
|Rì
|Ri
|
|Sun
|
|-
|
|三公
|Sān Gōng
|Sangong
|
|Three Excellencies
|
|-
|
|三台
|
|Santai
|
|Three Steps
|super-constellation of [[Shangtai]], [[Xiatai]] and [[Zhnogtai|Zhongtai]]
|-
|
|上丞
|Shàng Chéng
|[[Shangcheng and Shaocheng|Shangcheng]]
|
|The Great Imperial Minister
|modern star name
|-
|
|尚書
|Shàng Shū
|Shangshu
|
|Royal Secretary
|
|-
|
|上台
|Shàng Tái
|[[Shangtai]]
|
|Upper Step
|
|-
|
|上衛
|Shàng Wèi
|[[Shangwei]]
|
|The Great Imperial Guard
|modern star name
|-
|
|少丞
|Shào Chéng
|[[Shangcheng and Shaocheng|Shaocheng]]
|
|The Second Imperial Minister
|
|-
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|少民]]
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|Shaomin]]
|
|
|spelling variants: Shaoming = Shaomin = Tumin = Shangmin
|-
|
|少微
|Shào Wēi
|Shaowei
|
|Scholar-officials
|
|-
|
|少衛
|Shào Wèi
|[[Shaowei]]
|
|Imperial Second Guard
|modern star name
|-
|
|參宿
|Shēn Xiù
|Shen
|
|Three Stars Mansion
|
|-
|
|神宫
|Shén Gōnɡ
|[[Shengong]]
|
|Divine Palace
|
|-
|
|參旗
|Shēn Qí
|Shenqi
|
|Banner of Shen
|
|-
|
|勢
|Shì
|Shenqi
|
|Eunuch
|
|-
|
|矢
|Shǐ
|Shi
|
|Excrement
|
|-
|
|室宿
|Shì Xiù
|Shi
|
|Room Mansion
|
|-
|
|市樓
|Shì Lóu
|Shilou
|
|Market Tower
|
|-
|
|豕目
|
|[[Shimu]]
|
|Pig
|modern star name, based on a Neolithic Chinese constellation
|-
|
|水府
|Shǔi Fǔ
|Shuifu
|
|Water Official
|
|-
|
|水位
|Shǔi Wèi
|Shuiwei
|
|Waterlevel
|
|-
|
|庶子
|Shù Zǐ
|Shuzi
|
|Son of Concubine
|
|-
|
|四瀆
|Sì Dú
|Sidu
|
|Four Rivers
|
|-
|
|司非
|Sī Fēi
|Sifei
|
|Judge of Right and Wrong
|
|-
|
|四輔
|Sì Fǔ
|Sifu
|
|Four Advisors
|
|-
|
|司怪
|Sī Guài
|Siguai
|
|Deity in Charge of Omen
|
|-
|
|司祿
|Sī Lù
|Silu
|
|Judge of Rank
|
|-
|
|司命
|Sī Mìng
|Siming
|
|Judge of Life
|
|-
|
|司危
|Sī Wēi
|Siwei
|
|Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune
|
|-
|
|孫
|Sūn
|Sun
|
|Grandson
|
|-
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|太民]]
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|Taimin]]
|
|
|spelling variants: Taiming = Taimin = Daming
|-
|
|太微
|Tài Wēi
|Taiwei
|
|Supreme Court
|
|-
|
|太陽守
|Tài Yáng Shǒu
|[[Taiyangshou]]
|
|the General in charge of the yang valve
|
|-
|
|太一
|Tài Yī
|[[Taiyi]]
|
|Supreme One
|
|-
|
|太子
|Tài Zǐ
|Taizi
|
|Crown Prince
|this name designates gam UMi but this star is already named Pherkad (so we suggest the Chinese name for Pherkad Minor)
|-
|
|太尊
|Tài Zūn
|Taizun
|
|Royals
|
|-
|
|[[Tengshe|螣蛇]]
|[[Tengshe|Téng Shé]]
|[[Tengshe]]
|
|Flying Serpent
|
|-
|
|天棓
|Tiān Bàng
|[[Tianbang]]
|
|Celestial Club Weapon
|
|-
|
|天弁
|Tiān Biàn
|Tianbian
|
|Market Officer
|
|-
|
|天倉
|Tiān Cāng
|Tiancang
|
|Square Celestial Granary
|
|-
|
|天廁
|Tiān Cè
|Tiance
|
|Celestial Toilet
|
|-
|
|天讒
|Tiān Chán
|Tianchan
|
|Celestial Slander
|
|-
|
|天廚
|Tiān Chú
|Tianchu
|
|Celestial Kitchen
|
|-
|
|天船
|Tiān Chuán
|Tianchuan
|
|Celestial Boat
|
|-
|
|天床
|Tiān Chuáng
|Tianchuang
|
|Celestial Bed
|
|-
|
|天大將軍
|Tiān Dà Jiāng Jūn
|[[Tiandajiangjun|Tian Dajiangjun]]
|
|Celestial Grand General
|
|-
|
|天阿
|Tiān Ē
|Tiané
|
|Celestial Hillside
|
|-
|
|天輻
|Tiān Fú
|Tianfu
|
|Celestial Spokes
|
|-
|
|[[Tianfu|天桴]]
|[[Tianfu|Tiān Fú]]
|[[Tianfu]]
|
|Celestial Drumstick
|
|-
|
|天綱
|Tiān Gāng
|Tiangang
|
|Celestial Headrope
|
|-
|
|天高
|Tiān Gāo
|Tiangao
|
|Celestial High Terrace
|
|-
|
|天關
|Tiān Guān
|[[Tianguan]]
|
|Celestial Pass
|
|-
|
|天潢
|Tiān Huáng
|Tianhuang
|
|Celestial Pond
|
|-
|
|天溷
|Tiān Hùn
|Tianhun
|
|Celestial Pigsty
|
|-
|
|天紀
|Tiān Jì
|[[Tianji]]
|
|Celestial Discipline
|
|-
|
|天稷
|Tiān Jì
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Cereals
|
|-
|
|天璣
|Tiān Jī
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Shining Pearl
|
|-
|
|天記
|Tiān Jì
|Tianji
|
|Judge to Estimate the Age of Animals
|
|-
|
|天雞
|Tiān Jī
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Cock
|
|-
|
|天江
|Tiān Jiāng
|Tianjiang
|
|Celestial River
|
|-
|
|天街
|Tiān Jiē
|Tianjie
|
|Celestial Street
|
|-
|
|天節
|Tiān Jié
|Tianjie
|
|Celestial Mace
|
|-
|
|天津
|Tiān Jīn
|[[Tianjin]]
|
|Celestial Bridge
|
|-
|
|天廄
|Tiān Jiù
|Tianjiu
|
|Celestial Stable
|
|-
|
|天牢
|Tiān Láo
|Tianlao
|
|Celestial Prison
|
|-
|
|天壘城
|Tiān Lěi Chéng
|Tianleicheng
|
|Celestial Castle with Walls
|
|-
|
|天理
|Tiān Lǐ
|Tianli
|
|Judge for Nobility
|
|-
|
|天廩
|Tiān Lǐn
|Tianlin
|
|Celestial Foodstuffs
|
|-
|
|天門
|Tiān Mén
|Tianmen
|
|Celestial Gate
|
|-
|
|天廟
|Tiān Miào
|Tianmiao
|
|Celestial Ancestral Temple
|
|-
|
|天錢
|Tiān Qián
|Tianqian
|
|Celestial Coin
|
|-
|
|天槍
|Tiān Qiāng
|Tianqiang
|
|Celestial Spear
|
|-
|
|天權
|Tiān Quán
|Tianquan
|
|Celestial Balance
|normally a name for del UMa which is named Megrez ( so this name applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|天囷
|Tiān Qūn
|Tianqun
|
|Circular Celestial Granary
|
|-
|
|天乳
|Tiān Rǔ
|Tianru
|
|Celestial Milk
|
|-
|
|天社
|Tiān Shè
|[[Tianshe]]
|
|Celestial Altar of the Earth Deity
|
|-
|
|天市
|Tiān Shì
|Tianshi
|
|Heavenly Market
|
|-
|
|天豕
|
|Tianshi
|
|Heavenly Pig
|alternative (older) name for [[Kui]]
|-
|
|天豕目
|
|[[Shimu|Tianshi Mu]]
|
|Eye of the Celestial Pig
|a star name in the Tianshi=Kui
|-
|
|天樞
|Tiān Shū
|Tianshu
|
|Celestial Pivot
|normally a name for alf UMa
|-
|
|
|
|[[Tiansi]]
|
|Celestial Quadriga
|modern star name
|-
|
|天田
|Tiān Tián
|Tiantian
|
|Celestial Farmland
|
|-
|
|天田
|Tiān Tián
|Tiantian
|
|Celestial Farmland
|
|-
|
|天相
|Tiān Xiàng
|Tianxiang
|
|Celestial Ministers
|
|-
|
|天璇
|Tiān Xuán
|TianXuan
|
|Celestial Rotating Jade
|normally a name for beta UMa (applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|天一
|Tiān Yī
|[[Tianyi]]
|
|Celestial One
|
|-
|
|天陰
|Tiān Yīn
|Tianyin
|
|Celestial Yin Force
|
|-
|
|天庾
|Tiān Yǔ
|Tianyu
|
|Ricks of Grain
|
|-
|
|天淵
|Tiān Yuān
|Tianyuan
|
|Celestial Deep Water
|
|-
|
|天苑
|Tiān Yuàn
|Tianyuan
|
|Celestial Meadows
|
|-
|
|天園
|Tiān Yuán
|Tianyuan
|
|Celestial Orchard
|
|-
|
|天籥
|Tiān Yuè
|Tianyue
|
|Celestial Key
|
|-
|
|天柱
|Tiān Zhù
|Tianzhu
|
|Celestial Pillar
|
|-
|
|天樽
|Tiān Zūn
|Tianzun
|
|Celestial Wine Cup
|
|-
|
|土公
|Tǔ Gōng
|Tugong
|
|Official for Earthworks
|
|-
|
|土公吏
|Tǔ Gōng Lì
|Tugongli
|
|Clerk for Earthworks
|
|-
|
|屠肆
|Tú Sì
|[[Tusi]]
|
|Butcher's Shop
|
|-
|
|土司空
|Tǔ Sī Kōng
|Tusikong
|
|Master of Constructions
|
|-
|
|桐陵
|Tóng Líng
|[[Tongling]]
|
|Phoenix Tree Mound
|
|-
|
|外廚
|Wài Chú
|Waichu
|
|Outer Kitchen
|
|-
|
|外屏
|Wài Píng
|Waiping
|
|Outer Screen
|
|-
|
|王良
|Wáng Liáng
|[[Wangliang]]
|
|Wang Liang
|
|-
|
|尾宿
|Wěi Xiù
|[[Wei]]
|
|Tail Mansion
|
|-
|
|魏
|Wèi
|Wei
|
|Wei
|
|-
|
|危宿
|Wēi Xiù
|[[Wēi|Wei]]
|
|Rooftop Mansion
|
|-
|
|胃宿
|Wèi Xiù
|[[Wèi|Wei]]
|
|Stomach Mansion
|
|-
|
|文昌
|Wén Chāng
|Wenchang
|
|Administrative Centre
|
|-
|
|五車
|Wǔ Chē
|Wuche
|
|Five Chariots
|
|-
|
|五帝內座
|Wǔ Dì Nèi Zuò
|Wudi Neizuo
|
|Interior Seats of Five Emperors
|
|-
|
|五帝座
|Wǔ Dì Zuò
|Wudizuo
|
|Thrones of the Five Emperors
|
|-
|
|五諸侯
|Wǔ Zhū Hóu
|Wuzhuhou
|
|Five Feudal Kings
|
|-
|
|咸池
|Xián Chí
|Xianchi
|
|Sacrad Pool
|
|-
|
|相
|Xiàng
|Xiang
|
|Prime Minister
|
|-
|
|下台
|Xià Tái
|[[Xiatai]]
|
|Lower Step
|
|-
|
|
|
|[[Xihe]]
|
|
|modern star name
|-
|
|心宿
|Xīn Xiù
|Xin
|
|Heart Mansion
|
|-
|
|星宿
|Xīng Xiù
|Xing
|
|Seven Star Mansion
|
|-
|
|幸臣
|Xìng Chén
|Xingchen
|
|Officer of Honour
|
|-
|
|西咸
|Xī Xián
|Xixian
|
|Western Door
|
|-
|
|奚仲
|Xī Zhòng
|Xizhong
|
|Xi Zhong
|
|-
|
|虛宿
|Xū Xiù
|Xu
|
|Ruins Mansion
|
|-
|
|玄戈
|Xuán Gē
|[[Xuange]]
|
|Sombre Lance
|
|-
|
|[[Xuanyuan|軒轅]]
|[[Xuanyuan|Xuānyuán]]
|[[Xuanyuan]]
|
|Xuanyuan
|
|-
|
|虛梁
|Xū Liáng
|Xuliang
|
|Temple without Beams
|
|-
|
|燕
|Yān
|Yan
|
|Yan
|
|-
|
|陽門
|Yáng Mén
|Yangmen
|
|Gate of Yang
|
|-
|
|搖光
|Yáo Guāng
|Yaoguang
|
|Twinkling Brilliance
|normally a name for eta UMa but as this star is named Alkaid (applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|野雞
|Yě Jī
|Yeji
|
|Wild Cockerel
|
|-
|
|謁者
|Yè Zhě
|Yezhe
|
|Usher of the Court
|
|-
|
|翼宿
|Yì Xiù
|Yi
|
|Wings Mansion
|
|-
|
|陰德
|Yīn Dé
|Yinde
|
|Hidden Virtue
|
|-
|
|右更
|Yòu Gēng
|Yougeng
|
|Official in Charge of Pasturing
|
|-
|
|右旗
|Yòu Qí
|Youqi
|
|Right Flag
|
|-
|
|右攝提
|Yòu Shè Tí
|Yousheti
|
|Right Conductor
|
|-
|
|右辖
|Yòu Xiá
|Youxia
|
|Right Linchpin
|
|-
|
|魚
|Yú
|Yu
|
|Fish
|
|-
|
|越
|Yuè
|Yue
|
|Yue
|
|-
|
|鉞
|Yuè
|Yue
|
|Battle Axe
|
|-
|
|月
|Yuè
|Yue
|
|Moon
|
|-
|
|玉衡
|Yù Héng
|Yuheng
|
|Jade Sighting-tube
|normally a name for eps UMa who is already named Alioth ( thus applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|玉井
|Yù Jǐng
|Yujing
|
|Jade Well
|
|-
|
|羽林軍
|Yǔ Lín Jūn
|Yulinjun
|
|Royal Guards
|
|-
|
|[[Yunü|御女]]
|[[Yunü|Yù Nǚ]]
|[[Yunü]]
|
|Maids-in-waiting
|
|-
|
|雲雨
|Yún Yǔ
|Yunyu
|
|Cloud and Rain
|
|-
|
|造父
|Zào Fù
|Zaofu
|
|Zao Fu
|
|-
|
|
|
|[[Zhang]]
|
|
|modern star name based on a Chinese original
|-
|
|丈人
|Zhàng Rén
|Zhangren
|
|Elderly Person
|
|-
|
|張宿
|Zhāng Xiù
|Zhangzun
|
|Extended Net Mansion
|
|-
|
|趙
|Zhào
|Zhao
|
|Zhao
|
|-
|
|招搖
|Zhāo Yáo
|Zhaoyao
|
|A Kind of Weapon, Sword or Spear
|
|-
|
|軫宿
|Zhěn Xiù
|Zhen
|
|Chariot Mansion
|
|-
|
|陣車
|Zhèn Chē
|Zhenche
|
|Battle Chariots
|
|-
|
|鄭
|Zhèng
|Zheng
|
|Zheng
|
|-
|
|折威
|Zhé Wēi
|Zhewei
|
|Warden
|
|-
|
|織女
|Zhī Nǚ
|Zhinu
|
|Weaving Girl
|
|-
|
|中台
|Zhōng Tái
|[[Zhongtai]]
|
|Middle Step
|
|-
|
|[[Zhou|周]]
|[[Zhou|Zhōu]]
|[[Zhou]]
|
|Zhou
|
|-
|
|周鼎
|Zhōu Dǐng
|Zhouding
|
|Tripod of the Zhou
|
|-
|
|柱
|Zhù
|Zhu
|
|Pillars
|
|-
|
|柱史
|Zhù Xià Shǐ
|Zhu Xia Shi
|
|Officer in Charge of Public Announcements
|
|-
|
|諸王
|Zhū Wáng
|Zhuwang
|
|Feudal Kings
|
|-
|
|觜宿
|Zī Xiù
|Zi
|
|Bird Beak Mansion
|
|-
|
|子
|Zǐ
|Zi
|
|Son
|
|-
|
|紫宮
|Zǐ Gōng
|[[Zigong]]
|
|Purple Palace
|
|-
|
|宗
|Zōng
|[[Zong]]
|
|Ancestors
|
|-
|
|宗人
|Zōng Rén
|[[Zongren]]
|
|Asistants of Zong Zheng
|
|-
|
|[[Zongzheng|宗正]]
|[[Zongzheng|Zōng Zhèng]]
|[[Zongzheng]]
|
|Official for Royal Clan
|
|-
|
|左更
|Zuó Gēng
|Zuogeng
|
|Official in Charge of Forest
|
|-
|
|左旗
|Zuǒ Qí
|Zuoqi
|
|Left Flag
|
|-
|
|座旗
|Zuò Qí
|Zuoqi
|
|Seat Flags
|
|-
|
|左攝提
|Zuǒ Shè Tí
|Zuosheti
|
|Left Conductor
|
|-
|
|左辖
|Zuǒ Xiá
|Zuoxia
|
|Left Linchpin
|
|}
[[Category:Overviews]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:East Asian]][[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:Service]]

Zong

2026-05-20T12:47:20Z

HaochengLyu: Created new page "Zong"

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Zong (宗)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium|thumb|'''''Zongzheng''''', ''Zongren'' and ''Zong'' in Stellarium]]
Zong (Ancestors, Patriarchal Clan, 宗), aChinese constellation consists of two stars, located north of [[Zongren]] and east of Hou (the Astrologer, [[Rasalhague|α Oph]]), belongs to the Heavenly Market Enclosure, the Shi school, and corresponds to the modern constellation [[Ophiuchus]] (After the end of the Ming Dynasty, the location moved to [[Hercules]]). This star official represents the ruling royal kin—princes and ministers with blood ties to the Heavenly Emperor. It is responsible for distinguishing degrees of kinship and serves as the emperor's auxiliary blood ministers.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
The Zong stars are used to distinguish close from distant relatives. They are the image of the imperial house and the blood-related assistants of the Heavenly Emperor, and they also govern ancestral sacrifices.

''Huangdi Zhan'' (黄帝占) says: <blockquote>If the Zong stars are bright and close together, the emperor is affectionate with his kin, and the consort clans are orderly. If they are faint and far apart, then the emperor and his relatives slight each other; if there are conspirators, the emperor will suffer anxiety.</blockquote>The Book of Jin: Astronomical Treatise records:<blockquote>The Zong stars are the image of the imperial house, the blood ministers who assist the emperor.</blockquote> Bright and close stars foretell harmony among kin; faint and distant stars foretell estrangement and rebellion. These interpretations reflect the traditional Chinese practice of judging the stability of royal blood politics by the brightness and position of the Zong constellation.

=== Identification of stars ===
Traditionally, Zong stars has always corresponded to the stars 71 and 72 Ophiuchus, but since the late Ming Dynasty, this constellation has been mistakenly associated with the stars 110 and 111 Herculis.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
|-
| 1st
| 110 Her
| 110 Her
| 72 Oph (Determinative)
| 72 Oph
| 72 Oph
| 72 Oph
|-
| 2nd
| 111 Her
| 111 Her
| 71 Oph
| 71 Oph
| 71 Oph
| 71 Oph
(Determinative)
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!historical map
!modern identification
!same in Stellarium
|-
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in .png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium|thumb|'''''Zongzheng''''', ''Zongren'' and ''Zong'' before the late Ming Dynasty in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]
|-
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)]]
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Oph]]
[[Category:Her]]

Zongren

2026-05-20T12:25:12Z

HaochengLyu: Created new page "Zongren"

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Zongren (宗人)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium|thumb|''Zongzheng'', '''''Zongren''''' and ''Zong'' in Stellarium]]
Zōng Rén (Official of Religious Ceremonies, Asistants of Zongzheng, 宗人), a Chinese constellation consists of 4 stars, located east of [[Zongzheng]], belongs to the Heavenly Market Enclosure (Tianshi Yuan, 天市垣), the Shi school, and corresponds to the modern constellation [[Ophiuchus]]. This constellation official symbolizes the members of the Heavenly Emperor's clan, presiding over the rituals and seasons of ancestral sacrifices, and also recording the degrees of kinship within the royal house.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
The Zongren stars are responsible for offering sacrifices to ancestors at proper times. They are the image of the greater lineage and govern kind affection and familial harmony.

''Huangdi'' says: <blockquote>If the Zongren stars are bright and remain as usual, the clan order is maintained, and the ruler is prosperous and lucky. If they shake or deviate from their normal state, then the clansmen are discordant, the emperor's relatives will face changes, and many nobles of the clan will die.</blockquote> This indicates that bright and orderly Zongren stars bring harmony to the imperial clan, while abnormal movement or a guest star guarding them brings disaster to relatives. Thus the Zongren constellation is directly linked to the life-and-death harmony of the royal family.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
| 1st
| 66 Oph
| 66 Oph
| 66 Oph(Determinative)
| 66 Oph
| 66 Oph
| 66 Oph
| 66 Oph
|-
| 2nd
| 67 Oph
| 67 Oph
| 67 Oph
| 67 Oph
| 67 Oph
| 67 Oph
| 67 Oph
|-
| 3rd
| 68 Oph
| 68 Oph
| 68 Oph
| 68 Oph
| 68 Oph
| 68 Oph
| 68 Oph
|-
|4th
| 70 Oph
| 70 Oph
| 70 Oph
| 70 Oph
| 70 Oph
| 70 Oph
(Determinative)
| 70 Oph
(Determinative)
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!historical map
!modern identification
!same in Stellarium
|-
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in .png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium|thumb|''Zongzheng'', '''''Zongren''''' and ''Zong'' before the late Ming Dynasty in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]
|-
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)]]
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Oph]]

Zongzheng

2026-05-20T12:10:46Z

HaochengLyu: Supplement the entry

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium|thumb|'''''Zongzheng''''', ''Zongren'' and ''Zong'' in Stellarium]]
Zōng Zhèng (Official of the Royal Clan, 宗正), a Chinese constellation consists of 2 stars, located southeast of Dizuo (Emperor's Seat, [[Rasalgethi|α Her]]). It belongs to the Shi school, in the Heavenly Market Enclosure (Tianshi Yuan, 天市垣), and located at the modern constellation [[Ophiuchus]]. It symbolizes the official in charge of royal clan relations and ancestral temple affairs, representing the administrator of the smaller lineage of the Heavenly Emperor.

==Etymology and History==
According to Shi Shi's description: <blockquote>Zongzheng governs the Zongren (clansmen) and is the image of the smaller lineage.</blockquote>The Zongzheng stars represent the Heavenly Emperor's clan. When bright, the imperial clan is strong; when faint, the clan is weak. ''Shi Shi Zan''(石氏赞) says Zongzheng is the clan's grandees (宗大夫). ''The Book of Jin: Astronomical Treatise'' records:<blockquote>If a comet guards this constellation or its color fades, there will be affairs concerning the Zongzheng official; if a guest star (supernova) guards it, there will be a change of decrees.</blockquote>These accounts collectively show that the Zongzheng constellation is a celestial indicator for measuring the stability of the imperial clan's power.

===Identification of stars===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
|1st
|β Oph
|β Oph
|β Oph (Determinative)
|β Oph
|β Oph
|β Oph
|β Oph (Determinative)
|-
|2nd
|γ Oph
|γ Oph
|γ Oph
|γ Oph
|γ Oph (Determinative)
|γ Oph (Determinative)
|γ Oph
|}
===Maps (Gallery)===
{| class="wikitable"
!historical map
!modern identification
!same in Stellarium
|-
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in .png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium|thumb|'''''Zongzheng''''', ''Zongren'' and ''Zong'' before the late Ming Dynasty in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]
|-
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)]]
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}

==Star Name Discussion (IAU)==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...
==References==
[[References (Chinese)]]
[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Oph]]
[[Category:4work ]]

File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium.png

2026-05-20T12:09:04Z

HaochengLyu:

Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium

File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png

2026-05-20T12:07:51Z

HaochengLyu:

Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)

File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png

2026-05-20T12:04:28Z

HaochengLyu:

Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)

File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png

2026-05-20T11:57:04Z

HaochengLyu:

Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map

File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png

2026-05-20T11:55:12Z

HaochengLyu:

Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)

File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map.png

2026-05-20T11:50:43Z

HaochengLyu:

Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map

File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png

2026-05-20T11:46:20Z

HaochengLyu:

Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)

File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in .png

2026-05-20T11:42:14Z

HaochengLyu:

Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart

File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png

2026-05-20T09:43:01Z

HaochengLyu: HaochengLyu uploaded a new version of File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png

Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium

File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png

2026-05-20T09:35:55Z

HaochengLyu:

Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium

Jiantai

2026-05-20T06:24:48Z

HaochengLyu: Added constellation catagory

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Jiantai (渐台)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Jiàn Tái (Clepsydra Terrace, 渐台), Chinese constellation consists of 4 stars.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
...

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
|-
| 1st
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
| δ2 Lyr
|-
| 2nd
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr
| β Lyr (Determinative)
|-
| 3rd
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr (Determinative)
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr
| γ Lyr
|-
|4th
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
| ι Lyr
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.jpg|alt=historical image of Kulou (Korea)|thumb|Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart]]
|
|
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

Santai

2026-05-20T06:23:39Z

HaochengLyu: Added constellation catagory

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Santai (三台)}}
[[File:SanTai stellarium.jpg|thumb|SanTai in Stellarium (CC BY Sun Shuwei (孙殳玮) based on the Xinyixiangfayao Star Map from Su Song (苏颂, 1020-1101 CE)).]]
Santai (三台) is a Chinese super-constellation consisting of the constellations [[Shangtai]] (Upper Steps), [[Zhongtai]] (Middle Steps), and [[Xiatai]] (Lower Steps).

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
...

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
| 1st / Shangtai 1st
(determinative)
| ι UMa
| ι UMa
| ι UMa
| ι UMa
| ι UMa
| ι UMa
| ι UMa
|-
| 2nd / Shangtai 2nd
| κ UMa
| κ UMa
| κ UMa
| κ UMa
| κ UMa
| κ UMa
| κ UMa
|-
| 3rd / Zhongtai 1st
(determinative)
| λ UMa
| λ UMa
| λ UMa
| λ UMa
| λ UMa
| λ UMa
| λ UMa
|-
|4th / Zhongtai 2nd
| μ UMa
| μ UMa
| μ UMa
| μ UMa
| μ UMa
| μ UMa
| μ UMa
|-
|5th / Xiatai 1st
(determinative)
|ν UMa
|ν UMa
|ν UMa
|ν UMa
|ν UMa
|ν UMa
|ν UMa
|-
|6th / Xiatai 2nd
|ξ UMa
|ξ UMa
|ξ UMa
|ξ UMa
|ξ UMa
|ξ UMa
|ξ UMa
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.jpg|alt=historical image of Kulou (Korea)|thumb|Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart]]
|
|
|}

== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Super-Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:UMa]]

Fang

2026-05-20T06:18:28Z

HaochengLyu: Added identification of Fang

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Fang (房宿)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

Fang (房宿) is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Chinese. It is the name of HIP 78265 (π Sco, HR 5944) in constellation [[Scorpius|Sco]].

The historical Chinese constellation Fang is one of the Lunar Mansions (LM) and, thus, attested since the second millennium BCE.

==Etymology and History==

Determinitive star of lunar mansion Fang (The Room) whose naming constellation constists of 4 stars according to sources back to the 3rd millennium BCE.
=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Byname/Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
| Cijiang / Zuofu / 1st (determinative)
| π Sco
| π Sco
| π Sco
| π Sco
| π Sco
| π Sco
| π Sco
|-
| Shangjiang / Zuocan / 2nd
| ρ Sco
| ρ Sco
| ρ Sco
| ρ Sco
| ρ Sco
| ρ Sco
| ρ Sco
|-
| Cixiang / Youfu / 3rd
| δ Sco
| δ Sco
| δ Sco
| δ Sco
| δ Sco
| δ Sco
| δ Sco
|-
|Shangxiang / Youcan / 4th
| β Sco
| β Sco
| β Sco
| β Sco
| β Sco
| β Sco
| β Sco
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|
|
|}

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/06/30.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Lunar Mansion
* Ian Ridpath [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/scorpius.html#chinese Star Tales Scorpius]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sco]] [[Category:Chinese]] [[Category:East Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Zodiac]]
<references />

Santai

2026-05-20T06:11:51Z

HaochengLyu: Added identification of Santai

Niandao

2026-05-19T07:31:42Z

HaochengLyu: Added tags

Niandao

2026-05-18T07:58:11Z

HaochengLyu: Small changes

File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png

2026-05-18T07:08:46Z

HaochengLyu:

Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)

Chinese (All Terms)

2026-05-15T04:46:29Z

HaochengLyu: Added links

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
<div style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;">
<youtube align=right>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_Ml8wE3jSc</youtube>
</div>
=== Solar System Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Traditional Terms
!Pinyin
!Simplified
!Wade-Giles
!English
!commentary
|-
|日
|rì
|Ri
|
|Sun
|
|-
|月
|yuè
|[[Yue]]
|
|Moon
|
|-
|水星
|shuǐ xīng
|Shui Xing
|
|Mercury
|
|-
|金星
|jīn xīng
|Jin Ying
|
|Venus
|
|-
|火星
|huǒ xīng
|Huo Xing
|
|Mars
|
|-
|木星
|mù xīng
|Mu Xing
|
|Jupiter
|
|-
|土星
|tǔ xīng
|Tu Xing
|
|Saturn
|
|}

=== Here is an overview on all Chinese constellation names ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Constellation Names
! colspan="3" |Romanisation
!English
!commentary
|-
!Classical
!Simplified
!Pinyin
!Simplified
!Wade-Giles
!
!
|-
|
|八穀
|Bā Gǔ
|[[Bagu]]
|
|Eight Kinds of Crops
|
|-
|
|敗瓜
|Bài Guā
|Baigua
|
|Rotten Gourd
|
|-
|
|敗臼
|Bài Jiù
|Baijiu
|
|Decayed Mortar
|
|-
|
|八魁
|Bā Kuí
|Bakui
|
|Net [for Catching Animals]
|
|-
|
|北斗
|Běi Dǒu
|Beidou
|
|Northern Dipper
|
|-
|
|北河
|Běi Hé
|Beihei
|
|North River
|
|-
|
|北極
|Běi Jí
|Beiji
|
|North Pole
|
|-
|
|北落師門
|Běi Luò Shī Mén
|Beiluo Shimen
|
|North Gate of the Military Camp
|
|-
|
|壁宿
|Bì Xiù
|Bi
|
|Wall Mansion
|Dong Bi (Eastern Wall Mansion)
|-
|
|畢宿
|Bì Xiù
|[[Bixiu|Bi]]
|
|Net Mansion
|
|-
|
|鱉
|Biē
|Bie
|
|River Turtle
|
|-
|
|帛度
|Bó Dù
|[[Bodu]]
|
|Textile Ruler
|
|-
|
|策
|Cè
|[[Ce]]
|
|Whip
|
|-
|
|
|
|[[Cexing]]
|
|
|modern star name
|-
|
|常陳
|Cháng Chén
|Changchen
|
|Imperial Guards
|
|-
|
|長沙
|Chángshá
|Changsha
|
|Changsha
|
|-
|
|长垣
|Cháng Yuán
|Changyuan
|
|Long Wall
|
|-
|
|車府
|Chē Fǔ
|Chefu
|
|Yard for Chariots
|
|-
|
|車騎
|Chē Qí
|Cheqi
|
|Chariots and Cavalry
|
|-
|
|車肆
|Chē Sì
|Chesi
|
|Commodity Market
|
|-
|
|杵
|Chǔ
|Chu
|
|Pestle
|
|-
|
|楚
|Chǔ
|Chu
|
|Chu
|
|-
|
|傳舍
|Chuán Shè
|Chuanshe
|
|Guest House
|
|-
|
|芻蒿
|Chú Hāo
|Chuhao
|
|Hay
|
|-
|
|從官
|Cóng Guān
|Congguan
|
|Retinue
|
|-
|
|天皇大帝
|Tiān Huáng Dà Dì
|Dadi
|
|Great Emperor of Heaven
|
|-
|
|代
|Dài
|Dai
|
|Dai
|
|-
|
|大角
|Dà Jiǎo
|Dajiao
|
|Great Horn
|
|-
|
|大理
|Dà Lǐ
|Dali
|
|Chief Judge
|
|-
|
|大陵
|Dà Líng
|Daling
|
|Mausoleum
|
|-
|
|丹凤
|
|[[Danfeng]]
|
|
|modern star name that refers to a sacred (phoenix-like) bird in Chinese mythology
|-
|
|氐宿
|Dī Xiù
|Di
|
|Root Mansion
|
|-
|
|帝
|Dì
|Di
|
|Emperor
|
|-
|
|帝座
|Dì Zuò
|Dizuo
|
|Emperor's Seat
|
|-
|
|東甌
|Dōng Ōu
|Dongou
|
|Dong'ou
|
|-
|
|東次相
|Dōng Cì Xiàng
|Dong Cixiang
|
|Second Eastern Minister
|normally a name for del Vir (Minelauva)
|-
|
|東次將
|Dōng Cì Jiàng
|Dong Cijiang
|
|Second Eastern General
|normally a name for eps Vir (Vindemiatrix)
|-
|
|東上將
|Dōng Shàng Jiàng
|Dong Shangjiang
|
|First Eastern General
|normally a name for alf Com (Diadem)
|-
|
|東上相
|Dōng Shàng Xiàng
|Dong Shangxiang
|
|First Eastern Minister
|normally a name for gam Vir (Porrima)
|-
|
|東咸
|Dōng Xián
|Dongxian
|
|Eastern Door
|
|-
|
|斗宿
|Dǒu Xiù
|Dou
|
|Dipper Mansion
|
|-
|
|斗
|Dǒu
|Dou
|
|Measure for Grain
|
|-
|
|頓頑
|Dùn Wán
|Dunwan
|
|Jailer
|
|-
|
|伐
|Fá
|Fa
|
|Dagger of Shen
|
|-
|
|罰
|Fá
|Fa
|
|Fine
|
|-
|
|房宿
|Fáng Xiù
|[[Fang]]
|
|Room Mansion
|
|-
|
|墳墓
|Fén Mù
|Fenmu
|
|Tomb
|
|-
|
|輔
|Fǔ
|Fu
|
|Assistant
|normally a name for 80 UMa that is named Alcor
|-
|
|附耳
|Fù Ěr
|Fu'er
|
|Attached Ear
|
|-
|
|扶筐
|Fú Kuāng
|Fukuang
|
|Basket for Mulberry Leaves
|
|-
|
|附路
|Fù Lù
|[[Fulu]]
|
|Auxiliary Road
|
|-
|
|
|
|Furen
|
|
|see [[Wei]]
|-
|
|傅說
|Fù Yuè
|[[Fuyue]]
|
|Fu Yue
|
|-
|
|鈇锧
|Fū Zhì
|Fuzhi
|
|Executioner’s Axe and Block
|
|-
|
|蓋屋
|Gài Wū
|Gaiwu
|
|Roofing
|
|-
|
|槓
|Gàng
|[[Gang]]
|
|Canopy Shaft
|
|-
|
|閣道
|Gé Dào
|Gedao
|
|Flying Corridor
|
|-
|
|梗河
|Gěng Hé
|Genghe
|
|Celestial Shield or Lance
|
|-
|
|鈎
|Gōu
|Gou
|
|Hook
|
|-
|
|狗
|Gǒu
|Gou
|
|Dog
|
|-
|
|勾陳
|Gōu Chén
|Gouchen
|
|Curved Array
|
|-
|
|狗國
|Gǒu Guó
|Gougou
|
|Territory of Dogs
|
|-
|
|鈎鈐
|Gōu Yín
|Gouyin
|
|Lock
|
|-
|
|爟
|Guàn
|Guan
|
|Beacon Fire
|
|-
|
|貫索
|Guàn Suǒ
|[[Guansuo]]
|
|Coiled Throng
|
|-
|
|龜
|Guī
|Gui
|
|Tortoise
|
|-
|
|鬼宿
|Guǐ Xiù
|Gui
|
|Ghosts Mansion
|
|-
|
|鼓旗
|Gŭ Qí
|[[Guqi]]
|
|Drum Flag
|
|-
|
|韓
|Hán
|Han
|
|Han
|
|-
|
|河鼓
|Hé Gǔ
|Hegu
|
|Drum at the River
|
|-
|
|衡
|[[Heng|Héng]]
|[[Heng]]
|
|Purlin
|
|-
|
|候
|Hòu
|Hou
|
|Astrologer
|
|-
|
|後宮
|Hòu Gōng
|Hougong
|
|Imperial Harem
|
|-
|
|斛
|Hú
|Hu
|
|Square Box for Measuring
|
|-
|
|華蓋
|Huá Gài
|[[Huagai]]
|
|Canopy of the Emperor
|
|-
|
|宦者
|Huàn Zhě
|[[Huanzhe]]
|
|Eunuch Official
|
|-
|
|虎賁
|Hǔ Bēn
|Huben
|
|Emperor's Bodyguard
|
|-
|
|瓠瓜
|Hù Guā
|Hugua
|
|Gourd
|
|-
|
|弧矢
|Hú Shǐ
|Hushi
|
|Bow and Arrow
|
|-
|
|箕宿
|Jī Xiù
|Ji
|
|Winnowing Basket Mansion
|
|-
|
|建
|Jiàn
|Jian
|
|City with A Banner
|
|-
|
|鍵閉
|Jiàn Bì
|Jianbi
|
|Door Bolt
|
|-
|
|漸臺
|Jiàn Tái
|[[Jiantai]]
|
|Clepsydra Terrace
|
|-
|
|角宿
|Jiǎo Xiù
|Jiao
|
|Horn Mansion
|
|-
|
|晉
|Jìn
|Jin
|
|Jin
|
|-
|
|井宿
|Jǐng Xiù
|Jing
|
|Well Mansion
|
|-
|
|進賢
|Jìn Xián
|JinXian
|
|Recommending Virtuous Man
|
|-
|
|積屍
|Jī Shī
|Jishi
|
|Heaps of Corpses
|
|-
|
|積屍氣
|Jī Shī Qì
|Jishiqi
|
|Fog of Cumulative Corpses
|
|-
|
|積水
|Jī Shuǐ or
Jī Shǔi
|[[Jishui]]
|
|<nowiki>Accumulated Water in the Ship | </nowiki>
Stored Water to Make Wine
|
|-
|
|臼
|Jiù
|Jiu
|
|Mortar
|
|-
|
|九坎
|Jiǔ Kǎn
|Jiukan
|
|Nine Water Wells
|
|-
|
|酒旗
|Jiǔ Qí
|Jiuqi
|
|Banner of Wine Shop
|
|-
|
|九卿內座
|Jiǔ Qīng Nèi Zuò
|Jiuqing Neizuo
|
|Inner Seats for Nine Ministers
|
|-
|
|九斿
|Jiǔ Yóu
|Jiuyou
|
|Nine Flags
|
|-
|
|九州殊口
|Jiǔ Zhōu Shū Kǒu
|Jiuzhou Shukou
|
|Interpreters of Dialects
|
|-
|
|積薪
|Jī Xīn
|Jixin
|
|Pile of Firewood
|
|-
|
|積卒
|Jī Zú
|Jizu
|
|Group of Soldiers
|
|-
|
|卷舌
|Juǎn Shé
|Juanshe
|
|Rolled Tongue
|
|-
|
|軍井
|Jūn Jǐng
|Junjing
|
|Military Well
|
|-
|
|軍門
|Jūn Mén
|Junmen
|
|Military Gate
|
|-
|
|軍南門
|Jūn Nán Mén
|[[Junnanmen]]
|
|Southern Military Gate
|
|-
|
|軍市
|Jūn Shì
|Junshi
|
|Market for the Soldiers
|
|-
|
|糠
|Kāng
|Kang
|
|Chaff
|
|-
|
|亢宿
|[[Kang|Kàng Xiù]]
|[[Kang]]
|
|Neck Mansion
|
|-
|
|亢池
|Kàng Chí
|Kangchi
|
|Boats and Lake
|
|-
|
|開陽
|Kāi Yáng
|Kaiyang
|
|Opener of Heat
|normally a name for zeta UMa that is named Mizar. 83 UMa is the brighter one of two in the vicinity (it is a pulsating M-variable)
|-
|
|哭
|Kū
|Ku
|
|Crying
|
|-
|
|[[Kui|奎宿]]
|[[Kui|Kuí Xiù]]
|[[Kui]]
|
|Crotch Mansion
|
|-
|
|[[Kulou|庫樓]]
|[[Kulou|Kù Lóu]]
|[[Kulou]]
|
|Arsenal
|
|-
|
|狼
|Láng
|Lang
|
|Wolf
|
|-
|
|郎將
|Láng Jiàng
|Langjiang
|
|Captain of the Bodyguards
|
|-
|
|[[Langwei|郎位]]
|[[Langwei|Láng Wèi]]
|[[Langwei]]
|
|Official of the Imperial Guard
|
|-
|
|老人
|Lǎo Rén
|Laoren
|
|Old Man
|
|-
|
|壘壁陣
|Lěi Bì Zhèn
|Leibizhen
|
|Line of Ramparts
|
|-
|
|雷電
|Léi Diàn
|Leidian
|
|Thunder and Lightning
|
|-
|
|列肆
|Liè Sì
|Liesi
|
|Jewel Market
|
|-
|
|離宮
|Lí Gōng
|Ligong
|
|Resting Palace
|
|-
|
|靈台
|Líng Tái
|Lingtai
|
|Astronomical Observatory
|
|-
|
|礪石
|Lì Shí
|Lishi
|
|Grind Stone
|
|-
|
|柳宿
|Liǔ Xiù
|Liu
|
|Willow Mansion
|
|-
|
|六甲
|Liù Jiǎ
|Liujia
|
|Six Jia
|
|-
|
|璃瑜
|Lí Yú
|Liyu
|
|Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear
|
|-
|
|離珠
|Lí Zhū
|Lizhu
|
|Pearls on Ladies' Wear
|
|-
|
|婁宿
|Lóu Xiù
|Lou
|
|Basket Mansion
|
|-
|
|羅堰
|Luó Yàn
|Luoyan
|
|Networks of Dikes
|
|-
|
|昴宿
|Mǎo Xiù
|Mao
|
|Hairy Head Mansion
|
|-
|
|明堂
|Míng Táng
|Mingtang
|
|Cosmological Temple
|
|-
|
|南河
|Nán Hé
|Nanhe
|
|South River
|
|-
|
|南門
|Nán Mén
|Nanmen
|
|Southern Gate
|
|-
|
|內廚
|Nèi Chú
|Neichu
|
|Inner Kitchen
|
|-
|
|內階
|Nèi Jiē
|Neijie
|
|Inner Steps
|
|-
|
|內屏
|Nèi Píng
|Neiping
|
|Inner Screen
|
|-
|
|內平
|Nèi Píng
|Neiping
|
|Inner Judge
|
|-
|
|內五諸侯
|Nèi Wǔ Zhū Hóu
|Neiwu Zhuhou
|
|Five Lords of Heaven inside Taiwei
|
|-
|
|三公內座
|Sān Gōng Nèi Zuò
|Neizuo
|
|Inner Seats for three Excellencies
|
|-
|
|輦道
|Niǎn Dào
|[[Niandao]]
|
|Imperial Passageway
|
|-
|
|牛宿
|Niú Xiù
|Niu
|
|Ox Mansion
|
|-
|
|钮
|Nĭu
|Niu
|
|Pivot
|
|-
|
|農丈人
|Nóng Zhàng Rén
|Nong Zhangren
|
|Old Peasant
|
|-
|
|女宿
|Nǚ Xiù
|Nü
|
|Women Mansion
|
|-
|
|女床
|Nǚ Chuáng
|[[Nüchuang]]
|
|Woman's Bed
|
|-
|
|女史
|Nǚ Shǐ
|Nüshi
|
|Woman Officer in Charge of Time
|
|-
|
|霹靂
|Pī Lì
|Pili
|
|Thunderbolt
|
|-
|
|
|
|Pin
|
|
|see [[Wei]]
|-
|
|屏
|Píng
|[[Ping]]
|
|Screen
|
|-
|
|平
|Píng
|Ping
|
|Judge
|
|-
|
|平道
|Píng Dào
|Pingdao
|
|Flat Road
|
|-
|
|齊
|Qí
|Qi
|
|Qi
|
|-
|
|泣
|Qì
|Qi
|
|Weeping
|
|-
|
|器府
|Qì Fǔ
|Qifu
|
|House for Musical Instruments
|
|-
|
|七公
|Qī Gōng
|[[Qigong]]
|
|Seven Excellencies
|
|-
|
|騎官
|Qí Guān
|Qiguan
|
|Cavalry Officers
|
|-
|
|秦
|Qín
|Qin
|
|Qin
|
|-
|
|青丘
|Qīng Qiū
|Qingqiu
|
|Green Hill
|
|-
|
|騎陣將軍
|Qí Zhèn Jiāng Jūn
|Qizhen Jiangjun
|
|Chariot and Cavalry General
|
|-
|
|闕丘
|Què Qiū
|Queqiu
|
|Two Buildings on both Sides of Palace Gate
|
|-
|
|人
|Rén
|Ren
|
|Humans
|
|-
|
|日
|Rì
|Ri
|
|Sun
|
|-
|
|三公
|Sān Gōng
|Sangong
|
|Three Excellencies
|
|-
|
|三台
|
|Santai
|
|Three Steps
|super-constellation of [[Shangtai]], [[Xiatai]] and [[Zhnogtai|Zhongtai]]
|-
|
|上丞
|Shàng Chéng
|[[Shangcheng and Shaocheng|Shangcheng]]
|
|The Great Imperial Minister
|modern star name
|-
|
|尚書
|Shàng Shū
|Shangshu
|
|Royal Secretary
|
|-
|
|上台
|Shàng Tái
|[[Shangtai]]
|
|Upper Step
|
|-
|
|上衛
|Shàng Wèi
|[[Shangwei]]
|
|The Great Imperial Guard
|modern star name
|-
|
|少丞
|Shào Chéng
|[[Shangcheng and Shaocheng|Shaocheng]]
|
|The Second Imperial Minister
|
|-
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|少民]]
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|Shaomin]]
|
|
|spelling variants: Shaoming = Shaomin = Tumin = Shangmin
|-
|
|少微
|Shào Wēi
|Shaowei
|
|Scholar-officials
|
|-
|
|少衛
|Shào Wèi
|[[Shaowei]]
|
|Imperial Second Guard
|modern star name
|-
|
|參宿
|Shēn Xiù
|Shen
|
|Three Stars Mansion
|
|-
|
|神宫
|Shén Gōnɡ
|[[Shengong]]
|
|Divine Palace
|
|-
|
|參旗
|Shēn Qí
|Shenqi
|
|Banner of Shen
|
|-
|
|勢
|Shì
|Shenqi
|
|Eunuch
|
|-
|
|矢
|Shǐ
|Shi
|
|Excrement
|
|-
|
|室宿
|Shì Xiù
|Shi
|
|Room Mansion
|
|-
|
|市樓
|Shì Lóu
|Shilou
|
|Market Tower
|
|-
|
|豕目
|
|[[Shimu]]
|
|Pig
|modern star name, based on a Neolithic Chinese constellation
|-
|
|水府
|Shǔi Fǔ
|Shuifu
|
|Water Official
|
|-
|
|水位
|Shǔi Wèi
|Shuiwei
|
|Waterlevel
|
|-
|
|庶子
|Shù Zǐ
|Shuzi
|
|Son of Concubine
|
|-
|
|四瀆
|Sì Dú
|Sidu
|
|Four Rivers
|
|-
|
|司非
|Sī Fēi
|Sifei
|
|Judge of Right and Wrong
|
|-
|
|四輔
|Sì Fǔ
|Sifu
|
|Four Advisors
|
|-
|
|司怪
|Sī Guài
|Siguai
|
|Deity in Charge of Omen
|
|-
|
|司祿
|Sī Lù
|Silu
|
|Judge of Rank
|
|-
|
|司命
|Sī Mìng
|Siming
|
|Judge of Life
|
|-
|
|司危
|Sī Wēi
|Siwei
|
|Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune
|
|-
|
|孫
|Sūn
|Sun
|
|Grandson
|
|-
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|太民]]
|
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|Taimin]]
|
|
|spelling variants: Taiming = Taimin = Daming
|-
|
|太微
|Tài Wēi
|Taiwei
|
|Supreme Court
|
|-
|
|太陽守
|Tài Yáng Shǒu
|[[Taiyangshou]]
|
|the General in charge of the yang valve
|
|-
|
|太一
|Tài Yī
|[[Taiyi]]
|
|Supreme One
|
|-
|
|太子
|Tài Zǐ
|Taizi
|
|Crown Prince
|this name designates gam UMi but this star is already named Pherkad (so we suggest the Chinese name for Pherkad Minor)
|-
|
|太尊
|Tài Zūn
|Taizun
|
|Royals
|
|-
|
|[[Tengshe|螣蛇]]
|[[Tengshe|Téng Shé]]
|[[Tengshe]]
|
|Flying Serpent
|
|-
|
|天棓
|Tiān Bàng
|[[Tianbang]]
|
|Celestial Club Weapon
|
|-
|
|天弁
|Tiān Biàn
|Tianbian
|
|Market Officer
|
|-
|
|天倉
|Tiān Cāng
|Tiancang
|
|Square Celestial Granary
|
|-
|
|天廁
|Tiān Cè
|Tiance
|
|Celestial Toilet
|
|-
|
|天讒
|Tiān Chán
|Tianchan
|
|Celestial Slander
|
|-
|
|天廚
|Tiān Chú
|Tianchu
|
|Celestial Kitchen
|
|-
|
|天船
|Tiān Chuán
|Tianchuan
|
|Celestial Boat
|
|-
|
|天床
|Tiān Chuáng
|Tianchuang
|
|Celestial Bed
|
|-
|
|天大將軍
|Tiān Dà Jiāng Jūn
|[[Tiandajiangjun|Tian Dajiangjun]]
|
|Celestial Grand General
|
|-
|
|天阿
|Tiān Ē
|Tiané
|
|Celestial Hillside
|
|-
|
|天輻
|Tiān Fú
|Tianfu
|
|Celestial Spokes
|
|-
|
|[[Tianfu|天桴]]
|[[Tianfu|Tiān Fú]]
|[[Tianfu]]
|
|Celestial Drumstick
|
|-
|
|天綱
|Tiān Gāng
|Tiangang
|
|Celestial Headrope
|
|-
|
|天高
|Tiān Gāo
|Tiangao
|
|Celestial High Terrace
|
|-
|
|天關
|Tiān Guān
|[[Tianguan]]
|
|Celestial Pass
|
|-
|
|天潢
|Tiān Huáng
|Tianhuang
|
|Celestial Pond
|
|-
|
|天溷
|Tiān Hùn
|Tianhun
|
|Celestial Pigsty
|
|-
|
|天紀
|Tiān Jì
|[[Tianji]]
|
|Celestial Discipline
|
|-
|
|天稷
|Tiān Jì
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Cereals
|
|-
|
|天璣
|Tiān Jī
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Shining Pearl
|
|-
|
|天記
|Tiān Jì
|Tianji
|
|Judge to Estimate the Age of Animals
|
|-
|
|天雞
|Tiān Jī
|Tianji
|
|Celestial Cock
|
|-
|
|天江
|Tiān Jiāng
|Tianjiang
|
|Celestial River
|
|-
|
|天街
|Tiān Jiē
|Tianjie
|
|Celestial Street
|
|-
|
|天節
|Tiān Jié
|Tianjie
|
|Celestial Mace
|
|-
|
|天津
|Tiān Jīn
|[[Tianjin]]
|
|Celestial Bridge
|
|-
|
|天廄
|Tiān Jiù
|Tianjiu
|
|Celestial Stable
|
|-
|
|天牢
|Tiān Láo
|Tianlao
|
|Celestial Prison
|
|-
|
|天壘城
|Tiān Lěi Chéng
|Tianleicheng
|
|Celestial Castle with Walls
|
|-
|
|天理
|Tiān Lǐ
|Tianli
|
|Judge for Nobility
|
|-
|
|天廩
|Tiān Lǐn
|Tianlin
|
|Celestial Foodstuffs
|
|-
|
|天門
|Tiān Mén
|Tianmen
|
|Celestial Gate
|
|-
|
|天廟
|Tiān Miào
|Tianmiao
|
|Celestial Ancestral Temple
|
|-
|
|天錢
|Tiān Qián
|Tianqian
|
|Celestial Coin
|
|-
|
|天槍
|Tiān Qiāng
|Tianqiang
|
|Celestial Spear
|
|-
|
|天權
|Tiān Quán
|Tianquan
|
|Celestial Balance
|normally a name for del UMa which is named Megrez ( so this name applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|天囷
|Tiān Qūn
|Tianqun
|
|Circular Celestial Granary
|
|-
|
|天乳
|Tiān Rǔ
|Tianru
|
|Celestial Milk
|
|-
|
|天社
|Tiān Shè
|[[Tianshe]]
|
|Celestial Altar of the Earth Deity
|
|-
|
|天市
|Tiān Shì
|Tianshi
|
|Heavenly Market
|
|-
|
|天豕
|
|Tianshi
|
|Heavenly Pig
|alternative (older) name for [[Kui]]
|-
|
|天豕目
|
|[[Shimu|Tianshi Mu]]
|
|Eye of the Celestial Pig
|a star name in the Tianshi=Kui
|-
|
|天樞
|Tiān Shū
|Tianshu
|
|Celestial Pivot
|normally a name for alf UMa
|-
|
|
|
|[[Tiansi]]
|
|Celestial Quadriga
|modern star name
|-
|
|天田
|Tiān Tián
|Tiantian
|
|Celestial Farmland
|
|-
|
|天田
|Tiān Tián
|Tiantian
|
|Celestial Farmland
|
|-
|
|天相
|Tiān Xiàng
|Tianxiang
|
|Celestial Ministers
|
|-
|
|天璇
|Tiān Xuán
|TianXuan
|
|Celestial Rotating Jade
|normally a name for beta UMa (applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|天一
|Tiān Yī
|[[Tianyi]]
|
|Celestial One
|
|-
|
|天陰
|Tiān Yīn
|Tianyin
|
|Celestial Yin Force
|
|-
|
|天庾
|Tiān Yǔ
|Tianyu
|
|Ricks of Grain
|
|-
|
|天淵
|Tiān Yuān
|Tianyuan
|
|Celestial Deep Water
|
|-
|
|天苑
|Tiān Yuàn
|Tianyuan
|
|Celestial Meadows
|
|-
|
|天園
|Tiān Yuán
|Tianyuan
|
|Celestial Orchard
|
|-
|
|天籥
|Tiān Yuè
|Tianyue
|
|Celestial Key
|
|-
|
|天柱
|Tiān Zhù
|Tianzhu
|
|Celestial Pillar
|
|-
|
|天樽
|Tiān Zūn
|Tianzun
|
|Celestial Wine Cup
|
|-
|
|土公
|Tǔ Gōng
|Tugong
|
|Official for Earthworks
|
|-
|
|土公吏
|Tǔ Gōng Lì
|Tugongli
|
|Clerk for Earthworks
|
|-
|
|屠肆
|Tú Sì
|[[Tusi]]
|
|Butcher's Shop
|
|-
|
|土司空
|Tǔ Sī Kōng
|Tusikong
|
|Master of Constructions
|
|-
|
|桐陵
|Tóng Líng
|[[Tongling]]
|
|Phoenix Tree Mound
|
|-
|
|外廚
|Wài Chú
|Waichu
|
|Outer Kitchen
|
|-
|
|外屏
|Wài Píng
|Waiping
|
|Outer Screen
|
|-
|
|王良
|Wáng Liáng
|[[Wangliang]]
|
|Wang Liang
|
|-
|
|尾宿
|Wěi Xiù
|[[Wei]]
|
|Tail Mansion
|
|-
|
|魏
|Wèi
|Wei
|
|Wei
|
|-
|
|危宿
|Wēi Xiù
|[[Wēi|Wei]]
|
|Rooftop Mansion
|
|-
|
|胃宿
|Wèi Xiù
|[[Wèi|Wei]]
|
|Stomach Mansion
|
|-
|
|文昌
|Wén Chāng
|Wenchang
|
|Administrative Centre
|
|-
|
|五車
|Wǔ Chē
|Wuche
|
|Five Chariots
|
|-
|
|五帝內座
|Wǔ Dì Nèi Zuò
|Wudi Neizuo
|
|Interior Seats of Five Emperors
|
|-
|
|五帝座
|Wǔ Dì Zuò
|Wudizuo
|
|Thrones of the Five Emperors
|
|-
|
|五諸侯
|Wǔ Zhū Hóu
|Wuzhuhou
|
|Five Feudal Kings
|
|-
|
|咸池
|Xián Chí
|Xianchi
|
|Sacrad Pool
|
|-
|
|相
|Xiàng
|Xiang
|
|Prime Minister
|
|-
|
|下台
|Xià Tái
|[[Xiatai]]
|
|Lower Step
|
|-
|
|
|
|[[Xihe]]
|
|
|modern star name
|-
|
|心宿
|Xīn Xiù
|Xin
|
|Heart Mansion
|
|-
|
|星宿
|Xīng Xiù
|Xing
|
|Seven Star Mansion
|
|-
|
|幸臣
|Xìng Chén
|Xingchen
|
|Officer of Honour
|
|-
|
|西咸
|Xī Xián
|Xixian
|
|Western Door
|
|-
|
|奚仲
|Xī Zhòng
|Xizhong
|
|Xi Zhong
|
|-
|
|虛宿
|Xū Xiù
|Xu
|
|Ruins Mansion
|
|-
|
|玄戈
|Xuán Gē
|[[Xuange]]
|
|Sombre Lance
|
|-
|
|[[Xuanyuan|軒轅]]
|[[Xuanyuan|Xuānyuán]]
|[[Xuanyuan]]
|
|Xuanyuan
|
|-
|
|虛梁
|Xū Liáng
|Xuliang
|
|Temple without Beams
|
|-
|
|燕
|Yān
|Yan
|
|Yan
|
|-
|
|陽門
|Yáng Mén
|Yangmen
|
|Gate of Yang
|
|-
|
|搖光
|Yáo Guāng
|Yaoguang
|
|Twinkling Brilliance
|normally a name for eta UMa but as this star is named Alkaid (applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|野雞
|Yě Jī
|Yeji
|
|Wild Cockerel
|
|-
|
|謁者
|Yè Zhě
|Yezhe
|
|Usher of the Court
|
|-
|
|翼宿
|Yì Xiù
|Yi
|
|Wings Mansion
|
|-
|
|陰德
|Yīn Dé
|Yinde
|
|Hidden Virtue
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|-
|
|右更
|Yòu Gēng
|Yougeng
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|Official in Charge of Pasturing
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|-
|
|右旗
|Yòu Qí
|Youqi
|
|Right Flag
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|-
|
|右攝提
|Yòu Shè Tí
|Yousheti
|
|Right Conductor
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|-
|
|右辖
|Yòu Xiá
|Youxia
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|Right Linchpin
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|-
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|魚
|Yú
|Yu
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|Fish
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|-
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|越
|Yuè
|Yue
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|Yue
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|-
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|鉞
|Yuè
|Yue
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|Battle Axe
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|-
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|月
|Yuè
|Yue
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|Moon
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|-
|
|玉衡
|Yù Héng
|Yuheng
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|Jade Sighting-tube
|normally a name for eps UMa who is already named Alioth ( thus applied to a star closeby)
|-
|
|玉井
|Yù Jǐng
|Yujing
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|Jade Well
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|-
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|羽林軍
|Yǔ Lín Jūn
|Yulinjun
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|Royal Guards
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|-
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|[[Yunü|御女]]
|[[Yunü|Yù Nǚ]]
|[[Yunü]]
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|Maids-in-waiting
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|-
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|雲雨
|Yún Yǔ
|Yunyu
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|Cloud and Rain
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|-
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|造父
|Zào Fù
|Zaofu
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|Zao Fu
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|-
|
|
|
|[[Zhang]]
|
|
|modern star name based on a Chinese original
|-
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|丈人
|Zhàng Rén
|Zhangren
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|Elderly Person
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|-
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|張宿
|Zhāng Xiù
|Zhangzun
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|Extended Net Mansion
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|-
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|趙
|Zhào
|Zhao
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|Zhao
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|-
|
|招搖
|Zhāo Yáo
|Zhaoyao
|
|A Kind of Weapon, Sword or Spear
|
|-
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|軫宿
|Zhěn Xiù
|Zhen
|
|Chariot Mansion
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|-
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|陣車
|Zhèn Chē
|Zhenche
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|Battle Chariots
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|-
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|鄭
|Zhèng
|Zheng
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|Zheng
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|-
|
|折威
|Zhé Wēi
|Zhewei
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|Warden
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|-
|
|織女
|Zhī Nǚ
|Zhinu
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|Weaving Girl
|
|-
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|中台
|Zhōng Tái
|[[Zhongtai]]
|
|Middle Step
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|-
|
|[[Zhou|周]]
|[[Zhou|Zhōu]]
|[[Zhou]]
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|Zhou
|
|-
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|周鼎
|Zhōu Dǐng
|Zhouding
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|Tripod of the Zhou
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|-
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|柱
|Zhù
|Zhu
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|Pillars
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|-
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|柱史
|Zhù Xià Shǐ
|Zhu Xia Shi
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|Officer in Charge of Public Announcements
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|-
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|諸王
|Zhū Wáng
|Zhuwang
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|Feudal Kings
|
|-
|
|觜宿
|Zī Xiù
|Zi
|
|Bird Beak Mansion
|
|-
|
|子
|Zǐ
|Zi
|
|Son
|
|-
|
|紫宮
|Zǐ Gōng
|[[Zigong]]
|
|Purple Palace
|
|-
|
|宗
|Zōng
|Zong
|
|Ancestors
|
|-
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|宗人
|Zōng Rén
|Zongren
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|Asistants of Zong Zheng
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|-
|
|[[Zongzheng|宗正]]
|[[Zongzheng|Zōng Zhèng]]
|[[Zongzheng]]
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|Official for Royal Clan
|
|-
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|左更
|Zuó Gēng
|Zuogeng
|
|Official in Charge of Forest
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|-
|
|左旗
|Zuǒ Qí
|Zuoqi
|
|Left Flag
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|-
|
|座旗
|Zuò Qí
|Zuoqi
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|Seat Flags
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|-
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|左攝提
|Zuǒ Shè Tí
|Zuosheti
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|Left Conductor
|
|-
|
|左辖
|Zuǒ Xiá
|Zuoxia
|
|Left Linchpin
|
|}
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:East Asian]][[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:Service]]

Niandao

2026-05-15T04:37:24Z

HaochengLyu: Created new page "Niandao"

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Niandao (辇道)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Niǎn Dào (Imperial Passageway, 辇道), Chinese constellation consists of 5 stars.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
...

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
| 1st (determinative)
| V545 Lyr ?
| 13 Lyr
| 13 Lyr
| 13 Lyr
| 13 Lyr
| 13 Lyr
| 13 Lyr
|-
| 2nd
| θ Lyr
| η Lyr
| η Lyr
| η Lyr
| η Lyr
| η Lyr
| η Lyr
|-
| 3rd
| 4 Cyg
| θ Lyr
| θ Lyr
| θ Lyr
| θ Lyr
| θ Lyr
| θ Lyr
|-
|4th
| χ Cyg
| 4 Cyg
| 4 Cyg
| 4 Cyg
| 4 Cyg
| 4 Cyg
| 4 Cyg
|-
|5th
|?
|17 Cyg
|8 Cyg
|8 Cyg
|8 Cyg
|8 Cyg
|8 Cyg
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.jpg|alt=historical image of Kulou (Korea)|thumb|Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart]]
|
|
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]

Jiantai

2026-05-15T04:28:17Z

HaochengLyu: Created new page "Jiantai"

The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl

2026-05-12T12:51:49Z

HaochengLyu: Added new page

{{DISPLAYTITLE: The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl (牛郎织女)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Weaving Girl, Cowherd and Celestial Ford.png|alt=Weaving Girl (Zhinü), Cowherd(Niulang) and the Celestial Ford (Tianjin)|thumb|Weaving Girl (Zhinü), Cowherd(Niulang) and the Celestial Ford (Tianjin)]]
The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl (Chinese: 牛郎织女; pinyin: Niúláng Zhīnǚ) is a traditional Chinese love story and one of the Four Great Folk Legends of China. Originating from ancient Chinese celestial worship, the tale explains the astronomical positions of the stars [[Vega]] (织女星, Zhīnǚxīng, Weaver Girl) and [[Altair]] (牛郎星/牵牛星, Niúlángxīng/Qiānniúxīng, Cowherd), which lie on opposite sides of the Milky Way and meet only once each year. The legend is closely associated with the Qixi Festival (七夕节, Chinese Valentine's Day), celebrated on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month. The story has spread widely across East Asia, giving rise to various local versions such as the Japanese Tanabata festival, the Korean Chilseok, and the Vietnamese Thất Tịch.

The legend is also reflected in traditional Chinese star names. The [[Tianjin]] (Celestial Ford) constellation, located in the Milky Way, is regarded in some versions as the magpie bridge that allows the lovers to meet, while the two small stars beside [[Altair]] are said to represent the couple's two children.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

=== Names ===
The male protagonist is known as Niú Láng (牛郎, “Cowherd”) or Qiān Niú (牵牛, “Lead-ox” – the ancient name for the star [[Altair]]). The female protagonist is Zhī Nǚ (织女, “Weaver Girl”) – also the name of the star [[Vega]]. The two stars, originally designated in ancient Chinese astronomy, lie on opposite sides of the Milky Way.

=== Mythological Narrative ===
According to the most widely told version, the Weaver Girl is the granddaughter of the Jade Emperor (or, in some versions, the daughter of the Queen Mother of the West). She weaves colorful clouds and rosy dawns in heaven. Bored with her solitary work, she descends to the mortal world and meets a poor but kind-hearted cowherd. The two fall in love, marry secretly, and live a simple life of "men ploughing, women weaving" (男耕女织, nán gēng nǚ zhī). This union produces two children, a son and a daughter.

When the Jade Emperor learns of this, he is furious. The Weaver Girl is forcibly taken back to heaven. In some versions, the Queen Mother draws a hairpin across the sky, creating the Milky Way to separate the lovers forever. However, moved by their devotion, the Jade Emperor allows them to meet once each year – on the seventh night of the seventh lunar month.

On that night, flocks of magpies (or, in some traditions, crows) fly up from across the world to form a bridge with their bodies across the Milky Way, allowing the reunited couple to cross. This bridge is called the Magpie Bridge (鹊桥, Quèqiáo). In some regional versions of the legend, this bridge is directly identified with the Tianjin constellation.

Although the couple must part again at daybreak, their annual reunion is celebrated throughout East Asia as the Qixi Festival.

=== Key Symbols ===
[[Altair]] (牛郎, Niúláng, the Cowherd Star) is a bright star in [[Aquila]]. On each side of it lie two fainter stars, [[Alshain|β Aql]] and [[Tarazed|γ Aql]], which are sometimes understood to represent the couple's two children carried across the Milky Way in the Cowherd's shoulder-pole.

[[Vega]] (织女, Zhīnǚ, the Weaver Girl Star) is the brightest star in [[Lyra]].

[[Deneb]] (a star in [[Tianjin]] constellation) lies within the Milky Way. Among the nine stars of [[Tianjin]], [[Deneb]] is the brightest. In some local traditions, Tianjin is identified as the magpie bridge that reunites the lovers each year. Other versions personify Tianjin as a fairy attendant who guides the couple across the heavenly river.

Together, [[Vega]], [[Deneb]], and [[Altair]] form the prominent Summer Triangle asterism in the northern sky.

=== Spread Across East Asia ===

==== China ====
The legend is transmitted nationwide and recognized as one of China's four major folk legends. The Qixi Festival, derived from the story, has been listed as a national intangible cultural heritage. Numerous pre-Qin and Han dynasty poetic works, including the famous verse from "Nineteen Old Poems" of the Han dynasty – "Far, far away the Lead-ox Star; bright, bright the Milky Way Maid" – have recorded the celestial basis of the story.

In Manchu star names, the same two bright stars are named after the weaver girl and the cowherd. [[Vega]] is called ''Jodorgan'', derived from ''jodoro sargan'', meaning "weaving wife". Altair is called ''Igeri'' (sometimes written as ''ikiri''), which is an abbreviation of ''ihan elgembi'', meaning "leading the ox" (i.e., "cowherd"). The suffix ''-ri'' is a common diminutive in Manchu, added here mainly for phonetic euphony.

=== Japan ===
Main article: [[Hikoboshi and Orihime]]

The story was introduced to Japan around the 8th century and integrated with local weaving festivals to form the Tanabata (七夕, たなばた) tradition. The Cowherd and Weaver Girl are known as Hikoboshi (彦星, ひこぼし) and Orihime (織姫, おりひめ). The festival is celebrated on July 7 of the Gregorian calendar.

==== Korea and Vietnam ====
The legend is transmitted to a relatively lesser extent in these regions. In Korea, it is known as Gyeonuwa Jiknyeo (견우와 직녀) and associated with the Chilseok (칠석) festival on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month. In Vietnam, the story is called Ngưu Lang và Chức Nữ and associated with the Thất Tịch (七夕) festival. Korean and Vietnamese scholarship affirms that the legend was transmitted from China and subsequently localized, but it is less prominently featured in the folk traditions of these countries compared to China and Japan.

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]

Zhinü

2026-05-12T12:27:43Z

HaochengLyu: Created new page "Zhinü"

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Zhinü (织女)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Zhī Nǚ (织女, Weaving Girl), Chinese constellation consists of 3 stars.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
The Weaving Girl (Zhinü) was a celestial maiden who wove the clouds and rosy dawns. The Cowherd (Niulang) was a handsome mortal who fell in love with her. They married and had two children, but the Queen Mother of the West was furious. She scratched a great river across the sky—the Milky Way—to separate them forever. The lovers could only weep across the celestial river once a year, on the seventh night of the seventh lunar month, when a flock of magpies would form a bridge with their wings, allowing them to meet for one fleeting embrace.

Every summer, stargazers can see the "Summer Triangle"—[[Vega]] (the Weaver Girl), [[Altair]] (the Cowherd), and [[Deneb]] (one star of Tianjin) —forming a vast triangle in the eastern sky, the stars of the lovers and their bridge.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
| 1st (Determinative)
| α Lyr
| α Lyr
| α Lyr
| α Lyr
| α Lyr
| α Lyr
| α Lyr
|-
| 2nd
| ε1 Lyr
| ε1 Lyr
| ε1 Lyr
| ε1 Lyr
| ε1 Lyr
| ε1 Lyr
| ε1 Lyr
|-
| 3rd
| ζ1 Lyr
| ζ1 Lyr
| ζ1 Lyr
| ζ1 Lyr
| ζ1 Lyr
| ζ1 Lyr
| ζ1 Lyr
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.jpg|alt=historical image of Kulou (Korea)|thumb|Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart]]
|
|
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]

Asu Usiha

2026-05-11T07:22:03Z

HaochengLyu: Small changes

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Asu Usiha}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Manchu script of Asu Usiha.png|alt=Manchu script of Asu Usiha|thumb|Manchu script of Asu Usiha]]
[[File:Sobol-bur1.jpg|thumb|a sable in Russia]]
Asu Usiha (Manchu: ᠠᠰᡠ ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ, Net Stars) , a Manchu shamanic constellation located in [[Hercules]]. In Manchu, ''asu'' means "net" (used for hunting), and ''usiha'' means "star" or "constellation". This star name is also often recorded in Chinese as Gāngxīng or Wǎngxīng(纲星/网星).

Asu Usiha, which is regarded as the embodiment of the hunting deity Banda Mafa (the Hunter God), is closely associated with him. Its shape is depicted as a giant open hunting net, while the neighboring [[Corona Borealis|Northern Crown (Corona Borealis)]] is depicted as a similar net‑bag.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
[[File:Black sable trapping in northern China and Saghalien (1900).jpg|thumb|Black sable trapping in northern China and Saghalien (1900)]]
Among the Northeast Asian fishing and hunting peoples, including the Manchus, hunting nets were indispensable and culturally revered tools. Such nets were used to capture a wide variety of game — from birds and small forest mammals to fur-bearing animals such as the sable. The technique of net trapping involved covering a sable's burrow with a net before smoking it out, ensuring the animal was caught without damaging its fur. As a result, sable fur became a primary tribute item to the Qing court and a main source of livelihood for the people of the mountain regions.
[[File:Mink nets used by fishing and hunting ethnic groups in Northeast China.png|alt=Mink nets used by fishing and hunting ethnic groups in Northeast China|thumb|A kind of sable-hunting net used by the fishing and hunting peoples of Northeast China.<ref>Ling, Chunsheng凌纯声 (1934).''The Goldi Tribe on the Lower Sungari River松花江下游的赫哲族''. Shanghai: Academia Sinica.</ref>]]
In the Manchu shamanic ritual text ''Prayer to the Asu Usiha'', the shaman recites specifically to this constellation, praying for successful hunting and abundant prey. The prayer reads: <blockquote>''Asu Usiha'' (Net Stars), in the southern sky,

stars of the hunt, may all living beings flourish.<ref name=":0">Guo, Shuyun郭淑云. (2003). Shamanic Star Worship and the Budding of Astronomy in Northern China萨满教星辰崇拜与北方天文学的萌芽. ''Studies in World Religions'', (1), 122–131.</ref></blockquote>The Manchu forebears integrated astronomical observation with productive activities, assigning a hunting function to this particular constellation — Asu Usiha being one such example. During the ritual, the shaman communicates with the stars through the prayer, reflecting the traditional Manchu concept of "star-god unity."<ref name=":0" />

=== The Hunter God Banda Mafa (Banda Mama) ===
Banda Mafa (Manchu: ᠪᠠᠨᡩᠠ ᠮᠠᡶᠠ) is the primary hunting deity in Manchu belief. The figure of the Hunter God is closely linked to the hunting net — Asu Usiha is precisely the embodiment of Banda Mafa. It is noteworthy that Banda Mafa is not exclusively a male deity; there exists a dual-gender form: besides Banda Mafa (the male hunter god), there is also Banda Mama (the female hunter god). This feature is consistent with the account given in the Manchu epic ''Umesiben Mama'', indicating a belief tradition in which the hunter god appears as a pair of male and female.<ref>Lu, Liankun鲁连坤 (narrator), & Fu, Yuguang富育光 (trans., annot., & arr.). (2007). ''Umesiben Mama乌布西奔妈妈''. Changchun: Jilin People's Publishing House, p. 75.</ref> In the common narratives of Manchu mythology, there is often a binary opposition that "goddesses are all good, gods are all evil," yet Banda Mafa (the male form) is widely worshipped and praised as a benevolent deity who protects hunting and distributes prey — an important exception to this rule.<gallery widths="400" heights="300">
File:Worship Banda Mafa.png|The ''Complete Map of the Shengjing Enclosure'' (盛京围场全图), held in the Library of Chinese Studies of the Collège de France. The map provides a detailed depiction of the mountains, rivers, and various structures of the Shengjing (Shenyang) imperial hunting enclosure during the Qing dynasty, including a sacrificial altar stele pavilion.<ref>Zhan, Na詹娜. (2020). ''Folk Narrative and Regional Historical Construction: A Cultural Perspective on Folk Narratives in Liaoning民间叙事与区域史建构：辽宁民间叙事的文化透视''. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.</ref>
File:Worship Banda Mafa (Banda Mafa i Soorin).png|The stele in the pavilion is inscribed with the Manchu phrase ''banda mafa i soorin'', meaning "Seat of the Hunter God."
</gallery>

One branch of the Manchus — the Bala people — holds a ceremony for the Hunter God in the mountains each year after the large-scale winter hunt ends. The officiant, known as the ''abda'' (hunt leader), acts as shaman, lights a bonfire, cooks various kinds of meat in a ''hacuhan'' (small pot) as offerings, sings and dances, and cuts off the heads of three crows to dispel ill fortune. After the ritual, the people load their sledges with the abundant prey and return to the village. Each person keeps what he or she has caught individually, while the communal catch is distributed equally by the ''abda''; even those who caught nothing receive a share.<ref>Mu, Yejun穆晔骏. (1984). The Manchu "Bala People" Living in the Zhangguangcai Range居住在张广才岭的满族“巴拉人”. ''Northern Cultural Relics'', (2).</ref> The folk custom of "Da Hua Mo'er" among the Bala people of the Changbai Mountains is also related to the worship of Banda Mafa, reflecting the continuity of the hunter-god cult in Manchu folk culture.<ref>Zhang, Lin张林, & Sun, Hao孙颢. (2012). A Brief Investigation of the Life and Cultural Customs of the "Bala People" in the Changbai Mountains长白山“巴拉人”生活与文化习俗考略. ''Manchu Studies'', (2), 90–94.</ref>

In Manchu shamanic divine oracles, the figure of the Hunter God appears in the ''Snow Sacrifice Oracle: Song of the Hunter God''. This song describes in detail the power of the Hunter God and the manner of worship. After the most important Manchu constellation, the Seven Maidens "''Nadan Narhū''" (the [[Pleiades]]), rises in the east, Asu Usiha is about to set in the west. At this moment, the presiding shaman chants:<blockquote>
* Banda Mama, Banda Mafa,
* Walking between heaven and earth,
* Taming, driving, and luring the multitude of beasts,
* Raising flocks and herds of birds and animals.
* You have three souls:
* The soul of the cave,
* The soul of the flight,
* The soul of the waters.
* Changing your nature at will,
* Freely shifting your soul‑form,
* Herder of ''Abka Hehe'' (the Sky Goddess, the foremost of the three creator goddesses in Manchu mythology).<ref>Fu, Yuguang富育光, & Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1995). ''Shamanic Goddesses萨满教女神''. Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House, pp. 131–132.</ref></blockquote>
=== Identification of stars ===
[[File:Asu Usiha recorded by Fu Yuguang.png|alt=Asu Usiha recorded by Fu Yuguang|thumb|Asu Usiha recorded by Fu Yuguang]]
''Asu Usiha'' was recorded by Fu Yuguang during his fieldwork. The shamanic tradition has its own star charts, but since photography was not permitted, Fu Yuguang had to hand‑copy the star charts of all 20 constellations. Based on his field findings, he identified Asu Usiha with the constellation [[Hercules]].<ref>Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). A Study of Manchu Shamanic Star Rituals and Customs满族萨满教星祭俗考. ''Northern Ethnicities'', (1).</ref>
=== Maps (Gallery) ===
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" caption="Asu Usiha">
File:Star map of Asu Usiha, drawn by Fu Yuguang.png|Star chart of Asu Usiha, drawn by Fu Yuguang
File:Asu Usiha in Stellarium.png|Asu Usiha in Stellarium
File:Asu Usiha, the superposition of traditional star charts and actual stars.png|The superposition of traditional star chart and actual stars
</gallery>

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 2026, the name of the Manchu constellation "Asuusiha" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. τ Her is recommended for the following reason: The constellation Asu Usiha is depicted as a hunting net, and τ Her is located at one end of this net, close to the net‑bag represented by the neighboring [[Corona Borealis|Northern Crown (Corona Borealis)]]. In traditional hunting culture, the end of a net is typically tied to a tree or secured to the ground with a peg. τ Her therefore plays the role of that anchoring point.

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]

Tianjin

2026-05-10T15:26:46Z

HaochengLyu: Small changes

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Tianjin (天津)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Tianjin in Stellarium.png|alt=Tianjin in Stellarium|thumb|Tianjin in Stellarium, across the Milky Way]]
''Tiān Jīn'' (天津, Celestial Ford or Celestial Ferry), a Chinese constellation consists of 9 stars, located in [[Cygnus]]. This constellation is regarded as the "ferry or bridge of the Milky Way in the sky" because it spans across the Milky Way.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
The imagery of a celestial ferry had already taken root in the Chinese imagination more than two millennia ago. The great poet Qu Yuan (c. 340–278 BCE) of the Warring States period—often called China's first romantic poet—wrote in his masterpiece Li Sao ("On Encountering Sorrow"):<blockquote>At dawn I set forth from the Celestial Ferry (Tianjin);

By dusk I had reached the westernmost horizon.</blockquote>This magnificent line describes the poet's spiritual journey through the heavens, unbounded by earthly limits. Though Qu Yuan was not necessarily referring to the specific constellation later codified as Tianjin, his verse reveals that the image of a "Ferry of the Milky Way" had already entered the Chinese literary imagination in very ancient times.

The earliest recorded description of what would later become the Tianjin constellation appears in Sima Qian's (c. 145–86 BCE) ''Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji)''. In the "Treatise on Celestial Offices," Sima Qian wrote:<blockquote>Beside ''[[Wangliang]]'', there are eight stars cutting across the Milky Way, called ''Tianhuang'' ("Celestial Pier"). Beside ''Tianhuang'' is the River Star (''Jiangxing''). When the River Star stirs, men wade across the waters.</blockquote>According to scholars of later eras, Tianhuang (another name for Tianjin) and the River Star together comprised the nine stars of the future Tianjin constellation. The River Star is [[Deneb]], the brightest of the nine, while the other eight constitute the "pier." The omen that "men wade across the waters" would later inspire another constellation, ''Ren'' (Humans), consisting of five stars placed adjacent to Tianjin. (There is also another Chinese constellation named Tianhuang, consisting of five stars in the constellation [[Auriga]], which should not be confused with the Tianhuang associated with Tianjin.)<ref>Zhu Wenxin朱文鑫. ''A Study of the Star Charts in Sima Qian's "Treatise on Celestial Offices"'' 史记天官书恒星图考. p. 52. Shanghai: The Commercial Press. First edition 1927, second edition 1934.</ref>

After Chen Zhuo (active 3rd century CE) unified the Chinese constellation system, the name of Tianjin was fixed. The ''Book of Jin (Jinshu'', 晋书'')'' states in its "Treatise on Astronomy":<blockquote>Tianjin consists of nine stars lying across the Milky Way. It is also called ''Tianhan'' (a name of the Milky Way) or ''Tianjiang'' (Celestial River). It presides over the ferries and bridges of the Four Great Rivers (the Yangtze, Yellow, Huai, and Ji, refers to all rivers in general), thereby enabling the gods to traverse the four directions. If one star is missing, the fords and passes are blocked.</blockquote>

==== Tianjin and the Legend of the Cowherd and Weaver Girl ====
[[File:Weaving Girl, Cowherd and Celestial Ford.png|thumb|Weaving Girl (Zhinü), Cowherd(Niulang) and the Celestial Ford (Tianjin)]]
For those less concerned with the formal constellation, Tianjin lives on in a more beloved story—the legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl.

The Weaver Girl (Zhinü) was a celestial maiden who wove the clouds and rosy dawns. The Cowherd (Niulang) was a handsome mortal who fell in love with her. They married and had two children, but the Queen Mother of the West was furious. She scratched a great river across the sky—the Milky Way—to separate them forever. The lovers could only weep across the celestial river once a year, on the seventh night of the seventh lunar month, when a flock of magpies would form a bridge with their wings, allowing them to meet for one fleeting embrace.

In many folk traditions, the bridge of magpies is none other than the Tianjin constellation itself. The nine stars of Tianjin stretch across the Milky Way exactly where the magpies are said to alight. Every summer, stargazers can see the "Summer Triangle"—[[Deneb]] (one star of Tianjin), [[Vega]] (the Weaver Girl), and [[Altair]] (the Cowherd)—forming a vast triangle in the eastern sky, the stars of the lovers and their bridge.

==== Tianjin in Geography ====
The Tianjin constellation was so well known that its name was later applied to several places on Earth. In traditional Chinese thought, there was a long‑held principle of xiang tian fa di (“modeling the earthly upon the heavenly”), whereby human constructions were deliberately designed to mirror celestial patterns.

'''Tianjin Bridge (Luoyang)'''

The clearest example is the Tianjin Bridge built across the Luo River in Luoyang during the Sui dynasty (605 CE). Following xiang tian fa di, the Luo River was conceived as the earthly counterpart of the Milky Way (Tianhan), and the bridge that spanned it was accordingly named after the "Celestial Ford" constellation. The bridge was part of a larger celestial allegory in the Sui‑Tang eastern capital, where seven key structures (including Heavenly Tower and Heavenly Street) mirrored the Sun, Moon, and five visible planets. Its stone pier foundations have been excavated in modern times.

'''Tianjin Municipality'''

The modern city of Tianjin also owes its name to this constellation. According to the History of Jin (''Jinshi'', 金史), a Tianjin River (天津河) already existed by 1206 CE. It was named after the constellation, taking its meaning from the phrase "a bridge across the Milky Way, a thoroughfare serving all waterways" ('''''Tian'''han '''Jin'''liang,'' '''''Tong'''cao Zhong'''ji''''', '''天'''汉'''津'''梁、'''通'''漕众'''济'''), which explicitly draws on the celestial concept. The Tianjin River was designated as a section of the Grand Canal, serving as a key channel for grain transportation. Around the same time, another waterway, the ''Tongji'' River (通济渠), was also named based on the same phrase. The two rivers were placed under the unified management of a single patrol officer, known as the Tianjin River Patrol Officer.

A later, widely known tradition dates to the Ming dynasty. In 1400, Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan, boarded ships at the Tianjin River near what is now the Jinhua Bridge on the South Canal during the Jingnan Campaign against his nephew, the Jianwen Emperor. From this point, he switched from overland to waterborne advance and sailed south along the Grand Canal. After seizing the throne and ascending as the Yongle Emperor, he reportedly renamed the settlement Tianjin, meaning the "Ford of the Son of Heaven (Emperor)" ('''''Tian'''zi '''Jin'''du'', '''天'''子'''津'''渡), in commemoration of his departure point. In 1404, he formally established the Tianjin Guard, which is traditionally regarded as the founding date of the city.

'''Beyond Earth'''

In 2019, the International Astronomical Union named a lunar crater at the Chang'e‑4 landing site "Tianjin". Together with neighboring craters Zhinü (Weaver Girl) and Hegu (Cowherd), it recreates the Summer Triangle on the lunar surface – with Tianjin again representing the celestial bridge.

=== Identification of stars ===
Tianjin Star is quite prominent in the sky, corresponding to the 9 stars in the constellation [[Cygnus]], without controversy.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
| 1st
| γ Cyg
| γ Cyg
| γ Cyg
| γ Cyg
| γ Cyg
| γ Cyg
| γ Cyg
|-
| 2nd (Determinative)
| δ Cyg
| δ Cyg
| δ Cyg
| δ Cyg
| δ Cyg
| δ Cyg
| δ Cyg
|-
| 3rd
| ο1 Cyg
| 30 Cyg
| ο1 Cyg
| ο1 Cyg
| ο1 Cyg
| ο1 Cyg
| ο1 Cyg
|-
|4th
| α Cyg
| α Cyg
| α Cyg
| α Cyg
| α Cyg
| α Cyg
| α Cyg
|-
|5th
|ν Cyg
|ν Cyg
|ν Cyg
|ν Cyg
|ν Cyg
|ν Cyg
|ν Cyg
|-
|6th
|τ Cyg
|τ Cyg
|τ Cyg
|τ Cyg
|τ Cyg
|τ Cyg
|τ Cyg
|-
|7th
|υ Cyg
|υ Cyg
|υ Cyg
|υ Cyg
|υ Cyg
|υ Cyg
|υ Cyg
|-
|8th
|ζ Cyg
|ζ Cyg
|ζ Cyg
|ζ Cyg
|ζ Cyg
|ζ Cyg
|ζ Cyg
|-
|9th
|ε Cyg
|ε Cyg
|ε Cyg
|ε Cyg
|ε Cyg
|ε Cyg
|ε Cyg
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" caption="Tianjin">
File:Tianjin on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.png|Tianjin on ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido''
File:Tianjin on Suzhou Star Map.png|Tianjin on Suzhou Star Map
File:Tianjin on 18th century star map.png|Tianjin on ''Yixiang Kaocheng'' star map (18th century)
</gallery>

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]

Tianjin

2026-05-10T14:31:43Z

HaochengLyu: Supplementary entry "Tianjin"

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Tianjin (天津)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Tianjin in Stellarium.png|alt=Tianjin in Stellarium|thumb|Tianjin in Stellarium, across the Milky Way]]
''Tiān Jīn'' (天津, Celestial Ford or Celestial Ferry), a Chinese constellation consists of 9 stars, located in [[Cygnus]]. This constellation is regarded as the "ferry or bridge of the Milky Way in the sky" because it spans across the Milky Way.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
The imagery of a celestial ferry had already taken root in the Chinese imagination more than two millennia ago. The great poet Qu Yuan (c. 340–278 BCE) of the Warring States period—often called China's first romantic poet—wrote in his masterpiece Li Sao ("On Encountering Sorrow"):<blockquote>At dawn I set forth from the Celestial Ferry (Tianjin);

By dusk I had reached the westernmost horizon.</blockquote>This magnificent line describes the poet's spiritual journey through the heavens, unbounded by earthly limits. Though Qu Yuan was not necessarily referring to the specific constellation later codified as Tianjin, his verse reveals that the image of a "Ferry of the Milky Way" had already entered the Chinese literary imagination in very ancient times.
The earliest recorded description of what would later become the Tianjin constellation appears in Sima Qian's (c. 145–86 BCE) ''Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji)''. In the "Treatise on Celestial Offices," Sima Qian wrote:<blockquote>Beside ''[[Wangliang]]'', there are eight stars cutting across the Milky Way, called ''Tianhuang'' ("Celestial Pier"). Beside ''Tianhuang'' is the River Star (''Jiangxing''). When the River Star stirs, men wade across the waters.</blockquote>According to scholars of later eras, Tianhuang (another name for Tianjin) and the River Star together comprised the nine stars of the future Tianjin constellation. The River Star is [[Deneb]], the brightest of the nine, while the other eight constitute the "pier." The omen that "men wade across the waters" would later inspire another constellation, ''Ren'' (Humans), consisting of five stars placed adjacent to Tianjin. (There is also another Chinese constellation named Tianhuang, consisting of five stars in the constellation [[Auriga]], which should not be confused with the Tianhuang associated with Tianjin.)<ref>Zhu Wenxin朱文鑫. ''A Study of the Star Charts in Sima Qian's "Treatise on Celestial Offices"'' 史记天官书恒星图考. p. 52. Shanghai: The Commercial Press. First edition 1927, second edition 1934.</ref>

After Chen Zhuo (active 3rd century CE) unified the Chinese constellation system, the name of Tianjin was fixed. The ''Book of Jin (Jinshu)'' states in its "Treatise on Astronomy":<blockquote>Tianjin consists of nine stars lying across the Milky Way. It is also called ''Tianhan'' (a name of the Milky Way) or ''Tianjiang'' (Celestial River). It presides over the ferries and bridges of the Four Great Rivers (the Yangtze, Yellow, Huai, and Ji, refers to all rivers in general), thereby enabling the gods to traverse the four directions. If one star is missing, the fords and passes are blocked.</blockquote>

==== Tianjin and the Legend of the Cowherd and Weaver Girl ====
[[File:Weaving Girl, Cowherd and Celestial Ford.png|thumb|Weaving Girl (Zhinü), Cowherd(Niulang) and the Celestial Ford (Tianjin)]]
For those less concerned with the formal constellation, Tianjin lives on in a more beloved story—the legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl.

The Weaver Girl (Zhinü) was a celestial maiden who wove the clouds and rosy dawns. The Cowherd (Niulang) was a handsome mortal who fell in love with her. They married and had two children, but the Queen Mother of the West was furious. She scratched a great river across the sky—the Milky Way—to separate them forever. The lovers could only weep across the celestial river once a year, on the seventh night of the seventh lunar month, when a flock of magpies would form a bridge with their wings, allowing them to meet for one fleeting embrace.

In many folk traditions, the bridge of magpies is none other than the Tianjin constellation itself. The nine stars of Tianjin stretch across the Milky Way exactly where the magpies are said to alight. Every summer, stargazers can see the "Summer Triangle"—[[Deneb]] (one star of Tianjin), [[Vega]] (the Weaver Girl), and [[Altair]] (the Cowherd)—forming a vast triangle in the eastern sky, the stars of the lovers and their bridge.

==== Tianjin in Geography ====
The Tianjin constellation was so well known that its name was later applied to several places on Earth. In traditional Chinese thought, there was a long‑held principle of xiang tian fa di (“modeling the earthly upon the heavenly”), whereby human constructions were deliberately designed to mirror celestial patterns.

'''Tianjin Bridge (Luoyang)'''

The clearest example is the Tianjin Bridge built across the Luo River in Luoyang during the Sui dynasty (605 CE). Following xiang tian fa di, the Luo River was conceived as the earthly counterpart of the Milky Way (Tianhan), and the bridge that spanned it was accordingly named after the "Celestial Ford" constellation. The bridge was part of a larger celestial allegory in the Sui‑Tang eastern capital, where seven key structures (including Heavenly Tower and Heavenly Street) mirrored the Sun, Moon, and five visible planets. Its stone pier foundations have been excavated in modern times.

'''Tianjin Municipality'''

The modern city of Tianjin also owes its name to this constellation. According to the History of Jin (Jinshi), a Tianjin River already existed by 1206 CE. It was named after the constellation, with the inscription "a bridge across the Milky Way, a thoroughfare serving all waterways" (天汉津梁、通漕众济), explicitly drawing on the celestial concept.

A later, widely known tradition dates to the Ming dynasty. In 1400, Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan, boarded ships at the Tianjin River (near what is now the Jinhua Bridge on the South Canal) during the Jingnan Campaign against his nephew, the Jianwen Emperor. From this point, he switched from overland to waterborne advance and sailed south along the Grand Canal. After seizing the throne and ascending as the Yongle Emperor, he reportedly renamed the settlement Tianjin, meaning the "Ford of the Son of Heaven (Emperor)" (天子津渡), in commemoration of his departure point. In 1404, he formally established the Tianjin Guard, which is traditionally regarded as the founding date of the city.

'''Beyond Earth'''

In 2019, the International Astronomical Union named a lunar crater at the Chang'e‑4 landing site "Tianjin". Together with neighboring craters Zhinü (Weaver Girl) and Hegu (Cowherd), it recreates the Summer Triangle on the lunar surface – with Tianjin again representing the celestial bridge.

=== Identification of stars ===
Tianjin Star is quite prominent in the sky, corresponding to the 9 stars in the constellation [[Cygnus]], without controversy.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
| 1st
| γ Cyg
| γ Cyg
| γ Cyg
| γ Cyg
| γ Cyg
| γ Cyg
| γ Cyg
|-
| 2nd (Determinative)
| δ Cyg
| δ Cyg
| δ Cyg
| δ Cyg
| δ Cyg
| δ Cyg
| δ Cyg
|-
| 3rd
| ο1 Cyg
| 30 Cyg
| ο1 Cyg
| ο1 Cyg
| ο1 Cyg
| ο1 Cyg
| ο1 Cyg
|-
|4th
| α Cyg
| α Cyg
| α Cyg
| α Cyg
| α Cyg
| α Cyg
| α Cyg
|-
|5th
|ν Cyg
|ν Cyg
|ν Cyg
|ν Cyg
|ν Cyg
|ν Cyg
|ν Cyg
|-
|6th
|τ Cyg
|τ Cyg
|τ Cyg
|τ Cyg
|τ Cyg
|τ Cyg
|τ Cyg
|-
|7th
|υ Cyg
|υ Cyg
|υ Cyg
|υ Cyg
|υ Cyg
|υ Cyg
|υ Cyg
|-
|8th
|ζ Cyg
|ζ Cyg
|ζ Cyg
|ζ Cyg
|ζ Cyg
|ζ Cyg
|ζ Cyg
|-
|9th
|ε Cyg
|ε Cyg
|ε Cyg
|ε Cyg
|ε Cyg
|ε Cyg
|ε Cyg
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" caption="Tianjin">
File:Tianjin on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.png|Tianjin on ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido''
File:Tianjin on Suzhou Star Map.png|Tianjin on Suzhou Star Map
File:Tianjin on 18th century star map.png|Tianjin on ''Yixiang Kaocheng'' star map (18th century)
</gallery>

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]

File:Weaving Girl, Cowherd and Celestial Ford.png

2026-05-10T14:05:46Z

HaochengLyu:

Weaving Girl, Cowherd and Celestial Ford

File:Tianjin in Stellarium.png

2026-05-10T12:46:25Z

HaochengLyu: HaochengLyu uploaded a new version of File:Tianjin in Stellarium.png

Tianjin in Stellarium

Tianjin

2026-05-06T15:08:57Z

HaochengLyu: Created new page "Tianjin"

File:Tianjin on 18th century star map.png

2026-05-06T15:06:39Z

HaochengLyu:

Tianjin on 18th century star map

File:Tianjin on Suzhou Star Map.png

2026-05-06T15:05:03Z

HaochengLyu:

Tianjin on Suzhou Star Map

File:Tianjin on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.png

2026-05-06T15:02:58Z

HaochengLyu:

Tianjin on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido

Tianjin

2026-05-06T14:54:02Z

HaochengLyu: Created page with "{{DISPLAYTITLE: Tianjin (天津)}} Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}} ---- Tianjin in Stellarium, across the Milky Way ''Tiān Jīn'' (天津, Celestial Fork), a Chinese constellation consists of 9 stars, located in Cygnus. This constellation is regarded as the "fork or bridge of the Milky Way in the sky" because it spans across the Milky Way. == Concordance, Etymology, History == === Identification of star..."