All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

IDIGNA

2026-07-11T19:51:20Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Psc+ari+aqr+and +rivers.jpg|thumb|Psc-And-area with two rivers overlay to Anunitu + Swallow (SMH 2025)]]
mul ídIDIGNA (𒀯𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼), the Tigris-river star = mul''Anunītu = Idiqlat'', 'the eastern fish of Pisces.' Together with the Euphrates' star, mulSIM.MAH = ''Šinūnūtu'' 'the Swallow,' it formed a super-constellation that corresponds to classical [[Pisces]]. These identifications make note of the fact that the shape of the the courses of the Tigris and Euphrates north and south of central Babylonia, is similar to the outline of Pisces. The Fish-star ( mulKU6 = ''nūnu'' ) of Ancient Mesopotamia was [[Piscis Austrinus]].
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]= mul''Idiglat'' "(River Constellation) Tigris";

= mul''Anunītu''; a constellation corresponding to the eastern fish in the zodiacal constellation [[Pisces]] [Gössmann 192].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Ḫg. B VI: mul ídidigna = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' [MSL XI, 40:22]; '''''parallel in the "Great Star List and Miscellanea [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:146; Weidner 1959-60, 107].'''''
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [BPO 2, XVI 14; Largement 1957, 248:71-73].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [ARAK, 353:6].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia"'''
* (1) mul íd''idigna'' = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Tigris = Anunitu";
* (2) astrological prediction (see Kurtik a18 [[AL.LUL]]) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 146, 150].
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp+Tigris+Euphr GIF 2.gif|thumb|Animation: The two Mesopotamian constellations of Tigris and Euphrates at the position(s) of the (alternative) Mesopotamian constellations of Anunitu and The Swallow. Visualisation by SMH with drawings by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster) on a Stellarium map. ]]
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:34.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 = íd''idigna u'' íd''buranun'' "Anunitu and Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates" [HBA, 52:34; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|-
|'''MLC 1866.'''
* See (Kurtik b12) [[BURANUN]].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
The goddess Anunītu, see (Kurtik a42) [[Anunitu|d''Anunītum'']], II.

==== III. Symbol. ====
Fish, see (Kurtik a42) [[Anunitu|d''Anunītum'']], III.

==== IV. Identification. ====
Oriental fish and part of the ribbon of the constellation Pisces, see (Kurtik a42) [[Anunitu|d''Anunītum'']], IV.

==== V. Astrology. ====
(1) Planet ahead of the Tigris constellation: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI mul ídIDIGNA GUB dIM RA-''iṣ'': ŠEG3.MEŠ: A.KAL.MEŠ GAL2.M[EŠ] "If a planet (= Mercury) stands ahead of the Tigris constellation: Adad will devastate, there will be rain, flooding." [Largement 1957, 248:71; BPO 2, XVI 14 + Parallels].

(2) Planet behind the Tigris constellation: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM EGIR mul ídIDIGNA GUB-''iz'' ... "If a planet stands behind the Tigris constellation ..." [Largement 1957, 248:72].

(3) Planet is approaching the middle of the Tigris constellation: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' SA3 mul ídIDIGNA TE ŠEG3.MEŠ ''u'' A.KAL.MEŠ ZAL.<ZAL.>MEŠ "If the planet approaches the middle of the Tigris constellation: raining and flooding will prolong" [Largement 1957, 248:73].

(4) A planet approaches the constellation of Tigris: [DIŠ MU]L UDU.IDIM ''a-na'' mul ídIDIGNA TE / A.AN.MEŠ ''u''3 A.KAL.MEŠ GAL2.[MEŠ] "If a planet comes close to the constellation of Tigris: there will be rain and flooding" [SAA 8, 253:6'-7'].

See also (Kurtik a42) [[Anunitu|d''Anunītum'']].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, i03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = mulIdiglat «(Созвездие реки) Тигр»; = mulAnunītu; созвездие, соответствующее восточной рыбе в зодиакальном созвездии Рыбы (Pisces) [G. 192].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: mul ídidigna = da-nu-ni-tum [MSL XI, 40:22]; параллель в «Большом списке звезд» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:146; Weidner 1959–60, 107]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, XVI 14; Largement 1957, 248:71–73]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 353:6]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mul ídidigna = da-nu-ni-tum «Тигр = Ануниту»; (2) астрологическое предсказание (см. a18AL.LIL) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 146, 150]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:34. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mulŠi-nu-nu-tu4 = ídidigna u ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат» [HBA, 52:34; Wee 2016, 162–3]. MLC 1866. См. b12BURANUN.

II. Божество.

Богиня Ануниту, см. a42 dAnunītum, II.

III. Символ.

Рыба, см. a42 dAnunītum, III.

IV. Отождествление.

Восточная рыба и часть ленты созвездия Рыб, см. a42 dAnunītum, IV.

V. Астрология.

(1) Планета впереди созвездия Тигра; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI mul ídIDIGNA GUB dIM RA-iṣ: ŠEG3.MEŠ: A.KAL.MEŠ GAL2.M[EŠ] «Если планета (= Меркурий) стоит впереди созвездия Тигра: Адад затопит, будут дожди, наводнения» [Largement 1957, 248:71; BPO 2, XVI 14 + Parallels].

(2) Планета позади созвездия Тигра; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM EGIR mul ídIDIGNA GUB-iz … «Если планета стоит позади созвездия Тигра …» [Largement 1957, 248:72].

(3) Планета приближается к середине созвездия Тигра; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana SA3 mul ídIDIGNA TE ŠEG3.MEŠ u A.KAL.MEŠ ZAL.<ZAL.>MEŠ «Если планета к середине созвездия Тигра приближается: дожди и наводнения продлятся» [Largement 1957, 248:73].

(4) Планета приближается к созвездию Тигра; [DIŠ MU]L UDU.IDIM a-na mul ídIDIGNA TE / A.AN.MEŠ u3 A.KAL.MEŠ GAL2.[MEŠ] «Если планета приближается к созвездию Тигра: будут дожди и наводнения» [ARAK, 253:6'–7'].

См. также a42 dAnunītu.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Psc]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

IBILA.É.MAḪ

2026-07-11T19:42:19Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:BabHeir inStellarium.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellations in the north are not well identified; this is a suggestion that the Heir might ride the (complete) Horse and, this way, be in the circumpolar area. Screenshot from Stellarium (2025).]]
{{Infobox constellation
| name = 𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤 (IBILA.É.MAḪ)
| native = 𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
| translation = The Heir of the Sublime Temple, the first-ranking son of Anu
| pronounce = IBILA.É.MAḪ (Ibila-Emakh maru reshtu sha Anim)
| IPA = /i.bi.la eː.maχ/
| culture = Babylonia
| RA = 231.2323909 to 287.9190871
| dec = 56.78189999 to 65.71464533
| areatotal =
| numbermainstars = 39
| numberbfstars = 14
| numberstarsplanets =
| numberbrightstars = 1
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = [[Athebyne]]
| starmagnitude = 2.74
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Dra
| notes =
| cat = constellation
}}

mulIBILA.É.MAḪ (𒀯𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the northern polar area which MUL.APIN places at the pole of the 'The Wagon of Heaven' ([[Ursa Minor]]). This is a strong indication that this star is to be identified as modern [[Polaris]]. This was a relatively unimportant star in the Ancient Mesopotamian sky since it would not be until ca. 1500 CE that Polaris moved into its current position as the pole star of the northern hemisphere. The asterism (single star-asterism or not) of mulIBILA.É.MAḪ is placed within the ever-visible circle. As it, therefore, does not rise and set, the identification is highly uncertain.
== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:MULAPIN-circPol smh stellarium.jpg|thumb|A suggestion for identification of the constellations in the circumpolar area of the Mesopotamian star heaven; draft in Stellarium as drawn in Stellarium (2025). The identifications of the Heir and the Yoke are rather uncertain. ]]Var. readings and designations:

*mulDUMU.UŠ.É.MAḪ,
*mulDUMU.UŠ.AN.MAḪ;
*mulDUMU×NITA É.MAḪ;
*= lit. "Firstborn of Emaḫ" or "Heir of the Majestic Temple";

[Gössmann 191; ASM, 273; Reiner 1995, 20-21; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73].

=== Sources and Identification(s) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) Stars of Enlil (no. 20):
**MUL ''ša''2 ''ina ṭur-ri-šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulIBILA.É.MAḪ / DUMU ''reš-tu-u''2 ''ša''2 d''A-nu-um''
**"The star that stands on its (i.e. mulMAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA "Anu's wagon") rope (perhaps a knot?)."): 'Heir of the Majestic Temple, firstborn of Anu' (I i 21-22) [Hunger-Steele 2018, 34];
**((Wagon of Heaven?? - see my ZA article - not Anu's Wagon" - change/correct everywhere
*for a parallel see:
**MUL ''ša i-na ṭu-ri-ša'' GUB''-''[''zu'']
**"The star that stands on its rope (knot?)" [KAV 218, B iii 11; Horowitz 2014, 39, col. iii 11];
*however, it is not obvious that the same star is meant here, cf. [BPO 2, 5; Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:9'].
|[[File:MULAPIN circPol smh2 stellarium.png|thumb|The circumpolar constellations: The Wagon, The Wagon of Heaven, The Fox and The Ewe, The Heir and the Hitched Yoke (whose name suggests that it is only partially circumpolar; hitched there but extending to outside). The identifications of The Heir and the Hitched Yoke are uncertain; they can even be exchanged (180° uncertainty).]]
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:13.'''
*mulDUMU×NITA É.MAḪ = dDI.KU5
*'Heir of the exalted temple = ''Madānu'' ('Divine Judge') [HBA, 51:13; Wee 2016, 162-3:13].
|[[File:Horse+Heir draft2025 stellarium.png|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The constellation of the Heir of the Sublime Temple in Mesopotamian astronomy is located in the circumpolar area. It may refer to the star that is now called "Polaris" or to any configuration of stars. This suggestion was designed in 2025 by SMH to draft a figure that matches the new interpretation of "The Celestial Ekur" by Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023).]]
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Hemerologies.'''
* In the months Nisannu and Ululu, prayers to mulIBILA.É.MAḪ [Langdon 1935, 81; 4R, 32 i 48, 33 i 49; Landsberger 1915, 128; Reiner 1995, 21].
**Spell. ÉN DUMU.UŠ É.MAḪ DUMU.UŠ É.MAḪ ''aplu rabû ša Enlil attama'' / ''ištu Ekur'' [''t'']''ūridamma ina qabal šamê itti'' mulMAR.GÍD.DA ''tazzaz is this in Hemerologies - Livingstone???''
**"Spell. O Firstborn of Emaḫ, Firstborn of Emaḫ, you are the eldest son of Enlil, / You came out of Ekur, and you stand in the middle of the sky with the Wagon," quoted in [Reiner 1995, 21, note 71]. Stev.O.T.
*Two predictions:
**a) DIŠ ulDUMU.UŠ.É.MAḪ ''ša'' ulMAR.GÍD.DA.<AN.NA> GAL-''ti ana'' ulME.GAR ''is-niq'' BE.ME GAL2-''ši'' DIŠ KI.MIN ''is-si'' SU.KU2 GAL2-''ši''
***"If the Firstborn of Emah, (part of) the great [Celestial] Wagon, has approached Jupiter, pestilence will come; if it has withdrawn, famine will come." [Langdon 1913-23, 231:4-5, Pl. XVII; Reiner 1995, 20-21, note 73]. '''- could this mean that Polaris was in the pole of the Ursa major as well - the two poles connecting - and hense the rope???'''
**(b) ...[there is no "b" in his book, p217] ...
|The spell points out that the Heir is normally inside the Ekur and that The Heir culminates together with The Wagon [of Heaven] which is visible in the viewgraph.
|}

=== Astronomy ===
Up to now, the asterism is frequently identified with the pole star ([[Polaris]]). However, there was no star at the northern pole in that time. More likely, therefore is an identification with an asterism (a group of stars) in the centre of the northern circumpolar area. It must be a star in the position between the poles of [[Ursa Major]] and [[Ursa Minor]] (see Uranology<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> example).

==== Remarks on the Celestial Pole ====
'''What does Arattus say about Polaris??- where does the term polar come from - Pole of Ursa Minor/Major - etc. Wagon in Old English etc. etc.????'''

There is no pole star in Aratus. Eratosthenes mentions a "pole star" in his description or [[Ursa Minor]] but Hipparchus explicitely states that this is wrong.

Earlier scholarship speculated that it refers to the star Polaris, but this star had no special role in ancient times (its function of being a polestar only applies from around 1500 CE onwards). An extensive discussion of these uncertainties will be given in Hoffmann (202x, upcoming).

'''Polaris would have been important even if it was not the Pole Star since it is the most likely end of the pole of Ursa Minor - unless we can find another suitable star between Ursa Major and Ursa Minor'''

The problem then becomes that we don't know if the Heir of the Sublime Temple refers to only one star or many. I always said that the identification of alpha Ursae Minoris is possible but uncertain - I never completely rejected it; I just say that nobody had so far proven it. There are no numbers or descriptions that would allow any scholarly conclusion here.

'''But the knot would suggest that it is where the two wagons Ursa Minor and Ursa Major could have been joined like the know that joins the two parts of Pisces - so Polaris or another star set between Ursa Major and Ursa Minor is possible.'''

Yes, exactly. This would also make sense with the Yoke connecting them and a creature pulling them - an image that was suggested by Craig Crossen ~10 years ago. Yet, I don't understand his material (Sumerian sources), so I cannot judge to what extend this image is more correct than any other one. In principle, I find the idea convincing that these images create an even bigger picture - I just don't know his proof (he never published it, unfortunately, as far as I know).

'''We need to see what the sky would have looked like at the time of Alb B which refers to the knot albeit without IBILA.E2.MAh mentioned by name.'''

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
[[File:IBILAEMAH CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 155606.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside IBILA.É.MAḪ (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
! Vmag
|-
|1
|Athebyne
|HIP 80331
| Constellation lines
|2.74
|-
|2
|Aldhibah
|HIP 83895
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.17
|-
|3
|Edasich
|HIP 75458
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.29
|-
|4
|Grumium
|HIP 87585
|Inside the Hull
| 3.75
|-
|5
|θ Draconis
| HIP 78527
|Constellation lines
|4
|-
|6
|ο Draconis
|HIP 92512
|Constellation lines
|4.636
|-
| 7
|45 Dra
|HIP 90905
|Inside the Hull
| 4.761
|-
|8
| Fafnir
|HIP 90344
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.823
|-
|9
| -
|HIP 82020
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.837
|-
|10
|36 Dra
|HIP 89348
|Inside the Hull
|4.987
|-
|11
| * b Dra A
|HIP 90156
| Inside the Hull
|5.05
|-
|12
|53 Dra
|HIP 94302
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.125
|-
|13
|26 Dra
|HIP 86036
|Inside the Hull
|5.21
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 79804
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
| 15
| -
|HIP 84183
|Inside the Hull
| 5.54
|-
|16
| -
| HIP 92969
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.621
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 85290
|Inside the Hull
|5.645
|-
|18
| 48 Dra
|HIP 92997
|Inside the Hull
|5.663
|-
|19
| -
| HIP 91315
| Inside the Hull
|5.74
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 80991
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
| 21
| -
|HR 6130
|Inside the Hull
| 6.04
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 80309
|Inside the Hull
|6.04
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 91606
|Inside the Hull
|6.091
|-
|24
| -
| HIP 83359
|Inside the Hull
|6.094
|-
|25
| -
|HR 7075
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 91915
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 83289
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
|28
| -
|HIP 81358
|Inside the Hull
|6.148
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 78632
| Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 85692
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 92731
|Inside the Hull
|6.232
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 78017
| Inside the Hull
|6.306
|-
|33
|VW Dra
| HIP 84496
|Inside the Hull
|6.318
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 79125
| Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 90476
|Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 36
| -
|HIP 93068
| Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 93053
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 85317
|Inside the Hull
|6.494
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 89104
|Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity.====
The deity dDI.KUD or dDI.KU5, with whom mulIBILA.É.MAḪ is correlated in VR 46, 1:13, has various identifications: (1) = d''Ma(n)dānu'' = d''Daj(j)ānu'' "(Divine) judge," "bearing the throne of Marduk," according to AN: d''A-num'' (II 253-254), (2) = ''Ištaran'', according to d(''iš-ta-ran'')DI. KUD = dumu dTišpak.ke4 in AN: d''A-num'' (V 289), (3) = a mythological personage from Šamaš's entourage, "the judge of Šamaš," according to AN: d''A-num'' (III 174) [Litke 1998, 97 (especially note 254), 135, 195]. Which of these identities is implied here remains undisclosed.

====Identity. ====
= β Ursae Minoris [G. 191; Weidner 1957-59, 78]; at epoch -1000 the pole of the world was located near this star;

= Polaris(?) [BPO 2, 7; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 60, 73];

= α Ursae Minoris(?) [MA, 137; ASM, 273].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, i02)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения и обозначения: mulDUMU.UŠ.É.MAḪ, mulDUMU.UŠ.AN.MAḪ; mulDUMU×NITA É.MAḪ; = букв. «Первенец Эмаха» или «Наследник Величественного Храма»; звезда в созвездии Малой Медведицы, возможно, Полярная звезда(?) [G. 191; ASM, 273; Reiner 1995, 20–21; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73].
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 20): MUL ša2 ina ṭur-ri-šu2 GUB-zu mulIBILA.É.MAḪ / DUMU reš-tu-u2 ša2 dA-nu-um «Звезда, которая стоит на ее (т.е. mulMAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA «Повозки Ану») веревке (возможно, узле?): Наследник Величественного Храма, первенец Ану» (I i 21–22) [MA, 24–25, 125; Hunger–Steele 2018, 34]; параллель см.: mul ša i-na ṭu-ri-ša gub-[zu] «Звезда, что на ее веревке (узле?) стоит» [KAV 218, B iii 11; Horowitz 2014, 39, col. iii 11]; однако не очевидно, что здесь речь идет об одной и той же звезде, см. [BPO 2, 5; Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:9']. Список звезд VR 46, 1:13. mulDUMU×NITA É.MAḪ = dDI.KU5 «Наследник возвышенного храма = Madānu (“Божественный судья”) [HBA, 51:13; Wee 2016, 162–3:13]. MLC 1866 (col. iv 15ʹ). mulIBILA.<É>.MAḪ dE2-a ˹MUL˺ [DU]MU É «Наследник возвышенного храма, Эа, звезда, сын храма» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42], обсуждение см. [ibid., 59–60]. Гемерологии. В месяцах нисану и улулу молитвы к mulIBILA.É.MAḪ [Langdon 1935, 81; 4R, 32 i 48, 33 i 49; Landsberger 1915, 128; Reiner 1995, 21]. Заклинание. ÉN DUMU.UŠ É.MAḪ DUMU.UŠ É.MAḪ aplu rabû ša Enlil attama / ištu Ekur [t]ūridamma ina qabal šamê itti mulMAR.GÍD.DA tazzaz «Заклинание. О, Первенец Эмаха, Первенец Эмаха, ты старший сын Энлиля, / Ты вышел из Экура, и ты стоишь в середине неба с Повозкой», цит. по [Reiner 1995, 21, note 71]. Stev.O.T. Два предсказания: a) DIŠ ulDUMU.UŠ.É.MAḪ ša ulMAR.GÍD.DA.<AN.NA> GAL-ti ana ulME.GAR is-niq BE.ME GAL2-ši DIŠ KI.MIN is-si SU.KU2 GAL2-ši «Если Первенец Эмаха, (часть) великой [Небесной] Повозки, к Юпитеру приблизился, наступит мор; если же удалился, голод наступит» [Langdon 1913–23, 231:4–5, Pl. XVII; Reiner 1995, 20–21, note 73].

II. Божество.

Божество dDI.KUD или dDI.KU5, с которым mulIBILA.É.MAḪ соотносится в VR 46, 1:13, имеет различные отождествления: (1) = dMa(n)dānu = dDaj(j)ānu «(Божественный) судья», «несущий трон Мардука», согласно AN:dA-num (II 253–254), (2) = Иштаран, согласно d(iš-ta-ran)DI.KUD = dumu dTišpak.ke4 в AN:dA-num (V 289), (3) = мифологический персонаж из окружения Шамаша, «судья Шамаша», согласно AN:dA-num (III 174) [Litke 1998, 97 (в особенности note 254), 135, 195]. Какое из этих тождеств подразумевается в данном случае, остается нераскрытым.

III. Отождествление.

= β Ursae Minoris [G. 191; Weidner 1957–59, 78]; в эпоху –1000 полюс мира располагался вблизи этой звезды;

= Polaris(?) [BPO 2, 7; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 60, 73];

= α Ursae Minoris(?) [MA, 137; ASM, 273].
| Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:UMi]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

I3-li2-ab-rat

2026-07-11T19:29:16Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''I''3-''li''2''-ab-rat''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul''Iliabrat'' (𒀯𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥) together with [[PAP.SUKKAL]] are viziers of the goddess Inanna=Ishtar whose astronomical guise is, of course, Venus. Both viziers have affiliations, direct and indirect, with 'The Faithful Shepherd of Heaven'.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul / d''Ilabrāt'';

a deity apparently of Asia Minor origin and associated with the constellation of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 7a; Gössmann<ref>Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 195; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 109-110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 323; von Soden 1957<ref>''Soden W. von.'' Zu einigen altbabylonischen Dichtungen // Or. 1957. Bd. 26, № 4. S. 306-320.</ref>, 314]. For this Iliabrat with Papsukkal in the context of Orion in astro-mythological contexts see [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 67-68; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 49-50, 58-59].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea."'''
* mul''I''3-''li''2-''ab''-[''rat''] = d''min''(= d''Ištaran'') "Ilabrat = Ištaran" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:81; Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 137].
|Example
|-
|'''"Planisphere K 8538."'''
* Sector 3: [d''Pap-sukkal''] ''sukkal'' AN.NA <''u''> d''Iš-tar'' d''I''3-''li''2-''ab-rat'' mulSipa.zi.an.na a "Papsukal, messenger of Anu (and) Ištar, Ilabrat, Faithful Shepherd of Anu" [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56, Abb. 2; 59]; for a parallel without mention of Ilabrat, see MUL.APIN I ii 2 (see Kurtik s22 [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]).
|
|}
===Additional===
From the Kassite period d''Ilabrāt'' was identified with Papsukal [von Soden 1957, 314; Nougayrol 1947, 30, note 2; Weidner 1924-25, 13, Kol. II 12], and as a star was apparently identical with mulSipa.zi.an.na.

See also [Cooley 2013, 133].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, i01)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mul / dIlabrāt; божество, имеющее, по-видимому, малоазийское происхождение и связанное с созвездием Праведный Пастух Ану [AHw, 7a; G. 195; HBA, 109–110; Tallqvist 1938, 323; von Soden 1957, 314].
I. Источники.

«Большой список звезд». mulI3-li2-ab-[rat] = dmin(= dIštaran) «Илабрат = Иштаран» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:81; Livingstone 1986, 137]. «Планисфера К 8538». Сектор 3: [dPap-sukkal] sukkal AN.NA <nowiki> </nowiki>dIš-tar dI3-li2-ab-rat mulSipa.zi.an.na «Папсукаль, посланник Ану (и) Иштар, Илабрат, Праведный Пастух Ану» [Koch 1989, 56, Abb. 2; 59]; параллель без упоминания Илабрат см. в MUL.APIN I ii 2 (s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA).

С касситского периода dIlabrāt отождествлялся с Папсукалем [von Soden 1957, 314; Nougayrol 1947, 30, note 2; Weidner 1924–25, 13, Kol. II 12], и как звезда был, по-видимому, тождествен mulSipa.zi.an.na.

См. также [Cooley 2013, 133].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

ḪUN.GA2

2026-07-04T14:52:05Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:lu2ḪUN.GA (𒀯𒇽𒂠𒂷)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul lúḪUN.GA2 (𒀯𒇽𒂠𒂷) = ''agru,'' "the Hired Man" is a constellation in human form, which corresponds to classical [[Aries]] (Ram). The correlation of the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian constellation in human form with Aries in the form of a sheep finds expression in a philological exposition on the Sumerian name mul lúḪUN.GA2 in the Uranology Group which notes that the signs LU and LU2 are homonyms, but with LU in the case of Aries to be understood with this reading LU (-sign), read udu = 'sheep.' For a single-sign abbreviation of the name as LU2.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Dumuzi aux enfers.jpg|thumb|Printing of a cylindrical seal which might depict a tale from Sumerian mythology in which Dumuzi, a shepherd hailing from the city of Uruk, was compelled to enter the underworld.]]

= ''mul''''Agru (𒀯𒀝𒊒)'' "Hired man"; Akkadian parallel in lexical and several other texts [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 244].

Spelling Variants:

*[[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN]]
*mulLÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
*mulLU (𒀯𒇻 , Kurtik L08) ... LU appears to be a homophonic replacement for LU2 (from mul lúḪUN.GA2 = Aries, 'The Ram') in later astronomical and astrological texts; perhaps a semantic replacement of the abbreviation [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN]]. The LU-sign also has the logographic reading UDU = 'sheep,' allowing for the word play on the homonyms LU and LÚ in the exegesis in the Uranology Group (see below).
*The symbol of the constellation [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN]] in the second half of the first millennium BCE was considered to be the ram, and LU could be read also as UDU = ''immeru'' "ram" hence following for the sign-pun in the Uranology Group Text D (see Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 46).
*múlLU2 (𒋼𒇽), anon-standardized designation for the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries); abbreviation for (Kurtik h12) mul lúḪUN.GA2
*In the book Kurtik (2007)<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, all abbreviations had their own keyword but here we merged (Kurtik h10) ḪUN, (Kurtik h11) ḪUN.GA2, (Kurtik h12) lúḪUN.GA2.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) In the monolingual Sumerian lists of stars:
**mul lúḫun.ga2 [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:410],
**mul lú[ḫun.ga2] [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 133, col. viii 43],
**mul lúḫun.ga2 [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 136, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 4],
**mul lúḫun.e.ne [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 28],
**mul lúḫun.ga2 [Emar VI/4<ref name=":3">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:119].
*(2) Urra XXII:
**mul lúḫun.ga2 = mul''a-ga-ri'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":3" />, 151:182],
**[mul] lúḫun.ga2 = [''a'']''g-rum'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 133:23],
**mul lúḫun.ga2 = ''ag-ri'' [SpTU III<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 Rs. IV 121; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:316ʹ].
|
|-
|'''ЕАЕ.'''
*See [ABCD<ref name=":5">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 219, BM 38164 Obv. 6; BPO 2<ref name=":6">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, Texts I 3, III 9, XV 26–27; BPO 3<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, Rm. 2,565: 4; NSAM 2<ref name=":8">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 246; SpTU IV<ref name=":9">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162:6, 7, 10].
*Abbreviated form ḪUN.GA2: See [NSAM 2<ref name=":8" />, 246].
|
|-
|'''<s>Letters</s>'''
<s>(Abbreviated form ḪUN.GA2). The name of the constellation in [LABS<ref name=":10">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 62 e. 16].</s>
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) Star of Anu (№ 4):
**MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul lúḪUN.GA2 d''Dumu-zi''
**"The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind mul''Anunītu''): Hired Man, Dumuzi" (I i 43). (AN 6r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
*(2) Dates of heliacal risings:
**ina itiBAR2 UD 1 KAM mul lúḪUN.GA2 IGI.LA2
**"On the 1st day of Nisan, the Hired Man becomes visible" (I ii 36); for a quotation from MUL.APIN see [SAA 10<ref name=":10" />, 62 e.16].
*(3) Simultaneous diurnal rising and setting:
**mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 mulUR.IDIM ''u'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ / KURme-''ma'' mul lúḪUN.GA2 ŠU2-''bi'' i
**"Libra, Mad Dog and Entenabarguz / rises, and the Hired Man sets" (I iii 23-24).
*(4) Stars 'in the path of the moon':
**mul lúḪUN.GA2 in the last place, after mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (I iv 37), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
*(5) First intercalation scheme:
**(a) Stellar constellations on the day of the autumnal equinox:
***ina itiDU6 UD 15 KAM dUTU ''ina lib''2-''bi'' mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 ''ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ḫa'' / ''u'' d''Sin ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul lúḪUN.GA2 GUB-''az-ma''
***"On the 15th day of Tašritu, the Sun rises in Libra in the east and the Moon stands before the Star Cluster, and behind the Hired Man" (II i 14-15);
**(b) constellations on the day of the vernal equinox:
***''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 15 [KAM] d''Sin ina li-la-a-ti ina'' ŠA3 / mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 ''ina'' dUTU.E3 ''u'' dUTU ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A / ''ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul [lú] GUB-''ma''
***"On the 15th day of Nisan in the evening, the Moon stands in Libra to the east, and the Sun in the west, before the Star Cluster behind the Hired Man" (II i 19-21);
**for the use of a) and b) for intercalations see. [MA<ref name=":11">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 150-153; ASM<ref name=":12">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 75-77].
|[[File:Dumuzi+Innana stellarium-001.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Hired Man (Dumuzi) and goddess Anunitu(m) in Stellarium (2021). Jessica Gullberg's modern interpretation of the celestial divine couple (CC-BY).]]
|-
|'''"Letters and Reports."'''
SAA 8 349, SAA 10 378 (index, Agru)

SAA 8 505 rev. 6-7: [MUL UDU.ID]IM GU4.UD ''ina'' dUTU ŠÚ.A ''ina'' ŠÀ MUL.LÚ.HUN.GA2 [''in-na-m'']''ir''! , [Mer]cury in the west became visible in 'The Hired Man' (date -668 Mar. 29)

SAA 10: 152: 5-r.1:

SAA 10 74 rev. 20-21: MUL.LÚ.HUN.GA2 ''i-rab-bi ug-da-ad-am-mar il-lak,'' 'The Hired Man' is setting and will (soon) be completely gone (date 699 Jan 1).

The title occurs in 3 reports and 7 letters [SAA 10<ref name=":10" />, 378a; SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 349a].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
*J. mulsag lúḫun.ga2 "the Hired Man’s head" (α Ari), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|
|-
|'''Uranology Texts'''
'''MLC 1866 (Text D,''' '''Beaulieu et al. 2018'''<ref name=":1" />''': 35, translation p. 39, commentary pp. 45-47.)'''
*MLC 1866 (i 12-16):
**MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' / mulLU2.LU.ḪUN.GA2 mulUDU/LU.ḪUN.GA2 ITI BAR ''ar''2-''ḫu'' d60 / MUL ''re-eš šat-ti šu-u''2 mul lúḪUN.GA2 ''as-lum im-mer'' / d''Dumu-zi ša''2 mulUDU/LU.ḪUN.GA2 3 MUL ''ina'' SAG.KI-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir-u''᾽ / ˹2˺ MUL ''ina'' GIŠ.KUN''-šu''2 ''e-ṣir-u''᾽: 4 ˹MUL˺ ''ina'' GIR3.MEŠ-''šu''2 GUB-''zu-u''
**"The constellation that stands behind it, / (is) the Hired Man. "The Hired Man (corresponds) with the month of Nisanu, the month of Anu. / It is the constellation of the beginning of the year. The Hired Man, the lamb, the ram, the Dumuzi of the Hired Man.

'''See also below the section on the “symbol.” Anaphora. Sp II 202+, see [Steele Rising Time Schemes (2017), earlier Schaumberger 1955'''<ref name=":13">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>''', 245-247].'''
|
|-
|'''BM 36609+:'''
(time of rising of the constellation Hired Man)

*TA 10 UŠ [''ar''2] MUL2 UZ3? / EN SA4 [''ša''2] GABA-''šu''2 / múlḪUN.GA2 TA ˹SAG-''šu''2˺ [EN TIL-''š'']''u''2 KUR
**"From 100 [behind] the Goat? / To the brilliant star on its (the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast: the Hired Man (=Aries), from his beginning [to] its [end], rises."
**[Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":14">''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 548, Section 7, obv. iii 14-16]; time of rising: 200 [ibid.<ref name=":14" />, 549].
|
|-
|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
*Only abbreviated forms used
*mulḪUN.GA2 is used
**as the designation of the constellation "Hired man." [AD I<ref name=":15">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No. -651 col. iv 15-16; No. -567 Rev. 12] (possibly also in [ibid.<ref name=":15" />, No. -418 Rev. 8])
**designation of the first sign of the zodiac in texts of the pre-Seleucid period, though found later [AD I<ref name=":15" />, No. -322 D Rev. 24, 34; No. -302 Rev. 4, etc.].
**Included in the names of the two normal stars:
***(1) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 SAG ḪUN.GA2 'Star in front of the Hired Man’s head' (= β Arietis),
***(2) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 SAG ḪUN.GA2 'Star in the rear of the Hired Man’s head (= α Arietis) [AD I<ref name=":15" />, No. -380: 7, B 7; -375 Obv. 2; -373 Obv. 13; -372 E Rev. 2; -277 Obv. A18, etc.].
*mulḪUN
**For the first time in a diary, the year -372. [ADRT I<ref name=":15" />, No -372: A Col. ii 1, C Rev. 5]. Included in the names of two "normal stars":
***(1) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 SAG ḪUN "Front star of the Hired man’s head" (β Arietis),
***(2) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 SAG ḪUN "Star in the rear of the Hired man’s head (α Arietis),
**see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
*mulLU (𒀯𒇻)
**See. [ADRT I-III, passim], first in the diary for -384 [ADRT I<ref name=":15" />, No. -384 r. 10].
|[[File:Aries Bab-stellarium-R-Perdok2016.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Aries, The Ram, (Babylonia, Seleucid, version) in Stellarium. Drawing by Robert Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (Germany), 2016, CC-BY.]]
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
*Standard designation mulḪUN of the first sign of the zodiac [ACT I-III<ref name=":16">''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT<ref name=":10" />, passim]. "Horoscopes." See. [BH, passim].

*In the list of the 12 signs of the zodiac, ḪUN is listed in the first place [LBAT, 1591 Obv. 2]. See also ulKU(=ḪUN?) GUR4 "Brilliant Hired Man"; inscription repeated four times in a circular diagram [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13 i; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 224-225].
*for usage of mulLU (𒀯𒇻): See. [ACT II<ref name=":16" />, 475; LBAT<ref name=":10" />, passim].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
*(1) "'''Lunaries'''."
**(a) BRM IV, 20: ki mul lúḫun.ga2 "The area of the Hired Man, it corresponds to the following activities in which one may succeed while the Moon is in this area: choosing a woman to 'walk,' allowing a woman to speak, banishing diseases, consecrating a house, deposing and appointing another person" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":17">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 258-259: 8, 17, 50; Reiner 1995<ref name=":18">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108; Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":19">''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 193].
**(b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik L08) [[LU]].
*(2) "'''Microzodiac'''". Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**a) AO 6483: 12 UZU.MEŠ ḫa.la ''ša''2 múl lúḫun.ga2 "12 UZU.MEŠ parts (of the zodiac sign) Hired Man," [ḫa.la] ''sag-ti'' múl lúḫun. ga2 ''šum''3-''šu''2 "The initial [part]: its name is Hired Man", PAP 12 UZU.MEŠ ḫa.la ša2 múllu ša2 d''sin'' ''u'' dutu ''ina lib''3-''bi'' dib.meš "In the aggregate 12 UZU.MEŠ parts of Aries in the middle of which the Moon and Sun pass" [TU<ref name=":20">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:11, 12, 14, 20; Sachs 1952<ref name=":21">''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
**(b) Sp II 202+, cf. [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":13" />, 245-247]. Subdivision of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 9th part is mul lúḫun.ga2 [Weidner 1967<ref name=":22">''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
*(3) "'''Hypsoma'''". The Hired Man — KI niṣirti of the Sun, see (Kurtik u30) [[UTU|dUTU]].
*(4) '''Predictions''' based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mul lúḪUN.GA2, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
*(5) An extispicy involving correspondences between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik d13) [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]].
*(6) Calendar texts providing recipes for ointments(? ) for the various signs of the zodiac, the Hired Man corresponds to the recipe:
**''dām''(UŠ2) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA2) ''šaman''(I3.GIŠ) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA2) u ''šārat''(SIG3ḫi.a) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA2)
**"ram's blood, ram's fat, and ram's hair" [SpTU III<ref name=":4" />, 104:1, 14, 27; 105:11, 24; Reiner 1995<ref name=":18" />, 116-117];
**another argument in favor of the constellation being symbolized by the ram.

'''Abbreviated forms'''

*ḪUN.GA2
**Predictions of grain prices:
**múlḪUN.GA2 "Hired man",
**KUN múlḪUN.GA2 "Hired Man’s tail" [SpTU I<ref name=":23">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94:37, 38, 43, 44]; the reference here seems to be to the tail of the Ram, which served as a symbol and figure of the constellation Hired Man.
**See also [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 268:31-32].
*LU2
**KI múlLU2 UŠ2 IM.RI.A
**"Reagion of Aries: death in the family"
**(var.: at the hands of family members) [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see. [TU<ref name=":20" />, 14:22; Sachs 1952<ref name=":21" />, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":19" />, 192].
*LU
**(1) "Horoscopes." LU is the designation of the zodiac sign Hired Man in two horoscopes [BH, 65:3, 141: rev.? 3].
**(2) "Lunaries." Text BRM IV 19, where LU is the designation of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":17" />, 256, 274-275: a, b, 4, 19, 32; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>].
**(3) "Microzodiac". Subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts: a) AO 6483: 12 UZU.MEŠ ''ḫa.la ša''2 múllu "12 UZU.MEŠ parts of Aries", [''k'']''i'' múl''lu'' "[Re]gion of the Hired Man" [TU<ref name=":20" />, 14:20, 22; Sachs 1952<ref name=":21" />, 66]. (b) Sp II 202+: passim [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":13" />, 245-246]. See also múlLU in [Weidner 1967<ref name=":22" />, 14, VAT 7851:7].
|[[File:Ari seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|Aries on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
*''SpTU I 95''
**''ina'' itiIZI UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) mul''na-aṣ-ra-''<''pu''> mul''ku-ma-ri'' mulŠU.G[I] / dBIL:GI ZALAG ''ša''2 ''pān''(IGI) d''En-me-šar''2''-ra u'' MURUB4 mul lúḪUN.GA2 ''šit-qu-lu'' / ''ina'' itiZIZ2 UD 15 KAM2 ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3
**"On the 15th day of Ab before the Natsrapu sunrise, the shoulder (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth), the Old Man, the Ghibil, the brilliant (star) in front of Enmesharrah and the middle of the Hired Man (are) in equilibrium (i.e. culminate). On the 15th day of Shabbat in the evening at sunset the same thing takes place" [SpTU I<ref name=":23" />, 95:9'–11'];
*mul''ku-ma-ri'' mulŠU.G[I] = “The Old Man’s Shoulder”, according to [ASM<ref name=":12" />, 99]. See also [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 37; SpTU I<ref name=":23" />, 96:1, 3; 97:1].
|
|}
[[File:LUHUNGA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 151120.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ḪUN.GA2 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
[[File:Dumuzi+Innana stellarium-001.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Hired Man (Dumuzi) and goddess Anunitu(m) in Stellarium (2021). Jessica Gullberg's modern interpretation of the celestial divine couple (CC-BY).]]perhaps also γ1 And ([[Almach]]).
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Hamal]]
|HIP 9884
|Constellation lines
|2.01
|-
|2
|[[Sheratan]]
|HIP 8903
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.65
|-
|3
|β Trianguli ([[Alaybasan]])
| HIP 10064
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3
|-
|4
|[[Mothallah]]
|HIP 8796
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.42
|-
|5
|[[Bharani]]
|HIP 13209
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.594
|-
|6
|35 Ari
|HIP 12719
|Inside the Hull
| 4.67
|-
| 7
|λ Arietis
|HIP 9153
|Inside the Hull
|4.766
|-
|8
|[[Triminus]]
| HIP 10280
|Inside the Hull
| 4.952
|-
|9
|14 Ari
|HIP 10053
|Inside the Hull
|4.977
|-
|10
|κ Arietis
|HIP 9836
|Inside the Hull
|5.019
|-
|11
|iot Tri A
|HIP 10280A
|Inside the Hull
|5.162
|-
| 12
|7 Tri
|HIP 10559
| Inside the Hull
|5.249
|-
|13
|12 Tri
| HIP 11486
|Inside the Hull
|5.29
|-
| 14
|10 Tri
|HIP 10793
|Inside the Hull
|5.291
|-
|15
|33 Ari
|HIP 12489
|Inside the Hull
|5.296
|-
|16
|21 Ari
|HIP 10535
|Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|17
|10 Ari
|HIP 9621
|Inside the Hull
|5.694
|-
|18
|7 Ari
|HIP 8993
|Inside the Hull
|5.749
|-
|19
|* 10 Ari A
|HIP 9621
|Inside the Hull
|5.765
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 10540
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
| 21
| -
|HIP 9132
|Inside the Hull
|5.85
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 11670
| Inside the Hull
|5.879
|-
|23
|13 Tri
|HIP 11548
|Inside the Hull
|5.901
|-
|24
| -
| HIP 10296
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|25
|16 Ari
|HIP 10203
|Inside the Hull
|5.999
|-
|26
|11 Ari
|HIP 9859
|Inside the Hull
| 6.02
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 11415
|Inside the Hull
|6.108
|-
|28
| 5 Tri
|HIP 10220
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
| 29
| -
|HIP 10446
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 10884
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|}
==Additional==

====Deity.====
In MUL.APIN I i 43 mul lúḪUN.GA2 "Hired man" is identified with dDUMU.ZI; partial parallel: mul lúḫun.ga2: d''Dumu-zi'': d''Kin-g''[''u''] [STC I<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 217:9 = '''Reynolds?'''??]. It is unclear on what basis this identification is made. See (Kurtik d13) [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]].

====Astrology ====
Abbreviation mulḪUN.GA2

(1) The eclipse of the Moon in the Hired Man; [...] mulḪUN.GA2 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR UNUGki ''u'' KUL.LA.BAki "[If the Moon] in the Hired Man is eclipsed: a decision (for) Uruk and Kullab" [NSAM 2<ref name=":8" />, 54, IIa:8′], for parallels see (Kurtik h12) lúḪUN.GA2, VI 6.

(2) Heliacal risings of the Hired Man (quoted in MUL.APIN I ii 36), see (Kurtik h12) lúḪUN.GA2, VI 3.

See (Kurtik h10) ḪUN, (Kurtik h12) lúḪUN.GA2.

====Symbol.====
The figure mul lúḪUN.GA2 in the second half of the first millennium BCE was considered to be a ram. The following circumstances testify in favor of this statement:

* (1) the abbreviated designation of the constellation and the first sign of the zodiac LU (homophonic substitution LU2), adopted in the "diaries" and ephemerides of the Seleucid period, can be read also as UDU = ''immeru'' "ram" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":17" />, 256, Anm. 37; Sachs 1952<ref name=":21" />, 71, note 51];
* (2) according to [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 107], the text W 22646 represents a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations, in it the designation múlLU2 (abbreviation from múl lúḪUN.GA2) corresponds to UDU.NIT[A2] = ''immeru'' "ram" [SpTU II, 43:1, 20], for a corresponding in this regards, see also [Kurtik 2002<ref name=":24">''Куртик Г.Е.'' О происхождении названий греческих зодиакальных созвездий // ВИЕТ. 2002. № 1. С. 76-106.</ref>, 94]);
* (3) in the texts we find the designation KUN múlḪUN.GA2 "Hired Man’s tail" [SpTU I<ref name=":23" />, 94 Rs. 37]; '''For a detailed analysis of this text as evidence of the transition from the anthropomorphic figure of the Hired Man to that of the ram, see the Uranology text MLC 1866 above, where the constellation includes only 9 stars. T'''he astral images on Seleucid seals from Ur are the figure of a ram with its head turned backwards, like the Greek Aries, see [AUWE 19<ref>''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).</ref>, 116-117, no. 887-894; Wallenfels 1993<ref>''Wallenfels R.'' Zodiacal Signs among the Seal Impressions from Hellenistic Uruk / The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Ed. M.E.Cohen, D.C.Snell, D.B.Weisberg. Bethesda, 1993. P. 281-289.</ref>, 282, fig. 1; Kurtik 2002<ref name=":24" />, ill. 9; 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 14].

====Identification.====
= Aries [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 244; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 76; Waerden 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref>, 219-220; BPO 2<ref name=":6" />, 13; MA<ref name=":11" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; ASM<ref name=":12" />, 273; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />,73].

====Constellation parts and individual stars.====
(1) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 SAG ḪUN "The front star of the Hired Man’s head" (= β Arietis).

(2) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 SAG ḪUN "Rear star of the Hired Man’s head (= α Arietis).

Stars (1) and (2) were among the 'normal stars', see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].

(3) [...MUL2] MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG LU "Medium star of the Hired Man’s head." [ADRT I<ref name=":15" />, No.-373 rev. 9].

(4) MUL SAG lúḪUN.GA2 "Hired Man’s Head Star," see Dbn-text (§J).

(5) KUN MUL2.ḪUN.GA2 "Hired Man’s tail." [SpTU I<ref name=":23" />, 94:37]; KUN mulxḪUN.GA2 [SpTU IV<ref name=":9" />, 162:10].

(6) MURUB4 mul lúḪUN.GA2 "The middle of the Hired Man" [SpTU I<ref name=":23" />, 95:10].

(7) IGI MUL2 ḪUN "The front of the Hired Man" (?) [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 62:28]. '''??eye??'''

(8) GIŠ.KUN múlLU(?) [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":13" />, 245:14], and also [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":14" />, 554-555].

====Astrology.====

===== Identifications: =====
[[File:Ari seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|Aries on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
(1) = Mars = star Amurru = Field(=Mars?) behind the Pleiades, see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]], VI 10.

===== Predictions: =====
(2) The visibility of the Hired Man; lúḪUN.GA2 ''un-nu-ut'' LUGAL SU.BIR4ki ''i-dir-tum'' IGI-''ma''[''r''] "If the Hired Man is dim, King of Subartu will see sorrow" [BPO 2<ref name=":6" />, XV 26]; ul lúḪUN.GA2 MI LUGAL MAR.TUki ''ina'' GIŠ.TUKUL ŠUB-''ut'' "If the Hired Man is dark, the King of Amurru will fall in battle" [BPO 2<ref name=":6" />, XV 27].

(3) Heliacal sunrises and sunsets; ''ina'' itiBARAG [UD-1-K]AM2 mulḪUN.GA2 IGI-''m''[''ar''] "On the 1st day of Nisan, the Hired Man appears" [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 62 e. 16] (quoted in MUL.APIN); mul lúḪUN.GA2 ''i-rab-bi'' / ''ug-da-ad-am-mar il-lak'' "The Hired Man (now) comes in and (soon) will leave altogether" [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 74 r. 20-21]; prediction of a heliacal rising: [mu]l lúḪUN.GA2 / [''šum''2''-mu''] ''ina ši-a-r''[''i''] / [''šum''2]-''mu'' / ''ina li''-[''di-iš''] ''ina'' dUTU.E3 ''in-n''[''am-mar''] "The Hired Man will appear in the east tomorrow or the day after tomorrow." [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 152 e. 6-r. 1].

(4) Heliacal rising of the planets in Hired Man; [mulUDU.ID]IM.GUD.UD ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ''ina'' ŠA3 mul lúḪUN.GA2 / [''in-na-m'']''ir''! SIG5 ''ša''2 LUGAL ''be-li''2-''ia'' / [ḪUL KUR MAR.TUki] LUGAL MAR.TUki / ''ina'' GIŠ.TUKUL ŠUB-''ut'' "Mercury has become visible in the west in the Hired Man, this is good for the king my lord, [bad for the western country]. The king of the western country will fall in battle." [ARAK, 505 r. 6-8]; mul''ṣal-bat-a-n''[''u''] / ''ša a-dan-šu''2 ''u''2''-še-ti''-[''qu-u-ni''] / ''u''3 ''ina'' ŠA3 mul lúḪUN.GA2 ''i''[''n-na-mir-u-ni''] "Mars, which has missed the date (of rising) and has appeared in the Hired Man" [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 381: 5-7] (this sign was considered particularly dangerous, and the apotropaic ritual of namburbi and the ritual of "laying on of hands" were performed to neutralize the evil it portended [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 381; Reiner 1995<ref name=":18" />, 93]); ITI ''ṭa-a-ba'' / UD-''mu an-ni-u''2 ''ṭa-a-ba'' / mulUDU.IDIM.[GUD].UD / DUMU.LUGAL [''š'']''u''!-''u''2 / ''ina'' ŠA3 mul[lúḪUN].GA2 / ''in-''[''na-ma'']r "The month is good, this day is good: the planet [Mer]cury (denotes) the Crown Prince, it is se[en] in the [Hired] Man" [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 73 r. 5-10]; see also [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 152:5].

(5) General agricultural meaning; mul lúḪUN.GA2 ''ana'' AB.SIN2 "The HIred Man for the furrow" [BPO 2<ref name=":6" />, I 2, III 9].

(6) Eclipse of the Moon in the Hired Man; [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' KI] mul lúḪUN.GA2 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUGki ''u Kul-aba''ki "[If Sin in the realm of] the Hired Man eclipses: a decision for Ur and Kulaba" [ABCD<ref name=":5" />, 219, EAE 20 Text a: Obv. 6], see also [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118; NSAM 2<ref name=":8" />, 54]; DIŠ AN.GI6 ''Dil-bat ina'' mulx lúḪUN.GA2 ''ana tar-ṣi'' 30 GUB-''ma'' … "If an eclipse (of the Moon has occurred and) Venus stands din in the Hired Man and on the horn of the Moon ..." [SpTU IV<ref name=":9" />, 162:6-7].

(7) Venus in the Hired Man; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3! mul] lúḪUN.GA2 DU-''iz'' UN.MEŠ KUR GAL […] "[If Venus] stands in the Hired man: men of the great country [...]" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 251, Rm. 2,567:4]; [''ša a'']-''na'' LUGAL EN-''ia iš-pur''-[''an-ni''] / [''ma-a'' mu]l''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 mulL[U2.ḪUN.GA2] / [x x] KUR-''ma la-a ket-t''[''u''2! ''ši-i''] / [mu]l''Dil-bat u''2''-di''-[''na la''] / [''in'']-''na-mar'' "[And that someone] wrote to the king, my lord, [that] 'The planet Venus [...] rises in the Hired Man, [is] not true. Venus is not [yet] visible" [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 72:11-15]; mul''Dil-bat la n''[''e''2-''em-mar''] / TA ŠA3 UD-''me an''-[''ni-e''] / ''ina šap-la'' [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / ''ina pu-ut'' mul[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''li-is-ḫur'' "We have not s[een] Venus. It should now be under [the Hired man] in opposition to Saturn" [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 51 r. 4-8].

See also (Kurtik h10) ḪUN, (Kurtik h11) ḪUN.GA2, (Kurtik L08) [[LU]], (Kurtik L11) [[LU2|LU2]].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, a13) agru
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Наемник», современный Овен (Aries); в лексических и ряде других текстов, см. h12 lúḪUN.GA2.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, h12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= agru «Наемный работник»; созвездие, соответствующее современному Овну (Aries) [G. 244].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) В одноязычных шумерских списках звезд: mul lúḫun.ga2 [MSL XI, 108:410], mul lú[ḫun.ga2] [ibid., 133, col. viii 43], mul lúḫun.ga2 [ibid., 136, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 4], mul lúḫun.e.ne [ibid., 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 28], mul lúḫun.ga2 [Emar VI/4, 154:119]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mul lúḫun.ga2 = mula-ga-ri [Emar VI/4, 151:182], [mul] lúḫun.ga2 = [a]g-rum [Cavigneaux 1979, 133:23], mul lúḫun.ga2 = ag-ri [SpTU III, 114 Rs. IV 121; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:316ʹ]. ЕАЕ. См. [ABCD, 219, BM 38164 Obv. 6; BPO 2, Texts I 3, III 9, XV 26–27; BPO 3, Rm. 2,565: 4; NSAM 2, 246; SpTU IV, 162:6, 7, 10]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 4): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi «Звезда, которая стоит позади нее (т.е. позади mulAnunītu): Наемник, Думузи» (I i 43). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiBAR2 UD 1 KAM mul lúḪUN.GA2 IGI.LA2 «1-го нисану Наемник становится видимым» (I ii 36); цитата из MUL.APIN см. [LABS, 62 e.16]. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 mulUR.IDIM u mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / KURme-ma mul lúḪUN.GA2 ŠU2-bi «Весы, Бешеный Пес и Энтенабархум / восходят, Наемник заходит» (I iii 23–24). (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mul lúḪUN.GA2 на последнем месте, после mulA-nu-ni-tu4 (I iv 37), см. s20Sîn. (5) Первая интеркаляционная схема: a) Звездные констелляции в день осеннего равноденствия: ina itiDU6 UD 15 KAM dUTU ina lib2-bi mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa / u dSin ina IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul lúḪUN.GA2 GUB-az-ma «15-го ташриту Солнце восходит в Весах на востоке и Луна стоит впереди Звезд, позади Наемника» (II i 14–15); b) Звездные констелляция в день весеннего равноденствия: ina itiBAR2 UD 15 [KAM] dSin ina li-la-a-ti ina ŠA3 / mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 ina dUTU.E3 u dUTU ina dUTU.ŠU2.A / ina IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul [lú]ḪUN.GA2 GUB-ma «15-го нисану Луна стоит вечером в Весах на востоке, а Солнце на западе впереди Звезд, позади Наемника» (II i 19–21); использование a) и b) для интеркаляций см. [MA, 150–153; ASM, 75–77]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». Название встречается в 3 рапортах и 7 письмах [LABS, 378a; ARAK, 349a]. Dalbanna-текст. J. mulsag lúḫun.ga2 «Голова Наемника» (α Ari), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. MLC 1866. См. ниже раздел «Символ». Анафора. Sp II 202+, см. [Schaumberger 1955, 245–247]. BM 36609+: (время восхода созвездия Наемник) TA 10 UŠ [ar2] MUL2 UZ3? / EN SA4 [ša2] GABA-šu2 / múlḪUN.GA2 TA ˹SAG-šu2˺ [EN TIL-š]u2 KUR «От 100 [позади] Козы? / До блестящей звезды на его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) груди: Наемник (=Овен), от своего начала [до] своего [конца], восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7, obv. iii 14–16]; время восхода: 200 [ibid., 549]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mul lúḫun.ga2 «Область Наемника», ей соответствуют следующие виды деятельности, в которых можно преуспеть, пока Луна находится в этой области: выбор женщины для «прогулок», позволение женщине говорить, изгнание болезней, освящение дома, снятие с должности и назначение другого человека» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 8, 17, 50; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. L08LU. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: a) AO 6483: 12 UZU.MEŠ ḫa.la ša2 múl lúḫun.ga2 «12 UZU.MEŠ частей (знака зодиака) Наемник», [ḫa.la] sag-ti múl lúḫun.ga2 šum3-šu2 «Начальная [часть]: ее имя Наемник», PAP 12 UZU.MEŠ ḫa.la ša2 múllu ša2 dsin u dutu ina lib3-bi dib.meš «В совокупности 12 UZU.MEŠ частей Овна в середине которых Луна и Солнце проходят» [TU, 14:11, 12, 14, 20; Sachs 1952, 66]. b) Sp II 202+, см. [Schaumberger 1955, 245–247]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 9-я часть — mul lúḫun.ga2 [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. (3) «Гипсома». Наемник — KI niṣirti Солнца, см. u30dUTU. (4) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mul lúḪUN.GA2, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134–136], см. s20Sîn. (5) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствия между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. d13dDUMU.ZI. (6) Календарные тексты, дающие рецепты мази(?) для различных знаков зодиака, Наемнику соответствует рецепт: dām(UŠ2) immeri(UDU.NITA2) šaman(I3.GIŠ) immeri(UDU.NITA2) u šārat(SIG3ḫi.a) immeri(UDU.NITA2) «Кровь барана, жир барана и волосы барана» [SpTU III, 104:1, 14, 27; 105:11, 24; Reiner 1995, 116–117]; еще один аргумент в пользу того, что символом созвездия был баран. Текст W. 22281a. ina itiIZI UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) mulna-aṣ-ra-<pu> mulku-ma-ri mulŠU.G[I] / dBIL:GI ZALAG ša2 pān(IGI) dEn-me-šar2-ra u MURUB4 mul lúḪUN.GA2 šit-qu-lu / ina itiZIZ2 UD 15 KAM2 ina li-la-a-ti KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го абу при восходе Солнца Нацрапу, плечо (Демона с Разинутой Пастью), Старик, Гибил, блестящая (звезда) перед Энмешаррой и середина Наемника (находятся) в равновесии (т.е. кульминируют). 15-го шабату вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое» [SpTU I, 95:9'–11']; mulku-ma-ri mulŠU.G[I] = «Плечо Старика», согласно [ASM, 99]. См. также [KAR, 142 i 37; SpTU I, 96:1, 3; 97:1].

II. Божество.

В MUL.APIN I i 43 mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Наемный работник» отождествляется с dDUMU.ZI; частичная параллель: mul lúḫun.ga2: dDumu-zi: dKin-g[u] [STC I, 217:9]. Неизвестно, на чем основывается это отождествление. См. d13dDUMU.ZI.

III. Символ.

Фигурой mul lúḪUN.GA2 во второй половине I тыс. до н.э. считался баран. В пользу этого утверждения свидетельствуют следующие обстоятельства: (1) сокращенное обозначение созвездия и первого знака зодиака LU (омофонная замена LU2), принятое в «дневниках» и в эфемеридах селевкидского периода, может быть прочитано также как UDU = immeru «баран» [Ungnad 1941–44, 256, Anm. 37; Sachs 1952, 71, note 51]; (2) согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 представляет список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в нем обозначению múlLU2 (сокращение от múl lúḪUN.GA2) соответствует UDU.NIT[A2] = immeru «баран» [SpTU II, 43:1, 20], см. в этой связи также [Куртик 2002, 94]); (3) в текстах встречаем обозначение KUN múlḪUN.GA2 «Хвост Наемника» [SpTU I, 94 Rs. 37]; (4) описание фигуры созвездия в MLC 1866 (i 12–16): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu / mulLU2.LU.ḪUN.GA2 mulUDU/LU.ḪUN.GA2 ITI BAR ar2-ḫu d60 / MUL re-eš šat-ti šu-u2 mul lúḪUN.GA2 as-lum im-mer / dDumu-zi ša2 mulUDU/LU.ḪUN.GA2 3 MUL ina SAG.KI-šu2 e-ṣir-u᾽ / ˹2˺ MUL ina GIŠ.KUN-šu2 e-ṣir-u᾽: 4 ˹MUL˺ ina GIR3.MEŠ-šu2 GUB-zu-us «Созвездие, которое стоит позади него, / (это) Наемник. Наемник (соотносится) с месяцем нисану, месяцем Ану. / Это созвездие начала года. Наемник, ягненок, баран, Думузи Наемника. На его голове 3 звезды изображены, / на его бедре 2 звезды изображены, 4 звезды на его ногах стоят» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39]. Детальный анализ этого текста как свидетельства о переходе от антропоморфной фигуры Наемного работника к фигуре барана см. [ibid., 45–46]. Согласно этому описанию, созвездие включало всего 9 звезд. Астральные изображения на селевкидских печатях из Ура – фигура барана, голова которого повернута назад, как у греческого Овна, см. [AUWE 19, 116–117, No. 887–894; Wallenfels 1993, 282, fig. 1; Куртик 2002, илл. 9; 2007, рис. 14].

IV. Отождествление.

= Aries [G. 244; Weidner 1957–59, 76; Waerden 1952–53, 219–220; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Beaulieu et al. 2018,73].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 IGI ša2 SAG ḪUN «Передняя звезда головы Наемника» (= β Arietis).

(2) MUL2 ar2 ša2 SAG ḪUN «Задняя звезда головы Наемника (= α Arietis).

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) […MUL2] MURUB4 ša2 SAG LU «Средняя звезда головы Наемника» [ADRT I, No.-373 rev. 9].

(4) MUL SAG lúḪUN.GA2 «Звезда Головы Наемника», см. Dbn-текст (§J).

(5) KUN MUL2.ḪUN.GA2 «Хвост Нaемника» [SpTU I, 94:37]; KUN mulxḪUN.GA2 [SpTU IV, 162:10].

(6) MURUB4 mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Середина Наемника» [SpTU I, 95:10].

(7) IGI MUL2 ḪUN «Передняя часть Наемника» (?) [Livingstone 1986, 62:28].

(8) GIŠ.KUN múlLU(?) [Schaumberger 1955, 245:14], а также [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 554–555].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс = звезда Амурру = Поле(=Марс?) позади Плеяд, см. a48AŠ.GAN2, VI 10.

Предсказания:

(2) Видимость Наемника; ul lúḪUN.GA2 un-nu-ut LUGAL SU.BIR4ki i-dir-tum IGI-ma[r] «Если Наемник тусклый, царь Субарту увидит горесть» [BPO 2, XV 26]; ul lúḪUN.GA2 MI LUGAL MAR.TUki ina GIŠ.TUKUL ŠUB-ut «Если Наемник темный, царь Амурру падет в сражении» [BPO 2, XV 27].

(3) Гелиакические восходы и заходы; ina itiBARAG [UD-1-K]AM2 mulḪUN.GA2 IGI-m[ar] «1-го нисана Наемник появляется» [LABS, 62 e. 16] (цитата из MUL.APIN); mul lúḪUN.GA2 i-rab-bi / ug-da-ad-am-mar il-lak «Наемник (сейчас) заходит и (скоро) уйдет совсем» [LABS, 74 r. 20–21]; предсказание гелиакического восхода: [mu]l lúḪUN.GA2 / [šum2-mu] ina ši-a-r[i] / [šum2]-mu / ina li-[di-iš] ina dUTU.E3 in-n[am-mar] «Наемник появ[ится] на востоке завтра или по[слезавтра]» [LABS, 152 e. 6–r. 1].

(4) Гелиакический восход планет в Наемнике; [mulUDU.ID]IM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ina ŠA3 mul lúḪUN.GA2 / [in-na-m]ir! SIG5 ša2 LUGAL be-li2-ia / [ḪUL KUR MAR.TUki] LUGAL MAR.TUki / ina GIŠ.TUKUL ŠUB-ut «Меркурий стал виден на западе в Наемнике, это хорошо для царя, моего господина, [плохо для западной страны]. Царь западной страны падет в битве» [ARAK, 505 r. 6–8]; mulṣal-bat-a-n[u] / ša a-dan-šu2 u2-še-ti-[qu-u-ni] / u3 ina ŠA3 mul lúḪUN.GA2 i[n-na-mir-u-ni] «Марс, который пропустил свою дату (восхода) и появился в Наемнике» [LABS, 381: 5–7] (этот знак считался особо опасным, для нейтрализации предвещаемого им зла совершали апотропеический ритуал намбурби и ритуал «воздевания рук» [LABS, 381; Reiner 1995, 93]); ITI ṭa-a-ba / UD-mu an-ni-u2 ṭa-a-ba / mulUDU.IDIM.[GUD].UD / DUMU.LUGAL [š]u!-u2 / ina ŠA3 mul[lúḪUN].GA2 / in-[na-ma]r «Месяц хороший, этот день хороший: планета [Мер]курий (обозначает) наследного принца, она ви[дн]а в [Наем]нике» [LABS, 73 r. 5–10]; см. также [LABS, 152:5].

(5) Общее сельскохозяйственное значение; mul lúḪUN.GA2 ana AB.SIN2 «Наемник для борозды» [BPO 2, I 2, III 9].

(6) Затмение Луны в Наемнике; [DIŠ 30 ina KI] mul lúḪUN.GA2 a-dir EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUGki u Kul-abaki «[Если Син в области] Наемника затмился: решение для Ура и Кулабы» [ABCD, 219, EAE 20 Text a: Obv. 6], см. также [Weidner 1963, 118; NSAM 2, 54]; DIŠ AN.GI6 Dil-bat ina mulx lúḪUN.GA2 ana tar-ṣi 30 GUB-ma … «Если затмение (Луны произошло и) Венера в Наемнике на роге Луны стоит …» [SpTU IV, 162:6–7].

(7) Венера в Наемнике; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ina ŠA3! mul] lúḪUN.GA2 DU-iz UN.MEŠ KUR GAL […] «[Если Венера в] Наемнике стоит: люди великой страны […]» [BPO 3, 251, Rm. 2,567:4]; [ša a]-na LUGAL EN-ia iš-pur-[an-ni] / [ma-a mu]lDil-bat ina ŠA3 mulL[U2.ḪUN.GA2] / [x x] KUR-ma la-a ket-t[u2! ši-i] / [mu]lDil-bat u2-di-[na la] / [in]-na-mar «[А что некто] написал царю, моему господину, [что] «Планета Венера […] восходит в Наемнике», [это] неправда. Венера ещ[е не] видна» [LABS, 72:11–15]; mulDil-bat la n[e2-em-mar] / TA ŠA3 UD-me an-[ni-e] / ina šap-la [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / ina pu-ut mul[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ li-is-ḫur «Мы не в[идели] Венеру. Сейчас она должна находиться под [Наемником] в оппозиции к Cатурну» [LABS, 51 r. 4–8].

См. также h10ḪUN, h11ḪUN.GA2, L08LU, L11LU2.
|Example
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!Kurtik (2022, h11)
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|сокращение от mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Наемный работник»; обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака, соответствующего Овну (Aries), в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах.
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [NSAM 2, 246]. «Письма». Название созвездия в [LABS, 62 e. 16]. «Дневники наблюдений.» Обозначение созвездия «Наемник» [AD I, No. -651 col. iv 15–16; No. -567 Rev. 12] (возможно также в [ibid., No. -418 Rev. 8]) обозначение первого знака зодиака в текстах доселевкидского периода, хотя встречается и позднее [AD I, No. -322 D Rev. 24, 34; No. -302 Rev. 4 и др.]. Входило в названия двух нормальных звезд: (1) MUL2 IGI ša2 SAG ḪUN.GA2 «Передняя звезда головы Наемника» (= β Arietis), (2) MUL2 ar2 ša2 SAG ḪUN.GA2 «Задняя звезда головы Наемника (= α Arietis) [AD I, No. -380: 7, B 7; -375 Obv. 2; -373 Obv. 13; -372 E Rev. 2; -277 Obv. A18 и др.]. Поздняя астрология. Предсказания цен на злаки: múlḪUN.GA2 «Наемник», KUN múlḪUN.GA2 «Хвост Наемника» [SpTU I, 94:37, 38, 43, 44]; здесь речь идет, по-видимому, о хвосте Барана, который служил символом и фигурой созвездия Наемный работник. См. также [SpTU V, 268:31–32].

II. Астрология.

(1) Затмение Луны в Наемнике; […] mulḪUN.GA2 a-dir EŠ.BAR UNUGki u KUL.LA.BAki «[Если Луна] в Наемнике затмилась: решение (для) Урука и Куллаба» [NSAM 2, 54, IIa:8′], параллели см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, VI 6.

(2) Гелиакический восход Наемника (цитата из MUL.APIN I ii 36), см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, VI 3.

См. h10ḪUN, h12lúḪUN.GA2.
|
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!Kurtik (2022, h10)
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|сокращение от mul lúḪUN.GA2; созвездие и знак зодиака «Наемный работник» (= Овен, Aries) в астрономических и астрологических текстах второй половины I тыс. до н.э. [G. 189].
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». Впервые в дневнике за -372 г. [ADRT I, No -372: A Col. ii 1, C Rev. 5]. Входило в названия двух «нормальных звезд»: (1) MUL2 IGI ša2 SAG ḪUN «Передняя звезда головы Наемника» (β Arietis), (2) MUL2 ar2 ša2 SAG ḪUN «Задняя звезда головы Наемника (α Arietis), см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. Стандартное обозначение первого знака зодиака [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. «Гороскопы». См. [BH, passim].

В списке 12 знаков зодиака ḪUN значится на первом месте [LBAT, 1591 Obv. 2]. См. также: ulKU(=ḪUN?) GUR4 «Блестящий Наемник»; надпись, повторенная четыре раза в круглой диаграмме [TCL 6, 13 i; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 224–225].

Cм. также h11ḪUN.GA2, h12lúḪUN.GA2, L08LU.
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!Kurtik (2022, L08)
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|созвездие и знак зодиака Наемный работник (= Овен, Aries) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. По-видимому, LU есть гомофонная замена редко используемого LU2 (от mul lúḪUN.GA2). Возможно также, что это — смысловая замена сокращения ḪUN (см. h11) на графически близкий знак LU; символом созвездия во второй половине I тыс. до н.э. считался баран, а LU могло быть прочитано также как UDU = immeru «Баран» [Ungnad 1941–44, 256, note 37; G. 237; AUWE, 153; Куртик 2002, 94]. Отождествление LU2 и LU в названии созвездия в MLC 1866 см. h12, III. Возможно также, это сокращение от LU.MAŠ, см. [Rochberg 2004, 119, note 23]. (проверить)
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». См. [ADRT I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за -384 год [ADRT I, No. -384 r. 10]. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT II, 475; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». LU — обозначение знака зодиака Наемный работник в двух гороскопах [BH, 65:3, 141: rev.? 3]. (2) «Лунарии». Текст BRM IV 19, где LU — обозначение знака зодиака Наемный работник (Овен) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 256, 274–275: a, b, 4, 19, 32; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный работник (=Овен) на 12 частей: а) AO 6483: 12 UZU.MEŠ ḫa.la ša2 múllu «12 UZU.MEŠ частей Овна», [k]i múllu «[Об]ласть Наемника» [TU, 14:20, 22; Sachs 1952, 66]. b) Sp II 202+: passim [Schaumberger 1955, 245–246]. См. также múlLU в [Weidner 1967, 14, VAT 7851:7].
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, L11)
|
|-
|нестандартное обозначение знака зодиака Наемный работник (=Овен); сокращение от mul [[LúḪUN.GA2|lú]][[LúḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]].
I. Источники.

Поздняя астрология. KI múlLU2 UŠ2 IM.RI.A «Область Овна: смерть в семье» (вар.: от рук членов семьи) [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14:22; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Ari]]

Mesopotamian (All Terms)

2026-07-02T10:17:51Z

HermannHunger: /* Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}

Cite as: Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online in the IAU-All Skies Encyclopaedia (2021-202x).
----
[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BCE]]

== Introduction ==
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. We translated his unfinished manuscript to English, relaced many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations, titles, translations, hyperlinked all (or most of) the references and are still updating his (largely outdated or indistinguished) astronomical identifications which is a research project on its own within this corpus. Still, some information is missing, as Kurtik passed away while working on it: so, we also try to reconstruct what he had in mind. For now, the beta-version still is undergoing some sorting and restructuring of the Assyriological material. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.

=== Pronunciation ===
Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu2.hun.ga2 and pa.bil2.sag (sometimes spelt pa.bil2.saĝ). Each shows a nasalized g of the order of Spanish "señor" (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga2 rather than ga1 (here g as in goat) for lu2.hun.ga2, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

=== Month Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Sumerian
!Sumerian (alternate)
!Akkadian
!Hebrew
|-
|Month I
|ITIBARA2.ZAG(.GAR)
Month (images) placed by throne
|ITI.BAR(.SAG.SAG)
|''Nisānu''
|Nisan נִיסָן
|-
|Month II
|ITI(EZEM.)GU4.SI.SU
Month horned oxen marched forth
|ITI.GU4(.SI.SÁ)
|''Ayyāru''
|Iyar אִייָר‎
|-
|Month III
|ITISIG4.U5.ŠUB.BA.GÁ.GAR
Month the brick is placed in the mold
|ITI.SIG4.A
|''simānu''
|Sivan סִיוָן
|-
|Month IV
|ITIŠU.NUMUN
Month preparing seed
|ITI.ŠU(.NUMUN.A/NA);
ITI.ŠU.GAR.NUMUN.NA
|''Dûzu''
|Tammuz תַּמּוּז
|-
|Month V
|ITINE.IZI.GAR
Month braziers are lit
|ITI.NE(.NE.GAR)
|''Abu''
|Av אָב
|-
|Month VI
|ITIKIN.dINANNA
Month of rectification of Inanna
|ITI.KIN
|''Ulūlu /'' ''Elūlu''
|Elul אֱלוּל
|-
|Month VII
|ITIDU6.KÙ
Month of Sacred Mound
|ITI.DU6/DUL(.KÙ)
|''tašrītu''
|Tishrei תִּשְׁרֵי
|-
|Month VIII
|ITI(GIŠ)APIN.DU8.A
Month the plow is let go
|ITI.APIN(.DU8.A)
|''Arahsamnu''
|(Mar)Cheshvan
מַרְחֶשְׁוָן/חֶשְׁוָן
|-
|Month IX
|ITIGAN.GAN.(MU.)E3
Month when the clouds(?) come out
|ITI.GAN(.GAN.NA)
|''Kisilīmu''
|Kislev כִּסְלֵו
|-
|Month X
|ITIAB.E3
Month of the father
|ITI.AB(.BA.È)
|''ṭebētu''
|Tevet טֵבֵת
|-
|Month XI
|ITIZIZ2.A
Month for emmer
|ITI.ZÍZ(.A.AN)
|''Šabāṭu''
|Shevat שְׁבָט
|-
|Month XII
|ITIŠE.KIN.KU5
Month of the cutting of barley
|ITI.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Ad(d)aru''
|Adar אֲדָר
|-
|Intercalary
Month XIII
|ITIDIRI.ŠE.KIN.KU5 Additional harvest month
|ITI.DIRIG.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Adaru arkû''
|Adar II
אֲדָר שֵׁנִי
|}

== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

* Kurtik, G. (2007):
** Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил
** [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies],
** Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik. The terms we added bear no numbers.

=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
|-
|𒀀
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀀𒂔
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒆪
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|dA.KU]]
|Moon
|Redirect to [[A.GI7|A.GI7]]
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]]
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|-
|𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|
|-
|𒀊𒉆
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]]
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|-
|𒀜𒈨
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|𒈕
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD6]]
|The Corpse
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG2.AN.BUR2]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|𒂆
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|The Crown
|
|-
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']]
|The Crown of Anu
|
|-
|𒀝𒊒
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|Sister
|
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|The Stranger
|
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|dAḪUD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|Alammuš
|
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|Crab
|
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|a19. AL.TAR
|Jupiter, Heroic
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|𒀩
|
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|Sun, Venus
|
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|Crab
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|
|
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|𒀠𒁍
|
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|Bull
|
|-
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4:
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]; see (Kurtik a24) [[BALUM]]
|-
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒀫𒄈
|
|a27. AMAR.GIR2
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
*mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
|-
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|a28. *dAMAR.UD -> [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|
|
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|Western asterism
|
|-
|𒀭
|
|a30. [[AN]]
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Andurunna]]''
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky home of gods before Marduk created the heavens, see [Horowitz 1998, 225]
|-
|𒀭𒆠
|
|a31. AN.KI
|
|Merged into [[NUNki|mulNUNki]]
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|a32. AN.ŠU2.TE
|
|Merged into [[AN]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Standing star
|
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|
|-
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|
|a37. AN.U2.GI.E
|Wind demons
|moved to [[U2.GE.E|U2.GE.E]]
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|
|a38. AN.ZU
|
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|mul dIM.DUGUDmušen]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIM.DUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|Horse
|
|-
|
|
|a40. d''Antum''
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul d''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) d''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies – the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: d''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|-
|
|
|a41. d''Anum''
|
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|dAnunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|-
|
|
|''Anu-rabû''
|Great Anu
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. d''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|-
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mul[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|𒄑𒀳
|
|a43. [[APIN|giš]] [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|-
|
|
|a44. ''Āribu''
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGAmušen]].
|-
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|Shield
|
|-
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|Month
|
|-
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|𒀸𒈨
|
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Sun, Saturn
|
|-
|
|
|Aya
|
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Baba
|
|dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|
|b01. dBA.LIM
|
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|-
|
|
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|-
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]]
|Asterism of Dignity
|
|-
|𒁆
|
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|b05. [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|b06. gišBAN
|
|See [[PAN|giš]][[PAN]]
|-
|
|
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|mul / dGAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR3]]
|
|
|-
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|
|-
|𒄵
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|The Kidney
|
|-
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|-
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Buššānītu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|
|d01. [[DA|gišDA]]
|Bull's Jaw
|
|-
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]] (The Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|d02. [[DAMU|d''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|
|-
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]]
|Mars; Rooster
|
|-
|𒁲
|
|d05. [[DI]]
|Judgment, sentence
|
|-
|𒀸𒁁
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|𒀸
|
|d07. [[DILI]]
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
|
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|𒀭
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|Deity designation
|
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|Standing Gods
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]]
|Sitting Gods
|variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|
|e01. ''E-pa''2-''e''
|one time use for Jupiter
|probably from ''Šul-pa2-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]]
|Venus
|
|}

=== Page 2 (e04. d''E''2''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|e04. [[E2-a|d''E''2''-a'']]
|Water deity
|
|-
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E2 ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]]
|Enclosure, cattle pen
|
|-
|𒂊𒁺
|
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|Ištar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
|Stag
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]].
|-
|𒂍𒆳
|
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E2-kur'')]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN3.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations

* (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and
* (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|mulUR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|Water deity
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|d''En-lil'']]2
|Supreme deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]
|Primordial deity; Lord of all me
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|
|e12. [[EN.MUL|dEN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|
|-
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|-
|
|
|e14. ''Enzu''
|
|see [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|-
|
|
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|d''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|ki]]
|
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Wagon
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]]
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|e20. [[Erra|d''Erra'']]
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|
|e21. [[Erragal|d''Erragal'']]
|Great Erra
|
|-
|
|
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|mulTE8/TI8mušen]] "Eagle"
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|Deity
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂵𒂵
|
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|Mercury, Deity
|
|-
|𒃮
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|Breast
|
|-
|
|
|g03. 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|The Circle
|
|-
|𒆛
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|The Crook
|
|-
|
|
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|
|An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM3]], merged.
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|g08. [[GAN2.UR3|giš]][[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|The Harrow
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|The Lady of Life
|
|-
|𒌉
|
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|Saturn; "Constant"
|
|-
|𒄀𒄀
|
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|-
|𒈪
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI6]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|
|-
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|
|g13. [[GIBIL6|dGIBIL6]]
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|
|-
|𒈪𒉭
|
|g14. [[GIG]]
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|-
|𒄑𒇀
|
|g15. [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]
|The Chariot
|
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|The Furrow
|
|-
|𒄈
|
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2]]
|The Scorpion
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|-
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]]
|Heavenly Sword
|
|-
|𒄈𒋰
|
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|The Scorpion
|
|-
|𒄊
|
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR3]]
|Leg (Paw)
|
|-
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|
|the fire god
|-
|𒄑𒁇
|
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|Mars; Mercury
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|-
|
|
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|𒄑𒆲
|
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|Thigh
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN2]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|Enraged Goat (?)
|
|-
|𒄖
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|Great, Giant
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|
|g28. GU2.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄘𒄬
|
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU2.ḪAL]]
|(Star) Throat
|
|-
|𒄘𒄯
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU2.MUR]]
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄞
|
|g31. GU4
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|𒄞𒄋
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= d''Kusarikku''
|-
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|The Heavenly Bull
|
|-
|𒄞𒌓
|
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]]
|Bull of the Sun
|
|-
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|
|g35. [[Gula|d''Gula'']]
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒆸
|
|g36. GUR4
|
|only one source (SpTU V 262 r 5, W23303/4, parallel in von Soldt, p. 70 I 7), an omen, which should now be read DIŠ 20 KUR-ma MUL.MU]L NIGIN2 ... "If the 20 rises and a star(s) goes around ... ." So NIGIN2 (=GUR4) does not exist as a star name.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|mul lúSA.GAZ]]
|-
|𒀭𒈗
|
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|-
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|d''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|-
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'']]
|The Asterism of Abundance
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]]
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]] to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|misreading
|-
|𒅆𒌨
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|
|-
|𒈝𒁀
|
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|-
|𒂠
|
|h10. ḪUN
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA2
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]
|
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|
|
|-
|𒃷
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|The Field
|Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|𒀭𒅎
|
|i06. [[IM|dIM]]
|Storm Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
|
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]
|(Bird) Anzû
|
|-
|𒅎𒄀
|
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|The Furnace
|
|-
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]
|The Seven Gods
|
|-
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒈹
|
|i13. [[INANNA|dINANNA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI4.IL]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒄑𒇷
|
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' 
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|}

=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|
|i17. [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]
|Scorpius
|
|-
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|i18. [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']]
|Venus; Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|
|i19. [[Ištaran|d''Ištaran'']]
|Deity; The Snake
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒅗
|
|k01. [[KA]]
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU8]]
|Portable Altar
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒅗𒆟
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ2]]
|The Knot
|
|-
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]]
|Obliterator
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|-
|
|
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒈜𒀀
|
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|The Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|-
|𒆕𒉼
|
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|The Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|(Types of) Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]]
|Arrow
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|The Dog
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|-
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|The Kidney
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]]
|
|
|-
|𒆜𒌓
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|The Path of the Sun
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|𒆥𒍮
|
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|Knee, shin
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|The Circle
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|-
|
|
|[[KIR4|KIR4]]
|Hyena
|
|-
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|
|-
|𒈩
|
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]
|Hand
|
|-
|𒆤𒌓
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|
|-
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|k23. *KU.RU.NA
|
|To be read [[Andurunna]] - cosmic region and divine name - see Horowitz MCG 225
|-
|𒄩
|
|k24. [[KU6|KU6]]
|The Fish
|
|-
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]] ''
|Shoulder
|
|-
|𒆲
|
|k26. [[KUN]]
|Tail
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUNme(š)]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|mulSIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.Amušen]]
|Chicken
|
|-
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|lu2KUR2.RA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|d''Kusarikkum'']]
|Buffalo
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|
|
|Kusu
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|𒆵
|
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]]
|Water animal
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|
|L02. dLA.KU.DU
|Mercury
|read mul''šu!-ku-du'', i.e. 'The Arrow' = Mercury, merged into [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒆗
|
|L03. [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]
|The She-Goat
|
|-
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|
|L05. [[Lātarāk|d''Lātarāk'']]
|The Lion
|
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|-
|𒇻
|
|L08. LU
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇻𒅆
|
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|
|-
|𒇻𒈦
|
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇽
|
|L11. LU2
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|dLU2.LAL3]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|-
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|(Asterism) Garment
|
|-
|𒈗
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|King
|
|-
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|-
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]]
|Mighty Lord
|
|-
|
|
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒈜𒆷
|
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|False (Lying) Star
|
|-
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|Evil Star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|-
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|gišMA2.DIRI.GA]]
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|-
|𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋
|
|m03. ''[[Makrû]]''
|Mars; Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|m04. [[MAN]]
|Sun God, Šamaš
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒈠
|
|m05. [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']]
|Strange Star
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈
|
|m06. ''[[TIR.AN.NA|Manzât]]''
|Rainbow
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[TIR.AN.NA]], Rainbow
|-
|𒈥
|
|m07. [[MAR]]
|Wagon (shortened form)
|
|-
|𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕
|
|m08. [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]]
|Wagon
|
|-
|𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾
|
|m09. [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]]
|The Wagon of Heaven
|
|-
|𒈥𒌅
|
|m10. [[MAR.TU]]
|Western Star
|
|-
|
|
|Mār-bīti
|
|“Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL ''šá'' dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌
|
|m11. [[Marduk|d''Marduk'']]
|Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
|
|-
|𒈥𒊏𒌈
|
|m12. ''[[Marratu]]''
|Rainbow
|
|-
|𒈦
|
|m13. [[MAŠ.MAŠ|MAŠ]]
|
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈦𒀀𒋾
|
|m14. [[Maš-a-ti|''Maš''-''a-ti'']]
|Pair of Stars (general)
|
|-
|𒈦𒈦)
|
|m15. [[MAŠ.MAŠ]]
|The Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀
|
|m16. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲
|
|m17. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉
|
|m18. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]
|Small Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the Faithful Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|m20. ''[[GAN2.UR3|Maškakātu]]''
|The Harrow
|Akkadian parallel to [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|-
|𒈠𒀀𒋗
|
|m21. ''[[MAŠ.MAŠ|Māšū]]''
|Gemini
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈧
|
|m22. [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]]
|Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
|
|-
|
|
|m23. ME.GAR
|Jupiter
|abbreviation for [[SAG.ME.GAR]], merged there
|-
|𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀
|
|m24. [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]]
|Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚
|
|m25. ''[[mišḫu]]''
|Radiance
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|m26. [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|The radiance of Pabilsag
|
|-
|
|
|[[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU]]
|
|abbreviation for [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕
|
|m27. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|(Bound/hitched) yoke
|
|}

=== Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA to p07. ''Puššaītu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|m28. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒀯
|
|m29. [[MUL]]
|Star, luminary
|
|-
|𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀
|
|m30. [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]]
|Venus; The dominant star of the sky
|
|-
|𒀯𒀭𒈾
|
|m31. [[MUL.AN.NA]]
|Moon deity; Celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒃲
|
|m32. [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]]
|Big celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒆠𒃲
|
|m33. [[MUL.KI.GAL]]
|Venus; Star of the great earth
|
|-
|𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅
|
|m34. [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']]
|Reliable stars
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯
|
|m35. [[MUL.MUL]]
|Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯𒆷
|
|m36. [[MUL.MUL.LA]]
|Arrow
|or: ''mulmullu''. “arrow”: see [[KAK.SI.SA2|GAG.SI.SÁ]].
|-
|𒋼
|
|m37. [[MUL2|MUL2]]
|Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒋼𒌓
|
|m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|Jupiter; White Star
|
|-
|𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|m39. [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Stars (for) counting
|"normal stars"
|-
|𒌌
|
|m40. [[MUL4|MUL4]]
|Star, constellation
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|
|
|m41. [[MULx|MULx]]
|
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌘
|
|m42. [[MURUB4|MURUB4]]
|Middle (part)
|
|-
|𒈲
|
|m43. [[MUŠ]]
|Snake
|
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|m44. [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ]]
|Ferocious serpent
|
|-
|
|
|[[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)''mušḫuššu'']]
|
|see (Kurtik m44)
|-
|𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵
|
|m45. [[MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA]]
|
|Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in [[ALLA]] ([[Cancer]])
|-
|𒄷
|
|m46. [[MUŠEN]]
|The Bird
|
|-
|𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻
|
|m47. ''[[Muštarīlu]]''
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈿
|
|n01. [[NA2|NA2]]
|Jupiter; Bed-star
|
|-
|𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾
|
|n02. [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]
|Mercury; Deity of wisdom
|
|-
|𒉄
|
|n03. [[NAGAR]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|n04. ''[[KUR2.RA|Nakaru]]''
|Enemy, Stranger
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[KUR2.RA|KUR2.RA]]
|-
|
|
|n05. ''[[NU.MUŠ.DA|Nammaššû]]''
|Herds of (wild) animals
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋀𒆠
|
|n06. [[NANNA|dNANNA]]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|
|
|n07. ''[[GIGIR|Narkabtu]]''
|The Chariot
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIGIR|mul gišGIGIR]], "Chariot"
|-
|𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍
|
|n08. ''[[Naṣrapu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|n09. ''[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|Nattullu]]''
|Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|-
|
|
|n10. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|''Nattullu'' ''arkīti'']]
|Back of the Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|-
|𒉈
|
|n11. [[NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒃻
|
|n12. [[NE.GAR]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻
|
|n13. [[NE.GI.IZI.GAR]]
|Torch of Girra
|
|-
|𒉈𒉈𒃻
|
|n14. [[NE.NE.GAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒁉𒊒
|
|n15. ''[[Nēberu]]''
|Ferry, ford, crossing
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑
|
|n16. ''[[Nebû]]''
|Brilliant star
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|n17. ''[[UR.NIG|Nēltu]]''
|Lioness
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.NIG]]
|-
|𒀭𒌋𒄥
|
|n18. [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']]
|Deity of the underworld
|
|-
|
|
|n19. ''[[UR.MAH|Nēšu]]''
|The Lion
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.MAḪ]]
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙
|
|n20. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
|A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀
|
|n21. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] '' ''
|(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
|
|-
|𒉎𒍪
|
|n22. [[NI2.ZU|NI2.ZU]]
|Thief
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒆠
|
|n23. [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]]
|Star of Elam
|
|-
|
|
|n24. ''[[UD.KA.DU8.A|Nimru]]''
|Panther
|Akkadian parallel to [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪
|
|n25. [[NIN.A.ZU|dNIN.A.ZU]]
|Deity; Lord who knows water
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾
|
|n26. [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]]
|Ištar; Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|gišNÍNDA
|
|= ''ittû'' “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢
|
|n27. [[NIN.GIR2.SU|dNIN.GIR2.SU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊
|
|n28. [[NIN.GIR3|dNIN.GIR3]]
|Lord of strength
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕
|
|n29. [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]
|Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺
|
|n30. [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Ningublaga
|
|Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾
|
|n31. [[NIN.GUL.TI]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛
|
|n32. [[NIN.KA.SI]]
|(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷
|
|n33. [[NIN.KILIM]]
|Mongoose
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒆤
|
|n34. [[NIN.LIL2|NIN.LIL2]]
|Deity; Lady of the Air
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒈤
|
|n35. [[NIN.MAḪ]]
|Deity; Foremost lady
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯
|
|n36. [[NIN.MUL|dNIN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lady Stars
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕
|
|n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA
|Deity; Lady of the great stars
|occurs in one text only, '''Text K. 2054.''' "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀
|
|n38. [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]
|Deity; Lady of the red star
|
|-
|
|
|[[NIN.SAR|Nin-nisig]]
|
|
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
|Deity
|Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒊬
|
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|Deity
|should now be read mul / dNin-nisig
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
|
|n41. [[NIN.SI4|NIN.SI4]]
|Red Lady
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾
|
|n42. [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]]
|Red Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁
|
|n43. [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]
|Agriculture deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷
|
|n44. [[Niraḫ|d''Niraḫ'']]
|Snake deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒄿𒊒
|
|n45. ''[[Nīru]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍑𒀀𒂠
|
|n46. [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒊨𒅇
|
|n47. [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒈨𒀀
|
|n48. [[NU.ME.A]]
|(Star of) nothingness
|
|-
|𒉡𒈲𒁕
|
|n49. [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|n50. [[NUNki|NUNki]]
|
|
|-
|𒉣𒉽𒉽
|
|n51. [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉣𒈨
|
|n52. [[NUN.ME]]
|(Star)-Sage
|
|-
|𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀
|
|n53. [[NUN.SAR.A|dNUN.SAR.A]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒉡
|
|n54. ''[[Nūnu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒌆
|
|n55. [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|p01. PA
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒉼
|
|[[PAN]]
|Bow
|
|-
|𒉺𒉈
|
|p02. PA.BIL
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|p03. d[[PA.BIL.SAG]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|p04. ''[[AD6|Pagru]]''
|Body, corpse
|see a06. [[AD6|AD6]]
|-
|𒀭𒉽𒈛
|
|p05. [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]
|Messenger deity
|
|-
|𒉿𒍮𒌑
|
|p06. ''[[Peṣû]]''
|
|see m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|-
|𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈
|
|p07. ''[[Puššānītu|Puššanītu]]''
|
|
|}

=== Page 5 (q01. ''Qaštu'' to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|
|
|q01. ''Qaštu''
|Bow
| rowspan="2" |merged into [[PAN|mulPAN]] as it occurs only in lexical lists
|-
|
|
|''Qaštum Elamātum''
|Elamite Bow
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊏𒁍𒌑
|
|r01. ''[[GU.LA|Rabû]]''
|Great (man)
|Akkadian parallel to [[GU.LA]] - should just be a link to GU.LA
|-
|𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈
|
|r02. ''[[GIŠ.KUN|Rapaštu]]''
|Thigh
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|-
|𒊐𒁍
|
|r03. ''[[Rappu]]''
|Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒊑𒅆𒁁
|
|r04. [[RI.ŠI.BE]]
|
|
|-
|𒈩𒌓
|
|r05. ''[[KIŠIB|Rittu]]''
|Hand
|Akkadian parallel to mul[[KIŠIB]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒇽𒌑𒄤
|
|s01. [[SA.GAZ|lu2]][[SA.GAZ]]
|Bandit, Outlaw
|
|-
|𒌑𒊑
|
|s02. [[SA.RI]]
|Wild Cat
|
|-
|𒄷𒈿
|
|s03. [[(MUL) SA4|SA4]]
|(Star) with great brilliance
|
|-
|𒋛𒀀
|
|s04. [[SA5|SA5]]
|Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺
|
|s05. [[SAG.DU]]
|Head, top, upper part
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|s06. SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA
|Lion's head
|merged into (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
|
|s07. [[SAG.DU3.A|SAG.DU3.A]]
|Triangle
|?
|-
|𒊕𒋻
|
|s08. [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]]
|First in (making) decisions
|
|-
|𒊕𒈨𒃻
|
|s09. [[SAG.ME.GAR]]
|Jupiter
|var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
|-
|𒊕𒍑
|
|s10. [[SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
|
|-
|𒊩𒀀𒂠
|
|s11. [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus; (Star for) Women
|
|-
|𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵
|
|s12. [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]]
|Venus; (Star of) Woman
|
|-
|𒊬𒀀
|
|s13. [[SAR.A]]
|
|
|-
|𒊬𒄷𒋛
|
|s14. [[SAR.U5|SAR.U5]]
|
|
|-
|𒊓𒅈𒊒
|
|s15. ''[[LUL.LA|Sarru]]''
|False (Lying) Star
|Akkadian parallel to [[LUL.LA]]
|-
|
|
|''Sebettu''
|
|“The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀
|
|s16. [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; growing(?) horn
|
|-
|𒋛
|
|SI
|
|= ''qarnu''. “horn”: see [[GIR2.TAB|mulGÍR.TAB]].
|-
|𒋜
|
|s17. [[SI4|SI4]]
|Red, Lisi
|Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 [[LI9.SI4|mul / dLI9.SI4]]
|-
|𒅊
|
|s18. [[SIG7|SIG7]]
|Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
|
|-
|𒋆𒈤
|
|s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|Swallow
|
|-
|𒀭𒌍
|
|s20. [[Sîn|d''Sîn'']]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻
|
|s21. SIPA
|Faithful Shepherd of Anu
|merged into (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Faithful Shepherd of Heaven
|
|-
|𒋀𒌍𒉡
|
|''[[Sissinnu]]''
|Frond, branch
|
|-
|𒋦
|
|s23. SUḪUR
|Goat-Fish
|merged into (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|s24. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|The Goat-Fish
|
|-
|
|
|s25. ''[[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|Suḫurmāšu]]''
|
|Akkadian parallel to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌
|
|ts01. ''[[Ṣalbatānu|Ṣal]]''
|abbreviation
|merged into ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|-
|𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡
|
|ts02. ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|Mars
|
|-
|𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑
|
|ts03. [[Ṣallummû|Ṣ''allummu'']]
|Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
|
|-
|𒍝𒊑𒊒
|
|ts04. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA|Ṣ''āriru'']]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|Akkadian parallel to [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒇡𒊒
|
|ts05. [[Ṣarru|Ṣ''arru'']]
|Sparkling (star)
|
|-
|𒀫𒊒)
|
|ts06. [[Ṣurru|Ṣ''urru'']]
|Obsidian star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠
|
|sh01. [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]]
|(Star) for the uterus
|
|-
|𒋚
|
|sh02. [[ŠAḪ]]
|The Pig
|
|-
|
|
|''Šala''
|
|Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la ''šubu-ul-tu''4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|sh03. [[Šamaš|d''Šamaš'']]
|Sun god
|
|-
|𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠
|
|sh04. ''[[Šanûmma]]''
|Strange (star)
|
|-
|𒄭𒄤
|
|sh05. [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒄭𒌴
|
|sh06. [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒊺𒇷𒁍
|
|sh07. ''[[KA5.A|Šēlebu]]''
|The Fox
|Akkadian parallel to [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|-
|𒅆𒁍𒌑
|
|sh08. ''[[Šību]]''
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒅆𒄴𒂅
|
|sh09. ''[[Šiḫṭu|Šiḫtu]]''
|Mercury, Mars; Leap
|
|-
|𒋻𒉺
|
|sh10. [[(MUL2) šil PA|''šil'' PA]]
|Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
|
|-
|𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷
|
|sh11. ''[[Šiltāḫu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓
|
|sh12. [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|
|
|sh13. ''Šinūnūtu''
|
|see s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|-
|
|
|sh14. ''Šitadallu''
|
|see s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒋗
|
|sh15. [[ŠU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|''[[šubtu]]''
|
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
|-
|
|
|''šubultu''(''m'')
|
|“ear (of grain)”: see Šala
|-
|𒋗𒄀
|
|sh16. [[ŠU.GI]]
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒋗𒉺
|
|sh17. [[ŠU.PA]]
|Magnificent, brilliant
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈
|
|sh18. [[ŠUDUN]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|sh19. [[ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA|ŠUDUN ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲
|
|sh20. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾
|
|sh21. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻
|
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|mul[[ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MA|ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MAki]]
|
|
|-
|𒋗𒆪𒁺
|
|sh23. ''[[Šukūdu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒂄𒄀
|
|sh24. [[ŠUL.GI|dŠUL.GI]]
|Shulgi
|
|-
|𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺
|
|sh25. [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|A youngster appears with brilliance
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|sh26. ''[[Šullat]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|t01. [[Tak-ša2-a-ti|''Tak-ša''2''-a-tu2'']]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|... [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀
|
|t02. [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; Sparkling
|
|-
|𒋾𒅅𒁍
|
|t03. ''[[Tikpu]]''
|Spot, speckled
|
|-
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|
|t04. ''Tinūru''
|Furnace
|see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|-
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
|
|t05. [[TIR.AN.NA]]
|Rainbow
|
|-
|
|
|''Tišpak''
|
|Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
|-
|𒀭𒌅𒌅
|
|t06. [[TU.TU|dTU.TU]]
|Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
|
|-
|
|
|gišTUKUL
|
|= kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬
|
|t07. ''[[Tūʼamū]]''
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍
|
|t08. [[Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ|''Tūʼamū'' GAL.MEŠ]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒌋𒌆𒌈
|
|t09. ''[[Tūltu]]''
|Worm, larva
|
|-
|𒉣𒇬
|
|t10. [[TUR3|TUR3]]
|Venus; Corral
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒌋𒊑𒊑
|
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|[[U2.GE.E|U2.GE.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒌓𒉌𒇷
|
|u02. [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]]
|Venusl Star of radiance/morning
|
|-
|𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔
|
|u03. [[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]]
|
|
|-
|𒇇
|
|u04. [[U8|U8]]
|Ewe
|= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|u05. [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|Jupiter; Heroic
|
|-
|𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀
|
|u06. [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|Demon with the Gaping Mouth
|var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A
|}

=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒇻𒁁
|
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGAmušen]]
|Raven
|
|-
|
|
|[[UG5.GA|UG5.GA]]
|Mars, Raven?
|
|-
|𒌌
|
|u12. [[UL]]
|(Shooring) Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌢
|
|u13. [[UMBIN]]
|
|
|-
|𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈
|
|u14. ''[[ummulūtu]]''
|Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
|
|-
|𒌦𒉡𒌓
|
|u15. ''[[unnutu]]''
|Dim star
|
|-
|𒌨
|
|u16. [[UR]]
|Leo; The Lion
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒌨𒀀
|
|u17. [[UR.A]]
|Leo; The Lion
|UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]] in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].
|-
|𒌨𒁇𒊏
|
|u18. [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|Wolf
|
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|u19. [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|u20. [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁
|
|u21. [[UR.IDIM]]
|Mad Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒈤
|
|u22. [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|u23. [[UR.NIG]]
|Lioness
|
|-
|𒌨𒆪
|
|[[UR.GI7|UR.KU]]
|The Dog
|now read UR.GI7
|-
|𒌫𒆲
|
|u24. [[UR2.KUN|UR2.KUN]]
|Hip, Pelvis
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁𒈬
|
|u25. ''[[Uridimmu|Ur(i)dimmu]]''
|Mad Dog
|see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|u26. ''Ur-um'' AN.NA
|Celestial Light
|see (Kurtik b13) [[BURRUM AN.NA|BURRUM]] [[BURRUM AN.NA|AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
|
|u27. [[USAN2.PA.SIKIL|dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL]]
|Venus; Goddess of the Stars
|
|-
|𒌑𒋩𒋾
|
|u28. ''[[Uṣurtu]]''
|Drawing, Image
|
|-
|𒅜𒍪
|
|u29. [[UŠ12.ZU|UŠ12.ZU]]
|Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
|
|-
|𒀭𒌓
|
|u30. [[UTU|dUTU]]
|Sun deity
|
|-
|𒍚
|
|u31. [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|Goat
|
|-
|𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷
|
|z01. [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]]
|Warlike deity
|
|-
|𒍠𒃻
|
|z02. [[ZAG.GAR]]
|Consort of the Lady of the plains
|
|-
|𒈽𒀖𒁍
|
|z03. ''[[Zappu]]''
|Stubble (Mane)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈
|
|z04. [[Zapānītu|d''Za(r)pānītu'']] ''/''
''Zerpānītu''
|Deity, wife of Marduk
|
|-
|𒍝𒊒𒌑
|
|z05. ''[[Zarû]]''
|Drawbar, Cart pole
|
|-
|𒍣
|
|z06. ZI
|
|see [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
|
|z07. [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒍦𒈨
|
|z08. [[ZIB|ZIBme]]
|Tails
|
|-
|𒀭𒍨
|
|z09. [[ZIB2|dZIB2]]
|Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|
|z10. ''Zibānītum''
|Balance
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍨𒁍
|
|z11. ''[[Ziqpu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|
|z12. ''Zuqaqīpu''
|Scorpius
|see [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|}

=== Acknowledgements ===
Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

* David Hilder
* Euin Choung Kim
* Roland Laffitte
* Youngjea Lee
* Jan Safford

[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]

ḪU.NIM

2026-07-02T10:16:22Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ḪU.NIM}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mulḪU(?).NIM (𒀯𒄷𒉏) is a misreading of an anicent Mesopotamian asterism, see below.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 186]; only in the predication:

*[DIŠ mulMAN-''ma ana'' mul]ḪU?.NIM TE ZAḪ3 KUR [...]
* "[If the Strange Star (=Mars) comes close to mul]ḪU.NIM: the country will fall [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 24:23].
'''The reading of ACh Ištar, 24:23 (K8000 rev. 23) can now be amended to . . . mu]l / x dA-nim TE . . . (see the [https://cdli.earth/artifacts/397428 photo CDLI P397428]).'''

The attempt to identify mulḪU.NIM with an unknown constellation in the zodiacal belt "between Sagittarius and Scorpius under Ophiuchus", see [Maneveau 1994<ref>''Maneveau B.'' À propos de mul HU.NIM // NABU. 1994, № 2 (June). P. 25 (No. 24).</ref>], can be discarded, see already (Kurtik a41) [[AN|ANUM]].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|[G. 186]; только в предсказании: [DIŠ mulMAN-ma ana mul]ḪU?.NIM TE ZAḪ3 KUR […] «[Если Странная звезда (=Марс) к mul]ḪU.NIM приблизилась: падение страны […]» [ACh Ištar, 24:23]. Попытка отождествить mulḪU.NIM с неизвестным созвездием из зодиакального пояса «между Стрельцом и Скорпионом под Змееносцем» см. [Maneveau 1994]. Не может ли быть mulḪU.NIM искажением mul <d>A-nim (см. a41)?
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:4workWayne]]

ḪE2.GAL2-a-a

2026-07-02T10:07:34Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ḪE2.GAL2''-a-a''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'' (𒀯𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀; ''Hegallajû'') is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. The literal meaning is "The Asterism of Abundance" and it is typically located in the area or vicinity of [[Bootes]]. The references to twilight visibility suggests an identification with [[Arcturus]], the brightest star of the northern hemisphere. However, it could also refer to the star [[Cor Caroli]], which stands in a rather dark area. Yet, the meaning of "abundance" can also be cultural, e.g. the abundance of harvest or anything that happens in a specific season. Thus, the exact identification remains uncertain with another suggested possibility being a star-cluster in [[Coma Berenices]] (being in particular likely as this is a multitude of stars - like the Arabic "thurayya" ≈ 'abundance' refers to another star cluster that is obviously a larger number of objects - and this star cluster is also associated with the date harvest)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2024). Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272</ref>'''.'''
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The spelling consists of the sumerogram ḪÉ.ĜÁL “abundance” and the Akk. adjective ending (‘nisbah’) -''āyu''. The reading is probably ''ḫe(n)''-''gallāyu''. Also called ''kakkab'' ''nuḫši'' “star of abundance”. mulḪÉ.ĜÁL-''a-a-ú''.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. records of the name:

* mulḪE2.GAL2-''a'',
* mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2''-a-a-u''2,
* mul''Ḫegallajû'';
* = ''kakkab nuḫši'' "Asterism of Abundance"; part of [[Coma Berenices]]? [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 339-340; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Ḫ, 167ff.; BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 185; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 322].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, IX 7 + Parallels].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The list of the stars of Enlil (no. 13):
** MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul''Ḫe''2''-gal''2''-a-a-u''2 SUKKAL d''Nin-lil''2
** "The asterism that stands ahead of it (i.e. mulŠU.PA): the asterism of Abundance, the messenger of Ninlil" (I i 13); for a parallel see [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:2'].
* (2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' in the last place (I iv 6) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 22, 59].
|
|-
|'''The list of stars V R 46, 1:9.'''
* mulḪE2.GAL2.A.A = dNE.ZIL.LA2 (Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>: 162).
|
|-
|'''New Year ritual in Babylon.'''
* múlḪE2.GAL2-''a'' MUL ''nu-uḫ-šu''2 "the Hegallaya Asterism is the Asterism of Abundance." [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 139:328; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004. </ref>, 221:328; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/2, 320].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
= Coma Berenices [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 185].

= Bootis [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78].

= Part of Comae Berenices (?) [BPO 2, 12].

= β Comae Berenices(?) [MA, 137, 142; ASM, 271].

==== III. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; cf. [Bezold 1920<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 111:85; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 139].

===== Predictions: =====
(2) Rising in the month Tašritu: mulḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'' SUKKAL d''Nin-lil''2 ''u'' d''Ṣar-pa-ni-tum ina'' itiDU6 IGI-''mar'' "The Asterism of Abundance, the messenger of Ninlil and Ṣarpanitu, rises (heliacally) in the month Tašritu" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, IX 7], see also comments [ibid.<ref name=":0" />, 53].

(3) The Asterism of Abundance approaches the Goat: DIŠ mulḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'' SUKKAL d''Nin-lil''2 ''ana'' mulUZ3 TE LUGAL GAL ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši a-la-la'' DUG3.GA ''ina'' KUR GAL2 dGIR3 ''u'' d''Nisaba ina'' KUR GAL2 "If the Asterism of Abundance, the messenger of Ninlil, comes close to the asterism of the Goat: there will be a great king in the country, there will be cries of joy during work in the country, there will be cattle and grain in the country" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 57, Parallels IX 7].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, h05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. записи названия: mulḪE2.GAL2-a, mulḪe2-gal2-a-a-u2, mulḪegallajû; = kakkab nuḫši «Звезда Изобилия»; часть созвездия Волосы Вероники (Coma Berenices)(?) [AHw, 339–340; CAD Ḫ, 167ff.; BPO 2, 12; G. 185; Tallqvist 1938, 322].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 2, IX 7 + Parallels]. MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 13): MUL ša2 ina IGI-šu2 GUB-zu mulḪe2-gal2-a-a-u2 SUKKAL dNin-lil2 «Звезда, которая впереди нее (т.е. mulŠU.PA) стоит, звезда Изобилия: посланник Нинлиль» (I i 13), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:2']. (2) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulḪe2-gal2-la-a-a на последнем месте (I iv 6) [MA, 22, 59]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:9. mulḪE2.GAL2.A.A = dNE.ZIL.LA2 «Обильный = ne-zilla» , см. [Litke 1998, 164:249; Tallqvist 1938, 389]. Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне. múlḪE2.GAL2-a mul nu-uḫ-šu2 «Звезда Хегалу – Звезда-Изобилие» [RAcc. 139:328; Linssen 2004, 221:328; CAD N/2, 320].

II. Отождествление.

= Coma Berenices [G. 185].

= Bootis [Weidner 1957–59, 78].

= часть Comae Berenices (?) [BPO 2, 12].

= β Comae Berenices(?) [MA, 137, 142; ASM, 271].

III. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; см. [Bezold 1920, 111:85; Reiner 1995, 139].

Предсказания:

(2) Восход в месяце ташриту; mulḪE2.GAL2-a-a SUKKAL dNin-lil2 u dṢar-pa-ni-tum ina itiDU6 IGI-mar «Звезда Изобилия, посланник Нинлиль и Царпаниту, в месяце ташриту гелиакически восходит» [BPO 2, IX 7], см. также комментарии [ibid., 53].

(3) Звезда Изобилия приближается к Козе; DIŠ mulḪE2.GAL2-a-a SUKKAL dNin-lil2 ana mulUZ3 TE LUGAL GAL ina KUR GAL2-ši a-la-la DUG3.GA ina KUR GAL2 dGIR3 u dNisaba ina KUR GAL2 «Если Звезда Изобилия, посланник Нинлиль, к звезде Коза приближается: великий царь в стране будет, крик радости при работе в стране будет, скот и зерно в стране будут» [BPO 2, 57, Parallels IX 7].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Boo]]

Ḫar-ri-ru

2026-07-02T09:45:07Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ḫar-ri-ru''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
d''Ḫar-ri-ru'' (𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒), The Vole or Field Mouse, is a multi-star asterism in the constellation of mul[[LU.LIM]] (in [[Andromeda|Andromeda)]]; it is associated to the Rainbow God.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
[[File:Field Mouse.jpg|thumb|Field Mouse in Midland Provincial Park, Canada, CC BY As2020sa]]

* = PEŠ2.A.ŠA3.GA (no logographic record in astronomical texts);
* = a kind of mouse (field mouse?) [Landsberger 1934<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14.Tafel der Serie DAR-RA = Cubullu. Leipzig, 1934.</ref>, 16-17, 194; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 327; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Ḫ, 113-114].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
In the list of the stars of Enlil (I i 32-33):

* MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 ''ša''2 ''ina'' GABA mulLU.LIM / GUBmeš-''zu'' d''Ḫar-ri-ru'' dTIR.AN.NA
* "The ''dusky'' stars, which stand in the Stag's chest: the Vole, the Rainbow (god)" [MA<ref name=":1">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 27].
|...
|}
It seems to occur only in MUL.APIN where it is determined as a deity. The sentence is part of an explanatory list where the first phrase refers to an asterism "the dusky stars in the chest of the Stag" and the second term/phrase refers to a deity who rules or owns it. In this particular case, the deity is the Rainbow God TIR.AN.NA, and the Vole or Field Mouse seems to belong to it, as it has also the "dingir" determinative. However, then the "dusky stars in the chest of the Stag" don't have a proper name. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> remark that the term is deified only in astronomical context:<blockquote>“Field Mouse” (lit. “digger”); outside astronomical contexts not attested as a deity! d''Ḫar-ri-ru'' (Enlil, line 31 right).</blockquote>The "dingir" determinative is attested in all five exemplars, where this line is preserved. Yet it could also be a misinterpretation of an original (pre-dating MUL.APIN as compendium), so that the correct sentence would have mentioned an asterism The Vole/ The Field Mouse mul''Ḫar-ri-ru'' associated with dTIR.AN.NA.

===Additional===

==== Identification. ====
= in the constellation Andromeda [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 153].

= αγδε Cassiopeiae (= LU.LIM) [Van der Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 21; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79].

= 18, 31, 32 Andromedae (?) [MA<ref name=":1" />, 138; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273, 275].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, h04)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= PEŠ2.A.ŠA3.GA (логографическая запись в астрономических текстах не встречается); = разновидность мыши (полевая мышь?) [Landsberger 1934, 16–17, 194; AHw 327; CAD Ḫ, 113–114]; звезда или группа звезд в восточной части Андромеды (Andromeda) [G. 153, 184, 248].
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Энлиля (№ 31): MULmeš um-mu-lu-tu4 ša2 ina GABA mulLU.LIM / GUBmeš-zu dḪar-ri-ru dTIR.AN.NA «Тусклые звезды, что на груди Оленя: Харриру, Радуга» (I i 32–33) [MA, 27].

II. Отождествление.

= в созвездии Andromeda [G. 153].

= αγδε Cassiopeiae (= LU.LIM) [Waerden 1949, 21; Weidner 1957–59, 79].

= 18, 31, 32 Andromedae (?) [MA, 138; BPO 2, 12; ASM, 273, 275].
|a star or group of stars in the eastern section of Andromeda (Andromeda) [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 153, 184, 248]
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:And]]

GU4.AN.NA

2026-06-29T12:10:26Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[5] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGU4.AN.NA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:TauAll+year.jpg|thumb|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024)<ref name=":1">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. ''Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires'', 4, 121</ref>.]]
[[File:Fig9 stellarium Tau drawing cut gray 800dpi.jpeg|thumb|Taurus sign on VAT 7851, interpreted by Hoffmann (2025): MUL.MUL refers to the whole, and GIGIR and GU4.AN to the divisions.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>]]
mulGU4.AN.NA (𒀯𒄞𒀭𒈾), The Heavenly Bull (or Bull of Heaven) is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in the area of [[Taurus]]. The abbreviation GU4.AN also refers to the first half of the zodiac sign of Taurus before 300 BCE (thereafter, the sign name is MUL.MUL).<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref><ref name=":1" /> A number of other writings including the Sumerian homonymns '''GU.AN.NA''', GU2.AN.NA, and GU3.AN.NA are attested, among which GU3.AN.NA can also be read KA.AN.NA (Mouth of Heaven)<ref>Horowitz 2014, 34:26</ref>.

'''The most common Akkadian equivalent given for the Sumerian names are mul (d)''Is lê'', 'The Jaw of the Bull' and ''agî dAnim'', 'The Crown of Anu,' but these may refer in many cases only to parts of the full Sumerian asterism.'''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:TauAll+year2 stellarium vat7851.jpg|thumb|Division of the Taurus sign in ancient Mesopotamia: above in the Astronomical Diaries before 320±10 BCE, middle mapped to Stellarium, on VAT 7851 (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann, WGSN 2026).]]
Var. readings and designations:

*GUD.AN.NA,
*GU2.AN.NA,
*GU3.AN.NA,
* GU4.AN,
*AN.GU4;
*= mul (d)''Is lê''; mur. "Heavenly Bull", acq. "Bull's jaw"; constellation in Taurus (Taurus) [G. 77; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].
T'''he sumerogram means “Bull of Heaven” and its normal Akk. equivalent is ''alû'' as attested,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> e.g., in the Gilgameš epic (etymology unclear, perhaps identical with the homophonous name of a demon and/or a drum). As a star name, GU4.AN.NA is read ''Is-lê'' “Jaw of the Wild Bull” (see below). mulGU4.AN.NA.'''

In the book Kurtik (2007), the content of this lexicon entry was distributed across the following lemmata:

*(Kurtik g31) GU4,
*(Kurtik g26) GU.AN.NA, a variant entry of mulGU4.AN.NA ‘Heavenly Bull’ in which the standard GU4 is replaced by GU; in the Neo-Assyrian report: [mul]''dil-bat ina'' mulGU.AN.NA GUB-''m[a]'' ‘Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull’ [SAA 8, 461:5].
* (Kurtik g28) GU2.AN.NA, a variant for mulGU4.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull", a homophonic replacement of the standard GU4 into GU2 was made. The inscription under the image of a reclining humpbacked bull (zebu?) on the Seleucid tablet O 175 contains a ritual for making a sacred drum [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; in [Livingstone 1986, 194] mulgu4.an.na is mistaken.
Alternative Mesopotamian names for asterisms within mulGU4.AN.NA, the Heavenly Bull are:
*(Kurtik a12) [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']], Crown of Anu (God of Heaven),
*(Kurtik i15) ''[[Is le10|Is lê]],'' Jaw of the Bull,
*(Kurtik k03) [[KA.AN.NA]], Mouth of Heaven, probably to be read as GU3.AN.NA.
(Kurtik a25) AM.AN.NA, equalling Gössmann (19), was a misreading in the Great Star List (List of the Seven Enlils), now corrected to GU4.AN.NA [Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|
==== (g33) GU4.AN.NA====
|
|-
|'''''Lexical texts'''''.

*'''(1)''' Series Urra XXII:
**mulgu4.an.na = ''si le-e'' "Heavenly Bull = Jaw of the Bull". [MSL XI, 30, Section 10:3; Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:20],
**mulgu4.an.na = ''is le-[e]'' [SpTU III, 114A v 17],
**mulgu4.an.na = ''is l[e-e]'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 104, 79.B.1 /5 iv 1],
**[mulg]u4.an.na = ''is le-e'' [Cavigneaux 1979, 132, 17:8; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 105:273ʹ].
*'''(2)''' Series Ḫg. B VI:
**m'''ul''''''gu4<s>d</s>.an.na = UZU.ME.ZE2 ''le-e = la-ḫe-e al-pi'' "Bull of Anu = Jaw''' of the Bull = Jaw of the Bull." [MSL XI, 40:43],
** mulgu4.an.na = MUL ''i''[''s le-e''] [SpTU III, 116, Rs. iii 12].
|
|-
|'''''Spells against the sting of a scorpion'''''.

*mul.an.gu4, mul nu an.gu4 "Heavenly Bull", "a Star, not belonging to the Heavenly Bull", mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.na "Star Cluster, Heavenly Bull" [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:25, 27, 46; Svyat.-Tetv. 1998, 249-250].
|
|-
|“'''Three Stars Each''' (Astrolabe Group)
Horowitz 2014: 246

*Menologies: Horowitz 2014: 61-64
**itisig4 mulgu3(KA).an.na aga(text: IL2).an.na.ke4 / mul.bi KA×NE ba.an.sa2: itisig4 ''is le-e a-gi'' d''A-nim /'' [mu]l.bi dBIL.GI ''ša-nin'' "Simanu, the heavenly Bull, the crown of Anu. This star rivals Girra" (VAT 9416 = KAV 218 I i 26-27, 32-33, Horowitz 2014: 34); for parallels see Horowitz 2014: 62-64 and cf. BPO 2, 81; CAD I, 189a; Emelyanov 1999, 72,
**(Kurtik i15) ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]''.
**
*Star-Catalogues: Horowitz 2014: 103
*MUL ''šá'' EGIR.BI GUB-''zu'' mul ''is le-e A-gi'' d''A-nim'', 'The star which stands after it is 'The Jaw of the Bull,' the Crown of Anu (VAT 9416 = KAV 218 II i 7-8 + dupl., Horowitz 2014: 103).
*
*m'''ul''''''GU4.AN.NA = ''is lê'', is not listed among the 36 month-stars, nor the rising and setting stars of the Three Star Each (Astrolabes) tradition'''
*
*CT 33: 9 and Nv. 10
*CT 33 9: 10 [mulG]U4.AN.NA (Anu 5), Horowitz 2014: 210.
*In Nv. 10, mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA, 'The Faithful Shepherd of Heaven,' occurs in the Anu 5 position (see Horowitz 2014: 220).
*
*<s>Month-Star Lists: Horowitz 2014</s>
**<s>a) The 12 stars of Anu (no. 5): [mulg]u4.an.na [CT 33, 9 r. 10; MCG, 176].</s>
|
|-
|"'''''<s>Catalogue of 30 Stars."</s>'''''
<s>Ea 3.</s>
* <s>MUL KI.MIN (= ''ša'' EGIR-''šu2'' GUB-''zu'') mulGU4.AN.NA (B: [mul''is le'']-''e''!) AGA dAN-''nim''</s>
*<s>"The star that stands after them (i.e. after MUL.MUL "Star Cluster"), the Bull of Heaven (B: Bull's Jaw), the Crown of Anu" [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177]</s>.
|
|-
|'''''EAE'''''.
See [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r. 24; BPO 2, XV 30-31; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 246].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

*('''1)''' the Stars of Anu (no. 6): mulGU4.AN.NA d''is le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' "Heavenly Bull, Bull's Jaw, Crown of Anu" (I ii 1).
*'''(2)''' Simultaneous daily risings and settings: mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mulŠU.PA ŠU2-''bi'' "The Heavenly Bull rises, Šupa sets" (I iii 15).
*'''(3)''' Intervals between the dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ša2 mulGU4.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA "20 days from the rising of the Stars to the rising of the Heavenly Bull. 20 days from the rising of the Heavenly Bull to the rising of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu" (I iii 45-46).
*'''(4)''' Stars "in the path of the moon": mulGU4.AN.NA (I iv 33), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. [MA, 30, 48, 56, 68].
|[[File:HeavenlyBull JessicaGullberg stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Heavenly Bull drawn by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021)]]
|-
|
|
|-
|"'''''Reports''."'''
'''See [SAA 8, 349].'''
|
|-
|'''''Dalbanna-text.'''''

*'''§A.''' mul dil.bad mulgu4.an.n[a] "Star with great brilliance from the Heavenly Bull" (γ Tau).
*'''§B.''' mul dil.bat mulgu4.[an.na mul] ˹aga˺ mulsipa.zi.an.na mulx[...] / [3 m]ul.meš gu s[i.sa2] ˹dub2˺.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.n[a...] "The star with great brilliance of the [Heavenly] Bull (γ Tau), the crown of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu (λ1 Ori), [...] / [3 st]ars, straight tight string, 2 intervals, interval[l]."
*'''§M.''' mul dil.bat gu4.a[n.na mul.mul] ''maḫ-ra-tum ša''2 mulgu4.an.na [3 mul.meš ...] 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.a]n.na ''mal''2-''ma-liš'' "Star with great brilliance of the Hea[venly] Bull (γ Tau), [Stars] (η, 27 Tau), beginning of the Heavenly Bull (ζ Tau): [3 stars ...]. 2 intervals, [inter]val. Equal." [Walker 1995, 32; Koch 1995, 46, 58; ASM, 106].
|
|-
|'''''Text BM 36609'''''.

* '''(a)''' SA4 ''ša''2 múlG[U4.AN.NA] "Bright star of the Heavenly Bull" (α Tauri),
*'''(b)''' SI múlGU4.[AN.NA] "Horn of the Heavenly Bull" (β Tauri) (possibly an alternative name for ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI "The Northern reins of the Chariot", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 554-555].
|
|-
| "'''''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts'''''."

* (mul)GU4.AN is a designation for the constellation and zodiac sign of the Heavenly Bull in the early diaries, see, for example, [ADRT I, no. -567:1, r. 6′; -440 r. 3′; -418: 5; -372 C rev. 9′, D rev. 10]
|
|-
| '''''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''''
*'''(1)''' Horoscopes. The designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in one of the early horoscopes (-409):
**ddele-bat / ''ina'' GU4.AN
**"Venus in Taurus." [BH, 56, 2:5].
* '''(2)''' Lunaria. BRM IV, 20:
** KI MUL SA4 ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.[NA] "The place of the brilliant star of the Heaven[ly] Bull",
** astrological meaning: "the establishment (storage, accumulation?) of silver" [Ungnad 1941-44, 259:19; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
*'''(3)''' "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 10th part is mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
*'''(4)''' "Hypsoma.
**KI/E2 ''niṣirti''
**"The secret place (of the moon)," see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
*'''(5)''' Predictions of cereal prices determined by the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlGU4.AN.NA [SpTU I, 94:6, 38-39].
*'''(6)''' An extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:
**GIR2 // d''Šamaš''(UTU) // itiGU4.SI.SA2 mulGU4.AN.N[A]
**"The 'Path' is Šamaš; Ayyaru; Heavenly Bull" [SpTU IV, 159:4; Reiner 1995, 78].
*'''(7)''' Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulGU4.AN.NA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:11′, 136 r. 20], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

See also the list of "7 ''tikpi''-stars" [KAR, 142 i 35], mulGU4.AN.NA [SpTU II, 42:6; SpTU V, 270:2ʹ]
|[[File:Tau seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|Taurus on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]][[File:Fig7 taurueschen 800dpi.jpg|thumb|Taurus as drawn on a clay tablet (VAT 7851) from Seleucid time, new drawing published by Hoffmann (2025).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|
====(g31) GU4====
Rarely used in abbreviations:

* 1) from mulGU4.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull". [G. 75],
* 2) from mulGU4.UD "Mercury" [G. 79] in Seleucid texts.
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg|thumb|Taurus sign on clay tablet VAT 7851 with drawings of Pleiades (Bristle), Hyades (Chariot), Bull, and the Moon during a total lunar eclipse in the Moon's hypsoma; drawing by Hoffmann (2025) <ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|
*GU4 — sign of the zodiac or the constellation Heavenly Bull.
**'''''VAT 7851'''''.
***mul.mul mulgu4
***"Star Cluster, Bull" are two alternative designations for the zodiac sign Taurus [Weidner 1967, 17, Tafel 6].
**See also gu4 as a designation of the constellation Bull (?) in BM 55466+ rev. 14 [STC I, 213; II Pl. LXXI].
*GU4 — a designation of Mercury.
**'''''A 3456''''', passim [Hunger 1988], see also [Sachs 1948, 280, 287].
|-
|
====(g'''28) GU.AN.NA'''====
'''In a Neo-Assyrian report:'''

*'''[mul]''dil-bat ina'' mulGU.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a'']'''
*'''"Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull" [SAA 8, 461:5].'''
|
|-
|
====(g26) GU2.AN.NA====
The inscription below the image of a reclining humpbacked bull (zebu?) on the Seleucid tablet O 175 describing the ritual for making a sacred drum [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; in [Livingstone 1986, 194] erroneously for mulGU4.AN.NA.
|[[File:Tau O175Livingstone1986.jpg|thumb|Bull of Heaven on Seleucid tablet O175 (Livingstone 1986)<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>.]]
|-
|
====('''a25) AM.AN.NA'''====
'''= mulGU4.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull", Wild Bull of Heaven. [G. 19].'''

'''Only in the text 82.9-18.7292 (7 of Enlil), where the Heavenly Bull is correlated with Enlil of Aratta, see (Kurtik e12) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].'''
|[[File:Hyaden+plejaden smh2025 isle.JPG|thumb|Hyades (photograph) and The Jaw of the Bull from a claytablet (CC BY SMH 2024).]]
|-
|
==== ('''k03) KA.AN.NA''' ====
'''Lit. "Heavenly Mouth"; the reading adopted in [G. 206] for the name of the constellation in the Astrolabe B menology (parallel to the Akkadian ''Is lê'' "Bull's Jaw"); an alternative reading and apparently the only correct one is mulGUR3.AN.NA, cf. [Horowitz 2014, 34:26].'''
|[[File:Hyadespleiadesmoon IMG 2665 b s.gif|thumb|Hyades, Pleiades and the Moon (photograph by SMH)]]
|}
[[File:GUANNA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 151701.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GU4.AN.NA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Aldebaran]]
|HIP 21421
|Constellation lines
|0.86
|-
|2
|[[Elnath]]
|HIP 25428
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.65
|-
|3
|[[Alcyone]]
|HIP 17702
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.87
|-
|4
|[[Tianguan]]
| HIP 26451
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.03
|-
|5
|[[Chamukuy]]
|HIP 20894
| Constellation lines
|3.41
|-
|6
|λ Tauri
|HIP 18724
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.41
|-
|7
|[[Ain]]
|HIP 20889
|Constellation lines
|3.53
|-
|8
|[[Atlas]]
|HIP 17847
|Inside the Hull
|3.63
|-
|9
|[[Prima Hyadum]]
|HIP 20205
|Constellation lines
|3.65
|-
|10
|[[Secunda Hyadum]]
|HIP 20455
|Constellation lines
|3.76
|-
|11
|θ 1 Tauri
|HIP 20885
|Inside the Hull
|3.84
|-
|12
|κ 1 Tauri
|HIP 20635
|Inside the Hull
|4.201
|-
|13
|τ Tauri
|HIP 21881
|Inside the Hull
|4.258
|-
|14
|υ Tauri
|HIP 20711
| Inside the Hull
| 4.282
|-
| 15
|δ 3 Tauri
|HIP 20648
| Inside the Hull
|4.298
|-
|16
|37 Tau
|HIP 19038
|Constellation lines
|4.37
|-
|17
|71 Tau
|HIP 20713
|Inside the Hull
|4.48
|-
|18
|ι Tauri
|HIP 23497
|Inside the Hull
|4.615
|-
| 19
| -
|HIP 21029
| Inside the Hull
| 4.764
|-
| 20
|δ 2 Tauri
|HIP 20542
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
|21
|114 Tau
|HIP 25539
|Inside the Hull
|4.868
|-
|22
|ω 2 Tauri
|HIP 19990
| Inside the Hull
| 4.914
|-
|23
|109 Tau
|HIP 24822
|Inside the Hull
|4.948
|-
|24
|75 Tau
|HIP 20877
|Inside the Hull
|4.969
|-
|25
| 97 Tau
|HIP 22565
|Inside the Hull
| 5.085
|-
|26
| [[Pleione]]
|HIP 17851
|Inside the Hull
|5.09
|-
|27
|58 Tau
|HIP 20261
|Inside the Hull
| 5.242
|-
|28
|κ 2 Tauri
|HIP 20641
|Inside the Hull
|5.264
|-
|29
|l Tau
|HIP 23871
|Inside the Hull
|5.28
|-
|30
|56 Tau
|HIP 20186
|Inside the Hull
|5.346
|-
|31
|χ Tauri
|HIP 20430
|Inside the Hull
|5.378
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 17776
| Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|33
|81 Tau
|HIP 21039
|Inside the Hull
|5.454
|-
|34
| 118 Tau
|HIP 25695
|Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
|35
|53 Tau
| HIP 20171
|Inside the Hull
|5.482
|-
|36
|103 Tau
|HIP 23900
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|37
| ω 1 Tauri
|HIP 19388
|Inside the Hull
|5.504
|-
|38
|36 Tau
|HIP 19009
| Inside the Hull
| 5.512
|-
|39
|72 Tau
|HIP 20789
|Inside the Hull
|5.514
|-
|40
|80 Tau
|HIP 20995
|Inside the Hull
| 5.552
|-
|41
|32 Tau
|HIP 18471
|Inside the Hull
|5.617
|-
|42
|63 Tau
|HIP 20484
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|43
|51 Tau
| HIP 20087
|Inside the Hull
|5.631
|-
|44
|* 80 Tau A
|HIP 20995
|Inside the Hull
|5.666
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 20842
|Inside the Hull
| 5.711
|-
|46
|89 Tau
|HIP 21588
|Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
|47
| 98 Tau
|HIP 23088
| Inside the Hull
|5.785
|-
|48
| 99 Tau
|HIP 23068
| Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|49
|* 118 Tau A
|HIP 25695
|Inside the Hull
|5.84
|-
|50
|HU Tau
|HIP 21604
|Inside the Hull
|5.842
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 18735
|Inside the Hull
|5.865
|-
| 52
|39 Tau
|HIP 19076
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|53
|105 Tau
|HIP 23883
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 19376
|Inside the Hull
|5.927
|-
|55
| -
| HIP 19284
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 20417
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 20614
|Inside the Hull
|5.965
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 22176
|Inside the Hull
|5.981
|-
|59
|V1141 Tau
|HIP 20493
|Inside the Hull
|5.986
|-
| 60
|85 Tau
|HIP 21137
|Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|61
|V1116 Tau
|HIP 21459
|Inside the Hull
|6.019
|-
| 62
|33 Tau
|HIP 18485
| Inside the Hull
|6.038
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 17921
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 19261
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 65
| -
|HIP 19641
|Inside the Hull
|6.087
|-
| 66
| -
|HIP 20255
|Inside the Hull
|6.094
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 24820
|Inside the Hull
|6.107
|-
|68
|V1137 Tau
|HIP 19672
|Inside the Hull
|6.12
|-
|69
|95 Tau
|HIP 21961
|Inside the Hull
|6.151
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 17900
|Inside the Hull
|6.153
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 18508
|Inside the Hull
|6.165
|-
| 72
| -
|HIP 23589
|Inside the Hull
|6.188
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 21689
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 24977
|Inside the Hull
|6.205
|-
|75
|108 Tau
|HIP 24512
|Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
|76
| -
| HIP 25806
| Inside the Hull
|6.291
|-
|77
|48 Tau
|HIP 19877
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
| 78
| -
|HIP 18717
|Inside the Hull
|6.305
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 22949
| Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 22128
|Inside the Hull
|6.329
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 24984
|Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
|82
|62 Tau
|HIP 20533
|Inside the Hull
|6.337
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 22850
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|84
| -
| HIP 21408
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|85
|SZ Tau
|HIP 21517
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|86
|NGC 1647
|NGC 1647
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|87
|70 Tau
| HIP 20661
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|88
|26 Tau
|HIP 17832
| Inside the Hull
|6.464
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 21053
|Inside the Hull
|6.491
|-
| 90
| -
|HIP 23949
| Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|91
| -
|HIP 24252
|Inside the Hull
|6.79
|}
=== Additional===

==== Deity.====
 A mythological character amidst Anu's entourage. Ištar, Anu's daughter, asks her father to place the Heavenly Bull at her own disposal in order to use it to destroy the city of Uruk — thus avenging Gilgameš, who had rejected her advances. Accordingly, the bull worked mass destruction, only to be eventually killed by Gilgameš and his friend Enkidu. In the Sumerian version of the myth, the same name is used for the bull [Cavigneaux, al-Rawi 1993; ETCSL, Text 1.8.1.2]. Akkadian descriptions are found in the epic, "About the one who has seen it all" (VI 92-180) [I will open to you, 152-155]. Although the mythological text does not explicitly relate the Heavenly Bull with mulGU4.AN.NA as being the same character, this hypothesis is, however, considered as the most probable [Black and Green 1992, 49; G. 77, I; Soltysiak 2001, 2001]. In astrological geography, the Heavenly Bull is associated: (a) with Aratta, (b) with Ur, Der or Duranki [Weidner 1963].

See also: [...] mulgu4.an.na ''ki''-˹''i''˺ [''qabû''] "[...] Heavenly Bull, [as is said]," found in a Neo-Assyrian mythological text with unclear contexts [Lambert 1989, 216:8; Livingstone 1986, 64:8].

====Symbol.====
In Mesopotamian glyptics and ceramics there are many images of bulls, but few of them have astral significance. The most famous are two Seleucid tablets from Uruk. On one of them (O 175) is a description of a ritual for making a sacred drum from an ox hide; a lying humpbacked bull is depicted, with the inscription: mulGU2.AN.NA / ''ša''2 GU4 IGI-''šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''En-lil''2 GAR-''nu'' "The heavenly bull — a bull whose face is directed towards Enlil". [TU, 47 rev.; Livingstone 1986, 194; Kurtik 2007, fig. 10], on another tablet (VAT 7851) — a galloping humpbacked bull with its head turned backwards, next to symbols of the Moon and Pleiades [Weidner 1927, Taf. V 1; Weidner 1967, Taf. 1-2; Kurtik 2007, fig. 13]. Similar images of a galloping, walking, or lying bull, surrounded with astral symbols (moon, stars, signs of the zodiac) are found on Seleucid seals [AUWE 19, no. 705-714, 841, p. 154], see for example [Kurtik 2007, figure 15]. These images fully depict the whole figure of the bull. In the list of zodiacal constellation symbols W 22646, the name MUL2.MUL2 (=Pleiades), which was more often used for the second zodiacal sign, corresponds to the entry: ''al-pi ana'' [x ...] "bull for [...]". [Foxvog 1993, 107; SpTU II, 43:2, 20].

 We believe, however, that these images have no astronomical significance. In fact, Mesopotamian astronomers distinguished in the sky as a figure of the constellation mulGU4.AN.NA only the front part of the bull, as later Greek astronomers did. This is indicated by the following three circumstances: (a) the Akkadian name of the constellation mulIs lê "Jaw of the Bull" (see i15), (b) the absence of references to the hind parts of the bull in the description of the positions of stars in the constellation, (c) on some seals with astral symbols, only the Bull’s head is depicted, thus lacking a complete figure of the Bull [Kurtik 2007, Fig. 16, 29, 30]. Note, in addition, that the constellations mu''l''''Is lê'' "Bull's jaw" (=Hyades) and mul''Zappu'' "Bristle, mane (of the Bull)" (=Pleiades) stretch out to areas corresponding to the borders of the Greek Taurus — as such, there is simply not enough room for a full figure of the bull to be attested [Kurtik 2002, 94-95]. The absence of the rear portion of the Heavenly Bull is probably connected with the Akkadian myth in which Enkidu, following his victory, tears off the bull’s hind leg and throws it at Ištar’s face [I will reveal it to you, 154:154-155].

====Previous Identifications.====
 = Taurus [Van der Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 74; Weidner 1957-59, 76a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207; ASM, 271; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

 = αθ1.2γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 77-79, 111].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
 (1) mul dil.bat gu4.an.na, mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na "Star with great brilliance of the Heavenly Bull" (γ Tau or rather α Tauri, see [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 555]), see dalbana-text (§§A, B, M), Lunaria et al, and (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is lê'']].

 (2) ''maḫ-ra-tum ša''2 mulgu4.an.na "Beginning of the Heavenly Bull" (ζ Tau), see dalbana-text (§§M).

 (3) SI múlGU4.AN.NA "Horn of the Heavenly Bull" (β Tauri), see text BM 36609.

====Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
 (1) = Mars(?); DIŠ ''a-na'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 mulGU4.AN.NA [KU4-''ma'' IGI...] "If the Heavenly Bull [enters] the Field [...]" [ACh Suppl., 47:4]; here mulGU4.AN.NA is presumably a name of Mars, whose name appears in line 7 of the same text as a similar prediction, see also [NSAM 2, 82, note 272] and (4)-(5) below.<gallery>
File:Tau seal Wallenfels1993.png|Taurus on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Tau+cap seal Wallenfels1993.png|Taurus accompanied by a goat-fish on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
</gallery>

===== Predictions: =====
 (2) Visibility of the Heavenly Bull: DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''lum-mu-nu'' ... "If the stars of the Heavenly Bull are dim: the country’s welfare will disappear, the litter of cattle and sheep will not grow." [BPO 2, XV 30 + Parallels]. DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba-᾽-lu'' ... "If the stars of the Heavenly Bull are bright: the litter of cattle will grow." [BPO 2, XV 31].

 (3) Eclipse of the Moon in the Heavenly Bull: MULx.MULx ''u'' mulxGU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ "(If an eclipse occurs in) the Pleiades and the Heavenly Bull: pestilence." [ABCD, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 24]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU4.AN.NA ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUGki ''u Dur-an-ki'' "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Heavenly Bull: decision (for) Ur and Duranki (= Nippur)". [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:39].

 (4) The Heavenly Bull (= planet) and an eclipse of the moon: DIŠ AGA ''ana'' AGA ''i-li-ip'' KUR I3.DUB.MEŠ-''ša''2 SUD.MEŠ DIRI.MEŠ ''ina'' AN.MI mulGU4.AN. NA KI 3[0 GUB...] "If (during the rising of the Moon) the crown on the crown grows: the country’s empty warehouses will fill up; (this means): the Heavenly Bull [stands] with the Mo[on] during an eclipse... [NSAM 2, IIIc:9′+ note 192, 272].

 (5) The Heavenly Bull (= planet?) and the lunar halo: observations: [mul]GU4.AN.NA ''ina'' TUR3 30 / ''iz-za-az-ma'' / 2 UD-''me i-da-at a-ḫe-e-''˹''iš''˺ / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 ''it-ti-it-z''[''i''] "The Celestial Bull stands in the lunar halo. For two consecutive days he stood in the halo of the moon" [SAA 8, 68:4-7].

 (6) Backward motion of Venus in the Heavenly Bull: [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 GUD?].AN.NA ''is-sa''2-''ḫu-ur'' [...] BA BE "[If Venus turned around in] the Heavenly [Bull] [...] will die." [BPO 3, 100, K.35:5], for a parallel see [ibid., 106, K.7169+ rev.? 3′].

 (7) Venus in the Heavenly Bull — "flood" of dragonflies: [DIŠ] dIŠ.TAR AGA KU3.UD ''ap-rat'' ˹A˺.[KAL] ''ku-li-li'' D[U''-kam''] / [A.KAL] ''ku-li-li'' A.KAL ''gap-''[''šu''] / [mul]''Dil-bat ina'' mulGU4.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a''] "[If] Venus carries a silver crown: a “flo[od]” of dragonflies will co[me;]["flood]" of dragonflies, is a power[ful] "flood". (It means:) Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull." [SAA 8, 461:3-5].

 (8) Jupiter and the Heavenly Bull: DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGU4.AN.NA DIM4 (glossary: ''is-niq'')... "If Jupiter comes close to the Heavenly Bull: the treasures of the country will perish, the litter of cattle and small animals will not be abundant" [SAA 8, 49:9]. Observations and recommendations: mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGU4.AN.NA ''e-ta-rab'' / LUGAL ''be-li''2 TA IGI ''zi-i-qi lu e-ti-ik'' "Jupiter has entered the Heavenly Bull: the king, my lord, must beware of draughts" [SAA 8, 49 r. 2-3].

 (9) Mercury in the Heavenly Bull (observations): see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 31.

 (10) Saturn in the Heavenly Bull: see (Kurtik g12) [[GI.GI]], III 2.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
!
==== Kurtik (a25) AM.AN.NA ====
!
|-
|
= mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык» [G. 19]. Только в тексте 82,9-18,7292 (7 Энлилей), где Небесный Бык соотносится с Энлилем из Аратты, см. e12dEn-lil2
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g33) GU4.AN.NA====
!
|-
|вар. чтения и обозначения: GUD.AN.NA, GU2.AN.NA, GU4.AN, AN.GU4; = mul (d)''Is lê''; шум. «Небесный Бык», акк. «Челюсть Быка»; созвездие в Тельце (Taurus) [G. 77; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72]. См. также a12AGA d''A-nim'', a25AM.AN.NA, g31GU4, g26GU.AN.NA, g28GU2.AN.NA, i15''Is lê'', k03KA.AN.NA.||
|-
| '''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: mulgu4.an.na = ''si le-e'' «Небесный Бык = Челюсть быка» [MSL XI, 30, Section 10:3; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:20], mulgu4.an.na = ''is le''-[''e''] [SpTU III, 114A v 17], mulgu4.an.na = ''is l''[''e-e''] [Cavigneaux 1981, 104, 79.B.1/5 iv 1], [mulg]u4.an.na = ''is le-e'' [Cavigneaux 1979, 132, 17:8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 105:273ʹ]. '''(2)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulgud.an.na = UZU.ME.ZE2 ''le-e'' = ''la-ḫe-e al-pi'' «Бык Ану = Челюсть Быка = Челюсть Быка» [MSL XI, 40:43], mulgu4.an.na = MUL ''i''[''s-le-e''] [SpTU III, 116, Rs. iii 12]. '''''Заклинания против укуса скорпиона'''''. mul.an.gu4, mul nu an.gu4 «Небесный Бык», «Звезда, не принадлежащая Небесному Быку», mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.na «Звезды, Небесный Бык» [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:25, 27, 46; Свят.-Четв. 1998, 249–250]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Менологии: itisig4 mulgu3(KA).an.na aga(текст: IL2).an.na.ke4 / mul.bi KA´NE ba.an.ša2 : itisig4 ''is le-e a-gi'' d''A-nim'' / [mu]l.bi dBIL.GI ''ša-nin'' «Симану, Небесный Бык, корона Ану. Эта звезда подобна Гирре (по своему блеску)» (A i 26–27, 32–33) [Horowitz 2014, 34:26]; параллель см. [Çağirgan 1985, 403:12–13], см. также [BPO 2, 81; CAD I, 189a; Емельянов 1999, 72]. '''(2)''' Список (12´3): mul''is le-e'' (B i 8), см. i15''Is lê''. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) 12 звезд Ану (№ 5): [mulg]u4.an.na [CT 33, 9 r. 10; MCG, 176]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Ea'' 3. MUL KI.MIN (= ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'') mulGU4.AN.NA (B: [mul''is le'']-''e''!) AGA dAN-''nim'' «Звезда, которая стоит после них (т.е. после MUL.MUL «Звезд»), Бык Небес (В: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r. 24; BPO 2, XV 30–31; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 246]. '''''MUL.APIN.'' (1)''' Звезды Ану (№ 6): mulGU4.AN.NA d''is le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' «Небесный Бык, Челюсть Быка, корона Ану» (I ii 1). '''(2)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mulŠU.PA ŠU2-''bi'' «Небесный Бык восходит, Шупа садится» (I iii 15). '''(3)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA «20 дней от восхода Звезд до восхода Небесного Быка. 20 дней от восхода Небесного Быка до восхода Праведного Пастуха Ану» (I iii 45–46). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGU4.AN.NA (I iv 33), см. s20''Sîn''. [MA, 30, 48, 56, 68]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [ARAK, 349]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''§A.''' mul dil.bad mulgu4.an.n[a] «Звезда с большим блеском Небесного Быка» (γ Tau). '''B'''. mul dil.bat mulgu4.[an.na mul] ˹aga˺ mulsipa.zi.an.na mulx[…] / [3 m]ul.meš gu s[i.sa2] ˹dub2˺.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.n[a…] «Звезда с большим блеском [Небесного] Быка (γ Tau), корона Праведного Пастуха Ану (λ1 Ori), […]. / [3 зв]езды, прямая туго натянутая веревка, 2 интервала, интерва[л]». '''§M'''. mul dil.bat gu4.a[n.na mul.mul] ''maḫ-ra-tum'' ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na [3 mul.meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.a]n.na ''mal''2-''ma-liš'' «Звезда с большим блеском Не[бесного] Быка (γ Tau), [Звезды] (η, 27 Tau), начало Небесного Быка (ζ Tau): [3 звезды …]. 2 интервала, [интер]вал. Поровну.» [Walker 1995, 32; Koch 1995, 46, 58; ASM, 106]. '''''Текст BM 36609'''''. '''a)''' SA4 ''ša''2 múlG[U4.AN.NA] «Блестящая звезда Небесного Быка» (α Tauri), '''b)''' SI múlGU4.[AN.NA] «Рог Небесного Быка» (β Tauri) (возможно, альтернативное название для ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI «Северная вожжа Колесницы», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ) [Rougton–Steele–Walker 2004, 554–555]. «'''''Дневники наблюдений'''''». (mul)GU4.AN — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Небесный Бык в ранних дневниках, см., например, [ADRT I, No. -567:1, r. 6′; -440 r. 3′; -418: 5; -372 C rev. 9′, D rev. 10] '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Гороскопы». Обозначение знака зодиака Телец в одном из ранних гороскопов (-409): d''dele-bat'' / ''ina'' GU4.AN «Венера в Тельце» [BH, 56, 2:5]. '''(2)''' «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.[na] «Место блестящей звезды Небесно[го] Быка», астрологическое значение: «установление (хранение, накопление?) серебра» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:19; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. '''(3)''' «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 10-я часть — mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. '''(4)''' «Гипсома». KI/E2 ''niṣirti'' «Секретное место (Луны)», см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlGUD.AN.NA [SpTU I, 94:6, 38–39]. '''(6)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: GIR2 // d''Šamaš''(UTU) // itiGU4.SI.SA2 mulGU4.AN.N[A] «“Путь” — Шамаш; айяру; Небесный Бык» [SpTU IV, 159:4; Reiner 1995, 78]. '''(7)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulGU4.AN.NA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:11′, 136 r. 20], см. s20''Sîn''.
См. также список «7 ''tikpi''-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 35], mulGU4.AN.NA [SpTU II, 42:6; SpTU V, 270:2ʹ].

II. Божество.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Ана. Дочь Ана Иштар просит своего отца предоставить в ее распоряжение Небесного Быка, чтобы с его помощью разрушить город Урук и таким образом отомстить Гильгамешу, отвергнувшему ее притязания. Бык произвел большие разрушения, но был убит Гильгамешем и его другом Энкиду. В шумерском варианте мифа используется это же название быка [Cavigneaux, al-Rawi 1993; ETCSL, Text 1.8.1.2], аккадское описание содержится в эпосе «О все видавшем» (VI 92–180) [Я открою тебе, 152–155]. Хотя из текста мифа явным образом не следует, что Небесный Бык и mulGU4.AN.NA — это один и тот же персонаж, данная гипотеза, тем не менее, считается наиболее вероятной [Black–Green 1992, 49; G. 77, I; Soltysiak 2001, 2001]. В астрологической географии Небесный Бык был связан: a) c Араттой, b) с Уром, Дером или Дуранки [Weidner 1963].

См. также: […] mulgu4.an.na ''ki''-˹''i''˺ [''qabû''] «[…] Небесный Бык, как [говорят]», в новоассирийском мифологическом тексте в неясном контексте [Lambert 1989, 216:8; Livingstone 1986, 64:8].

III. Символ.

В месопотамской глиптике и керамике имеется немало изображений быков, однако астральное значение имеют немногие из них. Наибольшей известностью пользуются две селевкидские таблички из Урука. На одной (О 175) приводится описание ритуала для изготовления священного барабана из шкуры быка; изображен лежащий горбатый бык, рядом с которым надпись: mulGU2.AN.NA / ''ša''2 GU4 IGI-''šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''En-lil''2 GAR-''nu'' «Небесный Бык — бык, чье лицо помещено перед Энлилем» [TU, 47 rev.; Livingstone 1986, 194; Куртик 2007, рис. 10], на другой (VAT 7851) — скачущий горбатый бык c обращенной назад головой, рядом символы Луны и Плеяд [Weidner 1927, Taf. V 1; Weidner 1967, Taf. 1–2; Куртик 2007, рис. 13]. Весьма похожие изображения скачущего, идущего или лежащего горбатого быка, в окружении астральных символов (месяц, звезды, знаки зодиака) встречаются на печатях селевкидского времени [AUWE 19, No. 705–714, 841, p. 154], см., например, [Куртик 2007, рис. 15]. На них представлена полная фигура быка. В списке символов зодиакальных созвездий W 22646, названию MUL2.MUL2 (=Плеяды), которое чаще всего использовалось для обозначения второго знака зодиака, соответствует запись: ''al-pi ana'' [x …] «быка для […]» [Foxvog 1993, 107; SpTU II, 43:2, 20].

Мы однако полагаем, что эти изображения не имеют астрономического значения. В действительности, месопотамские астрономы выделяли на небе в качестве фигуры созвездия mulGU4.AN.NA только переднюю часть быка, как это делали позднее греческие астрономы. На это указывают следующие три обстоятельства: а) аккадское название созвездия mul''Is lê'' «Челюсть Быка» (см. i15), b) отсутствие упоминаний о задних частях быка при описании положений звезд в созвездии, с) на некоторых печатях с астральными символами вместо полной фигуры Быка изображается только его голова [Куртик 2007, рис. 16, 29, 30]. Можно заметить, кроме того, что созвездия mul''Is lê'' «Челюсть Быка» (=Гиады) и mul''Zappu'' «Щетина, грива (Быка)» (=Плеяды) ограничивают на небе как раз ту область, в которой располагался греческий Телец — для полной фигуры быка просто не остается места [Куртик 2002, 94–95]. Отсутствие задней части у фигуры Небесного Быка связано, возможно, с аккадским мифом, в котором Энкиду после одержанной им победы отрывает у быка заднюю ляжку и швыряет ее в лицо Иштар [Я открою тебе, 154:154–155].

IV. Отождествление.

= Taurus [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 74; Weidner 1957–59, 76a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207; ASM, 271; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

= αθ1.2γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 77–79, 111].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) mul dil.bat gu4.an.na, mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na «Звезда с большим блеском Небесного Быка» (γ Tau или, скорее, α Tauri, см. [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 555]), см. dbn-текст (§§А, В, М), «Лунарии» и др., а также i15''Is lê''.

(2) ''maḫ-ra-tum'' ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na «Начало Небесного Быка» (ζ Tau), см. dbn-текст (§ М).

(3) SI múlGU4.AN.NA «Рог Небесного Быка» (β Tauri), см. текст BM 36609.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Марс''(?); DIŠ ''a-na'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 mulGU4.AN.NA [TU-''ma'' IGI…] «Если Небесный Бык [входит] в пределы Поля […]» [ACh Suppl., 47:4]; здесь mulGU4.AN.NA предположительно — название Марса, имя которого встречается в строке 7 того же текста в аналогичном предсказании, см. также [NSAM 2, 82, note 272] и (4)–(5) ниже.

Предсказания:

(2) ''Видимость Небесного Быка''; DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''lum-mu-nu'' … «Если звезды Небесного Быка очень тусклые: благополучие страны исчезнет, приплод скота и овец не будет расти» [BPO 2, XV 30 + Parallels]. DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba''-᾽-''lu'' … «Если звезды Небесного Быка очень яркие: приплод скота будет расти» [BPO 2, XV 31].

(3) ''Затмение Луны в Небесном Быке''; MULx.MULx ''u'' mulxGU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ «(Если затмение произошло в) Плеядах и Небесном Быке: мор» [ABCD, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 24]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU4.AN.NA ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUGki ''u Dur-an-ki'' «Если (Луна) затмилась в пределах Небесного Быка: решение (для) Ура и Дуранки (= Ниппур)» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:39].

(4) ''Небесный Бык'' (= ''планета'') ''и затмение Луны''; DIŠ AGA ''ana'' AGA ''i-li-ip'' KUR I3.DUB.MEŠ-''ša''2 SUD.MEŠ DIRI.MEŠ ''ina'' AN.MI mulGU4.AN.NA KI 3[0 GUB…] «Если (при появлении Луны) корона на короне выросла: пустые склады страны наполнятся; (это означает): во время затмения Небесный Бык (= планета?) на месте Лу[ны стоит…] [NSAM 2, IIIc:9′+ note 192, 272].

(5) ''Небесный Бык'' (= ''планета''?) ''и лунное гало''; наблюдение: [mul]GUD.AN.NA ''ina'' TUR3 30 / ''iz-za-az-ma'' / 2 UD-''me'' ''i-da-at a-ḫe-e-''˹''iš''˺ / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 ''it-ti-it-z''[''i''] «Небесный Бык стоит в лунном гало. В течение двух дней подряд он стоял в гало Луны» [ARAK, 68:4–7].

(6) ''Попятное движение Венеры в Небесном Быке''; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 GUD?].AN.NA ''is-sa''2-''ḫu-ur'' […] BA BE «[Если Венера внутри] Небесного [Быка] развернулась: […] умрет» [BPO 3, 100, K.35:5], параллель см. [ibid., 106, K.7169+ rev.? 3′].

(7) ''Венера в Небесном Быке'' — «''наводнение''» ''стрекоз''; [DIŠ] dIŠ.TAR AGA KUG.UD ''ap-rat'' ˹A˺.[KAL] ''ku-li-li'' D[U-''kam''] / [A.KAL] ''ku-li-li'' A.KAL ''gap''-[''šu''] / [mul]''Dil-bat ina'' mulGUD.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a''] «[Если] Венера несет серебряную корону: «навод[нение]» стрекоз пр[идет], [«наводнение»] стрекоз, «наводнение» будет мощн[ым]. (Это означает): Венера в Небесном Быке стоит» [ARAK, 461:3–5].

(8) ''Юпитер и Небесный Бык''; DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGUD.AN.NA DIM4 (глосса: ''is-niq'')… «Если Юпитер подходит близко к Небесному Быку: сокровища страны погибнут, приплод крупного и мелкого скота не будет изобильным» [ARAK, 49:9]. Наблюдение и рекомендация: mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGUD.AN.NA ''e-ta-rab'' / LUGAL ''be-li''2 TA IGI ''zi-i-qi lu e-ti-ik'' «Юпитер вошел в пределы Небесного Быка: царь, мой господин, должен остерегаться сквозняков» [ARAK, 49 r. 2–3].

(9) ''Меркурий в Небесном Быке'' (наблюдение); см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 31.

(10) ''Сатурн в Небесном Быке''; см. g12GI.GI, III 2.
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g26) mulGU.AN.NA (417)====
!
|-
|вариант записи mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык», в которой стандартное GU4 заменено на GU; в новоассирийском рапорте: [mul]''dil-bat ina'' mulGU.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a''] «Венера в Небесном Быке стоит» [ARAK, 461:5].
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g28) mulGU2.AN.NA (119)====
!
|-
|вариант записи для mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык», произведена омофонная замена стандартного GU4 на GU2. Надпись под изображением лежащего горбатого быка (зебу?) на селевкидской табличке O 175 с описанием ритуала для изготовления священного барабана [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; в [Livingstone 1986, 194] ошибочно mulgu4.an.na.
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g31) mulGU4 (215)====
!
|-
|редко используемые сокращения: 1) от mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык» [G. 75], 2) от mulGU4.UD «Меркурий» [G. 79] в селевкидских текстах.

I. Источники.

GU4 — знак зодиака или созвездие Небесный Бык.

'''''VAT 7847'''''. mul.mul mulgu4 «Звезды, Бык» — два альтернативных обозначения знака зодиака Телец [Weidner 1967, 17, Tafel 6]. См. также gu4 как обозначение созвездия Бык (?) в BM 55466+ rev. 14 [STC I, 213; II Pl. LXXI].

GU4 — обозначение Меркурия.
'''''A 3456''''', passim [Hunger 1988], см. также [Sachs 1948, 280, 287].
|
|-
!
==== Kurtik (k03) KA.AN.NA ====
!
|-
|букв. «Небесные Уста»; принятое в [G. 206] чтение названия созвездия в менологии «Астролябии Б» (параллель к аккадскому Is lê «Челюсть Быка»); альтернативное прочтение и, по-видимому, единственно правильное – mulGU3.AN.NA, см. [Horowitz 2014, 34:26].
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]][[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Tau]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

<references />

Gizzānītu

2026-06-29T11:25:03Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Gizzānītu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Cap Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian Goat-Fish in Capricornus (painted by J. Gullberg 2021 for Stellarium).]]
''Gizzānītu'' (𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈) is a by-name for [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]] (Capricorn) that occurs in a calendrical mystical-mythological work in connection with the 'Marduk battle against Tiamat' tradition of Enuma Eliš. For the latest edition see Reynolds 2019: 206-207 (see below) with commentary on ibid. 31, 362, 366-367. See also (Kurtik p07) [[Buššānītu|''Buššānītu'']].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
"Enraged Goat"(?) [Reynolds 1999<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Stellar Representations of Tiāmat and Qingu in a Learned Calendar Text // RAI. 1999. Vol. 42. P. 369-378.</ref>]; the name of a celestial region (apparently identified with sections of the Goat-Fish constellation) in the Babylonian calendar text BM 55466+ (duplicate BM 35188+), in which an astral interpretation of the battle between Marduk and Tiamat with Qingu, described in the poem Enuma eliš, is given for the month of Ṭebetu.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Miscellaneous'''
'''Calendar Text: Reynolds 2019: 206-207: 3-12'''
translation on p. 207
* ''gi-iz-za-ni-tu''4 ''u pu-uš-ša''2''-ni-tu''4 ''ša''2 ''it-ti lib''3''-bi'' mul2.meš ''qabû''(E-''ú'') / ''ana muḫ-ḫi'' mul''enzi''(uz3) ''u'' múl''pagri''(adda) ''ina lib''3-''bi'' múl''suḫurmāši''(maš2) ''qabi''(dug4-''bi'') ''ti-amat u'' d''qin-gu'' / ''šu-nu'': ''gi-iz-za-ni-tu''2: ''ki-iz za-ni-tu''2 ''šum''3-''šu''2
** "Gizzanitu and Puššanitu, which (are numbered) among the stars; so they say, implying the (constellation) Goat and the (constellation) Deadman within (the constellation) Goat-Fish. These are Tiamat and Qingu. Its name is Gizzanitu, (which means) Enraged Goat." [STC II, Pl. LXX:8-10; Reynolds 1999, 370-371].
|Example
|}
===Additional===
The word ''gi-iz-za-ni-tu''4/''tu''2 is present only in this text and probably represents the singular feminine from the root g/k-z-z "to shear," the same root corresponds to ''k''/''gizzu'' "goat." [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 496b; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> G, 115]; the etymology ''gizzānītu'' = ''ki-iz za-ni-tu''2 "enraged Goat" suggested in the text is mistaken [Reynolds 1999, 376].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g24)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|«Разгневанная Коза»(?) [Reynolds 1999]; название небесной области (отождествляемой, по-видимому с частью созвездия «Коза-Рыба») в вавилонском календарном тексте BM 55466+ (дубликат BM 35188+), в котором для месяца тебету приводится астральная интерпретация сражения между Мардуком и Тиамат с Кингу, описанного в поэме «Энума элиш».
I. Источники.

BM 55466. gi-iz-za-ni-tu4 u pu-uš-ša2-ni-tu4 ša2 it-ti lib3-bi mul2.meš qabû(E)ú / ana muḫ-ḫi mulenzi(uz3) u múlpagri(adda) ina lib3-bi múlsuḫurmāši(maš2) qabi(dug4)bi ti-amat u dqin-gu / šu-nu : gi-iz-za-ni-tu2 : ki-iz za-ni-tu2 šum3-šu2 «Гиззаниту и Пушшаниту, которые (числятся) среди звезд; так говорят, подразумевая (созвездие) Козу и (созвездие) Мертвеца внутри (созвездия) Коза-Рыба. Это — Тиамат и Кингу. Его имя Гиззаниту, (что означает) Разгневанная Коза» [STC II, Pl. LXX:8–10; Reynolds 1999, 370–371].

Слово gi-iz-za-ni-tu4/tu2 присутствует только в этом тексте и, возможно, представляет единственное чиcло женского рода от корня g/k z z «стричь», этот же корень соответствует k/gizzu «козел» [AHw, 496b; CAD G, 115]; предложенная в тексте этимология gizzānītu = ki-iz za-ni-tu2 «Разгневанная Коза», ошибочна [Reynolds 1999, 376].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Cap]]

ERIN2

2026-06-29T10:47:33Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERIN2}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|The Babylonian Balance (Libra) in Stellarium; painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). ]]
ERIN2 (𒂟) is a first millennium Sumerian name for [[Libra]] whose usual name in Akkadian is ''Zibānītu'' (corresponding to Sumerian mul[[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]). The two bright stars of Libra may be for the cross bar connecting α and β Librae, which may have been seen to hold the other elements of the mechanism in place.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. reading:'''

*mulRIN2; short for mulGIŠ.ERIN2 '[[Libra]]';
*mulGIŠ.RIN2;
*= mul''gišrinnu'' "Libra";

The constellation and zodiacal sign [[Libra]] in later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 176].

ERIN2 and RIN2 are alternate readings for the same sign.

'''See also'''

* (Kurtik z10) ''Zibānītu'', (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* (Kurtik g22) GIŠ.ERIN2 is merged here.

There are no examples of mul''gišrinnu'' as a star-name; nor clear evidence for reading RIN2. A reading RIN2 was probably deduced from the word ''gišrinnu'' (attested syllabically as ''gi-iš-ri-in-nu''), although this writing is not attested for the star name.

=== Sources and Identifications ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
*(1) Original designations of the constellation and then of the zodiacal sign Libra [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":1">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim]; earliest example: ERIN2 in the diary for -651 [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":1" />, 42:16], later without the determinative.
*(2) Included in the names of two "normal stars":
**a) ERIN2 ''ša''2 ULU3 "Southern part of Libra" (α Librae),
**b) ERIN2 ''ša''2 SI "Northern part of Libra" (β Librae) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":1" />, 18].
|Example
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
*Sign of the zodiac Libra [ACT I-III<ref name=":1" />; LBAT<ref name=":2">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, passim]; used in lunar tables dating from the late 5th century BCE [Aaboe and Sachs 1969<ref>''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. Vol. 14. Р. 1-22.</ref>; Britton 1989<ref>''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus. 1989. Vol. 32. P. 1-52.</ref>, 30-31; 2010<ref>Britton, J. P. (2010). Studies in Babylonian lunar theory: part III. The introduction of the uniform zodiac. ''Archive for History of Exact Sciences'', ''64''(6), 617–663. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41134332. </ref>].
|Example
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ERIN2 is the designation of the 7th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaria." BRM IV 19: ERIN2 is the zodiacal sign of Libra in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":3">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 274-275:e, n, o, 9, 21, 32; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004, 95-125].
* (3) "Microzodiac. The subdivision of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts. Sp II 202+:16-17: 7-''tu''2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlerin2 ''ša''2 múllu "The 7th part of the Hired Man is Libra of the Hired Man" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":4">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 245].
*(4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making healing ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 4 // ERIN2 21 // ''qi''2''-lip''2 GIR2.TAB ''tapaššaš''(ŠEŠˆ) "Du'uzu 4 // Scales 21 // you anoint (the patient) with peeled-off skin of a scorpion"(?) [SpTU III, 104:3, also 16, 29], for reading see [Wee 2016, 178 fn. 109]; for a parallel for the month Araḫsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref name=":5">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 105:9, 22].
*(5) Hypsoma. Libra — the hypsoma of Saturn, see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
*(6) Zodiacal astrology.
**a) See (Kurtik z06) [[ZI]].
**b) [K]I múlERIN2... "Area of Libra ...", KI múlERIN2 ''a-lid ki-nu la ki-num'' dUTU ''ra-gu-ug''? ''šu''2 "Born in the area of Libra: (character) faithful or unfaithful, Šamaš will treat him evilly(?)" [LBAT<ref name=":2" />, 1593: 2′, rev. 6′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(7) Predicting the prices of cereal on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlERIN2) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. See also [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 268].
|[[File:Lib seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|Libra on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
*a) múlerin2 ''ša''2 tu15-1 20 erin2 "Southern Part of Scales: 20 Libra" (α Librae).
*b) múlerin2 š''a2'' tu15-2 25 erin2 "Northern Part of Scales: 25 Libra" (β Librae) [Sachs 1952a<ref>''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.</ref>, 146:3′; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 150]; for a modern edition see [Roughton, Steele and Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 563-564].
|
|-
|'''GU-text: variant GIŠ.ERIN2'''
*(L) ''kal-lum'' mulGIŠ.ERIN2 IGI-''u''2 "Front cup of Libra", UDU.IDIM.SAG UŠ ''ša''2 IGI mulGIŠ.ERIN2 GUB "Saturn that stands ahead of Libra" [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:19-20], see (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]] as well as (Kurtik z10) ''Zibānītum''.
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, variant GIŠ.ERIN2'''
*(1) The "Lunaria"ː BRM IV, 20: KI GIŠ.ERIN2 "Area of Libra". [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":3" />, 259:29; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108].
* (2) "Microzodiac. The subdivisions of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**a) AO 6483: [7-''i'']-''tu''4 ''zittu''(ḫa.la) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ''šum''3-''šu''2 "7th part, its name is Libra" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:17; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66],
**b) Sp II 202+: 7-''tu''2 ḪA.LA ''ša''2 múlLU múlERIN2 ''ša''2 múlLU "7th part of Aries — Libra of Aries" [Steele Rising Time Schemes 50 BM 34713:16-17, for an earlier edition see Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":4" />, 245],
**c) subdivisions of the zodiacal sign Leo into 12 parts: VAT 7847: the 3rd part is mul[gi]š.erin2 [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6].
*(3) Libra as Saturn's hypsoma [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 176; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 146-147; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 134-136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 56].
*(4) Predictions from lunar eclipses and positions of the Sun relative to constellations.
**''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ád'') ''pi-še''[''r''3''-ša''2 ''att'']''alû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2''-šar''-[''ra'']-''a'' "While the Sun reaches the Scales, [its interpretation: the ec]lipse will not begin." [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 102:16-17].
*(5) Predicting the prices of grains: múlGIŠ.ERIN2 [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94, passim].
|
|}

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e18 mulERIN2)
!'''Gössmann (1950)'''
|-
|вар. чтения: mulRIN2; сокращение от mulGIŠ.ERIN2 «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) в поздних астрономических, астрологических и магических текстах [Gössman 1950, 176]. См. также g22GIŠ.ERIN2, z10Zibānītu, z07ZI.BA.AN.NA.
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». (1) Обозначение первоначально созвездия, а затем знака зодиака Весы [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; самый ранний пример: ERIN2 в дневнике за –651 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 42:16], позднее без детерминатива. (2) Входило в названия двух «нормальных звезд»: a) ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 «Южная часть Весов» (α Librae), b) ERIN2 ša2 SI «Северная часть весов» (β Librae) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 18]. Математическая астрономия. Знак зодиака Весы [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах, датируемых концом V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ERIN2 — обозначение 7-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV 19: ERIN2 — знак зодиака Весы в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275:e, n, o, 9, 21, 32; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей. Sp II 202+:16–17: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlerin2 ša2 múllu «7-я часть Наемника — Весы Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 245]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления лечебной мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 4 // ERIN2 21 // KI.KAL-tim tapaššaš(ŠEŠ2) «Дуузу 4 // Becы 210 // Все что угодно намазываешь»(?) [SpTU III, 104:3, а также 16, 29], о трудностях перевода см. [ibid. 200, Bemerk. Z. 3]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:9, 22]. (5) «Гипсома». Весы — гипсома Сатурна, см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ (6) Зодиакальная астрология. a) См. z06ZI. b) [K]I múlERIN2… «Область Весов …», KI múlERIN2 a-lid ki-i-nu la ki-num dUTU ra-gu-ug?-šu2 «Родился в области Весов: (характер) верный или неверный, Шамаш будет обходиться с ним зло?» [LBAT, 1593: 2′, rev. 6′; Reiner 2000]. (7) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlERIN2) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. См. также [SpTU V, 268]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) múlerin2 ša2 tu15-1 20 erin2 «Южная Чаша Весов: 20 Весы» (α Librae). b) múlerin2 ša2 tu15-2 25 erin2 «Северная Чаша Весов: 25 Весы» (β Librae) [Sachs 1952a, 146:3′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 150]; современное издание см. [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 563–564].
|Example
|-
!g22 mulGIŠ.RIN2
!
|-
|вар. чтения: mulGIŠ.RIN2; = mulgišrinnu «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) [Gössman 1950, 176]. См. также e18ERIN2.
I. Источники.

GU-текст. (L) kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 «Передняя чаша Весов», udu.idim.sag.uš ša2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub «Сатурн, который стоит впереди Весов» [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:19–20], см. d11DINGIR.KU.Ameš, а также z10Zibānītum. Поздняя астрология. (1) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki giš.erin2 «Область Весов» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:29; Reiner 1995, 108]. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделения знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: а) AO 6483: [7-i]-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgiš.erin2 šum3-šu2 «7-я часть, ее имя Весы» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlerin2 ša2 múllu «7-я часть Овна — Весы Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:16–17], c) подразделения знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: VAT 7847: 3-я часть — mul[gi]š.erin2 [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6]. (3) Весы как гипсома Сатурна [Gössman 1950, 176; MA, 146–147; Mesop.Astrol., 134–136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 56]. (4) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд, лунным затмениям и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. a-di-i dŠamaš(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ikaššad(KUR)ád pi-še[r3-ša2 att]alû(AN.GI6) ul u2-šar-[ra]-a «Пока Солнце движется в направлении (букв. достигает) Весов, последс[твия зат]мения не наступ[ил]и» [SpTU III, 102:16–17]. (5) Предсказания цен на злаки: múlGIŠ.ERIN2 [SpTU I, 94, passim].

См. также [SpTU I, 96:7].
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lib]]

GIŠ.KUN

2026-06-29T10:31:24Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulGIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) = ''rapaštu'': An asterism consisting of multiple stars forming a body part (hip, loin, thigh) of the larger constellation 'The Lion' (Leo).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg|thumb|UR.GU.LA drawing by Robert Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016), adapted to the star chart by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)]]
= (mul)''Rapaštu'' (𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈) Akkadian parallel, a body part. Kurtik translates GIŠ.KUN as "Thigh"(?), but (mul)''Rapaštu'' "hip", although they are equated in ancient texts.

Var. designations:

* 1) = ''ziqpu'' XXIII, a group of stars in the constellation Leo (Leo),
* 2) was among the "normal stars" (= θ Leonis) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":0">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 18; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 955a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> R, 154a; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 163, IV 4].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''List of ''ziqpu''-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 | EN MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2 "3⅓ mina weight, 20° on earth, 36,000 miles in the sky / From the 4 stars on its (the Lion's) Chest to the 2 stars on its Thigh",
** b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN | TA MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2 | EN MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From the 2 stars on its thigh to the single star on its tail" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:15-18; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 15-18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' 2 ''ša''2 mul''ra-pa-a''[''š-ti''] "20° to the 2 (stars) on the thi[gh]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" />, 225:17].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** MUL2 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2 // 2 // 21 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ "2 stars on its thigh // 2 (stars) // 21600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" />, 226-7:14].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA GABA ''ša'' [m]ulUR.GU.[LA] / EN 2 MUL.M[EŠ ''š'']''a ra-pal-ti-šu''2[...] "From the Lion[s] chest to the 2 stars on its hip [...]",
** b) TA 2 M[UL. ME]Š ''ša ra-pal-t''[''i-šu''2] / ˹EN˺ [''is-ḫu-u'']''n-na-at'' KUN-''šu'' ½ D[ANNA] "From the 2 stars on its hip, to the brush of its tail ½ m[ile] (=15°)" [Horowitz 1994a,<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref> 91-92:14-17].
* (5) Nippur Planisphere:
** a) [⅔ DAN]NA ''ana'' 2 ''ša''2 MUL <<2 ''ša''2>> GIŠ.[KUN]-''šu''2 "[⅔ mi]le (20°) to the two stars on its thigh" (rev. 22),
** b) 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.˹KUN! ''šu''2˺ "two (stars) on its thigh," the diagram shows 2 points (obv., Segment 3) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:22, 177-179]. See also LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref> 1502: 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2 ''ana ziq''-''p''[''i''...] "2 (stars) on its thigh culminate" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76:3].
* Anaphora. A 3427:
** 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2 (in determining the rising times of the twelfth section of the zodiacal sign Scorpius) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238-239:9-10].
|.
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ''ša''2 giš.kun "2 stars on the thigh (of the Lion)" (''ziqpu'' XXIII: δ, θ Leo) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":3">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:14], see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §О. [...giš.kun ur.gu.la]? "[...thigh of the Lion]" (θ Leo), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
As a "normal star" GIŠ.KUN UR.A/A "Leo's Thigh" (= θ Leonis) was regularly used in "diaries" to record the positions of the moon and planets [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":0" />, passim]; the earliest example: ''dele-bat ina'' ŠU2 ''ana tar-ṣa'' GIŠ.KUN UR.[A...] "Venus was in the west, opposite Leo's Thigh" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":0" />, -567:13].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology.'''
* W 23313/3: DIŠ KI MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2 U3.TU UŠ2-''šu''2 [...] "If he is born when the 2 stars on the thigh of it (= Leo) (culminate): his death [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:6']. See also U.197 obv. 2': múl 2 ''ša''2 ''rap-pa-a''[''š''2(?)-''ti-šu''2] [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 74].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* gi[š].kun [...] 20(?) a(?) "Lower Back(??) [of the Lion ...]: 20(?) the Lion(?)" (θ Leonis) [Sachs 1952a<ref>''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.</ref>, 146:1′; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":4">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 149-150].

In a later edition of BM 46083: GIŠ.KUN [...] x 22 "The sacrum [of the Lion...] 22." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 563-564].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Previous Identification. ====
= δ Leonis [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 163, IV 4],

= δ, θ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" />, 222, 229; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":4" />, 87-88; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":3" />, 320; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 57].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g23)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= rapaštu «Бедро»(?); 1) = ziqpu XXIII, группа звезд в созвездии Льва (Leo), 2) входила в число «нормальных звезд» (= θ Leonis) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 18; AHw, 955a; CAD R, 154a; Gössman 1950, 163, IV 4].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=šuqultu) | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 | EN MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От 4 звезд на его (Льва) Груди до 2 звезд на его Бедре», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN | TA MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 | EN MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на его бедре до Отдельной звезды на его хвосте» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:15–18; TU, 21 r. 15–18; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA a-na 2 ša2 mulra-pa-a[š-ti] «200 до 2 (звезд) на бед[ре]» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:17]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 // 2 // 21 IGI 6 ME KUŠ «2 звезды на его бедре // 2 (звезды) // 21600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–7:14]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA GABA ša [m]ulUR.GU.[LA] / EN 2 MUL.M[EŠ š]a ra-pal-ti-šu2[…] «От груди Ль[ва] до 2 зве[зд н]а его бедре […]», b) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ša ra-pal-t[i-šu2] / ˹EN˺ [is-ḫu-u]n-na-at KUN-šu ½ D[ANNA] «От 2 зв[езд] на его бед[ре], до кисти его хвоста ½ м[или] (=150)» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:14–17]. (5) Nippur Planisphere: a) [⅔ DAN]NA ana 2 ša2 MUL <<2 ša2>> GIŠ.[KUN]-šu2 «[⅔ ми]ли (200) до двух звезд на его бедре» (rev. 22), b) 2 ša2 GIŠ.˹KUN!-šu2˺ «две (звезды) на его бедре», на диаграмме изображены 2 точки (obv., Segment 3) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:22, 177–179]. См. также LBAT 1502: 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 ana ziq-p[i…] «2 (звезды) на его бедре кульминируют» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76:3]. Aнафора. A 3427: 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 (при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Скорпион) [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:9–10]. GU-текст. (I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ša2 giš.kun «2 звезды на бедре Льва» (ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14], см. u17UR.A. Dalbanna-текст. §О. […giš.kun ur.gu.la]? «[…бедро Льва]» (θ Leo), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. «Дневники наблюдений». Как «нормальная звезда» GIŠ.KUN UR.A/A «Бедро Льва» (= θ Leonis) регулярно использовалась в «дневниках» для фиксации положений Луны и планет [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; самый ранний пример: dele-bat ina ŠU2 ana tar-ṣa GIŠ.KUN UR.[A…] «Венера была на западе напротив Бедра Льва» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -567:13]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: DIŠ KI MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 U3.TU UŠ2-šu2 […] «Если он родился, когда 2 звезды на его (= Льва) бедре (кульминируют): его смерть […]» [SpTU V, 265:6']. См. также U.197 obv. 2': múl 2 ša2 rap-pa-a[š2(?)-ti-šu2] [Sachs 1952, 74]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. gi[š].kun […] 20(?) a(?) «Поясница(??) [Льва …]: 20(?) Льва(?)» (θ Leonis) [Sachs 1952a, 146:1′; Hunger-Pingree 199, 149–150]. В современном издании BM 46083: GIŠ.KUN […] x 22 «Крестец [Льва…] 22» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 563–564].

II. Отождествление.

= δ Leonis [Gössman 1950, 163, IV 4],

= δ, θ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 222, 229; Hunger-Pingree 199, 87–88; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320; Koch 1992, 57].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, r02)
|
|-
|
=== (mul)''Rapaštu'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к GIŠ.KUN «Бедро»; = ziqpu XXIII, группа звезд в созвездии Льва (Leo), см. g23GIŠ.KUN.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Leo]]

Girra

2026-06-27T13:51:49Z

HermannHunger: /* Previous Identifications. */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: }}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----Girra is the Mesopotamian fire-god who has an astronomical aspect both as an independent asterism as in the Old Babylonian narrative 'Girra and Elamatum' <nowiki>[[add bibliography link??]]</nowiki>, and by way of identifications with other asterisms including Mars ????.

# mulGIŠ.BAR (𒀯𒄑𒁇) is an ancient Mesopotamian term, see also (Kurtik n55) [[Nusku]].
# mulGIBIL6 (𒀯𒉈𒄀) is the astral manifestation of the Sumero-Akkadian fire-god Girra. In Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, Girra is an independent constellation which may also be the case in the contemporary myth 'Girra and Elamatum' when complete. Later, Girra becomes identified with Mars because of the planet's fiery red-orange color (see Horowitz 2020: 142-143).

???Probably to be added NE.GI.IZI,GAR = N13???

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. readings''':

* (1)
** dBIL.GI,
** dNE.GI,
** dGIBIL6;
** = dGirru; the star of the fire god Girra:
* (2) epithet of Mars, see also (Kurtik g13) [[GIŠ.BAR]].
** = dGIŠ.BAR

'''Referring to'''

* 1) = Mars,
* 2) = Mercury,
* 3) = star or constellation (?) [G. 95; Tallqvist 1938, 313-315].

=== Sources and Identifications ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
!
==== Kurtik (g13) GIBIL6 ====
!
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
Old Babylonian prayer:

* (a) Erm. 15642: ''na-wa-ru-um'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra." [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206</ref>, 196-197:15], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieux de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA 32, № 4, 179-190.</ref>, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
* (b) AO 6769: ''nam-ru'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra." [Dossin 1935, 181-182:16; Horowitz and Wasserman 1996<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., Wasserman N.'' Another Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night // JCS. 1996. Vol. 48. P. 57- 60.</ref>, 60],
* (c) CBS 574: ''šam-ru'' dGIB[IL6] "Fierce Gir[ra]" [Horowitz and Wasserman 1996<ref name=":0" />, 58:13].
|constellation
|-
|'''Seleucid temple ritual.'''
* múlAN dBIL.GI ''ez-zu''... "Mars, the wrathful Girra ..." [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220:308].
* W. 22281a.
** dBIL.GI ZALAG2 ''ša''2 IGI d''En-me-šar''2''-ra'' "The brilliant (fiery) Girra before Enmešarra" [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; for full text see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
* List K 7069:
** dEN.ME.ŠAR.R[A ...] / dEN.ME.ŠAR.RA[...] / MUL.MUL ''za-ap-pu'' [...] / mulBIL.GI IZI. GAR [...] / [m]ulŠUDUN M[UL...] / [m]ul''ka-li-tum'' [...]
** "Enmešarr[a...] / Enmešarra [...] / Star cluster, bristle / Girra, light [...] / Yoke, S[tar...] / Kidney [...]" [CT 26, 49:4-9; Cooley 2013, 126]
|
* Mars
* double star cluster h+χ Per
*double star cluster h+χ Per
|-
!
==== Kurtik (g21) mulGIŠ.BAR ====
!
|-
|'''Prayers to the Gods of the Night.'''
In the list of astral gods:

* ''na-wa-ru-um'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra" (Erm. 15642:15) [Horowitz 2000, 196-197] (better ''na-aw-ru-um'' - remark of L. E. Kogan),
* ''nam-ru'' dBIL:GI "Brilliant Girra" (AO 6769:16) [Dossin 1935, 181-182], ''šam-ru'' dBIL:[GI] "Ferocious Gir[ra]" (CBS 574) [Horowitz 1996, 58].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46 1:14.'''
* mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dNusku(PA + TUG2)
* "Girra, light ahead of Enmešarra, Nusku" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* dBIL:GI ZALAG ''ša''2 IGI d''En-me-šar''2-''ra''
* "Brilliant Girra that is ahead of Enmešarra," see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].

See also: mul''ma-ak-ru-u'' = ''tam-šil'' dGIŠ.BAR "The red star(=Mars) is in the likeness of Girra", quoted from [CAD M/1, 139a].
|
|}
Cooley 2013: 126-129 discusses the astronomical myth 'Girra and Elamatum,' and what must be the related commentary of some sort K. 7609.

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Gibil or Girra — an ancient fire deity, his name is already mentioned in the lists of the gods from Farah (XXVI c. BC) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5-6:3]. He was considered the son of Anu and the goddess Šala, a messenger of Nusku that embodied fire in all its manifestations, both destructive and creative. Among his epithets are dGiš.bar.an.na "heavenly fire" [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], ''namru'' "shining, shining", zalag2 "light" (see above) and others, indicating his connection with the sky and probably having astral significance [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. Girra and Nusku are characterized as ''tap-pi-e'' ''Šamši''(20) "satellites of the sun" in [CT 25, 50:16]. Hildegard and Julius Lewy argue for identifying these gods with Mercury as the evening and morning star respectively [Lewy 1948].

==== Previous Identifications. ====
As a planet:

= Mars as the Red Star, see (Kurtik m03) [[Makrû|d''Makrû'']].

= Mercury as the evening star, cf. [Lewy 1948].

As a star:

= "light before Enmešarra," see VR 46 1:14 star list and text W. 22281a. Here, it may refer here to a fixed star or constellation, since its relative position to the Enmešarra constellation is indicated. But it is also possible that it meant to mention only one of the above planets.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, g13) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dBIL.GI, dNE.GI; = dGIŠ.BAR; = dGirru, бог огня Гирру/Гирра; 1) звезда или созвездие, 2) эпитет Марса, см. также g13GIŠ.BAR.
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Старовавилонская молитва: а) Erm. 15642: na-wa-ru-um dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:15], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b). AO 6769: nam-ru dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» [Dossin 1935, 181–182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60], c) CBS 574: šam-ru dGIB[IL6] «Свирепый Гир[ра]» [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. Селевкидский храмовый ритуал. múlAN dBIL:GI ez-zu… «Марс, гневный Гирра …» [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004, 220:308]. W. 22281a. dBIL:GI ZALAG2 ša2 IGI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Блестящий (огненный) Гирра перед Энмешаррой» [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; полный текст см. h12lúḪUN.GA2. Список K 7069: dEN.ME.ŠAR.R[A …] / dEN.ME.ŠAR.RA[…] / MUL.MUL za-ap-pu […] / mulBIL.GI IZI.GAR […] / [m]ulŠUDUN M[UL…] / [m]ulka-li-tum […] «Энмешарр[а …] / Энмешарра […] / Звезды, Щетина / Гирра, свет […] / Ярмо, З[везда…] / Почка […]» [CT 26, 49:4–9; Cooley 2013, 126]

Отождествление Гирры с созвездием Небесный Бык см. [Cooley 2013, 126–129].
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, g21) ===
|
|-
|вар.: dBIL.GI, dNE.GI, dGIBIL6; = dGirru; звезда бога огня Гирры: 1) = Марс, 2) = Меркурий, 3) = звезда или созвездие (?) [G. 95; Tallqvist 1938, 313–315].
I. Источники.

Молитва ночным богам. В списке астральных богов: na-wa-ru-um dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» (Erm. 15642:15) [Horowitz 2000, 196–197] (лучше na-aw-ru-um — замечание Л.Е.Когана), nam-ru dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» (AO 6769:16) [Dossin 1935, 181–182], šam-ru dBIL:[GI] «Свирепый Гир[ра]» (CBS 574) [Horowitz 1996, 58]. Список звезд VR 46 1:14. mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi dEn-me-šar2-ra dNusku(PA + TUG2) «Гирра, свет, что впереди Энмешарры, Нуску» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Текст W. 22281a. dBIL:GI ZALAG ša2 IGI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Блестящий Гирра, что впереди Энмешарры», см. h12lúḪUN.GA2. См. также: mulma-ak-ru-u = tam-šil dGIŠ.BAR «Красная звезда(=Марс) — подобие Гирры», цит. по [CAD M/1, 139a].

II. Божество.

Гибил, или Гирра – древнее божество огня, его имя встречается уже в списках богов из Фары (XXVI в. до н.э.) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5–6:3]. Считался сыном Ану и богини Шалы, посланником Нуску и олицетворял огонь во всех его проявлениях, как разрушительных, так и созидательных. Среди его эпитетов: dGiš.bar.an.na «Небесный огонь» [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], namru «блестящий, сияющий», zalag2 «свет» (см. выше) и др., указывающие на его связь с небом и, возможно, астральное значение [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. Гирра и Нуску характеризуются как tap-pi-e Šamši(20) «спутники Солнца» в [CT 25, 50:16]. Хильдегард и Юлиус Леви приводят аргументы в пользу отождествления этих богов с Меркурием соответственно как с вечерней и утренней звездой [Lewy 1948].

III. Отождествления.

Как планета:

= Марс как Красная звезда, см. m03dMakrû.

= Меркурий как вечерняя звезда, см. [Lewy 1948].

Как звезда:

= «свет перед Энмешаррой», см. список звезд VR 46 1:14 и текст W. 22281a. Речь в данном случае может идти о неподвижной звезде или созвездии, поскольку указано его положение относительно созвездия Энмешарра, однако, возможно, что и здесь имеется в виду лишь одна из указанных выше планет.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]][[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Solar System]][[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]][[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Girra

2026-06-27T13:46:15Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: }}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----Girra is the Mesopotamian fire-god who has an astronomical aspect both as an independent asterism as in the Old Babylonian narrative 'Girra and Elamatum' <nowiki>[[add bibliography link??]]</nowiki>, and by way of identifications with other asterisms including Mars ????.

# mulGIŠ.BAR (𒀯𒄑𒁇) is an ancient Mesopotamian term, see also (Kurtik n55) [[Nusku]].
# mulGIBIL6 (𒀯𒉈𒄀) is the astral manifestation of the Sumero-Akkadian fire-god Girra. In Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, Girra is an independent constellation which may also be the case in the contemporary myth 'Girra and Elamatum' when complete. Later, Girra becomes identified with Mars because of the planet's fiery red-orange color (see Horowitz 2020: 142-143).

???Probably to be added NE.GI.IZI,GAR = N13???

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. readings''':

* (1)
** dBIL.GI,
** dNE.GI,
** dGIBIL6;
** = dGirru; the star of the fire god Girra:
* (2) epithet of Mars, see also (Kurtik g13) [[GIŠ.BAR]].
** = dGIŠ.BAR

'''Referring to'''

* 1) = Mars,
* 2) = Mercury,
* 3) = star or constellation (?) [G. 95; Tallqvist 1938, 313-315].

=== Sources and Identifications ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
!
==== Kurtik (g13) GIBIL6 ====
!
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
Old Babylonian prayer:

* (a) Erm. 15642: ''na-wa-ru-um'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra." [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206</ref>, 196-197:15], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieux de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA 32, № 4, 179-190.</ref>, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
* (b) AO 6769: ''nam-ru'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra." [Dossin 1935, 181-182:16; Horowitz and Wasserman 1996<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., Wasserman N.'' Another Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night // JCS. 1996. Vol. 48. P. 57- 60.</ref>, 60],
* (c) CBS 574: ''šam-ru'' dGIB[IL6] "Fierce Gir[ra]" [Horowitz and Wasserman 1996<ref name=":0" />, 58:13].
|constellation
|-
|'''Seleucid temple ritual.'''
* múlAN dBIL.GI ''ez-zu''... "Mars, the wrathful Girra ..." [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220:308].
* W. 22281a.
** dBIL.GI ZALAG2 ''ša''2 IGI d''En-me-šar''2''-ra'' "The brilliant (fiery) Girra before Enmešarra" [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; for full text see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
* List K 7069:
** dEN.ME.ŠAR.R[A ...] / dEN.ME.ŠAR.RA[...] / MUL.MUL ''za-ap-pu'' [...] / mulBIL.GI IZI. GAR [...] / [m]ulŠUDUN M[UL...] / [m]ul''ka-li-tum'' [...]
** "Enmešarr[a...] / Enmešarra [...] / Star cluster, bristle / Girra, light [...] / Yoke, S[tar...] / Kidney [...]" [CT 26, 49:4-9; Cooley 2013, 126]
|
* Mars
* double star cluster h+χ Per
*double star cluster h+χ Per
|-
!
==== Kurtik (g21) mulGIŠ.BAR ====
!
|-
|'''Prayers to the Gods of the Night.'''
In the list of astral gods:

* ''na-wa-ru-um'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra" (Erm. 15642:15) [Horowitz 2000, 196-197] (better ''na-aw-ru-um'' - remark of L. E. Kogan),
* ''nam-ru'' dBIL:GI "Brilliant Girra" (AO 6769:16) [Dossin 1935, 181-182], ''šam-ru'' dBIL:[GI] "Ferocious Gir[ra]" (CBS 574) [Horowitz 1996, 58].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46 1:14.'''
* mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dNusku(PA + TUG2)
* "Girra, light ahead of Enmesharra, Nusku" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* dBIL:GI ZALAG ''ša''2 IGI d''En-me-šar''2-''ra''
* "Brilliant Girra that is ahead of Enmešarra," see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].

See also: mul''ma-ak-ru-u'' = ''tam-šil'' dGIŠ.BAR "The red star(=Mars) is in the likeness of Girra", quoted from [CAD M/1, 139a].
|
|}
Cooley 2013: 126-129 discusses the astronomical myth 'Girra and Elamatum,' and what must be the related commentary of some sort K. 7609.

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Gibil or Girra — an ancient fire deity, his name is already mentioned in the lists of the gods from Farah (XXVI c. BC) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5-6:3]. He was considered the son of Anu and the goddess Shala, a messenger of Nusku that embodied fire in all its manifestations, both destructive and creative. Among his epithets are dGiš.bar.an.na "heavenly fire" [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], ''namru'' "shining, shining", zalag2 "light" (see above) and others, indicating his connection with the sky and probably having astral significance [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. Girra and Nusku are characterized as ''tap-pi-e'' ''Šamši''(20) "satellites of the sun" in [CT 25, 50:16]. Hildegard and Julius Lewy argue for identifying these gods with Mercury as the evening and morning star respectively [Lewy 1948].

==== Previous Identifications. ====
As a planet:

= Mars as the Red Star, see (Kurtik m03) [[Makrû|d''Makrû'']].

= Mercury as the evening star, cf. [Lewy 1948].

As a star:

= "light before Enmesharra," see VR 46 1:14 star list and text W. 22281a. Here, it may refer here to a fixed star or constellation, since its relative position to the Enmesharra constellation is indicated. But it is also possible that it meant to mention only one of the above planets.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, g13) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dBIL.GI, dNE.GI; = dGIŠ.BAR; = dGirru, бог огня Гирру/Гирра; 1) звезда или созвездие, 2) эпитет Марса, см. также g13GIŠ.BAR.
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Старовавилонская молитва: а) Erm. 15642: na-wa-ru-um dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:15], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b). AO 6769: nam-ru dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» [Dossin 1935, 181–182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60], c) CBS 574: šam-ru dGIB[IL6] «Свирепый Гир[ра]» [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. Селевкидский храмовый ритуал. múlAN dBIL:GI ez-zu… «Марс, гневный Гирра …» [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004, 220:308]. W. 22281a. dBIL:GI ZALAG2 ša2 IGI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Блестящий (огненный) Гирра перед Энмешаррой» [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; полный текст см. h12lúḪUN.GA2. Список K 7069: dEN.ME.ŠAR.R[A …] / dEN.ME.ŠAR.RA[…] / MUL.MUL za-ap-pu […] / mulBIL.GI IZI.GAR […] / [m]ulŠUDUN M[UL…] / [m]ulka-li-tum […] «Энмешарр[а …] / Энмешарра […] / Звезды, Щетина / Гирра, свет […] / Ярмо, З[везда…] / Почка […]» [CT 26, 49:4–9; Cooley 2013, 126]

Отождествление Гирры с созвездием Небесный Бык см. [Cooley 2013, 126–129].
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, g21) ===
|
|-
|вар.: dBIL.GI, dNE.GI, dGIBIL6; = dGirru; звезда бога огня Гирры: 1) = Марс, 2) = Меркурий, 3) = звезда или созвездие (?) [G. 95; Tallqvist 1938, 313–315].
I. Источники.

Молитва ночным богам. В списке астральных богов: na-wa-ru-um dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» (Erm. 15642:15) [Horowitz 2000, 196–197] (лучше na-aw-ru-um — замечание Л.Е.Когана), nam-ru dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» (AO 6769:16) [Dossin 1935, 181–182], šam-ru dBIL:[GI] «Свирепый Гир[ра]» (CBS 574) [Horowitz 1996, 58]. Список звезд VR 46 1:14. mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi dEn-me-šar2-ra dNusku(PA + TUG2) «Гирра, свет, что впереди Энмешарры, Нуску» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Текст W. 22281a. dBIL:GI ZALAG ša2 IGI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Блестящий Гирра, что впереди Энмешарры», см. h12lúḪUN.GA2. См. также: mulma-ak-ru-u = tam-šil dGIŠ.BAR «Красная звезда(=Марс) — подобие Гирры», цит. по [CAD M/1, 139a].

II. Божество.

Гибил, или Гирра – древнее божество огня, его имя встречается уже в списках богов из Фары (XXVI в. до н.э.) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5–6:3]. Считался сыном Ану и богини Шалы, посланником Нуску и олицетворял огонь во всех его проявлениях, как разрушительных, так и созидательных. Среди его эпитетов: dGiš.bar.an.na «Небесный огонь» [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], namru «блестящий, сияющий», zalag2 «свет» (см. выше) и др., указывающие на его связь с небом и, возможно, астральное значение [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. Гирра и Нуску характеризуются как tap-pi-e Šamši(20) «спутники Солнца» в [CT 25, 50:16]. Хильдегард и Юлиус Леви приводят аргументы в пользу отождествления этих богов с Меркурием соответственно как с вечерней и утренней звездой [Lewy 1948].

III. Отождествления.

Как планета:

= Марс как Красная звезда, см. m03dMakrû.

= Меркурий как вечерняя звезда, см. [Lewy 1948].

Как звезда:

= «свет перед Энмешаррой», см. список звезд VR 46 1:14 и текст W. 22281a. Речь в данном случае может идти о неподвижной звезде или созвездии, поскольку указано его положение относительно созвездия Энмешарра, однако, возможно, что и здесь имеется в виду лишь одна из указанных выше планет.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]][[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Solar System]][[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]][[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]

GIR2.TAB

2026-06-27T13:10:12Z

HermannHunger: /* Symbol. */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIR2.TAB, ''zuqaqīpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Skopion xs.jpg|thumb|A scorpion in the Sahara desert (SMH 2007).]]
mulGIR2.TAB (𒀯𒄈𒋰) = ''zuqaqīpu'', 'The Scorpion,' is the ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to the [[Scorpius|Scorpion]] in the modern constellation of [[Scorpius]]. The Akkadian parallel ''zuqaqīpu'' is mostly found in lexical texts of the Urra XXII series.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* = ''zuqaqīpu'' (𒀯𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍), scorpion; a constellation corresponding to [[Scorpius]] [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
* GIR2 short form in later astronomical and astrological texts, the zodiac sign Scorpius appears more often without the determinative [Gössmann 91].
* [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]] = ''zuqaqīpu''
In MUL.APIN, the explanatory list<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mentions:
* mulGÍR.TAB (AN 16–17r; EA 9l, 10l, 11l, 12–13l).
* mulGABA GÍR.TAB “breast of the scorpion” (EA 11l).
* SI mulGÍR.TAB “horns (= pedipalpi) of the scorpion” (AN 16–17r).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114].

* (2) Series Urra XXII: Urra XXII 285' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 107]. mulgir2.tab = ''zu-qi-qi-pu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [''zu'']-''qa-qi-pi'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8;

|
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 246

Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 102, Anu 2): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'', 'the star that stands after it (i.e. Ištar), 'The Scorpion,' Išḫara.'

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 194, Anu VIII, BM 34713, Anu IX), BM 82923: ulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI, 'The Scorpion' // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Horowitz 2014: 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:23].

'''''Rising and Setting Stars: (Horowitz 2014: 168, Anu-Rising Month VIII, Setting Month II. - do you like this format?? It is very simple - I can go back and change all the previous listings???'''''

'''''Circular Astrolabes.'''''
Horowitz 2014: 123-124
* Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu, Month VIII), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].
* K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].
'''Text HS 245''' (The Hilprecht Text).

* See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]];
* In Neo-Assyrian parallels:
** Sm. 1113:9′ - d''zu-qa-qi''2-''p''[''u''...],
** Sm. 162 rev. 7 - mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957-58; Horowitz 1993, 151-154].
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Stars."</s>'''
<s>Anu 2. </s>

* <s>MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "The star that stands after it (i.e. Ishtar), Scorpius, Ishara. Favorable for the oil trade" (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].</s>
|
|-
|'''''"<s>Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."</s> '''''
'''<s>Astrolabe P.</s>'''
* <s>Arahsamnu month, s</s>tar<s>s of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Arahsamnu month, stars of Anu: mulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI</s>
*** <s>"Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:23].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. Kislimu month, stars Anu [LBAT, 149</s>9:9], <s>see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|''Ṣalbatanu'']].</s>
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* <s>(1) List (12´3):</s>
** <s>a) mul ''ša'' ''egir-šu gub-zu'' / mulgir2.tab d''Iš-ḫa-ra''</s>
*** <s>"The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after Venus), (is) Scorpius, Ishara" (B ii 6-7); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 2];</s>
** <s>(b) mul ... ''ana'' igi mulgir2.tab, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum]]''[[Zibānītum]]''</s>.
* (2) <s>List (3´12):</s>
** <s>[itiapin] ... mulgir2.tab ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''</s>
*** <s>The month of arahsamnu: ... Scorpius (on the way of) Anu (rises)" (C ii 8).</s>
* <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — arahsamnu, sunset — ayaru [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].</s>
'''''C<s>ircular Astrolabes.</s>'''''
* <s>Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month of Arahsamnu), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].</s>
* <s>K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month arahsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].</s>
<s>'''A list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 7)''':</s>

* <s>mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9-9a, III 8a-b, 11c-d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4-6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13-15, Pl. XVII 15-17].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Anu (no. 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB "Libra, horn of Scorpius" (I ii 11).
* (2) Stars of Ea (no. 10):
** a) mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''2-''me'' "Scorpion, Išḫara, goddess of all inhabited regions" (I ii 29),
** b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB d''Li''9-''si''4 dAG "The chest of the Scorpion: Lisi, Nabu" (I ii 30),
** (c) 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ina zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-''zu'' / d''Šar''2''-ur u Šar''2-''gaz'' "Two stars that stand on the sting of the Scorpion: Šarur and Šargaz" (I ii 31-32).
* (3) Dates of heliacal risings:
** a) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu the Scorpion becomes visible" (I iii 3),
** b) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme "On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the Goat and the Chest of the Scorpion become visible" (I iii 4); on the joint rising of muluz3 and mulgir2.tab see also BM 55466+, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (4) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) (I iii 13-14), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]],
** b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme-''ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "The Scorpion and the Dog rise, and the Asterism of Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25),
** c) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulGIR2.TAB, after mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4, before mul''Pa-bil-sag'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (6) Observations of heliacal risings and the direction of the wind:
** ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ''ina u''4-''me'' IGImeš IM ''ša''2 [DU-''ku'' ŠE]Š-''ar''2
** "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu, the Scorpion, on the 15th the Chest of the Scorpion becomes visible; on the day that they become visible, you will observe the wind that [blows]" (II i 32-33).
* (7) A scheme for determining winds by the stars: mulGIR2.TAB - west, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU]]6.
* (8) Astrological predictions: [...] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 GIN MU BI SIG5 "[If ...] of the Scorpion becomes visible and the South wind blows: this year will be good" (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116].
Text BM 77054.

See (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]]. "A large list of stars."

* (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra "Scorpion = Išḫara";
* (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat "Scorpion = ditto(=Išḫara), Tiamat";
* (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab "Heavenly sword = Scorpion";
* (4) 12 stars of Elam: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol, App. B: 34-36, 204] ''Išhara not Ishkhara everywhere??? Yes of courseǃǃǃ''

'''''regarding Text BM 77054: all this is the Great Star List 25<nowiki>''</nowiki>-27<nowiki>''</nowiki> -'''''

'''<nowiki>;</nowiki> see also the list of "7 ''tikpi''-stars" [KAR, 142 i 37].'''
|[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See SAA 10, p. 381; SAA 8, p. 350a, 353].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:31.'''
* mulgir2.tab = d''iš-ḫa-ra tam-tim'' "Scorpius = Išḫara of the sea". [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (M) [mul''na'']-''at-tul-lum'' KIMIN MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' SI mulgir2.tab / [x-x-''t'']''u''2 ''u'' IGI mulUR.IDIM GU "The harness (''ziqpu'' XXVI: υ Boo), or the middle of Libra (β Lib), the horn of the Scorpion (γ Sco = σ Lib) / [...] and the Mad Dog’s eye (γ Lup): a string.
* (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹KIMIN˺ MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' MULme SAG mulGIR2.TAB / [''u''? MURU]B4 ˹mul˺UR.IDIM GU "Šupa (=''ziqpu'' I: α Boo) or the middle of Libra (γ Lib), the stars of Scorpius's head (δ Sco) [and the middle] part of the Mad Dog (η Lup): a string.
* (O) mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 KIMIN mulGABA GIR2.TAB / ˹MUL ''ta''˺-''ri''-''tu''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' GIR3II EGIR ''ša''2 mulUR.IDIM GU "The 2nd star of the Harness (''ziqpu'' II: ε Boo), or the star on the chest of the Scorpion (α Sco), the raised tail of the Scorpion (μ1 Sco) and the hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco): a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:21-25; ASM, 93].

According to [Koch 1992, 58-59], murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' is γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim is Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab is β, δ, π Sco, mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 is π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim is ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco).
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!GUs
|-
|M
|[[File:GU13 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|13th GU, GU (M), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>]]
|-
|N
|[[File:GU14 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|14th GU, GU (N), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|O
|[[File:GU15 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|15th GU, GU (O), in Hoffmann (2022).Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":0" />.]]
|}
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §b.
** a) mulSAG GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's head (δ Sco),
** b) mulSUḪUŠ UM.ME.DA G[IR2.TAB] "the base of the column (straightening muscle?) of the Sco[rpion]" (μ1, μ2 Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §c. [mulGIR2.TAB] "Scorpius"(η Sco), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §d. m[ul]SI ZAG GIR2.TAB "right horn of the Scorpius"(σ Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §f. mulSUḪUŠ EME.DA GIR2.TAB MUL x [x MUL x] ˹GU4˺.ALIM 3 MULmeš(sic) SAG.DU3 "Base of the Scorpion column (μ1 Sco), [...] (γ Oph), [star x] Bison (κ Oph): 3 stars, triangle." [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48-49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Ser[unina Bison]" (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulGIR3 ZAG]? ˹GU4˺.ALIM "[Right leg of] the Bison" (κ Oph).
* §h. mulSAG GIR2.TAB mulŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM ''u'' mulŠullat(PA) [3 MULmeš] GU SI.SA2 DUB2.[BA] 2 DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA mu[lP]A ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "The Scorpion’s head (δ Sco), the Bull’s left paw (Ser d) and Šullat: [3 stars]. A straight tight rope. 2 intervals, interval. [Šul]lat first." [Walker 1995, 36-37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], here instead of mul''Šullat''(pa) should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) "Ḫaniš" (α Cen).
* §j. [mu]l ''zi-qit'' GIR2.TAB mulSAG GU4.ALIM ''u''3 mulPA ˹3˺ [MULmeš ...] ˹2˺ DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA MUL ''zi-q''[''it'' GIR2.TAB x] "Sting of the Scorpion (θ Sco), head of the Bull (η Ser?) and Šullat (β Cen?): 3 [stars ...]. 2 intervals, interval. The sting [of Scorpius ...]." [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy: GIR2'''
See [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; used in the lunar tablets dating back to the late fifth century BC. [Aaboe and Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30-31; 2010].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
(mul)GIR2.TAB is the designation of the constellation and zodiac sign of Scorpius. The four stars of the Scorpius constellation were used as "normal stars," see also (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] below.

'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''

* múlGABA GIR2.TAB ''ka-bi-is'' GABA ''tam-tim'' "'The breast of the Scorpion' that walkes by the 'breast' of the sea." [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. A 3427:'''
* a) ˹TA˺ 5 UŠ ''ar''2 2 MUL2me ''ša''2 SAG múlA EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 múlDILI ''ša''2 múlKUN''-šu''2 [GIR2.TAB] "From (culmination point) 5° behind the 2 stars of the Lion's head to (the culmination point) 5° behind the Single star on its tail: [Scorpius rises]" (anaphora of the zodiac sign Scorpius, determined by the climax of the ''ziqpu'' stars),
* b) múlGIR2.TAB TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' .../ 2 UŠ 30 GAR 1''-et'' ḪA.LA ''ša''2 múlGIR2.TAB KUR''-ḫa'' ''ina'' 12 ḪA.LA 1 DANNA 10 UŠ ... " Scorpius from its beginning to its end rises [...] / 2° 30' (which is) one (twelfth) part of Scorpius rises. In 12 parts 1 DANNA 10 UŠ [(culminates), and], ''(continued by:)''
* c) TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' PAP 2 DANNA ''ina'' ''ziq-pi i-lak-ma'' [... ] "(Scorpius) from its beginning to its end rises. A total of 2 danna culminates, [...]" <s>(the indicated value of the time of rising of the constellation Scorpius corresponds to the length on the ecliptic 450),</s>
* d) múlGIR2-TAB ''meš-ḫi im-šuḫ'' ZI "Scorpius emits a ''mišḫu'' ..." [Steele 2017, 63-65; earlier Schaumberger 1955, 238-239:1, 15-17, 21; 241].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology, Magic and Calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GIR2.TAB - designation of the 8th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) Lunaria
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab "Scorpius region" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
** (b) BRM IV, 19: the text contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which gir2.tab is the designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 8-''i-tum'' ḫa.la múlgir2.tab ''šum''3-''šu''2 "8th part, its name is Scorpius." [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66],
** (b) Sp II 202+: 8-''tu''2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlgir2.tab ''ša''2 múllu "8th part of Aries — Scorpius of Aries" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18-19].
** Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 4th part is mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Division of the zodiac sign Scorpius into 12 parts: ḫa.la sag''-tu''2 ''ša'' múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab "The first part of Scorpius is Scorpius of Scorpius." [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239, A 3427:2], see also Anaphora.
* (4) Zodiacal Astrology. KI múlGIR2.TAB ... "In the region of Scorpius [was born]: ...she will become a witch, she will be happy? (var.: sinner) ..., a widow." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology: KI múlGIR2.TAB TIL(= ''taqtīt'') UDmeš ''ni-zi''[''q-tu''4] "Region of Scorpius: end of days, wrath" [SpTU II, 43:24, misread]; for a parallel see [LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'; similar TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68];
* (6) Predicting the price of cereal by observing the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33].
* (7) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac: [DIŠ Sin ''ina'' mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-''ma''..."[If the Moon] eclipses [in Scorpius] ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

'''Short form GIR2'''

* (1) Calendar and ritual texts: W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // ''qi''2-''lip''2 GIR2-TAB MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 7 // Scorpius 19 // you anoint (the patient) with peeled-off skin of a scorpion" [SpTU III, 104:7 and also 20, see Wee 2016, 178 fn. 109]; for a parallel for the month Arahsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30].
|[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
|-
|
*
|
|}
See also: MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SI mulGIR2.TAB "The star on the horn of Scorpius" [SpTU II, 42:12], and also [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
[[File:Sco CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192735.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GIR2.TAB (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Antares]]
|HIP 80763
|Constellation lines
|0.91
|-
|2
| [[Shaula]]
|HIP 85927
|Constellation lines
|1.63
|-
|3
|[[Sargas]]
|HIP 86228
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.85
|-
|4
|[[Larawag]]
|HIP 82396
|Constellation lines
|2.29
|-
|5
|[[Dschubba]]
|HIP 78401
|Constellation lines
| 2.32
|-
|6
|κ Scorpii
|HIP 86670
|Inside the Hull
|2.386
|-
|7
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.5
|-
|8
|[SC96] Mis 162
|[SC96] Mis 162
|Inside the Hull
|2.51
|-
|9
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.62
|-
|10
|[[Lesath]]
|HIP 85696
| Constellation lines
|2.65
|-
| 11
| [[Paikauhale]]
| HIP 81266
| Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|12
|[[Alniyat]]
|HIP 80112
|Constellation lines
|2.89
|-
|13
|[[Fang]]
|HIP 78265
|Constellation lines
|2.91
|-
|14
|[[Xamidimura]]
|HIP 82514
|Inside the Hull
|2.98
|-
|15
|ι 1 Scorpii
|HIP 87073
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.992
|-
| 16
|[[Fuyue]]
| HIP 87261
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.21
|-
|17
| [[Brachium]]
| HIP 73714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.21
|-
|18
|η Scorpii
|HIP 84143
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.33
|-
|19
|[SC96] Mis 190
|[SC96] Mis 190
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|20
|C 1652-407
|C 1652-407
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|21
|[[Pipirima]]
|HIP 82545
|Constellation lines
|3.542
|-
|22
| υ Librae
|HIP 76470
|Inside the Hull
|3.589
|-
|23
|ζ 2 Scorpii
|HIP 82729
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.62
|-
| 24
|τ Librae
|HIP 76600
|Constellation lines
|3.642
|-
|25
|[[Iklil]]
|HIP 78104
|Inside the Hull
|3.86
|-
|26
|[[Zubenelhakrabi]]
|HIP 76333
|Constellation lines
|3.91
|-
|27
|ω 1 Scorpii
| HIP 78933
|Inside the Hull
|3.97
|-
|28
|[[Jabbah]]
| HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4
|-
|29
|H Sco
|HIP 81304
|Inside the Hull
|4.156
|-
|30
|θ Librae
|HIP 77853
|Inside the Hull
|4.16
|-
|31
|ξ Sco B
|HIP 78727
| Constellation lines
|4.17
|-
|32
|N Sco
|HIP 80911
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|33
|Q Sco
|HIP 86170
|Inside the Hull
| 4.267
|-
|34
|ω 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78990
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
| 35
|[[Jabbah]] A
|HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4.349
|-
|36
|χ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80569
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
| 37
|ω Ophiuchi
| HIP 80975
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|38
|ψ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80343
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|39
|13 Sco
| HIP 79404
|Inside the Hull
|4.568
|-
|40
|ο Scorpii
|HIP 80079
| Inside the Hull
|4.57
|-
|41
|2 Sco
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|42
|37 Lib
|HIP 76219
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.62
|-
|43
|ρ Ophiuchi
| HIP 80473
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|44
| 1 Sco
|HIP 77635
|Inside the Hull
|4.635
|-
|45
|* 2 Sco A
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.71
|-
|46
|κ Librae
|HIP 76880
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 79881
|Inside the Hull
|4.782
|-
|48
|22 Sco
|HIP 80815
|Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
|49
|* ksi Sco B
|HIP 78727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.87
|-
|50
|48 Lib
|HIP 78207
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
| 51
|V1073 Sco
|HIP 83574
| Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|52
|β 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78821
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|53
|42 Lib
|HIP 76742
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 78650
| Inside the Hull
|4.966
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 83336
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|56
|λ Librae
|HIP 77811
|Inside the Hull
|5.027
|-
|57
|* rho Oph A
|HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 79302
|Inside the Hull
|5.102
|-
|59
|36 Lib
|HIP 76259
|Inside the Hull
|5.138
|-
|60
| * ksi Sco A
| HIP 78727
|Constellation lines
|5.16
|-
| 61
|* alf Sco B
|HD 148479
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 82493
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|63
| 41 Lib
|HIP 76628
|Inside the Hull
|5.359
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 77858
|Inside the Hull
|5.372
|-
|65
| -
| HIP 79050
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|66
|[SC96] Mis 382
|[SC96] Mis 382
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
| 67
|* tet Sco B
|HD 159532B
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|68
|M 4
|M 4
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 77859
|Inside the Hull
|5.402
|-
|70
|CD-29 12513B
|HIP 80399
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|71
| η Librae
|HIP 77060
|Inside the Hull
|5.412
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 80390
|Inside the Hull
|5.42
|-
|73
| -
| HIP 78246
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|74
|49 Lib
|HIP 78400
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 82676
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 82135
|Inside the Hull
|5.481
|-
|77
|27 Sco
|HIP 82960
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 79199
|Inside the Hull
|5.497
|-
|79
|ζ 4 Librae
|HIP 76126
|Inside the Hull
|5.499
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 79980
|Inside the Hull
| 5.502
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 74732
|Inside the Hull
|5.506
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 76106
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 86698
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 84551
|Inside the Hull
|5.526
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 84401
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
| 86
|M 19
|M 19
|Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|87
|4 Sco
|HIP 77984
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|88
| ζ 1 Librae
|HIP 75730
| Inside the Hull
|5.626
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 84150
| Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|90
|26 Oph
|HIP 83196
|Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|91
|11 Sco
|HIP 79005
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 82775
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 76532
|Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 80672
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|95
|* 12 Sco A
|HIP 79399
| Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|96
|ζ 3 Librae
|HIP 75944
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 76569
|Inside the Hull
|5.816
|-
|98
|CD-29 12513A
|HR 6106
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
| -
| HIP 78168
| Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 81741
|Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 85889
|Inside the Hull
|5.838
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 74539
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|103
|66 G. Oph
|HIP 83176
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
|104
|3 Sco
|HIP 77909
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 79098
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|106
|Gliese 667 A
| HIP 84709
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|107
|V923 Sco
| HIP 83491
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 83896
| Inside the Hull
|5.911
|-
|109
| -
| HIP 81523
| Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|110
| -
| HIP 85048
|Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 79596
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
| 112
|V929 Sco
|HIP 78877
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 83235
|Inside the Hull
|5.934
|-
| 114
|[SC96] Mis 177
|[SC96] Mis 177
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 84425
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|116
|47 Lib
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|5.957
|-
|117
|[SC96] Mis 213
|[SC96] Mis 213
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 83693
| Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 81992
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 85543
|Inside the Hull
|5.985
|-
|121
| -
| HIP 78665
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 84226
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
| 123
| -
|HIP 81904
|Inside the Hull
| 6.046
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 83100
|Inside the Hull
|6.048
|-
|125
|* 47 Lib A
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 79622
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 78575
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|128
| -
| HIP 80910
| Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 79692
|Inside the Hull
|6.083
|-
|130
| -
| HIP 78726
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|131
| -
| HIP 82691
| Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|132
|36 G. Oph
|HIP 81728
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 77900
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|134
|RR Sco
|HIP 82912
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 78078
|Inside the Hull
| 6.117
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 84489
|Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
|137
| -
| HIP 83706
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|138
|[SC96] Mis 165
|[SC96] Mis 165
|Inside the Hull
|6.14
|-
|139
| -
| HIP 85237
|Inside the Hull
|6.142
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 85839
|Inside the Hull
|6.158
|-
|141
|28 Lib
|HIP 75110
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 142
| -
| HIP 84445
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 75939
| Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
| 144
| -
|HIP 76503
|Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 77985
|Inside the Hull
|6.199
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 77689
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 78699
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 76033
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 149
| -
|HIP 82453
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|150
| V861 Sco
|HIP 82911
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|151
|34 G. Oph
|HIP 81632
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 82783
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 86246
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 78058
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 155
| -
|HIP 84151
|Inside the Hull
|6.285
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 77007
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|157
| -
| HIP 79945
|Inside the Hull
|6.298
|-
|158
|[SC96] Mis 208
|[SC96] Mis 208
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 82554
|Inside the Hull
|6.315
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 78486
|Inside the Hull
|6.317
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 76567
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 78955
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|163
| -
| HIP 82855
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 164
|[SC96] Mis 549
|[SC96] Mis 549
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 165
| -
|HIP 76666
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 78059
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 79031
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 79605
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 82731
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|170
|[SC96] Mis 201
|[SC96] Mis 201
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|171
|V1077 Sco
|HIP 84650
|Inside the Hull
|6.367
|-
|172
| -
|HR 6426
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|173
| V900 Sco
| HIP 82669
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|174
| -
|HIP 77729
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 87042
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 79599
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 85786
|Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 85019
|Inside the Hull
|6.419
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 79788
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 180
| -
|HIP 79203
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 79530
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 84332
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 85020
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|184
| -
|HD 152249
| Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|-
|186
|23 Lib
|HIP 74500
|Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|187
| -
| HIP 80324
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 86098
|Inside the Hull
| 6.463
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 74490
|Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
|190
|[SC96] GC 33
|[SC96] GC 33
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Išḫara, see (Kurtik i15) [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]. The name ''zu''2''-qa''2''-qi''4''-ip'', as a royal name, at the beginning of the post-Flood part of the "Sumerian king list" relating to Kiš, cf. [Jacobsen 1939, 78-79:10-11].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) Ritual at the lunar eclipse in the month Kislimu, see (Kurtik u06)[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (2) Hemerology for the 18th of Du'uzu: PAD''-su ana'' ˹mul˺gir2.tab ''liš-ku-un'' "Let him offer his sacrifice to Scorpius" [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94-95].
* (3) The purifying ritual of the "Raising of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [d''iš-ḫa-ra''] "Spell, (constellation) Scorpius, [Išḫara]". [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58-59;].
* (4) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the deity statue [Walker and Dick 2001], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (5) The astral-mythological text BM 55466+, where the night sky in the month of Ṭebetu is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, see (Kurtk u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (6) In astrological geography, Scorpius correlates (a) with the Sea Land and Dilmun or Borsippa, (b) with Ḫursagkalamma, Borsippa [Weidner 1963; Kurtik 2010; Steele 2015].
* (7) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mul]GIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'' d''Ištar'' ''ina qe''2-''reb'' MURUB4 ''e-peš ša''2-''aš''2-''me'' / [...''a'']''š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu'' "Scorpion, Išḫara (i.e. The Scorpion), Ištar, in the midst of the battle, in performing the fight / [...] 'stubborn' (opponents) of yours, let him defeat, let him turn them into ghosts!" [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′-8′].

''Also = Racc Text 213???''

==== Symbol. ====
Scorpion. Early depictions of the scorpion/scorpion-man in Mesopotamian glyptics of the 3rd millennium BC, when it may have already acquired astral significance, see [Kononenko 1997] as well as [Kurtik 1998, 36; 2022, ]. For the images on the kudurru see [Seidl 1968, 156-157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48], for astral images on Hellenistic seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, no. 1008-1017; Kurtik 2007, fig. 24, 32]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlGIR2 (designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius) corresponds to G[IR2.TAB] "Sc[orpion]". [SpTU II, 43:8, 24, misread, see Hunger 1996].

==== Previous Identification. ====
[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
= Scorpius [van der Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246]

= Scorpius + part of Libra, constellation figure correlated with stars, [Koch 1989, 114-115, Abb. 16 a-b].

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Middle star in the head of the Scorpion" (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 ''e ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Upper star of the Scorpion's head" (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Lower star of the Scorpion's head" (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 "(God) of Fox" (α Scorpii),

The 4 stars indicated above were used as "normal stars" in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 26-29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab "Claws (lit. Horn) of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN et al.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab "Stars of the Scorpion's head", see GU-text.

(7) gaba gir2.tab "Chest of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN, etc.

(8) mul ''ta-ri-tu''2 mulgir2.tab "The raised tail of the Scorpion", see GU-text.

(9) Scorpion's head (δ Sco), see dalbana-text.

(10) Base of the Scorpion's column (straightening muscle?) (μ1, μ2 Sco), see dalbana-text.

(11) Right claw (lit. horn) of the Scorpion (σ Sco), see dalbana-text.

(12) Scorpion's sting, see dalbana-text, and also below.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's lips" (β, λ Sco) (?) [ADRT I, 42, no. -651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Bright star of the Scorpion's head" [ADRT I, 42, no. -651:10-11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB "The middle section of the Scorpion." [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) [...K]UN mulGIR2.TAB "Tail of the Scorpion" [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) ''u''2''-ru-ud'': ''u''2''-ru-uḫ'' mulGIR2.TAB "Throat of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB "Center (lit. Navel) of the Scorpion [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB "(2 stars) on the sting of the Scorpion" (λ, υ Scorpii), see MUL.APIN et al, as well as (Kurtik sh05) [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]] and (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

(20) The border of the Scorpion; [...mul]GIR2.TAB ''it-ta-tu-ša''2 MI-''mu'' ... "[...] Scorpion, its border is dark [...]" [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus: mulGIR2.TAB: d''Dil-bat'' [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Lisi; cf. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], (Kurtik n25) [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]], II 3.

(3) Scorpion's sting = Pabilsag: see (Kurtik p04) [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL2.SAG]], VI 4, (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

In [G. 94, IV 2-3] identifications of the Scorpion with Jupiter, Mars and Mercury are suggested, which, as far as we know, is not confirmed by the texts. See, however, below (28).

===== Predictions: =====
(4) General astrological significance: mulGIR2.TAB ''ana'' KI.LAM "Scorpion for (predicting the state of) the market." [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Heliacal risings earlier and later: "The Scorpion rises heliacally in the month Arahsamnu, variant: Ṭebetu; if this star rises early: the king of the country will walk proudly, he will conquer [kings], his enemies; if this star rises late: kings of other countries will start enmity against the king of that country" [BPO 2, IX 9]; see also [ibid., X 19, XI 4-6].

(6) View of the Scorpion’s claws: DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-''ša''2 ''zu-᾽-u''2''-ra'' KUR2 ZI-''ma ina'' [gišTUKUL ŠUB-''ut''] "If the claws (lit. horns) of the Scorpion are twisted?: an enemy will rise, but will fall by weapons (in battle)", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-''ša''2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' LUGAL ''a-a-bi-šu''2 Š[U-''su'' KUR-''ad''2] "If the Scorpion’s claws emit rays (lit. carry radiation): the king's hand will conquer his enemies" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346 +:41-42], see also [SAA 8, 218:2-4, 547:1-4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ''ana'' UR2-''šu''2 GUR I3 ''ina'' KUR LA2-''ṭi'' "[If the Scorpion, its foreparts] are facing its 'knee': there will be lack of oil in the land" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''zu''-᾽-''u''2-''ra ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' / dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mul''zi-ba-ni-ti'' GUB-''ma'' "If the claws of the Scorpion are twisted? (and) carry radiance, (it means): the planet stands in Libra." [ACh Ištar, 28:6-7].

(7) The Scorpion is dark: DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI ''iš-tan-na-an-na''? "If the Scorpion is dark: the kings of all countries will become hostile, variant: the kings of all countries will feud one with another(?)" [SAA 8, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''i-da-tu-ša''2 ''uk-ku-la'' UN.MEŠ ''i-lam-mi-na'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Scorpion’s sides are very dark: people will become bad, (it means): Mars stands in it." [SAA 8, 502:14]. See also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 3, and Mercury and Scorpius below.

(8) Star in the head of the Scorpion: ''i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-i-e kak-ka-bu'' / [''ina''] SAG.DU ''ša'' mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 ''it-ti-ti-iz'' GISKIM-''šu''2 ''la i-lap-pa-''[''at''] "This night a star stood in the head of the Scorpion before the moon: this sign does not portend anything (bad)". [SAA 8, 98: 7-r. 2]. See also (Kurtik ts06) ''[[Ṣurru]]''.

(9) The Scorpion during its first appearance in the month Kislimu: DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra ina'' GIBIL UD.DA-''ša''2 / GA[BA]-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-at'' / SI.ME-''ša''2! ''nin-mu-ra'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL ''ina'' KUR ''i-ḫar-ru-pu'' ... "If the Scorpion, the goddess Išḫara, at the renewal of her light (i.e. at the heliacal rising?) her breast is bright, her tail is dark, and her claws (literally horns) stand opposite each other: the country will have a season of early rain and flood; ..." [SAA 8, 504: 5-8], parallel: DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra'' / ''ina'' IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''nin-gu-la'' /: ''nen-bu-ṭa'' GABA-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-ti'' ... "If in the month Kislimu, the Scorpion, the goddess Išḫara, at its first appearance, its claws ..., var.: radiant, her breast is bright, and her tail is dark: ..." [SAA 8, 376 r. 4-10]; see also [ibid., 543:1-7].

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in the Scorpion: observations: ''ina'' iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [''ina''] EN!.NUN-UD.ZAL / ''i-sa-kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''i-sa''!-''kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''u''2''-zak-ki'' / ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 ''a-dir'' / ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' / mul''ku-ma-ru'' / ''ša'' mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ''ziq-pu'' / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x] ''i-sa-kan'' "The lunar eclipse occurred during the morning watch on the 14th Simanu. It began in the south (of the lunar disk) and cleared up in the south. Its right side was eclipsed. The eclipse took place in the area of the Scorpion constellatoin. The Shoulder of the Demon with the Open Mouth culminated. An eclipse (the size of) two fingers occurred." [SAA 10, 149: 3′-r.6]. (DIŠ) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-''ma'' KA×M[I''-su''] KU4 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''2 ŠA3-''ši-na'' ŠUB-''ni ina'' AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) on the 14th day of Simanu a (lunar) eclipse occurs and (the Moon) sets: pregnant women will miscarry their fetal babies; (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Scorpion" (Late Commentary on EAE) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15-16]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki ''u'' NI.TUKki: ''bar''2-''sipa''2ki "If (the Moon) is dark in the area of the Scorpion: decision for the Sea country and Dilmun, var: Borsippa" [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) The Moon at its first appearance and the Scorpion: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2... "If at its first appearance, the Moon is surrounded by the Scorpion, like a halo...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (var. ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB) ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion (var.: stinger of the Scorpion) stands in the middle of it (= Moon)...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its shoulder...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its right horn...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its left horn ...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 GUB KUR ''in-neš-š''[''i''] "If the Scorpion stands in front of it: the country will become weak", DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (var: KI.MIN ''zi-qit-tum'') GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2 ''ina'' MU BI ZI-''ut'' ERIN2-''man-da'' "If the tail (var. stinger) of the Scorpion surrounds (the moon) like a halo: this year an attack of the Umman-manda " [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22-28], see also [SAA 8, 66 r. 1-4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Lunar halo and the Scorpion: 30 MI ''an-ni-u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-''ma'' NIGIN-''ma a-na'' ˹A.AN˺ [''u''] A.KAL "This night the moon was surrounded by a halo in the Scorpion: (it portends) rain [and] flood" [SAA 8, 2:1-2], see also [ibid, 377: 7-r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulGIR2.TAB / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / ''uš-taḫ-ḫa'' NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-''ma'' / A.RA2 KUD.ME "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Scorpion stands in it: entu- priestesses will be made pregnant, men, variant: lions, will rage and cut off traffic." [SAA 8, 307:1-5], see also [ibid., 147 r. 2-4, 480: 7- r. 1].

(13) The Sun and the Scorpion: DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB [...] "If the Sun sets and the Scorpion stands in its place [...]" [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Jupiter and the head of the Scorpion: see (Kurtik s04) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 31.

(15) Jupiter and the Scorpion in a lunar halo: see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

(16) Rising of Venus, the Moon, the Scorpion and Gemini: DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGUD d''Sin u'' mulGIR2.TAB IGI-''ma'' IGI-''it'' MUL [...] / ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN ...d''Ni-ri''... "If Venus in the month Ayyaru --, the Moon and the Scorpion is seen, opposite ...., [...] and Gemini are visible, variant: (opposite) the Yoke...: there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Rising of the Venus in the Scorpion: DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAPIN KUR-''ḫa ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-''ma'' NU SIG5 "If Venus rises in the month Arahsamnu — she rises in the Scorpion, this is unfavorable" [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , see also [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Venus, the Moon and Lugalirra in the Scorpion: DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin ''u'' d''Lugal''-GIR3-''ra ina'' iti''Še-er''-[''e-re-ši ina birīt'' SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ''ina'' ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 d''Sin u'' dLugal-GIR3''-ra'' / ''ina'' SI 15-''šu''2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' IN.NU ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If in the month of the plowing of the furrow, Venus (during its appearance), the Moon and Lugalirra, in between the claws of the Scorpion, become visible and within it?, Venus, the Moon, and Lugalirra are coming out of its right claw: there will be famine of barley and straw in the land." [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], for a parallel see [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Venus enters into the Scorpion: DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB KU4 SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ma'' BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki ... "If Venus enters into the Scorpion: there will be famine in the country; if in the east, bad for Elam; if in the west, bad for Akkad ..." [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Venus approaches the Scorpion: DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' mulGIR2.TAB TE-''ḫi'' ... "If Venus comes close to the Scorpion: unfavorable winds will blow in the country; Adad will give his rain, and Ea will give his springs to the country of Gutium." [SAA 8, 55: 7-r. 2]. See also [ibid., 55:3-8].

(21) Mercury in the Scorpion: see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], V 10.

(22) Saturn, Libra and Scorpion: see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]],

(23) Mars approaching the Scorpion: see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 32.

(24) Asterism of Elam = Mars in Scorpius#;; see (Kurtik n20) [[NIM.MA]], II 3.

(25) Mars and Scorpion: see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 34.

(26) The Plough (=Mars) and the Scorpion: see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 8.

(27) Planets and the Scorpion: three versions of protasis: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands inside Scorpius", DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands before Scorpius" and DIŠ mulUDU. IDIM ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE "If a planet comes close to Scorpius" have the same apodosis: ina MU BI A.ANmeš ''u'' A.KALmeš ZAL.ZALmeš "rain and flood will last long this year" [TU, 16 r. 16-18; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a].

(28) The Scorpion (= Mars?) approaches the Moon: [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ''ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If Scorpius comes close to the front of the Moon, and stands there: the reign of the king will be long; an enemy will attack, but will be defeated" [SAA 8, 430:1-5], see also [ibid. 466; SAA 10, 364 r. 9-14].

(29) Balteša and the Scorpion: see (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], V 3.

(30) Shooting stars and the Scorpion: DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-''ma'' EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ''ina'' ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' "If a star flashes from within the Scorpion and moves until the territory of Amurru: there will be rain this month", DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 2 A.ANme ŠURme "If 2 stars flash from within the Scorpion and move until the territory of Amurru: it will rain twice this month", DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme "If 3 stars flash from within the Scorpion and move until the territory of Amurru: it will rain three times this month. [Stev. O.T., 232:13-15], autograph [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15-17].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik g17 GIR2
!
|-
|
==== GIR2 ====
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион»; обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах чаще без детерминатива [G. 91].
I. Источники.

Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрономия, астрология и календарь. (1) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт для изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-tim MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 7 // Скорпион 190 // Все что угодно намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:7, а также 20]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30]. (2) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ni-zi[q-tu4] «Область Скорпиона: смерть (в) дни гнева» [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
|
|-
!Kurtik g19 GIR2.TAB
!
|-
|
==== GIR2.TAB ====
|
|-
|= zuqaqīpu «Скорпион»; созвездие, соответствующее Скорпиону (Scorpius) [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulgir2.tab = zu-qi-qi-pu [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [zu]-qa-qi-pi [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:285ʹ]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. а33AN.TA.GUB; в новоассирийских параллелях: Sm. 1113:9′ — dzu-qa-qi2-p[u…], Sm. 162 rev. 7 — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 151–154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul ša egir-šu gub-zu / mulgir2.tab dIš-ḫa-ra «Созвездие, которое после нее (т.е. после Венеры) стоит, (это) Скорпион, Ишхара» (B ii 6–7); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 2]; b) mul … ana igi mulgir2.tab, см. z10Zibānītum. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin] … mulgir2.tab šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц арахсамну: … Скорпион (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — арахсамну, заход — айяру [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. u21UR.IDIM. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану: mulGIR2.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-at AN KI «Скорпион // 70 // Богиня неба (и) земли» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:23]. BM 34713. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:9], см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1,10 «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, 70» [CT 33, 11]. K.14943+: mulgir2.tab «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, [70]» [CT 33, 12]; см. также mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 7): mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9–9a, III 8a–b, 11c–d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4–6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13–15, Pl. XVII 15–17]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra a-na KI.LAM ša-am-ni da-˹ma˺-[qi] «Звезда, которая стоит после нее (т.е. Иштар), Скорпион, Ишхара. Благоприятно для торговли маслом» (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB «Весы, рог Скорпиона» (I ii 11). (2) Звезды Эа (№ 10): a) mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad2-me «Скорпион, Ишхара, богиня всех обитаемых регионов» (I ii 29), b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB dLi9-si4 dAG «Грудь Cкорпиона: Лиси, Набу» (I ii 30), (c) 2 MULmeš ša2 ina zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-zu / dŠar2-ur u Šar2-gaz «Две звезды, которые стоят на жале Скорпиона: Шарур и Шаргаз» (I ii 31–32). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: а) ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI «5-го арахсамну Скорпион становится видимым» (I iii 3), b) ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 u mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); о совместном восходе muluz3 и mulgir2.tab см. также BM 55466+, u31UZ3. (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 13–14), см. m35MUL.MUL, b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Собака восходят, и Звезда Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25), c) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGIR2.TAB, после mulZi-ba-ni-tu4, перед mulPa-bil-sag (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ina u4-me IGImeš IM ša2 [DU-ku ŠE]Š-ar2 «5-го арахсамну Скорпион, 15-го Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны; в день, когда они становятся видны, ты наблюдаешь ветер, который [дует]» (II i 32–33). (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulGIR2.TAB — запад, см. k24KU6. (8) Астрологические предсказания: […] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 «[Если …] Скорпион становится виден и южный ветер дует: этот год будет благоприятным» (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 350a, 353]. Текст BM 77054. См. m35MUL.MUL. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra «Скорпион = Ишхара»; (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat «Скорпион = ditto(=Ишхара), Тиамат»; (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab «Небесный меч = Скорпион»; (4) 12 звезд Элама: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 34–36, 204]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:31. mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra tam-tim «Скорпион = Ишхара моря» [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum kimin murub4 mulzi-ba-nit si mulgir2.tab / [x-x-t]u2 u igi mulur.idim gu «Упряжь (ziqpu XXVI: υ Boo), или середина Весов (β Lib), рог Скорпиона (γ Sco = σ Lib) / […] и глаз Бешеного Пса (γ Lup): веревка». (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulzi-ba-nit mul.me sag mulgir2.tab / [u? muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim gu «Шупа (=ziqpu I: α Boo) или середина Весов (γ Lib), звезды головы Скорпиона (δ Sco) [и средняя] часть Бешеного Пса (η Lup): веревка». (O) mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 kimin mul gaba gir2.tab / ˹mul ta˺-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab u gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim gu «2-я звезда Упряжи (ziqpu II: ε Boo), или звезда на груди Скорпиона (α Sco), поднятый хвост Скорпиона (μ1 Sco) и задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:21–25; ASM, 93]. Согласно [Koch 1992, 58–59], murub4 mulzi-ba-nit — γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim — Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab — β, δ, π Sco, mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 — π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim — ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco). Dalbanna-текст. §b. a) mulsag gir2.tab «голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), b) mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab] «основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Ско[рпиона]» (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §c. [mulgir2.tab] «Скорпион»(η Sco), см. L07LI4.SI9. §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab «правый рог Скорпиона» (σ Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 «Основание колонны Скорпиона (μ1 Sco), […] (γ Oph), [звезда x] Зубра (κ Oph): 3 звезды, треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48–49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph). §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] «Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), левая рука Быка (Ser d) и Шуллат: [3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. [Шул]лат первый.» [Walker 1995, 36–37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь вместо mulŠullat(pa) должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) «Ханиш» (α Cen). §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš …] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul zi-q[it gir2.tab x x] «Жало Скорпиона (θ Sco), голова Быка (η Ser?) и Шуллат (β Cen?): 3 [звезды …]. 2 интервала, интервал. Жал[о Скорпиона …].» [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109]. «Дневники наблюдений». (mul)GIR2.TAB — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Скорпион. Четыре звезды созвездия Скорпион использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. múlgaba gir2.tab ka-bi-is gaba tam-tim «“Грудь Скорпиона”, что идет по “груди” моря» [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313]. Анафора. A 3427: a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ša2 múlkun-šu2 [gir2.tab] «От (кульминации точки) 50 после 2 звезд головы Льва до (кульминации точки) 50 после Отдельной звезды на его хвосте: [Скорпион]» (анафора знака зодиака Скорпион, определенная по кульминациям ziqpu-звезд), b) múlgir2.tab ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa …/ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1-et ḫa.la ša2 múlgir2.tab kur-ḫa ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ … «(Знак зодиака) Скорпион от его начала до его конца восходит […] / (за) 2030' одна (двенадцатая) часть Скорпиона восходит, 12 частей (за промежуток) 1 danna 10 UŠ (восходят) […], c) ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa napḫar 2 danna ina ziq-pi i-lak-ma […] «(Созвездие Скорпион) от его начала до его конца восходит, всего за (промежуток) 2 danna, (измеренный) по прохождениям ziqpu-звезд […]» (указанное значение времени восхода созвездия Скорпион соответствует протяженности на эклиптике 450), d) múlgir2.tab meš-ḫi im-šuḫ ZI «Скорпион испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:1, 15–17, 21; 241]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GIR2.TAB — обозначение 8-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab «Область Скорпиона» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. b) BRM IV, 19: текст содержит зодиакальную схему, известную под названием «додекатемория», в которой gir2.tab — обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион [Ungnad 1941–44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 8-i-tum ḫa.la múlgir2.tab šum3-šu2 «8-я часть, ее имя Скорпион» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu «8-я часть Овна — Скорпион Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18–19]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 4-я часть — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Подразделение знака зодиака Скорпион на 12 частей: ḫa.la sag-tu2 ša2 múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [šum3-šu2]? «Первая часть Скорпиона, [ее имя] Скорпион» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239, A 3427:2], см. также «Анафора». (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2.TAB … «В области Скорпиона [родилась]: …она будет ведьмой, она будет счастлива? (вар.: грешница) …, вдова» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. [DIŠ Sin ina mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-ma…»[Если Луна] затмилась [в Скорпионе] …» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: MUL ša2 ina SI mulGIR2.TAB «Звезда на роге Скорпиона» [SpTU II, 42:12], а также [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

II. Божество.

Ишхара, см. i15dIšḫara. Имя zu2-qa2-qi4-ip, как царское имя, в начале послепотопной части «Шумерского царского списка», относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 78–79:10–11]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал при лунном затмении в месяце кислиму, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (2) Гемерология на 18-е дуузу: pad-su ana ˹mul˺gir2.tab liš-ku-un «Жертвоприношение свое Скорпиону пусть он принесет» [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94–95]. (3) Очистительный ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [diš-ḫa-ra] «Заклинание, (созвездие) Скорпион, [Ишхара]» [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58–59;]. (4) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k24KU6. (5) Астрально-мифологический текст BM 55466+, где ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, см. u31UZ. (6) В астрологической географии Скорпион соотносится: a) c Морской страной и Дильмуном или Борсиппой, b) c Хурсагкаламмой, Борсиппой [Weidner 1963; Куртик 2010; Steele 2015]. (7) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mul]GIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra dIštar ina qe2-reb MURUB4 e-peš ša2-aš2-me / […a]š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu «Скорпион, Ишхара, (т.е.) Иштар, посредине битвы, учиняя схватку / […] ‘упорных’ (противников) твоих пусть одолеет, в призраки пусть обратит!» [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′–8′].

III. Символ.

Скорпион. Ранние изображения скорпиона/скорпионочеловека в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э., когда он, возможно, уже приобрел астральное значение, см. [Кононенко 1997], а также [Куртик 1998, 36; 2022, ]. Изображения на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 156–157; Куртик 2007, рис. 48], астральные изображения на эллинистических печатях из Урука см. [AUWE 19, No. 1008–1017; Куртик 2007, рис. 24, 32]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlGIR2 (обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион) соответствует G[IR2.TAB] «Ск[орпион]» [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

IV. Отождествление.

= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246].

= Scorpius + часть Librae, фигура созвездия, соотнесенная со звездами, [Koch 1989, 114–115, Abb. 16 a–b].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Верхняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Нижняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 «(Бог) Лиси» (α Scorpii),

4 указанные звезды в «Дневниках наблюдений» использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, No. 26–29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab «Клешни (букв. Рог) Скорпиона», см. GU-текст, MUL.APIN и др.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab «Звезды головы Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(7) gaba gir2.tab «Грудь Скорпиона», см. GU-текст и др.

(8) mul ta-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab «Поднятый хвост Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(9) Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(10) Основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Скорпиона (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(11) Правая клешня (букв. рог) Скорпиона (σ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(12) Жало Скорпиона, см. dbn-текст, а также ниже.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB «Губа Скорпиона» (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, No. –651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском на голове Скорпиона» [AD I, 42, No. –651:10–11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB «Середина Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) […K]UN mulGIR2.TAB «Хвост Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) u2-ru-ud: u2-ru-uḫ mulGIR2.TAB «Горло Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB «Центр (букв. Пуп) Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB «(2 звезды) на жале Скорпиона» (λ, υ Scorpii), см. MUL.APIN и др., а также sh05ŠAR2.GAZ и sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

(20) Граница Скорпиона; […mul]GIR2.TAB it-ta-tu-ša2 MI-mu … «[…] Скорпион, граница его темная […]» [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; mulGIR2.TAB: dDil-bat [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Лиси; см. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], n25NIM.MA(ki), II 3.

(3) Жало Скорпиона = Пабилсаг; см. p04dPA.BIL2.SAG, VI 4, sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

В [G. 94, IV 2–3] предполагаются отождествления Скорпиона с Юпитером, Марсом и Меркурием, что, насколько нам известно, текстами не подтверждается. См., однако, ниже (28).

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(4) Общее астрологическое значение; mulGIR2.TAB ana KI.LAM «Скорпион для (предсказания состояния) рынка» [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже; «Скорпион восходит гелиакически в месяце арахсамну, вариант: тебету; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь той страны будет ходить гордо, он покорит [царей], своих врагов; если звезда восходит поздно: цари всех стран начнут враждовать против царя той страны» [BPO 2, IX 9]; см. также [ibid., X 19, XI 4–6].

(6) Вид клешней Скорпиона; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra KUR2 ZI-ma ina [gišTUKUL ŠUB-ut] «Если клешни (букв. рога) Скорпиона скручены?: враг появится, но падет от оружия (в битве)», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-ša2 ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a LUGAL a-a-bi-šu2 Š[U-su KUR-ad2] «Если Скорпион, клешни его, испускают лучи (букв. несут излучение): царь ру[кой своей поразит] своих врагов» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:41–42], см. также [ARAK, 218:2–4, 547:1–4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ana UR2-šu2 GUR I3 ina KUR LA2-ṭi «[Если Скорпион, передние части] его, обращены к его «колену»: в стране будет недостаток масла» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a / dUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulzi-ba-ni-ti GUB-ma «Если клешни Скорпиона скручены? (и) несут излучение, (это означает): планета в Весах стоит» [ACh Ištar, 28:6–7].

(7) Скорпион темный; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB a-dir LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI iš-tan-na-an-na? «Если Скорпион темный: цари всех стран станут враждебны (Аккаду?), вариант: цари всех стран будут враждовать друг с другом» [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB i-da-tu-ša2 uk-ku-la UN.MEŠ i-lam-mi-na dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-ma «Если стороны Скорпиона очень темные: людям будет плохо, (это означает): Марс стоит в нем» [ARAK, 502:14]. См. также z10Zibānītum, VI 3, а также ниже «Меркурий и Скорпион».

(8) Звезда в голове Скорпиона; i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-e kak-ka-bu / [ina] SAG.DU ša mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 it-ti-ti-iz GISKIM-šu2 la i-lap-pa-[at] «Этой ночью звезда стояла в голове Скорпиона впереди Луны: знак этот не предвещает ничего (плохого)» [ARAK, 98: 7–r. 2]. См. также ts06Ṣurru.

(9) Скорпион при его первом появлении в месяце кислиму; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra ina GIBIL UD.DA-ša2 / GA[BA]-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-at / SI.ME-ša2! nin-mu-ra / A.AN u A.KAL ina KUR i-ḫar-ru-pu … «Если Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при обновлении ее света (т.е. при гелиакическом восходе?), грудь ее имеет большой блеск, хвост ее темный, клешни ее (букв. рога) напротив друг друга: дождь и наводнение в стране будут ранними; саранча нападет и пожрет страну; гибель скота и жилищ скотоводов…» [ARAK, 504: 5–r. 2], параллель: DIŠ ina itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra / ina IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-ša2 nin-gu-la /: nen-bu-ṭa GABA-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-ti … «Если в месяце кислиму Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при своей первой видимости, клешни ее (напоминают) месяц?, вар.: связаны, грудь ее имеет большой блеск, ее хвост темный: …» [ARAK, 376 r. 4–10]; см. также [ibid., 543:1–7].

(10) Затмение Луны в Скорпионе; наблюдение: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [ina EN!.NUN—UD.ZAL / i-sa-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU i-sa!-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU u2-zak-ki / ina ZAG-šu2 a-dir / ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir / mulku-ma-ru / ša mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ziq-pu / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x x] i-sa-kan «14-го симану произошло лунное затмение в утреннюю стражу. Оно началось на юге (лунного диска) и прояснилось на юге. Его правая сторона затмилась. Затмение имело место в области созвездия Скорпион. Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминировало. Затмение (величиной) 2 пальца произошло» [LABS, 149: 3′–r.6]. (DIŠ) ina itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-ma KA´M[I-su] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša2 ŠA3-ši-na ŠUB-ni ina AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) в месяце симану в 14-й день происходит (лунное) затмение и (Луна) заходит (затмившейся): беременные женщины будут выкидывать своих внутриутробных младенцев; (это означает): затмение произошло в Скорпионе» (поздний комментарий к ЕАЕ) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15–16]. DIŠ ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki u NI.TUKki: bar2-sipa2ki «Если (Луна) в пределах Скорпиона затмилась: решение для Морской страны и Дильмуна, вар.: Борсиппы» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) Луна при ее первом появлении и Скорпион; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2… «Если при своем появлении Луна окружена Скорпионом, подобно гало: львы и волки будут неистовствовать, пути сообщения станут небезопасными …», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (вар.: zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB) ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион (вар.: жало Скорпиона) в середине ее (= Луны) стоит: придет половодье и размоет дамбы…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее плече стоит: в этом году крысы уничтожат тростник и сезам…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее правом роге стоит: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB… «Если Скорпион стоит на ее левом роге: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну, царь Аккада и царь (Амурру) будут враждебны друг другу…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina IGI-šu2 GUB KUR in-neš-š[i] «Если Скорпион впереди ее стоит: страна ослабеет», DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (вар: KI.MIN zi-qit-tum) GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2 ina MU BI ZI-ut ERIN2-man-da «Если хвост (вар.: жало) Скорпиона окружает (Луну) подобно гало: в этом году нападение (страны) Умман-манда (на страну Аккад)» [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22–28], см. также [ARAK, 66 r. 1–4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Лунное гало и Скорпион; 30 MI an-ni-u2 ina ŠA3-bi mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-ma NIGIN-ma a-na ˹A.AN˺ [u] A.KAL «Этой ночью Луна была окружена гало в Скорпионе: (это предвещает) дождь [и] наводнение» [ARAK, 2:1–2], см. также [ibid., 377: 7–r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulGIR2.TAB / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / uš-taḫ-ḫa-a NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-ma / A.RA2 KUD.ME «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем стоит Скорпион: entu-жрицы будут беременеть, мужчины, вариант: львы будут беситься и перережут сообщение» [ARAK, 307:1–5], см. также [ibid., 147 r. 2–4, 480: 7– r. 1].

(13) Солнце и Скорпион; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB […] «Если Солнце заходит и на его месте Скорпион стоит […]» [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Юпитер и голова Скорпиона; см. s04SAG.ME.GAR, III 31.

(15) Юпитер и Скорпион в лунном гало; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR

(16) Восход Венеры, Луна, Скорпион и Близнецы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGUD dSin u mulGIR2.TAB IGI-ma IGI-it MUL […] / u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN … dNi-ri… «Если Венера (восходит) в месяце айяру, (при этом) видны Луна и Скорпион и напротив звезда […] и Близнецы, вариант: (напротив) Ярмо …: в стране будет голод» [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Восход Венеры в Скорпионе; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAPIN KUR-ḫa ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma NU SIG5 «Если Венера восходит в месяце арахсамну — она восходит в Скорпионе, она неблагоприятная» [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , см. также [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Венера, Луна и Лугальирра в Скорпионе; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin u dLugal-GIR3-ra ina itiŠe-er-[e-re-ši ina birīt SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ina [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 dSin u] dLugal-GIR3-ra / ina SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE u IN.NU ina KUR GAL2 «Если в месяц Вспахивания борозды Венера (при своем появлении), Луна и Лугальирра между клешнями Скорпиона видны и внутри него? Венера, Луна и Лугальирра выходят из его правой клешни: будет голод на ячмень и солому в стране» [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], параллель см. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Венера входит в область Скорпиона; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2-ma BE-ma ina dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki … «Если Венера входит в пределы Скорпиона: в стране будет голод, если на востоке, плохо для Элама, если на западе, плохо для Аккада …» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Венера приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na mulGIR2.TAB TE-ḫi … «Если Венера подходит близко к Скорпиону: неблагоприятные ветры будут дуть в стране; Адад пошлет дожди, а Эа — свои источники в страну Гутиев» [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. См. также [ibid., 55:3–8].

(21) Меркурий в Скорпионе; см. g34GU4.UD, V 10.

(22) Сатурн, Весы и Скорпион; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ,

(23) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 32.

(24) Звезда Элама = Марс в Скорпионе; см. n20NIM.MA, II 3.

(25) Марс и Скорпион; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 34.

(26) Плуг(=Марс) и Скорпион; см. a43gišAPIN, VI 8.

(27) Планета и Скорпион; три варианта протасиса: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета в середине Скорпиона стоит», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета перед Скорпионом стоит» и DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulGIR2.TAB TE «Если планета к Скорпиону приближается» имеют одинаковый аподосис: ina MU BI A.ANmeš u A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš «в этом году дожди и наводнения (дороги) размоют» [TU, 16 r. 16–18; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a].

(28) Скорпион (= Марс?) приближается к Луне; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz … «Если Скорпион подходит близко в передней части Луны и стоит там: правление царя будет долгим; враг атакует, но будет побежден» [ARAK, 430:1–5], см. также [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9–14].

(29) Балтеша и Скорпион; см. b03BAL.TEŠ2.A, V 3.

(30) Падающие звезды и Скорпион; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ina ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-nun «Если звезда из середины Скорпиона вспыхивает и перемещается до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет дождь», DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 2 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 2 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 2 дождя», DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 3 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 3 дождя» [Stev. O.T., 232:13–15], автография [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15–17].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, z12)
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|-
|
==== mul''Zuqaqīpu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион», в основном в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII, см. g19GIR2.TAB.
|
|}
== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sco]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

GIR2.TAB

2026-06-27T13:06:19Z

HermannHunger: /* Deity. */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIR2.TAB, ''zuqaqīpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Skopion xs.jpg|thumb|A scorpion in the Sahara desert (SMH 2007).]]
mulGIR2.TAB (𒀯𒄈𒋰) = ''zuqaqīpu'', 'The Scorpion,' is the ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to the [[Scorpius|Scorpion]] in the modern constellation of [[Scorpius]]. The Akkadian parallel ''zuqaqīpu'' is mostly found in lexical texts of the Urra XXII series.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* = ''zuqaqīpu'' (𒀯𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍), scorpion; a constellation corresponding to [[Scorpius]] [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
* GIR2 short form in later astronomical and astrological texts, the zodiac sign Scorpius appears more often without the determinative [Gössmann 91].
* [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]] = ''zuqaqīpu''
In MUL.APIN, the explanatory list<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mentions:
* mulGÍR.TAB (AN 16–17r; EA 9l, 10l, 11l, 12–13l).
* mulGABA GÍR.TAB “breast of the scorpion” (EA 11l).
* SI mulGÍR.TAB “horns (= pedipalpi) of the scorpion” (AN 16–17r).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114].

* (2) Series Urra XXII: Urra XXII 285' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 107]. mulgir2.tab = ''zu-qi-qi-pu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [''zu'']-''qa-qi-pi'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8;

|
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 246

Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 102, Anu 2): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'', 'the star that stands after it (i.e. Ištar), 'The Scorpion,' Išḫara.'

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 194, Anu VIII, BM 34713, Anu IX), BM 82923: ulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI, 'The Scorpion' // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Horowitz 2014: 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:23].

'''''Rising and Setting Stars: (Horowitz 2014: 168, Anu-Rising Month VIII, Setting Month II. - do you like this format?? It is very simple - I can go back and change all the previous listings???'''''

'''''Circular Astrolabes.'''''
Horowitz 2014: 123-124
* Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu, Month VIII), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].
* K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].
'''Text HS 245''' (The Hilprecht Text).

* See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]];
* In Neo-Assyrian parallels:
** Sm. 1113:9′ - d''zu-qa-qi''2-''p''[''u''...],
** Sm. 162 rev. 7 - mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957-58; Horowitz 1993, 151-154].
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Stars."</s>'''
<s>Anu 2. </s>

* <s>MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "The star that stands after it (i.e. Ishtar), Scorpius, Ishara. Favorable for the oil trade" (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].</s>
|
|-
|'''''"<s>Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."</s> '''''
'''<s>Astrolabe P.</s>'''
* <s>Arahsamnu month, s</s>tar<s>s of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Arahsamnu month, stars of Anu: mulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI</s>
*** <s>"Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:23].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. Kislimu month, stars Anu [LBAT, 149</s>9:9], <s>see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|''Ṣalbatanu'']].</s>
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* <s>(1) List (12´3):</s>
** <s>a) mul ''ša'' ''egir-šu gub-zu'' / mulgir2.tab d''Iš-ḫa-ra''</s>
*** <s>"The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after Venus), (is) Scorpius, Ishara" (B ii 6-7); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 2];</s>
** <s>(b) mul ... ''ana'' igi mulgir2.tab, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum]]''[[Zibānītum]]''</s>.
* (2) <s>List (3´12):</s>
** <s>[itiapin] ... mulgir2.tab ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''</s>
*** <s>The month of arahsamnu: ... Scorpius (on the way of) Anu (rises)" (C ii 8).</s>
* <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — arahsamnu, sunset — ayaru [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].</s>
'''''C<s>ircular Astrolabes.</s>'''''
* <s>Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month of Arahsamnu), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].</s>
* <s>K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month arahsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].</s>
<s>'''A list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 7)''':</s>

* <s>mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9-9a, III 8a-b, 11c-d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4-6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13-15, Pl. XVII 15-17].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Anu (no. 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB "Libra, horn of Scorpius" (I ii 11).
* (2) Stars of Ea (no. 10):
** a) mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''2-''me'' "Scorpion, Išḫara, goddess of all inhabited regions" (I ii 29),
** b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB d''Li''9-''si''4 dAG "The chest of the Scorpion: Lisi, Nabu" (I ii 30),
** (c) 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ina zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-''zu'' / d''Šar''2''-ur u Šar''2-''gaz'' "Two stars that stand on the sting of the Scorpion: Šarur and Šargaz" (I ii 31-32).
* (3) Dates of heliacal risings:
** a) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu the Scorpion becomes visible" (I iii 3),
** b) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme "On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the Goat and the Chest of the Scorpion become visible" (I iii 4); on the joint rising of muluz3 and mulgir2.tab see also BM 55466+, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (4) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) (I iii 13-14), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]],
** b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme-''ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "The Scorpion and the Dog rise, and the Asterism of Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25),
** c) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulGIR2.TAB, after mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4, before mul''Pa-bil-sag'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (6) Observations of heliacal risings and the direction of the wind:
** ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ''ina u''4-''me'' IGImeš IM ''ša''2 [DU-''ku'' ŠE]Š-''ar''2
** "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu, the Scorpion, on the 15th the Chest of the Scorpion becomes visible; on the day that they become visible, you will observe the wind that [blows]" (II i 32-33).
* (7) A scheme for determining winds by the stars: mulGIR2.TAB - west, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU]]6.
* (8) Astrological predictions: [...] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 GIN MU BI SIG5 "[If ...] of the Scorpion becomes visible and the South wind blows: this year will be good" (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116].
Text BM 77054.

See (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]]. "A large list of stars."

* (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra "Scorpion = Išḫara";
* (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat "Scorpion = ditto(=Išḫara), Tiamat";
* (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab "Heavenly sword = Scorpion";
* (4) 12 stars of Elam: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol, App. B: 34-36, 204] ''Išhara not Ishkhara everywhere??? Yes of courseǃǃǃ''

'''''regarding Text BM 77054: all this is the Great Star List 25<nowiki>''</nowiki>-27<nowiki>''</nowiki> -'''''

'''<nowiki>;</nowiki> see also the list of "7 ''tikpi''-stars" [KAR, 142 i 37].'''
|[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See SAA 10, p. 381; SAA 8, p. 350a, 353].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:31.'''
* mulgir2.tab = d''iš-ḫa-ra tam-tim'' "Scorpius = Išḫara of the sea". [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (M) [mul''na'']-''at-tul-lum'' KIMIN MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' SI mulgir2.tab / [x-x-''t'']''u''2 ''u'' IGI mulUR.IDIM GU "The harness (''ziqpu'' XXVI: υ Boo), or the middle of Libra (β Lib), the horn of the Scorpion (γ Sco = σ Lib) / [...] and the Mad Dog’s eye (γ Lup): a string.
* (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹KIMIN˺ MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' MULme SAG mulGIR2.TAB / [''u''? MURU]B4 ˹mul˺UR.IDIM GU "Šupa (=''ziqpu'' I: α Boo) or the middle of Libra (γ Lib), the stars of Scorpius's head (δ Sco) [and the middle] part of the Mad Dog (η Lup): a string.
* (O) mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 KIMIN mulGABA GIR2.TAB / ˹MUL ''ta''˺-''ri''-''tu''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' GIR3II EGIR ''ša''2 mulUR.IDIM GU "The 2nd star of the Harness (''ziqpu'' II: ε Boo), or the star on the chest of the Scorpion (α Sco), the raised tail of the Scorpion (μ1 Sco) and the hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco): a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:21-25; ASM, 93].

According to [Koch 1992, 58-59], murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' is γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim is Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab is β, δ, π Sco, mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 is π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim is ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco).
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!GUs
|-
|M
|[[File:GU13 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|13th GU, GU (M), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>]]
|-
|N
|[[File:GU14 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|14th GU, GU (N), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|O
|[[File:GU15 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|15th GU, GU (O), in Hoffmann (2022).Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":0" />.]]
|}
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §b.
** a) mulSAG GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's head (δ Sco),
** b) mulSUḪUŠ UM.ME.DA G[IR2.TAB] "the base of the column (straightening muscle?) of the Sco[rpion]" (μ1, μ2 Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §c. [mulGIR2.TAB] "Scorpius"(η Sco), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §d. m[ul]SI ZAG GIR2.TAB "right horn of the Scorpius"(σ Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §f. mulSUḪUŠ EME.DA GIR2.TAB MUL x [x MUL x] ˹GU4˺.ALIM 3 MULmeš(sic) SAG.DU3 "Base of the Scorpion column (μ1 Sco), [...] (γ Oph), [star x] Bison (κ Oph): 3 stars, triangle." [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48-49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Ser[unina Bison]" (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulGIR3 ZAG]? ˹GU4˺.ALIM "[Right leg of] the Bison" (κ Oph).
* §h. mulSAG GIR2.TAB mulŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM ''u'' mulŠullat(PA) [3 MULmeš] GU SI.SA2 DUB2.[BA] 2 DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA mu[lP]A ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "The Scorpion’s head (δ Sco), the Bull’s left paw (Ser d) and Šullat: [3 stars]. A straight tight rope. 2 intervals, interval. [Šul]lat first." [Walker 1995, 36-37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], here instead of mul''Šullat''(pa) should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) "Ḫaniš" (α Cen).
* §j. [mu]l ''zi-qit'' GIR2.TAB mulSAG GU4.ALIM ''u''3 mulPA ˹3˺ [MULmeš ...] ˹2˺ DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA MUL ''zi-q''[''it'' GIR2.TAB x] "Sting of the Scorpion (θ Sco), head of the Bull (η Ser?) and Šullat (β Cen?): 3 [stars ...]. 2 intervals, interval. The sting [of Scorpius ...]." [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy: GIR2'''
See [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; used in the lunar tablets dating back to the late fifth century BC. [Aaboe and Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30-31; 2010].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
(mul)GIR2.TAB is the designation of the constellation and zodiac sign of Scorpius. The four stars of the Scorpius constellation were used as "normal stars," see also (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] below.

'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''

* múlGABA GIR2.TAB ''ka-bi-is'' GABA ''tam-tim'' "'The breast of the Scorpion' that walkes by the 'breast' of the sea." [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. A 3427:'''
* a) ˹TA˺ 5 UŠ ''ar''2 2 MUL2me ''ša''2 SAG múlA EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 múlDILI ''ša''2 múlKUN''-šu''2 [GIR2.TAB] "From (culmination point) 5° behind the 2 stars of the Lion's head to (the culmination point) 5° behind the Single star on its tail: [Scorpius rises]" (anaphora of the zodiac sign Scorpius, determined by the climax of the ''ziqpu'' stars),
* b) múlGIR2.TAB TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' .../ 2 UŠ 30 GAR 1''-et'' ḪA.LA ''ša''2 múlGIR2.TAB KUR''-ḫa'' ''ina'' 12 ḪA.LA 1 DANNA 10 UŠ ... " Scorpius from its beginning to its end rises [...] / 2° 30' (which is) one (twelfth) part of Scorpius rises. In 12 parts 1 DANNA 10 UŠ [(culminates), and], ''(continued by:)''
* c) TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' PAP 2 DANNA ''ina'' ''ziq-pi i-lak-ma'' [... ] "(Scorpius) from its beginning to its end rises. A total of 2 danna culminates, [...]" <s>(the indicated value of the time of rising of the constellation Scorpius corresponds to the length on the ecliptic 450),</s>
* d) múlGIR2-TAB ''meš-ḫi im-šuḫ'' ZI "Scorpius emits a ''mišḫu'' ..." [Steele 2017, 63-65; earlier Schaumberger 1955, 238-239:1, 15-17, 21; 241].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology, Magic and Calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GIR2.TAB - designation of the 8th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) Lunaria
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab "Scorpius region" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
** (b) BRM IV, 19: the text contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which gir2.tab is the designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 8-''i-tum'' ḫa.la múlgir2.tab ''šum''3-''šu''2 "8th part, its name is Scorpius." [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66],
** (b) Sp II 202+: 8-''tu''2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlgir2.tab ''ša''2 múllu "8th part of Aries — Scorpius of Aries" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18-19].
** Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 4th part is mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Division of the zodiac sign Scorpius into 12 parts: ḫa.la sag''-tu''2 ''ša'' múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab "The first part of Scorpius is Scorpius of Scorpius." [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239, A 3427:2], see also Anaphora.
* (4) Zodiacal Astrology. KI múlGIR2.TAB ... "In the region of Scorpius [was born]: ...she will become a witch, she will be happy? (var.: sinner) ..., a widow." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology: KI múlGIR2.TAB TIL(= ''taqtīt'') UDmeš ''ni-zi''[''q-tu''4] "Region of Scorpius: end of days, wrath" [SpTU II, 43:24, misread]; for a parallel see [LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'; similar TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68];
* (6) Predicting the price of cereal by observing the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33].
* (7) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac: [DIŠ Sin ''ina'' mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-''ma''..."[If the Moon] eclipses [in Scorpius] ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

'''Short form GIR2'''

* (1) Calendar and ritual texts: W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // ''qi''2-''lip''2 GIR2-TAB MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 7 // Scorpius 19 // you anoint (the patient) with peeled-off skin of a scorpion" [SpTU III, 104:7 and also 20, see Wee 2016, 178 fn. 109]; for a parallel for the month Arahsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30].
|[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
|-
|
*
|
|}
See also: MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SI mulGIR2.TAB "The star on the horn of Scorpius" [SpTU II, 42:12], and also [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
[[File:Sco CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192735.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GIR2.TAB (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Antares]]
|HIP 80763
|Constellation lines
|0.91
|-
|2
| [[Shaula]]
|HIP 85927
|Constellation lines
|1.63
|-
|3
|[[Sargas]]
|HIP 86228
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.85
|-
|4
|[[Larawag]]
|HIP 82396
|Constellation lines
|2.29
|-
|5
|[[Dschubba]]
|HIP 78401
|Constellation lines
| 2.32
|-
|6
|κ Scorpii
|HIP 86670
|Inside the Hull
|2.386
|-
|7
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.5
|-
|8
|[SC96] Mis 162
|[SC96] Mis 162
|Inside the Hull
|2.51
|-
|9
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.62
|-
|10
|[[Lesath]]
|HIP 85696
| Constellation lines
|2.65
|-
| 11
| [[Paikauhale]]
| HIP 81266
| Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|12
|[[Alniyat]]
|HIP 80112
|Constellation lines
|2.89
|-
|13
|[[Fang]]
|HIP 78265
|Constellation lines
|2.91
|-
|14
|[[Xamidimura]]
|HIP 82514
|Inside the Hull
|2.98
|-
|15
|ι 1 Scorpii
|HIP 87073
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.992
|-
| 16
|[[Fuyue]]
| HIP 87261
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.21
|-
|17
| [[Brachium]]
| HIP 73714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.21
|-
|18
|η Scorpii
|HIP 84143
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.33
|-
|19
|[SC96] Mis 190
|[SC96] Mis 190
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|20
|C 1652-407
|C 1652-407
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|21
|[[Pipirima]]
|HIP 82545
|Constellation lines
|3.542
|-
|22
| υ Librae
|HIP 76470
|Inside the Hull
|3.589
|-
|23
|ζ 2 Scorpii
|HIP 82729
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.62
|-
| 24
|τ Librae
|HIP 76600
|Constellation lines
|3.642
|-
|25
|[[Iklil]]
|HIP 78104
|Inside the Hull
|3.86
|-
|26
|[[Zubenelhakrabi]]
|HIP 76333
|Constellation lines
|3.91
|-
|27
|ω 1 Scorpii
| HIP 78933
|Inside the Hull
|3.97
|-
|28
|[[Jabbah]]
| HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4
|-
|29
|H Sco
|HIP 81304
|Inside the Hull
|4.156
|-
|30
|θ Librae
|HIP 77853
|Inside the Hull
|4.16
|-
|31
|ξ Sco B
|HIP 78727
| Constellation lines
|4.17
|-
|32
|N Sco
|HIP 80911
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|33
|Q Sco
|HIP 86170
|Inside the Hull
| 4.267
|-
|34
|ω 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78990
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
| 35
|[[Jabbah]] A
|HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4.349
|-
|36
|χ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80569
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
| 37
|ω Ophiuchi
| HIP 80975
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|38
|ψ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80343
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|39
|13 Sco
| HIP 79404
|Inside the Hull
|4.568
|-
|40
|ο Scorpii
|HIP 80079
| Inside the Hull
|4.57
|-
|41
|2 Sco
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|42
|37 Lib
|HIP 76219
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.62
|-
|43
|ρ Ophiuchi
| HIP 80473
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|44
| 1 Sco
|HIP 77635
|Inside the Hull
|4.635
|-
|45
|* 2 Sco A
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.71
|-
|46
|κ Librae
|HIP 76880
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 79881
|Inside the Hull
|4.782
|-
|48
|22 Sco
|HIP 80815
|Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
|49
|* ksi Sco B
|HIP 78727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.87
|-
|50
|48 Lib
|HIP 78207
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
| 51
|V1073 Sco
|HIP 83574
| Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|52
|β 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78821
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|53
|42 Lib
|HIP 76742
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 78650
| Inside the Hull
|4.966
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 83336
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|56
|λ Librae
|HIP 77811
|Inside the Hull
|5.027
|-
|57
|* rho Oph A
|HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 79302
|Inside the Hull
|5.102
|-
|59
|36 Lib
|HIP 76259
|Inside the Hull
|5.138
|-
|60
| * ksi Sco A
| HIP 78727
|Constellation lines
|5.16
|-
| 61
|* alf Sco B
|HD 148479
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 82493
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|63
| 41 Lib
|HIP 76628
|Inside the Hull
|5.359
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 77858
|Inside the Hull
|5.372
|-
|65
| -
| HIP 79050
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|66
|[SC96] Mis 382
|[SC96] Mis 382
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
| 67
|* tet Sco B
|HD 159532B
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|68
|M 4
|M 4
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 77859
|Inside the Hull
|5.402
|-
|70
|CD-29 12513B
|HIP 80399
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|71
| η Librae
|HIP 77060
|Inside the Hull
|5.412
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 80390
|Inside the Hull
|5.42
|-
|73
| -
| HIP 78246
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|74
|49 Lib
|HIP 78400
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 82676
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 82135
|Inside the Hull
|5.481
|-
|77
|27 Sco
|HIP 82960
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 79199
|Inside the Hull
|5.497
|-
|79
|ζ 4 Librae
|HIP 76126
|Inside the Hull
|5.499
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 79980
|Inside the Hull
| 5.502
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 74732
|Inside the Hull
|5.506
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 76106
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 86698
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 84551
|Inside the Hull
|5.526
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 84401
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
| 86
|M 19
|M 19
|Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|87
|4 Sco
|HIP 77984
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|88
| ζ 1 Librae
|HIP 75730
| Inside the Hull
|5.626
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 84150
| Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|90
|26 Oph
|HIP 83196
|Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|91
|11 Sco
|HIP 79005
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 82775
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 76532
|Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 80672
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|95
|* 12 Sco A
|HIP 79399
| Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|96
|ζ 3 Librae
|HIP 75944
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 76569
|Inside the Hull
|5.816
|-
|98
|CD-29 12513A
|HR 6106
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
| -
| HIP 78168
| Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 81741
|Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 85889
|Inside the Hull
|5.838
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 74539
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|103
|66 G. Oph
|HIP 83176
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
|104
|3 Sco
|HIP 77909
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 79098
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|106
|Gliese 667 A
| HIP 84709
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|107
|V923 Sco
| HIP 83491
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 83896
| Inside the Hull
|5.911
|-
|109
| -
| HIP 81523
| Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|110
| -
| HIP 85048
|Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 79596
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
| 112
|V929 Sco
|HIP 78877
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 83235
|Inside the Hull
|5.934
|-
| 114
|[SC96] Mis 177
|[SC96] Mis 177
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 84425
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|116
|47 Lib
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|5.957
|-
|117
|[SC96] Mis 213
|[SC96] Mis 213
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 83693
| Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 81992
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 85543
|Inside the Hull
|5.985
|-
|121
| -
| HIP 78665
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 84226
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
| 123
| -
|HIP 81904
|Inside the Hull
| 6.046
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 83100
|Inside the Hull
|6.048
|-
|125
|* 47 Lib A
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 79622
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 78575
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|128
| -
| HIP 80910
| Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 79692
|Inside the Hull
|6.083
|-
|130
| -
| HIP 78726
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|131
| -
| HIP 82691
| Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|132
|36 G. Oph
|HIP 81728
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 77900
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|134
|RR Sco
|HIP 82912
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 78078
|Inside the Hull
| 6.117
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 84489
|Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
|137
| -
| HIP 83706
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|138
|[SC96] Mis 165
|[SC96] Mis 165
|Inside the Hull
|6.14
|-
|139
| -
| HIP 85237
|Inside the Hull
|6.142
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 85839
|Inside the Hull
|6.158
|-
|141
|28 Lib
|HIP 75110
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 142
| -
| HIP 84445
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 75939
| Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
| 144
| -
|HIP 76503
|Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 77985
|Inside the Hull
|6.199
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 77689
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 78699
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 76033
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 149
| -
|HIP 82453
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|150
| V861 Sco
|HIP 82911
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|151
|34 G. Oph
|HIP 81632
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 82783
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 86246
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 78058
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 155
| -
|HIP 84151
|Inside the Hull
|6.285
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 77007
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|157
| -
| HIP 79945
|Inside the Hull
|6.298
|-
|158
|[SC96] Mis 208
|[SC96] Mis 208
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 82554
|Inside the Hull
|6.315
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 78486
|Inside the Hull
|6.317
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 76567
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 78955
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|163
| -
| HIP 82855
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 164
|[SC96] Mis 549
|[SC96] Mis 549
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 165
| -
|HIP 76666
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 78059
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 79031
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 79605
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 82731
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|170
|[SC96] Mis 201
|[SC96] Mis 201
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|171
|V1077 Sco
|HIP 84650
|Inside the Hull
|6.367
|-
|172
| -
|HR 6426
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|173
| V900 Sco
| HIP 82669
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|174
| -
|HIP 77729
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 87042
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 79599
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 85786
|Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 85019
|Inside the Hull
|6.419
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 79788
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 180
| -
|HIP 79203
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 79530
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 84332
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 85020
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|184
| -
|HD 152249
| Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|-
|186
|23 Lib
|HIP 74500
|Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|187
| -
| HIP 80324
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 86098
|Inside the Hull
| 6.463
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 74490
|Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
|190
|[SC96] GC 33
|[SC96] GC 33
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Išḫara, see (Kurtik i15) [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]. The name ''zu''2''-qa''2''-qi''4''-ip'', as a royal name, at the beginning of the post-Flood part of the "Sumerian king list" relating to Kiš, cf. [Jacobsen 1939, 78-79:10-11].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) Ritual at the lunar eclipse in the month Kislimu, see (Kurtik u06)[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (2) Hemerology for the 18th of Du'uzu: PAD''-su ana'' ˹mul˺gir2.tab ''liš-ku-un'' "Let him offer his sacrifice to Scorpius" [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94-95].
* (3) The purifying ritual of the "Raising of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [d''iš-ḫa-ra''] "Spell, (constellation) Scorpius, [Išḫara]". [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58-59;].
* (4) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the deity statue [Walker and Dick 2001], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (5) The astral-mythological text BM 55466+, where the night sky in the month of Ṭebetu is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, see (Kurtk u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (6) In astrological geography, Scorpius correlates (a) with the Sea Land and Dilmun or Borsippa, (b) with Ḫursagkalamma, Borsippa [Weidner 1963; Kurtik 2010; Steele 2015].
* (7) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mul]GIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'' d''Ištar'' ''ina qe''2-''reb'' MURUB4 ''e-peš ša''2-''aš''2-''me'' / [...''a'']''š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu'' "Scorpion, Išḫara (i.e. The Scorpion), Ištar, in the midst of the battle, in performing the fight / [...] 'stubborn' (opponents) of yours, let him defeat, let him turn them into ghosts!" [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′-8′].

''Also = Racc Text 213???''

==== Symbol. ====
Scorpion. Early depictions of the scorpion/scorpion-man in Mesopotamian glyptics of the 3rd millennium BC, when it may have already acquired astral significance, see [Kononenko 1997] as well as [Kurtik 1998, 36; 2022, ]. For the images on the kudurru see [Seidl 1968, 156-157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48], for astral images on Hellenistic seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, no. 1008-1017; Kurtik 2007, fig. 24, 32]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlGIR2 (designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius) corresponds to G[IR2.TAB] "Sc[orpion]". [SpTU II, 43:8, 24, misread, see Hunger 1996].

==== Previous Identification. ====
[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
= Scorpius [van der Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246]

= Scorpius + part of Libra, constellation figure correlated with stars, [Koch 1989, 114-115, Abb. 16 a-b].

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Middle star in the head of the Scorpion" (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 ''e ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Upper star of the Scorpion's head" (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Lower star of the Scorpion's head" (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 "(God) of Fox" (α Scorpii),

The 4 stars indicated above were used as "normal stars" in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 26-29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab "Claws (lit. Horn) of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN et al.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab "Stars of the Scorpion's head", see GU-text.

(7) gaba gir2.tab "Chest of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN, etc.

(8) mul ''ta-ri-tu''2 mulgir2.tab "The raised tail of the Scorpion", see GU-text.

(9) Scorpion's head (δ Sco), see dalbana-text.

(10) Base of the Scorpion's column (straightening muscle?) (μ1, μ2 Sco), see dalbana-text.

(11) Right claw (lit. horn) of the Scorpion (σ Sco), see dalbana-text.

(12) Scorpion's sting, see dalbana-text, and also below.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's lips" (β, λ Sco) (?) [ADRT I, 42, no. -651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Bright star of the Scorpion's head" [ADRT I, 42, no. -651:10-11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB "The middle section of the Scorpion." [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) [...K]UN mulGIR2.TAB "Tail of the Scorpion" [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) ''u''2''-ru-ud'': ''u''2''-ru-uḫ'' mulGIR2.TAB "Throat of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB "Center (lit. Navel) of the Scorpion [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB "(2 stars) on the sting of the Scorpion" (λ, υ Scorpii), see MUL.APIN et al, as well as (Kurtik sh05) [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]] and (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

(20) The border of the Scorpion; [...mul]GIR2.TAB ''it-ta-tu-ša''2 MI-''mu'' ... "[...] Scorpion, its border is dark [...]" [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus: mulGIR2.TAB: d''Dil-bat'' [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Lisi; cf. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], (Kurtik n25) [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]], II 3.

(3) Scorpion's sting = Pabilsag: see (Kurtik p04) [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL2.SAG]], VI 4, (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

In [G. 94, IV 2-3] identifications of the Scorpion with Jupiter, Mars and Mercury are suggested, which, as far as we know, is not confirmed by the texts. See, however, below (28).

===== Predictions: =====
(4) General astrological significance: mulGIR2.TAB ''ana'' KI.LAM "Scorpion for (predicting the state of) the market." [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Heliacal risings earlier and later: "The Scorpion rises heliacally in the month Arahsamnu, variant: Ṭebetu; if this star rises early: the king of the country will walk proudly, he will conquer [kings], his enemies; if this star rises late: kings of other countries will start enmity against the king of that country" [BPO 2, IX 9]; see also [ibid., X 19, XI 4-6].

(6) View of the Scorpion’s claws: DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-''ša''2 ''zu-᾽-u''2''-ra'' KUR2 ZI-''ma ina'' [gišTUKUL ŠUB-''ut''] "If the claws (lit. horns) of the Scorpion are twisted?: an enemy will rise, but will fall by weapons (in battle)", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-''ša''2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' LUGAL ''a-a-bi-šu''2 Š[U-''su'' KUR-''ad''2] "If the Scorpion’s claws emit rays (lit. carry radiation): the king's hand will conquer his enemies" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346 +:41-42], see also [SAA 8, 218:2-4, 547:1-4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ''ana'' UR2-''šu''2 GUR I3 ''ina'' KUR LA2-''ṭi'' "[If the Scorpion, its foreparts] are facing its 'knee': there will be lack of oil in the land" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''zu''-᾽-''u''2-''ra ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' / dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mul''zi-ba-ni-ti'' GUB-''ma'' "If the claws of the Scorpion are twisted? (and) carry radiance, (it means): the planet stands in Libra." [ACh Ištar, 28:6-7].

(7) The Scorpion is dark: DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI ''iš-tan-na-an-na''? "If the Scorpion is dark: the kings of all countries will become hostile, variant: the kings of all countries will feud one with another(?)" [SAA 8, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''i-da-tu-ša''2 ''uk-ku-la'' UN.MEŠ ''i-lam-mi-na'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Scorpion’s sides are very dark: people will become bad, (it means): Mars stands in it." [SAA 8, 502:14]. See also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 3, and Mercury and Scorpius below.

(8) Star in the head of the Scorpion: ''i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-i-e kak-ka-bu'' / [''ina''] SAG.DU ''ša'' mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 ''it-ti-ti-iz'' GISKIM-''šu''2 ''la i-lap-pa-''[''at''] "This night a star stood in the head of the Scorpion before the moon: this sign does not portend anything (bad)". [SAA 8, 98: 7-r. 2]. See also (Kurtik ts06) ''[[Ṣurru]]''.

(9) The Scorpion during its first appearance in the month Kislimu: DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra ina'' GIBIL UD.DA-''ša''2 / GA[BA]-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-at'' / SI.ME-''ša''2! ''nin-mu-ra'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL ''ina'' KUR ''i-ḫar-ru-pu'' ... "If the Scorpion, the goddess Išḫara, at the renewal of her light (i.e. at the heliacal rising?) her breast is bright, her tail is dark, and her claws (literally horns) stand opposite each other: the country will have a season of early rain and flood; ..." [SAA 8, 504: 5-8], parallel: DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra'' / ''ina'' IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''nin-gu-la'' /: ''nen-bu-ṭa'' GABA-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-ti'' ... "If in the month Kislimu, the Scorpion, the goddess Išḫara, at its first appearance, its claws ..., var.: radiant, her breast is bright, and her tail is dark: ..." [SAA 8, 376 r. 4-10]; see also [ibid., 543:1-7].

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in the Scorpion: observations: ''ina'' iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [''ina''] EN!.NUN-UD.ZAL / ''i-sa-kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''i-sa''!-''kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''u''2''-zak-ki'' / ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 ''a-dir'' / ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' / mul''ku-ma-ru'' / ''ša'' mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ''ziq-pu'' / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x] ''i-sa-kan'' "The lunar eclipse occurred during the morning watch on the 14th Simanu. It began in the south (of the lunar disk) and cleared up in the south. Its right side was eclipsed. The eclipse took place in the area of the Scorpion constellatoin. The Shoulder of the Demon with the Open Mouth culminated. An eclipse (the size of) two fingers occurred." [SAA 10, 149: 3′-r.6]. (DIŠ) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-''ma'' KA×M[I''-su''] KU4 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''2 ŠA3-''ši-na'' ŠUB-''ni ina'' AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) on the 14th day of Simanu a (lunar) eclipse occurs and (the Moon) sets: pregnant women will miscarry their fetal babies; (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Scorpion" (Late Commentary on EAE) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15-16]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki ''u'' NI.TUKki: ''bar''2-''sipa''2ki "If (the Moon) is dark in the area of the Scorpion: decision for the Sea country and Dilmun, var: Borsippa" [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) The Moon at its first appearance and the Scorpion: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2... "If at its first appearance, the Moon is surrounded by the Scorpion, like a halo...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (var. ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB) ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion (var.: stinger of the Scorpion) stands in the middle of it (= Moon)...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its shoulder...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its right horn...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its left horn ...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 GUB KUR ''in-neš-š''[''i''] "If the Scorpion stands in front of it: the country will become weak", DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (var: KI.MIN ''zi-qit-tum'') GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2 ''ina'' MU BI ZI-''ut'' ERIN2-''man-da'' "If the tail (var. stinger) of the Scorpion surrounds (the moon) like a halo: this year an attack of the Umman-manda " [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22-28], see also [SAA 8, 66 r. 1-4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Lunar halo and the Scorpion: 30 MI ''an-ni-u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-''ma'' NIGIN-''ma a-na'' ˹A.AN˺ [''u''] A.KAL "This night the moon was surrounded by a halo in the Scorpion: (it portends) rain [and] flood" [SAA 8, 2:1-2], see also [ibid, 377: 7-r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulGIR2.TAB / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / ''uš-taḫ-ḫa'' NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-''ma'' / A.RA2 KUD.ME "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Scorpion stands in it: entu- priestesses will be made pregnant, men, variant: lions, will rage and cut off traffic." [SAA 8, 307:1-5], see also [ibid., 147 r. 2-4, 480: 7- r. 1].

(13) The Sun and the Scorpion: DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB [...] "If the Sun sets and the Scorpion stands in its place [...]" [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Jupiter and the head of the Scorpion: see (Kurtik s04) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 31.

(15) Jupiter and the Scorpion in a lunar halo: see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

(16) Rising of Venus, the Moon, the Scorpion and Gemini: DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGUD d''Sin u'' mulGIR2.TAB IGI-''ma'' IGI-''it'' MUL [...] / ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN ...d''Ni-ri''... "If Venus in the month Ayyaru --, the Moon and the Scorpion is seen, opposite ...., [...] and Gemini are visible, variant: (opposite) the Yoke...: there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Rising of the Venus in the Scorpion: DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAPIN KUR-''ḫa ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-''ma'' NU SIG5 "If Venus rises in the month Arahsamnu — she rises in the Scorpion, this is unfavorable" [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , see also [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Venus, the Moon and Lugalirra in the Scorpion: DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin ''u'' d''Lugal''-GIR3-''ra ina'' iti''Še-er''-[''e-re-ši ina birīt'' SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ''ina'' ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 d''Sin u'' dLugal-GIR3''-ra'' / ''ina'' SI 15-''šu''2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' IN.NU ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If in the month of the plowing of the furrow, Venus (during its appearance), the Moon and Lugalirra, in between the claws of the Scorpion, become visible and within it?, Venus, the Moon, and Lugalirra are coming out of its right claw: there will be famine of barley and straw in the land." [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], for a parallel see [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Venus enters into the Scorpion: DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB KU4 SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ma'' BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki ... "If Venus enters into the Scorpion: there will be famine in the country; if in the east, bad for Elam; if in the west, bad for Akkad ..." [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Venus approaches the Scorpion: DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' mulGIR2.TAB TE-''ḫi'' ... "If Venus comes close to the Scorpion: unfavorable winds will blow in the country; Adad will give his rain, and Ea will give his springs to the country of Gutium." [SAA 8, 55: 7-r. 2]. See also [ibid., 55:3-8].

(21) Mercury in the Scorpion: see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], V 10.

(22) Saturn, Libra and Scorpion: see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]],

(23) Mars approaching the Scorpion: see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 32.

(24) Asterism of Elam = Mars in Scorpius#;; see (Kurtik n20) [[NIM.MA]], II 3.

(25) Mars and Scorpion: see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 34.

(26) The Plough (=Mars) and the Scorpion: see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 8.

(27) Planets and the Scorpion: three versions of protasis: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands inside Scorpius", DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands before Scorpius" and DIŠ mulUDU. IDIM ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE "If a planet comes close to Scorpius" have the same apodosis: ina MU BI A.ANmeš ''u'' A.KALmeš ZAL.ZALmeš "rain and flood will last long this year" [TU, 16 r. 16-18; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a].

(28) The Scorpion (= Mars?) approaches the Moon: [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ''ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If Scorpius comes close to the front of the Moon, and stands there: the reign of the king will be long; an enemy will attack, but will be defeated" [SAA 8, 430:1-5], see also [ibid. 466; SAA 10, 364 r. 9-14].

(29) Balteša and the Scorpion: see (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], V 3.

(30) Shooting stars and the Scorpion: DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-''ma'' EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ''ina'' ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' "If a star flashes from within the Scorpion and moves to the territory of Amurru: there will be rain this month", DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 2 A. ANme ŠURme "If 2 stars flash from within the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain twice this month", DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme "If 3 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain three times this month. [Stev. O.T., 232:13-15], autograph [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15-17].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik g17 GIR2
!
|-
|
==== GIR2 ====
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион»; обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах чаще без детерминатива [G. 91].
I. Источники.

Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрономия, астрология и календарь. (1) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт для изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-tim MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 7 // Скорпион 190 // Все что угодно намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:7, а также 20]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30]. (2) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ni-zi[q-tu4] «Область Скорпиона: смерть (в) дни гнева» [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
|
|-
!Kurtik g19 GIR2.TAB
!
|-
|
==== GIR2.TAB ====
|
|-
|= zuqaqīpu «Скорпион»; созвездие, соответствующее Скорпиону (Scorpius) [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulgir2.tab = zu-qi-qi-pu [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [zu]-qa-qi-pi [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:285ʹ]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. а33AN.TA.GUB; в новоассирийских параллелях: Sm. 1113:9′ — dzu-qa-qi2-p[u…], Sm. 162 rev. 7 — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 151–154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul ša egir-šu gub-zu / mulgir2.tab dIš-ḫa-ra «Созвездие, которое после нее (т.е. после Венеры) стоит, (это) Скорпион, Ишхара» (B ii 6–7); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 2]; b) mul … ana igi mulgir2.tab, см. z10Zibānītum. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin] … mulgir2.tab šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц арахсамну: … Скорпион (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — арахсамну, заход — айяру [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. u21UR.IDIM. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану: mulGIR2.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-at AN KI «Скорпион // 70 // Богиня неба (и) земли» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:23]. BM 34713. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:9], см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1,10 «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, 70» [CT 33, 11]. K.14943+: mulgir2.tab «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, [70]» [CT 33, 12]; см. также mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 7): mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9–9a, III 8a–b, 11c–d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4–6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13–15, Pl. XVII 15–17]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra a-na KI.LAM ša-am-ni da-˹ma˺-[qi] «Звезда, которая стоит после нее (т.е. Иштар), Скорпион, Ишхара. Благоприятно для торговли маслом» (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB «Весы, рог Скорпиона» (I ii 11). (2) Звезды Эа (№ 10): a) mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad2-me «Скорпион, Ишхара, богиня всех обитаемых регионов» (I ii 29), b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB dLi9-si4 dAG «Грудь Cкорпиона: Лиси, Набу» (I ii 30), (c) 2 MULmeš ša2 ina zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-zu / dŠar2-ur u Šar2-gaz «Две звезды, которые стоят на жале Скорпиона: Шарур и Шаргаз» (I ii 31–32). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: а) ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI «5-го арахсамну Скорпион становится видимым» (I iii 3), b) ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 u mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); о совместном восходе muluz3 и mulgir2.tab см. также BM 55466+, u31UZ3. (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 13–14), см. m35MUL.MUL, b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Собака восходят, и Звезда Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25), c) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGIR2.TAB, после mulZi-ba-ni-tu4, перед mulPa-bil-sag (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ina u4-me IGImeš IM ša2 [DU-ku ŠE]Š-ar2 «5-го арахсамну Скорпион, 15-го Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны; в день, когда они становятся видны, ты наблюдаешь ветер, который [дует]» (II i 32–33). (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulGIR2.TAB — запад, см. k24KU6. (8) Астрологические предсказания: […] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 «[Если …] Скорпион становится виден и южный ветер дует: этот год будет благоприятным» (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 350a, 353]. Текст BM 77054. См. m35MUL.MUL. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra «Скорпион = Ишхара»; (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat «Скорпион = ditto(=Ишхара), Тиамат»; (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab «Небесный меч = Скорпион»; (4) 12 звезд Элама: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 34–36, 204]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:31. mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra tam-tim «Скорпион = Ишхара моря» [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum kimin murub4 mulzi-ba-nit si mulgir2.tab / [x-x-t]u2 u igi mulur.idim gu «Упряжь (ziqpu XXVI: υ Boo), или середина Весов (β Lib), рог Скорпиона (γ Sco = σ Lib) / […] и глаз Бешеного Пса (γ Lup): веревка». (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulzi-ba-nit mul.me sag mulgir2.tab / [u? muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim gu «Шупа (=ziqpu I: α Boo) или середина Весов (γ Lib), звезды головы Скорпиона (δ Sco) [и средняя] часть Бешеного Пса (η Lup): веревка». (O) mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 kimin mul gaba gir2.tab / ˹mul ta˺-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab u gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim gu «2-я звезда Упряжи (ziqpu II: ε Boo), или звезда на груди Скорпиона (α Sco), поднятый хвост Скорпиона (μ1 Sco) и задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:21–25; ASM, 93]. Согласно [Koch 1992, 58–59], murub4 mulzi-ba-nit — γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim — Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab — β, δ, π Sco, mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 — π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim — ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco). Dalbanna-текст. §b. a) mulsag gir2.tab «голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), b) mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab] «основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Ско[рпиона]» (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §c. [mulgir2.tab] «Скорпион»(η Sco), см. L07LI4.SI9. §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab «правый рог Скорпиона» (σ Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 «Основание колонны Скорпиона (μ1 Sco), […] (γ Oph), [звезда x] Зубра (κ Oph): 3 звезды, треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48–49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph). §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] «Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), левая рука Быка (Ser d) и Шуллат: [3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. [Шул]лат первый.» [Walker 1995, 36–37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь вместо mulŠullat(pa) должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) «Ханиш» (α Cen). §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš …] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul zi-q[it gir2.tab x x] «Жало Скорпиона (θ Sco), голова Быка (η Ser?) и Шуллат (β Cen?): 3 [звезды …]. 2 интервала, интервал. Жал[о Скорпиона …].» [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109]. «Дневники наблюдений». (mul)GIR2.TAB — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Скорпион. Четыре звезды созвездия Скорпион использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. múlgaba gir2.tab ka-bi-is gaba tam-tim «“Грудь Скорпиона”, что идет по “груди” моря» [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313]. Анафора. A 3427: a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ša2 múlkun-šu2 [gir2.tab] «От (кульминации точки) 50 после 2 звезд головы Льва до (кульминации точки) 50 после Отдельной звезды на его хвосте: [Скорпион]» (анафора знака зодиака Скорпион, определенная по кульминациям ziqpu-звезд), b) múlgir2.tab ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa …/ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1-et ḫa.la ša2 múlgir2.tab kur-ḫa ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ … «(Знак зодиака) Скорпион от его начала до его конца восходит […] / (за) 2030' одна (двенадцатая) часть Скорпиона восходит, 12 частей (за промежуток) 1 danna 10 UŠ (восходят) […], c) ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa napḫar 2 danna ina ziq-pi i-lak-ma […] «(Созвездие Скорпион) от его начала до его конца восходит, всего за (промежуток) 2 danna, (измеренный) по прохождениям ziqpu-звезд […]» (указанное значение времени восхода созвездия Скорпион соответствует протяженности на эклиптике 450), d) múlgir2.tab meš-ḫi im-šuḫ ZI «Скорпион испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:1, 15–17, 21; 241]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GIR2.TAB — обозначение 8-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab «Область Скорпиона» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. b) BRM IV, 19: текст содержит зодиакальную схему, известную под названием «додекатемория», в которой gir2.tab — обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион [Ungnad 1941–44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 8-i-tum ḫa.la múlgir2.tab šum3-šu2 «8-я часть, ее имя Скорпион» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu «8-я часть Овна — Скорпион Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18–19]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 4-я часть — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Подразделение знака зодиака Скорпион на 12 частей: ḫa.la sag-tu2 ša2 múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [šum3-šu2]? «Первая часть Скорпиона, [ее имя] Скорпион» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239, A 3427:2], см. также «Анафора». (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2.TAB … «В области Скорпиона [родилась]: …она будет ведьмой, она будет счастлива? (вар.: грешница) …, вдова» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. [DIŠ Sin ina mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-ma…»[Если Луна] затмилась [в Скорпионе] …» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: MUL ša2 ina SI mulGIR2.TAB «Звезда на роге Скорпиона» [SpTU II, 42:12], а также [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

II. Божество.

Ишхара, см. i15dIšḫara. Имя zu2-qa2-qi4-ip, как царское имя, в начале послепотопной части «Шумерского царского списка», относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 78–79:10–11]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал при лунном затмении в месяце кислиму, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (2) Гемерология на 18-е дуузу: pad-su ana ˹mul˺gir2.tab liš-ku-un «Жертвоприношение свое Скорпиону пусть он принесет» [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94–95]. (3) Очистительный ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [diš-ḫa-ra] «Заклинание, (созвездие) Скорпион, [Ишхара]» [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58–59;]. (4) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k24KU6. (5) Астрально-мифологический текст BM 55466+, где ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, см. u31UZ. (6) В астрологической географии Скорпион соотносится: a) c Морской страной и Дильмуном или Борсиппой, b) c Хурсагкаламмой, Борсиппой [Weidner 1963; Куртик 2010; Steele 2015]. (7) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mul]GIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra dIštar ina qe2-reb MURUB4 e-peš ša2-aš2-me / […a]š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu «Скорпион, Ишхара, (т.е.) Иштар, посредине битвы, учиняя схватку / […] ‘упорных’ (противников) твоих пусть одолеет, в призраки пусть обратит!» [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′–8′].

III. Символ.

Скорпион. Ранние изображения скорпиона/скорпионочеловека в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э., когда он, возможно, уже приобрел астральное значение, см. [Кононенко 1997], а также [Куртик 1998, 36; 2022, ]. Изображения на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 156–157; Куртик 2007, рис. 48], астральные изображения на эллинистических печатях из Урука см. [AUWE 19, No. 1008–1017; Куртик 2007, рис. 24, 32]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlGIR2 (обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион) соответствует G[IR2.TAB] «Ск[орпион]» [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

IV. Отождествление.

= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246].

= Scorpius + часть Librae, фигура созвездия, соотнесенная со звездами, [Koch 1989, 114–115, Abb. 16 a–b].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Верхняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Нижняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 «(Бог) Лиси» (α Scorpii),

4 указанные звезды в «Дневниках наблюдений» использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, No. 26–29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab «Клешни (букв. Рог) Скорпиона», см. GU-текст, MUL.APIN и др.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab «Звезды головы Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(7) gaba gir2.tab «Грудь Скорпиона», см. GU-текст и др.

(8) mul ta-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab «Поднятый хвост Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(9) Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(10) Основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Скорпиона (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(11) Правая клешня (букв. рог) Скорпиона (σ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(12) Жало Скорпиона, см. dbn-текст, а также ниже.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB «Губа Скорпиона» (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, No. –651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском на голове Скорпиона» [AD I, 42, No. –651:10–11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB «Середина Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) […K]UN mulGIR2.TAB «Хвост Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) u2-ru-ud: u2-ru-uḫ mulGIR2.TAB «Горло Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB «Центр (букв. Пуп) Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB «(2 звезды) на жале Скорпиона» (λ, υ Scorpii), см. MUL.APIN и др., а также sh05ŠAR2.GAZ и sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

(20) Граница Скорпиона; […mul]GIR2.TAB it-ta-tu-ša2 MI-mu … «[…] Скорпион, граница его темная […]» [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; mulGIR2.TAB: dDil-bat [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Лиси; см. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], n25NIM.MA(ki), II 3.

(3) Жало Скорпиона = Пабилсаг; см. p04dPA.BIL2.SAG, VI 4, sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

В [G. 94, IV 2–3] предполагаются отождествления Скорпиона с Юпитером, Марсом и Меркурием, что, насколько нам известно, текстами не подтверждается. См., однако, ниже (28).

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(4) Общее астрологическое значение; mulGIR2.TAB ana KI.LAM «Скорпион для (предсказания состояния) рынка» [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже; «Скорпион восходит гелиакически в месяце арахсамну, вариант: тебету; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь той страны будет ходить гордо, он покорит [царей], своих врагов; если звезда восходит поздно: цари всех стран начнут враждовать против царя той страны» [BPO 2, IX 9]; см. также [ibid., X 19, XI 4–6].

(6) Вид клешней Скорпиона; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra KUR2 ZI-ma ina [gišTUKUL ŠUB-ut] «Если клешни (букв. рога) Скорпиона скручены?: враг появится, но падет от оружия (в битве)», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-ša2 ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a LUGAL a-a-bi-šu2 Š[U-su KUR-ad2] «Если Скорпион, клешни его, испускают лучи (букв. несут излучение): царь ру[кой своей поразит] своих врагов» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:41–42], см. также [ARAK, 218:2–4, 547:1–4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ana UR2-šu2 GUR I3 ina KUR LA2-ṭi «[Если Скорпион, передние части] его, обращены к его «колену»: в стране будет недостаток масла» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a / dUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulzi-ba-ni-ti GUB-ma «Если клешни Скорпиона скручены? (и) несут излучение, (это означает): планета в Весах стоит» [ACh Ištar, 28:6–7].

(7) Скорпион темный; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB a-dir LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI iš-tan-na-an-na? «Если Скорпион темный: цари всех стран станут враждебны (Аккаду?), вариант: цари всех стран будут враждовать друг с другом» [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB i-da-tu-ša2 uk-ku-la UN.MEŠ i-lam-mi-na dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-ma «Если стороны Скорпиона очень темные: людям будет плохо, (это означает): Марс стоит в нем» [ARAK, 502:14]. См. также z10Zibānītum, VI 3, а также ниже «Меркурий и Скорпион».

(8) Звезда в голове Скорпиона; i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-e kak-ka-bu / [ina] SAG.DU ša mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 it-ti-ti-iz GISKIM-šu2 la i-lap-pa-[at] «Этой ночью звезда стояла в голове Скорпиона впереди Луны: знак этот не предвещает ничего (плохого)» [ARAK, 98: 7–r. 2]. См. также ts06Ṣurru.

(9) Скорпион при его первом появлении в месяце кислиму; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra ina GIBIL UD.DA-ša2 / GA[BA]-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-at / SI.ME-ša2! nin-mu-ra / A.AN u A.KAL ina KUR i-ḫar-ru-pu … «Если Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при обновлении ее света (т.е. при гелиакическом восходе?), грудь ее имеет большой блеск, хвост ее темный, клешни ее (букв. рога) напротив друг друга: дождь и наводнение в стране будут ранними; саранча нападет и пожрет страну; гибель скота и жилищ скотоводов…» [ARAK, 504: 5–r. 2], параллель: DIŠ ina itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra / ina IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-ša2 nin-gu-la /: nen-bu-ṭa GABA-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-ti … «Если в месяце кислиму Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при своей первой видимости, клешни ее (напоминают) месяц?, вар.: связаны, грудь ее имеет большой блеск, ее хвост темный: …» [ARAK, 376 r. 4–10]; см. также [ibid., 543:1–7].

(10) Затмение Луны в Скорпионе; наблюдение: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [ina EN!.NUN—UD.ZAL / i-sa-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU i-sa!-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU u2-zak-ki / ina ZAG-šu2 a-dir / ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir / mulku-ma-ru / ša mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ziq-pu / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x x] i-sa-kan «14-го симану произошло лунное затмение в утреннюю стражу. Оно началось на юге (лунного диска) и прояснилось на юге. Его правая сторона затмилась. Затмение имело место в области созвездия Скорпион. Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминировало. Затмение (величиной) 2 пальца произошло» [LABS, 149: 3′–r.6]. (DIŠ) ina itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-ma KA´M[I-su] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša2 ŠA3-ši-na ŠUB-ni ina AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) в месяце симану в 14-й день происходит (лунное) затмение и (Луна) заходит (затмившейся): беременные женщины будут выкидывать своих внутриутробных младенцев; (это означает): затмение произошло в Скорпионе» (поздний комментарий к ЕАЕ) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15–16]. DIŠ ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki u NI.TUKki: bar2-sipa2ki «Если (Луна) в пределах Скорпиона затмилась: решение для Морской страны и Дильмуна, вар.: Борсиппы» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) Луна при ее первом появлении и Скорпион; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2… «Если при своем появлении Луна окружена Скорпионом, подобно гало: львы и волки будут неистовствовать, пути сообщения станут небезопасными …», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (вар.: zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB) ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион (вар.: жало Скорпиона) в середине ее (= Луны) стоит: придет половодье и размоет дамбы…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее плече стоит: в этом году крысы уничтожат тростник и сезам…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее правом роге стоит: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB… «Если Скорпион стоит на ее левом роге: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну, царь Аккада и царь (Амурру) будут враждебны друг другу…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina IGI-šu2 GUB KUR in-neš-š[i] «Если Скорпион впереди ее стоит: страна ослабеет», DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (вар: KI.MIN zi-qit-tum) GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2 ina MU BI ZI-ut ERIN2-man-da «Если хвост (вар.: жало) Скорпиона окружает (Луну) подобно гало: в этом году нападение (страны) Умман-манда (на страну Аккад)» [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22–28], см. также [ARAK, 66 r. 1–4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Лунное гало и Скорпион; 30 MI an-ni-u2 ina ŠA3-bi mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-ma NIGIN-ma a-na ˹A.AN˺ [u] A.KAL «Этой ночью Луна была окружена гало в Скорпионе: (это предвещает) дождь [и] наводнение» [ARAK, 2:1–2], см. также [ibid., 377: 7–r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulGIR2.TAB / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / uš-taḫ-ḫa-a NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-ma / A.RA2 KUD.ME «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем стоит Скорпион: entu-жрицы будут беременеть, мужчины, вариант: львы будут беситься и перережут сообщение» [ARAK, 307:1–5], см. также [ibid., 147 r. 2–4, 480: 7– r. 1].

(13) Солнце и Скорпион; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB […] «Если Солнце заходит и на его месте Скорпион стоит […]» [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Юпитер и голова Скорпиона; см. s04SAG.ME.GAR, III 31.

(15) Юпитер и Скорпион в лунном гало; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR

(16) Восход Венеры, Луна, Скорпион и Близнецы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGUD dSin u mulGIR2.TAB IGI-ma IGI-it MUL […] / u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN … dNi-ri… «Если Венера (восходит) в месяце айяру, (при этом) видны Луна и Скорпион и напротив звезда […] и Близнецы, вариант: (напротив) Ярмо …: в стране будет голод» [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Восход Венеры в Скорпионе; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAPIN KUR-ḫa ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma NU SIG5 «Если Венера восходит в месяце арахсамну — она восходит в Скорпионе, она неблагоприятная» [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , см. также [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Венера, Луна и Лугальирра в Скорпионе; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin u dLugal-GIR3-ra ina itiŠe-er-[e-re-ši ina birīt SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ina [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 dSin u] dLugal-GIR3-ra / ina SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE u IN.NU ina KUR GAL2 «Если в месяц Вспахивания борозды Венера (при своем появлении), Луна и Лугальирра между клешнями Скорпиона видны и внутри него? Венера, Луна и Лугальирра выходят из его правой клешни: будет голод на ячмень и солому в стране» [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], параллель см. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Венера входит в область Скорпиона; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2-ma BE-ma ina dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki … «Если Венера входит в пределы Скорпиона: в стране будет голод, если на востоке, плохо для Элама, если на западе, плохо для Аккада …» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Венера приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na mulGIR2.TAB TE-ḫi … «Если Венера подходит близко к Скорпиону: неблагоприятные ветры будут дуть в стране; Адад пошлет дожди, а Эа — свои источники в страну Гутиев» [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. См. также [ibid., 55:3–8].

(21) Меркурий в Скорпионе; см. g34GU4.UD, V 10.

(22) Сатурн, Весы и Скорпион; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ,

(23) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 32.

(24) Звезда Элама = Марс в Скорпионе; см. n20NIM.MA, II 3.

(25) Марс и Скорпион; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 34.

(26) Плуг(=Марс) и Скорпион; см. a43gišAPIN, VI 8.

(27) Планета и Скорпион; три варианта протасиса: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета в середине Скорпиона стоит», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета перед Скорпионом стоит» и DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulGIR2.TAB TE «Если планета к Скорпиону приближается» имеют одинаковый аподосис: ina MU BI A.ANmeš u A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš «в этом году дожди и наводнения (дороги) размоют» [TU, 16 r. 16–18; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a].

(28) Скорпион (= Марс?) приближается к Луне; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz … «Если Скорпион подходит близко в передней части Луны и стоит там: правление царя будет долгим; враг атакует, но будет побежден» [ARAK, 430:1–5], см. также [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9–14].

(29) Балтеша и Скорпион; см. b03BAL.TEŠ2.A, V 3.

(30) Падающие звезды и Скорпион; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ina ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-nun «Если звезда из середины Скорпиона вспыхивает и перемещается до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет дождь», DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 2 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 2 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 2 дождя», DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 3 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 3 дождя» [Stev. O.T., 232:13–15], автография [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15–17].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, z12)
|
|-
|
==== mul''Zuqaqīpu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион», в основном в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII, см. g19GIR2.TAB.
|
|}
== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sco]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

GIR2.TAB

2026-06-27T12:47:31Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIR2.TAB, ''zuqaqīpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Skopion xs.jpg|thumb|A scorpion in the Sahara desert (SMH 2007).]]
mulGIR2.TAB (𒀯𒄈𒋰) = ''zuqaqīpu'', 'The Scorpion,' is the ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to the [[Scorpius|Scorpion]] in the modern constellation of [[Scorpius]]. The Akkadian parallel ''zuqaqīpu'' is mostly found in lexical texts of the Urra XXII series.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* = ''zuqaqīpu'' (𒀯𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍), scorpion; a constellation corresponding to [[Scorpius]] [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
* GIR2 short form in later astronomical and astrological texts, the zodiac sign Scorpius appears more often without the determinative [Gössmann 91].
* [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]] = ''zuqaqīpu''
In MUL.APIN, the explanatory list<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mentions:
* mulGÍR.TAB (AN 16–17r; EA 9l, 10l, 11l, 12–13l).
* mulGABA GÍR.TAB “breast of the scorpion” (EA 11l).
* SI mulGÍR.TAB “horns (= pedipalpi) of the scorpion” (AN 16–17r).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114].

* (2) Series Urra XXII: Urra XXII 285' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 107]. mulgir2.tab = ''zu-qi-qi-pu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [''zu'']-''qa-qi-pi'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8;

|
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 246

Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 102, Anu 2): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'', 'the star that stands after it (i.e. Ištar), 'The Scorpion,' Išḫara.'

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 194, Anu VIII, BM 34713, Anu IX), BM 82923: ulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI, 'The Scorpion' // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Horowitz 2014: 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:23].

'''''Rising and Setting Stars: (Horowitz 2014: 168, Anu-Rising Month VIII, Setting Month II. - do you like this format?? It is very simple - I can go back and change all the previous listings???'''''

'''''Circular Astrolabes.'''''
Horowitz 2014: 123-124
* Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu, Month VIII), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].
* K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].
'''Text HS 245''' (The Hilprecht Text).

* See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]];
* In Neo-Assyrian parallels:
** Sm. 1113:9′ - d''zu-qa-qi''2-''p''[''u''...],
** Sm. 162 rev. 7 - mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957-58; Horowitz 1993, 151-154].
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Stars."</s>'''
<s>Anu 2. </s>

* <s>MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "The star that stands after it (i.e. Ishtar), Scorpius, Ishara. Favorable for the oil trade" (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].</s>
|
|-
|'''''"<s>Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."</s> '''''
'''<s>Astrolabe P.</s>'''
* <s>Arahsamnu month, s</s>tar<s>s of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Arahsamnu month, stars of Anu: mulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI</s>
*** <s>"Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:23].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. Kislimu month, stars Anu [LBAT, 149</s>9:9], <s>see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|''Ṣalbatanu'']].</s>
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* <s>(1) List (12´3):</s>
** <s>a) mul ''ša'' ''egir-šu gub-zu'' / mulgir2.tab d''Iš-ḫa-ra''</s>
*** <s>"The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after Venus), (is) Scorpius, Ishara" (B ii 6-7); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 2];</s>
** <s>(b) mul ... ''ana'' igi mulgir2.tab, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum]]''[[Zibānītum]]''</s>.
* (2) <s>List (3´12):</s>
** <s>[itiapin] ... mulgir2.tab ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''</s>
*** <s>The month of arahsamnu: ... Scorpius (on the way of) Anu (rises)" (C ii 8).</s>
* <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — arahsamnu, sunset — ayaru [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].</s>
'''''C<s>ircular Astrolabes.</s>'''''
* <s>Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month of Arahsamnu), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].</s>
* <s>K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month arahsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].</s>
<s>'''A list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 7)''':</s>

* <s>mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9-9a, III 8a-b, 11c-d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4-6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13-15, Pl. XVII 15-17].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Anu (no. 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB "Libra, horn of Scorpius" (I ii 11).
* (2) Stars of Ea (no. 10):
** a) mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''2-''me'' "Scorpion, Išḫara, goddess of all inhabited regions" (I ii 29),
** b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB d''Li''9-''si''4 dAG "The chest of the Scorpion: Lisi, Nabu" (I ii 30),
** (c) 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ina zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-''zu'' / d''Šar''2''-ur u Šar''2-''gaz'' "Two stars that stand on the sting of the Scorpion: Šarur and Šargaz" (I ii 31-32).
* (3) Dates of heliacal risings:
** a) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu the Scorpion becomes visible" (I iii 3),
** b) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme "On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the Goat and the Chest of the Scorpion become visible" (I iii 4); on the joint rising of muluz3 and mulgir2.tab see also BM 55466+, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (4) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) (I iii 13-14), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]],
** b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme-''ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "The Scorpion and the Dog rise, and the Asterism of Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25),
** c) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulGIR2.TAB, after mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4, before mul''Pa-bil-sag'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (6) Observations of heliacal risings and the direction of the wind:
** ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ''ina u''4-''me'' IGImeš IM ''ša''2 [DU-''ku'' ŠE]Š-''ar''2
** "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu, the Scorpion, on the 15th the Chest of the Scorpion becomes visible; on the day that they become visible, you will observe the wind that [blows]" (II i 32-33).
* (7) A scheme for determining winds by the stars: mulGIR2.TAB - west, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU]]6.
* (8) Astrological predictions: [...] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 GIN MU BI SIG5 "[If ...] of the Scorpion becomes visible and the South wind blows: this year will be good" (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116].
Text BM 77054.

See (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]]. "A large list of stars."

* (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra "Scorpion = Išḫara";
* (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat "Scorpion = ditto(=Išḫara), Tiamat";
* (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab "Heavenly sword = Scorpion";
* (4) 12 stars of Elam: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol, App. B: 34-36, 204] ''Išhara not Ishkhara everywhere??? Yes of courseǃǃǃ''

'''''regarding Text BM 77054: all this is the Great Star List 25<nowiki>''</nowiki>-27<nowiki>''</nowiki> -'''''

'''<nowiki>;</nowiki> see also the list of "7 ''tikpi''-stars" [KAR, 142 i 37].'''
|[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See SAA 10, p. 381; SAA 8, p. 350a, 353].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:31.'''
* mulgir2.tab = d''iš-ḫa-ra tam-tim'' "Scorpius = Išḫara of the sea". [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (M) [mul''na'']-''at-tul-lum'' KIMIN MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' SI mulgir2.tab / [x-x-''t'']''u''2 ''u'' IGI mulUR.IDIM GU "The harness (''ziqpu'' XXVI: υ Boo), or the middle of Libra (β Lib), the horn of the Scorpion (γ Sco = σ Lib) / [...] and the Mad Dog’s eye (γ Lup): a string.
* (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹KIMIN˺ MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' MULme SAG mulGIR2.TAB / [''u''? MURU]B4 ˹mul˺UR.IDIM GU "Šupa (=''ziqpu'' I: α Boo) or the middle of Libra (γ Lib), the stars of Scorpius's head (δ Sco) [and the middle] part of the Mad Dog (η Lup): a string.
* (O) mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 KIMIN mulGABA GIR2.TAB / ˹MUL ''ta''˺-''ri''-''tu''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' GIR3II EGIR ''ša''2 mulUR.IDIM GU "The 2nd star of the Harness (''ziqpu'' II: ε Boo), or the star on the chest of the Scorpion (α Sco), the raised tail of the Scorpion (μ1 Sco) and the hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco): a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:21-25; ASM, 93].

According to [Koch 1992, 58-59], murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' is γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim is Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab is β, δ, π Sco, mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 is π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim is ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco).
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!GUs
|-
|M
|[[File:GU13 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|13th GU, GU (M), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>]]
|-
|N
|[[File:GU14 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|14th GU, GU (N), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|O
|[[File:GU15 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|15th GU, GU (O), in Hoffmann (2022).Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":0" />.]]
|}
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §b.
** a) mulSAG GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's head (δ Sco),
** b) mulSUḪUŠ UM.ME.DA G[IR2.TAB] "the base of the column (straightening muscle?) of the Sco[rpion]" (μ1, μ2 Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §c. [mulGIR2.TAB] "Scorpius"(η Sco), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §d. m[ul]SI ZAG GIR2.TAB "right horn of the Scorpius"(σ Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §f. mulSUḪUŠ EME.DA GIR2.TAB MUL x [x MUL x] ˹GU4˺.ALIM 3 MULmeš(sic) SAG.DU3 "Base of the Scorpion column (μ1 Sco), [...] (γ Oph), [star x] Bison (κ Oph): 3 stars, triangle." [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48-49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Ser[unina Bison]" (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulGIR3 ZAG]? ˹GU4˺.ALIM "[Right leg of] the Bison" (κ Oph).
* §h. mulSAG GIR2.TAB mulŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM ''u'' mulŠullat(PA) [3 MULmeš] GU SI.SA2 DUB2.[BA] 2 DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA mu[lP]A ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "The Scorpion’s head (δ Sco), the Bull’s left paw (Ser d) and Šullat: [3 stars]. A straight tight rope. 2 intervals, interval. [Šul]lat first." [Walker 1995, 36-37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], here instead of mul''Šullat''(pa) should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) "Ḫaniš" (α Cen).
* §j. [mu]l ''zi-qit'' GIR2.TAB mulSAG GU4.ALIM ''u''3 mulPA ˹3˺ [MULmeš ...] ˹2˺ DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA MUL ''zi-q''[''it'' GIR2.TAB x] "Sting of the Scorpion (θ Sco), head of the Bull (η Ser?) and Šullat (β Cen?): 3 [stars ...]. 2 intervals, interval. The sting [of Scorpius ...]." [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy: GIR2'''
See [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; used in the lunar tablets dating back to the late fifth century BC. [Aaboe and Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30-31; 2010].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
(mul)GIR2.TAB is the designation of the constellation and zodiac sign of Scorpius. The four stars of the Scorpius constellation were used as "normal stars," see also (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] below.

'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''

* múlGABA GIR2.TAB ''ka-bi-is'' GABA ''tam-tim'' "'The breast of the Scorpion' that walkes by the 'breast' of the sea." [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. A 3427:'''
* a) ˹TA˺ 5 UŠ ''ar''2 2 MUL2me ''ša''2 SAG múlA EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 múlDILI ''ša''2 múlKUN''-šu''2 [GIR2.TAB] "From (culmination point) 5° behind the 2 stars of the Lion's head to (the culmination point) 5° behind the Single star on its tail: [Scorpius rises]" (anaphora of the zodiac sign Scorpius, determined by the climax of the ''ziqpu'' stars),
* b) múlGIR2.TAB TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' .../ 2 UŠ 30 GAR 1''-et'' ḪA.LA ''ša''2 múlGIR2.TAB KUR''-ḫa'' ''ina'' 12 ḪA.LA 1 DANNA 10 UŠ ... " Scorpius from its beginning to its end rises [...] / 2° 30' (which is) one (twelfth) part of Scorpius rises. In 12 parts 1 DANNA 10 UŠ [(culminates), and], ''(continued by:)''
* c) TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' PAP 2 DANNA ''ina'' ''ziq-pi i-lak-ma'' [... ] "(Scorpius) from its beginning to its end rises. A total of 2 danna culminates, [...]" <s>(the indicated value of the time of rising of the constellation Scorpius corresponds to the length on the ecliptic 450),</s>
* d) múlGIR2-TAB ''meš-ḫi im-šuḫ'' ZI "Scorpius emits a ''mišḫu'' ..." [Steele 2017, 63-65; earlier Schaumberger 1955, 238-239:1, 15-17, 21; 241].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology, Magic and Calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GIR2.TAB - designation of the 8th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) Lunaria
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab "Scorpius region" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
** (b) BRM IV, 19: the text contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which gir2.tab is the designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 8-''i-tum'' ḫa.la múlgir2.tab ''šum''3-''šu''2 "8th part, its name is Scorpius." [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66],
** (b) Sp II 202+: 8-''tu''2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlgir2.tab ''ša''2 múllu "8th part of Aries — Scorpius of Aries" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18-19].
** Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 4th part is mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Division of the zodiac sign Scorpius into 12 parts: ḫa.la sag''-tu''2 ''ša'' múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab "The first part of Scorpius is Scorpius of Scorpius." [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239, A 3427:2], see also Anaphora.
* (4) Zodiacal Astrology. KI múlGIR2.TAB ... "In the region of Scorpius [was born]: ...she will become a witch, she will be happy? (var.: sinner) ..., a widow." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology: KI múlGIR2.TAB TIL(= ''taqtīt'') UDmeš ''ni-zi''[''q-tu''4] "Region of Scorpius: end of days, wrath" [SpTU II, 43:24, misread]; for a parallel see [LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'; similar TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68];
* (6) Predicting the price of cereal by observing the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33].
* (7) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac: [DIŠ Sin ''ina'' mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-''ma''..."[If the Moon] eclipses [in Scorpius] ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

'''Short form GIR2'''

* (1) Calendar and ritual texts: W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // ''qi''2-''lip''2 GIR2-TAB MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 7 // Scorpius 19 // you anoint (the patient) with peeled-off skin of a scorpion" [SpTU III, 104:7 and also 20, see Wee 2016, 178 fn. 109]; for a parallel for the month Arahsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30].
|[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
|-
|
*
|
|}
See also: MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SI mulGIR2.TAB "The star on the horn of Scorpius" [SpTU II, 42:12], and also [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
[[File:Sco CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192735.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GIR2.TAB (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Antares]]
|HIP 80763
|Constellation lines
|0.91
|-
|2
| [[Shaula]]
|HIP 85927
|Constellation lines
|1.63
|-
|3
|[[Sargas]]
|HIP 86228
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.85
|-
|4
|[[Larawag]]
|HIP 82396
|Constellation lines
|2.29
|-
|5
|[[Dschubba]]
|HIP 78401
|Constellation lines
| 2.32
|-
|6
|κ Scorpii
|HIP 86670
|Inside the Hull
|2.386
|-
|7
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.5
|-
|8
|[SC96] Mis 162
|[SC96] Mis 162
|Inside the Hull
|2.51
|-
|9
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.62
|-
|10
|[[Lesath]]
|HIP 85696
| Constellation lines
|2.65
|-
| 11
| [[Paikauhale]]
| HIP 81266
| Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|12
|[[Alniyat]]
|HIP 80112
|Constellation lines
|2.89
|-
|13
|[[Fang]]
|HIP 78265
|Constellation lines
|2.91
|-
|14
|[[Xamidimura]]
|HIP 82514
|Inside the Hull
|2.98
|-
|15
|ι 1 Scorpii
|HIP 87073
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.992
|-
| 16
|[[Fuyue]]
| HIP 87261
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.21
|-
|17
| [[Brachium]]
| HIP 73714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.21
|-
|18
|η Scorpii
|HIP 84143
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.33
|-
|19
|[SC96] Mis 190
|[SC96] Mis 190
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|20
|C 1652-407
|C 1652-407
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|21
|[[Pipirima]]
|HIP 82545
|Constellation lines
|3.542
|-
|22
| υ Librae
|HIP 76470
|Inside the Hull
|3.589
|-
|23
|ζ 2 Scorpii
|HIP 82729
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.62
|-
| 24
|τ Librae
|HIP 76600
|Constellation lines
|3.642
|-
|25
|[[Iklil]]
|HIP 78104
|Inside the Hull
|3.86
|-
|26
|[[Zubenelhakrabi]]
|HIP 76333
|Constellation lines
|3.91
|-
|27
|ω 1 Scorpii
| HIP 78933
|Inside the Hull
|3.97
|-
|28
|[[Jabbah]]
| HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4
|-
|29
|H Sco
|HIP 81304
|Inside the Hull
|4.156
|-
|30
|θ Librae
|HIP 77853
|Inside the Hull
|4.16
|-
|31
|ξ Sco B
|HIP 78727
| Constellation lines
|4.17
|-
|32
|N Sco
|HIP 80911
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|33
|Q Sco
|HIP 86170
|Inside the Hull
| 4.267
|-
|34
|ω 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78990
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
| 35
|[[Jabbah]] A
|HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4.349
|-
|36
|χ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80569
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
| 37
|ω Ophiuchi
| HIP 80975
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|38
|ψ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80343
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|39
|13 Sco
| HIP 79404
|Inside the Hull
|4.568
|-
|40
|ο Scorpii
|HIP 80079
| Inside the Hull
|4.57
|-
|41
|2 Sco
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|42
|37 Lib
|HIP 76219
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.62
|-
|43
|ρ Ophiuchi
| HIP 80473
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|44
| 1 Sco
|HIP 77635
|Inside the Hull
|4.635
|-
|45
|* 2 Sco A
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.71
|-
|46
|κ Librae
|HIP 76880
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 79881
|Inside the Hull
|4.782
|-
|48
|22 Sco
|HIP 80815
|Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
|49
|* ksi Sco B
|HIP 78727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.87
|-
|50
|48 Lib
|HIP 78207
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
| 51
|V1073 Sco
|HIP 83574
| Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|52
|β 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78821
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|53
|42 Lib
|HIP 76742
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 78650
| Inside the Hull
|4.966
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 83336
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|56
|λ Librae
|HIP 77811
|Inside the Hull
|5.027
|-
|57
|* rho Oph A
|HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 79302
|Inside the Hull
|5.102
|-
|59
|36 Lib
|HIP 76259
|Inside the Hull
|5.138
|-
|60
| * ksi Sco A
| HIP 78727
|Constellation lines
|5.16
|-
| 61
|* alf Sco B
|HD 148479
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 82493
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|63
| 41 Lib
|HIP 76628
|Inside the Hull
|5.359
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 77858
|Inside the Hull
|5.372
|-
|65
| -
| HIP 79050
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|66
|[SC96] Mis 382
|[SC96] Mis 382
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
| 67
|* tet Sco B
|HD 159532B
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|68
|M 4
|M 4
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 77859
|Inside the Hull
|5.402
|-
|70
|CD-29 12513B
|HIP 80399
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|71
| η Librae
|HIP 77060
|Inside the Hull
|5.412
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 80390
|Inside the Hull
|5.42
|-
|73
| -
| HIP 78246
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|74
|49 Lib
|HIP 78400
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 82676
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 82135
|Inside the Hull
|5.481
|-
|77
|27 Sco
|HIP 82960
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 79199
|Inside the Hull
|5.497
|-
|79
|ζ 4 Librae
|HIP 76126
|Inside the Hull
|5.499
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 79980
|Inside the Hull
| 5.502
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 74732
|Inside the Hull
|5.506
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 76106
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 86698
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 84551
|Inside the Hull
|5.526
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 84401
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
| 86
|M 19
|M 19
|Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|87
|4 Sco
|HIP 77984
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|88
| ζ 1 Librae
|HIP 75730
| Inside the Hull
|5.626
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 84150
| Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|90
|26 Oph
|HIP 83196
|Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|91
|11 Sco
|HIP 79005
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 82775
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 76532
|Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 80672
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|95
|* 12 Sco A
|HIP 79399
| Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|96
|ζ 3 Librae
|HIP 75944
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 76569
|Inside the Hull
|5.816
|-
|98
|CD-29 12513A
|HR 6106
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
| -
| HIP 78168
| Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 81741
|Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 85889
|Inside the Hull
|5.838
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 74539
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|103
|66 G. Oph
|HIP 83176
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
|104
|3 Sco
|HIP 77909
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 79098
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|106
|Gliese 667 A
| HIP 84709
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|107
|V923 Sco
| HIP 83491
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 83896
| Inside the Hull
|5.911
|-
|109
| -
| HIP 81523
| Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|110
| -
| HIP 85048
|Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 79596
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
| 112
|V929 Sco
|HIP 78877
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 83235
|Inside the Hull
|5.934
|-
| 114
|[SC96] Mis 177
|[SC96] Mis 177
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 84425
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|116
|47 Lib
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|5.957
|-
|117
|[SC96] Mis 213
|[SC96] Mis 213
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 83693
| Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 81992
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 85543
|Inside the Hull
|5.985
|-
|121
| -
| HIP 78665
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 84226
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
| 123
| -
|HIP 81904
|Inside the Hull
| 6.046
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 83100
|Inside the Hull
|6.048
|-
|125
|* 47 Lib A
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 79622
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 78575
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|128
| -
| HIP 80910
| Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 79692
|Inside the Hull
|6.083
|-
|130
| -
| HIP 78726
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|131
| -
| HIP 82691
| Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|132
|36 G. Oph
|HIP 81728
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 77900
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|134
|RR Sco
|HIP 82912
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 78078
|Inside the Hull
| 6.117
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 84489
|Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
|137
| -
| HIP 83706
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|138
|[SC96] Mis 165
|[SC96] Mis 165
|Inside the Hull
|6.14
|-
|139
| -
| HIP 85237
|Inside the Hull
|6.142
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 85839
|Inside the Hull
|6.158
|-
|141
|28 Lib
|HIP 75110
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 142
| -
| HIP 84445
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 75939
| Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
| 144
| -
|HIP 76503
|Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 77985
|Inside the Hull
|6.199
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 77689
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 78699
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 76033
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 149
| -
|HIP 82453
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|150
| V861 Sco
|HIP 82911
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|151
|34 G. Oph
|HIP 81632
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 82783
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 86246
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 78058
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 155
| -
|HIP 84151
|Inside the Hull
|6.285
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 77007
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|157
| -
| HIP 79945
|Inside the Hull
|6.298
|-
|158
|[SC96] Mis 208
|[SC96] Mis 208
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 82554
|Inside the Hull
|6.315
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 78486
|Inside the Hull
|6.317
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 76567
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 78955
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|163
| -
| HIP 82855
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 164
|[SC96] Mis 549
|[SC96] Mis 549
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 165
| -
|HIP 76666
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 78059
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 79031
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 79605
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 82731
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|170
|[SC96] Mis 201
|[SC96] Mis 201
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|171
|V1077 Sco
|HIP 84650
|Inside the Hull
|6.367
|-
|172
| -
|HR 6426
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|173
| V900 Sco
| HIP 82669
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|174
| -
|HIP 77729
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 87042
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 79599
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 85786
|Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 85019
|Inside the Hull
|6.419
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 79788
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 180
| -
|HIP 79203
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 79530
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 84332
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 85020
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|184
| -
|HD 152249
| Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|-
|186
|23 Lib
|HIP 74500
|Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|187
| -
| HIP 80324
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 86098
|Inside the Hull
| 6.463
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 74490
|Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
|190
|[SC96] GC 33
|[SC96] GC 33
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Išḫara, see (Kurtik i15) [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]. The name ''zu''2''-qa''2''-qi''4''-ip'', as a royal name, at the beginning of the post-Flood part of the "Sumerian king list" relating to Kiš, cf. [Jacobsen 1939, 78-79:10-11].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) Ritual at the lunar eclipse in the month Kislimu, see (Kurtik u06)[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (2) Hemerology for the 18th of Du'uzu: PAD''-su ana'' ˹mul˺gir2.tab ''liš-ku-un'' "Let him offer his sacrifice to Scorpius" [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94-95].
* (3) The purifying ritual of the "Raising of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [d''iš-ḫa-ra''] "Spell, (constellation) Scorpius, [Išḫara]". [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58-59;].
* (4) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the deity statue [Walker and Dick 2001], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (5) The astral-mythological text BM 55466+, where the night sky in the month of Ṭebetu is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, see (Kurtk u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (6) In astrological geography, Scorpius correlates (a) with the Sea Land and Dilmun or Borsippa, (b) with Ḫursagkalamma, Borsippa [Weidner 1963; Kurtik 2010; Steele 2015].
* (7) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mul]GIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'' d''Ištar'' ''ina qe''2-''reb'' MURUB4 ''e-peš ša''2-''aš''2-''me'' / [...''a'']''š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu'' "Scorpion, Išḫara (i.e. The Scorpion), Ištar, in the midst of the battle, in performing the fight / [...] 'stubborn' (opponents) of yours, let him defeat, let him turn them into ghosts!" [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′-8′].

''Also = Racc Text 213???''

==== Symbol. ====
Scorpion. Early depictions of the scorpion/scorpion-man in Mesopotamian glyptics of the 3rd millennium BC, when it may have already acquired astral significance, see [Kononenko 1997] as well as [Kurtik 1998, 36; 2022, ]. For the images on the kudurru see [Seidl 1968, 156-157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48], for astral images on Hellenistic seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, no. 1008-1017; Kurtik 2007, fig. 24, 32]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlGIR2 (designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius) corresponds to G[IR2.TAB] "Sc[orpion]". [SpTU II, 43:8, 24, misread, see Hunger 1996].

==== Previous Identification. ====
[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
= Scorpius [van der Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246]

= Scorpius + part of Libra, constellation figure correlated with stars, [Koch 1989, 114-115, Abb. 16 a-b].

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Middle star in the head of the Scorpion" (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 ''e ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Upper star of the Scorpion's head" (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Lower star of the Scorpion's head" (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 "(God) of Fox" (α Scorpii),

The 4 stars indicated above were used as "normal stars" in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 26-29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab "Claws (lit. Horn) of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN et al.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab "Stars of the Scorpion's head", see GU-text.

(7) gaba gir2.tab "Chest of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN, etc.

(8) mul ''ta-ri-tu''2 mulgir2.tab "The raised tail of the Scorpion", see GU-text.

(9) Scorpion's head (δ Sco), see dalbana-text.

(10) Base of the Scorpion's column (straightening muscle?) (μ1, μ2 Sco), see dalbana-text.

(11) Right claw (lit. horn) of the Scorpion (σ Sco), see dalbana-text.

(12) Scorpion's sting, see dalbana-text, and also below.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's lips" (β, λ Sco) (?) [ADRT I, 42, no. -651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Bright star of the Scorpion's head" [ADRT I, 42, no. -651:10-11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB "The middle section of the Scorpion." [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) [...K]UN mulGIR2.TAB "Tail of the Scorpion" [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) ''u''2''-ru-ud'': ''u''2''-ru-uḫ'' mulGIR2.TAB "Throat of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB "Center (lit. Navel) of the Scorpion [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB "(2 stars) on the sting of the Scorpion" (λ, υ Scorpii), see MUL.APIN et al, as well as (Kurtik sh05) [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]] and (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

(20) The border of the Scorpion; [...mul]GIR2.TAB ''it-ta-tu-ša''2 MI-''mu'' ... "[...] Scorpion, its border is dark [...]" [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus: mulGIR2.TAB: d''Dil-bat'' [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Lisi; cf. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], (Kurtik n25) [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]], II 3.

(3) Scorpion's sting = Pabilsag: see (Kurtik p04) [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL2.SAG]], VI 4, (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

In [G. 94, IV 2-3] identifications of the Scorpion with Jupiter, Mars and Mercury are suggested, which, as far as we know, is not confirmed by the texts. See, however, below (28).

===== Predictions: =====
(4) General astrological significance: mulGIR2.TAB ''ana'' KI.LAM "Scorpion for (predicting the state of) the market." [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Heliacal risings earlier and later: "The Scorpion rises heliacally in the month Arahsamnu, variant: Ṭebetu; if this star rises early: the king of the country will walk proudly, he will conquer [kings], his enemies; if this star rises late: kings of other countries will start enmity against the king of that country" [BPO 2, IX 9]; see also [ibid., X 19, XI 4-6].

(6) View of the Scorpion’s claws: DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-''ša''2 ''zu-᾽-u''2''-ra'' KUR2 ZI-''ma ina'' [gišTUKUL ŠUB-''ut''] "If the claws (lit. horns) of the Scorpion are twisted?: an enemy will rise, but will fall by weapons (in battle)", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-''ša''2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' LUGAL ''a-a-bi-šu''2 Š[U-''su'' KUR-''ad''2] "If the Scorpion’s claws emit rays (lit. carry radiation): the king's hand will conquer his enemies" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346 +:41-42], see also [SAA 8, 218:2-4, 547:1-4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ''ana'' UR2-''šu''2 GUR I3 ''ina'' KUR LA2-''ṭi'' "[If the Scorpion, its foreparts] are facing its 'knee': there will be lack of oil in the land" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''zu''-᾽-''u''2-''ra ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' / dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mul''zi-ba-ni-ti'' GUB-''ma'' "If the claws of the Scorpion are twisted? (and) carry radiance, (it means): the planet stands in Libra." [ACh Ištar, 28:6-7].

(7) The Scorpion is dark: DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI ''iš-tan-na-an-na''? "If the Scorpion is dark: the kings of all countries will become hostile, variant: the kings of all countries will feud one with another(?)" [SAA 8, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''i-da-tu-ša''2 ''uk-ku-la'' UN.MEŠ ''i-lam-mi-na'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Scorpion’s sides are very dark: people will become bad, (it means): Mars stands in it." [SAA 8, 502:14]. See also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 3, and Mercury and Scorpius below.

(8) Star in the head of the Scorpion: ''i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-i-e kak-ka-bu'' / [''ina''] SAG.DU ''ša'' mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 ''it-ti-ti-iz'' GISKIM-''šu''2 ''la i-lap-pa-''[''at''] "This night a star stood in the head of the Scorpion before the moon: this sign does not portend anything (bad)". [SAA 8, 98: 7-r. 2]. See also (Kurtik ts06) ''[[Ṣurru]]''.

(9) The Scorpion during its first appearance in the month Kislimu: DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra ina'' GIBIL UD.DA-''ša''2 / GA[BA]-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-at'' / SI.ME-''ša''2! ''nin-mu-ra'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL ''ina'' KUR ''i-ḫar-ru-pu'' ... "If the Scorpion, the goddess Išḫara, at the renewal of her light (i.e. at the heliacal rising?) her breast is bright, her tail is dark, and her claws (literally horns) stand opposite each other: the country will have a season of early rain and flood; ..." [SAA 8, 504: 5-8], parallel: DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra'' / ''ina'' IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''nin-gu-la'' /: ''nen-bu-ṭa'' GABA-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-ti'' ... "If in the month Kislimu, the Scorpion, the goddess Išḫara, at its first appearance, its claws ..., var.: radiant, her breast is bright, and her tail is dark: ..." [SAA 8, 376 r. 4-10]; see also [ibid., 543:1-7].

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in the Scorpion: observations: ''ina'' iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [''ina''] EN!.NUN-UD.ZAL / ''i-sa-kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''i-sa''!-''kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''u''2''-zak-ki'' / ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 ''a-dir'' / ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' / mul''ku-ma-ru'' / ''ša'' mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ''ziq-pu'' / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x] ''i-sa-kan'' "The lunar eclipse occurred during the morning watch on the 14th Simanu. It began in the south (of the lunar disk) and cleared up in the south. Its right side was eclipsed. The eclipse took place in the area of the Scorpion constellatoin. The Shoulder of the Demon with the Open Mouth culminated. An eclipse (the size of) two fingers occurred." [SAA 10, 149: 3′-r.6]. (DIŠ) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-''ma'' KA×M[I''-su''] KU4 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''2 ŠA3-''ši-na'' ŠUB-''ni ina'' AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) on the 14th day of Simanu a (lunar) eclipse occurs and (the Moon) sets: pregnant women will miscarry their fetal babies; (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Scorpion" (Late Commentary on EAE) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15-16]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki ''u'' NI.TUKki: ''bar''2-''sipa''2ki "If (the Moon) is dark in the area of the Scorpion: decision for the Sea country and Dilmun, var: Borsippa" [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) The Moon at its first appearance and the Scorpion: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2... "If at its first appearance, the Moon is surrounded by the Scorpion, like a halo...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (var. ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB) ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion (var.: stinger of the Scorpion) stands in the middle of it (= Moon)...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its shoulder...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its right horn...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its left horn ...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 GUB KUR ''in-neš-š''[''i''] "If the Scorpion stands in front of it: the country will become weak", DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (var: KI.MIN ''zi-qit-tum'') GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2 ''ina'' MU BI ZI-''ut'' ERIN2-''man-da'' "If the tail (var. stinger) of the Scorpion surrounds (the moon) like a halo: this year an attack of the Umman-manda " [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22-28], see also [SAA 8, 66 r. 1-4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Lunar halo and the Scorpion: 30 MI ''an-ni-u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-''ma'' NIGIN-''ma a-na'' ˹A.AN˺ [''u''] A.KAL "This night the moon was surrounded by a halo in the Scorpion: (it portends) rain [and] flood" [SAA 8, 2:1-2], see also [ibid, 377: 7-r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulGIR2.TAB / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / ''uš-taḫ-ḫa'' NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-''ma'' / A.RA2 KUD.ME "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Scorpion stands in it: entu- priestesses will be made pregnant, men, variant: lions, will rage and cut off traffic." [SAA 8, 307:1-5], see also [ibid., 147 r. 2-4, 480: 7- r. 1].

(13) The Sun and the Scorpion: DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB [...] "If the Sun sets and the Scorpion stands in its place [...]" [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Jupiter and the head of the Scorpion: see (Kurtik s04) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 31.

(15) Jupiter and the Scorpion in a lunar halo: see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

(16) Rising of Venus, the Moon, the Scorpion and Gemini: DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGUD d''Sin u'' mulGIR2.TAB IGI-''ma'' IGI-''it'' MUL [...] / ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN ...d''Ni-ri''... "If Venus in the month Ayyaru --, the Moon and the Scorpion is seen, opposite ...., [...] and Gemini are visible, variant: (opposite) the Yoke...: there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Rising of the Venus in the Scorpion: DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAPIN KUR-''ḫa ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-''ma'' NU SIG5 "If Venus rises in the month Arahsamnu — she rises in the Scorpion, this is unfavorable" [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , see also [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Venus, the Moon and Lugalirra in the Scorpion: DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin ''u'' d''Lugal''-GIR3-''ra ina'' iti''Še-er''-[''e-re-ši ina birīt'' SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ''ina'' ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 d''Sin u'' dLugal-GIR3''-ra'' / ''ina'' SI 15-''šu''2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' IN.NU ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If in the month of the plowing of the furrow, Venus (during its appearance), the Moon and Lugalirra, in between the claws of the Scorpion, become visible and within it?, Venus, the Moon, and Lugalirra are coming out of its right claw: there will be famine of barley and straw in the land." [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], for a parallel see [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Venus enters into the Scorpion: DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB KU4 SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ma'' BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki ... "If Venus enters into the Scorpion: there will be famine in the country; if in the east, bad for Elam; if in the west, bad for Akkad ..." [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Venus approaches the Scorpion: DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' mulGIR2.TAB TE-''ḫi'' ... "If Venus comes close to the Scorpion: unfavorable winds will blow in the country; Adad will give his rain, and Ea will give his springs to the country of Gutium." [SAA 8, 55: 7-r. 2]. See also [ibid., 55:3-8].

(21) Mercury in the Scorpion: see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], V 10.

(22) Saturn, Libra and Scorpion: see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]],

(23) Mars approaching the Scorpion: see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 32.

(24) Asterism of Elam = Mars in Scorpius#;; see (Kurtik n20) [[NIM.MA]], II 3.

(25) Mars and Scorpion: see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 34.

(26) The Plough (=Mars) and the Scorpion: see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 8.

(27) Planets and the Scorpion: three versions of protasis: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands inside Scorpius", DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands before Scorpius" and DIŠ mulUDU. IDIM ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE "If a planet comes close to Scorpius" have the same apodosis: ina MU BI A.ANmeš ''u'' A.KALmeš ZAL.ZALmeš "rain and flood will last long this year" [TU, 16 r. 16-18; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a].

(28) The Scorpion (= Mars?) approaches the Moon: [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ''ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If Scorpius comes close to the front of the Moon, and stands there: the reign of the king will be long; an enemy will attack, but will be defeated" [SAA 8, 430:1-5], see also [ibid. 466; SAA 10, 364 r. 9-14].

(29) Baltesha and the Scorpion: see (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], V 3.

(30) Shooting stars and the Scorpion: DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-''ma'' EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ''ina'' ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' "If a star flashes from within the middle portion of the Scorpion and moves to the limits of Amurru: there will be rain this month", DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 2 A. ANme ŠURme "If 2 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain twice this month", DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme "If 3 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain three times this month. [Stev. O.T., 232:13-15], autograph [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15-17].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik g17 GIR2
!
|-
|
==== GIR2 ====
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион»; обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах чаще без детерминатива [G. 91].
I. Источники.

Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрономия, астрология и календарь. (1) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт для изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-tim MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 7 // Скорпион 190 // Все что угодно намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:7, а также 20]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30]. (2) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ni-zi[q-tu4] «Область Скорпиона: смерть (в) дни гнева» [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
|
|-
!Kurtik g19 GIR2.TAB
!
|-
|
==== GIR2.TAB ====
|
|-
|= zuqaqīpu «Скорпион»; созвездие, соответствующее Скорпиону (Scorpius) [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulgir2.tab = zu-qi-qi-pu [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [zu]-qa-qi-pi [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:285ʹ]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. а33AN.TA.GUB; в новоассирийских параллелях: Sm. 1113:9′ — dzu-qa-qi2-p[u…], Sm. 162 rev. 7 — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 151–154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul ša egir-šu gub-zu / mulgir2.tab dIš-ḫa-ra «Созвездие, которое после нее (т.е. после Венеры) стоит, (это) Скорпион, Ишхара» (B ii 6–7); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 2]; b) mul … ana igi mulgir2.tab, см. z10Zibānītum. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin] … mulgir2.tab šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц арахсамну: … Скорпион (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — арахсамну, заход — айяру [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. u21UR.IDIM. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану: mulGIR2.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-at AN KI «Скорпион // 70 // Богиня неба (и) земли» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:23]. BM 34713. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:9], см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1,10 «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, 70» [CT 33, 11]. K.14943+: mulgir2.tab «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, [70]» [CT 33, 12]; см. также mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 7): mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9–9a, III 8a–b, 11c–d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4–6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13–15, Pl. XVII 15–17]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra a-na KI.LAM ša-am-ni da-˹ma˺-[qi] «Звезда, которая стоит после нее (т.е. Иштар), Скорпион, Ишхара. Благоприятно для торговли маслом» (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB «Весы, рог Скорпиона» (I ii 11). (2) Звезды Эа (№ 10): a) mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad2-me «Скорпион, Ишхара, богиня всех обитаемых регионов» (I ii 29), b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB dLi9-si4 dAG «Грудь Cкорпиона: Лиси, Набу» (I ii 30), (c) 2 MULmeš ša2 ina zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-zu / dŠar2-ur u Šar2-gaz «Две звезды, которые стоят на жале Скорпиона: Шарур и Шаргаз» (I ii 31–32). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: а) ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI «5-го арахсамну Скорпион становится видимым» (I iii 3), b) ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 u mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); о совместном восходе muluz3 и mulgir2.tab см. также BM 55466+, u31UZ3. (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 13–14), см. m35MUL.MUL, b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Собака восходят, и Звезда Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25), c) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGIR2.TAB, после mulZi-ba-ni-tu4, перед mulPa-bil-sag (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ina u4-me IGImeš IM ša2 [DU-ku ŠE]Š-ar2 «5-го арахсамну Скорпион, 15-го Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны; в день, когда они становятся видны, ты наблюдаешь ветер, который [дует]» (II i 32–33). (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulGIR2.TAB — запад, см. k24KU6. (8) Астрологические предсказания: […] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 «[Если …] Скорпион становится виден и южный ветер дует: этот год будет благоприятным» (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 350a, 353]. Текст BM 77054. См. m35MUL.MUL. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra «Скорпион = Ишхара»; (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat «Скорпион = ditto(=Ишхара), Тиамат»; (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab «Небесный меч = Скорпион»; (4) 12 звезд Элама: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 34–36, 204]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:31. mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra tam-tim «Скорпион = Ишхара моря» [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum kimin murub4 mulzi-ba-nit si mulgir2.tab / [x-x-t]u2 u igi mulur.idim gu «Упряжь (ziqpu XXVI: υ Boo), или середина Весов (β Lib), рог Скорпиона (γ Sco = σ Lib) / […] и глаз Бешеного Пса (γ Lup): веревка». (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulzi-ba-nit mul.me sag mulgir2.tab / [u? muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim gu «Шупа (=ziqpu I: α Boo) или середина Весов (γ Lib), звезды головы Скорпиона (δ Sco) [и средняя] часть Бешеного Пса (η Lup): веревка». (O) mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 kimin mul gaba gir2.tab / ˹mul ta˺-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab u gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim gu «2-я звезда Упряжи (ziqpu II: ε Boo), или звезда на груди Скорпиона (α Sco), поднятый хвост Скорпиона (μ1 Sco) и задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:21–25; ASM, 93]. Согласно [Koch 1992, 58–59], murub4 mulzi-ba-nit — γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim — Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab — β, δ, π Sco, mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 — π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim — ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco). Dalbanna-текст. §b. a) mulsag gir2.tab «голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), b) mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab] «основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Ско[рпиона]» (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §c. [mulgir2.tab] «Скорпион»(η Sco), см. L07LI4.SI9. §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab «правый рог Скорпиона» (σ Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 «Основание колонны Скорпиона (μ1 Sco), […] (γ Oph), [звезда x] Зубра (κ Oph): 3 звезды, треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48–49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph). §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] «Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), левая рука Быка (Ser d) и Шуллат: [3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. [Шул]лат первый.» [Walker 1995, 36–37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь вместо mulŠullat(pa) должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) «Ханиш» (α Cen). §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš …] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul zi-q[it gir2.tab x x] «Жало Скорпиона (θ Sco), голова Быка (η Ser?) и Шуллат (β Cen?): 3 [звезды …]. 2 интервала, интервал. Жал[о Скорпиона …].» [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109]. «Дневники наблюдений». (mul)GIR2.TAB — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Скорпион. Четыре звезды созвездия Скорпион использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. múlgaba gir2.tab ka-bi-is gaba tam-tim «“Грудь Скорпиона”, что идет по “груди” моря» [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313]. Анафора. A 3427: a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ša2 múlkun-šu2 [gir2.tab] «От (кульминации точки) 50 после 2 звезд головы Льва до (кульминации точки) 50 после Отдельной звезды на его хвосте: [Скорпион]» (анафора знака зодиака Скорпион, определенная по кульминациям ziqpu-звезд), b) múlgir2.tab ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa …/ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1-et ḫa.la ša2 múlgir2.tab kur-ḫa ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ … «(Знак зодиака) Скорпион от его начала до его конца восходит […] / (за) 2030' одна (двенадцатая) часть Скорпиона восходит, 12 частей (за промежуток) 1 danna 10 UŠ (восходят) […], c) ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa napḫar 2 danna ina ziq-pi i-lak-ma […] «(Созвездие Скорпион) от его начала до его конца восходит, всего за (промежуток) 2 danna, (измеренный) по прохождениям ziqpu-звезд […]» (указанное значение времени восхода созвездия Скорпион соответствует протяженности на эклиптике 450), d) múlgir2.tab meš-ḫi im-šuḫ ZI «Скорпион испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:1, 15–17, 21; 241]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GIR2.TAB — обозначение 8-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab «Область Скорпиона» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. b) BRM IV, 19: текст содержит зодиакальную схему, известную под названием «додекатемория», в которой gir2.tab — обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион [Ungnad 1941–44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 8-i-tum ḫa.la múlgir2.tab šum3-šu2 «8-я часть, ее имя Скорпион» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu «8-я часть Овна — Скорпион Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18–19]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 4-я часть — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Подразделение знака зодиака Скорпион на 12 частей: ḫa.la sag-tu2 ša2 múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [šum3-šu2]? «Первая часть Скорпиона, [ее имя] Скорпион» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239, A 3427:2], см. также «Анафора». (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2.TAB … «В области Скорпиона [родилась]: …она будет ведьмой, она будет счастлива? (вар.: грешница) …, вдова» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. [DIŠ Sin ina mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-ma…»[Если Луна] затмилась [в Скорпионе] …» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: MUL ša2 ina SI mulGIR2.TAB «Звезда на роге Скорпиона» [SpTU II, 42:12], а также [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

II. Божество.

Ишхара, см. i15dIšḫara. Имя zu2-qa2-qi4-ip, как царское имя, в начале послепотопной части «Шумерского царского списка», относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 78–79:10–11]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал при лунном затмении в месяце кислиму, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (2) Гемерология на 18-е дуузу: pad-su ana ˹mul˺gir2.tab liš-ku-un «Жертвоприношение свое Скорпиону пусть он принесет» [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94–95]. (3) Очистительный ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [diš-ḫa-ra] «Заклинание, (созвездие) Скорпион, [Ишхара]» [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58–59;]. (4) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k24KU6. (5) Астрально-мифологический текст BM 55466+, где ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, см. u31UZ. (6) В астрологической географии Скорпион соотносится: a) c Морской страной и Дильмуном или Борсиппой, b) c Хурсагкаламмой, Борсиппой [Weidner 1963; Куртик 2010; Steele 2015]. (7) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mul]GIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra dIštar ina qe2-reb MURUB4 e-peš ša2-aš2-me / […a]š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu «Скорпион, Ишхара, (т.е.) Иштар, посредине битвы, учиняя схватку / […] ‘упорных’ (противников) твоих пусть одолеет, в призраки пусть обратит!» [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′–8′].

III. Символ.

Скорпион. Ранние изображения скорпиона/скорпионочеловека в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э., когда он, возможно, уже приобрел астральное значение, см. [Кононенко 1997], а также [Куртик 1998, 36; 2022, ]. Изображения на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 156–157; Куртик 2007, рис. 48], астральные изображения на эллинистических печатях из Урука см. [AUWE 19, No. 1008–1017; Куртик 2007, рис. 24, 32]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlGIR2 (обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион) соответствует G[IR2.TAB] «Ск[орпион]» [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

IV. Отождествление.

= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246].

= Scorpius + часть Librae, фигура созвездия, соотнесенная со звездами, [Koch 1989, 114–115, Abb. 16 a–b].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Верхняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Нижняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 «(Бог) Лиси» (α Scorpii),

4 указанные звезды в «Дневниках наблюдений» использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, No. 26–29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab «Клешни (букв. Рог) Скорпиона», см. GU-текст, MUL.APIN и др.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab «Звезды головы Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(7) gaba gir2.tab «Грудь Скорпиона», см. GU-текст и др.

(8) mul ta-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab «Поднятый хвост Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(9) Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(10) Основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Скорпиона (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(11) Правая клешня (букв. рог) Скорпиона (σ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(12) Жало Скорпиона, см. dbn-текст, а также ниже.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB «Губа Скорпиона» (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, No. –651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском на голове Скорпиона» [AD I, 42, No. –651:10–11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB «Середина Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) […K]UN mulGIR2.TAB «Хвост Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) u2-ru-ud: u2-ru-uḫ mulGIR2.TAB «Горло Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB «Центр (букв. Пуп) Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB «(2 звезды) на жале Скорпиона» (λ, υ Scorpii), см. MUL.APIN и др., а также sh05ŠAR2.GAZ и sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

(20) Граница Скорпиона; […mul]GIR2.TAB it-ta-tu-ša2 MI-mu … «[…] Скорпион, граница его темная […]» [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; mulGIR2.TAB: dDil-bat [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Лиси; см. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], n25NIM.MA(ki), II 3.

(3) Жало Скорпиона = Пабилсаг; см. p04dPA.BIL2.SAG, VI 4, sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

В [G. 94, IV 2–3] предполагаются отождествления Скорпиона с Юпитером, Марсом и Меркурием, что, насколько нам известно, текстами не подтверждается. См., однако, ниже (28).

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(4) Общее астрологическое значение; mulGIR2.TAB ana KI.LAM «Скорпион для (предсказания состояния) рынка» [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже; «Скорпион восходит гелиакически в месяце арахсамну, вариант: тебету; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь той страны будет ходить гордо, он покорит [царей], своих врагов; если звезда восходит поздно: цари всех стран начнут враждовать против царя той страны» [BPO 2, IX 9]; см. также [ibid., X 19, XI 4–6].

(6) Вид клешней Скорпиона; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra KUR2 ZI-ma ina [gišTUKUL ŠUB-ut] «Если клешни (букв. рога) Скорпиона скручены?: враг появится, но падет от оружия (в битве)», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-ša2 ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a LUGAL a-a-bi-šu2 Š[U-su KUR-ad2] «Если Скорпион, клешни его, испускают лучи (букв. несут излучение): царь ру[кой своей поразит] своих врагов» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:41–42], см. также [ARAK, 218:2–4, 547:1–4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ana UR2-šu2 GUR I3 ina KUR LA2-ṭi «[Если Скорпион, передние части] его, обращены к его «колену»: в стране будет недостаток масла» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a / dUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulzi-ba-ni-ti GUB-ma «Если клешни Скорпиона скручены? (и) несут излучение, (это означает): планета в Весах стоит» [ACh Ištar, 28:6–7].

(7) Скорпион темный; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB a-dir LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI iš-tan-na-an-na? «Если Скорпион темный: цари всех стран станут враждебны (Аккаду?), вариант: цари всех стран будут враждовать друг с другом» [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB i-da-tu-ša2 uk-ku-la UN.MEŠ i-lam-mi-na dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-ma «Если стороны Скорпиона очень темные: людям будет плохо, (это означает): Марс стоит в нем» [ARAK, 502:14]. См. также z10Zibānītum, VI 3, а также ниже «Меркурий и Скорпион».

(8) Звезда в голове Скорпиона; i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-e kak-ka-bu / [ina] SAG.DU ša mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 it-ti-ti-iz GISKIM-šu2 la i-lap-pa-[at] «Этой ночью звезда стояла в голове Скорпиона впереди Луны: знак этот не предвещает ничего (плохого)» [ARAK, 98: 7–r. 2]. См. также ts06Ṣurru.

(9) Скорпион при его первом появлении в месяце кислиму; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra ina GIBIL UD.DA-ša2 / GA[BA]-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-at / SI.ME-ša2! nin-mu-ra / A.AN u A.KAL ina KUR i-ḫar-ru-pu … «Если Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при обновлении ее света (т.е. при гелиакическом восходе?), грудь ее имеет большой блеск, хвост ее темный, клешни ее (букв. рога) напротив друг друга: дождь и наводнение в стране будут ранними; саранча нападет и пожрет страну; гибель скота и жилищ скотоводов…» [ARAK, 504: 5–r. 2], параллель: DIŠ ina itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra / ina IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-ša2 nin-gu-la /: nen-bu-ṭa GABA-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-ti … «Если в месяце кислиму Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при своей первой видимости, клешни ее (напоминают) месяц?, вар.: связаны, грудь ее имеет большой блеск, ее хвост темный: …» [ARAK, 376 r. 4–10]; см. также [ibid., 543:1–7].

(10) Затмение Луны в Скорпионе; наблюдение: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [ina EN!.NUN—UD.ZAL / i-sa-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU i-sa!-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU u2-zak-ki / ina ZAG-šu2 a-dir / ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir / mulku-ma-ru / ša mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ziq-pu / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x x] i-sa-kan «14-го симану произошло лунное затмение в утреннюю стражу. Оно началось на юге (лунного диска) и прояснилось на юге. Его правая сторона затмилась. Затмение имело место в области созвездия Скорпион. Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминировало. Затмение (величиной) 2 пальца произошло» [LABS, 149: 3′–r.6]. (DIŠ) ina itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-ma KA´M[I-su] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša2 ŠA3-ši-na ŠUB-ni ina AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) в месяце симану в 14-й день происходит (лунное) затмение и (Луна) заходит (затмившейся): беременные женщины будут выкидывать своих внутриутробных младенцев; (это означает): затмение произошло в Скорпионе» (поздний комментарий к ЕАЕ) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15–16]. DIŠ ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki u NI.TUKki: bar2-sipa2ki «Если (Луна) в пределах Скорпиона затмилась: решение для Морской страны и Дильмуна, вар.: Борсиппы» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) Луна при ее первом появлении и Скорпион; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2… «Если при своем появлении Луна окружена Скорпионом, подобно гало: львы и волки будут неистовствовать, пути сообщения станут небезопасными …», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (вар.: zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB) ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион (вар.: жало Скорпиона) в середине ее (= Луны) стоит: придет половодье и размоет дамбы…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее плече стоит: в этом году крысы уничтожат тростник и сезам…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее правом роге стоит: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB… «Если Скорпион стоит на ее левом роге: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну, царь Аккада и царь (Амурру) будут враждебны друг другу…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina IGI-šu2 GUB KUR in-neš-š[i] «Если Скорпион впереди ее стоит: страна ослабеет», DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (вар: KI.MIN zi-qit-tum) GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2 ina MU BI ZI-ut ERIN2-man-da «Если хвост (вар.: жало) Скорпиона окружает (Луну) подобно гало: в этом году нападение (страны) Умман-манда (на страну Аккад)» [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22–28], см. также [ARAK, 66 r. 1–4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Лунное гало и Скорпион; 30 MI an-ni-u2 ina ŠA3-bi mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-ma NIGIN-ma a-na ˹A.AN˺ [u] A.KAL «Этой ночью Луна была окружена гало в Скорпионе: (это предвещает) дождь [и] наводнение» [ARAK, 2:1–2], см. также [ibid., 377: 7–r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulGIR2.TAB / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / uš-taḫ-ḫa-a NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-ma / A.RA2 KUD.ME «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем стоит Скорпион: entu-жрицы будут беременеть, мужчины, вариант: львы будут беситься и перережут сообщение» [ARAK, 307:1–5], см. также [ibid., 147 r. 2–4, 480: 7– r. 1].

(13) Солнце и Скорпион; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB […] «Если Солнце заходит и на его месте Скорпион стоит […]» [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Юпитер и голова Скорпиона; см. s04SAG.ME.GAR, III 31.

(15) Юпитер и Скорпион в лунном гало; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR

(16) Восход Венеры, Луна, Скорпион и Близнецы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGUD dSin u mulGIR2.TAB IGI-ma IGI-it MUL […] / u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN … dNi-ri… «Если Венера (восходит) в месяце айяру, (при этом) видны Луна и Скорпион и напротив звезда […] и Близнецы, вариант: (напротив) Ярмо …: в стране будет голод» [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Восход Венеры в Скорпионе; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAPIN KUR-ḫa ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma NU SIG5 «Если Венера восходит в месяце арахсамну — она восходит в Скорпионе, она неблагоприятная» [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , см. также [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Венера, Луна и Лугальирра в Скорпионе; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin u dLugal-GIR3-ra ina itiŠe-er-[e-re-ši ina birīt SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ina [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 dSin u] dLugal-GIR3-ra / ina SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE u IN.NU ina KUR GAL2 «Если в месяц Вспахивания борозды Венера (при своем появлении), Луна и Лугальирра между клешнями Скорпиона видны и внутри него? Венера, Луна и Лугальирра выходят из его правой клешни: будет голод на ячмень и солому в стране» [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], параллель см. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Венера входит в область Скорпиона; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2-ma BE-ma ina dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki … «Если Венера входит в пределы Скорпиона: в стране будет голод, если на востоке, плохо для Элама, если на западе, плохо для Аккада …» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Венера приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na mulGIR2.TAB TE-ḫi … «Если Венера подходит близко к Скорпиону: неблагоприятные ветры будут дуть в стране; Адад пошлет дожди, а Эа — свои источники в страну Гутиев» [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. См. также [ibid., 55:3–8].

(21) Меркурий в Скорпионе; см. g34GU4.UD, V 10.

(22) Сатурн, Весы и Скорпион; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ,

(23) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 32.

(24) Звезда Элама = Марс в Скорпионе; см. n20NIM.MA, II 3.

(25) Марс и Скорпион; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 34.

(26) Плуг(=Марс) и Скорпион; см. a43gišAPIN, VI 8.

(27) Планета и Скорпион; три варианта протасиса: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета в середине Скорпиона стоит», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета перед Скорпионом стоит» и DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulGIR2.TAB TE «Если планета к Скорпиону приближается» имеют одинаковый аподосис: ina MU BI A.ANmeš u A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš «в этом году дожди и наводнения (дороги) размоют» [TU, 16 r. 16–18; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a].

(28) Скорпион (= Марс?) приближается к Луне; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz … «Если Скорпион подходит близко в передней части Луны и стоит там: правление царя будет долгим; враг атакует, но будет побежден» [ARAK, 430:1–5], см. также [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9–14].

(29) Балтеша и Скорпион; см. b03BAL.TEŠ2.A, V 3.

(30) Падающие звезды и Скорпион; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ina ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-nun «Если звезда из середины Скорпиона вспыхивает и перемещается до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет дождь», DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 2 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 2 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 2 дождя», DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 3 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 3 дождя» [Stev. O.T., 232:13–15], автография [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15–17].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, z12)
|
|-
|
==== mul''Zuqaqīpu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион», в основном в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII, см. g19GIR2.TAB.
|
|}
== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sco]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

GIR2.TAB

2026-06-26T16:36:48Z

HermannHunger: /* Deity. */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIR2.TAB, ''zuqaqīpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Skopion xs.jpg|thumb|A scorpion in the Sahara desert (SMH 2007).]]
mulGIR2.TAB (𒀯𒄈𒋰) = ''zuqaqīpu'', 'The Scorpion,' is the ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to the [[Scorpius|Scorpion]] in the modern constellation of [[Scorpius]]. The Akkadian parallel ''zuqaqīpu'' is mostly found in lexical texts of the Urra XXII series.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* = ''zuqaqīpu'' (𒀯𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍), scorpion; a constellation corresponding to [[Scorpius]] [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
* GIR2 short form in later astronomical and astrological texts, the zodiac sign Scorpius appears more often without the determinative [Gössmann 91].
* [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]] = ''zuqaqīpu''
In MUL.APIN, the explanatory list<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mentions:
* mulGÍR.TAB (AN 16–17r; EA 9l, 10l, 11l, 12–13l).
* mulGABA GÍR.TAB “breast of the scorpion” (EA 11l).
* SI mulGÍR.TAB “horns (= pedipalpi) of the scorpion” (AN 16–17r).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114].

* (2) Series Urra XXII: Urra XXII 285' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 107]. mulgir2.tab = ''zu-qi-qi-pu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [''zu'']-''qa-qi-pi'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8;

|
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 246

Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 102, Anu 2): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'', 'the star that stands after it (i.e. Ištar), 'The Scorpion,' Išḫara.'

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 194, Anu VIII, BM 34713, Anu IX), BM 82923: ulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI, 'The Scorpion' // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Horowitz 2014: 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:23].

'''''Rising and Setting Stars: (Horowitz 2014: 168, Anu-Rising Month VIII, Setting Month II. - do you like this format?? It is very simple - I can go back and change all the previous listings???'''''

'''''Circular Astrolabes.'''''
Horowitz 2014: 123-124
* Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu, Month VIII), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].
* K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].
'''Text HS 245''' (The Hilprecht Text).

* See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]];
* In Neo-Assyrian parallels:
** Sm. 1113:9′ - d''zu-qa-qi''2-''p''[''u''...],
** Sm. 162 rev. 7 - mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957-58; Horowitz 1993, 151-154].
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Stars."</s>'''
<s>Anu 2. </s>

* <s>MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "The star that stands after it (i.e. Ishtar), Scorpius, Ishara. Favorable for the oil trade" (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].</s>
|
|-
|'''''"<s>Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."</s> '''''
'''<s>Astrolabe P.</s>'''
* <s>Arahsamnu month, s</s>tar<s>s of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Arahsamnu month, stars of Anu: mulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI</s>
*** <s>"Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:23].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. Kislimu month, stars Anu [LBAT, 149</s>9:9], <s>see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|''Ṣalbatanu'']].</s>
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* <s>(1) List (12´3):</s>
** <s>a) mul ''ša'' ''egir-šu gub-zu'' / mulgir2.tab d''Iš-ḫa-ra''</s>
*** <s>"The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after Venus), (is) Scorpius, Ishara" (B ii 6-7); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 2];</s>
** <s>(b) mul ... ''ana'' igi mulgir2.tab, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum]]''[[Zibānītum]]''</s>.
* (2) <s>List (3´12):</s>
** <s>[itiapin] ... mulgir2.tab ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''</s>
*** <s>The month of arahsamnu: ... Scorpius (on the way of) Anu (rises)" (C ii 8).</s>
* <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — arahsamnu, sunset — ayaru [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].</s>
'''''C<s>ircular Astrolabes.</s>'''''
* <s>Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month of Arahsamnu), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].</s>
* <s>K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month arahsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].</s>
<s>'''A list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 7)''':</s>

* <s>mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9-9a, III 8a-b, 11c-d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4-6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13-15, Pl. XVII 15-17].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Anu (no. 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB "Libra, horn of Scorpius" (I ii 11).
* (2) Stars of Ea (no. 10):
** a) mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''2-''me'' "Scorpion, Išḫara, goddess of all inhabited regions" (I ii 29),
** b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB d''Li''9-''si''4 dAG "The chest of the Scorpion: Lisi, Nabu" (I ii 30),
** (c) 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ina zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-''zu'' / d''Šar''2''-ur u Šar''2-''gaz'' "Two stars that stand on the sting of the Scorpion: Šarur and Šargaz" (I ii 31-32).
* (3) Dates of heliacal risings:
** a) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu the Scorpion becomes visible" (I iii 3),
** b) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme "On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the Goat and the Chest of the Scorpion become visible" (I iii 4); on the joint rising of muluz3 and mulgir2.tab see also BM 55466+, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (4) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) (I iii 13-14), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]],
** b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme-''ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "The Scorpion and the Dog rise, and the Asterism of Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25),
** c) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulGIR2.TAB, after mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4, before mul''Pa-bil-sag'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (6) Observations of heliacal risings and the direction of the wind:
** ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ''ina u''4-''me'' IGImeš IM ''ša''2 [DU-''ku'' ŠE]Š-''ar''2
** "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu, the Scorpion, on the 15th the Chest of the Scorpion becomes visible; on the day that they become visible, you will observe the wind that [blows]" (II i 32-33).
* (7) A scheme for determining winds by the stars: mulGIR2.TAB - west, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU]]6.
* (8) Astrological predictions: [...] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 GIN MU BI SIG5 "[If ...] of the Scorpion becomes visible and the South wind blows: this year will be good" (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116].
Text BM 77054.

See (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]]. "A large list of stars."

* (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra "Scorpion = Išḫara";
* (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat "Scorpion = ditto(=Išḫara), Tiamat";
* (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab "Heavenly sword = Scorpion";
* (4) 12 stars of Elam: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol, App. B: 34-36, 204] ''Išhara not Ishkhara everywhere??? Yes of courseǃǃǃ''

'''''regarding Text BM 77054: all this is the Great Star List 25<nowiki>''</nowiki>-27<nowiki>''</nowiki> -'''''

'''<nowiki>;</nowiki> see also the list of "7 ''tikpi''-stars" [KAR, 142 i 37].'''
|[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See SAA 10, p. 381; SAA 8, p. 350a, 353].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:31.'''
* mulgir2.tab = d''iš-ḫa-ra tam-tim'' "Scorpius = Išḫara of the sea". [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (M) [mul''na'']-''at-tul-lum'' KIMIN MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' SI mulgir2.tab / [x-x-''t'']''u''2 ''u'' IGI mulUR.IDIM GU "The harness (''ziqpu'' XXVI: υ Boo), or the middle of Libra (β Lib), the horn of the Scorpion (γ Sco = σ Lib) / [...] and the Mad Dog’s eye (γ Lup): a string.
* (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹KIMIN˺ MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' MULme SAG mulGIR2.TAB / [''u''? MURU]B4 ˹mul˺UR.IDIM GU "Šupa (=''ziqpu'' I: α Boo) or the middle of Libra (γ Lib), the stars of Scorpius's head (δ Sco) [and the middle] part of the Mad Dog (η Lup): a string.
* (O) mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 KIMIN mulGABA GIR2.TAB / ˹MUL ''ta''˺-''ri''-''tu''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' GIR3II EGIR ''ša''2 mulUR.IDIM GU "The 2nd star of the Harness (''ziqpu'' II: ε Boo), or the star on the chest of the Scorpion (α Sco), the raised tail of the Scorpion (μ1 Sco) and the hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco): a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:21-25; ASM, 93].

According to [Koch 1992, 58-59], murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' is γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim is Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab is β, δ, π Sco, mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 is π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim is ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco).
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!GUs
|-
|M
|[[File:GU13 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|13th GU, GU (M), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>]]
|-
|N
|[[File:GU14 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|14th GU, GU (N), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|O
|[[File:GU15 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|15th GU, GU (O), in Hoffmann (2022).Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":0" />.]]
|}
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §b.
** a) mulSAG GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's head (δ Sco),
** b) mulSUḪUŠ UM.ME.DA G[IR2.TAB] "the base of the column (straightening muscle?) of the Sco[rpion]" (μ1, μ2 Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §c. [mulGIR2.TAB] "Scorpius"(η Sco), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §d. m[ul]SI ZAG GIR2.TAB "right horn of the Scorpius"(σ Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §f. mulSUḪUŠ EME.DA GIR2.TAB MUL x [x MUL x] ˹GU4˺.ALIM 3 MULmeš(sic) SAG.DU3 "Base of the Scorpion column (μ1 Sco), [...] (γ Oph), [star x] Bison (κ Oph): 3 stars, triangle." [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48-49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Ser[unina Bison]" (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulGIR3 ZAG]? ˹GU4˺.ALIM "[Right leg of] the Bison" (κ Oph).
* §h. mulSAG GIR2.TAB mulŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM ''u'' mulŠullat(PA) [3 MULmeš] GU SI.SA2 DUB2.[BA] 2 DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA mu[lP]A ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "The Scorpion’s head (δ Sco), the Bull’s left paw (Ser d) and Šullat: [3 stars]. A straight tight rope. 2 intervals, interval. [Šul]lat first." [Walker 1995, 36-37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], here instead of mul''Šullat''(pa) should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) "Ḫaniš" (α Cen).
* §j. [mu]l ''zi-qit'' GIR2.TAB mulSAG GU4.ALIM ''u''3 mulPA ˹3˺ [MULmeš ...] ˹2˺ DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA MUL ''zi-q''[''it'' GIR2.TAB x] "Sting of the Scorpion (θ Sco), head of the Bull (η Ser?) and Šullat (β Cen?): 3 [stars ...]. 2 intervals, interval. The sting [of Scorpius ...]." [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy: GIR2'''
See [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; used in the lunar tablets dating back to the late fifth century BC. [Aaboe and Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30-31; 2010].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
(mul)GIR2.TAB is the designation of the constellation and zodiac sign of Scorpius. The four stars of the Scorpius constellation were used as "normal stars," see also (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] below.

'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''

* múlGABA GIR2.TAB ''ka-bi-is'' GABA ''tam-tim'' "'The breast of the Scorpion' that walkes by the 'breast' of the sea." [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. A 3427:'''
* a) ˹TA˺ 5 UŠ ''ar''2 2 MUL2me ''ša''2 SAG múlA EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 múlDILI ''ša''2 múlKUN''-šu''2 [GIR2.TAB] "From (culmination point) 5° behind the 2 stars of the Lion's head to (the culmination point) 5° behind the Single star on its tail: [Scorpius rises]" (anaphora of the zodiac sign Scorpius, determined by the climax of the ziqpu stars),
* b) múlGIR2.TAB TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' .../ 2 UŠ 30 GAR 1''-et'' ḪA.LA ''ša''2 múlGIR2.TAB KUR''-ḫa'' ''ina'' 12 ḪA.LA 1 DANNA 10 UŠ ... "(Sign of the zodiac) Scorpius from its beginning to its end rises [...] / 2° 30' (which is) one (twelfth) part of Scorpius rises. In 12 parts 1 DANNA 10 UŠ [(culminates), and], ''(continued by:)''
* c) TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' PAP 2 DANNA ''ina'' ''ziq-pi i-lak-ma'' [... ] "(Scorpius) from its beginning to its end rises. A total of 2 danna culminates, [...]" <s>(the indicated value of the time of rising of the constellation Scorpius corresponds to the length on the ecliptic 450),</s>
* d) múlGIR2-TAB ''meš-ḫi im-šuḫ'' ZI "Scorpius emits a ''mišḫu'' ..." [Steele 2017, 63-65; earlier Schaumberger 1955, 238-239:1, 15-17, 21; 241].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology, Magic and Calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GIR2.TAB - designation of the 8th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) Lunaria
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab "Scorpius region" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
** (b) BRM IV, 19: the text contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which gir2.tab is the designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 8-''i-tum'' ḫa.la múlgir2.tab ''šum''3-''šu''2 "8th part, its name is Scorpius." [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66],
** (b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu "8th part of Aries — Scorpius of Aries" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18-19]. The division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 4th part is mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Division of the zodiac sign Scorpius into 12 parts: ḫa.la sag''-tu''2 ša múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab "The first part of Scorpius is Scorpius of Scorpius." [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239, A 3427:2], see also Anaphora.
* (4) Zodiacal Astrology. KI múlGIR2.TAB ... "In the region of the Scorpius [was born]: ...she will become a witch, she will be happy? (var.: sinner) ..., a widow." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27].
* (5) Predicting the price of cereal by observing the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. [DIŠ Sin ''ina'' mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-''ma''..."[If the Moon] eclipses [in Scorpius] ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

'''Short form GIR2'''

* (1) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // ''qi''2-''lip''2 GIR2-TAB MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 7 // Scorpius 19 // you anoint (the patient) with peeled-off skin of a scorpion" [SpTU III, 104:7 and also 20, see Wee 2016, 178 fn. 109,]; for a parallel for the month Arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30].
* (2)
|[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
|-
|'''Zodiacal astrology: short form GIR2'''
* KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ''ni-zi''[''q-tu''4]
* "Region close to the Scorpion: death (in) days of wrath" [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'];
|
|}
See also: MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SI mulGIR2.TAB "The star on the horn of Scorpius" [SpTU II, 42:12], and also [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
[[File:Sco CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192735.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GIR2.TAB (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Antares]]
|HIP 80763
|Constellation lines
|0.91
|-
|2
| [[Shaula]]
|HIP 85927
|Constellation lines
|1.63
|-
|3
|[[Sargas]]
|HIP 86228
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.85
|-
|4
|[[Larawag]]
|HIP 82396
|Constellation lines
|2.29
|-
|5
|[[Dschubba]]
|HIP 78401
|Constellation lines
| 2.32
|-
|6
|κ Scorpii
|HIP 86670
|Inside the Hull
|2.386
|-
|7
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.5
|-
|8
|[SC96] Mis 162
|[SC96] Mis 162
|Inside the Hull
|2.51
|-
|9
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.62
|-
|10
|[[Lesath]]
|HIP 85696
| Constellation lines
|2.65
|-
| 11
| [[Paikauhale]]
| HIP 81266
| Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|12
|[[Alniyat]]
|HIP 80112
|Constellation lines
|2.89
|-
|13
|[[Fang]]
|HIP 78265
|Constellation lines
|2.91
|-
|14
|[[Xamidimura]]
|HIP 82514
|Inside the Hull
|2.98
|-
|15
|ι 1 Scorpii
|HIP 87073
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.992
|-
| 16
|[[Fuyue]]
| HIP 87261
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.21
|-
|17
| [[Brachium]]
| HIP 73714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.21
|-
|18
|η Scorpii
|HIP 84143
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.33
|-
|19
|[SC96] Mis 190
|[SC96] Mis 190
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|20
|C 1652-407
|C 1652-407
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|21
|[[Pipirima]]
|HIP 82545
|Constellation lines
|3.542
|-
|22
| υ Librae
|HIP 76470
|Inside the Hull
|3.589
|-
|23
|ζ 2 Scorpii
|HIP 82729
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.62
|-
| 24
|τ Librae
|HIP 76600
|Constellation lines
|3.642
|-
|25
|[[Iklil]]
|HIP 78104
|Inside the Hull
|3.86
|-
|26
|[[Zubenelhakrabi]]
|HIP 76333
|Constellation lines
|3.91
|-
|27
|ω 1 Scorpii
| HIP 78933
|Inside the Hull
|3.97
|-
|28
|[[Jabbah]]
| HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4
|-
|29
|H Sco
|HIP 81304
|Inside the Hull
|4.156
|-
|30
|θ Librae
|HIP 77853
|Inside the Hull
|4.16
|-
|31
|ξ Sco B
|HIP 78727
| Constellation lines
|4.17
|-
|32
|N Sco
|HIP 80911
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|33
|Q Sco
|HIP 86170
|Inside the Hull
| 4.267
|-
|34
|ω 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78990
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
| 35
|[[Jabbah]] A
|HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4.349
|-
|36
|χ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80569
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
| 37
|ω Ophiuchi
| HIP 80975
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|38
|ψ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80343
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|39
|13 Sco
| HIP 79404
|Inside the Hull
|4.568
|-
|40
|ο Scorpii
|HIP 80079
| Inside the Hull
|4.57
|-
|41
|2 Sco
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|42
|37 Lib
|HIP 76219
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.62
|-
|43
|ρ Ophiuchi
| HIP 80473
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|44
| 1 Sco
|HIP 77635
|Inside the Hull
|4.635
|-
|45
|* 2 Sco A
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.71
|-
|46
|κ Librae
|HIP 76880
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 79881
|Inside the Hull
|4.782
|-
|48
|22 Sco
|HIP 80815
|Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
|49
|* ksi Sco B
|HIP 78727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.87
|-
|50
|48 Lib
|HIP 78207
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
| 51
|V1073 Sco
|HIP 83574
| Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|52
|β 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78821
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|53
|42 Lib
|HIP 76742
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 78650
| Inside the Hull
|4.966
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 83336
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|56
|λ Librae
|HIP 77811
|Inside the Hull
|5.027
|-
|57
|* rho Oph A
|HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 79302
|Inside the Hull
|5.102
|-
|59
|36 Lib
|HIP 76259
|Inside the Hull
|5.138
|-
|60
| * ksi Sco A
| HIP 78727
|Constellation lines
|5.16
|-
| 61
|* alf Sco B
|HD 148479
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 82493
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|63
| 41 Lib
|HIP 76628
|Inside the Hull
|5.359
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 77858
|Inside the Hull
|5.372
|-
|65
| -
| HIP 79050
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|66
|[SC96] Mis 382
|[SC96] Mis 382
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
| 67
|* tet Sco B
|HD 159532B
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|68
|M 4
|M 4
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 77859
|Inside the Hull
|5.402
|-
|70
|CD-29 12513B
|HIP 80399
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|71
| η Librae
|HIP 77060
|Inside the Hull
|5.412
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 80390
|Inside the Hull
|5.42
|-
|73
| -
| HIP 78246
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|74
|49 Lib
|HIP 78400
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 82676
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 82135
|Inside the Hull
|5.481
|-
|77
|27 Sco
|HIP 82960
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 79199
|Inside the Hull
|5.497
|-
|79
|ζ 4 Librae
|HIP 76126
|Inside the Hull
|5.499
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 79980
|Inside the Hull
| 5.502
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 74732
|Inside the Hull
|5.506
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 76106
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 86698
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 84551
|Inside the Hull
|5.526
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 84401
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
| 86
|M 19
|M 19
|Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|87
|4 Sco
|HIP 77984
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|88
| ζ 1 Librae
|HIP 75730
| Inside the Hull
|5.626
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 84150
| Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|90
|26 Oph
|HIP 83196
|Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|91
|11 Sco
|HIP 79005
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 82775
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 76532
|Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 80672
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|95
|* 12 Sco A
|HIP 79399
| Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|96
|ζ 3 Librae
|HIP 75944
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 76569
|Inside the Hull
|5.816
|-
|98
|CD-29 12513A
|HR 6106
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
| -
| HIP 78168
| Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 81741
|Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 85889
|Inside the Hull
|5.838
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 74539
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|103
|66 G. Oph
|HIP 83176
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
|104
|3 Sco
|HIP 77909
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 79098
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|106
|Gliese 667 A
| HIP 84709
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|107
|V923 Sco
| HIP 83491
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 83896
| Inside the Hull
|5.911
|-
|109
| -
| HIP 81523
| Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|110
| -
| HIP 85048
|Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 79596
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
| 112
|V929 Sco
|HIP 78877
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 83235
|Inside the Hull
|5.934
|-
| 114
|[SC96] Mis 177
|[SC96] Mis 177
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 84425
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|116
|47 Lib
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|5.957
|-
|117
|[SC96] Mis 213
|[SC96] Mis 213
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 83693
| Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 81992
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 85543
|Inside the Hull
|5.985
|-
|121
| -
| HIP 78665
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 84226
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
| 123
| -
|HIP 81904
|Inside the Hull
| 6.046
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 83100
|Inside the Hull
|6.048
|-
|125
|* 47 Lib A
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 79622
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 78575
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|128
| -
| HIP 80910
| Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 79692
|Inside the Hull
|6.083
|-
|130
| -
| HIP 78726
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|131
| -
| HIP 82691
| Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|132
|36 G. Oph
|HIP 81728
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 77900
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|134
|RR Sco
|HIP 82912
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 78078
|Inside the Hull
| 6.117
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 84489
|Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
|137
| -
| HIP 83706
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|138
|[SC96] Mis 165
|[SC96] Mis 165
|Inside the Hull
|6.14
|-
|139
| -
| HIP 85237
|Inside the Hull
|6.142
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 85839
|Inside the Hull
|6.158
|-
|141
|28 Lib
|HIP 75110
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 142
| -
| HIP 84445
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 75939
| Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
| 144
| -
|HIP 76503
|Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 77985
|Inside the Hull
|6.199
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 77689
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 78699
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 76033
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 149
| -
|HIP 82453
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|150
| V861 Sco
|HIP 82911
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|151
|34 G. Oph
|HIP 81632
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 82783
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 86246
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 78058
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 155
| -
|HIP 84151
|Inside the Hull
|6.285
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 77007
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|157
| -
| HIP 79945
|Inside the Hull
|6.298
|-
|158
|[SC96] Mis 208
|[SC96] Mis 208
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 82554
|Inside the Hull
|6.315
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 78486
|Inside the Hull
|6.317
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 76567
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 78955
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|163
| -
| HIP 82855
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 164
|[SC96] Mis 549
|[SC96] Mis 549
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 165
| -
|HIP 76666
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 78059
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 79031
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 79605
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 82731
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|170
|[SC96] Mis 201
|[SC96] Mis 201
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|171
|V1077 Sco
|HIP 84650
|Inside the Hull
|6.367
|-
|172
| -
|HR 6426
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|173
| V900 Sco
| HIP 82669
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|174
| -
|HIP 77729
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 87042
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 79599
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 85786
|Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 85019
|Inside the Hull
|6.419
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 79788
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 180
| -
|HIP 79203
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 79530
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 84332
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 85020
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|184
| -
|HD 152249
| Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|-
|186
|23 Lib
|HIP 74500
|Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|187
| -
| HIP 80324
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 86098
|Inside the Hull
| 6.463
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 74490
|Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
|190
|[SC96] GC 33
|[SC96] GC 33
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Išḫara, see (Kurtik i15) [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]. The name ''zu''2''-qa''2''-qi''4''-ip'', as a royal name, at the beginning of the post-Flood part of the "Sumerian royal list" relating to Kiš, cf. [Jacobsen 1939, 78-79:10-11].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) Ritual at the lunar eclipse in the month Kislimu, see (Kurtik u06)[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (2) Hemerology for the 18th of Du'uzu: PAD''-su ana'' ˹mul˺gir2.tab ''liš-ku-un'' "Let him offer his sacrifice to Scorpius" [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94-95].
* (3) The purifying ritual of the "Raising of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [d''iš-ḫa-ra''] "Spell, (constellation) Scorpius, [Išḫara]". [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58-59;].
* (4) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the deity statue [Walker and Dick 2001], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (5) The astral-mythological text BM 55466+, where the night sky in the month of Ṭebetu is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, see (Kurtk u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (6) In astrological geography, Scorpius correlates (a) with the Sea Land and Dilmun or Borsippa, (b) with Ḫursagkalamma, Borsippa [Weidner 1963; Kurtik 2010; Steele 2015].
* (7) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mul]GIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'' d''Ištar'' ''ina qe''2-''reb'' MURUB4 ''e-peš ša''2-''aš''2-''me'' / [...''a'']''š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu'' "Scorpion, Išḫara (i.e. The Scorpion), Ištar, in the midst of the battle, in performing the fight / [...] 'stubborn' (opponents) of yours, let him defeat, let him turn them into ghosts!" [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′-8′].

''Also = Racc Text 213???''

==== Symbol. ====
Scorpion. Early depictions of the scorpion/scorpion-man in Mesopotamian glyptics of the 3rd millennium BC, when it may have already acquired astral significance, see [Kononenko 1997] as well as [Kurtik 1998, 36; 2022, ]. For the images on the kudurru see [Seidl 1968, 156-157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48], for astral images on Hellenistic seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, no. 1008-1017; Kurtik 2007, fig. 24, 32]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlGIR2 (designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius) corresponds to G[IR2.TAB] "Sc[orpio]". [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

==== Previous Identification. ====
[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
= Scorpius [van der Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246]

= Scorpius + part of Libra, constellation figure correlated with stars, [Koch 1989, 114-115, Abb. 16 a-b].

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Middle star in the head of the Scorpion" (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 ''e ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Upper star of the Scorpion's head" (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Lower star of the Scorpion's head" (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 "(God) of Fox" (α Scorpii),

The 4 stars indicated above were used as "normal stars" in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 26-29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab "Claws (lit. Horn) of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN et al.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab "Stars of the Scorpion's head", see GU-text.

(7) gaba gir2.tab "Chest of the Scorpion", see GU-text, etc.

(8) mul ''ta-ri-tu''2 mulgir2.tab "The raised tail of the Scorpion", see GU-text.

(9) Scorpion's head (δ Sco), see dalbana-text.

(10) Base of the Scorpion's column (straightening muscle?) (μ1, μ2 Sco), see dalbana-text.

(11) Right claw (lit. horn) of the Scorpion (σ Sco), see dalbana-text.

(12) Scorpius's sting, see dalbana-text, and also below.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's lips" (β, λ Sco) (?) [ADRT I, 42, no. -651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Bright star of the Scorpion's head" [ADRT I, 42, no. -651:10-11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB "The middle section of the Scorpion." [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) [...K]UN mulGIR2.TAB "Tail of the Scorpion" [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) ''u''2''-ru-ud'': ''u''2''-ru-uḫ'' mulGIR2.TAB "Throat of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB "Center (lit. Navel) of the Scorpion [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB "(2 stars) on the sting of the Scorpion" (λ, υ Scorpii), see MUL.APIN et al, as well as (Kurtik sh05) [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]] and (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

(20) The border of the Scorpion; [...mul]GIR2.TAB ''it-ta-tu-ša''2 MI-''mu'' ... "[...] Scorpion, its border is dark [...]" [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus: mulGIR2.TAB: d''Dil-bat'' [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Lisi; cf. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], (Kurtik n25) [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]], II 3.

(3) Scorpion's stinger = Pabilsag: see (Kurtik p04) [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL2.SAG]], VI 4, (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

In [G. 94, IV 2-3] identifications of the Scorpion with Jupiter, Mars and Mercury are suggested, which, as far as we know, is not confirmed by the texts. See, however, below (28).

===== Predictions: =====
(4) General astrological significance: mulGIR2.TAB ''ana'' KI.LAM "Scorpion for (predicting the state of) the market." [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Heliacal risings earlier and later: "The Scorpion rises heliacally in the month Arahsamnu, variant: Ṭebetu; if this star rises early: the king of the country will walk proudly, he will conquer [kings], his enemies; if this star rises late: kings of other countries will start enmity against the king of that country" [BPO 2, IX 9]; see also [ibid., X 19, XI 4-6].

(6) View of the Scorpion’s claws: DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-''ša''2 ''zu-᾽-u''2''-ra'' KUR2 ZI-''ma ina'' [gišTUKUL ŠUB-''ut''] "If the claws (lit. horns) of the Scorpion are twisted?: an enemy will rise, but will fall by weapons (in battle)", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-''ša''2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' LUGAL ''a-a-bi-šu''2 Š[U-''su'' KUR-''ad''2] "If the Scorpion’s claws emit rays (lit. carry radiation): the king's hand will conquer his enemies" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346 +:41-42], see also [SAA 8, 218:2-4, 547:1-4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ''ana'' UR2-''šu''2 GUR I3 ''ina'' KUR LA2-''ṭi'' "[If the Scorpion, its foreparts] are facing its 'knee': there will be lack of oil in the land" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''zu''-᾽-''u''2-''ra ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' / dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mul''zi-ba-ni-ti'' GUB-''ma'' "If the claws of the Scorpion are twisted? (and) carry radiance, (it means): the planet stands in Libra." [ACh Ištar, 28:6-7].

(7) The Scorpion is dark: DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI ''iš-tan-na-an-na''? "If the Scorpion is dark: the kings of all countries will become hostile, variant: the kings of all countries will feud one with another(?)" [SAA 8, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''i-da-tu-ša''2 ''uk-ku-la'' UN.MEŠ ''i-lam-mi-na'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Scorpion’s sides are very dark: people will become bad, (it means): Mars stands in it." [SAA 8, 502:14]. See also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 3, and Mercury and Scorpius below.

(8) Star in the head of the Scorpion: ''i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-i-e kak-ka-bu'' / [''ina''] SAG.DU ''ša'' mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 ''it-ti-ti-iz'' GISKIM-''šu''2 ''la i-lap-pa-''[''at''] "This night a star stood in the head of the Scorpion before the moon: this sign does not portend anything (bad)". [SAA 8, 98: 7-r. 2]. See also (Kurtik ts06) ''[[Ṣurru]]''.

(9) The Scorpion during its first appearance in the month Kislimu: DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra ina'' GIBIL UD.DA-''ša''2 / GA[BA]-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-at'' / SI.ME-''ša''2! ''nin-mu-ra'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL ''ina'' KUR ''i-ḫar-ru-pu'' ... "If the Scorpion, the goddess Išḫara, at the renewal of her light (i.e. at the heliacal rising?) her breast is bright, her tail is dark, and her claws (literally horns) stand opposite each other: the country will have a season of early rain and flood; ..." [SAA 8, 504: 5-8], parallel: DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra'' / ''ina'' IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''nin-gu-la'' /: ''nen-bu-ṭa'' GABA-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-ti'' ... "If in the month Kislimu, the Scorpion, the goddess Išḫara, at its first appearance, its claws ..., var.: radiant, her breast is bright, and her tail is dark: ..." [SAA 8, 376 r. 4-10]; see also [ibid., 543:1-7].

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in the Scorpion; observations: ''ina'' iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [''ina''] EN!.NUN-UD.ZAL / ''i-sa-kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''i-sa''!-''kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''u''2''-zak-ki'' / ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 ''a-dir'' / ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' / mul''ku-ma-ru'' / ''ša'' mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ''ziq-pu'' / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x] ''i-sa-kan'' "The lunar eclipse occurred during the morning watch on the 14th Simanu. It began in the south (of the lunar disk) and cleared up in the south. Its right side was eclipsed. The eclipse took place in the area of the Scorpion constellatoin. The Shoulder of the Demon with an Open Mouth culminated. An eclipse (the size of) two fingers occurred." [SAA 10, 149: 3′-r.6]. (DIŠ) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-''ma'' KA×M[I''-su''] KU4 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''2 ŠA3-''ši-na'' ŠUB-''ni ina'' AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) on the 14th day of Simanu a (lunar) eclipse occurs and (the Moon) sets (eclipses): pregnant women will miscarry their fetal babies; (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Scorpion" (Late Commentary on EAE) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15-16]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki ''u'' NI.TUKki: ''bar''2-''sipa''2ki "If (the Moon) is dark in the area of the Scorpion: decision for Sea country and Dilmun, var: Borsippa" [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) The Moon at its first appearance and the Scorpion: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2... "If at its first appearance, the Moon is surrounded by the Scorpion, like a halo...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (var. ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB) ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion (var.: stinger of the Scorpion) stands in the middle of it (= Moon)...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its shoulder...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its right horn...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its left horn ...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 GUB KUR ''in-neš-š''[''i''] "If the Scorpion stands in front of it: the country will become weak", DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (var: KI.MIN ''zi-qit-tum'') GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2 ''ina'' MU BI ZI-''ut'' ERIN2-''man-da'' "If the tail (var. stinger) of the Scorpion surrounds (the moon) like a halo: this year an attack of the Umman-manda " [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22-28], see also [SAA 8, 66 r. 1-4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Lunar halo and the Scorpion: 30 MI ''an-ni-u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-''ma'' NIGIN-''ma a-na'' ˹A.AN˺ [''u''] A.KAL "This night the moon was surrounded by a halo in the Scorpion: (it portends) rain [and] flood" [SAA 8, 2:1-2], see also [ibid, 377: 7-r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulGIR2.TAB / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / ''uš-taḫ-ḫa'' NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-''ma'' / A.RA2 KUD.ME "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Scorpion stands in it: entu- priestesses will be made pregnant, men, variant: lions, will rage and cut off traffic." [SAA 8, 307:1-5], see also [ibid., 147 r. 2-4, 480: 7- r. 1].

(13) The Sun and the Scorpion; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB [...] "If the Sun sets and the Scorpion stands in its place [...]" [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Jupiter and the head of the Scorpion; see (Kurtik s04) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 31.

(15) Jupiter and the Scorpion in the lunar halo; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

(16) Rising of Venus, the Moon, the Scorpion and Gemini; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGUD d''Sin u'' mulGIR2.TAB IGI-''ma'' IGI-''it'' MUL [...] / ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.IN ...d''Ni-ri''... "If Venus (rises) in the month of Ayar, (and before that) the Moon, the Scorpion, the opposite asterism, [...] and Gemini are visible, variant: (opposite) the Yoke...: there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Rising of the Venus in the Scorpion; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAPIN KUR-''ḫa ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-''ma'' NU SIG5 "If Venus rises in the month of arahsamnu — it rises in the Scorpion, this is unfavorable" [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , see also [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Venus, the Moon and Lugalirra in the Scorpion; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin ''u'' d''Lugal''-GIR3-''ra ina'' iti''Še-er''-[''e-re-ši ina birīt'' SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ''ina'' [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 d''Sin u''] dLugal-GIR3''-ra'' / ''ina'' SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' IN.U ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If in the month of the plowing of the furrow, Venus (during its appearance), the Moon and Lugalirra, in between the claws of the Scorpion, are visible and within it? and Venus, the Moon, and Lugalirra are coming out of its right claw: there will be famine, famine of barley and straw in the land." [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], for a parallel see. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Venus enters into the perimeters of the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ma'' BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki ... "If Venus enters into the Scorpion: there will be famine in the country; if in the east, bad for Elam; if in the west, bad for Akkad ..." [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Venus approaches the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' mulGIR2.TAB TE-''ḫi'' ... "If Venus comes close to the Scorpion: unfavorable winds will blow in the country; Adad will send rain, and Ea will send spring to the country of Guti." [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. See also [ibid., 55:3-8].

(21) Mercury in Scorpion; see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], V 10.

(22) Saturn, Libra and Scorpion; see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]],

(23) Mars approaching Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 32.

(24) Asterism of Elam = Mars in Scorpius; see (Kurtik n20) [[NIM.MA]], II 3.

(25) Mars and Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 34.

(26) The Plough(=Mars) and Scorpion; see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 8.

(27) Planets and the Scorpion; three versions of protasis: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands in the middle of Scorpius", DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands before Scorpius" and DIŠ mulUDU. IDIM ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE "If a planet faces Scorpius" have the same apodosis: ina MU BI A.ANmeš ''u'' A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš "rain and flood will wash away (roads) this year" [TU, 16 r. 16-18; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a].

(28) The Scorpion (= Mars?) approaches the Moon; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ''ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If Scorpius comes close, upfront the Moon, and stands there: the reign of the king will be long; the enemy will attack, but will be defeated" [ARAK, 430:1-5], see also [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9-14].

(29) Baltesha and the Scorpion; see (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], V 3.

(30) Shooting stars and the Scorpion; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-''ma'' EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ''ina'' ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' "If a star flashes from within the middle portion of the Scorpion and moves to the limits of Amurru: there will be rain this month", DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 2 A. ANme ŠURme "If 2 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain twice this month", DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme "If 3 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain three times this month. [Stev. O.T., 232:13-15], autograph [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15-17].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik g17 GIR2
!
|-
|
==== GIR2 ====
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион»; обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах чаще без детерминатива [G. 91].
I. Источники.

Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрономия, астрология и календарь. (1) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт для изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-tim MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 7 // Скорпион 190 // Все что угодно намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:7, а также 20]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30]. (2) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ni-zi[q-tu4] «Область Скорпиона: смерть (в) дни гнева» [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
|
|-
!Kurtik g19 GIR2.TAB
!
|-
|
==== GIR2.TAB ====
|
|-
|= zuqaqīpu «Скорпион»; созвездие, соответствующее Скорпиону (Scorpius) [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulgir2.tab = zu-qi-qi-pu [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [zu]-qa-qi-pi [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:285ʹ]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. а33AN.TA.GUB; в новоассирийских параллелях: Sm. 1113:9′ — dzu-qa-qi2-p[u…], Sm. 162 rev. 7 — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 151–154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul ša egir-šu gub-zu / mulgir2.tab dIš-ḫa-ra «Созвездие, которое после нее (т.е. после Венеры) стоит, (это) Скорпион, Ишхара» (B ii 6–7); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 2]; b) mul … ana igi mulgir2.tab, см. z10Zibānītum. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin] … mulgir2.tab šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц арахсамну: … Скорпион (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — арахсамну, заход — айяру [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. u21UR.IDIM. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану: mulGIR2.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-at AN KI «Скорпион // 70 // Богиня неба (и) земли» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:23]. BM 34713. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:9], см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1,10 «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, 70» [CT 33, 11]. K.14943+: mulgir2.tab «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, [70]» [CT 33, 12]; см. также mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 7): mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9–9a, III 8a–b, 11c–d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4–6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13–15, Pl. XVII 15–17]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra a-na KI.LAM ša-am-ni da-˹ma˺-[qi] «Звезда, которая стоит после нее (т.е. Иштар), Скорпион, Ишхара. Благоприятно для торговли маслом» (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB «Весы, рог Скорпиона» (I ii 11). (2) Звезды Эа (№ 10): a) mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad2-me «Скорпион, Ишхара, богиня всех обитаемых регионов» (I ii 29), b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB dLi9-si4 dAG «Грудь Cкорпиона: Лиси, Набу» (I ii 30), (c) 2 MULmeš ša2 ina zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-zu / dŠar2-ur u Šar2-gaz «Две звезды, которые стоят на жале Скорпиона: Шарур и Шаргаз» (I ii 31–32). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: а) ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI «5-го арахсамну Скорпион становится видимым» (I iii 3), b) ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 u mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); о совместном восходе muluz3 и mulgir2.tab см. также BM 55466+, u31UZ3. (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 13–14), см. m35MUL.MUL, b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Собака восходят, и Звезда Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25), c) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGIR2.TAB, после mulZi-ba-ni-tu4, перед mulPa-bil-sag (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ina u4-me IGImeš IM ša2 [DU-ku ŠE]Š-ar2 «5-го арахсамну Скорпион, 15-го Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны; в день, когда они становятся видны, ты наблюдаешь ветер, который [дует]» (II i 32–33). (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulGIR2.TAB — запад, см. k24KU6. (8) Астрологические предсказания: […] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 «[Если …] Скорпион становится виден и южный ветер дует: этот год будет благоприятным» (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 350a, 353]. Текст BM 77054. См. m35MUL.MUL. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra «Скорпион = Ишхара»; (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat «Скорпион = ditto(=Ишхара), Тиамат»; (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab «Небесный меч = Скорпион»; (4) 12 звезд Элама: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 34–36, 204]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:31. mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra tam-tim «Скорпион = Ишхара моря» [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum kimin murub4 mulzi-ba-nit si mulgir2.tab / [x-x-t]u2 u igi mulur.idim gu «Упряжь (ziqpu XXVI: υ Boo), или середина Весов (β Lib), рог Скорпиона (γ Sco = σ Lib) / […] и глаз Бешеного Пса (γ Lup): веревка». (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulzi-ba-nit mul.me sag mulgir2.tab / [u? muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim gu «Шупа (=ziqpu I: α Boo) или середина Весов (γ Lib), звезды головы Скорпиона (δ Sco) [и средняя] часть Бешеного Пса (η Lup): веревка». (O) mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 kimin mul gaba gir2.tab / ˹mul ta˺-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab u gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim gu «2-я звезда Упряжи (ziqpu II: ε Boo), или звезда на груди Скорпиона (α Sco), поднятый хвост Скорпиона (μ1 Sco) и задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:21–25; ASM, 93]. Согласно [Koch 1992, 58–59], murub4 mulzi-ba-nit — γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim — Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab — β, δ, π Sco, mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 — π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim — ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco). Dalbanna-текст. §b. a) mulsag gir2.tab «голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), b) mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab] «основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Ско[рпиона]» (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §c. [mulgir2.tab] «Скорпион»(η Sco), см. L07LI4.SI9. §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab «правый рог Скорпиона» (σ Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 «Основание колонны Скорпиона (μ1 Sco), […] (γ Oph), [звезда x] Зубра (κ Oph): 3 звезды, треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48–49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph). §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] «Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), левая рука Быка (Ser d) и Шуллат: [3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. [Шул]лат первый.» [Walker 1995, 36–37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь вместо mulŠullat(pa) должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) «Ханиш» (α Cen). §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš …] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul zi-q[it gir2.tab x x] «Жало Скорпиона (θ Sco), голова Быка (η Ser?) и Шуллат (β Cen?): 3 [звезды …]. 2 интервала, интервал. Жал[о Скорпиона …].» [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109]. «Дневники наблюдений». (mul)GIR2.TAB — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Скорпион. Четыре звезды созвездия Скорпион использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. múlgaba gir2.tab ka-bi-is gaba tam-tim «“Грудь Скорпиона”, что идет по “груди” моря» [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313]. Анафора. A 3427: a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ša2 múlkun-šu2 [gir2.tab] «От (кульминации точки) 50 после 2 звезд головы Льва до (кульминации точки) 50 после Отдельной звезды на его хвосте: [Скорпион]» (анафора знака зодиака Скорпион, определенная по кульминациям ziqpu-звезд), b) múlgir2.tab ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa …/ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1-et ḫa.la ša2 múlgir2.tab kur-ḫa ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ … «(Знак зодиака) Скорпион от его начала до его конца восходит […] / (за) 2030' одна (двенадцатая) часть Скорпиона восходит, 12 частей (за промежуток) 1 danna 10 UŠ (восходят) […], c) ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa napḫar 2 danna ina ziq-pi i-lak-ma […] «(Созвездие Скорпион) от его начала до его конца восходит, всего за (промежуток) 2 danna, (измеренный) по прохождениям ziqpu-звезд […]» (указанное значение времени восхода созвездия Скорпион соответствует протяженности на эклиптике 450), d) múlgir2.tab meš-ḫi im-šuḫ ZI «Скорпион испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:1, 15–17, 21; 241]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GIR2.TAB — обозначение 8-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab «Область Скорпиона» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. b) BRM IV, 19: текст содержит зодиакальную схему, известную под названием «додекатемория», в которой gir2.tab — обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион [Ungnad 1941–44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 8-i-tum ḫa.la múlgir2.tab šum3-šu2 «8-я часть, ее имя Скорпион» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu «8-я часть Овна — Скорпион Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18–19]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 4-я часть — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Подразделение знака зодиака Скорпион на 12 частей: ḫa.la sag-tu2 ša2 múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [šum3-šu2]? «Первая часть Скорпиона, [ее имя] Скорпион» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239, A 3427:2], см. также «Анафора». (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2.TAB … «В области Скорпиона [родилась]: …она будет ведьмой, она будет счастлива? (вар.: грешница) …, вдова» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. [DIŠ Sin ina mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-ma…»[Если Луна] затмилась [в Скорпионе] …» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: MUL ša2 ina SI mulGIR2.TAB «Звезда на роге Скорпиона» [SpTU II, 42:12], а также [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

II. Божество.

Ишхара, см. i15dIšḫara. Имя zu2-qa2-qi4-ip, как царское имя, в начале послепотопной части «Шумерского царского списка», относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 78–79:10–11]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал при лунном затмении в месяце кислиму, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (2) Гемерология на 18-е дуузу: pad-su ana ˹mul˺gir2.tab liš-ku-un «Жертвоприношение свое Скорпиону пусть он принесет» [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94–95]. (3) Очистительный ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [diš-ḫa-ra] «Заклинание, (созвездие) Скорпион, [Ишхара]» [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58–59;]. (4) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k24KU6. (5) Астрально-мифологический текст BM 55466+, где ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, см. u31UZ. (6) В астрологической географии Скорпион соотносится: a) c Морской страной и Дильмуном или Борсиппой, b) c Хурсагкаламмой, Борсиппой [Weidner 1963; Куртик 2010; Steele 2015]. (7) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mul]GIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra dIštar ina qe2-reb MURUB4 e-peš ša2-aš2-me / […a]š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu «Скорпион, Ишхара, (т.е.) Иштар, посредине битвы, учиняя схватку / […] ‘упорных’ (противников) твоих пусть одолеет, в призраки пусть обратит!» [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′–8′].

III. Символ.

Скорпион. Ранние изображения скорпиона/скорпионочеловека в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э., когда он, возможно, уже приобрел астральное значение, см. [Кононенко 1997], а также [Куртик 1998, 36; 2022, ]. Изображения на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 156–157; Куртик 2007, рис. 48], астральные изображения на эллинистических печатях из Урука см. [AUWE 19, No. 1008–1017; Куртик 2007, рис. 24, 32]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlGIR2 (обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион) соответствует G[IR2.TAB] «Ск[орпион]» [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

IV. Отождествление.

= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246].

= Scorpius + часть Librae, фигура созвездия, соотнесенная со звездами, [Koch 1989, 114–115, Abb. 16 a–b].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Верхняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Нижняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 «(Бог) Лиси» (α Scorpii),

4 указанные звезды в «Дневниках наблюдений» использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, No. 26–29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab «Клешни (букв. Рог) Скорпиона», см. GU-текст, MUL.APIN и др.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab «Звезды головы Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(7) gaba gir2.tab «Грудь Скорпиона», см. GU-текст и др.

(8) mul ta-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab «Поднятый хвост Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(9) Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(10) Основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Скорпиона (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(11) Правая клешня (букв. рог) Скорпиона (σ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(12) Жало Скорпиона, см. dbn-текст, а также ниже.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB «Губа Скорпиона» (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, No. –651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском на голове Скорпиона» [AD I, 42, No. –651:10–11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB «Середина Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) […K]UN mulGIR2.TAB «Хвост Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) u2-ru-ud: u2-ru-uḫ mulGIR2.TAB «Горло Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB «Центр (букв. Пуп) Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB «(2 звезды) на жале Скорпиона» (λ, υ Scorpii), см. MUL.APIN и др., а также sh05ŠAR2.GAZ и sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

(20) Граница Скорпиона; […mul]GIR2.TAB it-ta-tu-ša2 MI-mu … «[…] Скорпион, граница его темная […]» [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; mulGIR2.TAB: dDil-bat [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Лиси; см. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], n25NIM.MA(ki), II 3.

(3) Жало Скорпиона = Пабилсаг; см. p04dPA.BIL2.SAG, VI 4, sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

В [G. 94, IV 2–3] предполагаются отождествления Скорпиона с Юпитером, Марсом и Меркурием, что, насколько нам известно, текстами не подтверждается. См., однако, ниже (28).

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(4) Общее астрологическое значение; mulGIR2.TAB ana KI.LAM «Скорпион для (предсказания состояния) рынка» [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже; «Скорпион восходит гелиакически в месяце арахсамну, вариант: тебету; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь той страны будет ходить гордо, он покорит [царей], своих врагов; если звезда восходит поздно: цари всех стран начнут враждовать против царя той страны» [BPO 2, IX 9]; см. также [ibid., X 19, XI 4–6].

(6) Вид клешней Скорпиона; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra KUR2 ZI-ma ina [gišTUKUL ŠUB-ut] «Если клешни (букв. рога) Скорпиона скручены?: враг появится, но падет от оружия (в битве)», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-ša2 ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a LUGAL a-a-bi-šu2 Š[U-su KUR-ad2] «Если Скорпион, клешни его, испускают лучи (букв. несут излучение): царь ру[кой своей поразит] своих врагов» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:41–42], см. также [ARAK, 218:2–4, 547:1–4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ana UR2-šu2 GUR I3 ina KUR LA2-ṭi «[Если Скорпион, передние части] его, обращены к его «колену»: в стране будет недостаток масла» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a / dUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulzi-ba-ni-ti GUB-ma «Если клешни Скорпиона скручены? (и) несут излучение, (это означает): планета в Весах стоит» [ACh Ištar, 28:6–7].

(7) Скорпион темный; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB a-dir LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI iš-tan-na-an-na? «Если Скорпион темный: цари всех стран станут враждебны (Аккаду?), вариант: цари всех стран будут враждовать друг с другом» [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB i-da-tu-ša2 uk-ku-la UN.MEŠ i-lam-mi-na dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-ma «Если стороны Скорпиона очень темные: людям будет плохо, (это означает): Марс стоит в нем» [ARAK, 502:14]. См. также z10Zibānītum, VI 3, а также ниже «Меркурий и Скорпион».

(8) Звезда в голове Скорпиона; i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-e kak-ka-bu / [ina] SAG.DU ša mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 it-ti-ti-iz GISKIM-šu2 la i-lap-pa-[at] «Этой ночью звезда стояла в голове Скорпиона впереди Луны: знак этот не предвещает ничего (плохого)» [ARAK, 98: 7–r. 2]. См. также ts06Ṣurru.

(9) Скорпион при его первом появлении в месяце кислиму; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra ina GIBIL UD.DA-ša2 / GA[BA]-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-at / SI.ME-ša2! nin-mu-ra / A.AN u A.KAL ina KUR i-ḫar-ru-pu … «Если Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при обновлении ее света (т.е. при гелиакическом восходе?), грудь ее имеет большой блеск, хвост ее темный, клешни ее (букв. рога) напротив друг друга: дождь и наводнение в стране будут ранними; саранча нападет и пожрет страну; гибель скота и жилищ скотоводов…» [ARAK, 504: 5–r. 2], параллель: DIŠ ina itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra / ina IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-ša2 nin-gu-la /: nen-bu-ṭa GABA-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-ti … «Если в месяце кислиму Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при своей первой видимости, клешни ее (напоминают) месяц?, вар.: связаны, грудь ее имеет большой блеск, ее хвост темный: …» [ARAK, 376 r. 4–10]; см. также [ibid., 543:1–7].

(10) Затмение Луны в Скорпионе; наблюдение: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [ina EN!.NUN—UD.ZAL / i-sa-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU i-sa!-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU u2-zak-ki / ina ZAG-šu2 a-dir / ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir / mulku-ma-ru / ša mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ziq-pu / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x x] i-sa-kan «14-го симану произошло лунное затмение в утреннюю стражу. Оно началось на юге (лунного диска) и прояснилось на юге. Его правая сторона затмилась. Затмение имело место в области созвездия Скорпион. Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминировало. Затмение (величиной) 2 пальца произошло» [LABS, 149: 3′–r.6]. (DIŠ) ina itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-ma KA´M[I-su] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša2 ŠA3-ši-na ŠUB-ni ina AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) в месяце симану в 14-й день происходит (лунное) затмение и (Луна) заходит (затмившейся): беременные женщины будут выкидывать своих внутриутробных младенцев; (это означает): затмение произошло в Скорпионе» (поздний комментарий к ЕАЕ) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15–16]. DIŠ ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki u NI.TUKki: bar2-sipa2ki «Если (Луна) в пределах Скорпиона затмилась: решение для Морской страны и Дильмуна, вар.: Борсиппы» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) Луна при ее первом появлении и Скорпион; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2… «Если при своем появлении Луна окружена Скорпионом, подобно гало: львы и волки будут неистовствовать, пути сообщения станут небезопасными …», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (вар.: zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB) ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион (вар.: жало Скорпиона) в середине ее (= Луны) стоит: придет половодье и размоет дамбы…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее плече стоит: в этом году крысы уничтожат тростник и сезам…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее правом роге стоит: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB… «Если Скорпион стоит на ее левом роге: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну, царь Аккада и царь (Амурру) будут враждебны друг другу…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina IGI-šu2 GUB KUR in-neš-š[i] «Если Скорпион впереди ее стоит: страна ослабеет», DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (вар: KI.MIN zi-qit-tum) GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2 ina MU BI ZI-ut ERIN2-man-da «Если хвост (вар.: жало) Скорпиона окружает (Луну) подобно гало: в этом году нападение (страны) Умман-манда (на страну Аккад)» [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22–28], см. также [ARAK, 66 r. 1–4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Лунное гало и Скорпион; 30 MI an-ni-u2 ina ŠA3-bi mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-ma NIGIN-ma a-na ˹A.AN˺ [u] A.KAL «Этой ночью Луна была окружена гало в Скорпионе: (это предвещает) дождь [и] наводнение» [ARAK, 2:1–2], см. также [ibid., 377: 7–r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulGIR2.TAB / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / uš-taḫ-ḫa-a NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-ma / A.RA2 KUD.ME «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем стоит Скорпион: entu-жрицы будут беременеть, мужчины, вариант: львы будут беситься и перережут сообщение» [ARAK, 307:1–5], см. также [ibid., 147 r. 2–4, 480: 7– r. 1].

(13) Солнце и Скорпион; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB […] «Если Солнце заходит и на его месте Скорпион стоит […]» [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Юпитер и голова Скорпиона; см. s04SAG.ME.GAR, III 31.

(15) Юпитер и Скорпион в лунном гало; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR

(16) Восход Венеры, Луна, Скорпион и Близнецы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGUD dSin u mulGIR2.TAB IGI-ma IGI-it MUL […] / u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN … dNi-ri… «Если Венера (восходит) в месяце айяру, (при этом) видны Луна и Скорпион и напротив звезда […] и Близнецы, вариант: (напротив) Ярмо …: в стране будет голод» [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Восход Венеры в Скорпионе; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAPIN KUR-ḫa ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma NU SIG5 «Если Венера восходит в месяце арахсамну — она восходит в Скорпионе, она неблагоприятная» [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , см. также [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Венера, Луна и Лугальирра в Скорпионе; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin u dLugal-GIR3-ra ina itiŠe-er-[e-re-ši ina birīt SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ina [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 dSin u] dLugal-GIR3-ra / ina SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE u IN.NU ina KUR GAL2 «Если в месяц Вспахивания борозды Венера (при своем появлении), Луна и Лугальирра между клешнями Скорпиона видны и внутри него? Венера, Луна и Лугальирра выходят из его правой клешни: будет голод на ячмень и солому в стране» [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], параллель см. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Венера входит в область Скорпиона; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2-ma BE-ma ina dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki … «Если Венера входит в пределы Скорпиона: в стране будет голод, если на востоке, плохо для Элама, если на западе, плохо для Аккада …» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Венера приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na mulGIR2.TAB TE-ḫi … «Если Венера подходит близко к Скорпиону: неблагоприятные ветры будут дуть в стране; Адад пошлет дожди, а Эа — свои источники в страну Гутиев» [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. См. также [ibid., 55:3–8].

(21) Меркурий в Скорпионе; см. g34GU4.UD, V 10.

(22) Сатурн, Весы и Скорпион; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ,

(23) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 32.

(24) Звезда Элама = Марс в Скорпионе; см. n20NIM.MA, II 3.

(25) Марс и Скорпион; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 34.

(26) Плуг(=Марс) и Скорпион; см. a43gišAPIN, VI 8.

(27) Планета и Скорпион; три варианта протасиса: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета в середине Скорпиона стоит», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета перед Скорпионом стоит» и DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulGIR2.TAB TE «Если планета к Скорпиону приближается» имеют одинаковый аподосис: ina MU BI A.ANmeš u A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš «в этом году дожди и наводнения (дороги) размоют» [TU, 16 r. 16–18; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a].

(28) Скорпион (= Марс?) приближается к Луне; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz … «Если Скорпион подходит близко в передней части Луны и стоит там: правление царя будет долгим; враг атакует, но будет побежден» [ARAK, 430:1–5], см. также [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9–14].

(29) Балтеша и Скорпион; см. b03BAL.TEŠ2.A, V 3.

(30) Падающие звезды и Скорпион; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ina ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-nun «Если звезда из середины Скорпиона вспыхивает и перемещается до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет дождь», DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 2 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 2 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 2 дождя», DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 3 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 3 дождя» [Stev. O.T., 232:13–15], автография [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15–17].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, z12)
|
|-
|
==== mul''Zuqaqīpu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион», в основном в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII, см. g19GIR2.TAB.
|
|}
== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sco]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

GIR2.TAB

2026-06-26T15:39:18Z

HermannHunger: /* Deity. */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIR2.TAB, ''zuqaqīpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Skopion xs.jpg|thumb|A scorpion in the Sahara desert (SMH 2007).]]
mulGIR2.TAB (𒀯𒄈𒋰) = ''zuqaqīpu'', 'The Scorpion,' is the ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to the [[Scorpius|Scorpion]] in the modern constellation of [[Scorpius]]. The Akkadian parallel ''zuqaqīpu'' is mostly found in lexical texts of the Urra XXII series.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* = ''zuqaqīpu'' (𒀯𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍), scorpion; a constellation corresponding to [[Scorpius]] [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
* GIR2 short form in later astronomical and astrological texts, the zodiac sign Scorpius appears more often without the determinative [Gössmann 91].
* [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]] = ''zuqaqīpu''
In MUL.APIN, the explanatory list<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mentions:
* mulGÍR.TAB (AN 16–17r; EA 9l, 10l, 11l, 12–13l).
* mulGABA GÍR.TAB “breast of the scorpion” (EA 11l).
* SI mulGÍR.TAB “horns (= pedipalpi) of the scorpion” (AN 16–17r).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114].

* (2) Series Urra XXII: Urra XXII 285' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 107]. mulgir2.tab = ''zu-qi-qi-pu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [''zu'']-''qa-qi-pi'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8;

|
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 246

Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 102, Anu 2): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'', 'the star that stands after it (i.e. Ištar), 'The Scorpion,' Išḫara.'

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 194, Anu VIII, BM 34713, Anu IX), BM 82923: ulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI, 'The Scorpion' // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Horowitz 2014: 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:23].

'''''Rising and Setting Stars: (Horowitz 2014: 168, Anu-Rising Month VIII, Setting Month II. - do you like this format?? It is very simple - I can go back and change all the previous listings???'''''

'''''Circular Astrolabes.'''''
Horowitz 2014: 123-124
* Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu, Month VIII), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].
* K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].
'''Text HS 245''' (The Hilprecht Text).

* See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]];
* In Neo-Assyrian parallels:
** Sm. 1113:9′ - d''zu-qa-qi''2-''p''[''u''...],
** Sm. 162 rev. 7 - mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957-58; Horowitz 1993, 151-154].
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Stars."</s>'''
<s>Anu 2. </s>

* <s>MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "The star that stands after it (i.e. Ishtar), Scorpius, Ishara. Favorable for the oil trade" (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].</s>
|
|-
|'''''"<s>Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."</s> '''''
'''<s>Astrolabe P.</s>'''
* <s>Arahsamnu month, s</s>tar<s>s of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Arahsamnu month, stars of Anu: mulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI</s>
*** <s>"Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:23].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. Kislimu month, stars Anu [LBAT, 149</s>9:9], <s>see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|''Ṣalbatanu'']].</s>
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* <s>(1) List (12´3):</s>
** <s>a) mul ''ša'' ''egir-šu gub-zu'' / mulgir2.tab d''Iš-ḫa-ra''</s>
*** <s>"The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after Venus), (is) Scorpius, Ishara" (B ii 6-7); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 2];</s>
** <s>(b) mul ... ''ana'' igi mulgir2.tab, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum]]''[[Zibānītum]]''</s>.
* (2) <s>List (3´12):</s>
** <s>[itiapin] ... mulgir2.tab ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''</s>
*** <s>The month of arahsamnu: ... Scorpius (on the way of) Anu (rises)" (C ii 8).</s>
* <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — arahsamnu, sunset — ayaru [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].</s>
'''''C<s>ircular Astrolabes.</s>'''''
* <s>Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month of Arahsamnu), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].</s>
* <s>K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month arahsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].</s>
<s>'''A list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 7)''':</s>

* <s>mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9-9a, III 8a-b, 11c-d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4-6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13-15, Pl. XVII 15-17].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Anu (no. 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB "Libra, horn of Scorpius" (I ii 11).
* (2) Stars of Ea (no. 10):
** a) mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''2-''me'' "Scorpion, Išḫara, goddess of all inhabited regions" (I ii 29),
** b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB d''Li''9-''si''4 dAG "The chest of the Scorpion: Lisi, Nabu" (I ii 30),
** (c) 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ina zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-''zu'' / d''Šar''2''-ur u Šar''2-''gaz'' "Two stars that stand on the sting of the Scorpion: Šarur and Šargaz" (I ii 31-32).
* (3) Dates of heliacal risings:
** a) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu the Scorpion becomes visible" (I iii 3),
** b) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme "On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the Goat and the Chest of the Scorpion become visible" (I iii 4); on the joint rising of muluz3 and mulgir2.tab see also BM 55466+, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (4) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) (I iii 13-14), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]],
** b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme-''ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "The Scorpion and the Dog rise, and the Asterism of Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25),
** c) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulGIR2.TAB, after mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4, before mul''Pa-bil-sag'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (6) Observations of heliacal risings and the direction of the wind:
** ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ''ina u''4-''me'' IGImeš IM ''ša''2 [DU-''ku'' ŠE]Š-''ar''2
** "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu, the Scorpion, on the 15th the Chest of the Scorpion becomes visible; on the day that they become visible, you will observe the wind that [blows]" (II i 32-33).
* (7) A scheme for determining winds by the stars: mulGIR2.TAB - west, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU]]6.
* (8) Astrological predictions: [...] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 GIN MU BI SIG5 "[If ...] of the Scorpion becomes visible and the South wind blows: this year will be good" (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116].
Text BM 77054.

See (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]]. "A large list of stars."

* (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra "Scorpion = Išḫara";
* (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat "Scorpion = ditto(=Išḫara), Tiamat";
* (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab "Heavenly sword = Scorpion";
* (4) 12 stars of Elam: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol, App. B: 34-36, 204] ''Išhara not Ishkhara everywhere??? Yes of courseǃǃǃ''

'''''regarding Text BM 77054: all this is the Great Star List 25<nowiki>''</nowiki>-27<nowiki>''</nowiki> -'''''

'''<nowiki>;</nowiki> see also the list of "7 ''tikpi''-stars" [KAR, 142 i 37].'''
|[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See SAA 10, p. 381; SAA 8, p. 350a, 353].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:31.'''
* mulgir2.tab = d''iš-ḫa-ra tam-tim'' "Scorpius = Išḫara of the sea". [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (M) [mul''na'']-''at-tul-lum'' KIMIN MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' SI mulgir2.tab / [x-x-''t'']''u''2 ''u'' IGI mulUR.IDIM GU "The harness (''ziqpu'' XXVI: υ Boo), or the middle of Libra (β Lib), the horn of the Scorpion (γ Sco = σ Lib) / [...] and the Mad Dog’s eye (γ Lup): a string.
* (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹KIMIN˺ MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' MULme SAG mulGIR2.TAB / [''u''? MURU]B4 ˹mul˺UR.IDIM GU "Šupa (=''ziqpu'' I: α Boo) or the middle of Libra (γ Lib), the stars of Scorpius's head (δ Sco) [and the middle] part of the Mad Dog (η Lup): a string.
* (O) mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 KIMIN mulGABA GIR2.TAB / ˹MUL ''ta''˺-''ri''-''tu''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' GIR3II EGIR ''ša''2 mulUR.IDIM GU "The 2nd star of the Harness (''ziqpu'' II: ε Boo), or the star on the chest of the Scorpion (α Sco), the raised tail of the Scorpion (μ1 Sco) and the hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco): a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:21-25; ASM, 93].

According to [Koch 1992, 58-59], murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' is γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim is Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab is β, δ, π Sco, mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 is π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim is ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco).
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!GUs
|-
|M
|[[File:GU13 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|13th GU, GU (M), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>]]
|-
|N
|[[File:GU14 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|14th GU, GU (N), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|O
|[[File:GU15 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|15th GU, GU (O), in Hoffmann (2022).Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":0" />.]]
|}
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §b.
** a) mulSAG GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's head (δ Sco),
** b) mulSUḪUŠ UM.ME.DA G[IR2.TAB] "the base of the column (straightening muscle?) of the Sco[rpion]" (μ1, μ2 Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §c. [mulGIR2.TAB] "Scorpius"(η Sco), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §d. m[ul]SI ZAG GIR2.TAB "right horn of the Scorpius"(σ Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §f. mulSUḪUŠ EME.DA GIR2.TAB MUL x [x MUL x] ˹GU4˺.ALIM 3 MULmeš(sic) SAG.DU3 "Base of the Scorpion column (μ1 Sco), [...] (γ Oph), [star x] Bison (κ Oph): 3 stars, triangle." [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48-49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Ser[unina Bison]" (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulGIR3 ZAG]? ˹GU4˺.ALIM "[Right leg of] the Bison" (κ Oph).
* §h. mulSAG GIR2.TAB mulŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM ''u'' mulŠullat(PA) [3 MULmeš] GU SI.SA2 DUB2.[BA] 2 DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA mu[lP]A ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "The Scorpion’s head (δ Sco), the Bull’s left paw (Ser d) and Šullat: [3 stars]. A straight tight rope. 2 intervals, interval. [Šul]lat first." [Walker 1995, 36-37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], here instead of mul''Šullat''(pa) should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) "Ḫaniš" (α Cen).
* §j. [mu]l ''zi-qit'' GIR2.TAB mulSAG GU4.ALIM ''u''3 mulPA ˹3˺ [MULmeš ...] ˹2˺ DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA MUL ''zi-q''[''it'' GIR2.TAB x] "Sting of the Scorpion (θ Sco), head of the Bull (η Ser?) and Šullat (β Cen?): 3 [stars ...]. 2 intervals, interval. The sting [of Scorpius ...]." [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy: GIR2'''
See [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; used in the lunar tablets dating back to the late fifth century BC. [Aaboe and Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30-31; 2010].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
(mul)GIR2.TAB is the designation of the constellation and zodiac sign of Scorpius. The four stars of the Scorpius constellation were used as "normal stars," see also (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] below.

'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''

* múlGABA GIR2.TAB ''ka-bi-is'' GABA ''tam-tim'' "'The breast of the Scorpion' that walkes by the 'breast' of the sea." [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. A 3427:'''
* a) ˹TA˺ 5 UŠ ''ar''2 2 MUL2me ''ša''2 SAG múlA EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 múlDILI ''ša''2 múlKUN''-šu''2 [GIR2.TAB] "From (culmination point) 5° behind the 2 stars of the Lion's head to (the culmination point) 5° behind the Single star on its tail: [Scorpius rises]" (anaphora of the zodiac sign Scorpius, determined by the climax of the ziqpu stars),
* b) múlGIR2.TAB TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' .../ 2 UŠ 30 GAR 1''-et'' ḪA.LA ''ša''2 múlGIR2.TAB KUR''-ḫa'' ''ina'' 12 ḪA.LA 1 DANNA 10 UŠ ... "(Sign of the zodiac) Scorpius from its beginning to its end rises [...] / 2° 30' (which is) one (twelfth) part of Scorpius rises. In 12 parts 1 DANNA 10 UŠ [(culminates), and], ''(continued by:)''
* c) TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' PAP 2 DANNA ''ina'' ''ziq-pi i-lak-ma'' [... ] "(Scorpius) from its beginning to its end rises. A total of 2 danna culminates, [...]" <s>(the indicated value of the time of rising of the constellation Scorpius corresponds to the length on the ecliptic 450),</s>
* d) múlGIR2-TAB ''meš-ḫi im-šuḫ'' ZI "Scorpius emits a ''mišḫu'' ..." [Steele 2017, 63-65; earlier Schaumberger 1955, 238-239:1, 15-17, 21; 241].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology, Magic and Calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GIR2.TAB - designation of the 8th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) Lunaria
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab "Scorpius region" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
** (b) BRM IV, 19: the text contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which gir2.tab is the designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 8-''i-tum'' ḫa.la múlgir2.tab ''šum''3-''šu''2 "8th part, its name is Scorpius." [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66],
** (b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu "8th part of Aries — Scorpius of Aries" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18-19]. The division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 4th part is mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Division of the zodiac sign Scorpius into 12 parts: ḫa.la sag''-tu''2 ša múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab "The first part of Scorpius is Scorpius of Scorpius." [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239, A 3427:2], see also Anaphora.
* (4) Zodiacal Astrology. KI múlGIR2.TAB ... "In the region of the Scorpius [was born]: ...she will become a witch, she will be happy? (var.: sinner) ..., a widow." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27].
* (5) Predicting the price of cereal by observing the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. [DIŠ Sin ''ina'' mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-''ma''..."[If the Moon] eclipses [in Scorpius] ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

'''Short form GIR2'''

* (1) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // ''qi''2-''lip''2 GIR2-TAB MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 7 // Scorpius 19 // you anoint (the patient) with peeled-off skin of a scorpion" [SpTU III, 104:7 and also 20, see Wee 2016, 178 fn. 109,]; for a parallel for the month Arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30].
* (2)
|[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
|-
|'''Zodiacal astrology: short form GIR2'''
* KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ''ni-zi''[''q-tu''4]
* "Region close to the Scorpion: death (in) days of wrath" [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'];
|
|}
See also: MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SI mulGIR2.TAB "The star on the horn of Scorpius" [SpTU II, 42:12], and also [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
[[File:Sco CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192735.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GIR2.TAB (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Antares]]
|HIP 80763
|Constellation lines
|0.91
|-
|2
| [[Shaula]]
|HIP 85927
|Constellation lines
|1.63
|-
|3
|[[Sargas]]
|HIP 86228
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.85
|-
|4
|[[Larawag]]
|HIP 82396
|Constellation lines
|2.29
|-
|5
|[[Dschubba]]
|HIP 78401
|Constellation lines
| 2.32
|-
|6
|κ Scorpii
|HIP 86670
|Inside the Hull
|2.386
|-
|7
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.5
|-
|8
|[SC96] Mis 162
|[SC96] Mis 162
|Inside the Hull
|2.51
|-
|9
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.62
|-
|10
|[[Lesath]]
|HIP 85696
| Constellation lines
|2.65
|-
| 11
| [[Paikauhale]]
| HIP 81266
| Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|12
|[[Alniyat]]
|HIP 80112
|Constellation lines
|2.89
|-
|13
|[[Fang]]
|HIP 78265
|Constellation lines
|2.91
|-
|14
|[[Xamidimura]]
|HIP 82514
|Inside the Hull
|2.98
|-
|15
|ι 1 Scorpii
|HIP 87073
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.992
|-
| 16
|[[Fuyue]]
| HIP 87261
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.21
|-
|17
| [[Brachium]]
| HIP 73714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.21
|-
|18
|η Scorpii
|HIP 84143
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.33
|-
|19
|[SC96] Mis 190
|[SC96] Mis 190
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|20
|C 1652-407
|C 1652-407
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|21
|[[Pipirima]]
|HIP 82545
|Constellation lines
|3.542
|-
|22
| υ Librae
|HIP 76470
|Inside the Hull
|3.589
|-
|23
|ζ 2 Scorpii
|HIP 82729
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.62
|-
| 24
|τ Librae
|HIP 76600
|Constellation lines
|3.642
|-
|25
|[[Iklil]]
|HIP 78104
|Inside the Hull
|3.86
|-
|26
|[[Zubenelhakrabi]]
|HIP 76333
|Constellation lines
|3.91
|-
|27
|ω 1 Scorpii
| HIP 78933
|Inside the Hull
|3.97
|-
|28
|[[Jabbah]]
| HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4
|-
|29
|H Sco
|HIP 81304
|Inside the Hull
|4.156
|-
|30
|θ Librae
|HIP 77853
|Inside the Hull
|4.16
|-
|31
|ξ Sco B
|HIP 78727
| Constellation lines
|4.17
|-
|32
|N Sco
|HIP 80911
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|33
|Q Sco
|HIP 86170
|Inside the Hull
| 4.267
|-
|34
|ω 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78990
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
| 35
|[[Jabbah]] A
|HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4.349
|-
|36
|χ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80569
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
| 37
|ω Ophiuchi
| HIP 80975
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|38
|ψ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80343
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|39
|13 Sco
| HIP 79404
|Inside the Hull
|4.568
|-
|40
|ο Scorpii
|HIP 80079
| Inside the Hull
|4.57
|-
|41
|2 Sco
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|42
|37 Lib
|HIP 76219
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.62
|-
|43
|ρ Ophiuchi
| HIP 80473
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|44
| 1 Sco
|HIP 77635
|Inside the Hull
|4.635
|-
|45
|* 2 Sco A
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.71
|-
|46
|κ Librae
|HIP 76880
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 79881
|Inside the Hull
|4.782
|-
|48
|22 Sco
|HIP 80815
|Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
|49
|* ksi Sco B
|HIP 78727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.87
|-
|50
|48 Lib
|HIP 78207
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
| 51
|V1073 Sco
|HIP 83574
| Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|52
|β 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78821
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|53
|42 Lib
|HIP 76742
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 78650
| Inside the Hull
|4.966
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 83336
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|56
|λ Librae
|HIP 77811
|Inside the Hull
|5.027
|-
|57
|* rho Oph A
|HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 79302
|Inside the Hull
|5.102
|-
|59
|36 Lib
|HIP 76259
|Inside the Hull
|5.138
|-
|60
| * ksi Sco A
| HIP 78727
|Constellation lines
|5.16
|-
| 61
|* alf Sco B
|HD 148479
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 82493
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|63
| 41 Lib
|HIP 76628
|Inside the Hull
|5.359
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 77858
|Inside the Hull
|5.372
|-
|65
| -
| HIP 79050
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|66
|[SC96] Mis 382
|[SC96] Mis 382
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
| 67
|* tet Sco B
|HD 159532B
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|68
|M 4
|M 4
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 77859
|Inside the Hull
|5.402
|-
|70
|CD-29 12513B
|HIP 80399
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|71
| η Librae
|HIP 77060
|Inside the Hull
|5.412
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 80390
|Inside the Hull
|5.42
|-
|73
| -
| HIP 78246
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|74
|49 Lib
|HIP 78400
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 82676
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 82135
|Inside the Hull
|5.481
|-
|77
|27 Sco
|HIP 82960
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 79199
|Inside the Hull
|5.497
|-
|79
|ζ 4 Librae
|HIP 76126
|Inside the Hull
|5.499
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 79980
|Inside the Hull
| 5.502
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 74732
|Inside the Hull
|5.506
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 76106
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 86698
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 84551
|Inside the Hull
|5.526
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 84401
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
| 86
|M 19
|M 19
|Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|87
|4 Sco
|HIP 77984
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|88
| ζ 1 Librae
|HIP 75730
| Inside the Hull
|5.626
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 84150
| Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|90
|26 Oph
|HIP 83196
|Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|91
|11 Sco
|HIP 79005
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 82775
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 76532
|Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 80672
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|95
|* 12 Sco A
|HIP 79399
| Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|96
|ζ 3 Librae
|HIP 75944
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 76569
|Inside the Hull
|5.816
|-
|98
|CD-29 12513A
|HR 6106
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
| -
| HIP 78168
| Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 81741
|Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 85889
|Inside the Hull
|5.838
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 74539
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|103
|66 G. Oph
|HIP 83176
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
|104
|3 Sco
|HIP 77909
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 79098
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|106
|Gliese 667 A
| HIP 84709
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|107
|V923 Sco
| HIP 83491
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 83896
| Inside the Hull
|5.911
|-
|109
| -
| HIP 81523
| Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|110
| -
| HIP 85048
|Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 79596
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
| 112
|V929 Sco
|HIP 78877
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 83235
|Inside the Hull
|5.934
|-
| 114
|[SC96] Mis 177
|[SC96] Mis 177
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 84425
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|116
|47 Lib
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|5.957
|-
|117
|[SC96] Mis 213
|[SC96] Mis 213
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 83693
| Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 81992
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 85543
|Inside the Hull
|5.985
|-
|121
| -
| HIP 78665
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 84226
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
| 123
| -
|HIP 81904
|Inside the Hull
| 6.046
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 83100
|Inside the Hull
|6.048
|-
|125
|* 47 Lib A
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 79622
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 78575
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|128
| -
| HIP 80910
| Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 79692
|Inside the Hull
|6.083
|-
|130
| -
| HIP 78726
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|131
| -
| HIP 82691
| Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|132
|36 G. Oph
|HIP 81728
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 77900
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|134
|RR Sco
|HIP 82912
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 78078
|Inside the Hull
| 6.117
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 84489
|Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
|137
| -
| HIP 83706
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|138
|[SC96] Mis 165
|[SC96] Mis 165
|Inside the Hull
|6.14
|-
|139
| -
| HIP 85237
|Inside the Hull
|6.142
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 85839
|Inside the Hull
|6.158
|-
|141
|28 Lib
|HIP 75110
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 142
| -
| HIP 84445
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 75939
| Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
| 144
| -
|HIP 76503
|Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 77985
|Inside the Hull
|6.199
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 77689
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 78699
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 76033
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 149
| -
|HIP 82453
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|150
| V861 Sco
|HIP 82911
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|151
|34 G. Oph
|HIP 81632
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 82783
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 86246
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 78058
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 155
| -
|HIP 84151
|Inside the Hull
|6.285
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 77007
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|157
| -
| HIP 79945
|Inside the Hull
|6.298
|-
|158
|[SC96] Mis 208
|[SC96] Mis 208
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 82554
|Inside the Hull
|6.315
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 78486
|Inside the Hull
|6.317
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 76567
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 78955
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|163
| -
| HIP 82855
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 164
|[SC96] Mis 549
|[SC96] Mis 549
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 165
| -
|HIP 76666
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 78059
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 79031
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 79605
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 82731
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|170
|[SC96] Mis 201
|[SC96] Mis 201
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|171
|V1077 Sco
|HIP 84650
|Inside the Hull
|6.367
|-
|172
| -
|HR 6426
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|173
| V900 Sco
| HIP 82669
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|174
| -
|HIP 77729
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 87042
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 79599
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 85786
|Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 85019
|Inside the Hull
|6.419
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 79788
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 180
| -
|HIP 79203
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 79530
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 84332
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 85020
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|184
| -
|HD 152249
| Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|-
|186
|23 Lib
|HIP 74500
|Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|187
| -
| HIP 80324
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 86098
|Inside the Hull
| 6.463
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 74490
|Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
|190
|[SC96] GC 33
|[SC96] GC 33
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Išḫara, see (Kurtik i15) [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]. The name ''zu''2''-qa''2''-qi''4''-ip'', as a royal name, at the beginning of the post-Flood part of the "Sumerian royal list" relating to Kiš, cf. [Jacobsen 1939, 78-79:10-11].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) Ritual at the lunar eclipse in the month Kislimu, see (Kurtik u06)[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (2) Hemerology for the 18th of Du'uzu: PAD''-su ana'' ˹mul˺gir2.tab ''liš-ku-un'' "Let him offer his sacrifice to Scorpius" [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94-95].
* (3) The purifying ritual of the "Raising of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [d''iš-ḫa-ra''] "Spell, (constellation) Scorpius, [Išḫara]". [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58-59;].
* (4) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the deity statue, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (5) The astral-mythological text BM 55466+, where the night sky in the month of Ṭebetu is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, see (Kurtk u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (6) In astrological geography, Scorpius correlates (a) with the Sea Land and Dilmun or Borsippa, (b) with Ḫursagkalamma, Borsippa [Weidner 1963; Kurtik 2010; Steele 2015].
* (7) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mul]GIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'' d''Ištar'' ''ina qe''2-''reb'' MURUB4 ''e-peš ša''2-''aš''2-''me'' / [...''a'']''š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu'' "Scorpion, Išḫara, (i.e. The Scorpion Ištar, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the fight / [...] 'stubborn' (opponents) of yours, let him defeat, let him turn them into ghosts!" [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′-8′].

''Also = Racc Text 213???''

==== Symbol. ====
Scorpion. Early depictions of the scorpion/scorpio-man in Mesopotamian glyptics of the 3rd millennium BC, when it may have already acquired astral significance, see [Kononenko 1997]. [Kononenko 1997] as well as [Kurtik 1998, 36; 2022, ]. For the images on the kudurru see. [Seidl 1968, 156-157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48], for astral images on Hellenistic seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, no. See [AUWE 19, no. 1008-1017; Kurtik 2007, fig. 24, 32]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlGIR2 (designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius) corresponds to G[IR2.TAB] "Sc[orpio]". [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

==== Previous Identification. ====
[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246]

= Scorpius + part of Librae, constellation figure correlated with stars, [Koch 1989, 114-115, Abb. 16 a-b].

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Middle star in the head of Scorpion" (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 ''e ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Upper star of Scorpion's head" (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Lower star of the Scorpion's head" (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 "(God) of Fox" (α Scorpii),

The 4 indicated stars above were used as "normal stars" in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 26-29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab "Claws (lit. Horn) of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN et al.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab "Stars of the Scorpion's head", see GU-text.

(7) gaba gir2.tab "Breasts of the Scorpion", see GU-text, etc.

(8) mul ''ta-ri-tu''2 mulgir2.tab "The raised tail of the Scorpion", see GU-text.

(9) Scorpion's head (δ Sco), see dbn-text.

(10) Base of the Scorpion's column (straightening muscle?) (μ1, μ2 Sco), see dbn-text.

(11) Right claw (lit. horn) of the Scorpion (σ Sco), see dbn-text.

(12) Scorpius's sting, see dbn-text, and also below.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's lips" (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, no. -651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Star with great brilliance on the Scorpion's head" [AD I, 42, no. -651:10-11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB "The middle section of the Scorpion." [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) [...K]UN mulGIR2.TAB "Tail of the Scorpion" [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) ''u''2''-ru-ud'': ''u''2''-ru-uḫ'' mulGIR2.TAB "Throat of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB "Center (lit. Navel) of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB "(2 stars) on the sting of the Scorpion" (λ, υ Scorpii), see MUL.APIN et al, as well as (Kurtik sh05) [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]] and (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

(20) The border of the Scorpion; [...mul]GIR2.TAB ''it-ta-tu-ša''2 MI-''mu'' ... "[...] Scorpion, its border is dark [...]" [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; mulGIR2.TAB: d''Dil-bat'' [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Lisi; cf. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], (Kurtik n25) [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]], II 3.

(3) Scorpion's stinger = Pabilsag; see (Kurtik p04) [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL2.SAG]], VI 4, (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

In [G. 94, IV 2-3] identifications of the Scorpion with Jupiter, Mars and Mercury are suggested, which, as far as we know, is not confirmed by the texts. See, however, below (28).

===== Predictions: =====
(4) General astrological significance; mulGIR2.TAB ''ana'' KI.LAM "Scorpion for (predicting the state of) the market." [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Heliacal risings earlier and later; "The Scorpion rises heliacally in the month of arahsamnu, variant: tebetu; if this star rises early: the king of the country will walk proudly, he will conquer [kings], his enemies; if the star rises late: kings of other countries will start enmity against the king of that country" [BPO 2, IX 9]; see also [ibid., X 19, XI 4-6].

(6) View of the Scorpion’s claws; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-''ša''2 ''zu-᾽-u''2''-ra'' KUR2 ZI-''ma ina'' [gišTUKUL ŠUB-''ut''] "If the claws (lit. horns) of the Scorpion are twisted?: an enemy will appear, but will fall by weapons (in battle)", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-''ša''2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' LUGAL ''a-a-bi-šu''2 Š[U-''su'' KUR-''ad''2] "If the Scorpion’s claws emit rays (lit. carry radiation): the king will strike his enemies with his hand" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346 +:41-42], see also [ARAK, 218:2-4, 547:1-4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ''ana'' UR2-''šu''2 GUR I3 ''ina'' KUR LA2-''ṭi'' "[If the Scorpion, its foreparts] are facing its 'knee': there will be lack of oil" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''zu''-᾽-''u''2-''ra ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' / dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mul''zi-ba-ni-ti'' GUB-''ma'' "If the claws of the Scorpion are twisted? (and) it carries radiation, (it means): the planet stands in Libra." [ACh Ištar, 28:6-7].

(7) The Scorpion is dark; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI ''iš-tan-na-an-na''? "If the Scorpion is dark: the kings of all other countries will become hostile (to Akkad?), variant: the kings of all countries will feud one with another." [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''i-da-tu-ša''2 ''uk-ku-la'' UN.MEŠ ''i-lam-mi-na'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Scorpion’s sides are very dark: people will be bad, (it means): Mars stands in it." [ARAK, 502:14]. See also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 3, and Mercury and Scorpius below.

(8) Star in the head of the Scorpion; ''i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-i-e kak-ka-bu'' / [''ina''] SAG.DU ''ša'' mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 ''it-ti-ti-iz'' GISKIM-''šu''2 ''la i-lap-pa-''[''at''] "This night the star stood in the head of the Scorpion before the moon: this sign does not portend anything (bad)". [ARAK, 98: 7-r. 2]. See also (Kurtik ts06) ''[[Ṣurru]]''.

(9) The Scorpion during its first appearance in the month of kislimu; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra ina'' GIBIL UD.DA-''ša''2 / GA[BA]-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-at'' / SI.ME-''ša''2! ''nin-mu-ra'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL ''ina'' KUR ''i-ḫar-ru-pu'' ... "If the Scorpion, the goddess Ishkhara, at the renewal of her light (i.e. at the heliacal rising?), her breasts have great luster, and her tails become dark, and her claws (literally horns) stand opposite each other: the country will have a season of early rain and flood; locusts will attack and devour the country; cattle will be destroyed and the houses of the herders..." [ARAK, 504: 5-r. 2], parallel: DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra'' / ''ina'' IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''nin-gu-la'' /: ''nen-bu-ṭa'' GABA-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-ti'' ... "If in the month of kislimu, the Scorpion, the goddess Ishara, at its first appearance, its claws (resemble) the month? var.: connected, her breasts have great luster, and her tail is dark: ..." [ARAK, 376 r. 4-10]; see also [ibid., 543:1-7].

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in the Scorpion; observations: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [''ina'' EN!.NUN-UD.ZAL / ''i-sa-kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''i-sa''!-''kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''u''2''-zak-ki'' / ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 ''a-dir'' / ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' / mul''ku-ma-ru'' / ''ša'' mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ''ziq-pu'' / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x] ''i-sa-kan'' "The lunar eclipse occured during the morning watch on the 14th of Simman. The eclipse began in the south (of the lunar disk) and cleared out in the south. Its right side eclipsed. The eclipse took place within the perimeters of the Scorpion constellatoin. The Shoulder of the Demon, with an Open Mouth, culminated. An eclipse (the size of) two fingers occurred." [LABS, 149: 3′-r.6]. (DIŠ) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-''ma'' KA´M[I''-su''] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''2 ŠA3-''ši-na'' ŠUB-''ni ina'' AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) on the 14th day of Siman a (lunar) eclipse occurs and (the Moon) sets (eclipses): pregnant women will miscarry their fetal babies; (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Scorpion" (Late Commentary on EAE) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15-16]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki ''u'' NI.TUKki: ''bar''2-''sipa''2ki "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Scorpion: solution for Sea country and Dilmun, var: Borsippa". [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) The Moon at its first appearance and the Scorpion; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2... "If at its first appearance, the Moon is surrounded by the Scorpion, like a halo: lions and wolves will rage, the means of communication will become unsafe...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (var. ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB) ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion (var.: stinger of the Scorpion) stands in the middle of it (= Moon): floods will come and wash away the dikes...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its shoulder: this year rats will destroy the canes and sesame...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its right horn: this year locusts will attack and devour the country...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its left horn: this year the locusts will attack and devour the country, the king of Akkad and the king (Amurru) will be hostile to each other ...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 GUB KUR ''in-neš-š''[''i''] "If the Scorpion stands in front of it: the country will become weak", DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (var: KI.MIN ''zi-qit-tum'') GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2 ''ina'' MU BI ZI-''ut'' ERIN2-''man-da'' "If the tail (var. stinger) of the Scorpion surrounds (the moon) like a halo: this year Umman-manda (the country) will attack (the country of Akkad)." [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22-28], see also [ARAK, 66 r. 1-4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Lunar halo and the Scorpion; 30 MI ''an-ni-u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-''ma'' NIGIN-''ma a-na'' ˹A.AN˺ [''u''] A.KAL "This night the moon was surrounded by a halo in the Scorpion: (it portends) rain [and] flood". [ARAK, 2:1-2], see also [ibid, 377: 7-r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulGIR2.TAB / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / ''uš-taḫ-ḫa'' NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-''ma'' / A.RA2 KUD.ME "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Scorpion stands in it: entu- priestesses will become pregnant, men, variant: lions will rage and cut the message." [ARAK, 307:1-5], see also [ibid., 147 r. 2-4, 480: 7- r. 1].

(13) The Sun and the Scorpion; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB [...] "If the Sun sets and the Scorpion stands in its place [...]" [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Jupiter and the head of the Scorpion; see (Kurtik s04) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 31.

(15) Jupiter and the Scorpion in the lunar halo; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

(16) Rising of Venus, the Moon, the Scorpion and Gemini; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGUD d''Sin u'' mulGIR2.TAB IGI-''ma'' IGI-''it'' MUL [...] / ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.IN ...d''Ni-ri''... "If Venus (rises) in the month of Ayar, (and before that) the Moon, the Scorpion, the opposite asterism, [...] and Gemini are visible, variant: (opposite) the Yoke...: there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Rising of the Venus in the Scorpion; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAPIN KUR-''ḫa ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-''ma'' NU SIG5 "If Venus rises in the month of arahsamnu — it rises in the Scorpion, this is unfavorable" [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , see also [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Venus, the Moon and Lugalirra in the Scorpion; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin ''u'' d''Lugal''-GIR3-''ra ina'' iti''Še-er''-[''e-re-ši ina birīt'' SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ''ina'' [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 d''Sin u''] dLugal-GIR3''-ra'' / ''ina'' SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' IN.U ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If in the month of the plowing of the furrow, Venus (during its appearance), the Moon and Lugalirra, in between the claws of the Scorpion, are visible and within it? and Venus, the Moon, and Lugalirra are coming out of its right claw: there will be famine, famine of barley and straw in the land." [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], for a parallel see. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Venus enters into the perimeters of the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ma'' BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki ... "If Venus enters into the Scorpion: there will be famine in the country; if in the east, bad for Elam; if in the west, bad for Akkad ..." [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Venus approaches the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' mulGIR2.TAB TE-''ḫi'' ... "If Venus comes close to the Scorpion: unfavorable winds will blow in the country; Adad will send rain, and Ea will send spring to the country of Guti." [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. See also [ibid., 55:3-8].

(21) Mercury in Scorpion; see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], V 10.

(22) Saturn, Libra and Scorpion; see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]],

(23) Mars approaching Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 32.

(24) Asterism of Elam = Mars in Scorpius; see (Kurtik n20) [[NIM.MA]], II 3.

(25) Mars and Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 34.

(26) The Plough(=Mars) and Scorpion; see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 8.

(27) Planets and the Scorpion; three versions of protasis: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands in the middle of Scorpius", DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands before Scorpius" and DIŠ mulUDU. IDIM ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE "If a planet faces Scorpius" have the same apodosis: ina MU BI A.ANmeš ''u'' A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš "rain and flood will wash away (roads) this year" [TU, 16 r. 16-18; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a].

(28) The Scorpion (= Mars?) approaches the Moon; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ''ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If Scorpius comes close, upfront the Moon, and stands there: the reign of the king will be long; the enemy will attack, but will be defeated" [ARAK, 430:1-5], see also [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9-14].

(29) Baltesha and the Scorpion; see (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], V 3.

(30) Shooting stars and the Scorpion; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-''ma'' EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ''ina'' ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' "If a star flashes from within the middle portion of the Scorpion and moves to the limits of Amurru: there will be rain this month", DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 2 A. ANme ŠURme "If 2 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain twice this month", DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme "If 3 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain three times this month. [Stev. O.T., 232:13-15], autograph [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15-17].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik g17 GIR2
!
|-
|
==== GIR2 ====
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион»; обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах чаще без детерминатива [G. 91].
I. Источники.

Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрономия, астрология и календарь. (1) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт для изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-tim MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 7 // Скорпион 190 // Все что угодно намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:7, а также 20]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30]. (2) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ni-zi[q-tu4] «Область Скорпиона: смерть (в) дни гнева» [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
|
|-
!Kurtik g19 GIR2.TAB
!
|-
|
==== GIR2.TAB ====
|
|-
|= zuqaqīpu «Скорпион»; созвездие, соответствующее Скорпиону (Scorpius) [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulgir2.tab = zu-qi-qi-pu [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [zu]-qa-qi-pi [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:285ʹ]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. а33AN.TA.GUB; в новоассирийских параллелях: Sm. 1113:9′ — dzu-qa-qi2-p[u…], Sm. 162 rev. 7 — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 151–154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul ša egir-šu gub-zu / mulgir2.tab dIš-ḫa-ra «Созвездие, которое после нее (т.е. после Венеры) стоит, (это) Скорпион, Ишхара» (B ii 6–7); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 2]; b) mul … ana igi mulgir2.tab, см. z10Zibānītum. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin] … mulgir2.tab šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц арахсамну: … Скорпион (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — арахсамну, заход — айяру [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. u21UR.IDIM. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану: mulGIR2.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-at AN KI «Скорпион // 70 // Богиня неба (и) земли» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:23]. BM 34713. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:9], см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1,10 «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, 70» [CT 33, 11]. K.14943+: mulgir2.tab «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, [70]» [CT 33, 12]; см. также mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 7): mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9–9a, III 8a–b, 11c–d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4–6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13–15, Pl. XVII 15–17]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra a-na KI.LAM ša-am-ni da-˹ma˺-[qi] «Звезда, которая стоит после нее (т.е. Иштар), Скорпион, Ишхара. Благоприятно для торговли маслом» (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB «Весы, рог Скорпиона» (I ii 11). (2) Звезды Эа (№ 10): a) mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad2-me «Скорпион, Ишхара, богиня всех обитаемых регионов» (I ii 29), b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB dLi9-si4 dAG «Грудь Cкорпиона: Лиси, Набу» (I ii 30), (c) 2 MULmeš ša2 ina zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-zu / dŠar2-ur u Šar2-gaz «Две звезды, которые стоят на жале Скорпиона: Шарур и Шаргаз» (I ii 31–32). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: а) ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI «5-го арахсамну Скорпион становится видимым» (I iii 3), b) ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 u mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); о совместном восходе muluz3 и mulgir2.tab см. также BM 55466+, u31UZ3. (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 13–14), см. m35MUL.MUL, b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Собака восходят, и Звезда Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25), c) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGIR2.TAB, после mulZi-ba-ni-tu4, перед mulPa-bil-sag (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ina u4-me IGImeš IM ša2 [DU-ku ŠE]Š-ar2 «5-го арахсамну Скорпион, 15-го Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны; в день, когда они становятся видны, ты наблюдаешь ветер, который [дует]» (II i 32–33). (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulGIR2.TAB — запад, см. k24KU6. (8) Астрологические предсказания: […] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 «[Если …] Скорпион становится виден и южный ветер дует: этот год будет благоприятным» (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 350a, 353]. Текст BM 77054. См. m35MUL.MUL. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra «Скорпион = Ишхара»; (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat «Скорпион = ditto(=Ишхара), Тиамат»; (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab «Небесный меч = Скорпион»; (4) 12 звезд Элама: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 34–36, 204]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:31. mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra tam-tim «Скорпион = Ишхара моря» [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum kimin murub4 mulzi-ba-nit si mulgir2.tab / [x-x-t]u2 u igi mulur.idim gu «Упряжь (ziqpu XXVI: υ Boo), или середина Весов (β Lib), рог Скорпиона (γ Sco = σ Lib) / […] и глаз Бешеного Пса (γ Lup): веревка». (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulzi-ba-nit mul.me sag mulgir2.tab / [u? muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim gu «Шупа (=ziqpu I: α Boo) или середина Весов (γ Lib), звезды головы Скорпиона (δ Sco) [и средняя] часть Бешеного Пса (η Lup): веревка». (O) mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 kimin mul gaba gir2.tab / ˹mul ta˺-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab u gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim gu «2-я звезда Упряжи (ziqpu II: ε Boo), или звезда на груди Скорпиона (α Sco), поднятый хвост Скорпиона (μ1 Sco) и задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:21–25; ASM, 93]. Согласно [Koch 1992, 58–59], murub4 mulzi-ba-nit — γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim — Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab — β, δ, π Sco, mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 — π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim — ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco). Dalbanna-текст. §b. a) mulsag gir2.tab «голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), b) mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab] «основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Ско[рпиона]» (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §c. [mulgir2.tab] «Скорпион»(η Sco), см. L07LI4.SI9. §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab «правый рог Скорпиона» (σ Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 «Основание колонны Скорпиона (μ1 Sco), […] (γ Oph), [звезда x] Зубра (κ Oph): 3 звезды, треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48–49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph). §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] «Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), левая рука Быка (Ser d) и Шуллат: [3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. [Шул]лат первый.» [Walker 1995, 36–37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь вместо mulŠullat(pa) должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) «Ханиш» (α Cen). §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš …] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul zi-q[it gir2.tab x x] «Жало Скорпиона (θ Sco), голова Быка (η Ser?) и Шуллат (β Cen?): 3 [звезды …]. 2 интервала, интервал. Жал[о Скорпиона …].» [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109]. «Дневники наблюдений». (mul)GIR2.TAB — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Скорпион. Четыре звезды созвездия Скорпион использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. múlgaba gir2.tab ka-bi-is gaba tam-tim «“Грудь Скорпиона”, что идет по “груди” моря» [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313]. Анафора. A 3427: a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ša2 múlkun-šu2 [gir2.tab] «От (кульминации точки) 50 после 2 звезд головы Льва до (кульминации точки) 50 после Отдельной звезды на его хвосте: [Скорпион]» (анафора знака зодиака Скорпион, определенная по кульминациям ziqpu-звезд), b) múlgir2.tab ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa …/ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1-et ḫa.la ša2 múlgir2.tab kur-ḫa ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ … «(Знак зодиака) Скорпион от его начала до его конца восходит […] / (за) 2030' одна (двенадцатая) часть Скорпиона восходит, 12 частей (за промежуток) 1 danna 10 UŠ (восходят) […], c) ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa napḫar 2 danna ina ziq-pi i-lak-ma […] «(Созвездие Скорпион) от его начала до его конца восходит, всего за (промежуток) 2 danna, (измеренный) по прохождениям ziqpu-звезд […]» (указанное значение времени восхода созвездия Скорпион соответствует протяженности на эклиптике 450), d) múlgir2.tab meš-ḫi im-šuḫ ZI «Скорпион испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:1, 15–17, 21; 241]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GIR2.TAB — обозначение 8-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab «Область Скорпиона» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. b) BRM IV, 19: текст содержит зодиакальную схему, известную под названием «додекатемория», в которой gir2.tab — обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион [Ungnad 1941–44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 8-i-tum ḫa.la múlgir2.tab šum3-šu2 «8-я часть, ее имя Скорпион» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu «8-я часть Овна — Скорпион Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18–19]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 4-я часть — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Подразделение знака зодиака Скорпион на 12 частей: ḫa.la sag-tu2 ša2 múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [šum3-šu2]? «Первая часть Скорпиона, [ее имя] Скорпион» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239, A 3427:2], см. также «Анафора». (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2.TAB … «В области Скорпиона [родилась]: …она будет ведьмой, она будет счастлива? (вар.: грешница) …, вдова» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. [DIŠ Sin ina mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-ma…»[Если Луна] затмилась [в Скорпионе] …» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: MUL ša2 ina SI mulGIR2.TAB «Звезда на роге Скорпиона» [SpTU II, 42:12], а также [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

II. Божество.

Ишхара, см. i15dIšḫara. Имя zu2-qa2-qi4-ip, как царское имя, в начале послепотопной части «Шумерского царского списка», относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 78–79:10–11]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал при лунном затмении в месяце кислиму, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (2) Гемерология на 18-е дуузу: pad-su ana ˹mul˺gir2.tab liš-ku-un «Жертвоприношение свое Скорпиону пусть он принесет» [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94–95]. (3) Очистительный ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [diš-ḫa-ra] «Заклинание, (созвездие) Скорпион, [Ишхара]» [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58–59;]. (4) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k24KU6. (5) Астрально-мифологический текст BM 55466+, где ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, см. u31UZ. (6) В астрологической географии Скорпион соотносится: a) c Морской страной и Дильмуном или Борсиппой, b) c Хурсагкаламмой, Борсиппой [Weidner 1963; Куртик 2010; Steele 2015]. (7) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mul]GIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra dIštar ina qe2-reb MURUB4 e-peš ša2-aš2-me / […a]š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu «Скорпион, Ишхара, (т.е.) Иштар, посредине битвы, учиняя схватку / […] ‘упорных’ (противников) твоих пусть одолеет, в призраки пусть обратит!» [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′–8′].

III. Символ.

Скорпион. Ранние изображения скорпиона/скорпионочеловека в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э., когда он, возможно, уже приобрел астральное значение, см. [Кононенко 1997], а также [Куртик 1998, 36; 2022, ]. Изображения на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 156–157; Куртик 2007, рис. 48], астральные изображения на эллинистических печатях из Урука см. [AUWE 19, No. 1008–1017; Куртик 2007, рис. 24, 32]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlGIR2 (обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион) соответствует G[IR2.TAB] «Ск[орпион]» [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

IV. Отождествление.

= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246].

= Scorpius + часть Librae, фигура созвездия, соотнесенная со звездами, [Koch 1989, 114–115, Abb. 16 a–b].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Верхняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Нижняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 «(Бог) Лиси» (α Scorpii),

4 указанные звезды в «Дневниках наблюдений» использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, No. 26–29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab «Клешни (букв. Рог) Скорпиона», см. GU-текст, MUL.APIN и др.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab «Звезды головы Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(7) gaba gir2.tab «Грудь Скорпиона», см. GU-текст и др.

(8) mul ta-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab «Поднятый хвост Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(9) Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(10) Основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Скорпиона (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(11) Правая клешня (букв. рог) Скорпиона (σ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(12) Жало Скорпиона, см. dbn-текст, а также ниже.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB «Губа Скорпиона» (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, No. –651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском на голове Скорпиона» [AD I, 42, No. –651:10–11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB «Середина Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) […K]UN mulGIR2.TAB «Хвост Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) u2-ru-ud: u2-ru-uḫ mulGIR2.TAB «Горло Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB «Центр (букв. Пуп) Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB «(2 звезды) на жале Скорпиона» (λ, υ Scorpii), см. MUL.APIN и др., а также sh05ŠAR2.GAZ и sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

(20) Граница Скорпиона; […mul]GIR2.TAB it-ta-tu-ša2 MI-mu … «[…] Скорпион, граница его темная […]» [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; mulGIR2.TAB: dDil-bat [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Лиси; см. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], n25NIM.MA(ki), II 3.

(3) Жало Скорпиона = Пабилсаг; см. p04dPA.BIL2.SAG, VI 4, sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

В [G. 94, IV 2–3] предполагаются отождествления Скорпиона с Юпитером, Марсом и Меркурием, что, насколько нам известно, текстами не подтверждается. См., однако, ниже (28).

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(4) Общее астрологическое значение; mulGIR2.TAB ana KI.LAM «Скорпион для (предсказания состояния) рынка» [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже; «Скорпион восходит гелиакически в месяце арахсамну, вариант: тебету; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь той страны будет ходить гордо, он покорит [царей], своих врагов; если звезда восходит поздно: цари всех стран начнут враждовать против царя той страны» [BPO 2, IX 9]; см. также [ibid., X 19, XI 4–6].

(6) Вид клешней Скорпиона; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra KUR2 ZI-ma ina [gišTUKUL ŠUB-ut] «Если клешни (букв. рога) Скорпиона скручены?: враг появится, но падет от оружия (в битве)», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-ša2 ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a LUGAL a-a-bi-šu2 Š[U-su KUR-ad2] «Если Скорпион, клешни его, испускают лучи (букв. несут излучение): царь ру[кой своей поразит] своих врагов» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:41–42], см. также [ARAK, 218:2–4, 547:1–4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ana UR2-šu2 GUR I3 ina KUR LA2-ṭi «[Если Скорпион, передние части] его, обращены к его «колену»: в стране будет недостаток масла» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a / dUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulzi-ba-ni-ti GUB-ma «Если клешни Скорпиона скручены? (и) несут излучение, (это означает): планета в Весах стоит» [ACh Ištar, 28:6–7].

(7) Скорпион темный; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB a-dir LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI iš-tan-na-an-na? «Если Скорпион темный: цари всех стран станут враждебны (Аккаду?), вариант: цари всех стран будут враждовать друг с другом» [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB i-da-tu-ša2 uk-ku-la UN.MEŠ i-lam-mi-na dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-ma «Если стороны Скорпиона очень темные: людям будет плохо, (это означает): Марс стоит в нем» [ARAK, 502:14]. См. также z10Zibānītum, VI 3, а также ниже «Меркурий и Скорпион».

(8) Звезда в голове Скорпиона; i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-e kak-ka-bu / [ina] SAG.DU ša mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 it-ti-ti-iz GISKIM-šu2 la i-lap-pa-[at] «Этой ночью звезда стояла в голове Скорпиона впереди Луны: знак этот не предвещает ничего (плохого)» [ARAK, 98: 7–r. 2]. См. также ts06Ṣurru.

(9) Скорпион при его первом появлении в месяце кислиму; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra ina GIBIL UD.DA-ša2 / GA[BA]-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-at / SI.ME-ša2! nin-mu-ra / A.AN u A.KAL ina KUR i-ḫar-ru-pu … «Если Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при обновлении ее света (т.е. при гелиакическом восходе?), грудь ее имеет большой блеск, хвост ее темный, клешни ее (букв. рога) напротив друг друга: дождь и наводнение в стране будут ранними; саранча нападет и пожрет страну; гибель скота и жилищ скотоводов…» [ARAK, 504: 5–r. 2], параллель: DIŠ ina itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra / ina IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-ša2 nin-gu-la /: nen-bu-ṭa GABA-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-ti … «Если в месяце кислиму Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при своей первой видимости, клешни ее (напоминают) месяц?, вар.: связаны, грудь ее имеет большой блеск, ее хвост темный: …» [ARAK, 376 r. 4–10]; см. также [ibid., 543:1–7].

(10) Затмение Луны в Скорпионе; наблюдение: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [ina EN!.NUN—UD.ZAL / i-sa-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU i-sa!-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU u2-zak-ki / ina ZAG-šu2 a-dir / ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir / mulku-ma-ru / ša mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ziq-pu / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x x] i-sa-kan «14-го симану произошло лунное затмение в утреннюю стражу. Оно началось на юге (лунного диска) и прояснилось на юге. Его правая сторона затмилась. Затмение имело место в области созвездия Скорпион. Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминировало. Затмение (величиной) 2 пальца произошло» [LABS, 149: 3′–r.6]. (DIŠ) ina itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-ma KA´M[I-su] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša2 ŠA3-ši-na ŠUB-ni ina AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) в месяце симану в 14-й день происходит (лунное) затмение и (Луна) заходит (затмившейся): беременные женщины будут выкидывать своих внутриутробных младенцев; (это означает): затмение произошло в Скорпионе» (поздний комментарий к ЕАЕ) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15–16]. DIŠ ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki u NI.TUKki: bar2-sipa2ki «Если (Луна) в пределах Скорпиона затмилась: решение для Морской страны и Дильмуна, вар.: Борсиппы» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) Луна при ее первом появлении и Скорпион; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2… «Если при своем появлении Луна окружена Скорпионом, подобно гало: львы и волки будут неистовствовать, пути сообщения станут небезопасными …», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (вар.: zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB) ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион (вар.: жало Скорпиона) в середине ее (= Луны) стоит: придет половодье и размоет дамбы…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее плече стоит: в этом году крысы уничтожат тростник и сезам…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее правом роге стоит: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB… «Если Скорпион стоит на ее левом роге: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну, царь Аккада и царь (Амурру) будут враждебны друг другу…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina IGI-šu2 GUB KUR in-neš-š[i] «Если Скорпион впереди ее стоит: страна ослабеет», DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (вар: KI.MIN zi-qit-tum) GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2 ina MU BI ZI-ut ERIN2-man-da «Если хвост (вар.: жало) Скорпиона окружает (Луну) подобно гало: в этом году нападение (страны) Умман-манда (на страну Аккад)» [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22–28], см. также [ARAK, 66 r. 1–4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Лунное гало и Скорпион; 30 MI an-ni-u2 ina ŠA3-bi mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-ma NIGIN-ma a-na ˹A.AN˺ [u] A.KAL «Этой ночью Луна была окружена гало в Скорпионе: (это предвещает) дождь [и] наводнение» [ARAK, 2:1–2], см. также [ibid., 377: 7–r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulGIR2.TAB / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / uš-taḫ-ḫa-a NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-ma / A.RA2 KUD.ME «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем стоит Скорпион: entu-жрицы будут беременеть, мужчины, вариант: львы будут беситься и перережут сообщение» [ARAK, 307:1–5], см. также [ibid., 147 r. 2–4, 480: 7– r. 1].

(13) Солнце и Скорпион; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB […] «Если Солнце заходит и на его месте Скорпион стоит […]» [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Юпитер и голова Скорпиона; см. s04SAG.ME.GAR, III 31.

(15) Юпитер и Скорпион в лунном гало; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR

(16) Восход Венеры, Луна, Скорпион и Близнецы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGUD dSin u mulGIR2.TAB IGI-ma IGI-it MUL […] / u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN … dNi-ri… «Если Венера (восходит) в месяце айяру, (при этом) видны Луна и Скорпион и напротив звезда […] и Близнецы, вариант: (напротив) Ярмо …: в стране будет голод» [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Восход Венеры в Скорпионе; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAPIN KUR-ḫa ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma NU SIG5 «Если Венера восходит в месяце арахсамну — она восходит в Скорпионе, она неблагоприятная» [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , см. также [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Венера, Луна и Лугальирра в Скорпионе; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin u dLugal-GIR3-ra ina itiŠe-er-[e-re-ši ina birīt SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ina [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 dSin u] dLugal-GIR3-ra / ina SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE u IN.NU ina KUR GAL2 «Если в месяц Вспахивания борозды Венера (при своем появлении), Луна и Лугальирра между клешнями Скорпиона видны и внутри него? Венера, Луна и Лугальирра выходят из его правой клешни: будет голод на ячмень и солому в стране» [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], параллель см. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Венера входит в область Скорпиона; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2-ma BE-ma ina dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki … «Если Венера входит в пределы Скорпиона: в стране будет голод, если на востоке, плохо для Элама, если на западе, плохо для Аккада …» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Венера приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na mulGIR2.TAB TE-ḫi … «Если Венера подходит близко к Скорпиону: неблагоприятные ветры будут дуть в стране; Адад пошлет дожди, а Эа — свои источники в страну Гутиев» [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. См. также [ibid., 55:3–8].

(21) Меркурий в Скорпионе; см. g34GU4.UD, V 10.

(22) Сатурн, Весы и Скорпион; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ,

(23) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 32.

(24) Звезда Элама = Марс в Скорпионе; см. n20NIM.MA, II 3.

(25) Марс и Скорпион; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 34.

(26) Плуг(=Марс) и Скорпион; см. a43gišAPIN, VI 8.

(27) Планета и Скорпион; три варианта протасиса: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета в середине Скорпиона стоит», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета перед Скорпионом стоит» и DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulGIR2.TAB TE «Если планета к Скорпиону приближается» имеют одинаковый аподосис: ina MU BI A.ANmeš u A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš «в этом году дожди и наводнения (дороги) размоют» [TU, 16 r. 16–18; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a].

(28) Скорпион (= Марс?) приближается к Луне; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz … «Если Скорпион подходит близко в передней части Луны и стоит там: правление царя будет долгим; враг атакует, но будет побежден» [ARAK, 430:1–5], см. также [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9–14].

(29) Балтеша и Скорпион; см. b03BAL.TEŠ2.A, V 3.

(30) Падающие звезды и Скорпион; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ina ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-nun «Если звезда из середины Скорпиона вспыхивает и перемещается до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет дождь», DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 2 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 2 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 2 дождя», DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 3 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 3 дождя» [Stev. O.T., 232:13–15], автография [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15–17].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, z12)
|
|-
|
==== mul''Zuqaqīpu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион», в основном в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII, см. g19GIR2.TAB.
|
|}
== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sco]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

GIR2.TAB

2026-06-26T15:06:27Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIR2.TAB, ''zuqaqīpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Skopion xs.jpg|thumb|A scorpion in the Sahara desert (SMH 2007).]]
mulGIR2.TAB (𒀯𒄈𒋰) = ''zuqaqīpu'', 'The Scorpion,' is the ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to the [[Scorpius|Scorpion]] in the modern constellation of [[Scorpius]]. The Akkadian parallel ''zuqaqīpu'' is mostly found in lexical texts of the Urra XXII series.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* = ''zuqaqīpu'' (𒀯𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍), scorpion; a constellation corresponding to [[Scorpius]] [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
* GIR2 short form in later astronomical and astrological texts, the zodiac sign Scorpius appears more often without the determinative [Gössmann 91].
* [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]] = ''zuqaqīpu''
In MUL.APIN, the explanatory list<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mentions:
* mulGÍR.TAB (AN 16–17r; EA 9l, 10l, 11l, 12–13l).
* mulGABA GÍR.TAB “breast of the scorpion” (EA 11l).
* SI mulGÍR.TAB “horns (= pedipalpi) of the scorpion” (AN 16–17r).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114].

* (2) Series Urra XXII: Urra XXII 285' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 107]. mulgir2.tab = ''zu-qi-qi-pu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [''zu'']-''qa-qi-pi'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8;

|
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 246

Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 102, Anu 2): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'', 'the star that stands after it (i.e. Ištar), 'The Scorpion,' Išḫara.'

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 194, Anu VIII, BM 34713, Anu IX), BM 82923: ulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI, 'The Scorpion' // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Horowitz 2014: 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:23].

'''''Rising and Setting Stars: (Horowitz 2014: 168, Anu-Rising Month VIII, Setting Month II. - do you like this format?? It is very simple - I can go back and change all the previous listings???'''''

'''''Circular Astrolabes.'''''
Horowitz 2014: 123-124
* Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu, Month VIII), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].
* K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].
'''Text HS 245''' (The Hilprecht Text).

* See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]];
* In Neo-Assyrian parallels:
** Sm. 1113:9′ - d''zu-qa-qi''2-''p''[''u''...],
** Sm. 162 rev. 7 - mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957-58; Horowitz 1993, 151-154].
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Stars."</s>'''
<s>Anu 2. </s>

* <s>MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "The star that stands after it (i.e. Ishtar), Scorpius, Ishara. Favorable for the oil trade" (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].</s>
|
|-
|'''''"<s>Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."</s> '''''
'''<s>Astrolabe P.</s>'''
* <s>Arahsamnu month, s</s>tar<s>s of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Arahsamnu month, stars of Anu: mulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI</s>
*** <s>"Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:23].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. Kislimu month, stars Anu [LBAT, 149</s>9:9], <s>see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|''Ṣalbatanu'']].</s>
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* <s>(1) List (12´3):</s>
** <s>a) mul ''ša'' ''egir-šu gub-zu'' / mulgir2.tab d''Iš-ḫa-ra''</s>
*** <s>"The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after Venus), (is) Scorpius, Ishara" (B ii 6-7); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 2];</s>
** <s>(b) mul ... ''ana'' igi mulgir2.tab, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum]]''[[Zibānītum]]''</s>.
* (2) <s>List (3´12):</s>
** <s>[itiapin] ... mulgir2.tab ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''</s>
*** <s>The month of arahsamnu: ... Scorpius (on the way of) Anu (rises)" (C ii 8).</s>
* <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — arahsamnu, sunset — ayaru [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].</s>
'''''C<s>ircular Astrolabes.</s>'''''
* <s>Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month of Arahsamnu), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].</s>
* <s>K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month arahsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].</s>
<s>'''A list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 7)''':</s>

* <s>mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9-9a, III 8a-b, 11c-d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4-6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13-15, Pl. XVII 15-17].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Anu (no. 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB "Libra, horn of Scorpius" (I ii 11).
* (2) Stars of Ea (no. 10):
** a) mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''2-''me'' "Scorpion, Išḫara, goddess of all inhabited regions" (I ii 29),
** b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB d''Li''9-''si''4 dAG "The chest of the Scorpion: Lisi, Nabu" (I ii 30),
** (c) 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ina zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-''zu'' / d''Šar''2''-ur u Šar''2-''gaz'' "Two stars that stand on the sting of the Scorpion: Šarur and Šargaz" (I ii 31-32).
* (3) Dates of heliacal risings:
** a) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu the Scorpion becomes visible" (I iii 3),
** b) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme "On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the Goat and the Chest of the Scorpion become visible" (I iii 4); on the joint rising of muluz3 and mulgir2.tab see also BM 55466+, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (4) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) (I iii 13-14), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]],
** b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme-''ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "The Scorpion and the Dog rise, and the Asterism of Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25),
** c) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulGIR2.TAB, after mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4, before mul''Pa-bil-sag'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (6) Observations of heliacal risings and the direction of the wind:
** ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ''ina u''4-''me'' IGImeš IM ''ša''2 [DU-''ku'' ŠE]Š-''ar''2
** "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu, the Scorpion, on the 15th the Chest of the Scorpion becomes visible; on the day that they become visible, you will observe the wind that [blows]" (II i 32-33).
* (7) A scheme for determining winds by the stars: mulGIR2.TAB - west, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU]]6.
* (8) Astrological predictions: [...] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 GIN MU BI SIG5 "[If ...] of the Scorpion becomes visible and the South wind blows: this year will be good" (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116].
Text BM 77054.

See (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]]. "A large list of stars."

* (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra "Scorpion = Išḫara";
* (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat "Scorpion = ditto(=Išḫara), Tiamat";
* (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab "Heavenly sword = Scorpion";
* (4) 12 stars of Elam: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol, App. B: 34-36, 204] ''Išhara not Ishkhara everywhere??? Yes of courseǃǃǃ''

'''''regarding Text BM 77054: all this is the Great Star List 25<nowiki>''</nowiki>-27<nowiki>''</nowiki> -'''''

'''<nowiki>;</nowiki> see also the list of "7 ''tikpi''-stars" [KAR, 142 i 37].'''
|[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See SAA 10, p. 381; SAA 8, p. 350a, 353].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:31.'''
* mulgir2.tab = d''iš-ḫa-ra tam-tim'' "Scorpius = Išḫara of the sea". [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (M) [mul''na'']-''at-tul-lum'' KIMIN MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' SI mulgir2.tab / [x-x-''t'']''u''2 ''u'' IGI mulUR.IDIM GU "The harness (''ziqpu'' XXVI: υ Boo), or the middle of Libra (β Lib), the horn of the Scorpion (γ Sco = σ Lib) / [...] and the Mad Dog’s eye (γ Lup): a string.
* (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹KIMIN˺ MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' MULme SAG mulGIR2.TAB / [''u''? MURU]B4 ˹mul˺UR.IDIM GU "Šupa (=''ziqpu'' I: α Boo) or the middle of Libra (γ Lib), the stars of Scorpius's head (δ Sco) [and the middle] part of the Mad Dog (η Lup): a string.
* (O) mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 KIMIN mulGABA GIR2.TAB / ˹MUL ''ta''˺-''ri''-''tu''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' GIR3II EGIR ''ša''2 mulUR.IDIM GU "The 2nd star of the Harness (''ziqpu'' II: ε Boo), or the star on the chest of the Scorpion (α Sco), the raised tail of the Scorpion (μ1 Sco) and the hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco): a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:21-25; ASM, 93].

According to [Koch 1992, 58-59], murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' is γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim is Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab is β, δ, π Sco, mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 is π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim is ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco).
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!GUs
|-
|M
|[[File:GU13 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|13th GU, GU (M), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>]]
|-
|N
|[[File:GU14 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|14th GU, GU (N), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|O
|[[File:GU15 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|15th GU, GU (O), in Hoffmann (2022).Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":0" />.]]
|}
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §b.
** a) mulSAG GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's head (δ Sco),
** b) mulSUḪUŠ UM.ME.DA G[IR2.TAB] "the base of the column (straightening muscle?) of the Sco[rpion]" (μ1, μ2 Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §c. [mulGIR2.TAB] "Scorpius"(η Sco), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §d. m[ul]SI ZAG GIR2.TAB "right horn of the Scorpius"(σ Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §f. mulSUḪUŠ EME.DA GIR2.TAB MUL x [x MUL x] ˹GU4˺.ALIM 3 MULmeš(sic) SAG.DU3 "Base of the Scorpion column (μ1 Sco), [...] (γ Oph), [star x] Bison (κ Oph): 3 stars, triangle." [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48-49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Ser[unina Bison]" (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulGIR3 ZAG]? ˹GU4˺.ALIM "[Right leg of] the Bison" (κ Oph).
* §h. mulSAG GIR2.TAB mulŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM ''u'' mulŠullat(PA) [3 MULmeš] GU SI.SA2 DUB2.[BA] 2 DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA mu[lP]A ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "The Scorpion’s head (δ Sco), the Bull’s left paw (Ser d) and Šullat: [3 stars]. A straight tight rope. 2 intervals, interval. [Šul]lat first." [Walker 1995, 36-37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], here instead of mul''Šullat''(pa) should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) "Ḫaniš" (α Cen).
* §j. [mu]l ''zi-qit'' GIR2.TAB mulSAG GU4.ALIM ''u''3 mulPA ˹3˺ [MULmeš ...] ˹2˺ DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA MUL ''zi-q''[''it'' GIR2.TAB x] "Sting of the Scorpion (θ Sco), head of the Bull (η Ser?) and Šullat (β Cen?): 3 [stars ...]. 2 intervals, interval. The sting [of Scorpius ...]." [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy: GIR2'''
See [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; used in the lunar tablets dating back to the late fifth century BC. [Aaboe and Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30-31; 2010].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
(mul)GIR2.TAB is the designation of the constellation and zodiac sign of Scorpius. The four stars of the Scorpius constellation were used as "normal stars," see also (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] below.

'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''

* múlGABA GIR2.TAB ''ka-bi-is'' GABA ''tam-tim'' "'The breast of the Scorpion' that walkes by the 'breast' of the sea." [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. A 3427:'''
* a) ˹TA˺ 5 UŠ ''ar''2 2 MUL2me ''ša''2 SAG múlA EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 múlDILI ''ša''2 múlKUN''-šu''2 [GIR2.TAB] "From (culmination point) 5° behind the 2 stars of the Lion's head to (the culmination point) 5° behind the Single star on its tail: [Scorpius rises]" (anaphora of the zodiac sign Scorpius, determined by the climax of the ziqpu stars),
* b) múlGIR2.TAB TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' .../ 2 UŠ 30 GAR 1''-et'' ḪA.LA ''ša''2 múlGIR2.TAB KUR''-ḫa'' ''ina'' 12 ḪA.LA 1 DANNA 10 UŠ ... "(Sign of the zodiac) Scorpius from its beginning to its end rises [...] / 2° 30' (which is) one (twelfth) part of Scorpius rises. In 12 parts 1 DANNA 10 UŠ [(culminates), and], ''(continued by:)''
* c) TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' PAP 2 DANNA ''ina'' ''ziq-pi i-lak-ma'' [... ] "(Scorpius) from its beginning to its end rises. A total of 2 danna culminates, [...]" <s>(the indicated value of the time of rising of the constellation Scorpius corresponds to the length on the ecliptic 450),</s>
* d) múlGIR2-TAB ''meš-ḫi im-šuḫ'' ZI "Scorpius emits a ''mišḫu'' ..." [Steele 2017, 63-65; earlier Schaumberger 1955, 238-239:1, 15-17, 21; 241].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology, Magic and Calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GIR2.TAB - designation of the 8th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) Lunaria
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab "Scorpius region" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
** (b) BRM IV, 19: the text contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which gir2.tab is the designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 8-''i-tum'' ḫa.la múlgir2.tab ''šum''3-''šu''2 "8th part, its name is Scorpius." [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66],
** (b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu "8th part of Aries — Scorpius of Aries" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18-19]. The division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 4th part is mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Division of the zodiac sign Scorpius into 12 parts: ḫa.la sag''-tu''2 ša múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab "The first part of Scorpius is Scorpius of Scorpius." [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239, A 3427:2], see also Anaphora.
* (4) Zodiacal Astrology. KI múlGIR2.TAB ... "In the region of the Scorpius [was born]: ...she will become a witch, she will be happy? (var.: sinner) ..., a widow." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27].
* (5) Predicting the price of cereal by observing the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. [DIŠ Sin ''ina'' mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-''ma''..."[If the Moon] eclipses [in Scorpius] ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

'''Short form GIR2'''

* (1) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // ''qi''2-''lip''2 GIR2-TAB MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 7 // Scorpius 19 // you anoint (the patient) with peeled-off skin of a scorpion" [SpTU III, 104:7 and also 20, see Wee 2016, 178 fn. 109,]; for a parallel for the month Arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30].
* (2)
|[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
|-
|'''Zodiacal astrology: short form GIR2'''
* KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ''ni-zi''[''q-tu''4]
* "Region close to the Scorpion: death (in) days of wrath" [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'];
|
|}
See also: MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SI mulGIR2.TAB "The star on the horn of Scorpius" [SpTU II, 42:12], and also [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
[[File:Sco CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192735.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GIR2.TAB (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Antares]]
|HIP 80763
|Constellation lines
|0.91
|-
|2
| [[Shaula]]
|HIP 85927
|Constellation lines
|1.63
|-
|3
|[[Sargas]]
|HIP 86228
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.85
|-
|4
|[[Larawag]]
|HIP 82396
|Constellation lines
|2.29
|-
|5
|[[Dschubba]]
|HIP 78401
|Constellation lines
| 2.32
|-
|6
|κ Scorpii
|HIP 86670
|Inside the Hull
|2.386
|-
|7
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.5
|-
|8
|[SC96] Mis 162
|[SC96] Mis 162
|Inside the Hull
|2.51
|-
|9
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.62
|-
|10
|[[Lesath]]
|HIP 85696
| Constellation lines
|2.65
|-
| 11
| [[Paikauhale]]
| HIP 81266
| Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|12
|[[Alniyat]]
|HIP 80112
|Constellation lines
|2.89
|-
|13
|[[Fang]]
|HIP 78265
|Constellation lines
|2.91
|-
|14
|[[Xamidimura]]
|HIP 82514
|Inside the Hull
|2.98
|-
|15
|ι 1 Scorpii
|HIP 87073
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.992
|-
| 16
|[[Fuyue]]
| HIP 87261
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.21
|-
|17
| [[Brachium]]
| HIP 73714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.21
|-
|18
|η Scorpii
|HIP 84143
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.33
|-
|19
|[SC96] Mis 190
|[SC96] Mis 190
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|20
|C 1652-407
|C 1652-407
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|21
|[[Pipirima]]
|HIP 82545
|Constellation lines
|3.542
|-
|22
| υ Librae
|HIP 76470
|Inside the Hull
|3.589
|-
|23
|ζ 2 Scorpii
|HIP 82729
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.62
|-
| 24
|τ Librae
|HIP 76600
|Constellation lines
|3.642
|-
|25
|[[Iklil]]
|HIP 78104
|Inside the Hull
|3.86
|-
|26
|[[Zubenelhakrabi]]
|HIP 76333
|Constellation lines
|3.91
|-
|27
|ω 1 Scorpii
| HIP 78933
|Inside the Hull
|3.97
|-
|28
|[[Jabbah]]
| HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4
|-
|29
|H Sco
|HIP 81304
|Inside the Hull
|4.156
|-
|30
|θ Librae
|HIP 77853
|Inside the Hull
|4.16
|-
|31
|ξ Sco B
|HIP 78727
| Constellation lines
|4.17
|-
|32
|N Sco
|HIP 80911
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|33
|Q Sco
|HIP 86170
|Inside the Hull
| 4.267
|-
|34
|ω 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78990
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
| 35
|[[Jabbah]] A
|HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4.349
|-
|36
|χ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80569
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
| 37
|ω Ophiuchi
| HIP 80975
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|38
|ψ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80343
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|39
|13 Sco
| HIP 79404
|Inside the Hull
|4.568
|-
|40
|ο Scorpii
|HIP 80079
| Inside the Hull
|4.57
|-
|41
|2 Sco
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|42
|37 Lib
|HIP 76219
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.62
|-
|43
|ρ Ophiuchi
| HIP 80473
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|44
| 1 Sco
|HIP 77635
|Inside the Hull
|4.635
|-
|45
|* 2 Sco A
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.71
|-
|46
|κ Librae
|HIP 76880
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 79881
|Inside the Hull
|4.782
|-
|48
|22 Sco
|HIP 80815
|Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
|49
|* ksi Sco B
|HIP 78727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.87
|-
|50
|48 Lib
|HIP 78207
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
| 51
|V1073 Sco
|HIP 83574
| Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|52
|β 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78821
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|53
|42 Lib
|HIP 76742
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 78650
| Inside the Hull
|4.966
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 83336
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|56
|λ Librae
|HIP 77811
|Inside the Hull
|5.027
|-
|57
|* rho Oph A
|HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 79302
|Inside the Hull
|5.102
|-
|59
|36 Lib
|HIP 76259
|Inside the Hull
|5.138
|-
|60
| * ksi Sco A
| HIP 78727
|Constellation lines
|5.16
|-
| 61
|* alf Sco B
|HD 148479
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 82493
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|63
| 41 Lib
|HIP 76628
|Inside the Hull
|5.359
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 77858
|Inside the Hull
|5.372
|-
|65
| -
| HIP 79050
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|66
|[SC96] Mis 382
|[SC96] Mis 382
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
| 67
|* tet Sco B
|HD 159532B
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|68
|M 4
|M 4
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 77859
|Inside the Hull
|5.402
|-
|70
|CD-29 12513B
|HIP 80399
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|71
| η Librae
|HIP 77060
|Inside the Hull
|5.412
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 80390
|Inside the Hull
|5.42
|-
|73
| -
| HIP 78246
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|74
|49 Lib
|HIP 78400
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 82676
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 82135
|Inside the Hull
|5.481
|-
|77
|27 Sco
|HIP 82960
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 79199
|Inside the Hull
|5.497
|-
|79
|ζ 4 Librae
|HIP 76126
|Inside the Hull
|5.499
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 79980
|Inside the Hull
| 5.502
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 74732
|Inside the Hull
|5.506
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 76106
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 86698
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 84551
|Inside the Hull
|5.526
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 84401
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
| 86
|M 19
|M 19
|Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|87
|4 Sco
|HIP 77984
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|88
| ζ 1 Librae
|HIP 75730
| Inside the Hull
|5.626
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 84150
| Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|90
|26 Oph
|HIP 83196
|Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|91
|11 Sco
|HIP 79005
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 82775
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 76532
|Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 80672
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|95
|* 12 Sco A
|HIP 79399
| Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|96
|ζ 3 Librae
|HIP 75944
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 76569
|Inside the Hull
|5.816
|-
|98
|CD-29 12513A
|HR 6106
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
| -
| HIP 78168
| Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 81741
|Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 85889
|Inside the Hull
|5.838
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 74539
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|103
|66 G. Oph
|HIP 83176
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
|104
|3 Sco
|HIP 77909
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 79098
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|106
|Gliese 667 A
| HIP 84709
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|107
|V923 Sco
| HIP 83491
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 83896
| Inside the Hull
|5.911
|-
|109
| -
| HIP 81523
| Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|110
| -
| HIP 85048
|Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 79596
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
| 112
|V929 Sco
|HIP 78877
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 83235
|Inside the Hull
|5.934
|-
| 114
|[SC96] Mis 177
|[SC96] Mis 177
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 84425
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|116
|47 Lib
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|5.957
|-
|117
|[SC96] Mis 213
|[SC96] Mis 213
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 83693
| Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 81992
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 85543
|Inside the Hull
|5.985
|-
|121
| -
| HIP 78665
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 84226
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
| 123
| -
|HIP 81904
|Inside the Hull
| 6.046
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 83100
|Inside the Hull
|6.048
|-
|125
|* 47 Lib A
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 79622
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 78575
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|128
| -
| HIP 80910
| Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 79692
|Inside the Hull
|6.083
|-
|130
| -
| HIP 78726
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|131
| -
| HIP 82691
| Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|132
|36 G. Oph
|HIP 81728
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 77900
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|134
|RR Sco
|HIP 82912
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 78078
|Inside the Hull
| 6.117
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 84489
|Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
|137
| -
| HIP 83706
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|138
|[SC96] Mis 165
|[SC96] Mis 165
|Inside the Hull
|6.14
|-
|139
| -
| HIP 85237
|Inside the Hull
|6.142
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 85839
|Inside the Hull
|6.158
|-
|141
|28 Lib
|HIP 75110
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 142
| -
| HIP 84445
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 75939
| Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
| 144
| -
|HIP 76503
|Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 77985
|Inside the Hull
|6.199
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 77689
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 78699
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 76033
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 149
| -
|HIP 82453
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|150
| V861 Sco
|HIP 82911
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|151
|34 G. Oph
|HIP 81632
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 82783
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 86246
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 78058
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 155
| -
|HIP 84151
|Inside the Hull
|6.285
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 77007
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|157
| -
| HIP 79945
|Inside the Hull
|6.298
|-
|158
|[SC96] Mis 208
|[SC96] Mis 208
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 82554
|Inside the Hull
|6.315
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 78486
|Inside the Hull
|6.317
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 76567
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 78955
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|163
| -
| HIP 82855
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 164
|[SC96] Mis 549
|[SC96] Mis 549
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 165
| -
|HIP 76666
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 78059
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 79031
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 79605
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 82731
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|170
|[SC96] Mis 201
|[SC96] Mis 201
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|171
|V1077 Sco
|HIP 84650
|Inside the Hull
|6.367
|-
|172
| -
|HR 6426
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|173
| V900 Sco
| HIP 82669
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|174
| -
|HIP 77729
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 87042
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 79599
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 85786
|Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 85019
|Inside the Hull
|6.419
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 79788
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 180
| -
|HIP 79203
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 79530
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 84332
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 85020
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|184
| -
|HD 152249
| Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|-
|186
|23 Lib
|HIP 74500
|Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|187
| -
| HIP 80324
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 86098
|Inside the Hull
| 6.463
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 74490
|Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
|190
|[SC96] GC 33
|[SC96] GC 33
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Ishkara, see (Kurtik i15) [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]. The name ''zu''2''-qa''2''-qi''4''-ip'', as a royal name, at the beginning of the post-Flood part of the "Sumerian royal list" relating to Kishu, cf. [Jacobsen 1939, 78-79:10-11].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) Ritual at the lunar eclipse in the month of Kislimu, see (Kurtik u06)[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (2) Hemerology for the 18th of duuzu: ''pad-su ana'' ˹mul˺gir2.tab ''liš-ku-un'' "Let him offer his sacrifice to Scorpius" [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94-95].
* (3) The purifying ritual of the "Exaltation of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [d''iš-ḫa-ra''] "Spell, (constellation) Scorpius, [Ishkhara]". [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58-59;].
* (4) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the deity statue, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (5) The astral-mythological text BM 55466+, where the night sky in the month of Tebetu is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, see (Kurtk u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (6) In astrological geography, Scorpius correlates (a) with Sea Land and Dilmun or Borsippa, (b) with Khursagkalamma, Borsippa [Weidner 1963; Kurtik 2010; Steele 2015].
* (7) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mul]GIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'' d''Ištar'' ''ina qe''2-''reb'' MURUB4 ''e-peš ša''2-''aš''2-''me'' / [...''a'']''š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu'' "Scorpion, Ishkhara, (i.e. The Scorpion Ishtar, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the fight / [...] 'stubborn' (opponents) of yours, let him defeat, let him turn them into ghosts!" [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′-8′].

''Also = Racc Text 213???''

==== Symbol. ====
Scorpion. Early depictions of the scorpion/scorpio-man in Mesopotamian glyptics of the 3rd millennium BC, when it may have already acquired astral significance, see [Kononenko 1997]. [Kononenko 1997] as well as [Kurtik 1998, 36; 2022, ]. For the images on the kudurru see. [Seidl 1968, 156-157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48], for astral images on Hellenistic seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, no. See [AUWE 19, no. 1008-1017; Kurtik 2007, fig. 24, 32]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlGIR2 (designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius) corresponds to G[IR2.TAB] "Sc[orpio]". [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

==== Previous Identification. ====
[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246]

= Scorpius + part of Librae, constellation figure correlated with stars, [Koch 1989, 114-115, Abb. 16 a-b].

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Middle star in the head of Scorpion" (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 ''e ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Upper star of Scorpion's head" (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Lower star of the Scorpion's head" (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 "(God) of Fox" (α Scorpii),

The 4 indicated stars above were used as "normal stars" in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 26-29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab "Claws (lit. Horn) of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN et al.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab "Stars of the Scorpion's head", see GU-text.

(7) gaba gir2.tab "Breasts of the Scorpion", see GU-text, etc.

(8) mul ''ta-ri-tu''2 mulgir2.tab "The raised tail of the Scorpion", see GU-text.

(9) Scorpion's head (δ Sco), see dbn-text.

(10) Base of the Scorpion's column (straightening muscle?) (μ1, μ2 Sco), see dbn-text.

(11) Right claw (lit. horn) of the Scorpion (σ Sco), see dbn-text.

(12) Scorpius's sting, see dbn-text, and also below.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's lips" (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, no. -651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Star with great brilliance on the Scorpion's head" [AD I, 42, no. -651:10-11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB "The middle section of the Scorpion." [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) [...K]UN mulGIR2.TAB "Tail of the Scorpion" [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) ''u''2''-ru-ud'': ''u''2''-ru-uḫ'' mulGIR2.TAB "Throat of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB "Center (lit. Navel) of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB "(2 stars) on the sting of the Scorpion" (λ, υ Scorpii), see MUL.APIN et al, as well as (Kurtik sh05) [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]] and (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

(20) The border of the Scorpion; [...mul]GIR2.TAB ''it-ta-tu-ša''2 MI-''mu'' ... "[...] Scorpion, its border is dark [...]" [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; mulGIR2.TAB: d''Dil-bat'' [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Lisi; cf. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], (Kurtik n25) [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]], II 3.

(3) Scorpion's stinger = Pabilsag; see (Kurtik p04) [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL2.SAG]], VI 4, (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

In [G. 94, IV 2-3] identifications of the Scorpion with Jupiter, Mars and Mercury are suggested, which, as far as we know, is not confirmed by the texts. See, however, below (28).

===== Predictions: =====
(4) General astrological significance; mulGIR2.TAB ''ana'' KI.LAM "Scorpion for (predicting the state of) the market." [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Heliacal risings earlier and later; "The Scorpion rises heliacally in the month of arahsamnu, variant: tebetu; if this star rises early: the king of the country will walk proudly, he will conquer [kings], his enemies; if the star rises late: kings of other countries will start enmity against the king of that country" [BPO 2, IX 9]; see also [ibid., X 19, XI 4-6].

(6) View of the Scorpion’s claws; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-''ša''2 ''zu-᾽-u''2''-ra'' KUR2 ZI-''ma ina'' [gišTUKUL ŠUB-''ut''] "If the claws (lit. horns) of the Scorpion are twisted?: an enemy will appear, but will fall by weapons (in battle)", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-''ša''2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' LUGAL ''a-a-bi-šu''2 Š[U-''su'' KUR-''ad''2] "If the Scorpion’s claws emit rays (lit. carry radiation): the king will strike his enemies with his hand" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346 +:41-42], see also [ARAK, 218:2-4, 547:1-4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ''ana'' UR2-''šu''2 GUR I3 ''ina'' KUR LA2-''ṭi'' "[If the Scorpion, its foreparts] are facing its 'knee': there will be lack of oil" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''zu''-᾽-''u''2-''ra ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' / dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mul''zi-ba-ni-ti'' GUB-''ma'' "If the claws of the Scorpion are twisted? (and) it carries radiation, (it means): the planet stands in Libra." [ACh Ištar, 28:6-7].

(7) The Scorpion is dark; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI ''iš-tan-na-an-na''? "If the Scorpion is dark: the kings of all other countries will become hostile (to Akkad?), variant: the kings of all countries will feud one with another." [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''i-da-tu-ša''2 ''uk-ku-la'' UN.MEŠ ''i-lam-mi-na'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Scorpion’s sides are very dark: people will be bad, (it means): Mars stands in it." [ARAK, 502:14]. See also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 3, and Mercury and Scorpius below.

(8) Star in the head of the Scorpion; ''i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-i-e kak-ka-bu'' / [''ina''] SAG.DU ''ša'' mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 ''it-ti-ti-iz'' GISKIM-''šu''2 ''la i-lap-pa-''[''at''] "This night the star stood in the head of the Scorpion before the moon: this sign does not portend anything (bad)". [ARAK, 98: 7-r. 2]. See also (Kurtik ts06) ''[[Ṣurru]]''.

(9) The Scorpion during its first appearance in the month of kislimu; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra ina'' GIBIL UD.DA-''ša''2 / GA[BA]-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-at'' / SI.ME-''ša''2! ''nin-mu-ra'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL ''ina'' KUR ''i-ḫar-ru-pu'' ... "If the Scorpion, the goddess Ishkhara, at the renewal of her light (i.e. at the heliacal rising?), her breasts have great luster, and her tails become dark, and her claws (literally horns) stand opposite each other: the country will have a season of early rain and flood; locusts will attack and devour the country; cattle will be destroyed and the houses of the herders..." [ARAK, 504: 5-r. 2], parallel: DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra'' / ''ina'' IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''nin-gu-la'' /: ''nen-bu-ṭa'' GABA-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-ti'' ... "If in the month of kislimu, the Scorpion, the goddess Ishara, at its first appearance, its claws (resemble) the month? var.: connected, her breasts have great luster, and her tail is dark: ..." [ARAK, 376 r. 4-10]; see also [ibid., 543:1-7].

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in the Scorpion; observations: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [''ina'' EN!.NUN-UD.ZAL / ''i-sa-kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''i-sa''!-''kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''u''2''-zak-ki'' / ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 ''a-dir'' / ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' / mul''ku-ma-ru'' / ''ša'' mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ''ziq-pu'' / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x] ''i-sa-kan'' "The lunar eclipse occured during the morning watch on the 14th of Simman. The eclipse began in the south (of the lunar disk) and cleared out in the south. Its right side eclipsed. The eclipse took place within the perimeters of the Scorpion constellatoin. The Shoulder of the Demon, with an Open Mouth, culminated. An eclipse (the size of) two fingers occurred." [LABS, 149: 3′-r.6]. (DIŠ) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-''ma'' KA´M[I''-su''] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''2 ŠA3-''ši-na'' ŠUB-''ni ina'' AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) on the 14th day of Siman a (lunar) eclipse occurs and (the Moon) sets (eclipses): pregnant women will miscarry their fetal babies; (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Scorpion" (Late Commentary on EAE) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15-16]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki ''u'' NI.TUKki: ''bar''2-''sipa''2ki "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Scorpion: solution for Sea country and Dilmun, var: Borsippa". [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) The Moon at its first appearance and the Scorpion; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2... "If at its first appearance, the Moon is surrounded by the Scorpion, like a halo: lions and wolves will rage, the means of communication will become unsafe...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (var. ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB) ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion (var.: stinger of the Scorpion) stands in the middle of it (= Moon): floods will come and wash away the dikes...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its shoulder: this year rats will destroy the canes and sesame...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its right horn: this year locusts will attack and devour the country...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its left horn: this year the locusts will attack and devour the country, the king of Akkad and the king (Amurru) will be hostile to each other ...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 GUB KUR ''in-neš-š''[''i''] "If the Scorpion stands in front of it: the country will become weak", DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (var: KI.MIN ''zi-qit-tum'') GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2 ''ina'' MU BI ZI-''ut'' ERIN2-''man-da'' "If the tail (var. stinger) of the Scorpion surrounds (the moon) like a halo: this year Umman-manda (the country) will attack (the country of Akkad)." [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22-28], see also [ARAK, 66 r. 1-4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Lunar halo and the Scorpion; 30 MI ''an-ni-u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-''ma'' NIGIN-''ma a-na'' ˹A.AN˺ [''u''] A.KAL "This night the moon was surrounded by a halo in the Scorpion: (it portends) rain [and] flood". [ARAK, 2:1-2], see also [ibid, 377: 7-r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulGIR2.TAB / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / ''uš-taḫ-ḫa'' NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-''ma'' / A.RA2 KUD.ME "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Scorpion stands in it: entu- priestesses will become pregnant, men, variant: lions will rage and cut the message." [ARAK, 307:1-5], see also [ibid., 147 r. 2-4, 480: 7- r. 1].

(13) The Sun and the Scorpion; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB [...] "If the Sun sets and the Scorpion stands in its place [...]" [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Jupiter and the head of the Scorpion; see (Kurtik s04) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 31.

(15) Jupiter and the Scorpion in the lunar halo; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

(16) Rising of Venus, the Moon, the Scorpion and Gemini; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGUD d''Sin u'' mulGIR2.TAB IGI-''ma'' IGI-''it'' MUL [...] / ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.IN ...d''Ni-ri''... "If Venus (rises) in the month of Ayar, (and before that) the Moon, the Scorpion, the opposite asterism, [...] and Gemini are visible, variant: (opposite) the Yoke...: there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Rising of the Venus in the Scorpion; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAPIN KUR-''ḫa ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-''ma'' NU SIG5 "If Venus rises in the month of arahsamnu — it rises in the Scorpion, this is unfavorable" [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , see also [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Venus, the Moon and Lugalirra in the Scorpion; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin ''u'' d''Lugal''-GIR3-''ra ina'' iti''Še-er''-[''e-re-ši ina birīt'' SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ''ina'' [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 d''Sin u''] dLugal-GIR3''-ra'' / ''ina'' SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' IN.U ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If in the month of the plowing of the furrow, Venus (during its appearance), the Moon and Lugalirra, in between the claws of the Scorpion, are visible and within it? and Venus, the Moon, and Lugalirra are coming out of its right claw: there will be famine, famine of barley and straw in the land." [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], for a parallel see. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Venus enters into the perimeters of the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ma'' BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki ... "If Venus enters into the Scorpion: there will be famine in the country; if in the east, bad for Elam; if in the west, bad for Akkad ..." [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Venus approaches the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' mulGIR2.TAB TE-''ḫi'' ... "If Venus comes close to the Scorpion: unfavorable winds will blow in the country; Adad will send rain, and Ea will send spring to the country of Guti." [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. See also [ibid., 55:3-8].

(21) Mercury in Scorpion; see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], V 10.

(22) Saturn, Libra and Scorpion; see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]],

(23) Mars approaching Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 32.

(24) Asterism of Elam = Mars in Scorpius; see (Kurtik n20) [[NIM.MA]], II 3.

(25) Mars and Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 34.

(26) The Plough(=Mars) and Scorpion; see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 8.

(27) Planets and the Scorpion; three versions of protasis: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands in the middle of Scorpius", DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands before Scorpius" and DIŠ mulUDU. IDIM ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE "If a planet faces Scorpius" have the same apodosis: ina MU BI A.ANmeš ''u'' A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš "rain and flood will wash away (roads) this year" [TU, 16 r. 16-18; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a].

(28) The Scorpion (= Mars?) approaches the Moon; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ''ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If Scorpius comes close, upfront the Moon, and stands there: the reign of the king will be long; the enemy will attack, but will be defeated" [ARAK, 430:1-5], see also [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9-14].

(29) Baltesha and the Scorpion; see (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], V 3.

(30) Shooting stars and the Scorpion; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-''ma'' EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ''ina'' ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' "If a star flashes from within the middle portion of the Scorpion and moves to the limits of Amurru: there will be rain this month", DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 2 A. ANme ŠURme "If 2 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain twice this month", DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme "If 3 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain three times this month. [Stev. O.T., 232:13-15], autograph [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15-17].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik g17 GIR2
!
|-
|
==== GIR2 ====
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион»; обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах чаще без детерминатива [G. 91].
I. Источники.

Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрономия, астрология и календарь. (1) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт для изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-tim MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 7 // Скорпион 190 // Все что угодно намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:7, а также 20]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30]. (2) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ni-zi[q-tu4] «Область Скорпиона: смерть (в) дни гнева» [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
|
|-
!Kurtik g19 GIR2.TAB
!
|-
|
==== GIR2.TAB ====
|
|-
|= zuqaqīpu «Скорпион»; созвездие, соответствующее Скорпиону (Scorpius) [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulgir2.tab = zu-qi-qi-pu [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [zu]-qa-qi-pi [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:285ʹ]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. а33AN.TA.GUB; в новоассирийских параллелях: Sm. 1113:9′ — dzu-qa-qi2-p[u…], Sm. 162 rev. 7 — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 151–154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul ša egir-šu gub-zu / mulgir2.tab dIš-ḫa-ra «Созвездие, которое после нее (т.е. после Венеры) стоит, (это) Скорпион, Ишхара» (B ii 6–7); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 2]; b) mul … ana igi mulgir2.tab, см. z10Zibānītum. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin] … mulgir2.tab šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц арахсамну: … Скорпион (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — арахсамну, заход — айяру [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. u21UR.IDIM. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану: mulGIR2.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-at AN KI «Скорпион // 70 // Богиня неба (и) земли» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:23]. BM 34713. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:9], см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1,10 «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, 70» [CT 33, 11]. K.14943+: mulgir2.tab «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, [70]» [CT 33, 12]; см. также mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 7): mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9–9a, III 8a–b, 11c–d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4–6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13–15, Pl. XVII 15–17]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra a-na KI.LAM ša-am-ni da-˹ma˺-[qi] «Звезда, которая стоит после нее (т.е. Иштар), Скорпион, Ишхара. Благоприятно для торговли маслом» (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB «Весы, рог Скорпиона» (I ii 11). (2) Звезды Эа (№ 10): a) mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad2-me «Скорпион, Ишхара, богиня всех обитаемых регионов» (I ii 29), b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB dLi9-si4 dAG «Грудь Cкорпиона: Лиси, Набу» (I ii 30), (c) 2 MULmeš ša2 ina zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-zu / dŠar2-ur u Šar2-gaz «Две звезды, которые стоят на жале Скорпиона: Шарур и Шаргаз» (I ii 31–32). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: а) ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI «5-го арахсамну Скорпион становится видимым» (I iii 3), b) ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 u mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); о совместном восходе muluz3 и mulgir2.tab см. также BM 55466+, u31UZ3. (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 13–14), см. m35MUL.MUL, b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Собака восходят, и Звезда Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25), c) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGIR2.TAB, после mulZi-ba-ni-tu4, перед mulPa-bil-sag (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ina u4-me IGImeš IM ša2 [DU-ku ŠE]Š-ar2 «5-го арахсамну Скорпион, 15-го Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны; в день, когда они становятся видны, ты наблюдаешь ветер, который [дует]» (II i 32–33). (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulGIR2.TAB — запад, см. k24KU6. (8) Астрологические предсказания: […] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 «[Если …] Скорпион становится виден и южный ветер дует: этот год будет благоприятным» (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 350a, 353]. Текст BM 77054. См. m35MUL.MUL. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra «Скорпион = Ишхара»; (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat «Скорпион = ditto(=Ишхара), Тиамат»; (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab «Небесный меч = Скорпион»; (4) 12 звезд Элама: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 34–36, 204]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:31. mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra tam-tim «Скорпион = Ишхара моря» [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum kimin murub4 mulzi-ba-nit si mulgir2.tab / [x-x-t]u2 u igi mulur.idim gu «Упряжь (ziqpu XXVI: υ Boo), или середина Весов (β Lib), рог Скорпиона (γ Sco = σ Lib) / […] и глаз Бешеного Пса (γ Lup): веревка». (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulzi-ba-nit mul.me sag mulgir2.tab / [u? muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim gu «Шупа (=ziqpu I: α Boo) или середина Весов (γ Lib), звезды головы Скорпиона (δ Sco) [и средняя] часть Бешеного Пса (η Lup): веревка». (O) mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 kimin mul gaba gir2.tab / ˹mul ta˺-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab u gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim gu «2-я звезда Упряжи (ziqpu II: ε Boo), или звезда на груди Скорпиона (α Sco), поднятый хвост Скорпиона (μ1 Sco) и задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:21–25; ASM, 93]. Согласно [Koch 1992, 58–59], murub4 mulzi-ba-nit — γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim — Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab — β, δ, π Sco, mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 — π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim — ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco). Dalbanna-текст. §b. a) mulsag gir2.tab «голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), b) mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab] «основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Ско[рпиона]» (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §c. [mulgir2.tab] «Скорпион»(η Sco), см. L07LI4.SI9. §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab «правый рог Скорпиона» (σ Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 «Основание колонны Скорпиона (μ1 Sco), […] (γ Oph), [звезда x] Зубра (κ Oph): 3 звезды, треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48–49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph). §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] «Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), левая рука Быка (Ser d) и Шуллат: [3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. [Шул]лат первый.» [Walker 1995, 36–37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь вместо mulŠullat(pa) должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) «Ханиш» (α Cen). §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš …] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul zi-q[it gir2.tab x x] «Жало Скорпиона (θ Sco), голова Быка (η Ser?) и Шуллат (β Cen?): 3 [звезды …]. 2 интервала, интервал. Жал[о Скорпиона …].» [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109]. «Дневники наблюдений». (mul)GIR2.TAB — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Скорпион. Четыре звезды созвездия Скорпион использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. múlgaba gir2.tab ka-bi-is gaba tam-tim «“Грудь Скорпиона”, что идет по “груди” моря» [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313]. Анафора. A 3427: a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ša2 múlkun-šu2 [gir2.tab] «От (кульминации точки) 50 после 2 звезд головы Льва до (кульминации точки) 50 после Отдельной звезды на его хвосте: [Скорпион]» (анафора знака зодиака Скорпион, определенная по кульминациям ziqpu-звезд), b) múlgir2.tab ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa …/ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1-et ḫa.la ša2 múlgir2.tab kur-ḫa ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ … «(Знак зодиака) Скорпион от его начала до его конца восходит […] / (за) 2030' одна (двенадцатая) часть Скорпиона восходит, 12 частей (за промежуток) 1 danna 10 UŠ (восходят) […], c) ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa napḫar 2 danna ina ziq-pi i-lak-ma […] «(Созвездие Скорпион) от его начала до его конца восходит, всего за (промежуток) 2 danna, (измеренный) по прохождениям ziqpu-звезд […]» (указанное значение времени восхода созвездия Скорпион соответствует протяженности на эклиптике 450), d) múlgir2.tab meš-ḫi im-šuḫ ZI «Скорпион испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:1, 15–17, 21; 241]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GIR2.TAB — обозначение 8-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab «Область Скорпиона» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. b) BRM IV, 19: текст содержит зодиакальную схему, известную под названием «додекатемория», в которой gir2.tab — обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион [Ungnad 1941–44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 8-i-tum ḫa.la múlgir2.tab šum3-šu2 «8-я часть, ее имя Скорпион» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu «8-я часть Овна — Скорпион Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18–19]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 4-я часть — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Подразделение знака зодиака Скорпион на 12 частей: ḫa.la sag-tu2 ša2 múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [šum3-šu2]? «Первая часть Скорпиона, [ее имя] Скорпион» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239, A 3427:2], см. также «Анафора». (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2.TAB … «В области Скорпиона [родилась]: …она будет ведьмой, она будет счастлива? (вар.: грешница) …, вдова» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. [DIŠ Sin ina mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-ma…»[Если Луна] затмилась [в Скорпионе] …» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: MUL ša2 ina SI mulGIR2.TAB «Звезда на роге Скорпиона» [SpTU II, 42:12], а также [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

II. Божество.

Ишхара, см. i15dIšḫara. Имя zu2-qa2-qi4-ip, как царское имя, в начале послепотопной части «Шумерского царского списка», относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 78–79:10–11]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал при лунном затмении в месяце кислиму, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (2) Гемерология на 18-е дуузу: pad-su ana ˹mul˺gir2.tab liš-ku-un «Жертвоприношение свое Скорпиону пусть он принесет» [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94–95]. (3) Очистительный ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [diš-ḫa-ra] «Заклинание, (созвездие) Скорпион, [Ишхара]» [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58–59;]. (4) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k24KU6. (5) Астрально-мифологический текст BM 55466+, где ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, см. u31UZ. (6) В астрологической географии Скорпион соотносится: a) c Морской страной и Дильмуном или Борсиппой, b) c Хурсагкаламмой, Борсиппой [Weidner 1963; Куртик 2010; Steele 2015]. (7) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mul]GIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra dIštar ina qe2-reb MURUB4 e-peš ša2-aš2-me / […a]š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu «Скорпион, Ишхара, (т.е.) Иштар, посредине битвы, учиняя схватку / […] ‘упорных’ (противников) твоих пусть одолеет, в призраки пусть обратит!» [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′–8′].

III. Символ.

Скорпион. Ранние изображения скорпиона/скорпионочеловека в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э., когда он, возможно, уже приобрел астральное значение, см. [Кононенко 1997], а также [Куртик 1998, 36; 2022, ]. Изображения на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 156–157; Куртик 2007, рис. 48], астральные изображения на эллинистических печатях из Урука см. [AUWE 19, No. 1008–1017; Куртик 2007, рис. 24, 32]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlGIR2 (обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион) соответствует G[IR2.TAB] «Ск[орпион]» [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

IV. Отождествление.

= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246].

= Scorpius + часть Librae, фигура созвездия, соотнесенная со звездами, [Koch 1989, 114–115, Abb. 16 a–b].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Верхняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Нижняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 «(Бог) Лиси» (α Scorpii),

4 указанные звезды в «Дневниках наблюдений» использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, No. 26–29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab «Клешни (букв. Рог) Скорпиона», см. GU-текст, MUL.APIN и др.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab «Звезды головы Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(7) gaba gir2.tab «Грудь Скорпиона», см. GU-текст и др.

(8) mul ta-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab «Поднятый хвост Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(9) Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(10) Основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Скорпиона (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(11) Правая клешня (букв. рог) Скорпиона (σ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(12) Жало Скорпиона, см. dbn-текст, а также ниже.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB «Губа Скорпиона» (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, No. –651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском на голове Скорпиона» [AD I, 42, No. –651:10–11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB «Середина Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) […K]UN mulGIR2.TAB «Хвост Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) u2-ru-ud: u2-ru-uḫ mulGIR2.TAB «Горло Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB «Центр (букв. Пуп) Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB «(2 звезды) на жале Скорпиона» (λ, υ Scorpii), см. MUL.APIN и др., а также sh05ŠAR2.GAZ и sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

(20) Граница Скорпиона; […mul]GIR2.TAB it-ta-tu-ša2 MI-mu … «[…] Скорпион, граница его темная […]» [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; mulGIR2.TAB: dDil-bat [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Лиси; см. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], n25NIM.MA(ki), II 3.

(3) Жало Скорпиона = Пабилсаг; см. p04dPA.BIL2.SAG, VI 4, sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

В [G. 94, IV 2–3] предполагаются отождествления Скорпиона с Юпитером, Марсом и Меркурием, что, насколько нам известно, текстами не подтверждается. См., однако, ниже (28).

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(4) Общее астрологическое значение; mulGIR2.TAB ana KI.LAM «Скорпион для (предсказания состояния) рынка» [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже; «Скорпион восходит гелиакически в месяце арахсамну, вариант: тебету; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь той страны будет ходить гордо, он покорит [царей], своих врагов; если звезда восходит поздно: цари всех стран начнут враждовать против царя той страны» [BPO 2, IX 9]; см. также [ibid., X 19, XI 4–6].

(6) Вид клешней Скорпиона; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra KUR2 ZI-ma ina [gišTUKUL ŠUB-ut] «Если клешни (букв. рога) Скорпиона скручены?: враг появится, но падет от оружия (в битве)», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-ša2 ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a LUGAL a-a-bi-šu2 Š[U-su KUR-ad2] «Если Скорпион, клешни его, испускают лучи (букв. несут излучение): царь ру[кой своей поразит] своих врагов» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:41–42], см. также [ARAK, 218:2–4, 547:1–4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ana UR2-šu2 GUR I3 ina KUR LA2-ṭi «[Если Скорпион, передние части] его, обращены к его «колену»: в стране будет недостаток масла» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a / dUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulzi-ba-ni-ti GUB-ma «Если клешни Скорпиона скручены? (и) несут излучение, (это означает): планета в Весах стоит» [ACh Ištar, 28:6–7].

(7) Скорпион темный; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB a-dir LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI iš-tan-na-an-na? «Если Скорпион темный: цари всех стран станут враждебны (Аккаду?), вариант: цари всех стран будут враждовать друг с другом» [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB i-da-tu-ša2 uk-ku-la UN.MEŠ i-lam-mi-na dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-ma «Если стороны Скорпиона очень темные: людям будет плохо, (это означает): Марс стоит в нем» [ARAK, 502:14]. См. также z10Zibānītum, VI 3, а также ниже «Меркурий и Скорпион».

(8) Звезда в голове Скорпиона; i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-e kak-ka-bu / [ina] SAG.DU ša mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 it-ti-ti-iz GISKIM-šu2 la i-lap-pa-[at] «Этой ночью звезда стояла в голове Скорпиона впереди Луны: знак этот не предвещает ничего (плохого)» [ARAK, 98: 7–r. 2]. См. также ts06Ṣurru.

(9) Скорпион при его первом появлении в месяце кислиму; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra ina GIBIL UD.DA-ša2 / GA[BA]-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-at / SI.ME-ša2! nin-mu-ra / A.AN u A.KAL ina KUR i-ḫar-ru-pu … «Если Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при обновлении ее света (т.е. при гелиакическом восходе?), грудь ее имеет большой блеск, хвост ее темный, клешни ее (букв. рога) напротив друг друга: дождь и наводнение в стране будут ранними; саранча нападет и пожрет страну; гибель скота и жилищ скотоводов…» [ARAK, 504: 5–r. 2], параллель: DIŠ ina itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra / ina IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-ša2 nin-gu-la /: nen-bu-ṭa GABA-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-ti … «Если в месяце кислиму Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при своей первой видимости, клешни ее (напоминают) месяц?, вар.: связаны, грудь ее имеет большой блеск, ее хвост темный: …» [ARAK, 376 r. 4–10]; см. также [ibid., 543:1–7].

(10) Затмение Луны в Скорпионе; наблюдение: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [ina EN!.NUN—UD.ZAL / i-sa-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU i-sa!-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU u2-zak-ki / ina ZAG-šu2 a-dir / ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir / mulku-ma-ru / ša mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ziq-pu / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x x] i-sa-kan «14-го симану произошло лунное затмение в утреннюю стражу. Оно началось на юге (лунного диска) и прояснилось на юге. Его правая сторона затмилась. Затмение имело место в области созвездия Скорпион. Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминировало. Затмение (величиной) 2 пальца произошло» [LABS, 149: 3′–r.6]. (DIŠ) ina itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-ma KA´M[I-su] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša2 ŠA3-ši-na ŠUB-ni ina AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) в месяце симану в 14-й день происходит (лунное) затмение и (Луна) заходит (затмившейся): беременные женщины будут выкидывать своих внутриутробных младенцев; (это означает): затмение произошло в Скорпионе» (поздний комментарий к ЕАЕ) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15–16]. DIŠ ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki u NI.TUKki: bar2-sipa2ki «Если (Луна) в пределах Скорпиона затмилась: решение для Морской страны и Дильмуна, вар.: Борсиппы» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) Луна при ее первом появлении и Скорпион; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2… «Если при своем появлении Луна окружена Скорпионом, подобно гало: львы и волки будут неистовствовать, пути сообщения станут небезопасными …», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (вар.: zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB) ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион (вар.: жало Скорпиона) в середине ее (= Луны) стоит: придет половодье и размоет дамбы…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее плече стоит: в этом году крысы уничтожат тростник и сезам…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее правом роге стоит: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB… «Если Скорпион стоит на ее левом роге: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну, царь Аккада и царь (Амурру) будут враждебны друг другу…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina IGI-šu2 GUB KUR in-neš-š[i] «Если Скорпион впереди ее стоит: страна ослабеет», DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (вар: KI.MIN zi-qit-tum) GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2 ina MU BI ZI-ut ERIN2-man-da «Если хвост (вар.: жало) Скорпиона окружает (Луну) подобно гало: в этом году нападение (страны) Умман-манда (на страну Аккад)» [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22–28], см. также [ARAK, 66 r. 1–4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Лунное гало и Скорпион; 30 MI an-ni-u2 ina ŠA3-bi mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-ma NIGIN-ma a-na ˹A.AN˺ [u] A.KAL «Этой ночью Луна была окружена гало в Скорпионе: (это предвещает) дождь [и] наводнение» [ARAK, 2:1–2], см. также [ibid., 377: 7–r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulGIR2.TAB / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / uš-taḫ-ḫa-a NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-ma / A.RA2 KUD.ME «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем стоит Скорпион: entu-жрицы будут беременеть, мужчины, вариант: львы будут беситься и перережут сообщение» [ARAK, 307:1–5], см. также [ibid., 147 r. 2–4, 480: 7– r. 1].

(13) Солнце и Скорпион; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB […] «Если Солнце заходит и на его месте Скорпион стоит […]» [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Юпитер и голова Скорпиона; см. s04SAG.ME.GAR, III 31.

(15) Юпитер и Скорпион в лунном гало; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR

(16) Восход Венеры, Луна, Скорпион и Близнецы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGUD dSin u mulGIR2.TAB IGI-ma IGI-it MUL […] / u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN … dNi-ri… «Если Венера (восходит) в месяце айяру, (при этом) видны Луна и Скорпион и напротив звезда […] и Близнецы, вариант: (напротив) Ярмо …: в стране будет голод» [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Восход Венеры в Скорпионе; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAPIN KUR-ḫa ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma NU SIG5 «Если Венера восходит в месяце арахсамну — она восходит в Скорпионе, она неблагоприятная» [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , см. также [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Венера, Луна и Лугальирра в Скорпионе; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin u dLugal-GIR3-ra ina itiŠe-er-[e-re-ši ina birīt SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ina [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 dSin u] dLugal-GIR3-ra / ina SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE u IN.NU ina KUR GAL2 «Если в месяц Вспахивания борозды Венера (при своем появлении), Луна и Лугальирра между клешнями Скорпиона видны и внутри него? Венера, Луна и Лугальирра выходят из его правой клешни: будет голод на ячмень и солому в стране» [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], параллель см. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Венера входит в область Скорпиона; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2-ma BE-ma ina dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki … «Если Венера входит в пределы Скорпиона: в стране будет голод, если на востоке, плохо для Элама, если на западе, плохо для Аккада …» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Венера приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na mulGIR2.TAB TE-ḫi … «Если Венера подходит близко к Скорпиону: неблагоприятные ветры будут дуть в стране; Адад пошлет дожди, а Эа — свои источники в страну Гутиев» [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. См. также [ibid., 55:3–8].

(21) Меркурий в Скорпионе; см. g34GU4.UD, V 10.

(22) Сатурн, Весы и Скорпион; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ,

(23) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 32.

(24) Звезда Элама = Марс в Скорпионе; см. n20NIM.MA, II 3.

(25) Марс и Скорпион; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 34.

(26) Плуг(=Марс) и Скорпион; см. a43gišAPIN, VI 8.

(27) Планета и Скорпион; три варианта протасиса: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета в середине Скорпиона стоит», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета перед Скорпионом стоит» и DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulGIR2.TAB TE «Если планета к Скорпиону приближается» имеют одинаковый аподосис: ina MU BI A.ANmeš u A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš «в этом году дожди и наводнения (дороги) размоют» [TU, 16 r. 16–18; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a].

(28) Скорпион (= Марс?) приближается к Луне; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz … «Если Скорпион подходит близко в передней части Луны и стоит там: правление царя будет долгим; враг атакует, но будет побежден» [ARAK, 430:1–5], см. также [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9–14].

(29) Балтеша и Скорпион; см. b03BAL.TEŠ2.A, V 3.

(30) Падающие звезды и Скорпион; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ina ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-nun «Если звезда из середины Скорпиона вспыхивает и перемещается до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет дождь», DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 2 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 2 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 2 дождя», DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 3 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 3 дождя» [Stev. O.T., 232:13–15], автография [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15–17].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, z12)
|
|-
|
==== mul''Zuqaqīpu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион», в основном в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII, см. g19GIR2.TAB.
|
|}
== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sco]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

GIR2.AN.NA

2026-06-26T14:20:24Z

HermannHunger: /* Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIR2.AN.NA}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
mulGIR2.AN.NA (𒀯𒄈𒀭𒈾) is a name for the asterism best known as mul[[GIR2.TAB|gir2.tab]] = ''zuqaqīpu,'' 'The Scorpion' (Scorpio) in Ancient Mesopotamia. The most common meaning of Sumerian GIR2 is that of a sharp implement, 'knife, dagger, sword,' but the lexical tradition also gives GIR2 on its own as an abbreviation of Sumerian gir2.tab = ''zuqaqīpu'' allowing for two alternative understandings of the name: 'Sword of Heaven,' and 'Scorpion of Heaven.'

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Lit. "Heavenly sword", an epithet of Scorpius [G. 93], but also see CAD Z 163 for gir2 = ''zuqaqīpu.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Spells against the Scorpion:'''
* mul.mul gir2.an.na "the Star Cluster, the Heavenly Sword"
* mulgir2.a[n.na] "the Hea[venly] Sword" [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:21, 133; Svyat.-Tetv. 1998, 249].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab "Heavenly Sword = Scorpius" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:36].
|
|-
|'''Dilbat Tablet.'''
* mulgir2.an.na = Venus in the month Kislimu, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, g18)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|букв. «Небесный меч», эпитет Скорпиона [G. 93].
I. Источники.

Заклинания от скорпиона. mul.mul gir2.an.na «Звезды, Небесный меч», mulgir2.a[n.na] «Не[бесный] меч» [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:21, 133; Свят.-Четв. 1998, 249]. «Большой список звезд». mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab «Небесный меч = Скорпион» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:36]. Таблица Дилбат. Небесный меч ― Венера в месяце кислиму, см. d06Dilbat.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Sco]] [[Category:4work]]

GILIM.MA

2026-06-26T14:16:43Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Venus mnras hoffmannVogt2019.jpeg|thumb|planet Venus next to the Pleiades; it is clearly visible in the photograph that rays and "horns" depend on the brightness of the source (Venus has them in a dirty and gloomy atmosphere, the stars don't), photographs by Susanne M Hoffmann April 2020.]]
mulGILIM (𒀯𒄃𒈠) is a Sumerian asterism name equated with mul[[AB.SIN|AB.SÍN]], 'The Furrow' in the Great Star List, in this context perhaps a name for Venus. The most common sense the Sumerian term is Akkadian ''parāku,'' 'to lie across,' which occurs in the context of other planets, and the Sun and Moon (CAD P 154-155)''.'' This sense of ''parāku'' in the context of the 'The Furrow'-asterism could refer to the meaning of ''parāku,'' <nowiki>''</nowiki>to furrow or cross-plow a field' (CAD P 158), with perhaps reference to the 'V'-shaped ears of grain of the drawing of mul[[AB.SIN|AB.SÍN]] on VAT 7847+AO 6488 (Weidner 1967, TAFEL 10, Beaulieu et al. 2018 99 bottom image) which lie across the front of the human figure in the drawing.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The resumption of the sign's-reading with final M (GILIM.MA) insures the reading GILIM in this star-name but the reading GIB/GILIB for the same sign allows for readings GIB/GILIB in other contexts.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
* DIŠ MUL GILIM.MA ''ina'' ŠA3 30 GUB / AN.MI SU.BIR4 GAR-''an''
** "If the Star of Destruction stands within the Moon: there will be an eclipse of Subartu" [SAA 8, 399:1-2].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellanea."'''
* mulgilim = MIN (mulab.sin2)
** Here GILIM is a by-name for 'The Furrow' (in the context of Venus) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:42].
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, g16)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар: mulGILIM; = gilimmu(?) «(Звезда) Разрушение», по другой версии, «Связка тростника»; эпитет Венеры (?) [G. 84, 227].
I. Источники.

«Рапорты». DIŠ mulGILIM.MA ina ŠA3 30 GUB / AN.MI SU.BIR4 GAR-an «Если (Звезда)-Разрушение стоит внутри Луны: будет затмение Субарту» [ARAK, 399:1–2]. «Большой список звезд». mulgilim = min(= mulab.sin2) «Связка Тростника = ditto (Борозда, как эпитет Венеры)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:42].
|'''G. 84 mulGIB.BA (is obsolete)'''
Nur die Stelle Rep.245 Vs 1: Wenn das Gestirn GIB.BA im Mondes steht, wird eine Verwirrung in Subartu stattfinden.
s. mulKIL2.

'''G. 227 mulKIL2'''

Beiname der ABSIN2 : K250 I 12
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

GIG

2026-06-26T14:07:23Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
The Sumerian term GIG (𒈪𒉭) is identified with Mars: literally 'disease., reflecting Mars' malefic nature. The standard Akkadian is the name for Mars [[Ṣalbatānu|d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'']] (Kurtik ts02).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
* MUL GIG = ''kakkab''(MUL) ''šib-ṭi'' <''u''> ''mūtāni''(NAM.BAD)meš = MIN(=d''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu'']),
* "Star of Disease = Star of Plague and Death = Mars". [Urgud B VI, MSL XI, 40:38; Reynolds 1998, 349, 353];
* partially parallel to: [d''ṣal-bat-a-nu''] ''a-na mu-ta-ni qa-bi'' "[Mars] is said, for (predicting) death." [SAA 8, 114:3].

{{Template:Mars}}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g14)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|название Марса; только в Ḫg. B VI: mulgig = kakkab(MUL) šib-ṭi <nowiki> mūtāni(NAM.BAD)</nowiki>meš = MIN(=dṣal-[bat-a-nu]) «Звезда Болезнь = Звезда чумы и смертей = Марс» [MSL XI, 40:38; Reynolds 1998, 349, 353]; частичная параллель: [dṣal-bat-a-nu] a-na mu-ta-ni qa-bi «[Марс], так говорят, для (предсказания) смерти» [ARAK, 114:3].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]

GU2.ḪAL

2026-06-24T19:18:42Z

HermannHunger: /* Historical Dictionaries */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GU2.ḪAL}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulGU2.ḪAL (𒀯𒄘𒄬) is an ancient Mesopotamian term, probably an epithet of a planet.

__FORCETOC__

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

= ''ur᾽udu''(''m'') "(Star) Throat"(?) [AHw, 1436];

only in astrological predictions in the EAE series:

* DIŠ ''a-na'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 mulGU2.ḪAL TU IGI [...]
* "If the (Star)-Throat? enters the Field (and) becomes visible..." [ACh Suppl., 47:5; G. 80];
* mulGU2.ḪAL,<ref>Kurtik reads GU2.TAR, but GU2.TAR in NSAM 2, 82 is a misprint; Virolleaud's copy in Suppl. 47:5 has GU2.HAL, and the British Museum's photo confirms this. </ref> according to [NSAM 2, 82, note 272]. Probably an epithet of one of the planets (Mars?).
*
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, g29)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= ur᾽udu(m) «(Звезда) Горло»(?) [AHw, 1436]; только в астрологическом предсказании в серии ЕАЕ: DIŠ a-na ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 mulGU2.ḪAL TU IGI […] «Если (Звезда)-Горло? в Поле входит (и) становится видна…» [ACh Suppl., 47:5; G. 80]; mulGU2.TAR, согласно [NSAM 2, 82, note 272]. Вероятно, эпитет одной из планет (Марс?).
|
|}

== References ==
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Solar System]] [[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]
<references />

GU4.UD

2026-06-16T19:14:20Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: GU4.UD}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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mul/dGU4.UD (𒀯𒄞𒌓), 'The Bull of the Sun' (GU4 = bull, UD/UTU for the Sun-god dutu = Akkadian ''Šamaš''), is the standard Sumerian name for the planet Mercury. More often the name occurs in the longer formula mul/d[[UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD]]. A standard Akkadian equivalent is ''šiḫṭu'', with reference to Sunrise and so Mercury as a morning-star (see CAD ŠII 416-417).
{{Template:Mercury}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Var. readings and signs:

* mul/dGU4.UTU, mul/dGUD.UD, mul/dGU3.UD; = ''šiḫṭu'',
* Sum(erian). lit. "Bull of the Sun," Akk. "Jump"; a common name for Mercury, fixing the peculiarities of its motion relative to the Sun [G. 79].

The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the Babylonian name for Mercury:

*Σεχέζ. τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ ἀστήρ. Βαβυλώνιοι. "Sehes: the star of Hermes: the Babylonians." [TLG 4085-003 Σ 469], derived probably from the Akkadian ''šiḫṭu''.

See also

* (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UD]],
* (Kurtik g31) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4]],
* (Kurtik L16) [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]],
* (Kurtik m47) ''[[Muštarīlu]]'',
* (Kurtik n43)[[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]],
* (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]],
* (Kurtik u08)[[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* mulUDU.BAD = ''bi-ib-bi'' = dGU4.UD "Wild sheep = Mercury" [MSL XI, 40:42].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [BPO 2, III 7c, 29a, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 244:46; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU I, 90:1; SpTU V, 264:16ʹ, r. 3, 7].
|
|-
|'''New Year's ritual in Babylon.'''
*múlgu4.ud ''mu-ša''2-''az-nin zunni''(šeg3) "Mercury, (abundantly) pouring rain." [RAcc. 138:306; Linssen 2004, 220:306];
**Parallel: dgu4.ud...''mu-šab-šu-u''2 ''zunni''(šeg3) ''u mīli''(a.kal) "Mercury ... providing for rains and floods" [Lambert 1957-59, 386:7], see also (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
|
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See [SAA 10, 380-381; SAA 8, 352].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
*(1) The character of astrological impact.
**(a) DIŠ dGU4.UD ''qar-da-at''2 ''e-tel-let e-mu-qan pu-ug-lu'' "If Mercury (appears): (this sign is) heroic, noble; (it is characterized by) great dignity."
**(b) KI dGU4.UD ''e-tel-liš'' DU.DU E2.MEŠ ŠEŠ.MEŠ-''šu''2 BAD-''el'' "(If) the region of Mercury: he will tread proudly, over his household, his brothers will rule. [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 2, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b, 324-325].
***Parallel: LU2.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' dGU4.UD ''qar-da-at e-tel-le-et e-mu-qan pu-ug-lu'' "If a child is born when Mercury comes forward (i.e. the heliacal rising of Mercury takes place): (he will be) brave, noble; . [TCL 6, 14 obv. 31; Sachs 1952, 66].
*(2) "Hypsoma.
**(a) dgu4.ud ''ina qaq-qar'' mulab.sin2 ''u''2-''šar-ši-du bīt''(E2) ''ni-ṣir-ti-šu''2 ''u''3 muluga ''kakkab'' dadad ''ik-šu-du ḫar-ra-an'' dšamši "Mercury, within the region of the Furrow (=Virgo), has firmly established his house niṣirti, and the Raven, the asterism of Adad, reaches the path of the Sun." [Weidner 1967, 11, K 3753:5-6].
** (b) According to E. Weidner, Tablet AO 6448 represents Mercury when it is in its hypsoma; depicted from left to right: on the tail of the serpent bird (inscription: mulu[g]amušen "Raven"), an eight-pointed star (inscription: dgu4.ud "Mercury"), a standing female figure with a spike in her hand (inscription: ˹mulab.sin2˺ "Furrow" = Virgo) [Weidner 1927, 73, Taf. V; TU, 12 rev.]. c) In the horoscope: ''ina'' E2 ''ni-ṣir-ti ša''2 GU4.UD ''a-lid'' "In the niṣirti house was Mercury born". [BH, 46-50, 69, Text 6 obv. 4']. See also (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
**(3) Zodiacal astrology.
***(a) ''aš''2''-šu''2 dGUD.UD ''ina'' KI.MEŠ ''ša''2 UŠ ''u'' SAL KI d''Sin'' SAL U3.TU / ''ša''2 d''Dil-bat'' KI.MIN-''ma'' "Since Mercury stands in regions, that are either male or female in gender, and it (stands) with the Moon [or, in the place of the Moon]: a female child will be born. This is the same for Venus." [LBAT, 1593:8′-9′; Reiner 2000]; for Mercury's neutral gender see. K.2346+ rev. 29: dGUD.UD NITA SAL "Mercury — male (and/or) female" [BPO 3, 248:57; Reiner 2000, 424, note 19].
***(b) ''aš''2-''šu''2 dGUD.UD ''u''2-''lu'' dTUR.DIŠ KI ''Sin'' UŠ ''u'' SAL "Since Mercury or Saturn (stands) with the Moon [or: in the place of the Moon]: male and female babies (will be born)" [LBAT, 1593:10′; Reiner 2000].
***(c) ''aš''2''-šu''2 dGUD.UD ''u'' d''Dil-bat'' / KI ''Sin'' 2-''ta'' SAL.MEŠ "Since Mercury and Venus (stands) with the Moon [or: in place of the Moon]: 2 female babies (will be born)." [LBAT, 1593:10′-11′; Reiner 2000].
**(4) Predicting prices of cereals from observations of the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: dGU4.UD [SpTU I, 94:24, 28].
**(5) Predictions of enemy attacks based on observations of the positions and visibility of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 14, 19; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213-214, 216]. Star of the east and west. kakkab ṣīt šamši (dutu.e3) u3 erēb šamši (dutu.šu2.a) ... "(Mercury) — the star of the east and west [...]". [Lambert 1957-58, 386:11].
|
|}
See (mul)''ši-iḫ-ṭu'' "Mercury" [LBAT, 1611:21′-22′], KASKAL dGU4.UD [SpTU I, 100:8′], dGU4.UD [SpTU II, 42:2, 9, 10; SpTU V, 268:12].

===Additional===

==== II. Deity.====
As a deity, Mercury was identified with Nabu, son of Marduk, a local deity of the city of Borsippa (see (Kurtik n02) [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]), and also with Ninurta, son of Enlil; standard expression: dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ša''2 d''Nin-urta'' MU-''šu''2 "Mercury, whose name is Ninurta", see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], (Kurtik n45) [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]. In Neo-Assyrian letter, calling for the blessings of the gods on the king, along with other gods, also mentions dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD (Nabu and Ninurta are mentioned separately) [LABS, 197:10]. see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]]. Mercury, like Venus, was considered a bisexual deity: dGU4.UD NITA SAL "Mercury is male (and/or) female" [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:57].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
(1) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the deity statue, see (Kurtk k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]], II.

(2) Deities — act as witnesses to agreements made, in the fourth place mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD (after Jupiter, Venus and Saturn) [Parpola-Watanabe 1988, 29, 6 iv 14], for a parallel see. [Wiseman 1958, 29:14].

(3) A spell against the weakening of sexual potency (ŠA3.ZI.GA), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].

(4) Babylonian New Year ritual, see above.

See also (Kurtik g01) ''[[Ga-ga]]''.

====III. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = star of Marduk; MUL.dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' dGUD.UD ''i-qab-bi'' "Star of Marduk — so it is said of Mercury" [BPO 2, III 29a], see also [Lambert 1957-59, 386:6].

(2) = Fish; ˹DIŠ mulKU6˺ ''ana'' mulBAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN TE...] "If the Fish approaches the Bow: harvest will be abundant in the land... (This means:) Mercury approaches the Fu[rrow]." [BPO 2, XVI 17]; here the identities are assumed to be: Mercury = Fish, Furrow = Bow. See also (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], V 4, (Kurtik k20) [[KU6|KU6]], V 3, 10.

(3) = Bow; see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], V 2.

(4) = Field; mulAŠ.GAN2 = mulUDU.BAD.GUD.UD [BPO 3, 58, K.148:37].

(5) = Lugalirra; dLUGAL.GIR3.RA = dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD [BPO 3, 134, K.2907, VIII 4], and also [ibid., 194, K. 42+:7′-8′].

(6) = Arrow; DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulTI8mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ''ina'' itiŠU mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' "If in the month of duuzu, the Arrow reaches the Eagle: sesame will be good; (this means): Mercury reaches Mars in the month of duuzu" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:46]; this prediction suggests the following identities: Arrow = Mercury, Eagle = Mars. DIŠ mulKAK.SI.SA2 SA5-''ma''? dGUD.UD ŠE.ER.ZI [...] ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 "If the Arrow (= Sirius) is red — Mercury radiates [...]: sesame will be good" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:45]. See also: d''Šu''?(LA)-''ku-du'' / dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD "Arrow = Mercury (?)". [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:21′], (Kurtik n35) [[NIN.MAḪ]], VI 1.

(7) = Entenabarhum; see below (23), also (Kurtik e13) [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]], VI 2.

(8) = Borona; see (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]], VI 1.

(9) = Mars; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MU.NI ''ša''2-''ru-ru iš-ši'' LUGAL NIM.MAki ''i-dan-''[''nin''] "If Mercury, whose name is Mars, emits radiation: the king of Elam will be streng[thened]" [Largement 1957, 244:46; TU, 16:46].

(10) = Eagle; see (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], II 1.

For other examples of astrological identifications of Mercury, see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV.

===== Predictions: =====
(11) Mercury in Scorpius, which is dark; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB GI6 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi taš-mu-u''2 ''ina'' KUR I3.GAL2 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-''ma'' "If Scorpius is black in the middle: there will be peace in the country. (This means:) Mercury stands in Scorpius." [ARAK, 504:3-4], see also [ibid., 113:8-9, 371 r. 2-3, 545:1′-4′].

(12) Mercury in Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 12.

(13) Mercury in Furrow; see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], V 2, 4.

(14) Mercury in Leo; see (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]], VI 5.

(15) Venus or Mercury in the Tail; see (Kurtik k27) [[KUN|KUNmeš]], III 2-3.

(16) Two stars on the sides of Venus; [DIŠ d]''Dil-bat'' 1 UL ''ina'' 15-''šu''2 1 UL ''ina'' 2,30-''šu''2 DU-''iz'' ... [BE-''m'']''a'' mulSAG.ME.GAR ''u'' dGUD.UD SAL.SIG, "[If] Venus — one star stands on its right, and another one on its left: the country will experience difficulties... [I]f Jupiter and Mercury: a good sign..." [BPO 3, 70, BM 75228:16]. 15-''ša''2 ''u'' 2,30-''ša''2 SA5 ''tuk-kup'' mulGUD.UD ''u'' d''Ṣal-bat-a''-[''nu''...] "Its (Venus) right and left sides are stained in red — Mercury and Mar[s stand...] [BPO 3, 132, K.2907: II 8], see also [ibid. 132: III 5, 134: VIII 4].

(17) Correspondences “Gemini — planets”; see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 1.

(18) Mercury approaches Venus on the way towards Ea; DIŠ d''Dil''-[''bat'' MU]L NU ŠID.MEŠ TE-''ši'' dGUD.UD ''ina šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' TE''-ši-ma'' ḪUL KUR URIki "If Venus, the stars do not come close enough to Venus to be considered, (this means): Mercury comes close to Venus (in the way towards) Ea: ill/evil for Akkad." [BPO 3, 244, K. 2346+:18].

(19) Mercury approaches Venus in the way towards Enlil or Anu; see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]], VI 1.

(20) The colors of the planets: MUL MI dSAG.UŠ: dGUD.UD "Black Star = Saturn, var.: Mercury" [BPO 3, 248:54].

(21) Moon and Mercury; DIŠ 30 KI.MIN (= ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2) / [UD].28.KAM2 IGI-''ma'' UD.1.KAM2 GU4.UD TE-''šu''2-''ma ina'' ITI-''šu''2 ŠU2-''ma'' UD.28.KAM2 KI-''šu''2 ... "If the Moon, during its appearance on the 28th day, looks like the moon during the 1st day (of the month), (this means) that Mercury has approached her (and) that it has come (with the moon) on the 28th day..." [NSAM 2, 38, Col. I:18].

(22) Sunrise in the month of arahsamnu; DIŠ ''ina'' itiAPIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 "If the planet (= Mercury) rises in the month of arahsamnu: the harvest of the country will be abundant" [ARAK, 504:1-2].

(23) Rising in the month of Nisan; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 dUDU.IDIM IGI-''ir'': ''Sag''3''-me-gar'': ''ša''2''-niš'' GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBAR2 IGI.MEŠ-''ma'' "If a planet appears in the month of Nisan, (it means): (first) Jupiter, and in the second, Mercury appears in Nisan" (comment on Table 56 EAE) [SpTU I, 90:1].

(24) Sunrise in the months of Ayar and Siman; dGUD.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 IGI / DIŠ dUDU.IDIM ITI IGI.LAL / A.AN ''u'' A.[KAL] / DIŠ dUDU.IDIM ''šum-ma'' [''ina''] itiGUD / ''šum-ma ina'' itiSIG4 IGI.LAL / A.KAL DU-''ma'' A.ŠA3 A.QAR ''i-ma-kir'' / dDIŠ dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' IM.KUR.RA GUB / ZI-''ut'' SU.BIR4ki / ''u''3 ''kaš-ši-i ana'' KUR "Mercury becomes visible in the east. If the planet becomes visible at (the beginning of) the month: rain and flood. If the planet becomes visible either [in] the month of ayar or in the month of suman: floods will irrigate the fields. If the planet stands in the east: Subartu and the Kassites will attack the country. [ARAK, 157:1-9], see also [ibid., 407:5-8].

(25) Sunrise in the month of duuzu; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiŠU IGI.LAL UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ / DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina E''3''-šu''2 ''mul-lu-uḫ ... an-nu-ti ša'' dGUD.UD "If a planet becomes visible in the month of duzu: there will be death. If Entenabarhum (=Mercury) flares up during its appearance: crops will yield normally, and business activity will be stable. These (omens) are from Mercury" [ARAK, 158 r. 6, 9].

(26) Mercury within the Furrow emits great brilliance; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 3.

(27) Current observations of Mercury and other luminaries; d''Dil-bat'' dGUD.UD ''a-na ru-u''2-''bi il-lu-ku'' "Venus (and) Mercury approaches the moment for setting" [ARAK, 2:3], dGUD.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 ''it-ta-mar'' "Mercury becomes visible in the east" [ARAK, 113:7], ''ta-mar-tu'' / ''ša'' dGUD.UD ''qur-bu'' / ''zi-i-nu dan-nu il-lak'' / dIM GU3-''šu''2 ŠUB-''di'' "(Forthcoming) observations of Mercury at risk: heavy rain and storms will come" [LABS, 224:11-13], see also [LABS, 152 r. 2-4].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g34)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения и обозначения: mul / dGU4.UTU, mul/dGUD.UD, mul/dGU3.UD; = šiḫṭu, шум. букв. «Бык Солнца», акк. «Прыжок»; распространенное название Меркурия, фиксирующее особенности его движения относительно Солнца [G. 79]. Греческий лексикограф Гесихий приводит вавилонское название Меркурия: Σεχέζ. τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ ἀστήρ. Βαβυλώνιοι. «Сексес: звезда Гермеса: вавилоняне» [TLG 4085–003 Σ 469], происходящее, вероятно, от аккадского šiḫṭu. См. также a28dAMAR.UTU, g31GU4, L16dLUGAL.GIR3.RA, m47Muštarīlu, n43dNIN.URTA, u07UDU.IDIM, u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = bi-ib-bi = dGU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [MSL XI, 40:42]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 7c, 29a, XVI 17–18; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 244:46; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU I, 90:1; SpTU V, 264:16ʹ, r. 3, 7]. Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне. múlgu4.ud mu-ša2-az-nin zunni(šeg3) «Меркурий, (обильно) изливающий дождь» [RAcc. 138:306; Linssen 2004, 220:306]; параллель: dgu4.ud… mu-šab-šu-u2 zunni(šeg3) u mīli(a.kal) «Меркурий …отвечающий за дожди и наводнения» [Lambert 1957–59, 386:7], см. также u07UDU.IDIM. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 380–381; ARAK, 352]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Характер астрологического воздействия. a) DIŠ dGU4.UD qar-da-at2 e-tel-let e-mu-qan pu-ug-lu «Если Меркурий (появляется): (этот знак) героический, благородный; (ему свойственно) большое достоинство».

b) KI dGU4.UD e-tel-liš DU.DU E2.MEŠ ŠEŠ.MEŠ-šu2 BAD-el «(Если) область Меркурия: он будет ступать гордо, над домочадцами, братьями своими господствовать» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 2, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b, 324–325]. Параллель: LU2.TUR a-lid-ma dGU4.UD qar-da-at e-tel-le-et e-mu-qan pu-ug-lu «Если ребенок родился, когда Меркурий вышел вперед (т.е. имел место гелиакический восход Меркурия): (он будет) отважный, благородный; …» [TCL 6, 14 obv. 31; Sachs 1952, 66]. (2) «Гипсома». a) dgu4.ud ina qaq-qar mulab.sin2 u2-šar-ši-du bīt(E2) ni-ṣir-ti-šu2 u3 muluga kakkab dadad ik-šu-du ḫar-ra-an dšamši «Меркурий в области Борозды (=Дева) дом niṣirti своего твердо основал, и Ворон, звезда Адада, пути Солнца достигает» [Weidner 1967, 11, K 3753:5–6]. b) Cогласно Э.Вайднеру, табл. AO 6448 представляет Меркурий, когда он находится в своей гипсоме; изображены слева–направо: на хвосте змеи птица (надпись: mulu[g]amušen «Ворон»), восьмиконечная звезда (надпись: dgu4.ud «Меркурий»), стоящая женская фигура с колосом в руках (надпись: ˹mulab.sin2˺ «Борозда» = Дева) [Weidner 1927, 73, Taf. V; TU, 12 rev.]. c) В гороскопе: ina E2 ni-ṣir-ti ša2 GU4.UD a-lid «В доме niṣirti Меркурия он родился» [BH, 46–50, 69, Text 6 obv. 4']. См. также u07UDU.IDIM. (3) Зодиакальная астрология. а) aš2-šu2 dGUD.UD ina KI.MEŠ ša2 UŠ u SAL KI dSin SAL U3.TU / ša2 dDil-bat KI.MIN-ma «Поскольку Меркурий в областях, которые либо мужские, либо женские (стоит) с Луной [или: на месте Луны]: младенец женского пола родится. Для Венеры то же» [LBAT, 1593:8′–9′; Reiner 2000]; о нейтральном роде Меркурия см. K.2346+ rev. 29: dGUD.UD NITA SAL «Меркурий — мужчина (и/или) женщина» [BPO 3, 248:57; Reiner 2000, 424, note 19]. b) aš2-šu2 dGUD.UD u2-lu dTUR.DIŠ KI Sin UŠ u SAL «Поскольку Меркурий или Сатурн с Луной [или: на месте Луны] (стоят): младенцы мужского и женского пола (родятся)» [LBAT, 1593:10′; Reiner 2000]. c) aš2-šu2 dGUD.UD u dDil-bat / KI Sin 2-ta SAL.MEŠ «Поскольку Меркурий и Венера с Луной [или: на месте Луны] (стоят): 2 младенца женского пола (родятся)» [LBAT, 1593:10′–11′; Reiner 2000]. (4) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: dGU4.UD [SpTU I, 94:24, 28]. (5) Предсказания нападения врагов из наблюдений положений и видимости планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 14, 19; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 216]. Звезда востока и запада. kakkab ṣīt šamši (dutu.e3) u3 erēb šamši (dutu.šu2.a) … «(Меркурий) — звезда востока и запада […]» [Lambert 1957–58, 386:11].

См. (mul)ši-iḫ-ṭu «Меркурий» [LBAT, 1611:21′–22′], KASKAL dGU4.UD [SpTU I, 100:8'], dGU4.UD [SpTU II, 42:2, 9, 10; SpTU V, 268:12].

II. Божество.

Как божество Меркурий отождествлялся с Набу, сыном Мардука, местным божеством города Борсиппы (см. n02dNabû), а также с Нинуртой, сыном Энлиля, стандартное выражение: dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ša2 dNin-urta MU-šu2 «Меркурий, чье имя Нинурта», см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, n45dNIN.URTA. В новоассирийском письме в призывании благословения богов на царя наряду с другими богами упоминается также dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD (Набу и Нинурта при этом упоминаются отдельно) [LABS, 197:10]. см. u07UDU.IDIM. Меркурий, подобно Венере, считался бисексуальным божеством: dGU4.UD NITA SAL «Меркурий — мужчина (и/или) женщина» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:57]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k10KAK.SI.SA2, II. (2) Божества — свидетели договора, на четвертом месте mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD (после Юпитера, Венеры и Сатурна) [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 29, 6 iv 14], параллель см. [Wiseman 1958, 29:14]. (3) Заклинание против ослабления сексуальной потенции (ŠA3.ZI.GA), cм. m35MUL.MUL. (4) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне, см. выше.

См. также g01Ga-ga.

III. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = звезда Мардука; MUL.dAMAR.UTU a-na dGUD.UD i-qab-bi «Звезда Мардука — так о Меркурии говорят» [BPO 2, III 29a], см. также [Lambert 1957–59, 386:6].

(2) = Рыба; ˹DIŠ mulKU6˺ ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN TE…] «Если Рыба к Луку подходит: урожай в стране будет обильным… (Это означает): Меркурий к Бо[розде подходит]» [BPO 2, XVI 17]; здесь предполагаются тождества: Меркурий = Рыба, Борозда = Лук. См. также b06BAN, V 4, k20KU6, V 3, 10.

(3) = Лук; см. b06BAN, V 2.

(4) = Поле; mulAŠ.GAN2 = mulUDU.BAD.GUD.UD [BPO 3, 58, K.148:37].

(5) = Лугальирра; dLUGAL.GIR3.RA = dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD [BPO 3, 134, K.2907, VIII 4], а также [ibid., 194, K. 42+:7′–8′].

(6) = Стрела; DIŠ ina itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulTI8mušen KUR-ud ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ina itiŠU mulṢal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma «Если в месяце дуузу Стрела достигает Орла: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает): Меркурий в месяце дуузу достигает Марса» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:46]; это предсказание предполагает тождества: Стрела = Меркурий, Орел = Марс. DIŠ mulKAK.SI.SA2 SA5-ma? dGUD.UD ŠE.ER.ZI […] ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 «Если Стрела (= Сириус) красная — Меркурий излучение […]: сезам будет хорошим» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:45]. См. также: dŠu?(LA)-ku-du / dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD «Стрела = Меркурий (?)» [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:21′], n35NIN.MAḪ, VI 1.

(7) = Энтенабархум; см. ниже (23), а также e13EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, VI 2.

(8) = Борона; см. g08GAN2.UR3, VI 1.

(9) = Марс; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD dṢal-bat-a-nu MU.NI ša2-ru-ru iš-ši LUGAL NIM.MAki i-dan-[nin] «Если Меркурий, чье имя Марс, излучение испускает: царь Элама укреп[ится]» [Largement 1957, 244:46; TU, 16:46].

(10) = Орел; см. n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, II 1.

Другие примеры астрологических отождествлений Меркурия см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV.

Предсказания:

(11) Меркурий в Скорпионе, который темный; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB GI6 ina ŠA3-bi taš-mu-u2 ina KUR I3.GAL2 / dGU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-ma «Если Скорпион черный в середине: в стране будет мир. (Это означает): Меркурий в Скорпионе стоит» [ARAK, 504:3–4], см. также [ibid., 113:8–9, 371 r. 2–3, 545:1′–4′].

(12) Меркурий в Крабе; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 12.

(13) Меркурий в Борозде; см. b06BAN, V 2, 4.

(14) Меркурий во Льве; см. u20UR.GU.LA, VI 5.

(15) Венера или Меркурий в Хвостах; см. k27KUNmeš, III 2–3.

(16) Две звезды по сторонам Венеры; [DIŠ d]Dil-bat 1 UL ina 15-šu2 1 UL ina 2,30-šu2 DU-iz … [BE-m]a mulSAG.ME.GAR u dGUD.UD SAL.SIG5 «[Если] Венера — одна звезда стоит справа от нее, одна слева: страна испытает трудности… [Есл]и Юпитер и Меркурий: хороший знак…» [BPO 3, 70, BM 75228:16]. 15-ša2 u 2,30-ša2 SA5 tuk-kup mulGUD.UD u dṢal-bat-a-[nu…] «Ее (Венеры) правая сторона и левая сторона запятнаны красным — Меркурий и Мар[с стоят …] [BPO 3, 132, K.2907: II 8], см. также [ibid. 132: III 5, 134: VIII 4].

(17) Соответствие «Близнецы – планеты»; см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 1.

(18) Меркурий подходит к Венере на пути Эа; DIŠ dDil-[bat MU]L NU ŠID.MEŠ TE-ši dGUD.UD ina šu-ut dE2-a TE-ši-ma ḪUL KUR URIki «Если Венера, звезды не для счета приближаются к ней, (это означает): Меркурий подходит близко к ней (на пути) Эа: зло для Аккада» [BPO 3, 244, K. 2346+:18].

(19) Меркурий подходит к Венере на пути Энлиля или Ану; см. a48AŠ.GAN2, VI 1.

(20) Цвета планет: MUL MI dSAG.UŠ: dGUD.UD «Черная звезда = Сатурн, вар.: Меркурий» [BPO 3, 248:54].

(21) Луна и Меркурий; DIŠ 30 KI.MIN (= ina IGI.LA2-šu2) / [UD].28.KAM2 IGI-ma UD.1.KAM2 GU4.UD TE-šu2-ma ina ITI-šu2 ŠU2-ma UD.28.KAM2 KI-šu2 … «Если Луна при своем появлении в 28-й день выглядит как в 1-й день (месяца), (это означает): Меркурий приблизился к ней в этом месяце (и) зашел вместе (с ней) в 28-й день…» [NSAM 2, 38, Col. I:18].

(22) Восход в месяце арахсамну; DIŠ ina itiAPIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 «Если планета (= Меркурий) восходит в месяце арахсамну: урожай страны будет обильным» [ARAK, 504:1–2].

(23) Восход в месяце нисану; DIŠ ina itiBAR2 dUDU.IDIM IGI-ir: Sag3-me-gar: ša2-niš GU4.UD ina itiBAR2 IGI.MEŠ-ma «Если в месяце нисану планета появляется, (это означает): (во-первых), Юпитер, во-вторых, Меркурий в нисану появляется» (комм. к табл. 56 ЕАЕ) [SpTU I, 90:1)].

(24) Восход в месяцах айяру и симану; dGUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 IGI / DIŠ dUDU.IDIM ITI IGI.LAL / A.AN u A.[KAL] / DIŠ dUDU.IDIM šum-ma [ina] itiGUD / šum-ma ina itiSIG4 IGI.LAL / A.KAL DU-ma A.ŠA3 A.QAR i-ma-kir / dDIŠ dUDU.IDIM ina IM.KUR.RA GUB / ZI-ut SU.BIR4ki / u3 kaš-ši-i ana KUR «Меркурий стал виден на востоке. Если планета становится видна в (начале) месяца: дождь и навод[нение]. Если планета становится видна либо [в] месяце айяру, либо в месяце симану: наводнение придет и оросит поля. Если планета стоит на востоке: нападение Субарту и касситов на страну» [ARAK, 157:1–9], см. также [ibid., 407:5–8].

(25) Восход в месяце дуузу; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiŠU IGI.LAL UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ / DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 mul-lu-uḫ … an-nu-ti ša dGUD.UD «Если планета становится видна в месяце дуузу: будут смерти. Если Энтенабархум (=Меркурий) при своем появлении вспыхивает: нормальный урожай, деловая активность будет стабильной. Эти (предзнаменования) от Меркурия» [ARAK, 158 r. 6, 9].

(26) Меркурий в Борозде имеет большой блеск; см. u11UGA, VI 3.

(27) Текущие наблюдения Меркурия и других светил; dDil-bat dGUD.UD a-na ru-u2-bi il-lu-ku «Венера (и) Меркурий приближаются к моменту захода» [ARAK, 2:3], dGUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 it-ta-mar «Меркурий стал виден на востоке» [ARAK, 113:7], ta-mar-tu / ša dGUD.UD qur-bu / zi-i-nu dan-nu il-lak / dIM GU3-šu2 ŠUB-di «(Предстоящее) наблюдение Меркурия под угрозой: пройдут сильный дождь и грозa» [LABS, 224:11–13], см. также [LABS, 152 r. 2–4].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

GU4.AN.NA

2026-06-16T19:09:43Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[5] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGU4.AN.NA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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[[File:TauAll+year.jpg|thumb|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024)<ref name=":1">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. ''Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires'', 4, 121</ref>.]]
[[File:Fig9 stellarium Tau drawing cut gray 800dpi.jpeg|thumb|Taurus sign on VAT 7851, interpreted by Hoffmann (2025): MUL.MUL refers to the whole, and GIGIR and GU4.AN to the divisions.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>]]
mulGU4.AN.NA (𒀯𒄞𒀭𒈾), The Heavenly Bull (or Bull of Heaven) is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in the area of [[Taurus]]. The abbreviation GU4.AN also refers to the first half of the zodiac sign of Taurus before 300 BCE (thereafter, the sign name is MUL.MUL).<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref><ref name=":1" /> A number of other writings including the Sumerian homonymns '''GU.AN.NA''', GU2.AN.NA, and GU3.AN.NA are attested. '''The most common Akkadian equivalent given for the Sumerian names are mul (d)''Is lê'', 'The Jaw of the Bull' and ''agî dAnim'', 'The Crown of Anu,' but these may refer in many cases only to parts of the full Sumerian asterism.'''

<s>The spelling variant GU3.AN.NA can also be read KA.AN.NA (Mouth of Heaven)<ref>Horowitz 2014, 34:26</ref> and, thus, invites the interpretation as a "Gate of Heaven" that can have a religious function.</s>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:TauAll+year2 stellarium vat7851.jpg|thumb|Division of the Taurus sign in ancient Mesopotamia: above in the Astronomical Diaries before 320±10 BCE, middle mapped to Stellarium, on VAT 7851 (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann, WGSN 2026).]]
Var. readings and designations:

*GUD.AN.NA,
*GU2.AN.NA,
*GU3.AN.NA,
* GU4.AN,
*AN.GU4;
*= mul (d)''Is lê''; mur. "Heavenly Bull", acq. "Bull's jaw"; constellation in Taurus (Taurus) [G. 77; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].
T'''he sumerogram means “Bull of Heaven” and its normal Akk. equivalent is ''alû'' as attested,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> e.g., in the Gilgameš epic (etymology unclear, perhaps identical with the homophonous name of a demon and/or a drum). As a star name, GU4.AN.NA is read ''Is-lê'' “Jaw of the Wild Bull” (see below). mulGU4.AN.NA.'''

In the book Kurtik (2007), the content of this lexicon entry was distributed across the following lemmata:

*(Kurtik g31) GU4,
*(Kurtik g26) GU.AN.NA, a variant entry of mulGU4.AN.NA ‘Heavenly Bull’ in which the standard GU4 is replaced by GU; in the Neo-Assyrian report: [mul]''dil-bat ina'' mulGU.AN.NA GUB-''m[a]'' ‘Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull’ [SAA 8, 461:5].
* (Kurtik g28) GU2.AN.NA, a variant for mulGU4.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull", a homophonic replacement of the standard GU4 into GU2 was made. The inscription under the image of a reclining humpbacked bull (zebu?) on the Seleucid tablet O 175 contains a ritual for making a sacred drum [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; in [Livingstone 1986, 194] mulgu4.an.na is mistaken.
Alternative Mesopotamian names for asterisms within mulGU4.AN.NA, The Heavenly Bull are:
*(Kurtik a12) [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']], Crown of Anu (God of Heaven),
*(Kurtik i15) ''[[Is le10|Is lê]],'' Jaw of the Bull,
*(Kurtik k03) [[KA.AN.NA]], Mouth of Heaven''', probably to be read as GU3.AN.NA'''.
(Kurtik a25) AM.AN.NA, equalling Gössmann (19), was a misreading in the Great Star List (List of the Seven Enlils), now corrected to GU4.AN.NA [Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|
==== (g33) GU4.AN.NA====
|
|-
|'''''Lexical texts'''''.

*'''(1)''' Series Urra XXII:
**mulgu4.an.na = ''si le-e'' "Heavenly Bull = Jaw of the Bull". [MSL XI, 30, Section 10:3; Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:20],
**mulgu4.an.na = ''is le-[e]'' [SpTU III, 114A v 17],
**mulgu4.an.na = ''is l[e-e]'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 104, 79.B.1 /5 iv 1],
**[mulg]u4.an.na = ''is le-e'' [Cavigneaux 1979, 132, 17:8; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 105:273ʹ].
*'''(2)''' Series Ḫg. B VI:
**m'''ul''''''gu4<s>d</s>.an.na = UZU.ME.ZE2 ''le-e = la-ḫe-e al-pi'' "Bull of Anu = Jaw''' of the Bull = Jaw of the Bull." [MSL XI, 40:43],
** mulgu4.an.na = MUL ''i''[''s le-e''] [SpTU III, 116, Rs. iii 12].
|
|-
|'''''Spells against the sting of a scorpion'''''.

*mul.an.gu4, mul nu an.gu4 "Heavenly Bull", "a Star, not belonging to the Heavenly Bull", mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.na "Star Cluster, Heavenly Bull". [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:25, 27, 46; Svyat.-Tetv. 1998, 249-250].
|
|-
|“'''Three Stars Each''' (Astrolabe Group)
Horowitz 2014: 246

*Menologies: Horowitz 2014: 61-64
**itisig4 mulgu3(KA).an.na aga(text: IL2).an.na.ke4 / mul.bi KAxNE ba.an.sa2: itisig4 ''is le-e a-gi'' d''A-nim /'' [mu]l.bi dBIL.GI ''ša-nin'' "Simanu, the heavenly Bull, the crown of Anu. This star is like Girra (in its brilliance)" (VAT 9416 = KAV 218 I i 26-27, 32-33, Horowitz 2014: 34) 34:26]; for parallels see Horowitz 2014: 62-64 and cf. BPO 2, 81; CAD I, 189a; Emelyanov 1999, 72,
**(Kurtik i15) ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]''.
**
*Star-Catalogues: Horowitz 2014: 103
*MUL ''šá'' EGIR.BI GUB-''zu'' mul ''is le-e A-gi'' d''A-nim'', 'The star which stands after it is 'The Jaw of the Bull,' the Crown of Anu (VAT 9416 = KAV 218 II i 7-8 + dupl., Horowitz 2014: 103).
*
*m'''ul''''''GU4.AN.NA = ''is lê'', is not listed among the 36 month-stars, nor the rising and setting stars of the Three Star Each (Astrolabes) tradition'''
*
*CT 33: 9 and Nv. 10
*CT 33 9: 10 [mulG]U4.AN.NA (Anu 5), Horowitz 2014: 210.
*In Nv. 10, mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA, 'The Faithful Shepherd of Heaven,' occurs in the Anu 5 position (see Horowitz 2014: 220).
*
*<s>Month-Star Lists: Horowitz 2014</s>
**<s>a) The 12 stars of Anu (no. 5): [mulg]u4.an.na [CT 33, 9 r. 10; MCG, 176].</s>
|
|-
|"'''''<s>Catalogue of 30 Stars."</s>'''''
<s>Ea 3.</s>
* <s>MUL KI.MIN (= ''ša'' EGIR-''šu2'' GUB-''zu'') mulGU4.AN.NA (B: [mul''is le'']-''e''!) AGA dAN-''nim''</s>
*<s>"The star that stands after them (i.e. after MUL.MUL "Star Cluster"), the Bull of Heaven (B: Bull's Jaw), the Crown of Anu" [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177]</s>.
|
|-
|'''''EAE'''''.
See [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r. 24; BPO 2, XV 30-31; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 246].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

*('''1)''' the Stars of Anu (no. 6): mulGU4.AN.NA d''is le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' "Heavenly Bull, Bull's Jaw, Crown of Anu" (I ii 1).
*'''(2)''' Simultaneous daily risings and settings: mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mulŠU.PA ŠU2-''bi'' "The Heavenly Bull rises, Šupa sets" (I iii 15).
*'''(3)''' Intervals between the dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ša2 mulGU4.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA "20 days from the rising of the Stars to the rising of the Heavenly Bull. 20 days from the rising of the Heavenly Bull to the rising of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu" (I iii 45-46).
*'''(4)''' Stars "in the way of the moon": mulGU4.AN.NA (I iv 33), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. [MA, 30, 48, 56, 68].
|[[File:HeavenlyBull JessicaGullberg stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Heavenly Bull drawn by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021)]]
|-
|
|
|-
|"'''''Reports''."'''
'''See [SAA 8, 349].'''
|
|-
|'''''Dalbanna-text.'''''

*'''§A.''' mul dil.bad mulgu4.an.n[a] "Star with great brilliance from the Heavenly Bull" (γ Tau).
*'''§B.''' mul dil.bat mulgu4.[an.na mul] ˹aga˺ mulsipa.zi.an.na mulx[...] / [3 m]ul.meš gu s[i.sa2] ˹dub2˺.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.n[a...] "The star with the great brilliance of the [Heavenly] Bull (γ Tau), the crown of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu (λ1 Ori), [...] / [3 st]ars, straight tightrope, 2 intervals, interval[l]."
*'''§M.''' mul dil.bat gu4.a[n.na mul.mul] ''maḫ-ra-tum ša''2 mulgu4.an.na [3 mul.meš ...] 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.a]n.na ''mal''2-''ma-liš'' "Star with great luster of the Hea[venly] Bull (γ Tau), [Stars] (η, 27 Tau), beginning of the Heavenly Bull (ζ Tau): [3 stars ...]. 2 intervals, [inter]val. Equal." [Walker 1995, 32; Koch 1995, 46, 58; ASM, 106].
|
|-
|'''''Text BM 36609'''''.

* '''(a)''' SA4 ''ša''2 múlG[U4.AN.NA] "Brilliant star of the Heavenly Bull" (α Tauri),
*'''(b)''' SI múlGU4.[AN.NA] "Horn of the Heavenly Bull" (β Tauri) (possibly an alternative name for ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI "The Northern reins of the Chariot", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 554-555].
|
|-
| "'''''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts'''''."

* (mul)GU4.AN is a designation for the constellation and zodiac sign of the Heavenly Bull in the early diaries, see, for example, [ADRT I, no. -567:1, r. 6′; -440 r. 3′; -418: 5; -372 C rev. 9′, D rev. 10]
|
|-
| '''''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''''
*'''(1)''' Horoscopes. The designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in one of the early horoscopes (-409):
**ddele-bat / ''ina'' GU4.AN
**"Venus in Taurus." [BH, 56, 2:5].
* '''(2)''' Lunaria. BRM IV, 20:
** KI MUL SA4 ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.[NA] "The place of the brilliant star of the Heaven[ly] Bull",
** astrological meaning: "the establishment (storage, accumulation?) of silver" [Ungnad 1941-44, 259:19; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
*'''(3)''' "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 10th part is mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
*'''(4)''' "Hypsoma.
**KI/E2 ''niṣirti''
**"The secret place (of the moon)," see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
*'''(5)''' Predictions of cereal prices determined by the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlGU4.AN.NA [SpTU I, 94:6, 38-39].
*'''(6)''' An extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:
**GIR2 // d''Šamaš''(UTU) // itiGU4.SI.SA2 mulGU4.AN.N[A]
**"'Path' - Šamaš; Ayyaru; Heavenly Bull" [SpTU IV, 159:4; Reiner 1995, 78].
*'''(7)''' Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulGU4.AN.NA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:11′, 136 r. 20], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

See also the list of "7 tikpi-stars" [KAR, 142 i 35], mulGU4.AN.NA [SpTU II, 42:6; SpTU V, 270:2ʹ]
|[[File:Tau seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|Taurus on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]][[File:Fig7 taurueschen 800dpi.jpg|thumb|Taurus as drawn on a clay tablet (VAT 7851) from Seleucid time, new drawing published by Hoffmann (2025).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|
====(g31) GU4====
Rarely used in abbreviations:

* 1) from mulGU4.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull". [G. 75],
* 2) from mulGU4.UD "Mercury" [G. 79] in Seleucid texts.
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg|thumb|Taurus sign on clay tablet VAT 7851 with drawings of Pleiades (Bristle), Hyades (Chariot), Bull, and the Moon during a total lunar eclipse in the Moon's hypsoma; drawing by Hoffmann (2025) <ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|
*GU4 — sign of the zodiac or the constellation Heavenly Bull.
**'''''VAT 7851'''''.
***mul.mul mulgu4
***"Star Cluster, Bull" are two alternative designations for the zodiac sign Taurus [Weidner 1967, 17, Tafel 6].
**See also gu4 as a designation of the constellation Bull (?) in BM 55466+ rev. 14 [STC I, 213; II Pl. LXXI].
*GU4 — the designation of Mercury.
**'''''A 3456''''', passim [Hunger 1988], see also [Sachs 1948, 280, 287].
|-
|
====(g'''28) GU.AN.NA'''====
'''In the Neo-Assyrian report:'''

*'''[mul]''dil-bat ina'' mulGU.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a'']'''
*'''"Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull" [SAA 8, 461:5].'''
|
|-
|
====(g26) GU2.AN.NA====
The inscription below the image of a reclining humpbacked bull (zebu?) on the Seleucid tablet O 175 describing the ritual for making a sacred drum [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; in [Livingstone 1986, 194] erroneously for mulGU4.AN.NA.
|[[File:Tau O175Livingstone1986.jpg|thumb|Bull of Heaven on Seleucid tablet O175 (Livingstone 1986)<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>.]]
|-
|
====('''a25) AM.AN.NA'''====
'''= mulGU4.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull", Wild Bull of Heaven. [G. 19].'''

'''Only in the text 82.9-18.7292 (7 of Enlil), where the Heavenly Bull is correlated with Enlil of Aratta, see (Kurtik e12) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].'''
|[[File:Hyaden+plejaden smh2025 isle.JPG|thumb|Hyades (photograph) and The Jaw of the Bull from a claytablet (CC BY SMH 2024).]]
|-
|
==== ('''k03) KA.AN.NA''' ====
'''Lit. "Heavenly Mouth"; the reading adopted in [G. 206] for the name of the constellation in the Astrolabe B menology (parallel to the Akkadian ''Is lê'' "Bull's Jaw"); an alternative reading and apparently the only correct one is mulGU3.AN.NA, cf. [Horowitz 2014, 34:26].'''
|[[File:Hyadespleiadesmoon IMG 2665 b s.gif|thumb|Hyades, Pleiades and the Moon (photograph by SMH)]]
|}
[[File:GUANNA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 151701.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GU4.AN.NA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Aldebaran]]
|HIP 21421
|Constellation lines
|0.86
|-
|2
|[[Elnath]]
|HIP 25428
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.65
|-
|3
|[[Alcyone]]
|HIP 17702
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.87
|-
|4
|[[Tianguan]]
| HIP 26451
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.03
|-
|5
|[[Chamukuy]]
|HIP 20894
| Constellation lines
|3.41
|-
|6
|λ Tauri
|HIP 18724
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.41
|-
|7
|[[Ain]]
|HIP 20889
|Constellation lines
|3.53
|-
|8
|[[Atlas]]
|HIP 17847
|Inside the Hull
|3.63
|-
|9
|[[Prima Hyadum]]
|HIP 20205
|Constellation lines
|3.65
|-
|10
|[[Secunda Hyadum]]
|HIP 20455
|Constellation lines
|3.76
|-
|11
|θ 1 Tauri
|HIP 20885
|Inside the Hull
|3.84
|-
|12
|κ 1 Tauri
|HIP 20635
|Inside the Hull
|4.201
|-
|13
|τ Tauri
|HIP 21881
|Inside the Hull
|4.258
|-
|14
|υ Tauri
|HIP 20711
| Inside the Hull
| 4.282
|-
| 15
|δ 3 Tauri
|HIP 20648
| Inside the Hull
|4.298
|-
|16
|37 Tau
|HIP 19038
|Constellation lines
|4.37
|-
|17
|71 Tau
|HIP 20713
|Inside the Hull
|4.48
|-
|18
|ι Tauri
|HIP 23497
|Inside the Hull
|4.615
|-
| 19
| -
|HIP 21029
| Inside the Hull
| 4.764
|-
| 20
|δ 2 Tauri
|HIP 20542
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
|21
|114 Tau
|HIP 25539
|Inside the Hull
|4.868
|-
|22
|ω 2 Tauri
|HIP 19990
| Inside the Hull
| 4.914
|-
|23
|109 Tau
|HIP 24822
|Inside the Hull
|4.948
|-
|24
|75 Tau
|HIP 20877
|Inside the Hull
|4.969
|-
|25
| 97 Tau
|HIP 22565
|Inside the Hull
| 5.085
|-
|26
| [[Pleione]]
|HIP 17851
|Inside the Hull
|5.09
|-
|27
|58 Tau
|HIP 20261
|Inside the Hull
| 5.242
|-
|28
|κ 2 Tauri
|HIP 20641
|Inside the Hull
|5.264
|-
|29
|l Tau
|HIP 23871
|Inside the Hull
|5.28
|-
|30
|56 Tau
|HIP 20186
|Inside the Hull
|5.346
|-
|31
|χ Tauri
|HIP 20430
|Inside the Hull
|5.378
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 17776
| Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|33
|81 Tau
|HIP 21039
|Inside the Hull
|5.454
|-
|34
| 118 Tau
|HIP 25695
|Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
|35
|53 Tau
| HIP 20171
|Inside the Hull
|5.482
|-
|36
|103 Tau
|HIP 23900
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|37
| ω 1 Tauri
|HIP 19388
|Inside the Hull
|5.504
|-
|38
|36 Tau
|HIP 19009
| Inside the Hull
| 5.512
|-
|39
|72 Tau
|HIP 20789
|Inside the Hull
|5.514
|-
|40
|80 Tau
|HIP 20995
|Inside the Hull
| 5.552
|-
|41
|32 Tau
|HIP 18471
|Inside the Hull
|5.617
|-
|42
|63 Tau
|HIP 20484
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|43
|51 Tau
| HIP 20087
|Inside the Hull
|5.631
|-
|44
|* 80 Tau A
|HIP 20995
|Inside the Hull
|5.666
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 20842
|Inside the Hull
| 5.711
|-
|46
|89 Tau
|HIP 21588
|Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
|47
| 98 Tau
|HIP 23088
| Inside the Hull
|5.785
|-
|48
| 99 Tau
|HIP 23068
| Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|49
|* 118 Tau A
|HIP 25695
|Inside the Hull
|5.84
|-
|50
|HU Tau
|HIP 21604
|Inside the Hull
|5.842
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 18735
|Inside the Hull
|5.865
|-
| 52
|39 Tau
|HIP 19076
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|53
|105 Tau
|HIP 23883
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 19376
|Inside the Hull
|5.927
|-
|55
| -
| HIP 19284
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 20417
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 20614
|Inside the Hull
|5.965
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 22176
|Inside the Hull
|5.981
|-
|59
|V1141 Tau
|HIP 20493
|Inside the Hull
|5.986
|-
| 60
|85 Tau
|HIP 21137
|Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|61
|V1116 Tau
|HIP 21459
|Inside the Hull
|6.019
|-
| 62
|33 Tau
|HIP 18485
| Inside the Hull
|6.038
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 17921
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 19261
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 65
| -
|HIP 19641
|Inside the Hull
|6.087
|-
| 66
| -
|HIP 20255
|Inside the Hull
|6.094
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 24820
|Inside the Hull
|6.107
|-
|68
|V1137 Tau
|HIP 19672
|Inside the Hull
|6.12
|-
|69
|95 Tau
|HIP 21961
|Inside the Hull
|6.151
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 17900
|Inside the Hull
|6.153
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 18508
|Inside the Hull
|6.165
|-
| 72
| -
|HIP 23589
|Inside the Hull
|6.188
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 21689
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 24977
|Inside the Hull
|6.205
|-
|75
|108 Tau
|HIP 24512
|Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
|76
| -
| HIP 25806
| Inside the Hull
|6.291
|-
|77
|48 Tau
|HIP 19877
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
| 78
| -
|HIP 18717
|Inside the Hull
|6.305
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 22949
| Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 22128
|Inside the Hull
|6.329
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 24984
|Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
|82
|62 Tau
|HIP 20533
|Inside the Hull
|6.337
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 22850
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|84
| -
| HIP 21408
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|85
|SZ Tau
|HIP 21517
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|86
|NGC 1647
|NGC 1647
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|87
|70 Tau
| HIP 20661
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|88
|26 Tau
|HIP 17832
| Inside the Hull
|6.464
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 21053
|Inside the Hull
|6.491
|-
| 90
| -
|HIP 23949
| Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|91
| -
|HIP 24252
|Inside the Hull
|6.79
|}
=== Additional===

==== Deity.====
 A mythological character amidst Anu's entourage. Ištar, Anu's daughter, asks her father to place the Heavenly Bull at her own disposal in order to use it to destroy the city of Uruk — thus avenging Gilgamesh, who had rejected her advances. Accordingly, the bull worked mass destruction, only to be eventually killed by Gilgameš and his friend Enkidu. In the Sumerian version of the myth, the same name is used for the bull [Cavigneaux, al-Rawi 1993; ETCSL, Text 1.8.1.2], Akkadian descriptions are found in the epic, "About the one who has seen it all" (VI 92-180) [I will open to you, 152-155]. Although the mythological text does not explicitly relate the Heavenly Bull with mulGU4.AN.NA as being the same character, this hypothesis is, however, considered as the most probable [Black and Green 1992, 49; G. 77, I; Soltysiak 2001, 2001]. In astrological geography, the Heavenly Bull is associated: (a) with Aratta, (b) with Ur, Der or Duranki [Weidner 1963].

See also: [...] mulgu4.an.na ''ki''-˹''i''˺ [''qabû''] "[...] Heavenly Bull, [said]," found in a Neo-Assyrian mythological text with unclear contexts [Lambert 1989, 216:8; Livingstone 1986, 64:8].

====Symbol.====
In Mesopotamian glyptics and ceramics there are many images of bulls, but few of them have astral significance. The most famous are two Seleucid tablets from Uruk. On one of them (O 175) is a description of a ritual for making a sacred drum from an ox hide; a lying humpbacked bull is depicted, with the inscription: mulGU2.AN.NA / ''ša''2 GU4 IGI-''šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''En-lil''2 GAR-''nu'' "The heavenly bull — a bull whose face is placed before Enlil". [TU, 47 rev.; Livingstone 1986, 194; Kurtik 2007, fig. 10], on another tablet (VAT 7851) — a galloping humpbacked bull with its head turned backwards, next to symbols of the Moon and Pleiades [Weidner 1927, Taf. V 1; Weidner 1967, Taf. 1-2; Kurtik 2007, fig. 13]. Similar images of a galloping, walking, or lying bull, surrounded with astral symbols (moon, stars, signs of the zodiac) are found on Seleucid seals [AUWE 19, no. 705-714, 841, p. 154], see for example [Kurtik 2007, figure 15]. These images fully depict the whole figure of the bull. In the list of zodiacal constellation symbols W 22646, the name MUL2.MUL2 (=Pleiades), which was more often used for the second zodiac sign, corresponds to the entry: ''al-pi ana'' [x ...] "bull for [...]". [Foxvog 1993, 107; SpTU II, 43:2, 20].

 We believe, however, that these images have no astronomical significance. In fact, Mesopotamian astronomers distinguished in the sky as a figure of the constellation mulGU4.AN.NA only the front part of the bull, as later Greek astronomers did. This is indicated by the following three circumstances: (a) the Akkadian name of the constellation mulIs lê "Jaw of the Bull" (see i15), (b) the absence of references to the hind parts of the bull in the description of the positions of stars in the constellation, (c) on some seals with astral symbols, only the Bull’s head is depicted, thus lacking a complete figure of the Bull [Kurtik 2007, Fig. 16, 29, 30]. Note, in addition, that the constellations mu''l''''Is lê'' "Bull's jaw" (=Hyades) and mul''Zappu'' "Bristle, mane (of the Bull)" (=Pleiades) stretch out to areas corresponding to the borders of the Greek Taurus — as such, there is simply not enough room for a full figure of the bull to be attested [Kurtik 2002, 94-95]. The absence of the rear portion of the Heavenly Bull is probably connected with the Akkadian myth in which Enkidu, following his victory, tears off the bull’s hind leg and throws it at Ištar’s face [I will reveal it to you, 154:154-155].

====Previous Identifications.====
 = Taurus [Van der Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 74; Weidner 1957-59, 76a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207; ASM, 271; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

 = αθ1.2γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 77-79, 111].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
 (1) mul dil.bat gu4.an.na, mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na "Star with great brilliance of the Heavenly Bull" (γ Tau or rather α Tauri, see [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 555]), see dalbana-text (§§A, B, M), Lunaria et al, and (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is lê'']].

 (2) ''maḫ-ra-tum ša''2 mulgu4.an.na "Beginning of the Heavenly Bull" (ζ Tau), see dalbana-text (§§M).

 (3) SI múlGU4.AN.NA "Horn of the Heavenly Bull" (β Tauri), see text BM 36609.

====Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
 (1) = Mars(?); DIŠ ''a-na'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 mulGU4.AN.NA [KU4-''ma'' IGI...] "If the Heavenly Bull [enters] the Field [...]" [ACh Suppl., 47:4]; here mulGU4.AN.NA is presumably a name of Mars, whose name appears in line 7 of the same text as a similar prediction, see also [NSAM 2, 82, note 272] and (4)-(5) below.<gallery>
File:Tau seal Wallenfels1993.png|Taurus on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Tau+cap seal Wallenfels1993.png|Taurus accompanied by a goat-fish on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
</gallery>

===== Predictions: =====
 (2) Visibility of the Heavenly Bull: DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''lum-mu-nu'' ... "If the stars of the Heavenly Bull are dim: the country’s welfare will disappear, the litter of cattle and sheep will not grow." [BPO 2, XV 30 + Parallels]. DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba-᾽-lu'' ... "If the stars of the Heavenly Bull are bright: the litter of cattle will grow." [BPO 2, XV 31].

 (3) Eclipse of the Moon in the Heavenly Bull: MULx.MULx ''u'' mulxGU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ "(If an eclipse occurs in) the Pleiades and the Heavenly Bull: pestilence." [ABCD, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 24]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU4.AN.NA ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUGki ''u Dur-an-ki'' "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Heavenly Bull: decision (for) Ur and Duranki (= Nippur)". [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:39].

 (4) The Heavenly Bull (= planet) and an eclipse of the moon: DIŠ AGA ''ana'' AGA ''i-li-ip'' KUR I3.DUB.MEŠ-''ša''2 SUD.MEŠ DIRI.MEŠ ''ina'' AN.MI mulGU4.AN. NA KI 3[0 GUB...] "If (during the rising of the Moon) the crown on the crown grows: the country’s empty warehouses will fill up; (this means): the Heavenly Bull [stands] with the Mo[on] during an eclipse... [NSAM 2, IIIc:9′+ note 192, 272].

 (5) The Heavenly Bull (= planet?) and the lunar halo: observations: [mul]GU4.AN.NA ''ina'' TUR3 30 / ''iz-za-az-ma'' / 2 UD-''me i-da-at a-ḫe-e-''˹''iš''˺ / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 ''it-ti-it-z''[''i''] "The Celestial Bull stands in the lunar halo. For two consecutive days he stood in the halo of the moon" [SAA 8, 68:4-7].

 (6) Backward motion of Venus in the Heavenly Bull: [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 GUD?].AN.NA ''is-sa''2-''ḫu-ur'' [...] BA BE "[If Venus turned around in] the Heavenly [Bull] [...] will die." [BPO 3, 100, K.35:5], for a parallel see [ibid., 106, K.7169+ rev.? 3′].

 (7) Venus in the Heavenly Bull — "flood" of dragonflies: [DIŠ] dIŠ.TAR AGA KU3.UD ''ap-rat'' ˹A˺.[KAL] ''ku-li-li'' D[U''-kam''] / [A.KAL] ''ku-li-li'' A.KAL ''gap-''[''šu''] / [mul]''Dil-bat ina'' mulGU4.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a''] "[If] Venus carries a silver crown: a “flo[od]” of dragonflies will co[me;]["flood]" of dragonflies, is a power[ful] "flood". (It means:) Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull." [SAA 8, 461:3-5].

 (8) Jupiter and the Heavenly Bull: DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGU4.AN.NA DIM4 (glossary: ''is-niq'')... "If Jupiter comes close to the Heavenly Bull: the treasures of the country will perish, the litter of cattle and small animals will not be abundant" [SAA 8, 49:9]. Observations and recommendations: mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGU4.AN.NA ''e-ta-rab'' / LUGAL ''be-li''2 TA IGI ''zi-i-qi lu e-ti-ik'' "Jupiter has entered the Heavenly Bull: the king, my lord, must beware of draughts" [SAA 8, 49 r. 2-3].

 (9) Mercury in the Heavenly Bull (observations): see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 31.

 (10) Saturn in the Heavenly Bull: see (Kurtik g12) [[GI.GI]], III 2.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
!
==== Kurtik (a25) AM.AN.NA ====
!
|-
|
= mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык» [G. 19]. Только в тексте 82,9-18,7292 (7 Энлилей), где Небесный Бык соотносится с Энлилем из Аратты, см. e12dEn-lil2
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g33) GU4.AN.NA====
!
|-
|вар. чтения и обозначения: GUD.AN.NA, GU2.AN.NA, GU4.AN, AN.GU4; = mul (d)''Is lê''; шум. «Небесный Бык», акк. «Челюсть Быка»; созвездие в Тельце (Taurus) [G. 77; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72]. См. также a12AGA d''A-nim'', a25AM.AN.NA, g31GU4, g26GU.AN.NA, g28GU2.AN.NA, i15''Is lê'', k03KA.AN.NA.||
|-
| '''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: mulgu4.an.na = ''si le-e'' «Небесный Бык = Челюсть быка» [MSL XI, 30, Section 10:3; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:20], mulgu4.an.na = ''is le''-[''e''] [SpTU III, 114A v 17], mulgu4.an.na = ''is l''[''e-e''] [Cavigneaux 1981, 104, 79.B.1/5 iv 1], [mulg]u4.an.na = ''is le-e'' [Cavigneaux 1979, 132, 17:8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 105:273ʹ]. '''(2)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulgud.an.na = UZU.ME.ZE2 ''le-e'' = ''la-ḫe-e al-pi'' «Бык Ану = Челюсть Быка = Челюсть Быка» [MSL XI, 40:43], mulgu4.an.na = MUL ''i''[''s-le-e''] [SpTU III, 116, Rs. iii 12]. '''''Заклинания против укуса скорпиона'''''. mul.an.gu4, mul nu an.gu4 «Небесный Бык», «Звезда, не принадлежащая Небесному Быку», mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.na «Звезды, Небесный Бык» [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:25, 27, 46; Свят.-Четв. 1998, 249–250]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Менологии: itisig4 mulgu3(KA).an.na aga(текст: IL2).an.na.ke4 / mul.bi KA´NE ba.an.ša2 : itisig4 ''is le-e a-gi'' d''A-nim'' / [mu]l.bi dBIL.GI ''ša-nin'' «Симану, Небесный Бык, корона Ану. Эта звезда подобна Гирре (по своему блеску)» (A i 26–27, 32–33) [Horowitz 2014, 34:26]; параллель см. [Çağirgan 1985, 403:12–13], см. также [BPO 2, 81; CAD I, 189a; Емельянов 1999, 72]. '''(2)''' Список (12´3): mul''is le-e'' (B i 8), см. i15''Is lê''. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) 12 звезд Ану (№ 5): [mulg]u4.an.na [CT 33, 9 r. 10; MCG, 176]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Ea'' 3. MUL KI.MIN (= ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'') mulGU4.AN.NA (B: [mul''is le'']-''e''!) AGA dAN-''nim'' «Звезда, которая стоит после них (т.е. после MUL.MUL «Звезд»), Бык Небес (В: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r. 24; BPO 2, XV 30–31; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 246]. '''''MUL.APIN.'' (1)''' Звезды Ану (№ 6): mulGU4.AN.NA d''is le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' «Небесный Бык, Челюсть Быка, корона Ану» (I ii 1). '''(2)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mulŠU.PA ŠU2-''bi'' «Небесный Бык восходит, Шупа садится» (I iii 15). '''(3)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA «20 дней от восхода Звезд до восхода Небесного Быка. 20 дней от восхода Небесного Быка до восхода Праведного Пастуха Ану» (I iii 45–46). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGU4.AN.NA (I iv 33), см. s20''Sîn''. [MA, 30, 48, 56, 68]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [ARAK, 349]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''§A.''' mul dil.bad mulgu4.an.n[a] «Звезда с большим блеском Небесного Быка» (γ Tau). '''B'''. mul dil.bat mulgu4.[an.na mul] ˹aga˺ mulsipa.zi.an.na mulx[…] / [3 m]ul.meš gu s[i.sa2] ˹dub2˺.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.n[a…] «Звезда с большим блеском [Небесного] Быка (γ Tau), корона Праведного Пастуха Ану (λ1 Ori), […]. / [3 зв]езды, прямая туго натянутая веревка, 2 интервала, интерва[л]». '''§M'''. mul dil.bat gu4.a[n.na mul.mul] ''maḫ-ra-tum'' ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na [3 mul.meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.a]n.na ''mal''2-''ma-liš'' «Звезда с большим блеском Не[бесного] Быка (γ Tau), [Звезды] (η, 27 Tau), начало Небесного Быка (ζ Tau): [3 звезды …]. 2 интервала, [интер]вал. Поровну.» [Walker 1995, 32; Koch 1995, 46, 58; ASM, 106]. '''''Текст BM 36609'''''. '''a)''' SA4 ''ša''2 múlG[U4.AN.NA] «Блестящая звезда Небесного Быка» (α Tauri), '''b)''' SI múlGU4.[AN.NA] «Рог Небесного Быка» (β Tauri) (возможно, альтернативное название для ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI «Северная вожжа Колесницы», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ) [Rougton–Steele–Walker 2004, 554–555]. «'''''Дневники наблюдений'''''». (mul)GU4.AN — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Небесный Бык в ранних дневниках, см., например, [ADRT I, No. -567:1, r. 6′; -440 r. 3′; -418: 5; -372 C rev. 9′, D rev. 10] '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Гороскопы». Обозначение знака зодиака Телец в одном из ранних гороскопов (-409): d''dele-bat'' / ''ina'' GU4.AN «Венера в Тельце» [BH, 56, 2:5]. '''(2)''' «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.[na] «Место блестящей звезды Небесно[го] Быка», астрологическое значение: «установление (хранение, накопление?) серебра» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:19; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. '''(3)''' «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 10-я часть — mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. '''(4)''' «Гипсома». KI/E2 ''niṣirti'' «Секретное место (Луны)», см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlGUD.AN.NA [SpTU I, 94:6, 38–39]. '''(6)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: GIR2 // d''Šamaš''(UTU) // itiGU4.SI.SA2 mulGU4.AN.N[A] «“Путь” — Шамаш; айяру; Небесный Бык» [SpTU IV, 159:4; Reiner 1995, 78]. '''(7)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulGU4.AN.NA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:11′, 136 r. 20], см. s20''Sîn''.
См. также список «7 ''tikpi''-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 35], mulGU4.AN.NA [SpTU II, 42:6; SpTU V, 270:2ʹ].

II. Божество.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Ана. Дочь Ана Иштар просит своего отца предоставить в ее распоряжение Небесного Быка, чтобы с его помощью разрушить город Урук и таким образом отомстить Гильгамешу, отвергнувшему ее притязания. Бык произвел большие разрушения, но был убит Гильгамешем и его другом Энкиду. В шумерском варианте мифа используется это же название быка [Cavigneaux, al-Rawi 1993; ETCSL, Text 1.8.1.2], аккадское описание содержится в эпосе «О все видавшем» (VI 92–180) [Я открою тебе, 152–155]. Хотя из текста мифа явным образом не следует, что Небесный Бык и mulGU4.AN.NA — это один и тот же персонаж, данная гипотеза, тем не менее, считается наиболее вероятной [Black–Green 1992, 49; G. 77, I; Soltysiak 2001, 2001]. В астрологической географии Небесный Бык был связан: a) c Араттой, b) с Уром, Дером или Дуранки [Weidner 1963].

См. также: […] mulgu4.an.na ''ki''-˹''i''˺ [''qabû''] «[…] Небесный Бык, как [говорят]», в новоассирийском мифологическом тексте в неясном контексте [Lambert 1989, 216:8; Livingstone 1986, 64:8].

III. Символ.

В месопотамской глиптике и керамике имеется немало изображений быков, однако астральное значение имеют немногие из них. Наибольшей известностью пользуются две селевкидские таблички из Урука. На одной (О 175) приводится описание ритуала для изготовления священного барабана из шкуры быка; изображен лежащий горбатый бык, рядом с которым надпись: mulGU2.AN.NA / ''ša''2 GU4 IGI-''šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''En-lil''2 GAR-''nu'' «Небесный Бык — бык, чье лицо помещено перед Энлилем» [TU, 47 rev.; Livingstone 1986, 194; Куртик 2007, рис. 10], на другой (VAT 7851) — скачущий горбатый бык c обращенной назад головой, рядом символы Луны и Плеяд [Weidner 1927, Taf. V 1; Weidner 1967, Taf. 1–2; Куртик 2007, рис. 13]. Весьма похожие изображения скачущего, идущего или лежащего горбатого быка, в окружении астральных символов (месяц, звезды, знаки зодиака) встречаются на печатях селевкидского времени [AUWE 19, No. 705–714, 841, p. 154], см., например, [Куртик 2007, рис. 15]. На них представлена полная фигура быка. В списке символов зодиакальных созвездий W 22646, названию MUL2.MUL2 (=Плеяды), которое чаще всего использовалось для обозначения второго знака зодиака, соответствует запись: ''al-pi ana'' [x …] «быка для […]» [Foxvog 1993, 107; SpTU II, 43:2, 20].

Мы однако полагаем, что эти изображения не имеют астрономического значения. В действительности, месопотамские астрономы выделяли на небе в качестве фигуры созвездия mulGU4.AN.NA только переднюю часть быка, как это делали позднее греческие астрономы. На это указывают следующие три обстоятельства: а) аккадское название созвездия mul''Is lê'' «Челюсть Быка» (см. i15), b) отсутствие упоминаний о задних частях быка при описании положений звезд в созвездии, с) на некоторых печатях с астральными символами вместо полной фигуры Быка изображается только его голова [Куртик 2007, рис. 16, 29, 30]. Можно заметить, кроме того, что созвездия mul''Is lê'' «Челюсть Быка» (=Гиады) и mul''Zappu'' «Щетина, грива (Быка)» (=Плеяды) ограничивают на небе как раз ту область, в которой располагался греческий Телец — для полной фигуры быка просто не остается места [Куртик 2002, 94–95]. Отсутствие задней части у фигуры Небесного Быка связано, возможно, с аккадским мифом, в котором Энкиду после одержанной им победы отрывает у быка заднюю ляжку и швыряет ее в лицо Иштар [Я открою тебе, 154:154–155].

IV. Отождествление.

= Taurus [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 74; Weidner 1957–59, 76a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207; ASM, 271; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

= αθ1.2γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 77–79, 111].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) mul dil.bat gu4.an.na, mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na «Звезда с большим блеском Небесного Быка» (γ Tau или, скорее, α Tauri, см. [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 555]), см. dbn-текст (§§А, В, М), «Лунарии» и др., а также i15''Is lê''.

(2) ''maḫ-ra-tum'' ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na «Начало Небесного Быка» (ζ Tau), см. dbn-текст (§ М).

(3) SI múlGU4.AN.NA «Рог Небесного Быка» (β Tauri), см. текст BM 36609.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Марс''(?); DIŠ ''a-na'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 mulGU4.AN.NA [TU-''ma'' IGI…] «Если Небесный Бык [входит] в пределы Поля […]» [ACh Suppl., 47:4]; здесь mulGU4.AN.NA предположительно — название Марса, имя которого встречается в строке 7 того же текста в аналогичном предсказании, см. также [NSAM 2, 82, note 272] и (4)–(5) ниже.

Предсказания:

(2) ''Видимость Небесного Быка''; DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''lum-mu-nu'' … «Если звезды Небесного Быка очень тусклые: благополучие страны исчезнет, приплод скота и овец не будет расти» [BPO 2, XV 30 + Parallels]. DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba''-᾽-''lu'' … «Если звезды Небесного Быка очень яркие: приплод скота будет расти» [BPO 2, XV 31].

(3) ''Затмение Луны в Небесном Быке''; MULx.MULx ''u'' mulxGU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ «(Если затмение произошло в) Плеядах и Небесном Быке: мор» [ABCD, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 24]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU4.AN.NA ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUGki ''u Dur-an-ki'' «Если (Луна) затмилась в пределах Небесного Быка: решение (для) Ура и Дуранки (= Ниппур)» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:39].

(4) ''Небесный Бык'' (= ''планета'') ''и затмение Луны''; DIŠ AGA ''ana'' AGA ''i-li-ip'' KUR I3.DUB.MEŠ-''ša''2 SUD.MEŠ DIRI.MEŠ ''ina'' AN.MI mulGU4.AN.NA KI 3[0 GUB…] «Если (при появлении Луны) корона на короне выросла: пустые склады страны наполнятся; (это означает): во время затмения Небесный Бык (= планета?) на месте Лу[ны стоит…] [NSAM 2, IIIc:9′+ note 192, 272].

(5) ''Небесный Бык'' (= ''планета''?) ''и лунное гало''; наблюдение: [mul]GUD.AN.NA ''ina'' TUR3 30 / ''iz-za-az-ma'' / 2 UD-''me'' ''i-da-at a-ḫe-e-''˹''iš''˺ / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 ''it-ti-it-z''[''i''] «Небесный Бык стоит в лунном гало. В течение двух дней подряд он стоял в гало Луны» [ARAK, 68:4–7].

(6) ''Попятное движение Венеры в Небесном Быке''; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 GUD?].AN.NA ''is-sa''2-''ḫu-ur'' […] BA BE «[Если Венера внутри] Небесного [Быка] развернулась: […] умрет» [BPO 3, 100, K.35:5], параллель см. [ibid., 106, K.7169+ rev.? 3′].

(7) ''Венера в Небесном Быке'' — «''наводнение''» ''стрекоз''; [DIŠ] dIŠ.TAR AGA KUG.UD ''ap-rat'' ˹A˺.[KAL] ''ku-li-li'' D[U-''kam''] / [A.KAL] ''ku-li-li'' A.KAL ''gap''-[''šu''] / [mul]''Dil-bat ina'' mulGUD.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a''] «[Если] Венера несет серебряную корону: «навод[нение]» стрекоз пр[идет], [«наводнение»] стрекоз, «наводнение» будет мощн[ым]. (Это означает): Венера в Небесном Быке стоит» [ARAK, 461:3–5].

(8) ''Юпитер и Небесный Бык''; DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGUD.AN.NA DIM4 (глосса: ''is-niq'')… «Если Юпитер подходит близко к Небесному Быку: сокровища страны погибнут, приплод крупного и мелкого скота не будет изобильным» [ARAK, 49:9]. Наблюдение и рекомендация: mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGUD.AN.NA ''e-ta-rab'' / LUGAL ''be-li''2 TA IGI ''zi-i-qi lu e-ti-ik'' «Юпитер вошел в пределы Небесного Быка: царь, мой господин, должен остерегаться сквозняков» [ARAK, 49 r. 2–3].

(9) ''Меркурий в Небесном Быке'' (наблюдение); см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 31.

(10) ''Сатурн в Небесном Быке''; см. g12GI.GI, III 2.
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g26) mulGU.AN.NA (417)====
!
|-
|вариант записи mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык», в которой стандартное GU4 заменено на GU; в новоассирийском рапорте: [mul]''dil-bat ina'' mulGU.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a''] «Венера в Небесном Быке стоит» [ARAK, 461:5].
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g28) mulGU2.AN.NA (119)====
!
|-
|вариант записи для mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык», произведена омофонная замена стандартного GU4 на GU2. Надпись под изображением лежащего горбатого быка (зебу?) на селевкидской табличке O 175 с описанием ритуала для изготовления священного барабана [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; в [Livingstone 1986, 194] ошибочно mulgu4.an.na.
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g31) mulGU4 (215)====
!
|-
|редко используемые сокращения: 1) от mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык» [G. 75], 2) от mulGU4.UD «Меркурий» [G. 79] в селевкидских текстах.

I. Источники.

GU4 — знак зодиака или созвездие Небесный Бык.

'''''VAT 7847'''''. mul.mul mulgu4 «Звезды, Бык» — два альтернативных обозначения знака зодиака Телец [Weidner 1967, 17, Tafel 6]. См. также gu4 как обозначение созвездия Бык (?) в BM 55466+ rev. 14 [STC I, 213; II Pl. LXXI].

GU4 — обозначение Меркурия.
'''''A 3456''''', passim [Hunger 1988], см. также [Sachs 1948, 280, 287].
|
|-
!
==== Kurtik (k03) KA.AN.NA ====
!
|-
|букв. «Небесные Уста»; принятое в [G. 206] чтение названия созвездия в менологии «Астролябии Б» (параллель к аккадскому Is lê «Челюсть Быка»); альтернативное прочтение и, по-видимому, единственно правильное – mulGU3.AN.NA, см. [Horowitz 2014, 34:26].
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]][[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Tau]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

<references />

GU2.ḪAL

2026-06-16T18:23:04Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GU2.ḪAL}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulGU2.ḪAL (𒀯𒄘𒄬) is an ancient Mesopotamian term, probably an epithet of a planet.

__FORCETOC__

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

= ''ur᾽udu''(''m'') "(Star) Throat"(?) [AHw, 1436];

only in astrological predictions in the EAE series:

* DIŠ ''a-na'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 mulGU2.ḪAL TU IGI [...]
* "If the (Star)-Throat? enters the Field (and) becomes visible..." [ACh Suppl., 47:5; G. 80];
* mulGU2.TAR, according to [NSAM 2, 82, note 272]. Probably an epithet of one of the planets (Mars?).
* '''GU2.TAR in NSAM 2, 82 is a misprint; Virolleaud's copy in Suppl. 47:5 has GU2.HAL'''
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, g29)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= ur᾽udu(m) «(Звезда) Горло»(?) [AHw, 1436]; только в астрологическом предсказании в серии ЕАЕ: DIŠ a-na ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 mulGU2.ḪAL TU IGI […] «Если (Звезда)-Горло? в Поле входит (и) становится видна…» [ACh Suppl., 47:5; G. 80]; mulGU2.TAR, согласно [NSAM 2, 82, note 272]. Вероятно, эпитет одной из планет (Марс?).
|
|}

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Solar System]] [[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]

GIR2.TAB

2026-06-09T16:09:45Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIR2.TAB, ''zuqaqīpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Skopion xs.jpg|thumb|A scorpion in the Sahara desert (SMH 2007).]]
mulGIR2.TAB (𒀯𒄈𒋰) = ''zuqaqīpu'', 'The Scorpion,' is the ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to the [[Scorpius|Scorpion]] in the modern constellation of [[Scorpius]]. The Akkadian parallel ''zuqaqīpu'' is mostly found in lexical texts of the Urra XXII series.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* = ''zuqaqīpu'' (𒀯𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍), scorpion; a constellation corresponding to [[Scorpius]] [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
* GIR2 short form in later astronomical and astrological texts, the zodiac sign Scorpius appears more often without the determinative [Gössmann 91].
* [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]] = ''zuqaqīpu''
In MUL.APIN, the explanatory list<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mentions:
* mulGÍR.TAB (AN 16–17r; EA 9l, 10l, 11l, 12–13l).
* mulGABA GÍR.TAB “breast of the scorpion” (EA 11l).
* SI mulGÍR.TAB “horns (= pedipalpi) of the scorpion” (AN 16–17r).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114].

* (2) Series Urra XXII: Urra XXII 285' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 107]. mulgir2.tab = ''zu-qi-qi-pu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [''zu'']-''qa-qi-pi'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8;

|
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 246
Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 102, Anu 2): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'', 'he star that stands after it (i.e. Ištar), 'The Scorpion,' Išḫara.'

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 194, Anu VIII, BM 34713, Anu IX), BM 82923: ulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI, 'The Scorpion' // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Horowitz 2014: 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:23].

'''''Rising and Setting Stars: (Horowitz 2014: 168, Anu-Rising Month VIII, Setting Month II. - do you like this format?? It is very simple - I can go back and change all the previous listings???'''''

'''''Circular Astrolabes.'''''
Horowitz 2014: 123-124
* Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu, Month VIII), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].
* K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].
'''Text HS 245''' (The Hilprecht Text).

* See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]];
* In Neo-Assyrian parallels:
** Sm. 1113:9′ - d''zu-qa-qi''2-''p''[''u''...],
** Sm. 162 rev. 7 - mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957-58; Horowitz 1993, 151-154].
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Stars."</s>'''
<s>Anu 2. </s>

* <s>MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "The star that stands after it (i.e. Ishtar), Scorpius, Ishara. Favorable for the oil trade" (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].</s>
|
|-
|'''''"<s>Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."</s> '''''
'''<s>Astrolabe P.</s>'''
* <s>Arahsamnu month, s</s>tar<s>s of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Arahsamnu month, stars of Anu: mulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI</s>
*** <s>"Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:23].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. Kislimu month, stars Anu [LBAT, 149</s>9:9], <s>see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|''Ṣalbatanu'']].</s>
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* <s>(1) List (12´3):</s>
** <s>a) mul ''ša'' ''egir-šu gub-zu'' / mulgir2.tab d''Iš-ḫa-ra''</s>
*** <s>"The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after Venus), (is) Scorpius, Ishara" (B ii 6-7); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 2];</s>
** <s>(b) mul ... ''ana'' igi mulgir2.tab, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum]]''[[Zibānītum]]''</s>.
* (2) <s>List (3´12):</s>
** <s>[itiapin] ... mulgir2.tab ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''</s>
*** <s>The month of arahsamnu: ... Scorpius (on the way of) Anu (rises)" (C ii 8).</s>
* <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — arahsamnu, sunset — ayaru [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].</s>
'''''C<s>ircular Astrolabes.</s>'''''
* <s>Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month of Arahsamnu), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].</s>
* <s>K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month arahsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].</s>
<s>'''A list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 7)''':</s>

* <s>mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9-9a, III 8a-b, 11c-d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4-6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13-15, Pl. XVII 15-17].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Anu (no. 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB "Libra, horn of Scorpius" (I ii 11).
* (2) Stars of Ea (no. 10):
** a) mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''2-''me'' "Scorpion, Išḫara, goddess of all inhabited regions" (I ii 29),
** b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB d''Li''9-''si''4 dAG "The chest of the Scorpion: Lisi, Nabu" (I ii 30),
** (c) 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ina zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-''zu'' / d''Šar''2''-ur u Šar''2-''gaz'' "Two stars that stand on the sting of the Scorpion: Šarur and Šargaz" (I ii 31-32).
* (3) Dates of heliacal risings:
** a) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu the Scorpion becomes visible" (I iii 3),
** b) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme "On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the Goat and the Breast of the Scorpion become visible" (I iii 4); on the joint rising of muluz3 and mulgir2.tab see also BM 55466+, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (4) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) (I iii 13-14), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]],
** b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme-''ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "The Scorpion and the Dog rise, and the Asterism of Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25),
** c) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulGIR2.TAB, after mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4, before mul''Pa-bil-sag'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (6) Observations of heliacal risings and the direction of the wind:
** ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ''ina u''4-''me'' IGImeš IM ''ša''2 [DU-''ku'' ŠE]Š-''ar''2
** "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu, the Scorpion, on the 15th Breast of the Scorpion becomes visible; on the day that they become visible, you will observe the wind that [blows]" (II i 32-33).
* (7) A scheme for determining winds by the stars: mulGIR2.TAB - west, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU]]6.
* (8) Astrological predictions: [...] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 "[If ...] of the Scorpion becomes visible and the south wind blows: this year will be good" (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116].
Text BM 77054.

See (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]]. "A large list of stars."

* (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra "Scorpion = Išḫara";
* (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat "Scorpion = ditto(=Išḫara), Tiamat";
* (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab "Heavenly sword = Scorpion";
* (4) 12 stars of Elam: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol, App. B: 34-36, 204] ''Išhara not Ishkhara everywhere??? Yes of courseǃǃǃ''

'''''regarding Text BM 77054: all this is the Great Star List 25<nowiki>''</nowiki>-27<nowiki>''</nowiki> -'''''

'''<nowiki>;</nowiki> see also the list of "7 ''tikpi''-stars" [KAR, 142 i 37].'''
|[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See SAA 10, p. 381; SAA 8, p. 350a, 353].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:31.'''
* mulgir2.tab = d''iš-ḫa-ra tam-tim'' "Scorpius = Išḫara of the sea". [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (M) [mul''na'']-''at-tul-lum'' KIMIN MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' SI mulgir2.tab / [x-x-''t'']''u''2 ''u'' IGI mulUR.IDIM GU "The harness (''ziqpu'' XXVI: υ Boo), or the middle of Libra (β Lib), the horn of the Scorpion (γ Sco = σ Lib) / [...] and the Mad Dog’s eye (γ Lup): a string.
* (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹KIMIN˺ MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' MULme SAG mulGIR2.TAB / [''u''? MURU]B4 ˹mul˺UR.IDIM GU "Šupa (=''ziqpu'' I: α Boo) or the middle of Libra (γ Lib), the stars of Scorpius's head (δ Sco) [and the middle] part of the Mad Dog (η Lup): a string.
* (O) mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 KIMIN mulGABA GIR2.TAB / ˹MUL ''ta''˺-''ri''-''tu''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' GIR3II EGIR ''ša''2 mulUR.IDIM GU "The 2nd star of the Harness (''ziqpu'' II: ε Boo), or the star on the chest of the Scorpion (α Sco), the raised tail of the Scorpion (μ1 Sco) and the hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco): a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:21-25; ASM, 93].

According to [Koch 1992, 58-59], murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' is γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim is Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab is β, δ, π Sco, mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 is π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim is ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco).
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!GUs
|-
|M
|[[File:GU13 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|13th GU, GU (M), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>]]
|-
|N
|[[File:GU14 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|14th GU, GU (N), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|O
|[[File:GU15 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|15th GU, GU (O), in Hoffmann (2022).Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":0" />.]]
|}
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §b.
** a) mulSAG GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's head (δ Sco),
** b) mulSUḪUŠ UM.ME.DA G[IR2.TAB] "the base of the column (straightening muscle?) of the Sco[rpion]" (μ1, μ2 Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §c. [mulGIR2.TAB] "Scorpius"(η Sco), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §d. m[ul]SI ZAG GIR2.TAB "right horn of the Scorpius"(σ Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §f. mulSUḪUŠ EME.DA GIR2.TAB MUL x [x MUL x] ˹GU4˺.ALIM 3 MULmeš(sic) SAG.DU3 "Base of the Scorpion column (μ1 Sco), [...] (γ Oph), [star x] Bison (κ Oph): 3 stars, triangle." [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48-49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Ser[unina Bison]" (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulGIR3 ZAG]? ˹GU4˺.ALIM "[Right leg of] the Bison" (κ Oph).
* §h. mulSAG GIR2.TAB mulŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM ''u'' mulŠullat(PA) [3 MULmeš] GU SI.SA2 DUB2.[BA] 2 DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA mu[lP]A ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "The Scorpion’s head (δ Sco), the Bull’s left paw (Ser d) and Šullat: [3 stars]. A straight tight rope. 2 intervals, interval. [Šull]lat first." [Walker 1995, 36-37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], here instead of mul''Šullat''(pa) should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) "Ḫaniš" (α Cen).
* §j. [mu]l ''zi-qit'' GIR2.TAB mulSAG GU4.ALIM ''u''3 mulPA ˹3˺ [MULmeš ...] ˹2˺ DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA MUL ''zi-q''[''it'' GIR2.TAB x] "Sting of the Scorpion (θ Sco), head of the Bull (η Ser?) and Šullat (β Cen?): 3 [stars ...]. 2 intervals, interval. The sting [of Scorpius ...]." [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy: GIR2'''
See [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; used in the lunar tablets dating back to the late fifth century BC. [Aaboe and Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30-31; 2010].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
(mul)GIR2.TAB is the designation of the constellation and zodiac sign of Scorpius. The four stars of the Scorpius constellation were used as "normal stars," see also (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] below.

'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''

* múlGABA GIR2.TAB ''ka-bi-is'' GABA ''tam-tim'' "'The breast of the Scorpion' that walkes by the 'breast' of the sea." [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. A 3427:'''
* a) ˹TA˺ 5 UŠ ''ar''2 2 MUL2me ''ša''2 SAG múlA EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 múlDILI ''ša''2 múlKUN''-šu''2 [GIR2.TAB] "From (culmination point) 5° behind the 2 stars of the Lion's head to (the culmination point) 5° behind the Single star on its tail: [Scorpius rises]" (anaphora of the zodiac sign Scorpius, determined by the climax of the ziqpu stars),
* b) múlGIR2.TAB TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' .../ 2 UŠ 30 GAR 1''-et'' ḪA.LA ''ša''2 múlGIR2.TAB KUR''-ḫa'' ''ina'' 12 ḪA.LA 1 DANNA 10 UŠ ... "(Sign of the zodiac) Scorpius from its beginning to its end rises [...] / 2° 30' (which is) one (twelfth) part of Scorpius rises. In 12 parts 1 DANNA 10 UŠ [(culminates), and], ''(continued by:)''
* c) TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' PAP 2 DANNA ''ina'' ''ziq-pi i-lak-ma'' [... ] "(Scorpius) from its beginning to its end rises. A total of 2 danna culminates, [...]" <s>(the indicated value of the time of rising of the constellation Scorpius corresponds to the length on the ecliptic 450),</s>
* d) múlGIR2-TAB ''meš-ḫi im-šuḫ'' ZI "Scorpius emits a ''mišḫu'' ..." [Steele 2017, 63-65; earlier Schaumberger 1955, 238-239:1, 15-17, 21; 241].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology, Magic and Calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GIR2.TAB - designation of the 8th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) Lunaria
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab "Scorpius region" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
** (b) BRM IV, 19: the text contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which gir2.tab is the designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 8-''i-tum'' ḫa.la múlgir2.tab ''šum''3-''šu''2 "8th part, its name Scorpius." [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66],
** (b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu "8th part Aries — Aries Scorpius" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18-19]. The division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 4th part is mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Division of the zodiac sign Scorpius into 12 parts: ḫa.la ''sag-tu''2 ša, múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [''šum''3-''šu''2]? "The first part of Scorpius, [her name is] Scorpius." [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239, A 3427:2], see also Anaphora.
* (4) Zodiacal Astrology. KI múlGIR2.TAB ... "In the region of the Scorpius [was born]: ...she will become a witch, she will be happy? (var.: sinner) ..., a widow." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27].
* (5) Predicting the price of cereal by observing the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. [DIŠ Sin ''ina'' mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-''ma''..."[If the Moon] eclipses [in Scorpius] ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

'''Short form GIR2'''

* (1) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-''tim'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Duuzu 7 // Scorpius 190 // Anything you smear." [SpTU III, 104:7, and also 20]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30].
* (2)
|[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
|-
|'''Zodiacal astrology: short form GIR2'''
* KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ''ni-zi''[''q-tu''4]
* "Region close to the Scorpion: death (in) days of wrath" [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'];
|
|}
See also: MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SI mulGIR2.TAB "The star on the horn of Scorpius" [SpTU II, 42:12], and also [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
[[File:Sco CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192735.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GIR2.TAB (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Antares]]
|HIP 80763
|Constellation lines
|0.91
|-
|2
| [[Shaula]]
|HIP 85927
|Constellation lines
|1.63
|-
|3
|[[Sargas]]
|HIP 86228
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.85
|-
|4
|[[Larawag]]
|HIP 82396
|Constellation lines
|2.29
|-
|5
|[[Dschubba]]
|HIP 78401
|Constellation lines
| 2.32
|-
|6
|κ Scorpii
|HIP 86670
|Inside the Hull
|2.386
|-
|7
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.5
|-
|8
|[SC96] Mis 162
|[SC96] Mis 162
|Inside the Hull
|2.51
|-
|9
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.62
|-
|10
|[[Lesath]]
|HIP 85696
| Constellation lines
|2.65
|-
| 11
| [[Paikauhale]]
| HIP 81266
| Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|12
|[[Alniyat]]
|HIP 80112
|Constellation lines
|2.89
|-
|13
|[[Fang]]
|HIP 78265
|Constellation lines
|2.91
|-
|14
|[[Xamidimura]]
|HIP 82514
|Inside the Hull
|2.98
|-
|15
|ι 1 Scorpii
|HIP 87073
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.992
|-
| 16
|[[Fuyue]]
| HIP 87261
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.21
|-
|17
| [[Brachium]]
| HIP 73714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.21
|-
|18
|η Scorpii
|HIP 84143
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.33
|-
|19
|[SC96] Mis 190
|[SC96] Mis 190
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|20
|C 1652-407
|C 1652-407
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|21
|[[Pipirima]]
|HIP 82545
|Constellation lines
|3.542
|-
|22
| υ Librae
|HIP 76470
|Inside the Hull
|3.589
|-
|23
|ζ 2 Scorpii
|HIP 82729
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.62
|-
| 24
|τ Librae
|HIP 76600
|Constellation lines
|3.642
|-
|25
|[[Iklil]]
|HIP 78104
|Inside the Hull
|3.86
|-
|26
|[[Zubenelhakrabi]]
|HIP 76333
|Constellation lines
|3.91
|-
|27
|ω 1 Scorpii
| HIP 78933
|Inside the Hull
|3.97
|-
|28
|[[Jabbah]]
| HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4
|-
|29
|H Sco
|HIP 81304
|Inside the Hull
|4.156
|-
|30
|θ Librae
|HIP 77853
|Inside the Hull
|4.16
|-
|31
|ξ Sco B
|HIP 78727
| Constellation lines
|4.17
|-
|32
|N Sco
|HIP 80911
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|33
|Q Sco
|HIP 86170
|Inside the Hull
| 4.267
|-
|34
|ω 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78990
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
| 35
|[[Jabbah]] A
|HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4.349
|-
|36
|χ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80569
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
| 37
|ω Ophiuchi
| HIP 80975
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|38
|ψ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80343
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|39
|13 Sco
| HIP 79404
|Inside the Hull
|4.568
|-
|40
|ο Scorpii
|HIP 80079
| Inside the Hull
|4.57
|-
|41
|2 Sco
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|42
|37 Lib
|HIP 76219
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.62
|-
|43
|ρ Ophiuchi
| HIP 80473
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|44
| 1 Sco
|HIP 77635
|Inside the Hull
|4.635
|-
|45
|* 2 Sco A
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.71
|-
|46
|κ Librae
|HIP 76880
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 79881
|Inside the Hull
|4.782
|-
|48
|22 Sco
|HIP 80815
|Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
|49
|* ksi Sco B
|HIP 78727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.87
|-
|50
|48 Lib
|HIP 78207
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
| 51
|V1073 Sco
|HIP 83574
| Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|52
|β 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78821
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|53
|42 Lib
|HIP 76742
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 78650
| Inside the Hull
|4.966
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 83336
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|56
|λ Librae
|HIP 77811
|Inside the Hull
|5.027
|-
|57
|* rho Oph A
|HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 79302
|Inside the Hull
|5.102
|-
|59
|36 Lib
|HIP 76259
|Inside the Hull
|5.138
|-
|60
| * ksi Sco A
| HIP 78727
|Constellation lines
|5.16
|-
| 61
|* alf Sco B
|HD 148479
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 82493
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|63
| 41 Lib
|HIP 76628
|Inside the Hull
|5.359
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 77858
|Inside the Hull
|5.372
|-
|65
| -
| HIP 79050
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|66
|[SC96] Mis 382
|[SC96] Mis 382
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
| 67
|* tet Sco B
|HD 159532B
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|68
|M 4
|M 4
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 77859
|Inside the Hull
|5.402
|-
|70
|CD-29 12513B
|HIP 80399
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|71
| η Librae
|HIP 77060
|Inside the Hull
|5.412
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 80390
|Inside the Hull
|5.42
|-
|73
| -
| HIP 78246
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|74
|49 Lib
|HIP 78400
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 82676
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 82135
|Inside the Hull
|5.481
|-
|77
|27 Sco
|HIP 82960
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 79199
|Inside the Hull
|5.497
|-
|79
|ζ 4 Librae
|HIP 76126
|Inside the Hull
|5.499
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 79980
|Inside the Hull
| 5.502
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 74732
|Inside the Hull
|5.506
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 76106
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 86698
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 84551
|Inside the Hull
|5.526
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 84401
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
| 86
|M 19
|M 19
|Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|87
|4 Sco
|HIP 77984
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|88
| ζ 1 Librae
|HIP 75730
| Inside the Hull
|5.626
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 84150
| Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|90
|26 Oph
|HIP 83196
|Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|91
|11 Sco
|HIP 79005
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 82775
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 76532
|Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 80672
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|95
|* 12 Sco A
|HIP 79399
| Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|96
|ζ 3 Librae
|HIP 75944
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 76569
|Inside the Hull
|5.816
|-
|98
|CD-29 12513A
|HR 6106
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
| -
| HIP 78168
| Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 81741
|Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 85889
|Inside the Hull
|5.838
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 74539
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|103
|66 G. Oph
|HIP 83176
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
|104
|3 Sco
|HIP 77909
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 79098
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|106
|Gliese 667 A
| HIP 84709
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|107
|V923 Sco
| HIP 83491
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 83896
| Inside the Hull
|5.911
|-
|109
| -
| HIP 81523
| Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|110
| -
| HIP 85048
|Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 79596
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
| 112
|V929 Sco
|HIP 78877
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 83235
|Inside the Hull
|5.934
|-
| 114
|[SC96] Mis 177
|[SC96] Mis 177
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 84425
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|116
|47 Lib
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|5.957
|-
|117
|[SC96] Mis 213
|[SC96] Mis 213
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 83693
| Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 81992
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 85543
|Inside the Hull
|5.985
|-
|121
| -
| HIP 78665
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 84226
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
| 123
| -
|HIP 81904
|Inside the Hull
| 6.046
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 83100
|Inside the Hull
|6.048
|-
|125
|* 47 Lib A
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 79622
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 78575
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|128
| -
| HIP 80910
| Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 79692
|Inside the Hull
|6.083
|-
|130
| -
| HIP 78726
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|131
| -
| HIP 82691
| Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|132
|36 G. Oph
|HIP 81728
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 77900
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|134
|RR Sco
|HIP 82912
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 78078
|Inside the Hull
| 6.117
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 84489
|Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
|137
| -
| HIP 83706
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|138
|[SC96] Mis 165
|[SC96] Mis 165
|Inside the Hull
|6.14
|-
|139
| -
| HIP 85237
|Inside the Hull
|6.142
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 85839
|Inside the Hull
|6.158
|-
|141
|28 Lib
|HIP 75110
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 142
| -
| HIP 84445
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 75939
| Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
| 144
| -
|HIP 76503
|Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 77985
|Inside the Hull
|6.199
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 77689
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 78699
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 76033
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 149
| -
|HIP 82453
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|150
| V861 Sco
|HIP 82911
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|151
|34 G. Oph
|HIP 81632
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 82783
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 86246
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 78058
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 155
| -
|HIP 84151
|Inside the Hull
|6.285
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 77007
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|157
| -
| HIP 79945
|Inside the Hull
|6.298
|-
|158
|[SC96] Mis 208
|[SC96] Mis 208
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 82554
|Inside the Hull
|6.315
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 78486
|Inside the Hull
|6.317
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 76567
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 78955
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|163
| -
| HIP 82855
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 164
|[SC96] Mis 549
|[SC96] Mis 549
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 165
| -
|HIP 76666
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 78059
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 79031
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 79605
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 82731
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|170
|[SC96] Mis 201
|[SC96] Mis 201
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|171
|V1077 Sco
|HIP 84650
|Inside the Hull
|6.367
|-
|172
| -
|HR 6426
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|173
| V900 Sco
| HIP 82669
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|174
| -
|HIP 77729
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 87042
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 79599
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 85786
|Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 85019
|Inside the Hull
|6.419
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 79788
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 180
| -
|HIP 79203
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 79530
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 84332
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 85020
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|184
| -
|HD 152249
| Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|-
|186
|23 Lib
|HIP 74500
|Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|187
| -
| HIP 80324
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 86098
|Inside the Hull
| 6.463
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 74490
|Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
|190
|[SC96] GC 33
|[SC96] GC 33
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Ishkara, see (Kurtik i15) [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]. The name ''zu''2''-qa''2''-qi''4''-ip'', as a royal name, at the beginning of the post-Flood part of the "Sumerian royal list" relating to Kishu, cf. [Jacobsen 1939, 78-79:10-11].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) Ritual at the lunar eclipse in the month of Kislimu, see (Kurtik u06)[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (2) Hemerology for the 18th of duuzu: ''pad-su ana'' ˹mul˺gir2.tab ''liš-ku-un'' "Let him offer his sacrifice to Scorpius" [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94-95].
* (3) The purifying ritual of the "Exaltation of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [d''iš-ḫa-ra''] "Spell, (constellation) Scorpius, [Ishkhara]". [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58-59;].
* (4) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the deity statue, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (5) The astral-mythological text BM 55466+, where the night sky in the month of Tebetu is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, see (Kurtk u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (6) In astrological geography, Scorpius correlates (a) with Sea Land and Dilmun or Borsippa, (b) with Khursagkalamma, Borsippa [Weidner 1963; Kurtik 2010; Steele 2015].
* (7) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mul]GIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'' d''Ištar'' ''ina qe''2-''reb'' MURUB4 ''e-peš ša''2-''aš''2-''me'' / [...''a'']''š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu'' "Scorpion, Ishkhara, (i.e. The Scorpion Ishtar, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the fight / [...] 'stubborn' (opponents) of yours, let him defeat, let him turn them into ghosts!" [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′-8′].

''Also = Racc Text 213???''

==== Symbol. ====
Scorpion. Early depictions of the scorpion/scorpio-man in Mesopotamian glyptics of the 3rd millennium BC, when it may have already acquired astral significance, see [Kononenko 1997]. [Kononenko 1997] as well as [Kurtik 1998, 36; 2022, ]. For the images on the kudurru see. [Seidl 1968, 156-157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48], for astral images on Hellenistic seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, no. See [AUWE 19, no. 1008-1017; Kurtik 2007, fig. 24, 32]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlGIR2 (designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius) corresponds to G[IR2.TAB] "Sc[orpio]". [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

==== Previous Identification. ====
[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246]

= Scorpius + part of Librae, constellation figure correlated with stars, [Koch 1989, 114-115, Abb. 16 a-b].

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Middle star in the head of Scorpion" (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 ''e ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Upper star of Scorpion's head" (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Lower star of the Scorpion's head" (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 "(God) of Fox" (α Scorpii),

The 4 indicated stars above were used as "normal stars" in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 26-29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab "Claws (lit. Horn) of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN et al.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab "Stars of the Scorpion's head", see GU-text.

(7) gaba gir2.tab "Breasts of the Scorpion", see GU-text, etc.

(8) mul ''ta-ri-tu''2 mulgir2.tab "The raised tail of the Scorpion", see GU-text.

(9) Scorpion's head (δ Sco), see dbn-text.

(10) Base of the Scorpion's column (straightening muscle?) (μ1, μ2 Sco), see dbn-text.

(11) Right claw (lit. horn) of the Scorpion (σ Sco), see dbn-text.

(12) Scorpius's sting, see dbn-text, and also below.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's lips" (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, no. -651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Star with great brilliance on the Scorpion's head" [AD I, 42, no. -651:10-11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB "The middle section of the Scorpion." [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) [...K]UN mulGIR2.TAB "Tail of the Scorpion" [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) ''u''2''-ru-ud'': ''u''2''-ru-uḫ'' mulGIR2.TAB "Throat of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB "Center (lit. Navel) of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB "(2 stars) on the sting of the Scorpion" (λ, υ Scorpii), see MUL.APIN et al, as well as (Kurtik sh05) [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]] and (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

(20) The border of the Scorpion; [...mul]GIR2.TAB ''it-ta-tu-ša''2 MI-''mu'' ... "[...] Scorpion, its border is dark [...]" [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; mulGIR2.TAB: d''Dil-bat'' [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Lisi; cf. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], (Kurtik n25) [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]], II 3.

(3) Scorpion's stinger = Pabilsag; see (Kurtik p04) [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL2.SAG]], VI 4, (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

In [G. 94, IV 2-3] identifications of the Scorpion with Jupiter, Mars and Mercury are suggested, which, as far as we know, is not confirmed by the texts. See, however, below (28).

===== Predictions: =====
(4) General astrological significance; mulGIR2.TAB ''ana'' KI.LAM "Scorpion for (predicting the state of) the market." [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Heliacal risings earlier and later; "The Scorpion rises heliacally in the month of arahsamnu, variant: tebetu; if this star rises early: the king of the country will walk proudly, he will conquer [kings], his enemies; if the star rises late: kings of other countries will start enmity against the king of that country" [BPO 2, IX 9]; see also [ibid., X 19, XI 4-6].

(6) View of the Scorpion’s claws; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-''ša''2 ''zu-᾽-u''2''-ra'' KUR2 ZI-''ma ina'' [gišTUKUL ŠUB-''ut''] "If the claws (lit. horns) of the Scorpion are twisted?: an enemy will appear, but will fall by weapons (in battle)", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-''ša''2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' LUGAL ''a-a-bi-šu''2 Š[U-''su'' KUR-''ad''2] "If the Scorpion’s claws emit rays (lit. carry radiation): the king will strike his enemies with his hand" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346 +:41-42], see also [ARAK, 218:2-4, 547:1-4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ''ana'' UR2-''šu''2 GUR I3 ''ina'' KUR LA2-''ṭi'' "[If the Scorpion, its foreparts] are facing its 'knee': there will be lack of oil" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''zu''-᾽-''u''2-''ra ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' / dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mul''zi-ba-ni-ti'' GUB-''ma'' "If the claws of the Scorpion are twisted? (and) it carries radiation, (it means): the planet stands in Libra." [ACh Ištar, 28:6-7].

(7) The Scorpion is dark; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI ''iš-tan-na-an-na''? "If the Scorpion is dark: the kings of all other countries will become hostile (to Akkad?), variant: the kings of all countries will feud one with another." [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''i-da-tu-ša''2 ''uk-ku-la'' UN.MEŠ ''i-lam-mi-na'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Scorpion’s sides are very dark: people will be bad, (it means): Mars stands in it." [ARAK, 502:14]. See also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 3, and Mercury and Scorpius below.

(8) Star in the head of the Scorpion; ''i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-i-e kak-ka-bu'' / [''ina''] SAG.DU ''ša'' mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 ''it-ti-ti-iz'' GISKIM-''šu''2 ''la i-lap-pa-''[''at''] "This night the star stood in the head of the Scorpion before the moon: this sign does not portend anything (bad)". [ARAK, 98: 7-r. 2]. See also (Kurtik ts06) ''[[Ṣurru]]''.

(9) The Scorpion during its first appearance in the month of kislimu; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra ina'' GIBIL UD.DA-''ša''2 / GA[BA]-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-at'' / SI.ME-''ša''2! ''nin-mu-ra'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL ''ina'' KUR ''i-ḫar-ru-pu'' ... "If the Scorpion, the goddess Ishkhara, at the renewal of her light (i.e. at the heliacal rising?), her breasts have great luster, and her tails become dark, and her claws (literally horns) stand opposite each other: the country will have a season of early rain and flood; locusts will attack and devour the country; cattle will be destroyed and the houses of the herders..." [ARAK, 504: 5-r. 2], parallel: DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra'' / ''ina'' IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''nin-gu-la'' /: ''nen-bu-ṭa'' GABA-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-ti'' ... "If in the month of kislimu, the Scorpion, the goddess Ishara, at its first appearance, its claws (resemble) the month? var.: connected, her breasts have great luster, and her tail is dark: ..." [ARAK, 376 r. 4-10]; see also [ibid., 543:1-7].

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in the Scorpion; observations: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [''ina'' EN!.NUN-UD.ZAL / ''i-sa-kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''i-sa''!-''kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''u''2''-zak-ki'' / ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 ''a-dir'' / ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' / mul''ku-ma-ru'' / ''ša'' mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ''ziq-pu'' / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x] ''i-sa-kan'' "The lunar eclipse occured during the morning watch on the 14th of Simman. The eclipse began in the south (of the lunar disk) and cleared out in the south. Its right side eclipsed. The eclipse took place within the perimeters of the Scorpion constellatoin. The Shoulder of the Demon, with an Open Mouth, culminated. An eclipse (the size of) two fingers occurred." [LABS, 149: 3′-r.6]. (DIŠ) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-''ma'' KA´M[I''-su''] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''2 ŠA3-''ši-na'' ŠUB-''ni ina'' AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) on the 14th day of Siman a (lunar) eclipse occurs and (the Moon) sets (eclipses): pregnant women will miscarry their fetal babies; (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Scorpion" (Late Commentary on EAE) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15-16]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki ''u'' NI.TUKki: ''bar''2-''sipa''2ki "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Scorpion: solution for Sea country and Dilmun, var: Borsippa". [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) The Moon at its first appearance and the Scorpion; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2... "If at its first appearance, the Moon is surrounded by the Scorpion, like a halo: lions and wolves will rage, the means of communication will become unsafe...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (var. ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB) ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion (var.: stinger of the Scorpion) stands in the middle of it (= Moon): floods will come and wash away the dikes...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its shoulder: this year rats will destroy the canes and sesame...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its right horn: this year locusts will attack and devour the country...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its left horn: this year the locusts will attack and devour the country, the king of Akkad and the king (Amurru) will be hostile to each other ...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 GUB KUR ''in-neš-š''[''i''] "If the Scorpion stands in front of it: the country will become weak", DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (var: KI.MIN ''zi-qit-tum'') GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2 ''ina'' MU BI ZI-''ut'' ERIN2-''man-da'' "If the tail (var. stinger) of the Scorpion surrounds (the moon) like a halo: this year Umman-manda (the country) will attack (the country of Akkad)." [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22-28], see also [ARAK, 66 r. 1-4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Lunar halo and the Scorpion; 30 MI ''an-ni-u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-''ma'' NIGIN-''ma a-na'' ˹A.AN˺ [''u''] A.KAL "This night the moon was surrounded by a halo in the Scorpion: (it portends) rain [and] flood". [ARAK, 2:1-2], see also [ibid, 377: 7-r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulGIR2.TAB / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / ''uš-taḫ-ḫa'' NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-''ma'' / A.RA2 KUD.ME "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Scorpion stands in it: entu- priestesses will become pregnant, men, variant: lions will rage and cut the message." [ARAK, 307:1-5], see also [ibid., 147 r. 2-4, 480: 7- r. 1].

(13) The Sun and the Scorpion; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB [...] "If the Sun sets and the Scorpion stands in its place [...]" [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Jupiter and the head of the Scorpion; see (Kurtik s04) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 31.

(15) Jupiter and the Scorpion in the lunar halo; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

(16) Rising of Venus, the Moon, the Scorpion and Gemini; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGUD d''Sin u'' mulGIR2.TAB IGI-''ma'' IGI-''it'' MUL [...] / ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.IN ...d''Ni-ri''... "If Venus (rises) in the month of Ayar, (and before that) the Moon, the Scorpion, the opposite asterism, [...] and Gemini are visible, variant: (opposite) the Yoke...: there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Rising of the Venus in the Scorpion; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAPIN KUR-''ḫa ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-''ma'' NU SIG5 "If Venus rises in the month of arahsamnu — it rises in the Scorpion, this is unfavorable" [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , see also [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Venus, the Moon and Lugalirra in the Scorpion; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin ''u'' d''Lugal''-GIR3-''ra ina'' iti''Še-er''-[''e-re-ši ina birīt'' SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ''ina'' [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 d''Sin u''] dLugal-GIR3''-ra'' / ''ina'' SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' IN.U ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If in the month of the plowing of the furrow, Venus (during its appearance), the Moon and Lugalirra, in between the claws of the Scorpion, are visible and within it? and Venus, the Moon, and Lugalirra are coming out of its right claw: there will be famine, famine of barley and straw in the land." [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], for a parallel see. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Venus enters into the perimeters of the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ma'' BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki ... "If Venus enters into the Scorpion: there will be famine in the country; if in the east, bad for Elam; if in the west, bad for Akkad ..." [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Venus approaches the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' mulGIR2.TAB TE-''ḫi'' ... "If Venus comes close to the Scorpion: unfavorable winds will blow in the country; Adad will send rain, and Ea will send spring to the country of Guti." [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. See also [ibid., 55:3-8].

(21) Mercury in Scorpion; see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], V 10.

(22) Saturn, Libra and Scorpion; see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]],

(23) Mars approaching Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 32.

(24) Asterism of Elam = Mars in Scorpius; see (Kurtik n20) [[NIM.MA]], II 3.

(25) Mars and Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 34.

(26) The Plough(=Mars) and Scorpion; see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 8.

(27) Planets and the Scorpion; three versions of protasis: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands in the middle of Scorpius", DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands before Scorpius" and DIŠ mulUDU. IDIM ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE "If a planet faces Scorpius" have the same apodosis: ina MU BI A.ANmeš ''u'' A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš "rain and flood will wash away (roads) this year" [TU, 16 r. 16-18; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a].

(28) The Scorpion (= Mars?) approaches the Moon; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ''ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If Scorpius comes close, upfront the Moon, and stands there: the reign of the king will be long; the enemy will attack, but will be defeated" [ARAK, 430:1-5], see also [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9-14].

(29) Baltesha and the Scorpion; see (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], V 3.

(30) Shooting stars and the Scorpion; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-''ma'' EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ''ina'' ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' "If a star flashes from within the middle portion of the Scorpion and moves to the limits of Amurru: there will be rain this month", DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 2 A. ANme ŠURme "If 2 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain twice this month", DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme "If 3 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain three times this month. [Stev. O.T., 232:13-15], autograph [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15-17].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik g17 GIR2
!
|-
|
==== GIR2 ====
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион»; обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах чаще без детерминатива [G. 91].
I. Источники.

Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрономия, астрология и календарь. (1) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт для изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-tim MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 7 // Скорпион 190 // Все что угодно намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:7, а также 20]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30]. (2) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ni-zi[q-tu4] «Область Скорпиона: смерть (в) дни гнева» [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
|
|-
!Kurtik g19 GIR2.TAB
!
|-
|
==== GIR2.TAB ====
|
|-
|= zuqaqīpu «Скорпион»; созвездие, соответствующее Скорпиону (Scorpius) [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulgir2.tab = zu-qi-qi-pu [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [zu]-qa-qi-pi [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:285ʹ]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. а33AN.TA.GUB; в новоассирийских параллелях: Sm. 1113:9′ — dzu-qa-qi2-p[u…], Sm. 162 rev. 7 — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 151–154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul ša egir-šu gub-zu / mulgir2.tab dIš-ḫa-ra «Созвездие, которое после нее (т.е. после Венеры) стоит, (это) Скорпион, Ишхара» (B ii 6–7); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 2]; b) mul … ana igi mulgir2.tab, см. z10Zibānītum. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin] … mulgir2.tab šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц арахсамну: … Скорпион (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — арахсамну, заход — айяру [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. u21UR.IDIM. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану: mulGIR2.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-at AN KI «Скорпион // 70 // Богиня неба (и) земли» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:23]. BM 34713. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:9], см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1,10 «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, 70» [CT 33, 11]. K.14943+: mulgir2.tab «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, [70]» [CT 33, 12]; см. также mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 7): mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9–9a, III 8a–b, 11c–d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4–6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13–15, Pl. XVII 15–17]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra a-na KI.LAM ša-am-ni da-˹ma˺-[qi] «Звезда, которая стоит после нее (т.е. Иштар), Скорпион, Ишхара. Благоприятно для торговли маслом» (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB «Весы, рог Скорпиона» (I ii 11). (2) Звезды Эа (№ 10): a) mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad2-me «Скорпион, Ишхара, богиня всех обитаемых регионов» (I ii 29), b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB dLi9-si4 dAG «Грудь Cкорпиона: Лиси, Набу» (I ii 30), (c) 2 MULmeš ša2 ina zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-zu / dŠar2-ur u Šar2-gaz «Две звезды, которые стоят на жале Скорпиона: Шарур и Шаргаз» (I ii 31–32). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: а) ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI «5-го арахсамну Скорпион становится видимым» (I iii 3), b) ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 u mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); о совместном восходе muluz3 и mulgir2.tab см. также BM 55466+, u31UZ3. (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 13–14), см. m35MUL.MUL, b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Собака восходят, и Звезда Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25), c) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGIR2.TAB, после mulZi-ba-ni-tu4, перед mulPa-bil-sag (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ina u4-me IGImeš IM ša2 [DU-ku ŠE]Š-ar2 «5-го арахсамну Скорпион, 15-го Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны; в день, когда они становятся видны, ты наблюдаешь ветер, который [дует]» (II i 32–33). (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulGIR2.TAB — запад, см. k24KU6. (8) Астрологические предсказания: […] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 «[Если …] Скорпион становится виден и южный ветер дует: этот год будет благоприятным» (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 350a, 353]. Текст BM 77054. См. m35MUL.MUL. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra «Скорпион = Ишхара»; (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat «Скорпион = ditto(=Ишхара), Тиамат»; (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab «Небесный меч = Скорпион»; (4) 12 звезд Элама: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 34–36, 204]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:31. mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra tam-tim «Скорпион = Ишхара моря» [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum kimin murub4 mulzi-ba-nit si mulgir2.tab / [x-x-t]u2 u igi mulur.idim gu «Упряжь (ziqpu XXVI: υ Boo), или середина Весов (β Lib), рог Скорпиона (γ Sco = σ Lib) / […] и глаз Бешеного Пса (γ Lup): веревка». (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulzi-ba-nit mul.me sag mulgir2.tab / [u? muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim gu «Шупа (=ziqpu I: α Boo) или середина Весов (γ Lib), звезды головы Скорпиона (δ Sco) [и средняя] часть Бешеного Пса (η Lup): веревка». (O) mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 kimin mul gaba gir2.tab / ˹mul ta˺-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab u gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim gu «2-я звезда Упряжи (ziqpu II: ε Boo), или звезда на груди Скорпиона (α Sco), поднятый хвост Скорпиона (μ1 Sco) и задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:21–25; ASM, 93]. Согласно [Koch 1992, 58–59], murub4 mulzi-ba-nit — γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim — Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab — β, δ, π Sco, mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 — π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim — ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco). Dalbanna-текст. §b. a) mulsag gir2.tab «голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), b) mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab] «основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Ско[рпиона]» (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §c. [mulgir2.tab] «Скорпион»(η Sco), см. L07LI4.SI9. §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab «правый рог Скорпиона» (σ Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 «Основание колонны Скорпиона (μ1 Sco), […] (γ Oph), [звезда x] Зубра (κ Oph): 3 звезды, треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48–49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph). §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] «Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), левая рука Быка (Ser d) и Шуллат: [3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. [Шул]лат первый.» [Walker 1995, 36–37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь вместо mulŠullat(pa) должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) «Ханиш» (α Cen). §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš …] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul zi-q[it gir2.tab x x] «Жало Скорпиона (θ Sco), голова Быка (η Ser?) и Шуллат (β Cen?): 3 [звезды …]. 2 интервала, интервал. Жал[о Скорпиона …].» [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109]. «Дневники наблюдений». (mul)GIR2.TAB — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Скорпион. Четыре звезды созвездия Скорпион использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. múlgaba gir2.tab ka-bi-is gaba tam-tim «“Грудь Скорпиона”, что идет по “груди” моря» [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313]. Анафора. A 3427: a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ša2 múlkun-šu2 [gir2.tab] «От (кульминации точки) 50 после 2 звезд головы Льва до (кульминации точки) 50 после Отдельной звезды на его хвосте: [Скорпион]» (анафора знака зодиака Скорпион, определенная по кульминациям ziqpu-звезд), b) múlgir2.tab ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa …/ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1-et ḫa.la ša2 múlgir2.tab kur-ḫa ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ … «(Знак зодиака) Скорпион от его начала до его конца восходит […] / (за) 2030' одна (двенадцатая) часть Скорпиона восходит, 12 частей (за промежуток) 1 danna 10 UŠ (восходят) […], c) ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa napḫar 2 danna ina ziq-pi i-lak-ma […] «(Созвездие Скорпион) от его начала до его конца восходит, всего за (промежуток) 2 danna, (измеренный) по прохождениям ziqpu-звезд […]» (указанное значение времени восхода созвездия Скорпион соответствует протяженности на эклиптике 450), d) múlgir2.tab meš-ḫi im-šuḫ ZI «Скорпион испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:1, 15–17, 21; 241]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GIR2.TAB — обозначение 8-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab «Область Скорпиона» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. b) BRM IV, 19: текст содержит зодиакальную схему, известную под названием «додекатемория», в которой gir2.tab — обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион [Ungnad 1941–44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 8-i-tum ḫa.la múlgir2.tab šum3-šu2 «8-я часть, ее имя Скорпион» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu «8-я часть Овна — Скорпион Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18–19]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 4-я часть — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Подразделение знака зодиака Скорпион на 12 частей: ḫa.la sag-tu2 ša2 múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [šum3-šu2]? «Первая часть Скорпиона, [ее имя] Скорпион» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239, A 3427:2], см. также «Анафора». (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2.TAB … «В области Скорпиона [родилась]: …она будет ведьмой, она будет счастлива? (вар.: грешница) …, вдова» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. [DIŠ Sin ina mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-ma…»[Если Луна] затмилась [в Скорпионе] …» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: MUL ša2 ina SI mulGIR2.TAB «Звезда на роге Скорпиона» [SpTU II, 42:12], а также [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

II. Божество.

Ишхара, см. i15dIšḫara. Имя zu2-qa2-qi4-ip, как царское имя, в начале послепотопной части «Шумерского царского списка», относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 78–79:10–11]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал при лунном затмении в месяце кислиму, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (2) Гемерология на 18-е дуузу: pad-su ana ˹mul˺gir2.tab liš-ku-un «Жертвоприношение свое Скорпиону пусть он принесет» [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94–95]. (3) Очистительный ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [diš-ḫa-ra] «Заклинание, (созвездие) Скорпион, [Ишхара]» [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58–59;]. (4) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k24KU6. (5) Астрально-мифологический текст BM 55466+, где ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, см. u31UZ. (6) В астрологической географии Скорпион соотносится: a) c Морской страной и Дильмуном или Борсиппой, b) c Хурсагкаламмой, Борсиппой [Weidner 1963; Куртик 2010; Steele 2015]. (7) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mul]GIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra dIštar ina qe2-reb MURUB4 e-peš ša2-aš2-me / […a]š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu «Скорпион, Ишхара, (т.е.) Иштар, посредине битвы, учиняя схватку / […] ‘упорных’ (противников) твоих пусть одолеет, в призраки пусть обратит!» [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′–8′].

III. Символ.

Скорпион. Ранние изображения скорпиона/скорпионочеловека в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э., когда он, возможно, уже приобрел астральное значение, см. [Кононенко 1997], а также [Куртик 1998, 36; 2022, ]. Изображения на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 156–157; Куртик 2007, рис. 48], астральные изображения на эллинистических печатях из Урука см. [AUWE 19, No. 1008–1017; Куртик 2007, рис. 24, 32]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlGIR2 (обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион) соответствует G[IR2.TAB] «Ск[орпион]» [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

IV. Отождествление.

= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246].

= Scorpius + часть Librae, фигура созвездия, соотнесенная со звездами, [Koch 1989, 114–115, Abb. 16 a–b].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Верхняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Нижняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 «(Бог) Лиси» (α Scorpii),

4 указанные звезды в «Дневниках наблюдений» использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, No. 26–29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab «Клешни (букв. Рог) Скорпиона», см. GU-текст, MUL.APIN и др.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab «Звезды головы Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(7) gaba gir2.tab «Грудь Скорпиона», см. GU-текст и др.

(8) mul ta-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab «Поднятый хвост Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(9) Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(10) Основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Скорпиона (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(11) Правая клешня (букв. рог) Скорпиона (σ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(12) Жало Скорпиона, см. dbn-текст, а также ниже.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB «Губа Скорпиона» (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, No. –651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском на голове Скорпиона» [AD I, 42, No. –651:10–11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB «Середина Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) […K]UN mulGIR2.TAB «Хвост Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) u2-ru-ud: u2-ru-uḫ mulGIR2.TAB «Горло Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB «Центр (букв. Пуп) Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB «(2 звезды) на жале Скорпиона» (λ, υ Scorpii), см. MUL.APIN и др., а также sh05ŠAR2.GAZ и sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

(20) Граница Скорпиона; […mul]GIR2.TAB it-ta-tu-ša2 MI-mu … «[…] Скорпион, граница его темная […]» [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; mulGIR2.TAB: dDil-bat [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Лиси; см. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], n25NIM.MA(ki), II 3.

(3) Жало Скорпиона = Пабилсаг; см. p04dPA.BIL2.SAG, VI 4, sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

В [G. 94, IV 2–3] предполагаются отождествления Скорпиона с Юпитером, Марсом и Меркурием, что, насколько нам известно, текстами не подтверждается. См., однако, ниже (28).

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(4) Общее астрологическое значение; mulGIR2.TAB ana KI.LAM «Скорпион для (предсказания состояния) рынка» [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже; «Скорпион восходит гелиакически в месяце арахсамну, вариант: тебету; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь той страны будет ходить гордо, он покорит [царей], своих врагов; если звезда восходит поздно: цари всех стран начнут враждовать против царя той страны» [BPO 2, IX 9]; см. также [ibid., X 19, XI 4–6].

(6) Вид клешней Скорпиона; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra KUR2 ZI-ma ina [gišTUKUL ŠUB-ut] «Если клешни (букв. рога) Скорпиона скручены?: враг появится, но падет от оружия (в битве)», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-ša2 ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a LUGAL a-a-bi-šu2 Š[U-su KUR-ad2] «Если Скорпион, клешни его, испускают лучи (букв. несут излучение): царь ру[кой своей поразит] своих врагов» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:41–42], см. также [ARAK, 218:2–4, 547:1–4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ana UR2-šu2 GUR I3 ina KUR LA2-ṭi «[Если Скорпион, передние части] его, обращены к его «колену»: в стране будет недостаток масла» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a / dUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulzi-ba-ni-ti GUB-ma «Если клешни Скорпиона скручены? (и) несут излучение, (это означает): планета в Весах стоит» [ACh Ištar, 28:6–7].

(7) Скорпион темный; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB a-dir LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI iš-tan-na-an-na? «Если Скорпион темный: цари всех стран станут враждебны (Аккаду?), вариант: цари всех стран будут враждовать друг с другом» [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB i-da-tu-ša2 uk-ku-la UN.MEŠ i-lam-mi-na dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-ma «Если стороны Скорпиона очень темные: людям будет плохо, (это означает): Марс стоит в нем» [ARAK, 502:14]. См. также z10Zibānītum, VI 3, а также ниже «Меркурий и Скорпион».

(8) Звезда в голове Скорпиона; i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-e kak-ka-bu / [ina] SAG.DU ša mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 it-ti-ti-iz GISKIM-šu2 la i-lap-pa-[at] «Этой ночью звезда стояла в голове Скорпиона впереди Луны: знак этот не предвещает ничего (плохого)» [ARAK, 98: 7–r. 2]. См. также ts06Ṣurru.

(9) Скорпион при его первом появлении в месяце кислиму; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra ina GIBIL UD.DA-ša2 / GA[BA]-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-at / SI.ME-ša2! nin-mu-ra / A.AN u A.KAL ina KUR i-ḫar-ru-pu … «Если Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при обновлении ее света (т.е. при гелиакическом восходе?), грудь ее имеет большой блеск, хвост ее темный, клешни ее (букв. рога) напротив друг друга: дождь и наводнение в стране будут ранними; саранча нападет и пожрет страну; гибель скота и жилищ скотоводов…» [ARAK, 504: 5–r. 2], параллель: DIŠ ina itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra / ina IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-ša2 nin-gu-la /: nen-bu-ṭa GABA-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-ti … «Если в месяце кислиму Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при своей первой видимости, клешни ее (напоминают) месяц?, вар.: связаны, грудь ее имеет большой блеск, ее хвост темный: …» [ARAK, 376 r. 4–10]; см. также [ibid., 543:1–7].

(10) Затмение Луны в Скорпионе; наблюдение: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [ina EN!.NUN—UD.ZAL / i-sa-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU i-sa!-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU u2-zak-ki / ina ZAG-šu2 a-dir / ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir / mulku-ma-ru / ša mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ziq-pu / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x x] i-sa-kan «14-го симану произошло лунное затмение в утреннюю стражу. Оно началось на юге (лунного диска) и прояснилось на юге. Его правая сторона затмилась. Затмение имело место в области созвездия Скорпион. Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминировало. Затмение (величиной) 2 пальца произошло» [LABS, 149: 3′–r.6]. (DIŠ) ina itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-ma KA´M[I-su] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša2 ŠA3-ši-na ŠUB-ni ina AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) в месяце симану в 14-й день происходит (лунное) затмение и (Луна) заходит (затмившейся): беременные женщины будут выкидывать своих внутриутробных младенцев; (это означает): затмение произошло в Скорпионе» (поздний комментарий к ЕАЕ) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15–16]. DIŠ ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki u NI.TUKki: bar2-sipa2ki «Если (Луна) в пределах Скорпиона затмилась: решение для Морской страны и Дильмуна, вар.: Борсиппы» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) Луна при ее первом появлении и Скорпион; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2… «Если при своем появлении Луна окружена Скорпионом, подобно гало: львы и волки будут неистовствовать, пути сообщения станут небезопасными …», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (вар.: zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB) ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион (вар.: жало Скорпиона) в середине ее (= Луны) стоит: придет половодье и размоет дамбы…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее плече стоит: в этом году крысы уничтожат тростник и сезам…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее правом роге стоит: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB… «Если Скорпион стоит на ее левом роге: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну, царь Аккада и царь (Амурру) будут враждебны друг другу…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina IGI-šu2 GUB KUR in-neš-š[i] «Если Скорпион впереди ее стоит: страна ослабеет», DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (вар: KI.MIN zi-qit-tum) GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2 ina MU BI ZI-ut ERIN2-man-da «Если хвост (вар.: жало) Скорпиона окружает (Луну) подобно гало: в этом году нападение (страны) Умман-манда (на страну Аккад)» [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22–28], см. также [ARAK, 66 r. 1–4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Лунное гало и Скорпион; 30 MI an-ni-u2 ina ŠA3-bi mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-ma NIGIN-ma a-na ˹A.AN˺ [u] A.KAL «Этой ночью Луна была окружена гало в Скорпионе: (это предвещает) дождь [и] наводнение» [ARAK, 2:1–2], см. также [ibid., 377: 7–r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulGIR2.TAB / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / uš-taḫ-ḫa-a NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-ma / A.RA2 KUD.ME «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем стоит Скорпион: entu-жрицы будут беременеть, мужчины, вариант: львы будут беситься и перережут сообщение» [ARAK, 307:1–5], см. также [ibid., 147 r. 2–4, 480: 7– r. 1].

(13) Солнце и Скорпион; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB […] «Если Солнце заходит и на его месте Скорпион стоит […]» [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Юпитер и голова Скорпиона; см. s04SAG.ME.GAR, III 31.

(15) Юпитер и Скорпион в лунном гало; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR

(16) Восход Венеры, Луна, Скорпион и Близнецы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGUD dSin u mulGIR2.TAB IGI-ma IGI-it MUL […] / u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN … dNi-ri… «Если Венера (восходит) в месяце айяру, (при этом) видны Луна и Скорпион и напротив звезда […] и Близнецы, вариант: (напротив) Ярмо …: в стране будет голод» [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Восход Венеры в Скорпионе; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAPIN KUR-ḫa ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma NU SIG5 «Если Венера восходит в месяце арахсамну — она восходит в Скорпионе, она неблагоприятная» [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , см. также [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Венера, Луна и Лугальирра в Скорпионе; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin u dLugal-GIR3-ra ina itiŠe-er-[e-re-ši ina birīt SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ina [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 dSin u] dLugal-GIR3-ra / ina SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE u IN.NU ina KUR GAL2 «Если в месяц Вспахивания борозды Венера (при своем появлении), Луна и Лугальирра между клешнями Скорпиона видны и внутри него? Венера, Луна и Лугальирра выходят из его правой клешни: будет голод на ячмень и солому в стране» [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], параллель см. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Венера входит в область Скорпиона; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2-ma BE-ma ina dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki … «Если Венера входит в пределы Скорпиона: в стране будет голод, если на востоке, плохо для Элама, если на западе, плохо для Аккада …» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Венера приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na mulGIR2.TAB TE-ḫi … «Если Венера подходит близко к Скорпиону: неблагоприятные ветры будут дуть в стране; Адад пошлет дожди, а Эа — свои источники в страну Гутиев» [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. См. также [ibid., 55:3–8].

(21) Меркурий в Скорпионе; см. g34GU4.UD, V 10.

(22) Сатурн, Весы и Скорпион; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ,

(23) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 32.

(24) Звезда Элама = Марс в Скорпионе; см. n20NIM.MA, II 3.

(25) Марс и Скорпион; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 34.

(26) Плуг(=Марс) и Скорпион; см. a43gišAPIN, VI 8.

(27) Планета и Скорпион; три варианта протасиса: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета в середине Скорпиона стоит», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета перед Скорпионом стоит» и DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulGIR2.TAB TE «Если планета к Скорпиону приближается» имеют одинаковый аподосис: ina MU BI A.ANmeš u A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš «в этом году дожди и наводнения (дороги) размоют» [TU, 16 r. 16–18; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a].

(28) Скорпион (= Марс?) приближается к Луне; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz … «Если Скорпион подходит близко в передней части Луны и стоит там: правление царя будет долгим; враг атакует, но будет побежден» [ARAK, 430:1–5], см. также [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9–14].

(29) Балтеша и Скорпион; см. b03BAL.TEŠ2.A, V 3.

(30) Падающие звезды и Скорпион; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ina ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-nun «Если звезда из середины Скорпиона вспыхивает и перемещается до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет дождь», DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 2 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 2 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 2 дождя», DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 3 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 3 дождя» [Stev. O.T., 232:13–15], автография [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15–17].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, z12)
|
|-
|
==== mul''Zuqaqīpu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион», в основном в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII, см. g19GIR2.TAB.
|
|}
== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sco]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

GIR2.TAB

2026-06-09T08:18:00Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIR2.TAB, ''zuqaqīpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Skopion xs.jpg|thumb|A scorpion in the Sahara desert (SMH 2007).]]
mulGIR2.TAB (𒀯𒄈𒋰) = ''zuqaqīpu'', 'The Scorpion,' is the ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to the [[Scorpius|Scorpion]] in the modern constellation of [[Scorpius]]. The Akkadian parallel ''zuqaqīpu'' is mostly found in lexical texts of the Urra XXII series.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* = ''zuqaqīpu'' (𒀯𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍), scorpion; a constellation corresponding to [[Scorpius]] [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
* GIR2 short form in later astronomical and astrological texts, the zodiac sign Scorpius appears more often without the determinative [Gössmann 91].
* [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]] = ''zuqaqīpu''
In MUL.APIN, the explanatory list<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mentions:
* mulGÍR.TAB (AN 16–17r; EA 9l, 10l, 11l, 12–13l).
* mulGABA GÍR.TAB “breast of the scorpion” (EA 11l).
* SI mulGÍR.TAB “horns (= pedipalpi) of the scorpion” (AN 16–17r).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114].

* (2) Series Urra XXII: Urra XXII 285' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 107]. mulgir2.tab = ''zu-qi-qi-pu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [''zu'']-''qa-qi-pi'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8;

|
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 246
Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 102, Anu 2): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'', 'he star that stands after it (i.e. Ištar), 'The Scorpion,' Išḫara.'

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 194, Anu VIII, BM 34713, Anu IX), BM 82923: ulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI, 'The Scorpion' // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Horowitz 2014: 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:23].

'''''Rising and Setting Stars: (Horowitz 2014: 168, Anu-Rising Month VIII, Setting Month II. - do you like this format?? It is very simple - I can go back and change all the previous listings???'''''

'''''Circular Astrolabes.'''''
Horowitz 2014: 123-124
* Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu, Month VIII), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].
* K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].
'''Text HS 245''' (The Hilprecht Text).

* See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]];
* In Neo-Assyrian parallels:
** Sm. 1113:9′ - d''zu-qa-qi''2-''p''[''u''...],
** Sm. 162 rev. 7 - mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957-58; Horowitz 1993, 151-154].
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Stars."</s>'''
<s>Anu 2. </s>

* <s>MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "The star that stands after it (i.e. Ishtar), Scorpius, Ishara. Favorable for the oil trade" (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].</s>
|
|-
|'''''"<s>Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."</s> '''''
'''<s>Astrolabe P.</s>'''
* <s>Arahsamnu month, s</s>tar<s>s of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Arahsamnu month, stars of Anu: mulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI</s>
*** <s>"Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:23].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. Kislimu month, stars Anu [LBAT, 149</s>9:9], <s>see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|''Ṣalbatanu'']].</s>
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* <s>(1) List (12´3):</s>
** <s>a) mul ''ša'' ''egir-šu gub-zu'' / mulgir2.tab d''Iš-ḫa-ra''</s>
*** <s>"The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after Venus), (is) Scorpius, Ishara" (B ii 6-7); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 2];</s>
** <s>(b) mul ... ''ana'' igi mulgir2.tab, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum]]''[[Zibānītum]]''</s>.
* (2) <s>List (3´12):</s>
** <s>[itiapin] ... mulgir2.tab ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''</s>
*** <s>The month of arahsamnu: ... Scorpius (on the way of) Anu (rises)" (C ii 8).</s>
* <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — arahsamnu, sunset — ayaru [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].</s>
'''''C<s>ircular Astrolabes.</s>'''''
* <s>Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month of Arahsamnu), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].</s>
* <s>K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month arahsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].</s>
<s>'''A list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 7)''':</s>

* <s>mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9-9a, III 8a-b, 11c-d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4-6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13-15, Pl. XVII 15-17].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Anu (no. 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB "Libra, horn of Scorpius" (I ii 11).
* (2) Stars of Ea (no. 10):
** a) mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''2-''me'' "Scorpion, Išḫara, goddess of all inhabited regions" (I ii 29),
** b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB d''Li''9-''si''4 dAG "The chest of the Scorpion: Lisi, Nabu" (I ii 30),
** (c) 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ina zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-''zu'' / d''Šar''2''-ur u Šar''2-''gaz'' "Two stars that stand on the sting of the Scorpion: Šarur and Šargaz" (I ii 31-32).
* (3) Dates of heliacal risings:
** a) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu the Scorpion becomes visible" (I iii 3),
** b) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme "On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the Goat and the Breast of the Scorpion become visible" (I iii 4); on the joint rising of muluz3 and mulgir2.tab see also BM 55466+, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (4) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) (I iii 13-14), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]],
** b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme-''ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "The Scorpion and the Dog rise, and the Asterism of Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25),
** c) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulGIR2.TAB, after mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4, before mul''Pa-bil-sag'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (6) Observations of heliacal risings and the direction of the wind:
** ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ''ina u''4-''me'' IGImeš IM ''ša''2 [DU-''ku'' ŠE]Š-''ar''2
** "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu, the Scorpion, on the 15th Breast of the Scorpion becomes visible; on the day that they become visible, you will observe the wind that [blows]" (II i 32-33).
* (7) A scheme for determining winds by the stars: mulGIR2.TAB - west, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU]]6.
* (8) Astrological predictions: [...] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 "[If ...] of the Scorpion becomes visible and the south wind blows: this year will be good" (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116].
Text BM 77054.

See (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]]. "A large list of stars."

* (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra "Scorpion = Išḫara";
* (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat "Scorpion = ditto(=Išḫara), Tiamat";
* (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab "Heavenly sword = Scorpion";
* (4) 12 stars of Elam: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol, App. B: 34-36, 204] ''Išhara not Ishkhara everywhere??? Yes of courseǃǃǃ''

'''''regarding Text BM 77054: all this is the Great Star List 25<nowiki>''</nowiki>-27<nowiki>''</nowiki> -'''''

'''<nowiki>;</nowiki> see also the list of "7 ''tikpi''-stars" [KAR, 142 i 37].'''
|[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See SAA 10, p. 381; SAA 8, p. 350a, 353].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:31.'''
* mulgir2.tab = d''iš-ḫa-ra tam-tim'' "Scorpius = Išḫara of the sea". [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (M) [mul''na'']-''at-tul-lum'' KIMIN MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' SI mulgir2.tab / [x-x-''t'']''u''2 ''u'' IGI mulUR.IDIM GU "The harness (''ziqpu'' XXVI: υ Boo), or the middle of Libra (β Lib), the horn of the Scorpion (γ Sco = σ Lib) / [...] and the Mad Dog’s eye (γ Lup): a string.
* (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹KIMIN˺ MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' MULme SAG mulGIR2.TAB / [''u''? MURU]B4 ˹mul˺UR.IDIM GU "Šupa (=''ziqpu'' I: α Boo) or the middle of Libra (γ Lib), the stars of Scorpius's head (δ Sco) [and the middle] part of the Mad Dog (η Lup): a string.
* (O) mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 KIMIN mulGABA GIR2.TAB / ˹MUL ''ta''˺-''ri''-''tu''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' GIR3II EGIR ''ša''2 mulUR.IDIM GU "The 2nd star of the Harness (''ziqpu'' II: ε Boo), or the star on the chest of the Scorpion (α Sco), the raised tail of the Scorpion (μ1 Sco) and the hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco): a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:21-25; ASM, 93].

According to [Koch 1992, 58-59], murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' is γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim is Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab is β, δ, π Sco, mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 is π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim is ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco).
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!GUs
|-
|M
|[[File:GU13 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|13th GU, GU (M), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>]]
|-
|N
|[[File:GU14 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|14th GU, GU (N), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|O
|[[File:GU15 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|15th GU, GU (O), in Hoffmann (2022).Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":0" />.]]
|}
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §b.
** a) mulSAG GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's head (δ Sco),
** b) mulSUḪUŠ UM.ME.DA G[IR2.TAB] "the base of the column (straightening muscle?) of the Sco[rpion]" (μ1, μ2 Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §c. [mulGIR2.TAB] "Scorpius"(η Sco), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §d. m[ul]SI ZAG GIR2.TAB "right horn of the Scorpius"(σ Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §f. mulSUḪUŠ EME.DA GIR2.TAB MUL x [x MUL x] ˹GU4˺.ALIM 3 MULmeš(sic) SAG.DU3 "Base of the Scorpion column (μ1 Sco), [...] (γ Oph), [star x] Bison (κ Oph): 3 stars, triangle." [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48-49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Ser[unina Bison]" (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulGIR3 ZAG]? ˹GU4˺.ALIM "[Right leg of] the Bison" (κ Oph).
* §h. mulSAG GIR2.TAB mulŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM ''u'' mulŠullat(PA) [3 MULmeš] GU SI.SA2 DUB2.[BA] 2 DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA mu[lP]A ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "The Scorpion’s head (δ Sco), the Bull’s left paw (Ser d) and Šullat: [3 stars]. A straight tight rope. 2 intervals, interval. [Šull]lat first." [Walker 1995, 36-37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], here instead of mul''Šullat''(pa) should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) "Ḫaniš" (α Cen).
* §j. [mu]l ''zi-qit'' GIR2.TAB mulSAG GU4.ALIM ''u''3 mulPA ˹3˺ [MULmeš ...] ˹2˺ DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA MUL ''zi-q''[''it'' GIR2.TAB x] "Sting of the Scorpion (θ Sco), head of the Bull (η Ser?) and Šullat (β Cen?): 3 [stars ...]. 2 intervals, interval. The sting [of Scorpius ...]." [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy: GIR2'''
See [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; used in the lunar tablets dating back to the late fifth century BC. [Aaboe and Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30-31; 2010].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
(mul)GIR2.TAB is the designation of the constellation and zodiac sign of Scorpius. The four stars of the Scorpius constellation were used as "normal stars," see also (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] below.

'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''

* múlGABA GIR2.TAB ''ka-bi-is'' GABA ''tam-tim'' "'The breast of the Scorpion' that walkes by the 'breast' of the sea." [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. A 3427:'''
* a) ˹TA˺ 5 UŠ ''ar''2 2 MUL2me ''ša''2 SAG múlA EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 múlDILI ''ša''2 múlKUN''-šu''2 [GIR2.TAB] "From (culmination point) 5° after the 2 stars of the Lion's head to (the culmination point) 5° behind the Single star on its tail: [Scorpius]" (anaphora of the zodiac sign Scorpius, determined by the climax of the ziqpu stars),
* b) múlGIR2.TAB TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' .../ 2 UŠ 30 GAR 1''-et'' ḪA.LA ''ša''2 múlGIR2.TAB KUR''-ḫa'' ''ina'' 12 ḪA.LA 1 DANNA 10 UŠ ... "(Sign of the zodiac) Scorpius from its beginning to its end rises [...] / (per) 2030' one (twelfth) part of the Scorpius rises, 12 parts (per interval) 1 danna 10 UŠ (rises) [...],
* c) ta ''sag-šu''2 en ''til-šu''2 ''kur-ḫa'' napḫar 2 danna ''ina'' ''ziq-pi i-lak-ma'' [... ] "(The constellation Scorpius) from its beginning to its end rises, in a total of (the interval of) 2 danna, (measured) by the passages of the ziqpu stars [...]" (the indicated value of the time of rising of the constellation Scorpius corresponds to the length on the ecliptic 450),
* d) múlgir2 tab ''meš-ḫi im-šuḫ'' ZI "Scorpius emits mišḫu and ascends" [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239:1, 15-17, 21; 241].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology, Magic and Calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GIR2.TAB - designation of the 8th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) Lunaria
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab "Scorpius region" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
** (b) BRM IV, 19: the text contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which gir2.tab is the designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 8-''i-tum'' ḫa.la múlgir2.tab ''šum''3-''šu''2 "8th part, its name Scorpius." [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66],
** (b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu "8th part Aries — Aries Scorpius" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18-19]. The division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 4th part is mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Division of the zodiac sign Scorpius into 12 parts: ḫa.la ''sag-tu''2 ša, múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [''šum''3-''šu''2]? "The first part of Scorpius, [her name is] Scorpius." [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239, A 3427:2], see also Anaphora.
* (4) Zodiacal Astrology. KI múlGIR2.TAB ... "In the region of the Scorpius [was born]: ...she will become a witch, she will be happy? (var.: sinner) ..., a widow." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27].
* (5) Predicting the price of cereal by observing the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. [DIŠ Sin ''ina'' mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-''ma''..."[If the Moon] eclipses [in Scorpius] ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

'''Short form GIR2'''

* (1) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-''tim'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Duuzu 7 // Scorpius 190 // Anything you smear." [SpTU III, 104:7, and also 20]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30].
* (2)
|[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
|-
|'''Zodiacal astrology: short form GIR2'''
* KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ''ni-zi''[''q-tu''4]
* "Region close to the Scorpion: death (in) days of wrath" [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'];
|
|}
See also: MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SI mulGIR2.TAB "The star on the horn of Scorpius" [SpTU II, 42:12], and also [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
[[File:Sco CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192735.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GIR2.TAB (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Antares]]
|HIP 80763
|Constellation lines
|0.91
|-
|2
| [[Shaula]]
|HIP 85927
|Constellation lines
|1.63
|-
|3
|[[Sargas]]
|HIP 86228
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.85
|-
|4
|[[Larawag]]
|HIP 82396
|Constellation lines
|2.29
|-
|5
|[[Dschubba]]
|HIP 78401
|Constellation lines
| 2.32
|-
|6
|κ Scorpii
|HIP 86670
|Inside the Hull
|2.386
|-
|7
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.5
|-
|8
|[SC96] Mis 162
|[SC96] Mis 162
|Inside the Hull
|2.51
|-
|9
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.62
|-
|10
|[[Lesath]]
|HIP 85696
| Constellation lines
|2.65
|-
| 11
| [[Paikauhale]]
| HIP 81266
| Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|12
|[[Alniyat]]
|HIP 80112
|Constellation lines
|2.89
|-
|13
|[[Fang]]
|HIP 78265
|Constellation lines
|2.91
|-
|14
|[[Xamidimura]]
|HIP 82514
|Inside the Hull
|2.98
|-
|15
|ι 1 Scorpii
|HIP 87073
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.992
|-
| 16
|[[Fuyue]]
| HIP 87261
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.21
|-
|17
| [[Brachium]]
| HIP 73714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.21
|-
|18
|η Scorpii
|HIP 84143
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.33
|-
|19
|[SC96] Mis 190
|[SC96] Mis 190
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|20
|C 1652-407
|C 1652-407
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|21
|[[Pipirima]]
|HIP 82545
|Constellation lines
|3.542
|-
|22
| υ Librae
|HIP 76470
|Inside the Hull
|3.589
|-
|23
|ζ 2 Scorpii
|HIP 82729
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.62
|-
| 24
|τ Librae
|HIP 76600
|Constellation lines
|3.642
|-
|25
|[[Iklil]]
|HIP 78104
|Inside the Hull
|3.86
|-
|26
|[[Zubenelhakrabi]]
|HIP 76333
|Constellation lines
|3.91
|-
|27
|ω 1 Scorpii
| HIP 78933
|Inside the Hull
|3.97
|-
|28
|[[Jabbah]]
| HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4
|-
|29
|H Sco
|HIP 81304
|Inside the Hull
|4.156
|-
|30
|θ Librae
|HIP 77853
|Inside the Hull
|4.16
|-
|31
|ξ Sco B
|HIP 78727
| Constellation lines
|4.17
|-
|32
|N Sco
|HIP 80911
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|33
|Q Sco
|HIP 86170
|Inside the Hull
| 4.267
|-
|34
|ω 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78990
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
| 35
|[[Jabbah]] A
|HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4.349
|-
|36
|χ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80569
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
| 37
|ω Ophiuchi
| HIP 80975
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|38
|ψ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80343
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|39
|13 Sco
| HIP 79404
|Inside the Hull
|4.568
|-
|40
|ο Scorpii
|HIP 80079
| Inside the Hull
|4.57
|-
|41
|2 Sco
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|42
|37 Lib
|HIP 76219
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.62
|-
|43
|ρ Ophiuchi
| HIP 80473
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|44
| 1 Sco
|HIP 77635
|Inside the Hull
|4.635
|-
|45
|* 2 Sco A
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.71
|-
|46
|κ Librae
|HIP 76880
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 79881
|Inside the Hull
|4.782
|-
|48
|22 Sco
|HIP 80815
|Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
|49
|* ksi Sco B
|HIP 78727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.87
|-
|50
|48 Lib
|HIP 78207
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
| 51
|V1073 Sco
|HIP 83574
| Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|52
|β 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78821
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|53
|42 Lib
|HIP 76742
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 78650
| Inside the Hull
|4.966
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 83336
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|56
|λ Librae
|HIP 77811
|Inside the Hull
|5.027
|-
|57
|* rho Oph A
|HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 79302
|Inside the Hull
|5.102
|-
|59
|36 Lib
|HIP 76259
|Inside the Hull
|5.138
|-
|60
| * ksi Sco A
| HIP 78727
|Constellation lines
|5.16
|-
| 61
|* alf Sco B
|HD 148479
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 82493
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|63
| 41 Lib
|HIP 76628
|Inside the Hull
|5.359
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 77858
|Inside the Hull
|5.372
|-
|65
| -
| HIP 79050
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|66
|[SC96] Mis 382
|[SC96] Mis 382
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
| 67
|* tet Sco B
|HD 159532B
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|68
|M 4
|M 4
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 77859
|Inside the Hull
|5.402
|-
|70
|CD-29 12513B
|HIP 80399
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|71
| η Librae
|HIP 77060
|Inside the Hull
|5.412
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 80390
|Inside the Hull
|5.42
|-
|73
| -
| HIP 78246
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|74
|49 Lib
|HIP 78400
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 82676
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 82135
|Inside the Hull
|5.481
|-
|77
|27 Sco
|HIP 82960
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 79199
|Inside the Hull
|5.497
|-
|79
|ζ 4 Librae
|HIP 76126
|Inside the Hull
|5.499
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 79980
|Inside the Hull
| 5.502
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 74732
|Inside the Hull
|5.506
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 76106
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 86698
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 84551
|Inside the Hull
|5.526
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 84401
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
| 86
|M 19
|M 19
|Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|87
|4 Sco
|HIP 77984
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|88
| ζ 1 Librae
|HIP 75730
| Inside the Hull
|5.626
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 84150
| Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|90
|26 Oph
|HIP 83196
|Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|91
|11 Sco
|HIP 79005
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 82775
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 76532
|Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 80672
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|95
|* 12 Sco A
|HIP 79399
| Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|96
|ζ 3 Librae
|HIP 75944
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 76569
|Inside the Hull
|5.816
|-
|98
|CD-29 12513A
|HR 6106
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
| -
| HIP 78168
| Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 81741
|Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 85889
|Inside the Hull
|5.838
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 74539
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|103
|66 G. Oph
|HIP 83176
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
|104
|3 Sco
|HIP 77909
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 79098
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|106
|Gliese 667 A
| HIP 84709
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|107
|V923 Sco
| HIP 83491
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 83896
| Inside the Hull
|5.911
|-
|109
| -
| HIP 81523
| Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|110
| -
| HIP 85048
|Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 79596
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
| 112
|V929 Sco
|HIP 78877
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 83235
|Inside the Hull
|5.934
|-
| 114
|[SC96] Mis 177
|[SC96] Mis 177
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 84425
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|116
|47 Lib
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|5.957
|-
|117
|[SC96] Mis 213
|[SC96] Mis 213
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 83693
| Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 81992
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 85543
|Inside the Hull
|5.985
|-
|121
| -
| HIP 78665
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 84226
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
| 123
| -
|HIP 81904
|Inside the Hull
| 6.046
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 83100
|Inside the Hull
|6.048
|-
|125
|* 47 Lib A
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 79622
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 78575
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|128
| -
| HIP 80910
| Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 79692
|Inside the Hull
|6.083
|-
|130
| -
| HIP 78726
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|131
| -
| HIP 82691
| Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|132
|36 G. Oph
|HIP 81728
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 77900
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|134
|RR Sco
|HIP 82912
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 78078
|Inside the Hull
| 6.117
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 84489
|Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
|137
| -
| HIP 83706
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|138
|[SC96] Mis 165
|[SC96] Mis 165
|Inside the Hull
|6.14
|-
|139
| -
| HIP 85237
|Inside the Hull
|6.142
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 85839
|Inside the Hull
|6.158
|-
|141
|28 Lib
|HIP 75110
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 142
| -
| HIP 84445
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 75939
| Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
| 144
| -
|HIP 76503
|Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 77985
|Inside the Hull
|6.199
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 77689
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 78699
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 76033
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 149
| -
|HIP 82453
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|150
| V861 Sco
|HIP 82911
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|151
|34 G. Oph
|HIP 81632
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 82783
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 86246
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 78058
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 155
| -
|HIP 84151
|Inside the Hull
|6.285
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 77007
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|157
| -
| HIP 79945
|Inside the Hull
|6.298
|-
|158
|[SC96] Mis 208
|[SC96] Mis 208
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 82554
|Inside the Hull
|6.315
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 78486
|Inside the Hull
|6.317
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 76567
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 78955
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|163
| -
| HIP 82855
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 164
|[SC96] Mis 549
|[SC96] Mis 549
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 165
| -
|HIP 76666
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 78059
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 79031
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 79605
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 82731
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|170
|[SC96] Mis 201
|[SC96] Mis 201
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|171
|V1077 Sco
|HIP 84650
|Inside the Hull
|6.367
|-
|172
| -
|HR 6426
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|173
| V900 Sco
| HIP 82669
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|174
| -
|HIP 77729
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 87042
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 79599
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 85786
|Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 85019
|Inside the Hull
|6.419
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 79788
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 180
| -
|HIP 79203
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 79530
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 84332
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 85020
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|184
| -
|HD 152249
| Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|-
|186
|23 Lib
|HIP 74500
|Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|187
| -
| HIP 80324
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 86098
|Inside the Hull
| 6.463
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 74490
|Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
|190
|[SC96] GC 33
|[SC96] GC 33
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Ishkara, see (Kurtik i15) [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]. The name ''zu''2''-qa''2''-qi''4''-ip'', as a royal name, at the beginning of the post-Flood part of the "Sumerian royal list" relating to Kishu, cf. [Jacobsen 1939, 78-79:10-11].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) Ritual at the lunar eclipse in the month of Kislimu, see (Kurtik u06)[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (2) Hemerology for the 18th of duuzu: ''pad-su ana'' ˹mul˺gir2.tab ''liš-ku-un'' "Let him offer his sacrifice to Scorpius" [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94-95].
* (3) The purifying ritual of the "Exaltation of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [d''iš-ḫa-ra''] "Spell, (constellation) Scorpius, [Ishkhara]". [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58-59;].
* (4) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the deity statue, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (5) The astral-mythological text BM 55466+, where the night sky in the month of Tebetu is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, see (Kurtk u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (6) In astrological geography, Scorpius correlates (a) with Sea Land and Dilmun or Borsippa, (b) with Khursagkalamma, Borsippa [Weidner 1963; Kurtik 2010; Steele 2015].
* (7) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mul]GIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'' d''Ištar'' ''ina qe''2-''reb'' MURUB4 ''e-peš ša''2-''aš''2-''me'' / [...''a'']''š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu'' "Scorpion, Ishkhara, (i.e. The Scorpion Ishtar, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the fight / [...] 'stubborn' (opponents) of yours, let him defeat, let him turn them into ghosts!" [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′-8′].

''Also = Racc Text 213???''

==== Symbol. ====
Scorpion. Early depictions of the scorpion/scorpio-man in Mesopotamian glyptics of the 3rd millennium BC, when it may have already acquired astral significance, see [Kononenko 1997]. [Kononenko 1997] as well as [Kurtik 1998, 36; 2022, ]. For the images on the kudurru see. [Seidl 1968, 156-157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48], for astral images on Hellenistic seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, no. See [AUWE 19, no. 1008-1017; Kurtik 2007, fig. 24, 32]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlGIR2 (designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius) corresponds to G[IR2.TAB] "Sc[orpio]". [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

==== Previous Identification. ====
[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246]

= Scorpius + part of Librae, constellation figure correlated with stars, [Koch 1989, 114-115, Abb. 16 a-b].

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Middle star in the head of Scorpion" (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 ''e ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Upper star of Scorpion's head" (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Lower star of the Scorpion's head" (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 "(God) of Fox" (α Scorpii),

The 4 indicated stars above were used as "normal stars" in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 26-29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab "Claws (lit. Horn) of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN et al.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab "Stars of the Scorpion's head", see GU-text.

(7) gaba gir2.tab "Breasts of the Scorpion", see GU-text, etc.

(8) mul ''ta-ri-tu''2 mulgir2.tab "The raised tail of the Scorpion", see GU-text.

(9) Scorpion's head (δ Sco), see dbn-text.

(10) Base of the Scorpion's column (straightening muscle?) (μ1, μ2 Sco), see dbn-text.

(11) Right claw (lit. horn) of the Scorpion (σ Sco), see dbn-text.

(12) Scorpius's sting, see dbn-text, and also below.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's lips" (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, no. -651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Star with great brilliance on the Scorpion's head" [AD I, 42, no. -651:10-11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB "The middle section of the Scorpion." [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) [...K]UN mulGIR2.TAB "Tail of the Scorpion" [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) ''u''2''-ru-ud'': ''u''2''-ru-uḫ'' mulGIR2.TAB "Throat of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB "Center (lit. Navel) of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB "(2 stars) on the sting of the Scorpion" (λ, υ Scorpii), see MUL.APIN et al, as well as (Kurtik sh05) [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]] and (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

(20) The border of the Scorpion; [...mul]GIR2.TAB ''it-ta-tu-ša''2 MI-''mu'' ... "[...] Scorpion, its border is dark [...]" [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; mulGIR2.TAB: d''Dil-bat'' [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Lisi; cf. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], (Kurtik n25) [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]], II 3.

(3) Scorpion's stinger = Pabilsag; see (Kurtik p04) [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL2.SAG]], VI 4, (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

In [G. 94, IV 2-3] identifications of the Scorpion with Jupiter, Mars and Mercury are suggested, which, as far as we know, is not confirmed by the texts. See, however, below (28).

===== Predictions: =====
(4) General astrological significance; mulGIR2.TAB ''ana'' KI.LAM "Scorpion for (predicting the state of) the market." [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Heliacal risings earlier and later; "The Scorpion rises heliacally in the month of arahsamnu, variant: tebetu; if this star rises early: the king of the country will walk proudly, he will conquer [kings], his enemies; if the star rises late: kings of other countries will start enmity against the king of that country" [BPO 2, IX 9]; see also [ibid., X 19, XI 4-6].

(6) View of the Scorpion’s claws; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-''ša''2 ''zu-᾽-u''2''-ra'' KUR2 ZI-''ma ina'' [gišTUKUL ŠUB-''ut''] "If the claws (lit. horns) of the Scorpion are twisted?: an enemy will appear, but will fall by weapons (in battle)", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-''ša''2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' LUGAL ''a-a-bi-šu''2 Š[U-''su'' KUR-''ad''2] "If the Scorpion’s claws emit rays (lit. carry radiation): the king will strike his enemies with his hand" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346 +:41-42], see also [ARAK, 218:2-4, 547:1-4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ''ana'' UR2-''šu''2 GUR I3 ''ina'' KUR LA2-''ṭi'' "[If the Scorpion, its foreparts] are facing its 'knee': there will be lack of oil" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''zu''-᾽-''u''2-''ra ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' / dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mul''zi-ba-ni-ti'' GUB-''ma'' "If the claws of the Scorpion are twisted? (and) it carries radiation, (it means): the planet stands in Libra." [ACh Ištar, 28:6-7].

(7) The Scorpion is dark; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI ''iš-tan-na-an-na''? "If the Scorpion is dark: the kings of all other countries will become hostile (to Akkad?), variant: the kings of all countries will feud one with another." [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''i-da-tu-ša''2 ''uk-ku-la'' UN.MEŠ ''i-lam-mi-na'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Scorpion’s sides are very dark: people will be bad, (it means): Mars stands in it." [ARAK, 502:14]. See also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 3, and Mercury and Scorpius below.

(8) Star in the head of the Scorpion; ''i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-i-e kak-ka-bu'' / [''ina''] SAG.DU ''ša'' mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 ''it-ti-ti-iz'' GISKIM-''šu''2 ''la i-lap-pa-''[''at''] "This night the star stood in the head of the Scorpion before the moon: this sign does not portend anything (bad)". [ARAK, 98: 7-r. 2]. See also (Kurtik ts06) ''[[Ṣurru]]''.

(9) The Scorpion during its first appearance in the month of kislimu; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra ina'' GIBIL UD.DA-''ša''2 / GA[BA]-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-at'' / SI.ME-''ša''2! ''nin-mu-ra'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL ''ina'' KUR ''i-ḫar-ru-pu'' ... "If the Scorpion, the goddess Ishkhara, at the renewal of her light (i.e. at the heliacal rising?), her breasts have great luster, and her tails become dark, and her claws (literally horns) stand opposite each other: the country will have a season of early rain and flood; locusts will attack and devour the country; cattle will be destroyed and the houses of the herders..." [ARAK, 504: 5-r. 2], parallel: DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra'' / ''ina'' IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''nin-gu-la'' /: ''nen-bu-ṭa'' GABA-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-ti'' ... "If in the month of kislimu, the Scorpion, the goddess Ishara, at its first appearance, its claws (resemble) the month? var.: connected, her breasts have great luster, and her tail is dark: ..." [ARAK, 376 r. 4-10]; see also [ibid., 543:1-7].

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in the Scorpion; observations: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [''ina'' EN!.NUN-UD.ZAL / ''i-sa-kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''i-sa''!-''kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''u''2''-zak-ki'' / ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 ''a-dir'' / ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' / mul''ku-ma-ru'' / ''ša'' mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ''ziq-pu'' / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x] ''i-sa-kan'' "The lunar eclipse occured during the morning watch on the 14th of Simman. The eclipse began in the south (of the lunar disk) and cleared out in the south. Its right side eclipsed. The eclipse took place within the perimeters of the Scorpion constellatoin. The Shoulder of the Demon, with an Open Mouth, culminated. An eclipse (the size of) two fingers occurred." [LABS, 149: 3′-r.6]. (DIŠ) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-''ma'' KA´M[I''-su''] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''2 ŠA3-''ši-na'' ŠUB-''ni ina'' AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) on the 14th day of Siman a (lunar) eclipse occurs and (the Moon) sets (eclipses): pregnant women will miscarry their fetal babies; (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Scorpion" (Late Commentary on EAE) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15-16]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki ''u'' NI.TUKki: ''bar''2-''sipa''2ki "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Scorpion: solution for Sea country and Dilmun, var: Borsippa". [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) The Moon at its first appearance and the Scorpion; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2... "If at its first appearance, the Moon is surrounded by the Scorpion, like a halo: lions and wolves will rage, the means of communication will become unsafe...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (var. ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB) ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion (var.: stinger of the Scorpion) stands in the middle of it (= Moon): floods will come and wash away the dikes...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its shoulder: this year rats will destroy the canes and sesame...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its right horn: this year locusts will attack and devour the country...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its left horn: this year the locusts will attack and devour the country, the king of Akkad and the king (Amurru) will be hostile to each other ...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 GUB KUR ''in-neš-š''[''i''] "If the Scorpion stands in front of it: the country will become weak", DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (var: KI.MIN ''zi-qit-tum'') GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2 ''ina'' MU BI ZI-''ut'' ERIN2-''man-da'' "If the tail (var. stinger) of the Scorpion surrounds (the moon) like a halo: this year Umman-manda (the country) will attack (the country of Akkad)." [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22-28], see also [ARAK, 66 r. 1-4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Lunar halo and the Scorpion; 30 MI ''an-ni-u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-''ma'' NIGIN-''ma a-na'' ˹A.AN˺ [''u''] A.KAL "This night the moon was surrounded by a halo in the Scorpion: (it portends) rain [and] flood". [ARAK, 2:1-2], see also [ibid, 377: 7-r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulGIR2.TAB / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / ''uš-taḫ-ḫa'' NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-''ma'' / A.RA2 KUD.ME "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Scorpion stands in it: entu- priestesses will become pregnant, men, variant: lions will rage and cut the message." [ARAK, 307:1-5], see also [ibid., 147 r. 2-4, 480: 7- r. 1].

(13) The Sun and the Scorpion; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB [...] "If the Sun sets and the Scorpion stands in its place [...]" [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Jupiter and the head of the Scorpion; see (Kurtik s04) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 31.

(15) Jupiter and the Scorpion in the lunar halo; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

(16) Rising of Venus, the Moon, the Scorpion and Gemini; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGUD d''Sin u'' mulGIR2.TAB IGI-''ma'' IGI-''it'' MUL [...] / ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.IN ...d''Ni-ri''... "If Venus (rises) in the month of Ayar, (and before that) the Moon, the Scorpion, the opposite asterism, [...] and Gemini are visible, variant: (opposite) the Yoke...: there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Rising of the Venus in the Scorpion; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAPIN KUR-''ḫa ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-''ma'' NU SIG5 "If Venus rises in the month of arahsamnu — it rises in the Scorpion, this is unfavorable" [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , see also [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Venus, the Moon and Lugalirra in the Scorpion; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin ''u'' d''Lugal''-GIR3-''ra ina'' iti''Še-er''-[''e-re-ši ina birīt'' SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ''ina'' [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 d''Sin u''] dLugal-GIR3''-ra'' / ''ina'' SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' IN.U ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If in the month of the plowing of the furrow, Venus (during its appearance), the Moon and Lugalirra, in between the claws of the Scorpion, are visible and within it? and Venus, the Moon, and Lugalirra are coming out of its right claw: there will be famine, famine of barley and straw in the land." [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], for a parallel see. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Venus enters into the perimeters of the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ma'' BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki ... "If Venus enters into the Scorpion: there will be famine in the country; if in the east, bad for Elam; if in the west, bad for Akkad ..." [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Venus approaches the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' mulGIR2.TAB TE-''ḫi'' ... "If Venus comes close to the Scorpion: unfavorable winds will blow in the country; Adad will send rain, and Ea will send spring to the country of Guti." [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. See also [ibid., 55:3-8].

(21) Mercury in Scorpion; see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], V 10.

(22) Saturn, Libra and Scorpion; see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]],

(23) Mars approaching Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 32.

(24) Asterism of Elam = Mars in Scorpius; see (Kurtik n20) [[NIM.MA]], II 3.

(25) Mars and Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 34.

(26) The Plough(=Mars) and Scorpion; see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 8.

(27) Planets and the Scorpion; three versions of protasis: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands in the middle of Scorpius", DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands before Scorpius" and DIŠ mulUDU. IDIM ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE "If a planet faces Scorpius" have the same apodosis: ina MU BI A.ANmeš ''u'' A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš "rain and flood will wash away (roads) this year" [TU, 16 r. 16-18; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a].

(28) The Scorpion (= Mars?) approaches the Moon; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ''ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If Scorpius comes close, upfront the Moon, and stands there: the reign of the king will be long; the enemy will attack, but will be defeated" [ARAK, 430:1-5], see also [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9-14].

(29) Baltesha and the Scorpion; see (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], V 3.

(30) Shooting stars and the Scorpion; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-''ma'' EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ''ina'' ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' "If a star flashes from within the middle portion of the Scorpion and moves to the limits of Amurru: there will be rain this month", DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 2 A. ANme ŠURme "If 2 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain twice this month", DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme "If 3 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain three times this month. [Stev. O.T., 232:13-15], autograph [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15-17].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik g17 GIR2
!
|-
|
==== GIR2 ====
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион»; обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах чаще без детерминатива [G. 91].
I. Источники.

Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрономия, астрология и календарь. (1) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт для изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-tim MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 7 // Скорпион 190 // Все что угодно намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:7, а также 20]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30]. (2) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ni-zi[q-tu4] «Область Скорпиона: смерть (в) дни гнева» [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
|
|-
!Kurtik g19 GIR2.TAB
!
|-
|
==== GIR2.TAB ====
|
|-
|= zuqaqīpu «Скорпион»; созвездие, соответствующее Скорпиону (Scorpius) [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulgir2.tab = zu-qi-qi-pu [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [zu]-qa-qi-pi [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:285ʹ]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. а33AN.TA.GUB; в новоассирийских параллелях: Sm. 1113:9′ — dzu-qa-qi2-p[u…], Sm. 162 rev. 7 — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 151–154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul ša egir-šu gub-zu / mulgir2.tab dIš-ḫa-ra «Созвездие, которое после нее (т.е. после Венеры) стоит, (это) Скорпион, Ишхара» (B ii 6–7); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 2]; b) mul … ana igi mulgir2.tab, см. z10Zibānītum. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin] … mulgir2.tab šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц арахсамну: … Скорпион (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — арахсамну, заход — айяру [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. u21UR.IDIM. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану: mulGIR2.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-at AN KI «Скорпион // 70 // Богиня неба (и) земли» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:23]. BM 34713. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:9], см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1,10 «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, 70» [CT 33, 11]. K.14943+: mulgir2.tab «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, [70]» [CT 33, 12]; см. также mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 7): mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9–9a, III 8a–b, 11c–d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4–6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13–15, Pl. XVII 15–17]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra a-na KI.LAM ša-am-ni da-˹ma˺-[qi] «Звезда, которая стоит после нее (т.е. Иштар), Скорпион, Ишхара. Благоприятно для торговли маслом» (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB «Весы, рог Скорпиона» (I ii 11). (2) Звезды Эа (№ 10): a) mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad2-me «Скорпион, Ишхара, богиня всех обитаемых регионов» (I ii 29), b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB dLi9-si4 dAG «Грудь Cкорпиона: Лиси, Набу» (I ii 30), (c) 2 MULmeš ša2 ina zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-zu / dŠar2-ur u Šar2-gaz «Две звезды, которые стоят на жале Скорпиона: Шарур и Шаргаз» (I ii 31–32). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: а) ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI «5-го арахсамну Скорпион становится видимым» (I iii 3), b) ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 u mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); о совместном восходе muluz3 и mulgir2.tab см. также BM 55466+, u31UZ3. (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 13–14), см. m35MUL.MUL, b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Собака восходят, и Звезда Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25), c) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGIR2.TAB, после mulZi-ba-ni-tu4, перед mulPa-bil-sag (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ina u4-me IGImeš IM ša2 [DU-ku ŠE]Š-ar2 «5-го арахсамну Скорпион, 15-го Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны; в день, когда они становятся видны, ты наблюдаешь ветер, который [дует]» (II i 32–33). (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulGIR2.TAB — запад, см. k24KU6. (8) Астрологические предсказания: […] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 «[Если …] Скорпион становится виден и южный ветер дует: этот год будет благоприятным» (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 350a, 353]. Текст BM 77054. См. m35MUL.MUL. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra «Скорпион = Ишхара»; (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat «Скорпион = ditto(=Ишхара), Тиамат»; (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab «Небесный меч = Скорпион»; (4) 12 звезд Элама: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 34–36, 204]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:31. mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra tam-tim «Скорпион = Ишхара моря» [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum kimin murub4 mulzi-ba-nit si mulgir2.tab / [x-x-t]u2 u igi mulur.idim gu «Упряжь (ziqpu XXVI: υ Boo), или середина Весов (β Lib), рог Скорпиона (γ Sco = σ Lib) / […] и глаз Бешеного Пса (γ Lup): веревка». (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulzi-ba-nit mul.me sag mulgir2.tab / [u? muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim gu «Шупа (=ziqpu I: α Boo) или середина Весов (γ Lib), звезды головы Скорпиона (δ Sco) [и средняя] часть Бешеного Пса (η Lup): веревка». (O) mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 kimin mul gaba gir2.tab / ˹mul ta˺-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab u gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim gu «2-я звезда Упряжи (ziqpu II: ε Boo), или звезда на груди Скорпиона (α Sco), поднятый хвост Скорпиона (μ1 Sco) и задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:21–25; ASM, 93]. Согласно [Koch 1992, 58–59], murub4 mulzi-ba-nit — γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim — Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab — β, δ, π Sco, mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 — π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim — ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco). Dalbanna-текст. §b. a) mulsag gir2.tab «голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), b) mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab] «основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Ско[рпиона]» (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §c. [mulgir2.tab] «Скорпион»(η Sco), см. L07LI4.SI9. §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab «правый рог Скорпиона» (σ Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 «Основание колонны Скорпиона (μ1 Sco), […] (γ Oph), [звезда x] Зубра (κ Oph): 3 звезды, треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48–49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph). §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] «Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), левая рука Быка (Ser d) и Шуллат: [3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. [Шул]лат первый.» [Walker 1995, 36–37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь вместо mulŠullat(pa) должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) «Ханиш» (α Cen). §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš …] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul zi-q[it gir2.tab x x] «Жало Скорпиона (θ Sco), голова Быка (η Ser?) и Шуллат (β Cen?): 3 [звезды …]. 2 интервала, интервал. Жал[о Скорпиона …].» [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109]. «Дневники наблюдений». (mul)GIR2.TAB — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Скорпион. Четыре звезды созвездия Скорпион использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. múlgaba gir2.tab ka-bi-is gaba tam-tim «“Грудь Скорпиона”, что идет по “груди” моря» [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313]. Анафора. A 3427: a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ša2 múlkun-šu2 [gir2.tab] «От (кульминации точки) 50 после 2 звезд головы Льва до (кульминации точки) 50 после Отдельной звезды на его хвосте: [Скорпион]» (анафора знака зодиака Скорпион, определенная по кульминациям ziqpu-звезд), b) múlgir2.tab ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa …/ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1-et ḫa.la ša2 múlgir2.tab kur-ḫa ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ … «(Знак зодиака) Скорпион от его начала до его конца восходит […] / (за) 2030' одна (двенадцатая) часть Скорпиона восходит, 12 частей (за промежуток) 1 danna 10 UŠ (восходят) […], c) ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa napḫar 2 danna ina ziq-pi i-lak-ma […] «(Созвездие Скорпион) от его начала до его конца восходит, всего за (промежуток) 2 danna, (измеренный) по прохождениям ziqpu-звезд […]» (указанное значение времени восхода созвездия Скорпион соответствует протяженности на эклиптике 450), d) múlgir2.tab meš-ḫi im-šuḫ ZI «Скорпион испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:1, 15–17, 21; 241]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GIR2.TAB — обозначение 8-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab «Область Скорпиона» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. b) BRM IV, 19: текст содержит зодиакальную схему, известную под названием «додекатемория», в которой gir2.tab — обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион [Ungnad 1941–44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 8-i-tum ḫa.la múlgir2.tab šum3-šu2 «8-я часть, ее имя Скорпион» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu «8-я часть Овна — Скорпион Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18–19]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 4-я часть — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Подразделение знака зодиака Скорпион на 12 частей: ḫa.la sag-tu2 ša2 múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [šum3-šu2]? «Первая часть Скорпиона, [ее имя] Скорпион» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239, A 3427:2], см. также «Анафора». (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2.TAB … «В области Скорпиона [родилась]: …она будет ведьмой, она будет счастлива? (вар.: грешница) …, вдова» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. [DIŠ Sin ina mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-ma…»[Если Луна] затмилась [в Скорпионе] …» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: MUL ša2 ina SI mulGIR2.TAB «Звезда на роге Скорпиона» [SpTU II, 42:12], а также [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

II. Божество.

Ишхара, см. i15dIšḫara. Имя zu2-qa2-qi4-ip, как царское имя, в начале послепотопной части «Шумерского царского списка», относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 78–79:10–11]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал при лунном затмении в месяце кислиму, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (2) Гемерология на 18-е дуузу: pad-su ana ˹mul˺gir2.tab liš-ku-un «Жертвоприношение свое Скорпиону пусть он принесет» [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94–95]. (3) Очистительный ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [diš-ḫa-ra] «Заклинание, (созвездие) Скорпион, [Ишхара]» [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58–59;]. (4) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k24KU6. (5) Астрально-мифологический текст BM 55466+, где ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, см. u31UZ. (6) В астрологической географии Скорпион соотносится: a) c Морской страной и Дильмуном или Борсиппой, b) c Хурсагкаламмой, Борсиппой [Weidner 1963; Куртик 2010; Steele 2015]. (7) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mul]GIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra dIštar ina qe2-reb MURUB4 e-peš ša2-aš2-me / […a]š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu «Скорпион, Ишхара, (т.е.) Иштар, посредине битвы, учиняя схватку / […] ‘упорных’ (противников) твоих пусть одолеет, в призраки пусть обратит!» [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′–8′].

III. Символ.

Скорпион. Ранние изображения скорпиона/скорпионочеловека в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э., когда он, возможно, уже приобрел астральное значение, см. [Кононенко 1997], а также [Куртик 1998, 36; 2022, ]. Изображения на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 156–157; Куртик 2007, рис. 48], астральные изображения на эллинистических печатях из Урука см. [AUWE 19, No. 1008–1017; Куртик 2007, рис. 24, 32]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlGIR2 (обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион) соответствует G[IR2.TAB] «Ск[орпион]» [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

IV. Отождествление.

= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246].

= Scorpius + часть Librae, фигура созвездия, соотнесенная со звездами, [Koch 1989, 114–115, Abb. 16 a–b].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Верхняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Нижняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 «(Бог) Лиси» (α Scorpii),

4 указанные звезды в «Дневниках наблюдений» использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, No. 26–29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab «Клешни (букв. Рог) Скорпиона», см. GU-текст, MUL.APIN и др.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab «Звезды головы Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(7) gaba gir2.tab «Грудь Скорпиона», см. GU-текст и др.

(8) mul ta-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab «Поднятый хвост Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(9) Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(10) Основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Скорпиона (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(11) Правая клешня (букв. рог) Скорпиона (σ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(12) Жало Скорпиона, см. dbn-текст, а также ниже.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB «Губа Скорпиона» (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, No. –651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском на голове Скорпиона» [AD I, 42, No. –651:10–11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB «Середина Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) […K]UN mulGIR2.TAB «Хвост Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) u2-ru-ud: u2-ru-uḫ mulGIR2.TAB «Горло Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB «Центр (букв. Пуп) Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB «(2 звезды) на жале Скорпиона» (λ, υ Scorpii), см. MUL.APIN и др., а также sh05ŠAR2.GAZ и sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

(20) Граница Скорпиона; […mul]GIR2.TAB it-ta-tu-ša2 MI-mu … «[…] Скорпион, граница его темная […]» [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; mulGIR2.TAB: dDil-bat [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Лиси; см. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], n25NIM.MA(ki), II 3.

(3) Жало Скорпиона = Пабилсаг; см. p04dPA.BIL2.SAG, VI 4, sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

В [G. 94, IV 2–3] предполагаются отождествления Скорпиона с Юпитером, Марсом и Меркурием, что, насколько нам известно, текстами не подтверждается. См., однако, ниже (28).

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(4) Общее астрологическое значение; mulGIR2.TAB ana KI.LAM «Скорпион для (предсказания состояния) рынка» [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже; «Скорпион восходит гелиакически в месяце арахсамну, вариант: тебету; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь той страны будет ходить гордо, он покорит [царей], своих врагов; если звезда восходит поздно: цари всех стран начнут враждовать против царя той страны» [BPO 2, IX 9]; см. также [ibid., X 19, XI 4–6].

(6) Вид клешней Скорпиона; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra KUR2 ZI-ma ina [gišTUKUL ŠUB-ut] «Если клешни (букв. рога) Скорпиона скручены?: враг появится, но падет от оружия (в битве)», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-ša2 ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a LUGAL a-a-bi-šu2 Š[U-su KUR-ad2] «Если Скорпион, клешни его, испускают лучи (букв. несут излучение): царь ру[кой своей поразит] своих врагов» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:41–42], см. также [ARAK, 218:2–4, 547:1–4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ana UR2-šu2 GUR I3 ina KUR LA2-ṭi «[Если Скорпион, передние части] его, обращены к его «колену»: в стране будет недостаток масла» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a / dUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulzi-ba-ni-ti GUB-ma «Если клешни Скорпиона скручены? (и) несут излучение, (это означает): планета в Весах стоит» [ACh Ištar, 28:6–7].

(7) Скорпион темный; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB a-dir LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI iš-tan-na-an-na? «Если Скорпион темный: цари всех стран станут враждебны (Аккаду?), вариант: цари всех стран будут враждовать друг с другом» [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB i-da-tu-ša2 uk-ku-la UN.MEŠ i-lam-mi-na dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-ma «Если стороны Скорпиона очень темные: людям будет плохо, (это означает): Марс стоит в нем» [ARAK, 502:14]. См. также z10Zibānītum, VI 3, а также ниже «Меркурий и Скорпион».

(8) Звезда в голове Скорпиона; i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-e kak-ka-bu / [ina] SAG.DU ša mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 it-ti-ti-iz GISKIM-šu2 la i-lap-pa-[at] «Этой ночью звезда стояла в голове Скорпиона впереди Луны: знак этот не предвещает ничего (плохого)» [ARAK, 98: 7–r. 2]. См. также ts06Ṣurru.

(9) Скорпион при его первом появлении в месяце кислиму; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra ina GIBIL UD.DA-ša2 / GA[BA]-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-at / SI.ME-ša2! nin-mu-ra / A.AN u A.KAL ina KUR i-ḫar-ru-pu … «Если Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при обновлении ее света (т.е. при гелиакическом восходе?), грудь ее имеет большой блеск, хвост ее темный, клешни ее (букв. рога) напротив друг друга: дождь и наводнение в стране будут ранними; саранча нападет и пожрет страну; гибель скота и жилищ скотоводов…» [ARAK, 504: 5–r. 2], параллель: DIŠ ina itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra / ina IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-ša2 nin-gu-la /: nen-bu-ṭa GABA-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-ti … «Если в месяце кислиму Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при своей первой видимости, клешни ее (напоминают) месяц?, вар.: связаны, грудь ее имеет большой блеск, ее хвост темный: …» [ARAK, 376 r. 4–10]; см. также [ibid., 543:1–7].

(10) Затмение Луны в Скорпионе; наблюдение: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [ina EN!.NUN—UD.ZAL / i-sa-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU i-sa!-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU u2-zak-ki / ina ZAG-šu2 a-dir / ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir / mulku-ma-ru / ša mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ziq-pu / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x x] i-sa-kan «14-го симану произошло лунное затмение в утреннюю стражу. Оно началось на юге (лунного диска) и прояснилось на юге. Его правая сторона затмилась. Затмение имело место в области созвездия Скорпион. Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминировало. Затмение (величиной) 2 пальца произошло» [LABS, 149: 3′–r.6]. (DIŠ) ina itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-ma KA´M[I-su] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša2 ŠA3-ši-na ŠUB-ni ina AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) в месяце симану в 14-й день происходит (лунное) затмение и (Луна) заходит (затмившейся): беременные женщины будут выкидывать своих внутриутробных младенцев; (это означает): затмение произошло в Скорпионе» (поздний комментарий к ЕАЕ) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15–16]. DIŠ ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki u NI.TUKki: bar2-sipa2ki «Если (Луна) в пределах Скорпиона затмилась: решение для Морской страны и Дильмуна, вар.: Борсиппы» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) Луна при ее первом появлении и Скорпион; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2… «Если при своем появлении Луна окружена Скорпионом, подобно гало: львы и волки будут неистовствовать, пути сообщения станут небезопасными …», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (вар.: zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB) ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион (вар.: жало Скорпиона) в середине ее (= Луны) стоит: придет половодье и размоет дамбы…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее плече стоит: в этом году крысы уничтожат тростник и сезам…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее правом роге стоит: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB… «Если Скорпион стоит на ее левом роге: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну, царь Аккада и царь (Амурру) будут враждебны друг другу…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina IGI-šu2 GUB KUR in-neš-š[i] «Если Скорпион впереди ее стоит: страна ослабеет», DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (вар: KI.MIN zi-qit-tum) GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2 ina MU BI ZI-ut ERIN2-man-da «Если хвост (вар.: жало) Скорпиона окружает (Луну) подобно гало: в этом году нападение (страны) Умман-манда (на страну Аккад)» [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22–28], см. также [ARAK, 66 r. 1–4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Лунное гало и Скорпион; 30 MI an-ni-u2 ina ŠA3-bi mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-ma NIGIN-ma a-na ˹A.AN˺ [u] A.KAL «Этой ночью Луна была окружена гало в Скорпионе: (это предвещает) дождь [и] наводнение» [ARAK, 2:1–2], см. также [ibid., 377: 7–r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulGIR2.TAB / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / uš-taḫ-ḫa-a NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-ma / A.RA2 KUD.ME «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем стоит Скорпион: entu-жрицы будут беременеть, мужчины, вариант: львы будут беситься и перережут сообщение» [ARAK, 307:1–5], см. также [ibid., 147 r. 2–4, 480: 7– r. 1].

(13) Солнце и Скорпион; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB […] «Если Солнце заходит и на его месте Скорпион стоит […]» [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Юпитер и голова Скорпиона; см. s04SAG.ME.GAR, III 31.

(15) Юпитер и Скорпион в лунном гало; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR

(16) Восход Венеры, Луна, Скорпион и Близнецы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGUD dSin u mulGIR2.TAB IGI-ma IGI-it MUL […] / u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN … dNi-ri… «Если Венера (восходит) в месяце айяру, (при этом) видны Луна и Скорпион и напротив звезда […] и Близнецы, вариант: (напротив) Ярмо …: в стране будет голод» [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Восход Венеры в Скорпионе; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAPIN KUR-ḫa ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma NU SIG5 «Если Венера восходит в месяце арахсамну — она восходит в Скорпионе, она неблагоприятная» [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , см. также [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Венера, Луна и Лугальирра в Скорпионе; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin u dLugal-GIR3-ra ina itiŠe-er-[e-re-ši ina birīt SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ina [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 dSin u] dLugal-GIR3-ra / ina SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE u IN.NU ina KUR GAL2 «Если в месяц Вспахивания борозды Венера (при своем появлении), Луна и Лугальирра между клешнями Скорпиона видны и внутри него? Венера, Луна и Лугальирра выходят из его правой клешни: будет голод на ячмень и солому в стране» [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], параллель см. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Венера входит в область Скорпиона; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2-ma BE-ma ina dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki … «Если Венера входит в пределы Скорпиона: в стране будет голод, если на востоке, плохо для Элама, если на западе, плохо для Аккада …» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Венера приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na mulGIR2.TAB TE-ḫi … «Если Венера подходит близко к Скорпиону: неблагоприятные ветры будут дуть в стране; Адад пошлет дожди, а Эа — свои источники в страну Гутиев» [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. См. также [ibid., 55:3–8].

(21) Меркурий в Скорпионе; см. g34GU4.UD, V 10.

(22) Сатурн, Весы и Скорпион; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ,

(23) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 32.

(24) Звезда Элама = Марс в Скорпионе; см. n20NIM.MA, II 3.

(25) Марс и Скорпион; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 34.

(26) Плуг(=Марс) и Скорпион; см. a43gišAPIN, VI 8.

(27) Планета и Скорпион; три варианта протасиса: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета в середине Скорпиона стоит», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета перед Скорпионом стоит» и DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulGIR2.TAB TE «Если планета к Скорпиону приближается» имеют одинаковый аподосис: ina MU BI A.ANmeš u A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš «в этом году дожди и наводнения (дороги) размоют» [TU, 16 r. 16–18; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a].

(28) Скорпион (= Марс?) приближается к Луне; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz … «Если Скорпион подходит близко в передней части Луны и стоит там: правление царя будет долгим; враг атакует, но будет побежден» [ARAK, 430:1–5], см. также [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9–14].

(29) Балтеша и Скорпион; см. b03BAL.TEŠ2.A, V 3.

(30) Падающие звезды и Скорпион; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ina ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-nun «Если звезда из середины Скорпиона вспыхивает и перемещается до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет дождь», DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 2 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 2 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 2 дождя», DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 3 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 3 дождя» [Stev. O.T., 232:13–15], автография [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15–17].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, z12)
|
|-
|
==== mul''Zuqaqīpu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион», в основном в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII, см. g19GIR2.TAB.
|
|}
== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sco]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

GIR2.TAB

2026-06-09T07:55:18Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIR2.TAB, ''zuqaqīpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Skopion xs.jpg|thumb|A scorpion in the Sahara desert (SMH 2007).]]
mulGIR2.TAB (𒀯𒄈𒋰) = ''zuqaqīpu'', 'The Scorpion,' is the ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to the [[Scorpius|Scorpion]] in the modern constellation of [[Scorpius]]. The Akkadian parallel ''zuqaqīpu'' is mostly found in lexical texts of the Urra XXII series.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* = ''zuqaqīpu'' (𒀯𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍), scorpion; a constellation corresponding to [[Scorpius]] [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
* GIR2 short form in later astronomical and astrological texts, the zodiac sign Scorpius appears more often without the determinative [Gössmann 91].
* [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]] = ''zuqaqīpu''
In MUL.APIN, the explanatory list<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mentions:
* mulGÍR.TAB (AN 16–17r; EA 9l, 10l, 11l, 12–13l).
* mulGABA GÍR.TAB “breast of the scorpion” (EA 11l).
* SI mulGÍR.TAB “horns (= pedipalpi) of the scorpion” (AN 16–17r).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114].

* (2) Series Urra XXII: Urra XXII 285' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 107]. mulgir2.tab = ''zu-qi-qi-pu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [''zu'']-''qa-qi-pi'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8;

|
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 246
Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 102, Anu 2): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'', 'he star that stands after it (i.e. Ištar), 'The Scorpion,' Išḫara.'

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 194, Anu VIII, BM 34713, Anu IX), BM 82923: ulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI, 'The Scorpion' // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Horowitz 2014: 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:23].

'''''Rising and Setting Stars: (Horowitz 2014: 168, Anu-Rising Month VIII, Setting Month II. - do you like this format?? It is very simple - I can go back and change all the previous listings???'''''

'''''Circular Astrolabes.'''''
Horowitz 2014: 123-124
* Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu, Month VIII), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].
* K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].
'''Text HS 245''' (The Hilprecht Text).

* See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]];
* In Neo-Assyrian parallels:
** Sm. 1113:9′ - d''zu-qa-qi''2-''p''[''u''...],
** Sm. 162 rev. 7 - mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957-58; Horowitz 1993, 151-154].
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Stars."</s>'''
<s>Anu 2. </s>

* <s>MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "The star that stands after it (i.e. Ishtar), Scorpius, Ishara. Favorable for the oil trade" (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].</s>
|
|-
|'''''"<s>Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."</s> '''''
'''<s>Astrolabe P.</s>'''
* <s>Arahsamnu month, s</s>tar<s>s of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Arahsamnu month, stars of Anu: mulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI</s>
*** <s>"Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:23].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. Kislimu month, stars Anu [LBAT, 149</s>9:9], <s>see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|''Ṣalbatanu'']].</s>
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* <s>(1) List (12´3):</s>
** <s>a) mul ''ša'' ''egir-šu gub-zu'' / mulgir2.tab d''Iš-ḫa-ra''</s>
*** <s>"The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after Venus), (is) Scorpius, Ishara" (B ii 6-7); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 2];</s>
** <s>(b) mul ... ''ana'' igi mulgir2.tab, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum]]''[[Zibānītum]]''</s>.
* (2) <s>List (3´12):</s>
** <s>[itiapin] ... mulgir2.tab ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''</s>
*** <s>The month of arahsamnu: ... Scorpius (on the way of) Anu (rises)" (C ii 8).</s>
* <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — arahsamnu, sunset — ayaru [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].</s>
'''''C<s>ircular Astrolabes.</s>'''''
* <s>Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month of Arahsamnu), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].</s>
* <s>K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month arahsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].</s>
<s>'''A list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 7)''':</s>

* <s>mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9-9a, III 8a-b, 11c-d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4-6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13-15, Pl. XVII 15-17].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Anu (no. 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB "Libra, horn of Scorpius" (I ii 11).
* (2) Stars of Ea (no. 10):
** a) mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''2-''me'' "Scorpion, Išḫara, goddess of all inhabited regions" (I ii 29),
** b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB d''Li''9-''si''4 dAG "The chest of the Scorpion: Lisi, Nabu" (I ii 30),
** (c) 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ina zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-''zu'' / d''Šar''2''-ur u Šar''2-''gaz'' "Two stars that stand on the sting of the Scorpion: Šarur and Šargaz" (I ii 31-32).
* (3) Dates of heliacal risings:
** a) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu the Scorpion becomes visible" (I iii 3),
** b) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme "On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the Goat and the Breast of the Scorpion become visible" (I iii 4); on the joint rising of muluz3 and mulgir2.tab see also BM 55466+, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (4) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) (I iii 13-14), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]],
** b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme-''ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "The Scorpion and the Dog rise, and the Asterism of Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25),
** c) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulGIR2.TAB, after mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4, before mul''Pa-bil-sag'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (6) Observations of heliacal risings and the direction of the wind:
** ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ''ina u''4-''me'' IGImeš IM ''ša''2 [DU-''ku'' ŠE]Š-''ar''2
** "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu, the Scorpion, on the 15th Breast of the Scorpion becomes visible; on the day that they become visible, you will observe the wind that [blows]" (II i 32-33).
* (7) A scheme for determining winds by the stars: mulGIR2.TAB - west, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU]]6.
* (8) Astrological predictions: [...] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 "[If ...] of the Scorpion becomes visible and the south wind blows: this year will be good" (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116].
Text BM 77054.

See (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]]. "A large list of stars."

* (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra "Scorpion = Išḫara";
* (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat "Scorpion = ditto(=Išḫara), Tiamat";
* (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab "Heavenly sword = Scorpion";
* (4) 12 stars of Elam: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol, App. B: 34-36, 204] ''Išhara not Ishkhara everywhere??? Yes of courseǃǃǃ''

'''''regarding Text BM 77054: all this is the Great Star List 25<nowiki>''</nowiki>-27<nowiki>''</nowiki> -'''''

'''<nowiki>;</nowiki> see also the list of "7 ''tikpi''-stars" [KAR, 142 i 37].'''
|[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See SAA 10, p. 381; SAA 8, p. 350a, 353].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:31.'''
* mulgir2.tab = d''iš-ḫa-ra tam-tim'' "Scorpius = Išḫara of the sea". [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (M) [mul''na'']-''at-tul-lum'' KIMIN MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' SI mulgir2.tab / [x-x-''t'']''u''2 ''u'' IGI mulUR.IDIM GU "The harness (''ziqpu'' XXVI: υ Boo), or the middle of Libra (β Lib), the horn of the Scorpion (γ Sco = σ Lib) / [...] and the Mad Dog’s eye (γ Lup): a string.
* (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹KIMIN˺ MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' MULme SAG mulGIR2.TAB / [''u''? MURU]B4 ˹mul˺UR.IDIM GU "Šupa (=''ziqpu'' I: α Boo) or the middle of Libra (γ Lib), the stars of Scorpius's head (δ Sco) [and the middle] part of the Mad Dog (η Lup): a string.
* (O) mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 KIMIN mulGABA GIR2.TAB / ˹MUL ''ta''˺-''ri''-''tu''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' GIR3II EGIR ''ša''2 mulUR.IDIM GU "The 2nd star of the Harness (''ziqpu'' II: ε Boo), or the star on the chest of the Scorpion (α Sco), the raised tail of the Scorpion (μ1 Sco) and the hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco): a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:21-25; ASM, 93].

According to [Koch 1992, 58-59], murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' is γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim is Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab is β, δ, π Sco, mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 is π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim is ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco).
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!GUs
|-
|M
|[[File:GU13 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|13th GU, GU (M), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>]]
|-
|N
|[[File:GU14 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|14th GU, GU (N), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|O
|[[File:GU15 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|15th GU, GU (O), in Hoffmann (2022).Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":0" />.]]
|}
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §b.
** a) mulSAG GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's head (δ Sco),
** b) mulSUḪUŠ UM.ME.DA G[IR2.TAB] "the base of the column (straightening muscle?) of the Sco[rpion]" (μ1, μ2 Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §c. [mulgir2.tab] "Scorpius"(η Sco), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab "right horn of the Scorpius"(σ Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 "Base of the Scorpion column (μ1 Sco), [...] (γ Oph), [star x] Bison (κ Oph): 3 stars, triangle." [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48-49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Ser[unina Bison]" (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim "[Right leg of] the Bison" (κ Oph).
* §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] "The Scorpion’s head (δ Sco), the Bull’s left paw (Ser d) and Šullat: [3 stars]. A straight tight rope. 2 intervals, interval. [Šull]lat first." [Walker 1995, 36-37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], here instead of mul''Šullat''(pa) should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) "Ḫaniš" (α Cen).
* §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš ...] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul ''zi-q''[''it'' gir2.tab x] "Sting of the Scorpion (θ Sco), head of the Bull (η Ser?) and Šullat (β Cen?): 3 [stars ...]. 2 intervals, interval. The grief[o Scorpius ...]." [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy: GIR2'''
See [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; used in the lunar tablets dating back to the late fifth century BC. [Aaboe and Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30-31; 2010].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
(mul)GIR2.TAB is the designation of the constellation and zodiac sign of Scorpius. The four stars of the Scorpius constellation were used as "normal stars," see also (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] below.

'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''

* múlGABA GIR2.TAB ''ka-bi-is'' GABA ''tam-tim'' "'The breast of the Scorpion' that walkes by the 'breast' of the sea." [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. A 3427:'''
* a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ''ša''2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ''ša''2 múl''kun-šu''2 [gir2.tab] "From (culmination point) 50 after the 2 stars of the Lion head to (the culmination point) 50 after the Individual star on its tail: [Scorpius]" (anaphora of the zodiac sign Scorpius, determined by the climax of the ziqpu stars),
* b) múlgir2.tab ta ''sag-šu''2 en ''til-šu''2 ''kur-ḫa'' .../ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1''-et'' ḫa.la ''ša''2 múlgir2.tab ''kur-ḫa'' ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ ... "(Sign of the zodiac) Scorpius from its beginning to its end ascends [...] / (per) 2030' one (twelfth) part of the Scorpius ascends, 12 parts (per interval) 1 danna 10 UŠ (ascends) [...],
* c) ta ''sag-šu''2 en ''til-šu''2 ''kur-ḫa'' napḫar 2 danna ''ina'' ''ziq-pi i-lak-ma'' [... ] "(The constellation Scorpius) from its beginning to its end rises, in a total of (the interval of) 2 danna, (measured) by the passages of the ziqpu stars [...]" (the indicated value of the time of rising of the constellation Scorpius corresponds to the length on the ecliptic 450),
* d) múlgir2 tab ''meš-ḫi im-šuḫ'' ZI "Scorpius emits mišḫu and ascends" [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239:1, 15-17, 21; 241].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology, Magic and Calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GIR2.TAB - designation of the 8th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) Lunaria
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab "Scorpius region" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
** (b) BRM IV, 19: the text contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which gir2.tab is the designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 8-''i-tum'' ḫa.la múlgir2.tab ''šum''3-''šu''2 "8th part, its name Scorpius." [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66],
** (b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu "8th part Aries — Aries Scorpius" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18-19]. The division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 4th part is mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Division of the zodiac sign Scorpius into 12 parts: ḫa.la ''sag-tu''2 ša, múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [''šum''3-''šu''2]? "The first part of Scorpius, [her name is] Scorpius." [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239, A 3427:2], see also Anaphora.
* (4) Zodiacal Astrology. KI múlGIR2.TAB ... "In the region of the Scorpius [was born]: ...she will become a witch, she will be happy? (var.: sinner) ..., a widow." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27].
* (5) Predicting the price of cereal by observing the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. [DIŠ Sin ''ina'' mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-''ma''..."[If the Moon] eclipses [in Scorpius] ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

'''Short form GIR2'''

* (1) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-''tim'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Duuzu 7 // Scorpius 190 // Anything you smear." [SpTU III, 104:7, and also 20]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30].
* (2)
|[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
|-
|'''Zodiacal astrology: short form GIR2'''
* KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ''ni-zi''[''q-tu''4]
* "Region close to the Scorpion: death (in) days of wrath" [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'];
|
|}
See also: MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SI mulGIR2.TAB "The star on the horn of Scorpius" [SpTU II, 42:12], and also [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
[[File:Sco CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192735.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GIR2.TAB (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Antares]]
|HIP 80763
|Constellation lines
|0.91
|-
|2
| [[Shaula]]
|HIP 85927
|Constellation lines
|1.63
|-
|3
|[[Sargas]]
|HIP 86228
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.85
|-
|4
|[[Larawag]]
|HIP 82396
|Constellation lines
|2.29
|-
|5
|[[Dschubba]]
|HIP 78401
|Constellation lines
| 2.32
|-
|6
|κ Scorpii
|HIP 86670
|Inside the Hull
|2.386
|-
|7
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.5
|-
|8
|[SC96] Mis 162
|[SC96] Mis 162
|Inside the Hull
|2.51
|-
|9
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.62
|-
|10
|[[Lesath]]
|HIP 85696
| Constellation lines
|2.65
|-
| 11
| [[Paikauhale]]
| HIP 81266
| Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|12
|[[Alniyat]]
|HIP 80112
|Constellation lines
|2.89
|-
|13
|[[Fang]]
|HIP 78265
|Constellation lines
|2.91
|-
|14
|[[Xamidimura]]
|HIP 82514
|Inside the Hull
|2.98
|-
|15
|ι 1 Scorpii
|HIP 87073
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.992
|-
| 16
|[[Fuyue]]
| HIP 87261
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.21
|-
|17
| [[Brachium]]
| HIP 73714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.21
|-
|18
|η Scorpii
|HIP 84143
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.33
|-
|19
|[SC96] Mis 190
|[SC96] Mis 190
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|20
|C 1652-407
|C 1652-407
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|21
|[[Pipirima]]
|HIP 82545
|Constellation lines
|3.542
|-
|22
| υ Librae
|HIP 76470
|Inside the Hull
|3.589
|-
|23
|ζ 2 Scorpii
|HIP 82729
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.62
|-
| 24
|τ Librae
|HIP 76600
|Constellation lines
|3.642
|-
|25
|[[Iklil]]
|HIP 78104
|Inside the Hull
|3.86
|-
|26
|[[Zubenelhakrabi]]
|HIP 76333
|Constellation lines
|3.91
|-
|27
|ω 1 Scorpii
| HIP 78933
|Inside the Hull
|3.97
|-
|28
|[[Jabbah]]
| HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4
|-
|29
|H Sco
|HIP 81304
|Inside the Hull
|4.156
|-
|30
|θ Librae
|HIP 77853
|Inside the Hull
|4.16
|-
|31
|ξ Sco B
|HIP 78727
| Constellation lines
|4.17
|-
|32
|N Sco
|HIP 80911
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|33
|Q Sco
|HIP 86170
|Inside the Hull
| 4.267
|-
|34
|ω 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78990
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
| 35
|[[Jabbah]] A
|HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4.349
|-
|36
|χ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80569
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
| 37
|ω Ophiuchi
| HIP 80975
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|38
|ψ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80343
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|39
|13 Sco
| HIP 79404
|Inside the Hull
|4.568
|-
|40
|ο Scorpii
|HIP 80079
| Inside the Hull
|4.57
|-
|41
|2 Sco
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|42
|37 Lib
|HIP 76219
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.62
|-
|43
|ρ Ophiuchi
| HIP 80473
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|44
| 1 Sco
|HIP 77635
|Inside the Hull
|4.635
|-
|45
|* 2 Sco A
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.71
|-
|46
|κ Librae
|HIP 76880
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 79881
|Inside the Hull
|4.782
|-
|48
|22 Sco
|HIP 80815
|Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
|49
|* ksi Sco B
|HIP 78727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.87
|-
|50
|48 Lib
|HIP 78207
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
| 51
|V1073 Sco
|HIP 83574
| Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|52
|β 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78821
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|53
|42 Lib
|HIP 76742
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 78650
| Inside the Hull
|4.966
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 83336
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|56
|λ Librae
|HIP 77811
|Inside the Hull
|5.027
|-
|57
|* rho Oph A
|HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 79302
|Inside the Hull
|5.102
|-
|59
|36 Lib
|HIP 76259
|Inside the Hull
|5.138
|-
|60
| * ksi Sco A
| HIP 78727
|Constellation lines
|5.16
|-
| 61
|* alf Sco B
|HD 148479
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 82493
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|63
| 41 Lib
|HIP 76628
|Inside the Hull
|5.359
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 77858
|Inside the Hull
|5.372
|-
|65
| -
| HIP 79050
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|66
|[SC96] Mis 382
|[SC96] Mis 382
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
| 67
|* tet Sco B
|HD 159532B
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|68
|M 4
|M 4
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 77859
|Inside the Hull
|5.402
|-
|70
|CD-29 12513B
|HIP 80399
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|71
| η Librae
|HIP 77060
|Inside the Hull
|5.412
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 80390
|Inside the Hull
|5.42
|-
|73
| -
| HIP 78246
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|74
|49 Lib
|HIP 78400
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 82676
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 82135
|Inside the Hull
|5.481
|-
|77
|27 Sco
|HIP 82960
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 79199
|Inside the Hull
|5.497
|-
|79
|ζ 4 Librae
|HIP 76126
|Inside the Hull
|5.499
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 79980
|Inside the Hull
| 5.502
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 74732
|Inside the Hull
|5.506
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 76106
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 86698
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 84551
|Inside the Hull
|5.526
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 84401
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
| 86
|M 19
|M 19
|Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|87
|4 Sco
|HIP 77984
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|88
| ζ 1 Librae
|HIP 75730
| Inside the Hull
|5.626
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 84150
| Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|90
|26 Oph
|HIP 83196
|Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|91
|11 Sco
|HIP 79005
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 82775
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 76532
|Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 80672
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|95
|* 12 Sco A
|HIP 79399
| Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|96
|ζ 3 Librae
|HIP 75944
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 76569
|Inside the Hull
|5.816
|-
|98
|CD-29 12513A
|HR 6106
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
| -
| HIP 78168
| Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 81741
|Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 85889
|Inside the Hull
|5.838
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 74539
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|103
|66 G. Oph
|HIP 83176
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
|104
|3 Sco
|HIP 77909
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 79098
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|106
|Gliese 667 A
| HIP 84709
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|107
|V923 Sco
| HIP 83491
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 83896
| Inside the Hull
|5.911
|-
|109
| -
| HIP 81523
| Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|110
| -
| HIP 85048
|Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 79596
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
| 112
|V929 Sco
|HIP 78877
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 83235
|Inside the Hull
|5.934
|-
| 114
|[SC96] Mis 177
|[SC96] Mis 177
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 84425
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|116
|47 Lib
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|5.957
|-
|117
|[SC96] Mis 213
|[SC96] Mis 213
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 83693
| Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 81992
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 85543
|Inside the Hull
|5.985
|-
|121
| -
| HIP 78665
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 84226
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
| 123
| -
|HIP 81904
|Inside the Hull
| 6.046
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 83100
|Inside the Hull
|6.048
|-
|125
|* 47 Lib A
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 79622
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 78575
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|128
| -
| HIP 80910
| Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 79692
|Inside the Hull
|6.083
|-
|130
| -
| HIP 78726
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|131
| -
| HIP 82691
| Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|132
|36 G. Oph
|HIP 81728
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 77900
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|134
|RR Sco
|HIP 82912
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 78078
|Inside the Hull
| 6.117
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 84489
|Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
|137
| -
| HIP 83706
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|138
|[SC96] Mis 165
|[SC96] Mis 165
|Inside the Hull
|6.14
|-
|139
| -
| HIP 85237
|Inside the Hull
|6.142
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 85839
|Inside the Hull
|6.158
|-
|141
|28 Lib
|HIP 75110
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 142
| -
| HIP 84445
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 75939
| Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
| 144
| -
|HIP 76503
|Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 77985
|Inside the Hull
|6.199
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 77689
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 78699
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 76033
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 149
| -
|HIP 82453
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|150
| V861 Sco
|HIP 82911
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|151
|34 G. Oph
|HIP 81632
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 82783
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 86246
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 78058
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 155
| -
|HIP 84151
|Inside the Hull
|6.285
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 77007
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|157
| -
| HIP 79945
|Inside the Hull
|6.298
|-
|158
|[SC96] Mis 208
|[SC96] Mis 208
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 82554
|Inside the Hull
|6.315
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 78486
|Inside the Hull
|6.317
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 76567
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 78955
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|163
| -
| HIP 82855
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 164
|[SC96] Mis 549
|[SC96] Mis 549
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 165
| -
|HIP 76666
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 78059
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 79031
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 79605
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 82731
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|170
|[SC96] Mis 201
|[SC96] Mis 201
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|171
|V1077 Sco
|HIP 84650
|Inside the Hull
|6.367
|-
|172
| -
|HR 6426
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|173
| V900 Sco
| HIP 82669
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|174
| -
|HIP 77729
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 87042
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 79599
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 85786
|Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 85019
|Inside the Hull
|6.419
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 79788
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 180
| -
|HIP 79203
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 79530
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 84332
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 85020
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|184
| -
|HD 152249
| Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|-
|186
|23 Lib
|HIP 74500
|Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|187
| -
| HIP 80324
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 86098
|Inside the Hull
| 6.463
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 74490
|Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
|190
|[SC96] GC 33
|[SC96] GC 33
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Ishkara, see (Kurtik i15) [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]. The name ''zu''2''-qa''2''-qi''4''-ip'', as a royal name, at the beginning of the post-Flood part of the "Sumerian royal list" relating to Kishu, cf. [Jacobsen 1939, 78-79:10-11].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) Ritual at the lunar eclipse in the month of Kislimu, see (Kurtik u06)[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (2) Hemerology for the 18th of duuzu: ''pad-su ana'' ˹mul˺gir2.tab ''liš-ku-un'' "Let him offer his sacrifice to Scorpius" [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94-95].
* (3) The purifying ritual of the "Exaltation of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [d''iš-ḫa-ra''] "Spell, (constellation) Scorpius, [Ishkhara]". [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58-59;].
* (4) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the deity statue, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (5) The astral-mythological text BM 55466+, where the night sky in the month of Tebetu is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, see (Kurtk u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (6) In astrological geography, Scorpius correlates (a) with Sea Land and Dilmun or Borsippa, (b) with Khursagkalamma, Borsippa [Weidner 1963; Kurtik 2010; Steele 2015].
* (7) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mul]GIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'' d''Ištar'' ''ina qe''2-''reb'' MURUB4 ''e-peš ša''2-''aš''2-''me'' / [...''a'']''š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu'' "Scorpion, Ishkhara, (i.e. The Scorpion Ishtar, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the fight / [...] 'stubborn' (opponents) of yours, let him defeat, let him turn them into ghosts!" [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′-8′].

''Also = Racc Text 213???''

==== Symbol. ====
Scorpion. Early depictions of the scorpion/scorpio-man in Mesopotamian glyptics of the 3rd millennium BC, when it may have already acquired astral significance, see [Kononenko 1997]. [Kononenko 1997] as well as [Kurtik 1998, 36; 2022, ]. For the images on the kudurru see. [Seidl 1968, 156-157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48], for astral images on Hellenistic seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, no. See [AUWE 19, no. 1008-1017; Kurtik 2007, fig. 24, 32]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlGIR2 (designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius) corresponds to G[IR2.TAB] "Sc[orpio]". [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

==== Previous Identification. ====
[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246]

= Scorpius + part of Librae, constellation figure correlated with stars, [Koch 1989, 114-115, Abb. 16 a-b].

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Middle star in the head of Scorpion" (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 ''e ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Upper star of Scorpion's head" (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Lower star of the Scorpion's head" (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 "(God) of Fox" (α Scorpii),

The 4 indicated stars above were used as "normal stars" in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 26-29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab "Claws (lit. Horn) of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN et al.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab "Stars of the Scorpion's head", see GU-text.

(7) gaba gir2.tab "Breasts of the Scorpion", see GU-text, etc.

(8) mul ''ta-ri-tu''2 mulgir2.tab "The raised tail of the Scorpion", see GU-text.

(9) Scorpion's head (δ Sco), see dbn-text.

(10) Base of the Scorpion's column (straightening muscle?) (μ1, μ2 Sco), see dbn-text.

(11) Right claw (lit. horn) of the Scorpion (σ Sco), see dbn-text.

(12) Scorpius's sting, see dbn-text, and also below.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's lips" (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, no. -651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Star with great brilliance on the Scorpion's head" [AD I, 42, no. -651:10-11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB "The middle section of the Scorpion." [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) [...K]UN mulGIR2.TAB "Tail of the Scorpion" [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) ''u''2''-ru-ud'': ''u''2''-ru-uḫ'' mulGIR2.TAB "Throat of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB "Center (lit. Navel) of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB "(2 stars) on the sting of the Scorpion" (λ, υ Scorpii), see MUL.APIN et al, as well as (Kurtik sh05) [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]] and (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

(20) The border of the Scorpion; [...mul]GIR2.TAB ''it-ta-tu-ša''2 MI-''mu'' ... "[...] Scorpion, its border is dark [...]" [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; mulGIR2.TAB: d''Dil-bat'' [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Lisi; cf. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], (Kurtik n25) [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]], II 3.

(3) Scorpion's stinger = Pabilsag; see (Kurtik p04) [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL2.SAG]], VI 4, (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

In [G. 94, IV 2-3] identifications of the Scorpion with Jupiter, Mars and Mercury are suggested, which, as far as we know, is not confirmed by the texts. See, however, below (28).

===== Predictions: =====
(4) General astrological significance; mulGIR2.TAB ''ana'' KI.LAM "Scorpion for (predicting the state of) the market." [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Heliacal risings earlier and later; "The Scorpion rises heliacally in the month of arahsamnu, variant: tebetu; if this star rises early: the king of the country will walk proudly, he will conquer [kings], his enemies; if the star rises late: kings of other countries will start enmity against the king of that country" [BPO 2, IX 9]; see also [ibid., X 19, XI 4-6].

(6) View of the Scorpion’s claws; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-''ša''2 ''zu-᾽-u''2''-ra'' KUR2 ZI-''ma ina'' [gišTUKUL ŠUB-''ut''] "If the claws (lit. horns) of the Scorpion are twisted?: an enemy will appear, but will fall by weapons (in battle)", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-''ša''2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' LUGAL ''a-a-bi-šu''2 Š[U-''su'' KUR-''ad''2] "If the Scorpion’s claws emit rays (lit. carry radiation): the king will strike his enemies with his hand" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346 +:41-42], see also [ARAK, 218:2-4, 547:1-4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ''ana'' UR2-''šu''2 GUR I3 ''ina'' KUR LA2-''ṭi'' "[If the Scorpion, its foreparts] are facing its 'knee': there will be lack of oil" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''zu''-᾽-''u''2-''ra ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' / dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mul''zi-ba-ni-ti'' GUB-''ma'' "If the claws of the Scorpion are twisted? (and) it carries radiation, (it means): the planet stands in Libra." [ACh Ištar, 28:6-7].

(7) The Scorpion is dark; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI ''iš-tan-na-an-na''? "If the Scorpion is dark: the kings of all other countries will become hostile (to Akkad?), variant: the kings of all countries will feud one with another." [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''i-da-tu-ša''2 ''uk-ku-la'' UN.MEŠ ''i-lam-mi-na'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Scorpion’s sides are very dark: people will be bad, (it means): Mars stands in it." [ARAK, 502:14]. See also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 3, and Mercury and Scorpius below.

(8) Star in the head of the Scorpion; ''i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-i-e kak-ka-bu'' / [''ina''] SAG.DU ''ša'' mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 ''it-ti-ti-iz'' GISKIM-''šu''2 ''la i-lap-pa-''[''at''] "This night the star stood in the head of the Scorpion before the moon: this sign does not portend anything (bad)". [ARAK, 98: 7-r. 2]. See also (Kurtik ts06) ''[[Ṣurru]]''.

(9) The Scorpion during its first appearance in the month of kislimu; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra ina'' GIBIL UD.DA-''ša''2 / GA[BA]-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-at'' / SI.ME-''ša''2! ''nin-mu-ra'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL ''ina'' KUR ''i-ḫar-ru-pu'' ... "If the Scorpion, the goddess Ishkhara, at the renewal of her light (i.e. at the heliacal rising?), her breasts have great luster, and her tails become dark, and her claws (literally horns) stand opposite each other: the country will have a season of early rain and flood; locusts will attack and devour the country; cattle will be destroyed and the houses of the herders..." [ARAK, 504: 5-r. 2], parallel: DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra'' / ''ina'' IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''nin-gu-la'' /: ''nen-bu-ṭa'' GABA-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-ti'' ... "If in the month of kislimu, the Scorpion, the goddess Ishara, at its first appearance, its claws (resemble) the month? var.: connected, her breasts have great luster, and her tail is dark: ..." [ARAK, 376 r. 4-10]; see also [ibid., 543:1-7].

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in the Scorpion; observations: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [''ina'' EN!.NUN-UD.ZAL / ''i-sa-kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''i-sa''!-''kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''u''2''-zak-ki'' / ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 ''a-dir'' / ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' / mul''ku-ma-ru'' / ''ša'' mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ''ziq-pu'' / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x] ''i-sa-kan'' "The lunar eclipse occured during the morning watch on the 14th of Simman. The eclipse began in the south (of the lunar disk) and cleared out in the south. Its right side eclipsed. The eclipse took place within the perimeters of the Scorpion constellatoin. The Shoulder of the Demon, with an Open Mouth, culminated. An eclipse (the size of) two fingers occurred." [LABS, 149: 3′-r.6]. (DIŠ) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-''ma'' KA´M[I''-su''] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''2 ŠA3-''ši-na'' ŠUB-''ni ina'' AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) on the 14th day of Siman a (lunar) eclipse occurs and (the Moon) sets (eclipses): pregnant women will miscarry their fetal babies; (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Scorpion" (Late Commentary on EAE) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15-16]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki ''u'' NI.TUKki: ''bar''2-''sipa''2ki "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Scorpion: solution for Sea country and Dilmun, var: Borsippa". [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) The Moon at its first appearance and the Scorpion; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2... "If at its first appearance, the Moon is surrounded by the Scorpion, like a halo: lions and wolves will rage, the means of communication will become unsafe...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (var. ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB) ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion (var.: stinger of the Scorpion) stands in the middle of it (= Moon): floods will come and wash away the dikes...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its shoulder: this year rats will destroy the canes and sesame...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its right horn: this year locusts will attack and devour the country...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its left horn: this year the locusts will attack and devour the country, the king of Akkad and the king (Amurru) will be hostile to each other ...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 GUB KUR ''in-neš-š''[''i''] "If the Scorpion stands in front of it: the country will become weak", DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (var: KI.MIN ''zi-qit-tum'') GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2 ''ina'' MU BI ZI-''ut'' ERIN2-''man-da'' "If the tail (var. stinger) of the Scorpion surrounds (the moon) like a halo: this year Umman-manda (the country) will attack (the country of Akkad)." [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22-28], see also [ARAK, 66 r. 1-4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Lunar halo and the Scorpion; 30 MI ''an-ni-u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-''ma'' NIGIN-''ma a-na'' ˹A.AN˺ [''u''] A.KAL "This night the moon was surrounded by a halo in the Scorpion: (it portends) rain [and] flood". [ARAK, 2:1-2], see also [ibid, 377: 7-r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulGIR2.TAB / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / ''uš-taḫ-ḫa'' NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-''ma'' / A.RA2 KUD.ME "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Scorpion stands in it: entu- priestesses will become pregnant, men, variant: lions will rage and cut the message." [ARAK, 307:1-5], see also [ibid., 147 r. 2-4, 480: 7- r. 1].

(13) The Sun and the Scorpion; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB [...] "If the Sun sets and the Scorpion stands in its place [...]" [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Jupiter and the head of the Scorpion; see (Kurtik s04) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 31.

(15) Jupiter and the Scorpion in the lunar halo; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

(16) Rising of Venus, the Moon, the Scorpion and Gemini; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGUD d''Sin u'' mulGIR2.TAB IGI-''ma'' IGI-''it'' MUL [...] / ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.IN ...d''Ni-ri''... "If Venus (rises) in the month of Ayar, (and before that) the Moon, the Scorpion, the opposite asterism, [...] and Gemini are visible, variant: (opposite) the Yoke...: there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Rising of the Venus in the Scorpion; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAPIN KUR-''ḫa ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-''ma'' NU SIG5 "If Venus rises in the month of arahsamnu — it rises in the Scorpion, this is unfavorable" [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , see also [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Venus, the Moon and Lugalirra in the Scorpion; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin ''u'' d''Lugal''-GIR3-''ra ina'' iti''Še-er''-[''e-re-ši ina birīt'' SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ''ina'' [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 d''Sin u''] dLugal-GIR3''-ra'' / ''ina'' SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' IN.U ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If in the month of the plowing of the furrow, Venus (during its appearance), the Moon and Lugalirra, in between the claws of the Scorpion, are visible and within it? and Venus, the Moon, and Lugalirra are coming out of its right claw: there will be famine, famine of barley and straw in the land." [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], for a parallel see. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Venus enters into the perimeters of the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ma'' BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki ... "If Venus enters into the Scorpion: there will be famine in the country; if in the east, bad for Elam; if in the west, bad for Akkad ..." [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Venus approaches the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' mulGIR2.TAB TE-''ḫi'' ... "If Venus comes close to the Scorpion: unfavorable winds will blow in the country; Adad will send rain, and Ea will send spring to the country of Guti." [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. See also [ibid., 55:3-8].

(21) Mercury in Scorpion; see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], V 10.

(22) Saturn, Libra and Scorpion; see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]],

(23) Mars approaching Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 32.

(24) Asterism of Elam = Mars in Scorpius; see (Kurtik n20) [[NIM.MA]], II 3.

(25) Mars and Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 34.

(26) The Plough(=Mars) and Scorpion; see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 8.

(27) Planets and the Scorpion; three versions of protasis: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands in the middle of Scorpius", DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands before Scorpius" and DIŠ mulUDU. IDIM ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE "If a planet faces Scorpius" have the same apodosis: ina MU BI A.ANmeš ''u'' A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš "rain and flood will wash away (roads) this year" [TU, 16 r. 16-18; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a].

(28) The Scorpion (= Mars?) approaches the Moon; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ''ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If Scorpius comes close, upfront the Moon, and stands there: the reign of the king will be long; the enemy will attack, but will be defeated" [ARAK, 430:1-5], see also [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9-14].

(29) Baltesha and the Scorpion; see (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], V 3.

(30) Shooting stars and the Scorpion; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-''ma'' EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ''ina'' ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' "If a star flashes from within the middle portion of the Scorpion and moves to the limits of Amurru: there will be rain this month", DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 2 A. ANme ŠURme "If 2 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain twice this month", DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme "If 3 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain three times this month. [Stev. O.T., 232:13-15], autograph [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15-17].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik g17 GIR2
!
|-
|
==== GIR2 ====
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион»; обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах чаще без детерминатива [G. 91].
I. Источники.

Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрономия, астрология и календарь. (1) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт для изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-tim MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 7 // Скорпион 190 // Все что угодно намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:7, а также 20]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30]. (2) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ni-zi[q-tu4] «Область Скорпиона: смерть (в) дни гнева» [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
|
|-
!Kurtik g19 GIR2.TAB
!
|-
|
==== GIR2.TAB ====
|
|-
|= zuqaqīpu «Скорпион»; созвездие, соответствующее Скорпиону (Scorpius) [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulgir2.tab = zu-qi-qi-pu [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [zu]-qa-qi-pi [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:285ʹ]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. а33AN.TA.GUB; в новоассирийских параллелях: Sm. 1113:9′ — dzu-qa-qi2-p[u…], Sm. 162 rev. 7 — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 151–154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul ša egir-šu gub-zu / mulgir2.tab dIš-ḫa-ra «Созвездие, которое после нее (т.е. после Венеры) стоит, (это) Скорпион, Ишхара» (B ii 6–7); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 2]; b) mul … ana igi mulgir2.tab, см. z10Zibānītum. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin] … mulgir2.tab šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц арахсамну: … Скорпион (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — арахсамну, заход — айяру [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. u21UR.IDIM. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану: mulGIR2.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-at AN KI «Скорпион // 70 // Богиня неба (и) земли» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:23]. BM 34713. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:9], см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1,10 «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, 70» [CT 33, 11]. K.14943+: mulgir2.tab «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, [70]» [CT 33, 12]; см. также mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 7): mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9–9a, III 8a–b, 11c–d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4–6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13–15, Pl. XVII 15–17]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra a-na KI.LAM ša-am-ni da-˹ma˺-[qi] «Звезда, которая стоит после нее (т.е. Иштар), Скорпион, Ишхара. Благоприятно для торговли маслом» (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB «Весы, рог Скорпиона» (I ii 11). (2) Звезды Эа (№ 10): a) mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad2-me «Скорпион, Ишхара, богиня всех обитаемых регионов» (I ii 29), b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB dLi9-si4 dAG «Грудь Cкорпиона: Лиси, Набу» (I ii 30), (c) 2 MULmeš ša2 ina zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-zu / dŠar2-ur u Šar2-gaz «Две звезды, которые стоят на жале Скорпиона: Шарур и Шаргаз» (I ii 31–32). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: а) ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI «5-го арахсамну Скорпион становится видимым» (I iii 3), b) ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 u mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); о совместном восходе muluz3 и mulgir2.tab см. также BM 55466+, u31UZ3. (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 13–14), см. m35MUL.MUL, b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Собака восходят, и Звезда Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25), c) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGIR2.TAB, после mulZi-ba-ni-tu4, перед mulPa-bil-sag (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ina u4-me IGImeš IM ša2 [DU-ku ŠE]Š-ar2 «5-го арахсамну Скорпион, 15-го Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны; в день, когда они становятся видны, ты наблюдаешь ветер, который [дует]» (II i 32–33). (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulGIR2.TAB — запад, см. k24KU6. (8) Астрологические предсказания: […] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 «[Если …] Скорпион становится виден и южный ветер дует: этот год будет благоприятным» (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 350a, 353]. Текст BM 77054. См. m35MUL.MUL. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra «Скорпион = Ишхара»; (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat «Скорпион = ditto(=Ишхара), Тиамат»; (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab «Небесный меч = Скорпион»; (4) 12 звезд Элама: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 34–36, 204]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:31. mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra tam-tim «Скорпион = Ишхара моря» [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum kimin murub4 mulzi-ba-nit si mulgir2.tab / [x-x-t]u2 u igi mulur.idim gu «Упряжь (ziqpu XXVI: υ Boo), или середина Весов (β Lib), рог Скорпиона (γ Sco = σ Lib) / […] и глаз Бешеного Пса (γ Lup): веревка». (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulzi-ba-nit mul.me sag mulgir2.tab / [u? muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim gu «Шупа (=ziqpu I: α Boo) или середина Весов (γ Lib), звезды головы Скорпиона (δ Sco) [и средняя] часть Бешеного Пса (η Lup): веревка». (O) mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 kimin mul gaba gir2.tab / ˹mul ta˺-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab u gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim gu «2-я звезда Упряжи (ziqpu II: ε Boo), или звезда на груди Скорпиона (α Sco), поднятый хвост Скорпиона (μ1 Sco) и задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:21–25; ASM, 93]. Согласно [Koch 1992, 58–59], murub4 mulzi-ba-nit — γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim — Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab — β, δ, π Sco, mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 — π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim — ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco). Dalbanna-текст. §b. a) mulsag gir2.tab «голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), b) mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab] «основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Ско[рпиона]» (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §c. [mulgir2.tab] «Скорпион»(η Sco), см. L07LI4.SI9. §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab «правый рог Скорпиона» (σ Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 «Основание колонны Скорпиона (μ1 Sco), […] (γ Oph), [звезда x] Зубра (κ Oph): 3 звезды, треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48–49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph). §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] «Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), левая рука Быка (Ser d) и Шуллат: [3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. [Шул]лат первый.» [Walker 1995, 36–37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь вместо mulŠullat(pa) должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) «Ханиш» (α Cen). §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš …] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul zi-q[it gir2.tab x x] «Жало Скорпиона (θ Sco), голова Быка (η Ser?) и Шуллат (β Cen?): 3 [звезды …]. 2 интервала, интервал. Жал[о Скорпиона …].» [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109]. «Дневники наблюдений». (mul)GIR2.TAB — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Скорпион. Четыре звезды созвездия Скорпион использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. múlgaba gir2.tab ka-bi-is gaba tam-tim «“Грудь Скорпиона”, что идет по “груди” моря» [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313]. Анафора. A 3427: a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ša2 múlkun-šu2 [gir2.tab] «От (кульминации точки) 50 после 2 звезд головы Льва до (кульминации точки) 50 после Отдельной звезды на его хвосте: [Скорпион]» (анафора знака зодиака Скорпион, определенная по кульминациям ziqpu-звезд), b) múlgir2.tab ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa …/ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1-et ḫa.la ša2 múlgir2.tab kur-ḫa ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ … «(Знак зодиака) Скорпион от его начала до его конца восходит […] / (за) 2030' одна (двенадцатая) часть Скорпиона восходит, 12 частей (за промежуток) 1 danna 10 UŠ (восходят) […], c) ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa napḫar 2 danna ina ziq-pi i-lak-ma […] «(Созвездие Скорпион) от его начала до его конца восходит, всего за (промежуток) 2 danna, (измеренный) по прохождениям ziqpu-звезд […]» (указанное значение времени восхода созвездия Скорпион соответствует протяженности на эклиптике 450), d) múlgir2.tab meš-ḫi im-šuḫ ZI «Скорпион испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:1, 15–17, 21; 241]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GIR2.TAB — обозначение 8-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab «Область Скорпиона» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. b) BRM IV, 19: текст содержит зодиакальную схему, известную под названием «додекатемория», в которой gir2.tab — обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион [Ungnad 1941–44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 8-i-tum ḫa.la múlgir2.tab šum3-šu2 «8-я часть, ее имя Скорпион» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu «8-я часть Овна — Скорпион Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18–19]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 4-я часть — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Подразделение знака зодиака Скорпион на 12 частей: ḫa.la sag-tu2 ša2 múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [šum3-šu2]? «Первая часть Скорпиона, [ее имя] Скорпион» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239, A 3427:2], см. также «Анафора». (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2.TAB … «В области Скорпиона [родилась]: …она будет ведьмой, она будет счастлива? (вар.: грешница) …, вдова» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. [DIŠ Sin ina mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-ma…»[Если Луна] затмилась [в Скорпионе] …» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: MUL ša2 ina SI mulGIR2.TAB «Звезда на роге Скорпиона» [SpTU II, 42:12], а также [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

II. Божество.

Ишхара, см. i15dIšḫara. Имя zu2-qa2-qi4-ip, как царское имя, в начале послепотопной части «Шумерского царского списка», относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 78–79:10–11]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал при лунном затмении в месяце кислиму, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (2) Гемерология на 18-е дуузу: pad-su ana ˹mul˺gir2.tab liš-ku-un «Жертвоприношение свое Скорпиону пусть он принесет» [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94–95]. (3) Очистительный ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [diš-ḫa-ra] «Заклинание, (созвездие) Скорпион, [Ишхара]» [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58–59;]. (4) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k24KU6. (5) Астрально-мифологический текст BM 55466+, где ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, см. u31UZ. (6) В астрологической географии Скорпион соотносится: a) c Морской страной и Дильмуном или Борсиппой, b) c Хурсагкаламмой, Борсиппой [Weidner 1963; Куртик 2010; Steele 2015]. (7) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mul]GIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra dIštar ina qe2-reb MURUB4 e-peš ša2-aš2-me / […a]š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu «Скорпион, Ишхара, (т.е.) Иштар, посредине битвы, учиняя схватку / […] ‘упорных’ (противников) твоих пусть одолеет, в призраки пусть обратит!» [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′–8′].

III. Символ.

Скорпион. Ранние изображения скорпиона/скорпионочеловека в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э., когда он, возможно, уже приобрел астральное значение, см. [Кононенко 1997], а также [Куртик 1998, 36; 2022, ]. Изображения на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 156–157; Куртик 2007, рис. 48], астральные изображения на эллинистических печатях из Урука см. [AUWE 19, No. 1008–1017; Куртик 2007, рис. 24, 32]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlGIR2 (обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион) соответствует G[IR2.TAB] «Ск[орпион]» [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

IV. Отождествление.

= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246].

= Scorpius + часть Librae, фигура созвездия, соотнесенная со звездами, [Koch 1989, 114–115, Abb. 16 a–b].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Верхняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Нижняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 «(Бог) Лиси» (α Scorpii),

4 указанные звезды в «Дневниках наблюдений» использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, No. 26–29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab «Клешни (букв. Рог) Скорпиона», см. GU-текст, MUL.APIN и др.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab «Звезды головы Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(7) gaba gir2.tab «Грудь Скорпиона», см. GU-текст и др.

(8) mul ta-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab «Поднятый хвост Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(9) Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(10) Основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Скорпиона (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(11) Правая клешня (букв. рог) Скорпиона (σ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(12) Жало Скорпиона, см. dbn-текст, а также ниже.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB «Губа Скорпиона» (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, No. –651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском на голове Скорпиона» [AD I, 42, No. –651:10–11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB «Середина Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) […K]UN mulGIR2.TAB «Хвост Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) u2-ru-ud: u2-ru-uḫ mulGIR2.TAB «Горло Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB «Центр (букв. Пуп) Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB «(2 звезды) на жале Скорпиона» (λ, υ Scorpii), см. MUL.APIN и др., а также sh05ŠAR2.GAZ и sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

(20) Граница Скорпиона; […mul]GIR2.TAB it-ta-tu-ša2 MI-mu … «[…] Скорпион, граница его темная […]» [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; mulGIR2.TAB: dDil-bat [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Лиси; см. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], n25NIM.MA(ki), II 3.

(3) Жало Скорпиона = Пабилсаг; см. p04dPA.BIL2.SAG, VI 4, sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

В [G. 94, IV 2–3] предполагаются отождествления Скорпиона с Юпитером, Марсом и Меркурием, что, насколько нам известно, текстами не подтверждается. См., однако, ниже (28).

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(4) Общее астрологическое значение; mulGIR2.TAB ana KI.LAM «Скорпион для (предсказания состояния) рынка» [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже; «Скорпион восходит гелиакически в месяце арахсамну, вариант: тебету; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь той страны будет ходить гордо, он покорит [царей], своих врагов; если звезда восходит поздно: цари всех стран начнут враждовать против царя той страны» [BPO 2, IX 9]; см. также [ibid., X 19, XI 4–6].

(6) Вид клешней Скорпиона; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra KUR2 ZI-ma ina [gišTUKUL ŠUB-ut] «Если клешни (букв. рога) Скорпиона скручены?: враг появится, но падет от оружия (в битве)», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-ša2 ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a LUGAL a-a-bi-šu2 Š[U-su KUR-ad2] «Если Скорпион, клешни его, испускают лучи (букв. несут излучение): царь ру[кой своей поразит] своих врагов» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:41–42], см. также [ARAK, 218:2–4, 547:1–4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ana UR2-šu2 GUR I3 ina KUR LA2-ṭi «[Если Скорпион, передние части] его, обращены к его «колену»: в стране будет недостаток масла» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a / dUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulzi-ba-ni-ti GUB-ma «Если клешни Скорпиона скручены? (и) несут излучение, (это означает): планета в Весах стоит» [ACh Ištar, 28:6–7].

(7) Скорпион темный; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB a-dir LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI iš-tan-na-an-na? «Если Скорпион темный: цари всех стран станут враждебны (Аккаду?), вариант: цари всех стран будут враждовать друг с другом» [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB i-da-tu-ša2 uk-ku-la UN.MEŠ i-lam-mi-na dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-ma «Если стороны Скорпиона очень темные: людям будет плохо, (это означает): Марс стоит в нем» [ARAK, 502:14]. См. также z10Zibānītum, VI 3, а также ниже «Меркурий и Скорпион».

(8) Звезда в голове Скорпиона; i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-e kak-ka-bu / [ina] SAG.DU ša mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 it-ti-ti-iz GISKIM-šu2 la i-lap-pa-[at] «Этой ночью звезда стояла в голове Скорпиона впереди Луны: знак этот не предвещает ничего (плохого)» [ARAK, 98: 7–r. 2]. См. также ts06Ṣurru.

(9) Скорпион при его первом появлении в месяце кислиму; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra ina GIBIL UD.DA-ša2 / GA[BA]-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-at / SI.ME-ša2! nin-mu-ra / A.AN u A.KAL ina KUR i-ḫar-ru-pu … «Если Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при обновлении ее света (т.е. при гелиакическом восходе?), грудь ее имеет большой блеск, хвост ее темный, клешни ее (букв. рога) напротив друг друга: дождь и наводнение в стране будут ранними; саранча нападет и пожрет страну; гибель скота и жилищ скотоводов…» [ARAK, 504: 5–r. 2], параллель: DIŠ ina itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra / ina IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-ša2 nin-gu-la /: nen-bu-ṭa GABA-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-ti … «Если в месяце кислиму Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при своей первой видимости, клешни ее (напоминают) месяц?, вар.: связаны, грудь ее имеет большой блеск, ее хвост темный: …» [ARAK, 376 r. 4–10]; см. также [ibid., 543:1–7].

(10) Затмение Луны в Скорпионе; наблюдение: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [ina EN!.NUN—UD.ZAL / i-sa-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU i-sa!-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU u2-zak-ki / ina ZAG-šu2 a-dir / ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir / mulku-ma-ru / ša mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ziq-pu / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x x] i-sa-kan «14-го симану произошло лунное затмение в утреннюю стражу. Оно началось на юге (лунного диска) и прояснилось на юге. Его правая сторона затмилась. Затмение имело место в области созвездия Скорпион. Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминировало. Затмение (величиной) 2 пальца произошло» [LABS, 149: 3′–r.6]. (DIŠ) ina itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-ma KA´M[I-su] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša2 ŠA3-ši-na ŠUB-ni ina AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) в месяце симану в 14-й день происходит (лунное) затмение и (Луна) заходит (затмившейся): беременные женщины будут выкидывать своих внутриутробных младенцев; (это означает): затмение произошло в Скорпионе» (поздний комментарий к ЕАЕ) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15–16]. DIŠ ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki u NI.TUKki: bar2-sipa2ki «Если (Луна) в пределах Скорпиона затмилась: решение для Морской страны и Дильмуна, вар.: Борсиппы» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) Луна при ее первом появлении и Скорпион; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2… «Если при своем появлении Луна окружена Скорпионом, подобно гало: львы и волки будут неистовствовать, пути сообщения станут небезопасными …», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (вар.: zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB) ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион (вар.: жало Скорпиона) в середине ее (= Луны) стоит: придет половодье и размоет дамбы…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее плече стоит: в этом году крысы уничтожат тростник и сезам…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее правом роге стоит: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB… «Если Скорпион стоит на ее левом роге: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну, царь Аккада и царь (Амурру) будут враждебны друг другу…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina IGI-šu2 GUB KUR in-neš-š[i] «Если Скорпион впереди ее стоит: страна ослабеет», DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (вар: KI.MIN zi-qit-tum) GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2 ina MU BI ZI-ut ERIN2-man-da «Если хвост (вар.: жало) Скорпиона окружает (Луну) подобно гало: в этом году нападение (страны) Умман-манда (на страну Аккад)» [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22–28], см. также [ARAK, 66 r. 1–4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Лунное гало и Скорпион; 30 MI an-ni-u2 ina ŠA3-bi mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-ma NIGIN-ma a-na ˹A.AN˺ [u] A.KAL «Этой ночью Луна была окружена гало в Скорпионе: (это предвещает) дождь [и] наводнение» [ARAK, 2:1–2], см. также [ibid., 377: 7–r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulGIR2.TAB / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / uš-taḫ-ḫa-a NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-ma / A.RA2 KUD.ME «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем стоит Скорпион: entu-жрицы будут беременеть, мужчины, вариант: львы будут беситься и перережут сообщение» [ARAK, 307:1–5], см. также [ibid., 147 r. 2–4, 480: 7– r. 1].

(13) Солнце и Скорпион; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB […] «Если Солнце заходит и на его месте Скорпион стоит […]» [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Юпитер и голова Скорпиона; см. s04SAG.ME.GAR, III 31.

(15) Юпитер и Скорпион в лунном гало; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR

(16) Восход Венеры, Луна, Скорпион и Близнецы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGUD dSin u mulGIR2.TAB IGI-ma IGI-it MUL […] / u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN … dNi-ri… «Если Венера (восходит) в месяце айяру, (при этом) видны Луна и Скорпион и напротив звезда […] и Близнецы, вариант: (напротив) Ярмо …: в стране будет голод» [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Восход Венеры в Скорпионе; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAPIN KUR-ḫa ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma NU SIG5 «Если Венера восходит в месяце арахсамну — она восходит в Скорпионе, она неблагоприятная» [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , см. также [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Венера, Луна и Лугальирра в Скорпионе; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin u dLugal-GIR3-ra ina itiŠe-er-[e-re-ši ina birīt SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ina [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 dSin u] dLugal-GIR3-ra / ina SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE u IN.NU ina KUR GAL2 «Если в месяц Вспахивания борозды Венера (при своем появлении), Луна и Лугальирра между клешнями Скорпиона видны и внутри него? Венера, Луна и Лугальирра выходят из его правой клешни: будет голод на ячмень и солому в стране» [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], параллель см. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Венера входит в область Скорпиона; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2-ma BE-ma ina dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki … «Если Венера входит в пределы Скорпиона: в стране будет голод, если на востоке, плохо для Элама, если на западе, плохо для Аккада …» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Венера приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na mulGIR2.TAB TE-ḫi … «Если Венера подходит близко к Скорпиону: неблагоприятные ветры будут дуть в стране; Адад пошлет дожди, а Эа — свои источники в страну Гутиев» [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. См. также [ibid., 55:3–8].

(21) Меркурий в Скорпионе; см. g34GU4.UD, V 10.

(22) Сатурн, Весы и Скорпион; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ,

(23) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 32.

(24) Звезда Элама = Марс в Скорпионе; см. n20NIM.MA, II 3.

(25) Марс и Скорпион; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 34.

(26) Плуг(=Марс) и Скорпион; см. a43gišAPIN, VI 8.

(27) Планета и Скорпион; три варианта протасиса: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета в середине Скорпиона стоит», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета перед Скорпионом стоит» и DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulGIR2.TAB TE «Если планета к Скорпиону приближается» имеют одинаковый аподосис: ina MU BI A.ANmeš u A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš «в этом году дожди и наводнения (дороги) размоют» [TU, 16 r. 16–18; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a].

(28) Скорпион (= Марс?) приближается к Луне; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz … «Если Скорпион подходит близко в передней части Луны и стоит там: правление царя будет долгим; враг атакует, но будет побежден» [ARAK, 430:1–5], см. также [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9–14].

(29) Балтеша и Скорпион; см. b03BAL.TEŠ2.A, V 3.

(30) Падающие звезды и Скорпион; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ina ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-nun «Если звезда из середины Скорпиона вспыхивает и перемещается до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет дождь», DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 2 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 2 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 2 дождя», DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 3 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 3 дождя» [Stev. O.T., 232:13–15], автография [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15–17].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, z12)
|
|-
|
==== mul''Zuqaqīpu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион», в основном в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII, см. g19GIR2.TAB.
|
|}
== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sco]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

GIR2.TAB

2026-06-08T19:41:44Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIR2.TAB, ''zuqaqīpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Skopion xs.jpg|thumb|A scorpion in the Sahara desert (SMH 2007).]]
mulGIR2.TAB (𒀯𒄈𒋰) = ''zuqaqīpu'', 'The Scorpion,' is the ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to the [[Scorpius|Scorpion]] in the modern constellation of [[Scorpius]]. The Akkadian parallel ''zuqaqīpu'' is mostly found in lexical texts of the Urra XXII series.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* = ''zuqaqīpu'' (𒀯𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍), scorpion; a constellation corresponding to [[Scorpius]] [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
* GIR2 short form in later astronomical and astrological texts, the zodiac sign Scorpius appears more often without the determinative [Gössmann 91].
* [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]] = ''zuqaqīpu''
In MUL.APIN, the explanatory list<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mentions:
* mulGÍR.TAB (AN 16–17r; EA 9l, 10l, 11l, 12–13l).
* mulGABA GÍR.TAB “breast of the scorpion” (EA 11l).
* SI mulGÍR.TAB “horns (= pedipalpi) of the scorpion” (AN 16–17r).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114].

* (2) Series Urra XXII: Urra XXII 285' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 107]. mulgir2.tab = ''zu-qi-qi-pu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [''zu'']-''qa-qi-pi'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8;

|
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 246
Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 102, Anu 2): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'', 'he star that stands after it (i.e. Ištar), 'The Scorpion,' Išḫara.'

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 194, Anu VIII, BM 34713, Anu IX), BM 82923: ulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI, 'The Scorpion' // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Horowitz 2014: 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:23].

'''''Rising and Setting Stars: (Horowitz 2014: 168, Anu-Rising Month VIII, Setting Month II. - do you like this format?? It is very simple - I can go back and change all the previous listings???'''''

'''''Circular Astrolabes.'''''
Horowitz 2014: 123-124
* Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu, Month VIII), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].
* K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].
'''Text HS 245''' (The Hilprecht Text).

* See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]];
* In Neo-Assyrian parallels:
** Sm. 1113:9′ - d''zu-qa-qi''2-''p''[''u''...],
** Sm. 162 rev. 7 - mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957-58; Horowitz 1993, 151-154].
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Stars."</s>'''
<s>Anu 2. </s>

* <s>MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "The star that stands after it (i.e. Ishtar), Scorpius, Ishara. Favorable for the oil trade" (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].</s>
|
|-
|'''''"<s>Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."</s> '''''
'''<s>Astrolabe P.</s>'''
* <s>Arahsamnu month, s</s>tar<s>s of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Arahsamnu month, stars of Anu: mulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI</s>
*** <s>"Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:23].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. Kislimu month, stars Anu [LBAT, 149</s>9:9], <s>see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|''Ṣalbatanu'']].</s>
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* <s>(1) List (12´3):</s>
** <s>a) mul ''ša'' ''egir-šu gub-zu'' / mulgir2.tab d''Iš-ḫa-ra''</s>
*** <s>"The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after Venus), (is) Scorpius, Ishara" (B ii 6-7); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 2];</s>
** <s>(b) mul ... ''ana'' igi mulgir2.tab, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum]]''[[Zibānītum]]''</s>.
* (2) <s>List (3´12):</s>
** <s>[itiapin] ... mulgir2.tab ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''</s>
*** <s>The month of arahsamnu: ... Scorpius (on the way of) Anu (rises)" (C ii 8).</s>
* <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — arahsamnu, sunset — ayaru [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].</s>
'''''C<s>ircular Astrolabes.</s>'''''
* <s>Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month of Arahsamnu), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].</s>
* <s>K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month arahsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].</s>
<s>'''A list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 7)''':</s>

* <s>mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9-9a, III 8a-b, 11c-d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4-6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13-15, Pl. XVII 15-17].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Anu (no. 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB "Libra, horn of Scorpius" (I ii 11).
* (2) Stars of Ea (no. 10):
** a) mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''2-''me'' "Scorpion, Išḫara, goddess of all inhabited regions" (I ii 29),
** b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB d''Li''9-''si''4 dAG "The chest of the Scorpion: Lisi, Nabu" (I ii 30),
** (c) 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ina zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-''zu'' / d''Šar''2''-ur u Šar''2-''gaz'' "Two stars that stand on the sting of the Scorpion: Šarur and Šargaz" (I ii 31-32).
* (3) Dates of heliacal risings:
** a) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu the Scorpion becomes visible" (I iii 3),
** b) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme "On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the Goat and the Breast of the Scorpion become visible" (I iii 4); on the joint rising of muluz3 and mulgir2.tab see also BM 55466+, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (4) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) (I iii 13-14), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]],
** b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme-''ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "The Scorpion and the Dog rise, and the Asterism of Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25),
** c) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulGIR2.TAB, after mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4, before mul''Pa-bil-sag'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (6) Observations of heliacal risings and the direction of the wind:
** ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ''ina u''4-''me'' IGImeš IM ''ša''2 [DU-''ku'' ŠE]Š-''ar''2
** "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu, the Scorpion, on the 15th Breast of the Scorpion becomes visible; on the day that they become visible, you will observe the wind that [blows]" (II i 32-33).
* (7) A scheme for determining winds by the stars: mulGIR2.TAB - west, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU]]6.
* (8) Astrological predictions: [...] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 "[If ...] of the Scorpion becomes visible and the south wind blows: this year will be good" (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116].
Text BM 77054.

See (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]]. "A large list of stars."

* (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra "Scorpion = Išḫara";
* (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat "Scorpion = ditto(=Išḫara), Tiamat";
* (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab "Heavenly sword = Scorpion";
* (4) 12 stars of Elam: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol, App. B: 34-36, 204] ''Išhara not Ishkhara everywhere??? Yes of courseǃǃǃ''

'''''regarding Text BM 77054: all this is the Great Star List 25<nowiki>''</nowiki>-27<nowiki>''</nowiki> -'''''

'''<nowiki>;</nowiki> see also the list of "7 tikpi-stars" [KAR, 142 i 37].'''
|[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See SAA 10, p. 381; SAA 8, p. 350a, 353].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:31.'''
* mulgir2.tab = d''iš-ḫa-ra tam-tim'' "Scorpius = Išḫara of the sea". [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (M) [mul''na'']-''at-tul-lum'' KIMIN MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' SI mulgir2.tab / [x-x-''t'']''u''2 ''u'' IGI mulUR.IDIM GU "The harness (''ziqpu'' XXVI: υ Boo), or the middle of Libra (β Lib), the horn of the Scorpion (γ Sco = σ Lib) / [...] and the Mad Dog’s eye (γ Lup): a string.
* (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹KIMIN˺ MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' MULme SAG mulGIR2.TAB / [''u''? MURU]B4 ˹mul˺UR.IDIM GU "Šupa (=''ziqpu'' I: α Boo) or the middle of Libra (γ Lib), the stars of Scorpius's head (δ Sco) [and the middle] part of the Mad Dog (η Lup): a string.
* (O) mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 KIMIN mulGABA GIR2.TAB / ˹MUL ''ta''˺-''ri''-''tu''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' GIR3II EGIR ''ša''2 mulUR.IDIM GU "The 2nd star of the Harness (''ziqpu'' II: ε Boo), or the star on the chest of the Scorpion (α Sco), the raised tail of the Scorpion (μ1 Sco) and the hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco): a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:21-25; ASM, 93].

According to [Koch 1992, 58-59], murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' is γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim is Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab is β, δ, π Sco, mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 is π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim is ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco).
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!GUs
|-
|M
|[[File:GU13 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|13th GU, GU (M), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>]]
|-
|N
|[[File:GU14 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|14th GU, GU (N), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|O
|[[File:GU15 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|15th GU, GU (O), in Hoffmann (2022).Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":0" />.]]
|}
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §b.
** a) mulsag gir2.tab "Scorpion's head (δ Sco),
** b) mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab] "the base of the column (straightening muscle?) of the Sco[rpion]" (μ1, μ2 Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §c. [mulgir2.tab] "Scorpius"(η Sco), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab "right horn of the Scorpius"(σ Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 "Base of the Scorpion column (μ1 Sco), [...] (γ Oph), [star x] Bison (κ Oph): 3 stars, triangle." [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48-49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Ser[unina Bison]" (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim "[Right leg of] the Bison" (κ Oph).
* §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] "The Scorpion’s head (δ Sco), the Bull’s left paw (Ser d) and Shullat: [3 stars]. A straight tight rope. 2 intervals, interval. [Shull]lat first." [Walker 1995, 36-37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], here instead of mul''Šullat''(pa) should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) "Hanish" (α Cen).
* §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš ...] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul ''zi-q''[''it'' gir2.tab x] "Sting of the Scorpion (θ Sco), head of the Bull (η Ser?) and Shullat (β Cen?): 3 [stars ...]. 2 intervals, interval. The grief[o Scorpius ...]." [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy: GIR2'''
See [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; used in the lunar tablets dating back to the late fifth century BC. [Aaboe and Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30-31; 2010].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
(mul)GIR2.TAB is the designation of the constellation and zodiac sign of Scorpius. The four stars of the Scorpius constellation were used as "normal stars," see also (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] below.

'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''

* múlGABA GIR2.TAB ''ka-bi-is'' GABA ''tam-tim'' "'The breast of the Scorpion' that walkes by the 'breast' of the sea." [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. A 3427:'''
* a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ''ša''2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ''ša''2 múl''kun-šu''2 [gir2.tab] "From (culmination point) 50 after the 2 stars of the Lion head to (the culmination point) 50 after the Individual star on its tail: [Scorpius]" (anaphora of the zodiac sign Scorpius, determined by the climax of the ziqpu stars),
* b) múlgir2.tab ta ''sag-šu''2 en ''til-šu''2 ''kur-ḫa'' .../ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1''-et'' ḫa.la ''ša''2 múlgir2.tab ''kur-ḫa'' ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ ... "(Sign of the zodiac) Scorpius from its beginning to its end ascends [...] / (per) 2030' one (twelfth) part of the Scorpius ascends, 12 parts (per interval) 1 danna 10 UŠ (ascends) [...],
* c) ta ''sag-šu''2 en ''til-šu''2 ''kur-ḫa'' napḫar 2 danna ''ina'' ''ziq-pi i-lak-ma'' [... ] "(The constellation Scorpius) from its beginning to its end rises, in a total of (the interval of) 2 danna, (measured) by the passages of the ziqpu stars [...]" (the indicated value of the time of rising of the constellation Scorpius corresponds to the length on the ecliptic 450),
* d) múlgir2 tab ''meš-ḫi im-šuḫ'' ZI "Scorpius emits mišḫu and ascends" [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239:1, 15-17, 21; 241].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology, Magic and Calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GIR2.TAB - designation of the 8th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) Lunaria
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab "Scorpius region" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
** (b) BRM IV, 19: the text contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which gir2.tab is the designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 8-''i-tum'' ḫa.la múlgir2.tab ''šum''3-''šu''2 "8th part, its name Scorpius." [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66],
** (b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu "8th part Aries — Aries Scorpius" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18-19]. The division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 4th part is mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Division of the zodiac sign Scorpius into 12 parts: ḫa.la ''sag-tu''2 ša, múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [''šum''3-''šu''2]? "The first part of Scorpius, [her name is] Scorpius." [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239, A 3427:2], see also Anaphora.
* (4) Zodiacal Astrology. KI múlGIR2.TAB ... "In the region of the Scorpius [was born]: ...she will become a witch, she will be happy? (var.: sinner) ..., a widow." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27].
* (5) Predicting the price of cereal by observing the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. [DIŠ Sin ''ina'' mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-''ma''..."[If the Moon] eclipses [in Scorpius] ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

'''Short form GIR2'''

* (1) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-''tim'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Duuzu 7 // Scorpius 190 // Anything you smear." [SpTU III, 104:7, and also 20]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30].
* (2)
|[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
|-
|'''Zodiacal astrology: short form GIR2'''
* KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ''ni-zi''[''q-tu''4]
* "Region close to the Scorpion: death (in) days of wrath" [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'];
|
|}
See also: MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SI mulGIR2.TAB "The star on the horn of Scorpius" [SpTU II, 42:12], and also [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
[[File:Sco CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192735.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GIR2.TAB (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Antares]]
|HIP 80763
|Constellation lines
|0.91
|-
|2
| [[Shaula]]
|HIP 85927
|Constellation lines
|1.63
|-
|3
|[[Sargas]]
|HIP 86228
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.85
|-
|4
|[[Larawag]]
|HIP 82396
|Constellation lines
|2.29
|-
|5
|[[Dschubba]]
|HIP 78401
|Constellation lines
| 2.32
|-
|6
|κ Scorpii
|HIP 86670
|Inside the Hull
|2.386
|-
|7
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.5
|-
|8
|[SC96] Mis 162
|[SC96] Mis 162
|Inside the Hull
|2.51
|-
|9
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.62
|-
|10
|[[Lesath]]
|HIP 85696
| Constellation lines
|2.65
|-
| 11
| [[Paikauhale]]
| HIP 81266
| Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|12
|[[Alniyat]]
|HIP 80112
|Constellation lines
|2.89
|-
|13
|[[Fang]]
|HIP 78265
|Constellation lines
|2.91
|-
|14
|[[Xamidimura]]
|HIP 82514
|Inside the Hull
|2.98
|-
|15
|ι 1 Scorpii
|HIP 87073
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.992
|-
| 16
|[[Fuyue]]
| HIP 87261
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.21
|-
|17
| [[Brachium]]
| HIP 73714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.21
|-
|18
|η Scorpii
|HIP 84143
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.33
|-
|19
|[SC96] Mis 190
|[SC96] Mis 190
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|20
|C 1652-407
|C 1652-407
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|21
|[[Pipirima]]
|HIP 82545
|Constellation lines
|3.542
|-
|22
| υ Librae
|HIP 76470
|Inside the Hull
|3.589
|-
|23
|ζ 2 Scorpii
|HIP 82729
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.62
|-
| 24
|τ Librae
|HIP 76600
|Constellation lines
|3.642
|-
|25
|[[Iklil]]
|HIP 78104
|Inside the Hull
|3.86
|-
|26
|[[Zubenelhakrabi]]
|HIP 76333
|Constellation lines
|3.91
|-
|27
|ω 1 Scorpii
| HIP 78933
|Inside the Hull
|3.97
|-
|28
|[[Jabbah]]
| HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4
|-
|29
|H Sco
|HIP 81304
|Inside the Hull
|4.156
|-
|30
|θ Librae
|HIP 77853
|Inside the Hull
|4.16
|-
|31
|ξ Sco B
|HIP 78727
| Constellation lines
|4.17
|-
|32
|N Sco
|HIP 80911
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|33
|Q Sco
|HIP 86170
|Inside the Hull
| 4.267
|-
|34
|ω 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78990
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
| 35
|[[Jabbah]] A
|HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4.349
|-
|36
|χ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80569
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
| 37
|ω Ophiuchi
| HIP 80975
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|38
|ψ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80343
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|39
|13 Sco
| HIP 79404
|Inside the Hull
|4.568
|-
|40
|ο Scorpii
|HIP 80079
| Inside the Hull
|4.57
|-
|41
|2 Sco
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|42
|37 Lib
|HIP 76219
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.62
|-
|43
|ρ Ophiuchi
| HIP 80473
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|44
| 1 Sco
|HIP 77635
|Inside the Hull
|4.635
|-
|45
|* 2 Sco A
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.71
|-
|46
|κ Librae
|HIP 76880
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 79881
|Inside the Hull
|4.782
|-
|48
|22 Sco
|HIP 80815
|Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
|49
|* ksi Sco B
|HIP 78727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.87
|-
|50
|48 Lib
|HIP 78207
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
| 51
|V1073 Sco
|HIP 83574
| Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|52
|β 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78821
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|53
|42 Lib
|HIP 76742
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 78650
| Inside the Hull
|4.966
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 83336
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|56
|λ Librae
|HIP 77811
|Inside the Hull
|5.027
|-
|57
|* rho Oph A
|HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 79302
|Inside the Hull
|5.102
|-
|59
|36 Lib
|HIP 76259
|Inside the Hull
|5.138
|-
|60
| * ksi Sco A
| HIP 78727
|Constellation lines
|5.16
|-
| 61
|* alf Sco B
|HD 148479
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 82493
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|63
| 41 Lib
|HIP 76628
|Inside the Hull
|5.359
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 77858
|Inside the Hull
|5.372
|-
|65
| -
| HIP 79050
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|66
|[SC96] Mis 382
|[SC96] Mis 382
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
| 67
|* tet Sco B
|HD 159532B
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|68
|M 4
|M 4
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 77859
|Inside the Hull
|5.402
|-
|70
|CD-29 12513B
|HIP 80399
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|71
| η Librae
|HIP 77060
|Inside the Hull
|5.412
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 80390
|Inside the Hull
|5.42
|-
|73
| -
| HIP 78246
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|74
|49 Lib
|HIP 78400
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 82676
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 82135
|Inside the Hull
|5.481
|-
|77
|27 Sco
|HIP 82960
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 79199
|Inside the Hull
|5.497
|-
|79
|ζ 4 Librae
|HIP 76126
|Inside the Hull
|5.499
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 79980
|Inside the Hull
| 5.502
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 74732
|Inside the Hull
|5.506
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 76106
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 86698
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 84551
|Inside the Hull
|5.526
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 84401
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
| 86
|M 19
|M 19
|Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|87
|4 Sco
|HIP 77984
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|88
| ζ 1 Librae
|HIP 75730
| Inside the Hull
|5.626
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 84150
| Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|90
|26 Oph
|HIP 83196
|Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|91
|11 Sco
|HIP 79005
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 82775
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 76532
|Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 80672
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|95
|* 12 Sco A
|HIP 79399
| Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|96
|ζ 3 Librae
|HIP 75944
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 76569
|Inside the Hull
|5.816
|-
|98
|CD-29 12513A
|HR 6106
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
| -
| HIP 78168
| Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 81741
|Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 85889
|Inside the Hull
|5.838
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 74539
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|103
|66 G. Oph
|HIP 83176
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
|104
|3 Sco
|HIP 77909
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 79098
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|106
|Gliese 667 A
| HIP 84709
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|107
|V923 Sco
| HIP 83491
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 83896
| Inside the Hull
|5.911
|-
|109
| -
| HIP 81523
| Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|110
| -
| HIP 85048
|Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 79596
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
| 112
|V929 Sco
|HIP 78877
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 83235
|Inside the Hull
|5.934
|-
| 114
|[SC96] Mis 177
|[SC96] Mis 177
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 84425
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|116
|47 Lib
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|5.957
|-
|117
|[SC96] Mis 213
|[SC96] Mis 213
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 83693
| Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 81992
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 85543
|Inside the Hull
|5.985
|-
|121
| -
| HIP 78665
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 84226
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
| 123
| -
|HIP 81904
|Inside the Hull
| 6.046
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 83100
|Inside the Hull
|6.048
|-
|125
|* 47 Lib A
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 79622
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 78575
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|128
| -
| HIP 80910
| Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 79692
|Inside the Hull
|6.083
|-
|130
| -
| HIP 78726
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|131
| -
| HIP 82691
| Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|132
|36 G. Oph
|HIP 81728
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 77900
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|134
|RR Sco
|HIP 82912
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 78078
|Inside the Hull
| 6.117
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 84489
|Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
|137
| -
| HIP 83706
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|138
|[SC96] Mis 165
|[SC96] Mis 165
|Inside the Hull
|6.14
|-
|139
| -
| HIP 85237
|Inside the Hull
|6.142
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 85839
|Inside the Hull
|6.158
|-
|141
|28 Lib
|HIP 75110
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 142
| -
| HIP 84445
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 75939
| Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
| 144
| -
|HIP 76503
|Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 77985
|Inside the Hull
|6.199
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 77689
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 78699
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 76033
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 149
| -
|HIP 82453
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|150
| V861 Sco
|HIP 82911
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|151
|34 G. Oph
|HIP 81632
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 82783
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 86246
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 78058
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 155
| -
|HIP 84151
|Inside the Hull
|6.285
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 77007
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|157
| -
| HIP 79945
|Inside the Hull
|6.298
|-
|158
|[SC96] Mis 208
|[SC96] Mis 208
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 82554
|Inside the Hull
|6.315
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 78486
|Inside the Hull
|6.317
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 76567
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 78955
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|163
| -
| HIP 82855
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 164
|[SC96] Mis 549
|[SC96] Mis 549
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 165
| -
|HIP 76666
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 78059
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 79031
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 79605
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 82731
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|170
|[SC96] Mis 201
|[SC96] Mis 201
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|171
|V1077 Sco
|HIP 84650
|Inside the Hull
|6.367
|-
|172
| -
|HR 6426
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|173
| V900 Sco
| HIP 82669
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|174
| -
|HIP 77729
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 87042
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 79599
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 85786
|Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 85019
|Inside the Hull
|6.419
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 79788
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 180
| -
|HIP 79203
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 79530
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 84332
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 85020
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|184
| -
|HD 152249
| Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|-
|186
|23 Lib
|HIP 74500
|Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|187
| -
| HIP 80324
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 86098
|Inside the Hull
| 6.463
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 74490
|Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
|190
|[SC96] GC 33
|[SC96] GC 33
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Ishkara, see (Kurtik i15) [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]. The name ''zu''2''-qa''2''-qi''4''-ip'', as a royal name, at the beginning of the post-Flood part of the "Sumerian royal list" relating to Kishu, cf. [Jacobsen 1939, 78-79:10-11].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) Ritual at the lunar eclipse in the month of Kislimu, see (Kurtik u06)[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (2) Hemerology for the 18th of duuzu: ''pad-su ana'' ˹mul˺gir2.tab ''liš-ku-un'' "Let him offer his sacrifice to Scorpius" [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94-95].
* (3) The purifying ritual of the "Exaltation of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [d''iš-ḫa-ra''] "Spell, (constellation) Scorpius, [Ishkhara]". [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58-59;].
* (4) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the deity statue, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (5) The astral-mythological text BM 55466+, where the night sky in the month of Tebetu is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, see (Kurtk u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (6) In astrological geography, Scorpius correlates (a) with Sea Land and Dilmun or Borsippa, (b) with Khursagkalamma, Borsippa [Weidner 1963; Kurtik 2010; Steele 2015].
* (7) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mul]GIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'' d''Ištar'' ''ina qe''2-''reb'' MURUB4 ''e-peš ša''2-''aš''2-''me'' / [...''a'']''š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu'' "Scorpion, Ishkhara, (i.e. The Scorpion Ishtar, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the fight / [...] 'stubborn' (opponents) of yours, let him defeat, let him turn them into ghosts!" [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′-8′].

''Also = Racc Text 213???''

==== Symbol. ====
Scorpion. Early depictions of the scorpion/scorpio-man in Mesopotamian glyptics of the 3rd millennium BC, when it may have already acquired astral significance, see [Kononenko 1997]. [Kononenko 1997] as well as [Kurtik 1998, 36; 2022, ]. For the images on the kudurru see. [Seidl 1968, 156-157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48], for astral images on Hellenistic seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, no. See [AUWE 19, no. 1008-1017; Kurtik 2007, fig. 24, 32]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlGIR2 (designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius) corresponds to G[IR2.TAB] "Sc[orpio]". [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

==== Previous Identification. ====
[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246]

= Scorpius + part of Librae, constellation figure correlated with stars, [Koch 1989, 114-115, Abb. 16 a-b].

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Middle star in the head of Scorpion" (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 ''e ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Upper star of Scorpion's head" (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Lower star of the Scorpion's head" (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 "(God) of Fox" (α Scorpii),

The 4 indicated stars above were used as "normal stars" in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 26-29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab "Claws (lit. Horn) of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN et al.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab "Stars of the Scorpion's head", see GU-text.

(7) gaba gir2.tab "Breasts of the Scorpion", see GU-text, etc.

(8) mul ''ta-ri-tu''2 mulgir2.tab "The raised tail of the Scorpion", see GU-text.

(9) Scorpion's head (δ Sco), see dbn-text.

(10) Base of the Scorpion's column (straightening muscle?) (μ1, μ2 Sco), see dbn-text.

(11) Right claw (lit. horn) of the Scorpion (σ Sco), see dbn-text.

(12) Scorpius's sting, see dbn-text, and also below.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's lips" (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, no. -651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Star with great brilliance on the Scorpion's head" [AD I, 42, no. -651:10-11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB "The middle section of the Scorpion." [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) [...K]UN mulGIR2.TAB "Tail of the Scorpion" [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) ''u''2''-ru-ud'': ''u''2''-ru-uḫ'' mulGIR2.TAB "Throat of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB "Center (lit. Navel) of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB "(2 stars) on the sting of the Scorpion" (λ, υ Scorpii), see MUL.APIN et al, as well as (Kurtik sh05) [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]] and (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

(20) The border of the Scorpion; [...mul]GIR2.TAB ''it-ta-tu-ša''2 MI-''mu'' ... "[...] Scorpion, its border is dark [...]" [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; mulGIR2.TAB: d''Dil-bat'' [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Lisi; cf. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], (Kurtik n25) [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]], II 3.

(3) Scorpion's stinger = Pabilsag; see (Kurtik p04) [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL2.SAG]], VI 4, (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

In [G. 94, IV 2-3] identifications of the Scorpion with Jupiter, Mars and Mercury are suggested, which, as far as we know, is not confirmed by the texts. See, however, below (28).

===== Predictions: =====
(4) General astrological significance; mulGIR2.TAB ''ana'' KI.LAM "Scorpion for (predicting the state of) the market." [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Heliacal risings earlier and later; "The Scorpion rises heliacally in the month of arahsamnu, variant: tebetu; if this star rises early: the king of the country will walk proudly, he will conquer [kings], his enemies; if the star rises late: kings of other countries will start enmity against the king of that country" [BPO 2, IX 9]; see also [ibid., X 19, XI 4-6].

(6) View of the Scorpion’s claws; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-''ša''2 ''zu-᾽-u''2''-ra'' KUR2 ZI-''ma ina'' [gišTUKUL ŠUB-''ut''] "If the claws (lit. horns) of the Scorpion are twisted?: an enemy will appear, but will fall by weapons (in battle)", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-''ša''2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' LUGAL ''a-a-bi-šu''2 Š[U-''su'' KUR-''ad''2] "If the Scorpion’s claws emit rays (lit. carry radiation): the king will strike his enemies with his hand" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346 +:41-42], see also [ARAK, 218:2-4, 547:1-4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ''ana'' UR2-''šu''2 GUR I3 ''ina'' KUR LA2-''ṭi'' "[If the Scorpion, its foreparts] are facing its 'knee': there will be lack of oil" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''zu''-᾽-''u''2-''ra ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' / dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mul''zi-ba-ni-ti'' GUB-''ma'' "If the claws of the Scorpion are twisted? (and) it carries radiation, (it means): the planet stands in Libra." [ACh Ištar, 28:6-7].

(7) The Scorpion is dark; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI ''iš-tan-na-an-na''? "If the Scorpion is dark: the kings of all other countries will become hostile (to Akkad?), variant: the kings of all countries will feud one with another." [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''i-da-tu-ša''2 ''uk-ku-la'' UN.MEŠ ''i-lam-mi-na'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Scorpion’s sides are very dark: people will be bad, (it means): Mars stands in it." [ARAK, 502:14]. See also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 3, and Mercury and Scorpius below.

(8) Star in the head of the Scorpion; ''i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-i-e kak-ka-bu'' / [''ina''] SAG.DU ''ša'' mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 ''it-ti-ti-iz'' GISKIM-''šu''2 ''la i-lap-pa-''[''at''] "This night the star stood in the head of the Scorpion before the moon: this sign does not portend anything (bad)". [ARAK, 98: 7-r. 2]. See also (Kurtik ts06) ''[[Ṣurru]]''.

(9) The Scorpion during its first appearance in the month of kislimu; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra ina'' GIBIL UD.DA-''ša''2 / GA[BA]-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-at'' / SI.ME-''ša''2! ''nin-mu-ra'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL ''ina'' KUR ''i-ḫar-ru-pu'' ... "If the Scorpion, the goddess Ishkhara, at the renewal of her light (i.e. at the heliacal rising?), her breasts have great luster, and her tails become dark, and her claws (literally horns) stand opposite each other: the country will have a season of early rain and flood; locusts will attack and devour the country; cattle will be destroyed and the houses of the herders..." [ARAK, 504: 5-r. 2], parallel: DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra'' / ''ina'' IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''nin-gu-la'' /: ''nen-bu-ṭa'' GABA-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-ti'' ... "If in the month of kislimu, the Scorpion, the goddess Ishara, at its first appearance, its claws (resemble) the month? var.: connected, her breasts have great luster, and her tail is dark: ..." [ARAK, 376 r. 4-10]; see also [ibid., 543:1-7].

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in the Scorpion; observations: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [''ina'' EN!.NUN-UD.ZAL / ''i-sa-kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''i-sa''!-''kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''u''2''-zak-ki'' / ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 ''a-dir'' / ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' / mul''ku-ma-ru'' / ''ša'' mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ''ziq-pu'' / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x] ''i-sa-kan'' "The lunar eclipse occured during the morning watch on the 14th of Simman. The eclipse began in the south (of the lunar disk) and cleared out in the south. Its right side eclipsed. The eclipse took place within the perimeters of the Scorpion constellatoin. The Shoulder of the Demon, with an Open Mouth, culminated. An eclipse (the size of) two fingers occurred." [LABS, 149: 3′-r.6]. (DIŠ) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-''ma'' KA´M[I''-su''] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''2 ŠA3-''ši-na'' ŠUB-''ni ina'' AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) on the 14th day of Siman a (lunar) eclipse occurs and (the Moon) sets (eclipses): pregnant women will miscarry their fetal babies; (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Scorpion" (Late Commentary on EAE) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15-16]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki ''u'' NI.TUKki: ''bar''2-''sipa''2ki "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Scorpion: solution for Sea country and Dilmun, var: Borsippa". [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) The Moon at its first appearance and the Scorpion; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2... "If at its first appearance, the Moon is surrounded by the Scorpion, like a halo: lions and wolves will rage, the means of communication will become unsafe...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (var. ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB) ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion (var.: stinger of the Scorpion) stands in the middle of it (= Moon): floods will come and wash away the dikes...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its shoulder: this year rats will destroy the canes and sesame...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its right horn: this year locusts will attack and devour the country...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its left horn: this year the locusts will attack and devour the country, the king of Akkad and the king (Amurru) will be hostile to each other ...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 GUB KUR ''in-neš-š''[''i''] "If the Scorpion stands in front of it: the country will become weak", DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (var: KI.MIN ''zi-qit-tum'') GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2 ''ina'' MU BI ZI-''ut'' ERIN2-''man-da'' "If the tail (var. stinger) of the Scorpion surrounds (the moon) like a halo: this year Umman-manda (the country) will attack (the country of Akkad)." [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22-28], see also [ARAK, 66 r. 1-4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Lunar halo and the Scorpion; 30 MI ''an-ni-u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-''ma'' NIGIN-''ma a-na'' ˹A.AN˺ [''u''] A.KAL "This night the moon was surrounded by a halo in the Scorpion: (it portends) rain [and] flood". [ARAK, 2:1-2], see also [ibid, 377: 7-r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulGIR2.TAB / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / ''uš-taḫ-ḫa'' NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-''ma'' / A.RA2 KUD.ME "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Scorpion stands in it: entu- priestesses will become pregnant, men, variant: lions will rage and cut the message." [ARAK, 307:1-5], see also [ibid., 147 r. 2-4, 480: 7- r. 1].

(13) The Sun and the Scorpion; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB [...] "If the Sun sets and the Scorpion stands in its place [...]" [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Jupiter and the head of the Scorpion; see (Kurtik s04) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 31.

(15) Jupiter and the Scorpion in the lunar halo; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

(16) Rising of Venus, the Moon, the Scorpion and Gemini; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGUD d''Sin u'' mulGIR2.TAB IGI-''ma'' IGI-''it'' MUL [...] / ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.IN ...d''Ni-ri''... "If Venus (rises) in the month of Ayar, (and before that) the Moon, the Scorpion, the opposite asterism, [...] and Gemini are visible, variant: (opposite) the Yoke...: there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Rising of the Venus in the Scorpion; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAPIN KUR-''ḫa ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-''ma'' NU SIG5 "If Venus rises in the month of arahsamnu — it rises in the Scorpion, this is unfavorable" [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , see also [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Venus, the Moon and Lugalirra in the Scorpion; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin ''u'' d''Lugal''-GIR3-''ra ina'' iti''Še-er''-[''e-re-ši ina birīt'' SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ''ina'' [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 d''Sin u''] dLugal-GIR3''-ra'' / ''ina'' SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' IN.U ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If in the month of the plowing of the furrow, Venus (during its appearance), the Moon and Lugalirra, in between the claws of the Scorpion, are visible and within it? and Venus, the Moon, and Lugalirra are coming out of its right claw: there will be famine, famine of barley and straw in the land." [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], for a parallel see. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Venus enters into the perimeters of the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ma'' BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki ... "If Venus enters into the Scorpion: there will be famine in the country; if in the east, bad for Elam; if in the west, bad for Akkad ..." [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Venus approaches the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' mulGIR2.TAB TE-''ḫi'' ... "If Venus comes close to the Scorpion: unfavorable winds will blow in the country; Adad will send rain, and Ea will send spring to the country of Guti." [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. See also [ibid., 55:3-8].

(21) Mercury in Scorpion; see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], V 10.

(22) Saturn, Libra and Scorpion; see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]],

(23) Mars approaching Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 32.

(24) Asterism of Elam = Mars in Scorpius; see (Kurtik n20) [[NIM.MA]], II 3.

(25) Mars and Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 34.

(26) The Plough(=Mars) and Scorpion; see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 8.

(27) Planets and the Scorpion; three versions of protasis: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands in the middle of Scorpius", DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands before Scorpius" and DIŠ mulUDU. IDIM ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE "If a planet faces Scorpius" have the same apodosis: ina MU BI A.ANmeš ''u'' A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš "rain and flood will wash away (roads) this year" [TU, 16 r. 16-18; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a].

(28) The Scorpion (= Mars?) approaches the Moon; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ''ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If Scorpius comes close, upfront the Moon, and stands there: the reign of the king will be long; the enemy will attack, but will be defeated" [ARAK, 430:1-5], see also [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9-14].

(29) Baltesha and the Scorpion; see (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], V 3.

(30) Shooting stars and the Scorpion; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-''ma'' EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ''ina'' ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' "If a star flashes from within the middle portion of the Scorpion and moves to the limits of Amurru: there will be rain this month", DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 2 A. ANme ŠURme "If 2 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain twice this month", DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme "If 3 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain three times this month. [Stev. O.T., 232:13-15], autograph [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15-17].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik g17 GIR2
!
|-
|
==== GIR2 ====
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион»; обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах чаще без детерминатива [G. 91].
I. Источники.

Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрономия, астрология и календарь. (1) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт для изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-tim MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 7 // Скорпион 190 // Все что угодно намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:7, а также 20]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30]. (2) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ni-zi[q-tu4] «Область Скорпиона: смерть (в) дни гнева» [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
|
|-
!Kurtik g19 GIR2.TAB
!
|-
|
==== GIR2.TAB ====
|
|-
|= zuqaqīpu «Скорпион»; созвездие, соответствующее Скорпиону (Scorpius) [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulgir2.tab = zu-qi-qi-pu [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [zu]-qa-qi-pi [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:285ʹ]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. а33AN.TA.GUB; в новоассирийских параллелях: Sm. 1113:9′ — dzu-qa-qi2-p[u…], Sm. 162 rev. 7 — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 151–154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul ša egir-šu gub-zu / mulgir2.tab dIš-ḫa-ra «Созвездие, которое после нее (т.е. после Венеры) стоит, (это) Скорпион, Ишхара» (B ii 6–7); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 2]; b) mul … ana igi mulgir2.tab, см. z10Zibānītum. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin] … mulgir2.tab šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц арахсамну: … Скорпион (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — арахсамну, заход — айяру [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. u21UR.IDIM. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану: mulGIR2.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-at AN KI «Скорпион // 70 // Богиня неба (и) земли» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:23]. BM 34713. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:9], см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1,10 «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, 70» [CT 33, 11]. K.14943+: mulgir2.tab «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, [70]» [CT 33, 12]; см. также mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 7): mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9–9a, III 8a–b, 11c–d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4–6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13–15, Pl. XVII 15–17]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra a-na KI.LAM ša-am-ni da-˹ma˺-[qi] «Звезда, которая стоит после нее (т.е. Иштар), Скорпион, Ишхара. Благоприятно для торговли маслом» (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB «Весы, рог Скорпиона» (I ii 11). (2) Звезды Эа (№ 10): a) mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad2-me «Скорпион, Ишхара, богиня всех обитаемых регионов» (I ii 29), b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB dLi9-si4 dAG «Грудь Cкорпиона: Лиси, Набу» (I ii 30), (c) 2 MULmeš ša2 ina zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-zu / dŠar2-ur u Šar2-gaz «Две звезды, которые стоят на жале Скорпиона: Шарур и Шаргаз» (I ii 31–32). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: а) ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI «5-го арахсамну Скорпион становится видимым» (I iii 3), b) ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 u mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); о совместном восходе muluz3 и mulgir2.tab см. также BM 55466+, u31UZ3. (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 13–14), см. m35MUL.MUL, b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Собака восходят, и Звезда Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25), c) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGIR2.TAB, после mulZi-ba-ni-tu4, перед mulPa-bil-sag (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ina u4-me IGImeš IM ša2 [DU-ku ŠE]Š-ar2 «5-го арахсамну Скорпион, 15-го Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны; в день, когда они становятся видны, ты наблюдаешь ветер, который [дует]» (II i 32–33). (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulGIR2.TAB — запад, см. k24KU6. (8) Астрологические предсказания: […] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 «[Если …] Скорпион становится виден и южный ветер дует: этот год будет благоприятным» (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 350a, 353]. Текст BM 77054. См. m35MUL.MUL. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra «Скорпион = Ишхара»; (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat «Скорпион = ditto(=Ишхара), Тиамат»; (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab «Небесный меч = Скорпион»; (4) 12 звезд Элама: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 34–36, 204]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:31. mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra tam-tim «Скорпион = Ишхара моря» [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum kimin murub4 mulzi-ba-nit si mulgir2.tab / [x-x-t]u2 u igi mulur.idim gu «Упряжь (ziqpu XXVI: υ Boo), или середина Весов (β Lib), рог Скорпиона (γ Sco = σ Lib) / […] и глаз Бешеного Пса (γ Lup): веревка». (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulzi-ba-nit mul.me sag mulgir2.tab / [u? muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim gu «Шупа (=ziqpu I: α Boo) или середина Весов (γ Lib), звезды головы Скорпиона (δ Sco) [и средняя] часть Бешеного Пса (η Lup): веревка». (O) mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 kimin mul gaba gir2.tab / ˹mul ta˺-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab u gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim gu «2-я звезда Упряжи (ziqpu II: ε Boo), или звезда на груди Скорпиона (α Sco), поднятый хвост Скорпиона (μ1 Sco) и задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:21–25; ASM, 93]. Согласно [Koch 1992, 58–59], murub4 mulzi-ba-nit — γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim — Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab — β, δ, π Sco, mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 — π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim — ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco). Dalbanna-текст. §b. a) mulsag gir2.tab «голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), b) mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab] «основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Ско[рпиона]» (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §c. [mulgir2.tab] «Скорпион»(η Sco), см. L07LI4.SI9. §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab «правый рог Скорпиона» (σ Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 «Основание колонны Скорпиона (μ1 Sco), […] (γ Oph), [звезда x] Зубра (κ Oph): 3 звезды, треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48–49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph). §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] «Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), левая рука Быка (Ser d) и Шуллат: [3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. [Шул]лат первый.» [Walker 1995, 36–37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь вместо mulŠullat(pa) должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) «Ханиш» (α Cen). §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš …] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul zi-q[it gir2.tab x x] «Жало Скорпиона (θ Sco), голова Быка (η Ser?) и Шуллат (β Cen?): 3 [звезды …]. 2 интервала, интервал. Жал[о Скорпиона …].» [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109]. «Дневники наблюдений». (mul)GIR2.TAB — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Скорпион. Четыре звезды созвездия Скорпион использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. múlgaba gir2.tab ka-bi-is gaba tam-tim «“Грудь Скорпиона”, что идет по “груди” моря» [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313]. Анафора. A 3427: a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ša2 múlkun-šu2 [gir2.tab] «От (кульминации точки) 50 после 2 звезд головы Льва до (кульминации точки) 50 после Отдельной звезды на его хвосте: [Скорпион]» (анафора знака зодиака Скорпион, определенная по кульминациям ziqpu-звезд), b) múlgir2.tab ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa …/ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1-et ḫa.la ša2 múlgir2.tab kur-ḫa ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ … «(Знак зодиака) Скорпион от его начала до его конца восходит […] / (за) 2030' одна (двенадцатая) часть Скорпиона восходит, 12 частей (за промежуток) 1 danna 10 UŠ (восходят) […], c) ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa napḫar 2 danna ina ziq-pi i-lak-ma […] «(Созвездие Скорпион) от его начала до его конца восходит, всего за (промежуток) 2 danna, (измеренный) по прохождениям ziqpu-звезд […]» (указанное значение времени восхода созвездия Скорпион соответствует протяженности на эклиптике 450), d) múlgir2.tab meš-ḫi im-šuḫ ZI «Скорпион испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:1, 15–17, 21; 241]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GIR2.TAB — обозначение 8-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab «Область Скорпиона» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. b) BRM IV, 19: текст содержит зодиакальную схему, известную под названием «додекатемория», в которой gir2.tab — обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион [Ungnad 1941–44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 8-i-tum ḫa.la múlgir2.tab šum3-šu2 «8-я часть, ее имя Скорпион» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu «8-я часть Овна — Скорпион Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18–19]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 4-я часть — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Подразделение знака зодиака Скорпион на 12 частей: ḫa.la sag-tu2 ša2 múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [šum3-šu2]? «Первая часть Скорпиона, [ее имя] Скорпион» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239, A 3427:2], см. также «Анафора». (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2.TAB … «В области Скорпиона [родилась]: …она будет ведьмой, она будет счастлива? (вар.: грешница) …, вдова» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. [DIŠ Sin ina mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-ma…»[Если Луна] затмилась [в Скорпионе] …» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: MUL ša2 ina SI mulGIR2.TAB «Звезда на роге Скорпиона» [SpTU II, 42:12], а также [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

II. Божество.

Ишхара, см. i15dIšḫara. Имя zu2-qa2-qi4-ip, как царское имя, в начале послепотопной части «Шумерского царского списка», относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 78–79:10–11]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал при лунном затмении в месяце кислиму, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (2) Гемерология на 18-е дуузу: pad-su ana ˹mul˺gir2.tab liš-ku-un «Жертвоприношение свое Скорпиону пусть он принесет» [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94–95]. (3) Очистительный ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [diš-ḫa-ra] «Заклинание, (созвездие) Скорпион, [Ишхара]» [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58–59;]. (4) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k24KU6. (5) Астрально-мифологический текст BM 55466+, где ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, см. u31UZ. (6) В астрологической географии Скорпион соотносится: a) c Морской страной и Дильмуном или Борсиппой, b) c Хурсагкаламмой, Борсиппой [Weidner 1963; Куртик 2010; Steele 2015]. (7) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mul]GIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra dIštar ina qe2-reb MURUB4 e-peš ša2-aš2-me / […a]š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu «Скорпион, Ишхара, (т.е.) Иштар, посредине битвы, учиняя схватку / […] ‘упорных’ (противников) твоих пусть одолеет, в призраки пусть обратит!» [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′–8′].

III. Символ.

Скорпион. Ранние изображения скорпиона/скорпионочеловека в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э., когда он, возможно, уже приобрел астральное значение, см. [Кононенко 1997], а также [Куртик 1998, 36; 2022, ]. Изображения на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 156–157; Куртик 2007, рис. 48], астральные изображения на эллинистических печатях из Урука см. [AUWE 19, No. 1008–1017; Куртик 2007, рис. 24, 32]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlGIR2 (обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион) соответствует G[IR2.TAB] «Ск[орпион]» [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

IV. Отождествление.

= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246].

= Scorpius + часть Librae, фигура созвездия, соотнесенная со звездами, [Koch 1989, 114–115, Abb. 16 a–b].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Верхняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Нижняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 «(Бог) Лиси» (α Scorpii),

4 указанные звезды в «Дневниках наблюдений» использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, No. 26–29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab «Клешни (букв. Рог) Скорпиона», см. GU-текст, MUL.APIN и др.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab «Звезды головы Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(7) gaba gir2.tab «Грудь Скорпиона», см. GU-текст и др.

(8) mul ta-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab «Поднятый хвост Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(9) Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(10) Основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Скорпиона (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(11) Правая клешня (букв. рог) Скорпиона (σ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(12) Жало Скорпиона, см. dbn-текст, а также ниже.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB «Губа Скорпиона» (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, No. –651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском на голове Скорпиона» [AD I, 42, No. –651:10–11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB «Середина Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) […K]UN mulGIR2.TAB «Хвост Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) u2-ru-ud: u2-ru-uḫ mulGIR2.TAB «Горло Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB «Центр (букв. Пуп) Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB «(2 звезды) на жале Скорпиона» (λ, υ Scorpii), см. MUL.APIN и др., а также sh05ŠAR2.GAZ и sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

(20) Граница Скорпиона; […mul]GIR2.TAB it-ta-tu-ša2 MI-mu … «[…] Скорпион, граница его темная […]» [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; mulGIR2.TAB: dDil-bat [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Лиси; см. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], n25NIM.MA(ki), II 3.

(3) Жало Скорпиона = Пабилсаг; см. p04dPA.BIL2.SAG, VI 4, sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

В [G. 94, IV 2–3] предполагаются отождествления Скорпиона с Юпитером, Марсом и Меркурием, что, насколько нам известно, текстами не подтверждается. См., однако, ниже (28).

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(4) Общее астрологическое значение; mulGIR2.TAB ana KI.LAM «Скорпион для (предсказания состояния) рынка» [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже; «Скорпион восходит гелиакически в месяце арахсамну, вариант: тебету; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь той страны будет ходить гордо, он покорит [царей], своих врагов; если звезда восходит поздно: цари всех стран начнут враждовать против царя той страны» [BPO 2, IX 9]; см. также [ibid., X 19, XI 4–6].

(6) Вид клешней Скорпиона; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra KUR2 ZI-ma ina [gišTUKUL ŠUB-ut] «Если клешни (букв. рога) Скорпиона скручены?: враг появится, но падет от оружия (в битве)», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-ša2 ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a LUGAL a-a-bi-šu2 Š[U-su KUR-ad2] «Если Скорпион, клешни его, испускают лучи (букв. несут излучение): царь ру[кой своей поразит] своих врагов» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:41–42], см. также [ARAK, 218:2–4, 547:1–4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ana UR2-šu2 GUR I3 ina KUR LA2-ṭi «[Если Скорпион, передние части] его, обращены к его «колену»: в стране будет недостаток масла» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a / dUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulzi-ba-ni-ti GUB-ma «Если клешни Скорпиона скручены? (и) несут излучение, (это означает): планета в Весах стоит» [ACh Ištar, 28:6–7].

(7) Скорпион темный; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB a-dir LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI iš-tan-na-an-na? «Если Скорпион темный: цари всех стран станут враждебны (Аккаду?), вариант: цари всех стран будут враждовать друг с другом» [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB i-da-tu-ša2 uk-ku-la UN.MEŠ i-lam-mi-na dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-ma «Если стороны Скорпиона очень темные: людям будет плохо, (это означает): Марс стоит в нем» [ARAK, 502:14]. См. также z10Zibānītum, VI 3, а также ниже «Меркурий и Скорпион».

(8) Звезда в голове Скорпиона; i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-e kak-ka-bu / [ina] SAG.DU ša mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 it-ti-ti-iz GISKIM-šu2 la i-lap-pa-[at] «Этой ночью звезда стояла в голове Скорпиона впереди Луны: знак этот не предвещает ничего (плохого)» [ARAK, 98: 7–r. 2]. См. также ts06Ṣurru.

(9) Скорпион при его первом появлении в месяце кислиму; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra ina GIBIL UD.DA-ša2 / GA[BA]-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-at / SI.ME-ša2! nin-mu-ra / A.AN u A.KAL ina KUR i-ḫar-ru-pu … «Если Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при обновлении ее света (т.е. при гелиакическом восходе?), грудь ее имеет большой блеск, хвост ее темный, клешни ее (букв. рога) напротив друг друга: дождь и наводнение в стране будут ранними; саранча нападет и пожрет страну; гибель скота и жилищ скотоводов…» [ARAK, 504: 5–r. 2], параллель: DIŠ ina itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra / ina IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-ša2 nin-gu-la /: nen-bu-ṭa GABA-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-ti … «Если в месяце кислиму Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при своей первой видимости, клешни ее (напоминают) месяц?, вар.: связаны, грудь ее имеет большой блеск, ее хвост темный: …» [ARAK, 376 r. 4–10]; см. также [ibid., 543:1–7].

(10) Затмение Луны в Скорпионе; наблюдение: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [ina EN!.NUN—UD.ZAL / i-sa-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU i-sa!-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU u2-zak-ki / ina ZAG-šu2 a-dir / ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir / mulku-ma-ru / ša mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ziq-pu / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x x] i-sa-kan «14-го симану произошло лунное затмение в утреннюю стражу. Оно началось на юге (лунного диска) и прояснилось на юге. Его правая сторона затмилась. Затмение имело место в области созвездия Скорпион. Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминировало. Затмение (величиной) 2 пальца произошло» [LABS, 149: 3′–r.6]. (DIŠ) ina itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-ma KA´M[I-su] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša2 ŠA3-ši-na ŠUB-ni ina AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) в месяце симану в 14-й день происходит (лунное) затмение и (Луна) заходит (затмившейся): беременные женщины будут выкидывать своих внутриутробных младенцев; (это означает): затмение произошло в Скорпионе» (поздний комментарий к ЕАЕ) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15–16]. DIŠ ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki u NI.TUKki: bar2-sipa2ki «Если (Луна) в пределах Скорпиона затмилась: решение для Морской страны и Дильмуна, вар.: Борсиппы» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) Луна при ее первом появлении и Скорпион; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2… «Если при своем появлении Луна окружена Скорпионом, подобно гало: львы и волки будут неистовствовать, пути сообщения станут небезопасными …», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (вар.: zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB) ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион (вар.: жало Скорпиона) в середине ее (= Луны) стоит: придет половодье и размоет дамбы…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее плече стоит: в этом году крысы уничтожат тростник и сезам…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее правом роге стоит: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB… «Если Скорпион стоит на ее левом роге: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну, царь Аккада и царь (Амурру) будут враждебны друг другу…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina IGI-šu2 GUB KUR in-neš-š[i] «Если Скорпион впереди ее стоит: страна ослабеет», DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (вар: KI.MIN zi-qit-tum) GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2 ina MU BI ZI-ut ERIN2-man-da «Если хвост (вар.: жало) Скорпиона окружает (Луну) подобно гало: в этом году нападение (страны) Умман-манда (на страну Аккад)» [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22–28], см. также [ARAK, 66 r. 1–4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Лунное гало и Скорпион; 30 MI an-ni-u2 ina ŠA3-bi mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-ma NIGIN-ma a-na ˹A.AN˺ [u] A.KAL «Этой ночью Луна была окружена гало в Скорпионе: (это предвещает) дождь [и] наводнение» [ARAK, 2:1–2], см. также [ibid., 377: 7–r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulGIR2.TAB / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / uš-taḫ-ḫa-a NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-ma / A.RA2 KUD.ME «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем стоит Скорпион: entu-жрицы будут беременеть, мужчины, вариант: львы будут беситься и перережут сообщение» [ARAK, 307:1–5], см. также [ibid., 147 r. 2–4, 480: 7– r. 1].

(13) Солнце и Скорпион; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB […] «Если Солнце заходит и на его месте Скорпион стоит […]» [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Юпитер и голова Скорпиона; см. s04SAG.ME.GAR, III 31.

(15) Юпитер и Скорпион в лунном гало; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR

(16) Восход Венеры, Луна, Скорпион и Близнецы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGUD dSin u mulGIR2.TAB IGI-ma IGI-it MUL […] / u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN … dNi-ri… «Если Венера (восходит) в месяце айяру, (при этом) видны Луна и Скорпион и напротив звезда […] и Близнецы, вариант: (напротив) Ярмо …: в стране будет голод» [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Восход Венеры в Скорпионе; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAPIN KUR-ḫa ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma NU SIG5 «Если Венера восходит в месяце арахсамну — она восходит в Скорпионе, она неблагоприятная» [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , см. также [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Венера, Луна и Лугальирра в Скорпионе; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin u dLugal-GIR3-ra ina itiŠe-er-[e-re-ši ina birīt SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ina [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 dSin u] dLugal-GIR3-ra / ina SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE u IN.NU ina KUR GAL2 «Если в месяц Вспахивания борозды Венера (при своем появлении), Луна и Лугальирра между клешнями Скорпиона видны и внутри него? Венера, Луна и Лугальирра выходят из его правой клешни: будет голод на ячмень и солому в стране» [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], параллель см. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Венера входит в область Скорпиона; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2-ma BE-ma ina dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki … «Если Венера входит в пределы Скорпиона: в стране будет голод, если на востоке, плохо для Элама, если на западе, плохо для Аккада …» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Венера приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na mulGIR2.TAB TE-ḫi … «Если Венера подходит близко к Скорпиону: неблагоприятные ветры будут дуть в стране; Адад пошлет дожди, а Эа — свои источники в страну Гутиев» [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. См. также [ibid., 55:3–8].

(21) Меркурий в Скорпионе; см. g34GU4.UD, V 10.

(22) Сатурн, Весы и Скорпион; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ,

(23) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 32.

(24) Звезда Элама = Марс в Скорпионе; см. n20NIM.MA, II 3.

(25) Марс и Скорпион; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 34.

(26) Плуг(=Марс) и Скорпион; см. a43gišAPIN, VI 8.

(27) Планета и Скорпион; три варианта протасиса: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета в середине Скорпиона стоит», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета перед Скорпионом стоит» и DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulGIR2.TAB TE «Если планета к Скорпиону приближается» имеют одинаковый аподосис: ina MU BI A.ANmeš u A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš «в этом году дожди и наводнения (дороги) размоют» [TU, 16 r. 16–18; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a].

(28) Скорпион (= Марс?) приближается к Луне; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz … «Если Скорпион подходит близко в передней части Луны и стоит там: правление царя будет долгим; враг атакует, но будет побежден» [ARAK, 430:1–5], см. также [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9–14].

(29) Балтеша и Скорпион; см. b03BAL.TEŠ2.A, V 3.

(30) Падающие звезды и Скорпион; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ina ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-nun «Если звезда из середины Скорпиона вспыхивает и перемещается до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет дождь», DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 2 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 2 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 2 дождя», DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 3 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 3 дождя» [Stev. O.T., 232:13–15], автография [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15–17].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, z12)
|
|-
|
==== mul''Zuqaqīpu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион», в основном в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII, см. g19GIR2.TAB.
|
|}
== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sco]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

GIGIR

2026-06-07T20:06:57Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[7] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:TauAll+year2 stellarium vat7851.jpg|thumb|division of the Taurus sign in ancient Mesopotamia: above in the Astronomical Diaries (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>, middle mapped to Stellarium, on VAT 7851<ref name=":7" /> (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann, WGSN 2026). ]]
mul gišGIGIR (𒀯𒄑𒇀) = (mul)''Narkabtu'' "The Chariot", is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Taurus]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 89; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 353ff.]; in astral-mythological contexts it is the chariot of the god [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]. The term was also used in the astronomical diaries and related texts before 300 BCE to designate the eastern half of the zodiac sign of Taurus [Steele 2018<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref>, Hoffmann and Hunger 2024<ref name=":0" />]. Note the double determinative, GIŠ for wooden objects and MUL for asterisms, indicating that the asterism is a stellar version of the wooden chariot.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIGIR, ''narkabtu''}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

* mulLAGABxBAD, the compound elements for the sign GIGIR.
* = ''narkabtu''; the syllabic entry is found mostly in lexical texts.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian monolingual lists of stars:
** mul gišgigir [MSL XI<ref name=":4">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:398],
** ˹mulgigir˺ [MSL XI<ref name=":4" />, 134, col. ix 7],
** mul gišgigir [MSL XI<ref name=":4" />, 143, col. x 18].
* (2) Series Urra XXII:
** Urra XXII: 290', mul gišgigir = d''En''-[''me-šar''2]-''ra'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:290ʹ].
** [''nar-kab-tu''] [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13],
* (3) Ea I 48a:
** gi-girLAGAB×BAD ''ša''2 mulLAGAB×BAD d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "the chariot (constellation) in regard to the Chariot-asterism, the god Enmešarra" [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 197; CAD<ref name=":3" /> N/1, 353b]. See also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
| '''"Enki and the World Order."'''
See (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2 = [[IKU|mulIKU]] (mul gišgigir as a star name in Sumerian literature).
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: in the list of astral gods mul gišGIGIR [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:16].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
Astrological predictionsː

* If U.RI.RI approaches the Chariot: horses will die.

see (Kurtik u02) [[U.RI.RI]] [MUL.APIN<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> II iii 23].
|The translation of U.RI.RI is uncertain (could be Mercury or a comet). If it is a planet, the identification of GIGIR with an asterism in Taurus is likely.
|-
|'''"Letters"'''
Report on the observation of Jupiter:

* ''šap-la'' mul gišGIGIR ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' dEN.LIL2 ''iz-za-az''
* "it stands below the Chariot in the path (of the stars) of Enlil " [SAA 10<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 363 r. 9-10, 11; LAS 2<ref name=":5">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref> 289-291].
|
|-
|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
* (1) The constellation was used to record the positions of the planets, e.g.:
** AN ''ina'' GIGIR "Mars in the Chariot" [ADRT I, No.-380 rev. 1′],
** MUL2.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR "Jupiter in the Chariot" [ADRT I<ref name=":6">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, No.-372 D obv. 3′],
** GU4.UD ''ar''2 GIGIR ŠU2, AN ''ina'' G[IGIR SU2...] "Last appearance of Mercury behind the Chariot, [last appearance of] Mars in the Chariot..." [ADRT I<ref name=":6" />, No.-366 Col. i 19′],
** MUL2.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR ŠU2 "last appearance of Jupiter in the Chariot" [ADRT I<ref name=":6" />, No.-324 A obv.12],
** GENNA ''ina'' GIGIR SU2 "last appearance of Saturn in the Chariot" [ADRT I<ref name=":6" />, No.-266 A obv. 6′], etc.
* (2) There are two "normal stars" in the constellation.
** (a) ''šur'' GIGIR ''ša''2 SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).
** (b) ''šur'' GIGIR ''ša''2 ULU3 "the southern reins of the Chariot" (ζ Tauri).
|[[File:GIGIR-GUAN div-350BCE Screenshot.png|thumb|It is uncertain where exactly the Chariot constellation was seen, but from the ADRT, the division of the second sign is proven as shown here: the orange (left) part is the Chariot (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann, based on Hoffmann and Hunger 2024<ref name=":0" />).]]
|-
|'''Microzodiac'''
VAT 7851 shows a drawn figure of seven asterisks from which the bottom middle one features some additional rays and the two left ones are a bit more distant from the cluster of the rest. The group is labelled "[[MUL.MUL]]" which is usually the term for the [[Pleiades]] star cluster, but at that (late) time was used in the ADRT for the 30°-section of the Taurus sign. Hence, it is possible that this figure on the clay tablet actually features the Wagon (GIGIR) imagined in the Hyades plus Beta and Zeta Tauri (spanning almost the entire sign).
|[[File:GIGIR taurus.jpg|thumb|The figure on the top left of [[Taurus#/media/File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg|VAT 7851]] could perhaps represent GIGIR, see Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":7">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>.]]
|}
See also: mul gišGIGIR ''='' d[[Dilbat|Dili-bat]] (Venus) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ]

===Additional===
[[File:Chariot SaudiRockArt.jpg|thumb|Chariotː rock art in Saudi Arabia ([https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GbSOxkIXIAAjyUP.jpg see here])]]

==== Deity. ====
Enmešarra, see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]].

==== Symbol. ====
Chariot with the body of Enmešarra (?), see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]].

==== Previous Identification(s). ====
= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1" />, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα "Chariot," mentioned in the "Barbarian sphere" of the Greek astrologer Teukros ("Babylonian") (1st century AD?) [ibid.<ref name=":1" />; Boll 1903<ref>''Boll F.'' Sphaera. Leipzig 1903.</ref>, 108ff.; Bezold-Kopff-Boll 1913<ref>''Bezold C., Kopff A., Boll F.'' Zenit- und Aequatorialgestirne am babylonischen Fixsternhimmel // Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philos.-hist. Kl., 11. Abhandlung. Heidelberg, 1913.</ref>, 15:62].

= Hyades [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73a].

= β + ζ Tauri [LAS 2<ref name=":5" />, 291].

= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 11-12].

= north of Taurus [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 271].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) ''šur'' GIGIR ''ša''2 SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).

(2) ''šur'' GIGIR ''ša''2 ULU3 "the southern reins of the Chariot" (ζ Tauri).

Stars (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) The Moon "rides" on the Chariot; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 12.

In astrological texts the asterism is mentioned more often as d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' (cf. e11).

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g15)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulLAGAB´BAD; = narkabtu «Колесница»; созвездие, включавшее звезды северной части Тельца (Taurus) и южной части Персея (Perseus) [Gössmann 1950, 89; BPO 2, 12; CAD N/1, 353ff.].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерские одноязычные списки звезд: mul gišgigir [MSL XI, 108:398], ˹mulgigir˺ [MSL XI, 134, col. ix 7], mul gišgigir [MSL XI, 143, col. x 18]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: [nar-kab-tu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13], mul gišgigir = dEn-[me-šar2]-ra [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:290ʹ]. (3) Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD ša2 mulLAGAB´BAD dEn-me-šar2-ra «Колесница (созвездия) “Колесница Энмешарры”» [MSL XIV, 197; CAD N/1, 353b]. См. также sh16ŠU.GI. «Энки и устройство мира». См. a48AŠ.GAN2. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: в списке астральных богов mul gišGIGIR [Oppenheim 1959, 283:16]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания, см. u02U.RI.RI [MA, 110]. «Письма» Сообщение о наблюдении Юпитера: šap-la mul gišGIGIR ina KASKAL šu-ut dEN.LIL2 iz-za-az «ниже Колесницы на пути (звезд) Энлиля он стоит» [SAA 10, 363 r. 9–10, 11; LAS 2 289–291]. «Дневники наблюдений». (1) Созвездие использовалось для фиксации положений планет, например: AN ina GIGIR «Марс в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-380 rev. 1′], MUL2.BABBAR ina GIGIR «Юпитер в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-372 D obv. 3′], GU4.UD ar2 GIGIR ŠU2, AN ina G[IGIR SU2…] «Последнее появление Меркурия позади Колесницы, [последнее появление] Марса в Ко[леснице…]» [AD I, No.-366 Col. i 19′], MUL2.BABBAR ina GIGIR ŠU2 «Последнее появление Юпитера в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-324 A obv.12], GENNA ina GIGIR SU2 «Последнее появление Сатурна в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-266 A obv. 6′] и др. (2) В созвездии две «нормальных звезды» (см. ниже).

См. также: mul gišGIGIR = dDili-pat2 [SpTU I, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ].

II. Божество.

Энмешарра, см. e11dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA.

III. Символ.

Колесница c телом Энмешарры (?), см. e11dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA.

IV. Отождествление.

= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα «Колесница», упоминается в «Варварской сфере» греческого астролога Тевкра («Вавилонянина») (I в.н.э.?) [ibid.; Boll 1903, 108ff.; Bezold–Kopff–Boll 1913, 15:62].

= Hyades [Weidner 1957–59, 73a].

= β + ζ Tauri [LAS 2, 291].

= ζ, ο+ Persei, возможно, с некоторыми звездами на севере Тельца [BPO 2, 11–12].

= северная часть Тельца [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) ŠUR GIGIR ša2 SI «Северная вожжа Колесницы» (β Tauri).

(2) ŠUR GIGIR ša2 ULU2 «Южная вожжа Колесницы» (ζ Tauri).

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Луна “едет” на Колеснице; см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 12.

В астрологических текстах созвездие упоминается чаще как dEn-me-šar2-ra (см. e11).
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, n07)
|
|-
|
=== (mul)''Narkabtu'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul gišGIGIR «Колесница»; cозвездие в северной части Тельца (Taurus) и южной части Персея (Perseus); силлабическая запись встречается в основном в лексических текстах. См. g15GIGIR и e11dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Tau]]
[[Category:Hyades]]

GIBIL6

2026-06-07T19:41:48Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGIBIL6, ''Girra''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulGIBIL6 (𒀯𒉈𒄀) is the astral manifestation of the Sumero-Akkadian fire-god Girra. In Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, Girra is an independent constellation which may also be the case in the contemporary myth 'Girra and Elamatum' when complete. Later, Girra becomes identified with Mars because of the planet's fiery red-orange color (see Horowitz 2020: 142-143).

???Probably to be added NE.GI.IZI,GAR = N13???

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* 1) dBIL.GI, dNE.GI (GIBIL6); = dGIŠ.BAR; = d''Girru'', Sumero-Akkadian fire god, Girra.
* 2) epithet of Mars, see also (Kurtik g13) [[GIŠ.BAR]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
Old Babylonian prayer:

* (a) Erm. 15642: ''na-wa-ru-um'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra." [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206</ref>, 196-197:15], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieux de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA 32, № 4, 179-190.</ref>, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
* (b) AO 6769: ''nam-ru'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra." [Dossin 1935, 181-182:16; Horowitz and Wasserman 1996<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., Wasserman N.'' Another Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night // JCS. 1996. Vol. 48. P. 57- 60.</ref>, 60],
* (c) CBS 574: ''šam-ru'' dGIB[IL6] "Fierce Gir[ra]" [Horowitz and Wasserman 1996<ref name=":0" />, 58:13].
|constellation
|-
|'''Seleucid temple ritual.'''
* múlAN dBIL.GI ''ez-zu''... "Mars, the wrathful Girra ..." [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220:308].
* W. 22281a.
** dBIL.GI ZALAG2 ''ša''2 IGI d''En-me-šar''2''-ra'' "The brilliant (fiery) Girra before Enmesharra" [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; for full text see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
* List K 7069:
** dEN.ME.ŠAR.R[A ...] / dEN.ME.ŠAR.RA[...] / MUL.MUL ''za-ap-pu'' [...] / mulBIL.GI IZI. GAR [...] / [m]ulŠUDUN M[UL...] / [m]ul''ka-li-tum'' [...]
** "Enmešarr[a...] / Enmešarra [...] / Stars, Stubble / Girra, light [...] / Yoke, S[tar...] / Kidney [...]" [CT 26, 49:4-9; Cooley 2013, 126]
|
* Mars
* double star cluster h+χ Per
*double star cluster h+χ Per
|} Cooley 2013: 126-129 discusses the astronomical myth 'Girra and Elamatum,' and what must be the related commentary of some sort K. 7609.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g13)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dBIL.GI, dNE.GI; = dGIŠ.BAR; = dGirru, бог огня Гирру/Гирра; 1) звезда или созвездие, 2) эпитет Марса, см. также g13GIŠ.BAR.
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Старовавилонская молитва: а) Erm. 15642: na-wa-ru-um dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:15], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b). AO 6769: nam-ru dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» [Dossin 1935, 181–182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60], c) CBS 574: šam-ru dGIB[IL6] «Свирепый Гир[ра]» [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. Селевкидский храмовый ритуал. múlAN dBIL:GI ez-zu… «Марс, гневный Гирра …» [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004, 220:308]. W. 22281a. dBIL:GI ZALAG2 ša2 IGI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Блестящий (огненный) Гирра перед Энмешаррой» [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; полный текст см. h12lúḪUN.GA2. Список K 7069: dEN.ME.ŠAR.R[A …] / dEN.ME.ŠAR.RA[…] / MUL.MUL za-ap-pu […] / mulBIL.GI IZI.GAR […] / [m]ulŠUDUN M[UL…] / [m]ulka-li-tum […] «Энмешарр[а …] / Энмешарра […] / Звезды, Щетина / Гирра, свет […] / Ярмо, З[везда…] / Почка […]» [CT 26, 49:4–9; Cooley 2013, 126]

Отождествление Гирры с созвездием Небесный Бык см. [Cooley 2013, 126–129].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]][[
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]

GI6

2026-06-07T19:37:26Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGI6}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulGI6 (𒀯𒈪), 'the Dark or Black-star' is used for both the planets Mercury and Saturn. Mercury and Saturn are the two hardest planets to find and identify with the naked eye.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* mulGIG2,
* mulMI;
* = ''ṣalmu'' "dark star";
* the name of Saturn and Mercury [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 86].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* (1) mulgi6 = ANṣa-al-meDUL3 = MIN(=dSAG.UŠ dUTU) "Dark star = Shade = Saturn, (star) of the Sun". [MSL XI, 40:40; LAS 2, 343].
* (2) mulgi6 = MUL ''ṣal''-[''me''...] [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 9].
* (3) mulgi6 = ''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud "Dark star = Saturn = Mercury" [II R, 57, 59 a, b; Gössmann 1950,<ref name=":0" /> 86].
* (4) [mul]gi6 = d''zi''-[''ba-ni-tu''4] [CT 26, 41, K.11283:4; HBA, 22].
* (5) mulgi6 [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; NSAM 2, 248].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* ulgi6 = dpap.sukkal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:169].
|
|}See also:

* MUL.MI: ''Zi-ba-ni-tu''2 "Dark star = Libra" [NSAM 2, 105, IVb: r. 3], MULx.MI: ''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4 [ibid. 107, IVc:19];
* [m]ulMI: dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š: MI: ''ṣa-la-mu'': mul4KASKAL.UTU "Dark (star) = Saturn, MI = 'dark' = (star) Path of the Sun" [SpTU I, 84:16]. See [SpTU II, 42 r.10; SpTU V, 264 r. 2].

== Additional ==

==== II. Identification. ====
(1) = Saturn; see above, also III 2.

(2) = Mercury; mulge6 = ''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Dark star = Libra = Mercury" [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 6], see also [NSAM 2, Text IVb r. 3, IVc:19]. In MUL.APIN II i 59 it says about Mercury: MUL BI BE-''ma'' SA5 ''u ba-il''3 BE-''ma'' SIG7 ''u'' GI6 "This star is either red and bright or yellow-green and dark" [Hunger & Steele 2019, 81]; dpap.sukkal which is usually identified with Orion (MUL.APIN I ii 2) seems to be Mercury in the "Great Star List and Miscellanea" [Gössmann 86]. The identification with "Libra" may also imply a connection with Saturn, see (Kurtik s10) [[SAG.UŠ]].

(3) = Libra; see above.

==== III. Astrology. ====
(1) The Moon and the Dark Starː DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 MUL.MI [...] "If the Moon, at its appearance, (meets) the Dark Star [...]" [NSAM 2, 132, Ve r. 6′]; [...M]UL MI ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ''u'' MU[L...] "The dark [star] stands on its (the Moon's) right horn [...]" [NSAM 2, 159, Vt:4′].

(2) The Chariot (= Venus) and the Dark Star (= Saturn); see (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]], VI 7.

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulGIG2, mulMI; = ṣalmu «Темная звезда»; название Сатурна и Меркурия [G. 86].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulgi6 = ANṣa-al-meDUL3 = MIN(=dSAG.UŠ dUTU) «Темная звезда = Статуя = Сатурн, (звезда) Солнца» [MSL XI, 40:40; LAS 2, 343]. (2) mulgi6 = MUL ṣal-[me…] [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 9]. (3) mulgi6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [II R, 57, 59 a, b; G. 86]. (4) [mul]gi6 = dzi-[ba-ni-tu4] [CT 26, 41, K.11283:4; HBA, 22]. (5) mulgi6 [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6]. EAE. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; NSAM 2, 248]. «Большой список звезд». ulgi6 = dpap.sukkal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:169].

См. также: MUL.MI : Zi-ba-ni-tu2 «Темная звезда = Весы» [NSAM 2, 105, IVb: r. 3], MULx.MI : Zi-ba-ni-tu4 [ibid. 107, IVc:19], [m]ulMI : dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š : MI : ṣa-la-mu : mul4KASKAL.UTU «Темная (звезда) = Сатурн, MI = «темный» = (звезда) Путь Солнца» [SpTU I, 84:16]. См. [SpTU II, 42 r.10; SpTU V, 264 r. 2].

II. Отождествление.

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше, а также III 2.

(2) = Меркурий; mulge6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 6], см также [NSAM 2, Text IVb r. 3, IVc:19]. B MUL.APIN II i 59 о Меркурии сказано: MUL BI BE-ma SA5 u ba-il3 BE-ma SIG7 u GI6 «Эта звезда либо красная и блестящая, либо желто-зеленая и темная» [MA, 84]; dpap.sukkal, который обычно отождествляется с Орионом (MUL.APIN I ii 2), в «Большом списке звезд» обозначает, по-видимому, Меркурий [G. 86]. Отождествление с «Весами» может подразумевать также связь с Сатурном, см. s10SAG.UŠ.

(3) = Весы; см. выше.

III. Астрология.

(1) Луна и Темная звезда; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 MUL.MI […] «Если Луна при своем появлении (встретила) Темную звезду […]» [NSAM 2, 132, Ve r. 6′]; […M]UL MI ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB u MU[L…] «Темная [зв]езда на ее (Луны) правом роге стоит […]» [NSAM 2, 159, Vt:4′].

(2) Колесница (=Венера) и Темная звезда (=Сатурн); см. m08MAR.GID2.DA, VI 7.

(3) Красная планета (= Марс) и Темная звезда (= Сатурн); см. s04SA5, II 9.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

GI.GI

2026-06-07T19:25:57Z

HermannHunger: /* III. Astrology. */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]
mulGI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and the constellation [[Libra]], all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 88, 230], the name of Saturn and [[Libra]].

* (MUL) ''Kittu'' (𒀯𒆤𒌓)
* = "Star of truth (and justice)"; an epithet of Saturn.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI:
** mulgi.gi = mul ''kit-tu''2 ''u me-šar'' = dsag.uš dutu
** "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, Šamaš" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:39], dupl. mulgi.gi = mul ''kit''-[''tu''2 ...] [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116: Rs. iii 8].
* (2) mulgi.[gi...] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; according to Koch's interpretation, text K.12619 ii 4-6: mulGI-[GI...] / ''kakkab kit-ti'' [''u mi-ša-ri''] / MUL GI6 mu[l''zi-ba-an-na''] "Star GI.GI = Star of truth and justice = Dark star = Star of Libra" [Koch 1989<ref name=":0">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 60-61]. Note sign-play on the Sumerian gi and gi6 (the sign MI).
|
|-
|'''Planisphere K. 8538.'''
In sector 6 the inscription:

* ˹mulGI-GI˺ and the figure of Libra(?) [Koch 1989<ref name=":0" />, 59; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Identification. ====
(1) = Saturn;

(2) = constellation Libra = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, according to [Koch 1989<ref name=":0" />, 79].

==== III. Astrology. ====
<s>(1) The Star of Truth has weakenedː DIŠ MUL ''ki-tu''4 ŠER2.ŠER2 KUR ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu'' [...] "If the Star of Truth weakens: the country [...] mercy and peace [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 25:26]</s>. '''MISREADǃ correct reading under ''tultu'''''

(2) The Star of Truth approaches the Crown of Anuː [DIŠ MUL ''ki-t'']''u''4 ''a-na'' mulAGA.AN.NA TE dSAG.UŠ ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' "[If the Star of Truth] comes close to the Crown of Anu, (this means): Saturn appears in the middle of the Celestial Bull." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 30:20]. '''Since kittu is not preserved here this reference should not be quoted here'''

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, g11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| [Gössmann 1950, 88, 230], название Сатурна и Весов.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulgi.gi = mul kit-tu2 u me-šar = dsag.uš dutu «Звезда gi.gi = Звезда правды и справедливости = Сатурн, Шамаш» [MSL XI, 40:39], поздняя параллель: mulgi.gi = mul kit-[tu2 …] [SpTU III, 116: Rs. iii 8]. (2) mulgi.[gi…] [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; согласно интерпретации Коха, текст K.12619 ii 4-6: mulGI-[GI…] / kakkab kit-ti [u mi-ša-ri] / MUL MI mu[lzi-ba-an-na] «Звезда GI.GI = Звезда правды и справедливости = Темная звезда = Звезда Весы» [Koch 1989, 60–61]. Планисферa K. 8538. В секторе 6 надпись: ˹mulGI-GI˺ и изображение фигуры Весов(?) [Koch 1989, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9].

II. Отождествление.

(1) = Сатурн;

(2) = созвездие Весы = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, согласно [Koch 1989, 79].

III. Астрология.

(1) Звезда Правды ослабела; DIŠ MUL ki-tu4 ŠER2.ŠER2 KUR ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu […] «Если Звезда Правды ослабела: странa милосердие и мир […]» [ACh Ištar, 25:26].

(2) Звезда Правды приближается к Короне Ану; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u4 a-na mulAGA.AN.NA TE dSAG.UŠ ina ŠA3 mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-ma «[Если Звезда Прав]ды к Короне Ану приближается, (это означает): Сатурн в середине Небесного Быка появляется» [ACh Ištar, 30:20].
| Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, k22)
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Звезда правды (и справедливости)»; эпитет Сатурна [G. 230], см. g11GI.GI.
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Saturn]]

GI.GI

2026-06-07T19:19:01Z

HermannHunger: /* III. Astrology. */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]
mulGI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and the constellation [[Libra]], all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 88, 230], the name of Saturn and [[Libra]].

* (MUL) ''Kittu'' (𒀯𒆤𒌓)
* = "Star of truth (and justice)"; an epithet of Saturn.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI:
** mulgi.gi = mul ''kit-tu''2 ''u me-šar'' = dsag.uš dutu
** "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, Šamaš" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:39], dupl. mulgi.gi = mul ''kit''-[''tu''2 ...] [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116: Rs. iii 8].
* (2) mulgi.[gi...] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; according to Koch's interpretation, text K.12619 ii 4-6: mulGI-[GI...] / ''kakkab kit-ti'' [''u mi-ša-ri''] / MUL GI6 mu[l''zi-ba-an-na''] "Star GI.GI = Star of truth and justice = Dark star = Star of Libra" [Koch 1989<ref name=":0">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 60-61]. Note sign-play on the Sumerian gi and gi6 (the sign MI).
|
|-
|'''Planisphere K. 8538.'''
In sector 6 the inscription:

* ˹mulGI-GI˺ and the figure of Libra(?) [Koch 1989<ref name=":0" />, 59; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Identification. ====
(1) = Saturn;

(2) = constellation Libra = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, according to [Koch 1989<ref name=":0" />, 79].

==== III. Astrology. ====
<s>(1) The Star of Truth has weakenedː DIŠ MUL ''ki-tu''4 ŠER2.ŠER2 KUR ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu'' [...] "If the Star of Truth weakens: the country [...] mercy and peace [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 25:26]</s>. MISREADǃ correct reading under ''tultu''

(2) The Star of Truth approaches the Crown of Anuː [DIŠ MUL ''ki-t'']''u''4 ''a-na'' mulAGA.AN.NA TE dSAG.UŠ ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' "[If the Star of Truth] comes close to the Crown of Anu, (this means): Saturn appears in the middle of the Celestial Bull." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 30:20].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, g11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| [Gössmann 1950, 88, 230], название Сатурна и Весов.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulgi.gi = mul kit-tu2 u me-šar = dsag.uš dutu «Звезда gi.gi = Звезда правды и справедливости = Сатурн, Шамаш» [MSL XI, 40:39], поздняя параллель: mulgi.gi = mul kit-[tu2 …] [SpTU III, 116: Rs. iii 8]. (2) mulgi.[gi…] [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; согласно интерпретации Коха, текст K.12619 ii 4-6: mulGI-[GI…] / kakkab kit-ti [u mi-ša-ri] / MUL MI mu[lzi-ba-an-na] «Звезда GI.GI = Звезда правды и справедливости = Темная звезда = Звезда Весы» [Koch 1989, 60–61]. Планисферa K. 8538. В секторе 6 надпись: ˹mulGI-GI˺ и изображение фигуры Весов(?) [Koch 1989, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9].

II. Отождествление.

(1) = Сатурн;

(2) = созвездие Весы = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, согласно [Koch 1989, 79].

III. Астрология.

(1) Звезда Правды ослабела; DIŠ MUL ki-tu4 ŠER2.ŠER2 KUR ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu […] «Если Звезда Правды ослабела: странa милосердие и мир […]» [ACh Ištar, 25:26].

(2) Звезда Правды приближается к Короне Ану; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u4 a-na mulAGA.AN.NA TE dSAG.UŠ ina ŠA3 mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-ma «[Если Звезда Прав]ды к Короне Ану приближается, (это означает): Сатурн в середине Небесного Быка появляется» [ACh Ištar, 30:20].
| Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, k22)
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Звезда правды (и справедливости)»; эпитет Сатурна [G. 230], см. g11GI.GI.
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Saturn]]

GI.GI

2026-06-07T19:13:35Z

HermannHunger:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]
mulGI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and the constellation [[Libra]], all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 88, 230], the name of Saturn and [[Libra]].

* (MUL) ''Kittu'' (𒀯𒆤𒌓)
* = "Star of truth (and justice)"; an epithet of Saturn.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI:
** mulgi.gi = mul ''kit-tu''2 ''u me-šar'' = dsag.uš dutu
** "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, Šamaš" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:39], dupl. mulgi.gi = mul ''kit''-[''tu''2 ...] [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116: Rs. iii 8].
* (2) mulgi.[gi...] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; according to Koch's interpretation, text K.12619 ii 4-6: mulGI-[GI...] / ''kakkab kit-ti'' [''u mi-ša-ri''] / MUL GI6 mu[l''zi-ba-an-na''] "Star GI.GI = Star of truth and justice = Dark star = Star of Libra" [Koch 1989<ref name=":0">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 60-61]. Note sign-play on the Sumerian gi and gi6 (the sign MI).
|
|-
|'''Planisphere K. 8538.'''
In sector 6 the inscription:

* ˹mulGI-GI˺ and the figure of Libra(?) [Koch 1989<ref name=":0" />, 59; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Identification. ====
(1) = Saturn;

(2) = constellation Libra = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, according to [Koch 1989<ref name=":0" />, 79].

==== III. Astrology. ====
(1) The Star of Truth has weakenedː DIŠ MUL ''ki-tu''4 ŠER2.ŠER2 KUR ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu'' [...] "If the Star of Truth weakens: the country [...] mercy and peace [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 25:26]. MISREADǃ replace byː

(2) The Star of Truth approaches the Crown of Anuː [DIŠ MUL ''ki-t'']''u''4 ''a-na'' mulAGA.AN.NA TE dSAG.UŠ ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' "[If the Star of Truth] comes close to the Crown of Anu, (this means): Saturn appears in the middle of the Celestial Bull." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 30:20].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, g11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| [Gössmann 1950, 88, 230], название Сатурна и Весов.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulgi.gi = mul kit-tu2 u me-šar = dsag.uš dutu «Звезда gi.gi = Звезда правды и справедливости = Сатурн, Шамаш» [MSL XI, 40:39], поздняя параллель: mulgi.gi = mul kit-[tu2 …] [SpTU III, 116: Rs. iii 8]. (2) mulgi.[gi…] [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; согласно интерпретации Коха, текст K.12619 ii 4-6: mulGI-[GI…] / kakkab kit-ti [u mi-ša-ri] / MUL MI mu[lzi-ba-an-na] «Звезда GI.GI = Звезда правды и справедливости = Темная звезда = Звезда Весы» [Koch 1989, 60–61]. Планисферa K. 8538. В секторе 6 надпись: ˹mulGI-GI˺ и изображение фигуры Весов(?) [Koch 1989, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9].

II. Отождествление.

(1) = Сатурн;

(2) = созвездие Весы = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, согласно [Koch 1989, 79].

III. Астрология.

(1) Звезда Правды ослабела; DIŠ MUL ki-tu4 ŠER2.ŠER2 KUR ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu […] «Если Звезда Правды ослабела: странa милосердие и мир […]» [ACh Ištar, 25:26].

(2) Звезда Правды приближается к Короне Ану; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u4 a-na mulAGA.AN.NA TE dSAG.UŠ ina ŠA3 mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-ma «[Если Звезда Прав]ды к Короне Ану приближается, (это означает): Сатурн в середине Небесного Быка появляется» [ACh Ištar, 30:20].
| Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, k22)
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Звезда правды (и справедливости)»; эпитет Сатурна [G. 230], см. g11GI.GI.
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Saturn]]

GENNA

2026-06-07T18:56:47Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
múl dGENNA (𒋼𒀭𒌉𒁹) = ''kayyamānu''(''m'') "Constant" is a common name for Saturn in cuneiform. It is the name that is used in the lists of 7 planets in the Late Babylonian Uranology tablet MCL 1866 and contemporary Late Babylonian ritual texts. The sign GENNA is the compound TUR.DIŠ''.''

{{Template:Saturn}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* dTUR.DIŠ;
* ''= [[Kayyamānu(m)|kayyamānu(m]]) "''Constant"; The Sumerian equivalents of ''kayyamānu''(''m'') [[SAG.UŠ|mul/dSAG.UŠ]] and [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]] (Kurtik s10, u09) are also commonly used in the first millennium BCE.

A designation of Saturn in astronomical texts of the first millennium BCE [Gössmann 69].

The name apparently comes from the Akkadian word, ''ginâ'', "constantly, normally" [AHw, 289; CAD G, 78], close in meaning to ''kayyamānu'', and apparently reflects the slow motion of Saturn relative to the stars in comparison to other planets.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Neo-Babylonian comments: GENNA = ''ka-a-a-nu'' [AHw, 420].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
Only in later copies and commentaries, cf. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 285, BM 47447 Rev. 29; SpTU I, 90:4-5, 7, 9; SpTU II, 42 r. 1, 6; SpTU III, 102 Rs. 8; SpTU IV, 162 r. 13].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
First in the diary for -567 as dGENNA [ADRT I, -567:9]; in the same diary we find dSAG.UŠ [ibid., -567:2]; in later texts the designation Saturn is always GENNA.
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* (d)GENNA — the designation of Saturn in Seleucid ephemerides and horoscopes [ACT II, 474a; BH, 28].
|
|-
|'''Uranology'''
* [MLC 1866 iv 8, Beaulieu et al. 38 D iv 8]
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology,''' Zodiacal Astrology.

* a) ''aš''2''-šu''2 dTUR.DIŠ ''lu'' [...] ''ina'' KI SAL.MEŠ KI d''Sin'' UŠ U3.TU
** "Because Saturn or [Mars] (stands) with the moon (or: at the place of the Moon) in the region of females: a male child will be born." [LBAT, 1593:7′-8′; Reiner 2000].
* b) ''aš''2-''šu''2 dTUR.DIŠ ''u'' d''Ṣal-bat?-a?-nu?'' KI ''Sin'' / 2 UŠ(!).MEŠ U3.TU
** "Because Saturn and Mars? with [or: at the place of] the Moon (stand): 2 (male babies?) will be born." [LBAT, 1593:9′-10′; Reiner 2000].
* c) Mercury or Saturn with the Moon, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
|
|}

==== Ritual Texts/ Miscellaneous ====

* (1) New Year ritual in Babylon: múlGENNA MUL ''kit-tu''2 ''u mi-šar'', "Saturn, the star of truth and justice". [RAcc. 138:307; Linssen 2004, 220:307].
* (2) Ritual in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: dTUR.DIŠ; = kayyamānu(m) «Постоянный»; обозначение Сатурна в астрономических текстах I тыс. до н.э. [G. 69]. Название происходит, по-видимому, от аккадского ginâ «постоянно, нормально» [AHw, 289; CAD G, 78], близкого по смыслу kayyamānu, и отражает, по-видимому, медленный характер движения Сатурна относительно звезд в сравнении с другими планетами. В астрологических текстах обычно употребляли названия SAG.UŠ, UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ (s10, u09).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Нововавилонский комментарий: GENNA = ka-a-a-nu [AHw, 420]. ЕАЕ. Только в поздних копиях и комментариях, см. [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 Rev. 29; SpTU I, 90:4–5, 7, 9; SpTU II, 42 r. 1, 6; SpTU III, 102 Rs. 8; SpTU IV, 162 r. 13]. «Дневники наблюдений». Впервые в дневнике за -567 г. как dGENNA [ADRT I, -567:9]; в этом же дневнике встречаем dSAG.UŠ [ibid., -567:2], в более поздних текстах обозначение Сатурна всегда ― GENNA. Математическая астрономия. (d)GENNA ― обозначение Сатурна в эфемеридах селевкидского времени и гороскопах [ACT II, 474a; BH, 28]. Храмовые ритуалы. (1) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне: múlgenna mul kit-tu2 u mi-šar «Сатурн ― звезда суда и справедливости» [RAcc. 138:307; Linssen 2004, 220:307]. (2) Ритуал в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. Поздняя астрология. Зодиакальная астрология. a) aš2-šu2 dTUR.DIŠ lu […] ina KI SAL.MEŠ KI dSin DU-zu UŠ U3.TU «Поскольку Сатурн или [Марс] в области женщин стоит с Луной (или: на месте Луны): младенец мужского пола родится» [LBAT, 1593:7′–8′; Reiner 2000]. b) aš2-šu2 dTUR.DIŠ u dṢal-bat?-a?-nu? KI Sin / 2 UŠ(!).MEŠ U3.TU «Поскольку Сатурн и Марс? с [или: на месте] Луной (стоят): 2 (младенца мужского пола?) родятся» [LBAT, 1593:9′–10′; Reiner 2000]. с) Меркурий или Сатурн с Луной, см. g34GU4.UD.

См. также mulGI6.NA (силлабическая запись GENNA?) [SpTU II, 42 r. 6].

См. также [SpTU V, 271:8ʹ].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]

GENNA

2026-06-07T18:55:05Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
múl dGENNA (𒋼𒀭𒌉𒁹) = ''kayyamānu''(''m'') "Constant" is a common name for Saturn in cuneiform. It is the name that is used in the lists of 7 planets in the the Late Babylonian Uranology tablet MCL 1866 and contemporary Late Babylonian ritual texts. The sign GENNA is the compound TUR.DIŠ''.''

{{Template:Saturn}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* dTUR.DIŠ;
* ''= [[Kayyamānu(m)|kayyamānu(m]]) "''Constant"; The Sumerian equivalents of ''kayyamānu''(''m'') [[SAG.UŠ|mul/dSAG.UŠ]] and [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]] (Kurtik s10, u09) are also commonly used in the first millennium BCE.

A designation of Saturn in astronomical texts of the first millennium BCE [G. 69].

The name apparently comes from the Akkadian word, ''ginâ'', "constantly, normally" [AHw, 289; CAD G, 78], close in meaning to ''kayyamānu'', and apparently reflects the slow motion of Saturn relative to the stars in comparison to other planets.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Neo-Babylonian comments: GENNA = ''ka-a-a-nu'' [AHw, 420].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
Only in later copies and commentaries, cf. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 285, BM 47447 Rev. 29; SpTU I, 90:4-5, 7, 9; SpTU II, 42 r. 1, 6; SpTU III, 102 Rs. 8; SpTU IV, 162 r. 13].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
First in the diary for -567 as dGENNA [ADRT I, -567:9]; in the same diary we find dSAG.UŠ [ibid., -567:2]; in later texts the designation Saturn is always GENNA.
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* (d)GENNA — the designation of Saturn in Seleucid ephemerides and horoscopes [ACT II, 474a; BH, 28].
|
|-
|'''Uranology'''
* [MLC 1866 iv 8, Beaulieu et al. 38 D iv 8]
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology,''' Zodiacal Astrology.

* a) ''aš''2''-šu''2 dTUR.DIŠ ''lu'' [...] ''ina'' KI SAL.MEŠ KI d''Sin'' UŠ U3.TU
** "Since Saturn or [Mars] (stands) with the moon (or: at the place of the Moon) in the region of females: a male child will be born." [LBAT, 1593:7′-8′; Reiner 2000].
* b) ''aš''2-''šu''2 dTUR.DIŠ ''u'' d''Ṣal-bat?-a?-nu?'' KI ''Sin'' / 2 UŠ(!).MEŠ U3.TU
** "Because Saturn and Mars? with [or: at the place of] the Moon (stand): 2 (male babies?) will be born." [LBAT, 1593:9′-10′; Reiner 2000].
* c) Mercury or Saturn with the Moon, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
|
|}

==== Ritual Texts/ Miscellaneous ====

* (1) New Year ritual in Babylon: múlGENNA MUL ''kit-tu''2 ''u mi-šar'', "Saturn, the star of truth and justice". [RAcc. 138:307; Linssen 2004, 220:307].
* (2) Ritual in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: dTUR.DIŠ; = kayyamānu(m) «Постоянный»; обозначение Сатурна в астрономических текстах I тыс. до н.э. [G. 69]. Название происходит, по-видимому, от аккадского ginâ «постоянно, нормально» [AHw, 289; CAD G, 78], близкого по смыслу kayyamānu, и отражает, по-видимому, медленный характер движения Сатурна относительно звезд в сравнении с другими планетами. В астрологических текстах обычно употребляли названия SAG.UŠ, UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ (s10, u09).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Нововавилонский комментарий: GENNA = ka-a-a-nu [AHw, 420]. ЕАЕ. Только в поздних копиях и комментариях, см. [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 Rev. 29; SpTU I, 90:4–5, 7, 9; SpTU II, 42 r. 1, 6; SpTU III, 102 Rs. 8; SpTU IV, 162 r. 13]. «Дневники наблюдений». Впервые в дневнике за -567 г. как dGENNA [ADRT I, -567:9]; в этом же дневнике встречаем dSAG.UŠ [ibid., -567:2], в более поздних текстах обозначение Сатурна всегда ― GENNA. Математическая астрономия. (d)GENNA ― обозначение Сатурна в эфемеридах селевкидского времени и гороскопах [ACT II, 474a; BH, 28]. Храмовые ритуалы. (1) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне: múlgenna mul kit-tu2 u mi-šar «Сатурн ― звезда суда и справедливости» [RAcc. 138:307; Linssen 2004, 220:307]. (2) Ритуал в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. Поздняя астрология. Зодиакальная астрология. a) aš2-šu2 dTUR.DIŠ lu […] ina KI SAL.MEŠ KI dSin DU-zu UŠ U3.TU «Поскольку Сатурн или [Марс] в области женщин стоит с Луной (или: на месте Луны): младенец мужского пола родится» [LBAT, 1593:7′–8′; Reiner 2000]. b) aš2-šu2 dTUR.DIŠ u dṢal-bat?-a?-nu? KI Sin / 2 UŠ(!).MEŠ U3.TU «Поскольку Сатурн и Марс? с [или: на месте] Луной (стоят): 2 (младенца мужского пола?) родятся» [LBAT, 1593:9′–10′; Reiner 2000]. с) Меркурий или Сатурн с Луной, см. g34GU4.UD.

См. также mulGI6.NA (силлабическая запись GENNA?) [SpTU II, 42 r. 6].

См. также [SpTU V, 271:8ʹ].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]

GAŠAN.TIN

2026-06-06T20:16:43Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAŠAN.TIN, mul''bēlet balāṭi''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / dGAŠAN.TIN (𒀯𒃽𒁷) = mul''bēlet balāṭi'', 'The Lady of Life,' a name for stars in [[Lyra]] east of [[Vega]], the fifth brightest star in the sky (also over Ancient Mesopotamia). The name 'Lady of Life' is a name for a constellation in Lyra.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

* = mul''bēlet balāṭi'' "Lady of life";
* = ''ziqpu'' VII (α Lyrae, Vega) [Gössmann 1950,<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81:3, 240:9].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the Single star to the Lady of Life,"
** b)
*** 3⅓ MA. NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ''ku-ma-ri ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
*** "3⅓ mina weight, ⅔ miles on earth, 36000 miles in the sky / From the Lady of Life to the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth". [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15-18; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:15-18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:6-7].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul[GAŠAN TIN]
** "10° to [the Lady of Life]." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 224-225:2].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Lady of Life // 3 (stars) // 3600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:24].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere:
** 10 UŠ ''ana'' mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺
** "10° to the Lady of Life". [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:7]; for a parallel see BM 61677: 10 UŠ ''a-na be-l''[''e-et ba-la-ṭi''...] [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 180:4′].
* '''(5) LBAT 1502.'''
** [...] ''u'' múl''P''[''a-bi'']''l-sag'' MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | d''be-let'' TIN ''ana ziq-pi'' [...]
** "[...] and P[abi]lsag is the star Antagub. The Lady of Life culminates [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 14, ii 13].
|
|-
|'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.'''
See [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (T)
** mulZUBI ''ša''2 mulUZ3 "Staff(?) of the Goat" (''ziqpu'' VII: α Lyr) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31]; according to [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60],
mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 is η Lyr, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

* MAŠ2 d[...itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN "The lamb is [...]; Ṭebet; the Lady of Life". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:18; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].

See also U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin [...] [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 75].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''bēlet balāṭi'' — an epithet of Damkina [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 57-58] who seems to have been identified with the star Vega. Its appearances were observed regularly in the Neo-Assyrian period: [...] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (glossary: li-si) / mul''be-let'' TI.LA / ''an-nu-ti'' / ''pa-ni-u''2''-ti'' / ''ša ina pa-ni-ti'' / ''in-na-me-ru-ni'' "[...] (stars) Sirius, Antares, Vega — those are the first ones that already became visible" [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81: 1'-6', e. 7']. In connection with the lunar eclipse in front of Vega, in addition to other luminaries, there was the ritual of the "lifting of the hands" (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 240: 9]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>: 177-178].

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= α Lyrae (Vega) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (according to VAT 16436:24) [Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 89].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulbēlet balāṭi «Владычица жизни»; = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68].
I. Источники.

«Письма». См. [SAA 10, 81:3, 240:9]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Владычицы Жизни», b) 3⅓ MA.NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Владычицы Жизни до плеча Демона с Разинутою Пастью» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15–18; TU, 21:15–18; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:6–7]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na mul[GAŠAN TIN] «100 до [Владычицы Жизни]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:2]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Владычица Жизни // 3 (звезды) // 3600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:24]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺ «100 до Владычицы жизни» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:7]; параллель см. в BM 61677: 10 UŠ a-na be-l[e-et ba-la-ṭi…] [ibid., 180:4′]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. GU-текст. (Т) mulzubi ša2 muluz3 «Посох(?) Козы» (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:31]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], mulzubi ša2 muluz3 — η Lyr, см. u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] u múlP[a-bi]l-sag MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | dbe-let TIN ana ziq-pi [...] «[…] и П[аби]лсаг — звезда Антагуб. Владычица Жизни кульминирует […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 14, ii 13]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: MAŠ2 d[…itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN «Ягненок — […]; тебету; Владычица жизни» [SpTU IV, 159:18; Reiner 1995, 78]. См. также U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin […] [Sachs 1952, 75].

II. Божество.

dbēlet balāṭi ― эпитет Дамкины [Tallqvist 1938, 57–58], которая, по-видимому, отождествлялась со звездой Вега. Ее появления наблюдали регулярно в новоассирийский период: […] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (глосса: li-si) / mulbe-let TI.LA / an-nu-ti / pa-ni-u2-ti / ša ina pa-ni-ti / in-na-me-ru-ni «[...] (звезды) Сириус, Антарес, Вега ― те, что первыми стали уже видны» [SAA 10, 81: 1'–6', e. 7']. В связи с лунным затмением перед Вегой наряду с другими светилами совершали ритуал «Воздевания рук» (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10, 240:9]; см. также [LAS 2, 177–178].

III. Отождествление.

= α Lyrae (Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68; Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (в соответствии с VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 89].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

GAN2.UR3

2026-06-06T20:07:30Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAN2.UR3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul gišGAN2.UR3 (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = (mul)''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow. MUL.APIN I ii 23 identifies the asterism with the weapon of the deity ''mār-bīti, '''The son of the Temple.' Presumably the arrangement of the stars in the constellation 'The Harrow' could also be recognized as a weapon in the sky.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
* mulGAN2.UR3
* "Harrow" [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 66];

A constellation which included the eastern part of the Sails ([[Vela]]) and possibly part of the [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
Series Urra XXII:

* mulgiš.gan2.ur3 = ''maš-ka-ka-ti/tu''2 [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 44; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:301ʹ].
|Example
|-
| '''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e-f; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:27].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of stars of Ea (no. 6):

*MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ''ša''2 d''Mār''(A)-''bīti''(E2) (in [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 17], dA.MAL) / ''ša''2 ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 ABZU ''i-bar-ru-u''2
*"The star which stands in its (i.e. [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Entenabarguz]]) side is the Harrow, the weapon of ''Mār-bīti'', by means of which he sees the subterranean waters" (I ii 23-24) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 44].
|
|-
|List of stars '''VR 46,''' 1:25.
*mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ''ša''2 ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2 ABZU igi.kar2
*"The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which he sees Apsu" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 163-3].
For the god ''Mār-bīti'' see Brinkman 1968 165 fn. 1002 with a recent reference in Karlsson (2020 136 n. 8)<ref>Karlsson M. (2020). 'The Divine Determinative and the Names of the Rulers of Babylon, NABU. 2020 no. 64, pp. 134-137.</ref>.
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(I) ''ni-šik ša''2 mul gišGAN2.UR3 "Harrow bite" (μ Vel) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:14-15]; see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List (Appendix)'''
*(Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming)
|
|}
See also: mul gišGAN2.UR3 ''u'' mulAPIN ''idi šūti'' [''izzazzu''] "The Harrow and the Pole stands in the south" (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/1, 368], (Fincke and Horowitz forthcoming: BM 35408 ii 6', BM 82865 6').
[[File:GISGANUR Screenshot 2025-11-30 181652.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAN2.UR3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Miaplacidus]]
|HIP 45238
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.69
|-
|2
|γ 2 Velorum
| HIP 39953
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.83
|-
|3
|ϵ Carinae
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines
|1.86
|-
|4
|[[Avior]] A
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.01
|-
|5
| [[Suhail]]
|HIP 44816
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.21
|-
|6
|[[Aspidiske]]
| HIP 45556
|Inside the Hull
|2.26
|-
|7
|[[Markeb]]
|HIP 45941
|Inside the Hull
|2.473
|-
|8
|μ Velorum
|HIP 52727
|Constellation lines
|2.69
|-
|9
|θ Carinae
|HIP 52419
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.76
|-
|10
| υ Carinae
|HIP 48002
|Inside the Hull
|2.99
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 46701
|Inside the Hull
|3.139
|-
|12
|ASAS J091626-6728.7
|ASAS J091626-6728.7
|Inside the Hull
|3.27
|-
|13
|p Car
|HIP 51576
|Inside the Hull
|3.27
|-
|14
|V337 Car
|HIP 50371
| Inside the Hull
|3.35
|-
|15
|a Car
|HIP 45080
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|16
|ϕ Velorum
| HIP 48774
|Inside the Hull
|3.45
|-
|17
|ο Velorum
|HIP 42536
|Inside the Hull
|3.63
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 44511
|Inside the Hull
|3.75
|-
|19
|l Car
|HIP 47854
| Inside the Hull
|3.75
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 43783
|Inside the Hull
|3.8
|-
|21
| -
| HIP 42570
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 51232
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|23
|Avior B
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines
|3.85
|-
|24
| -
| HIP 43023
|Inside the Hull
|3.91
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 45101
|Inside the Hull
|3.943
|-
|26
|α Volantis
|HIP 44382
|Inside the Hull
|3.99
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 46974
| Inside the Hull
|4.09
|-
|28
| NGC 3114
|NGC 3114
|Inside the Hull
|4.2
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 52154
|Inside the Hull
|4.267
|-
|30
|IC 2581
|IC 2581
|Inside the Hull
|4.3
|-
|31
|V343 Car
|HIP 42568
|Inside the Hull
|4.313
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 45496
|Inside the Hull
|4.318
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 47175
|Inside the Hull
|4.35
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 51849
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
|35
|V344 Car
|HIP 43105
| Inside the Hull
| 4.49
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 47391
|Inside the Hull
|4.498
|-
|37
|MV Vel
|HIP 50676
|Inside the Hull
|4.51
|-
|38
|GZ Vel
|HIP 50555
|Inside the Hull
|4.543
|-
|39
|V520 Car
|HIP 52468
|Inside the Hull
|4.545
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 48374
| Inside the Hull
|4.58
|-
|41
|IC 2395
|IC 2395
|Inside the Hull
|4.6
|-
|42
|V399 Car
|HIP 51192
|Inside the Hull
|4.7
|-
| 43
|H Vel
|HIP 43878
|Inside the Hull
|4.723
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 42624
|Inside the Hull
|4.77
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 45856
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
|46
|HY Vel
| HIP 42726
|Inside the Hull
|4.815
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 49712
|Inside the Hull
|4.845
|-
|49
| -
| HIP 42134
|Inside the Hull
|4.847
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 52102
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 51523
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|52
|V376 Car
|HIP 43937
|Inside the Hull
|4.895
|-
|53
| -
|HIP 43347
|Inside the Hull
|4.935
|-
|54
|GX Vel
|HIP 45085
|Inside the Hull
|5
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 42088
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
| 56
| -
|HIP 46950
| Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|57
| GU Vel
|HIP 41483
|Inside the Hull
|5.073
|-
|58
| -
| HIP 51912
|Inside the Hull
|5.088
|-
| 59
| -
|HIP 46283
|Inside the Hull
|5.089
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 45505
| Inside the Hull
|5.094
|-
|61
|KX Vel
|HIP 43413
|Inside the Hull
|5.11
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 46914
|Inside the Hull
|5.12
|-
|63
|FZ Vel
| HIP 44093
|Inside the Hull
|5.146
|-
| 64
| -
|HIP 42834
|Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 44143
|Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
|66
|* B Vel A
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 41296
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|68
|NZ Vel
|HIP 42504
|Inside the Hull
|5.19
|-
| 69
| -
|HR 3976
| Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|70
|LN Vel
|HIP 42679
|Inside the Hull
|5.227
|-
| 71
| -
|HIP 42129
|Inside the Hull
|5.234
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 45328
|Inside the Hull
| 5.254
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 45631
|Inside the Hull
|5.254
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 49698
|Inside the Hull
|5.258
|-
|75
|LW Vel
|HIP 50070
|Inside the Hull
|5.265
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 51313
|Inside the Hull
|5.27
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 43671
| Inside the Hull
|5.302
|-
|78
| -
| HIP 47479
|Inside the Hull
|5.307
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 45571
|Inside the Hull
|5.39
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 42459
|Inside the Hull
| 5.439
|-
| 81
| -
|HIP 52004
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|82
| OP Vel
|HIP 43082
| Inside the Hull
| 5.459
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 46594
|Inside the Hull
|5.46
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 47204
|Inside the Hull
|5.467
|-
|85
|HX Vel
|HIP 42712
|Inside the Hull
|5.468
|-
| 86
|KT Vel
|HIP 42715
| Inside the Hull
| 5.474
|-
|87
|Cl Trumpler 14
|Cl Trumpler 14
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 52405
| Inside the Hull
|5.51
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 40282
|Inside the Hull
|5.514
|-
| 90
| -
|HIP 45219
|Inside the Hull
|5.532
|-
|91
| * 33 Vel A
|HIP 41616
|Inside the Hull
|5.535
|-
|92
| -
| HIP 47717
|Inside the Hull
|5.544
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 51140
|Inside the Hull
|5.546
|-
|94
| -
| HR 3817
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|95
| -
| HIP 48310
|Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
|96
| -
|HR 3605
| Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|97
|* mu. Vel B
|HIP 52727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.58
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 43499
| Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 45920
|Inside the Hull
|5.608
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 42535
| Inside the Hull
| 5.61
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 48348
|Inside the Hull
|5.617
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 50520
|Inside the Hull
|5.67
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 43797
|Inside the Hull
|5.698
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 48613
|Inside the Hull
|5.705
|-
|105
|S Car
|HIP 49751
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 48287
|Inside the Hull
|5.711
|-
|107
| -
|HIP 45962
| Inside the Hull
|5.729
|-
|108
| -
|HIP 43148
|Inside the Hull
|5.748
|-
|109
| -
|HIP 49934
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
| 110
| -
|HIP 43669
| Inside the Hull
| 5.768
|-
|111
| -
| HIP 45122
| Inside the Hull
|5.769
|-
| 112
| -
|HIP 46225
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 48339
|Inside the Hull
|5.778
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 44256
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 42177
|Inside the Hull
|5.782
|-
|116
| -
| HIP 47498
|Inside the Hull
|5.794
|-
|117
| -
|HIP 50493
|Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
| 118
| -
|HIP 40077
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|119
| -
| HIP 45314
|Inside the Hull
| 5.85
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 44024
|Inside the Hull
|5.876
|-
| 121
|V514 Car
|HIP 52043
| Inside the Hull
|5.876
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 42614
|Inside the Hull
|5.879
|-
| 123
| -
|HR 4020
|Inside the Hull
| 5.88
|-
| 124
| -
|HIP 46460
|Inside the Hull
|5.886
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 41081
|Inside the Hull
|5.887
|-
|126
|V482 Car
|HIP 46620
|Inside the Hull
|5.888
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 43589
|Inside the Hull
|5.889
|-
|128
| -
|HIP 46482
|Inside the Hull
|5.904
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 50078
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 45270
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|131
| -
|HIP 49164
|Inside the Hull
|5.928
|-
|132
|LR Vel
|HIP 45675
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 50993
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|134
|V335 Vel
|HIP 48527
|Inside the Hull
|5.932
|-
|135
| -
| HIP 40932
|Inside the Hull
|5.954
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 41674
|Inside the Hull
|5.969
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 52127
| Inside the Hull
|5.979
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 47559
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|139
| -
|HIP 46101
|Inside the Hull
|5.988
|-
|140
|* ups Car B
|HR 3891
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 45418
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|142
| -
|HIP 43620
|Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 51623
|Inside the Hull
|6.006
|-
|144
| -
|HIP 41861
|Inside the Hull
|6.021
|-
|145
| -
|HR 3386
|Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 46328
|Inside the Hull
|6.039
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 45481
|Inside the Hull
|6.04
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 41373
|Inside the Hull
|6.041
|-
|149
| -
|HIP 48119
|Inside the Hull
|6.047
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 48835
|Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
|151
| -
|HD 92463
|Inside the Hull
|6.06
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 44708
|Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
| 153
| -
|HIP 46093
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 51245
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
| 155
| -
| HIP 50044
|Inside the Hull
|6.087
|-
|156
|* B Vel B
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|157
|NGC 2669
|NGC 2669
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|158
| R Car
|HIP 46806
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|159
| -
| HR 3840
|Inside the Hull
| 6.1
|-
|160
|IV Vel
| HIP 48799
|Inside the Hull
|6.115
|-
| 161
| -
|HIP 50232
|Inside the Hull
|6.134
|-
|162
|V478 Car
|HIP 45615
|Inside the Hull
|6.136
|-
|163
| -
|HIP 49994
| Inside the Hull
|6.147
|-
|164
|IP Vel
| HIP 47694
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|165
| -
|HIP 47172
|Inside the Hull
|6.177
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 49137
| Inside the Hull
|6.181
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 46067
|Inside the Hull
|6.188
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 49233
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 49160
|Inside the Hull
|6.191
|-
|170
|Cl Bochum 10
|Cl Bochum 10
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|171
| -
|HR 3817
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 47913
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
| 173
| -
|HIP 45002
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 174
| -
|HIP 50287
| Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 41986
|Inside the Hull
|6.221
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 47145
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 51732
|Inside the Hull
|6.238
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 49394
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 42717
|Inside the Hull
|6.243
|-
|180
| -
|HR 4065
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 46737
|Inside the Hull
| 6.255
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 43807
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|183
| -
|HR 3840
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|184
| -
|HIP 51676
| Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 46045
|Inside the Hull
|6.264
|-
| 186
| -
|HIP 46049
|Inside the Hull
|6.265
|-
|187
| -
|HIP 43195
|Inside the Hull
|6.266
|-
|188
| -
| HIP 45742
|Inside the Hull
|6.268
|-
|189
|GY Vel
|HIP 50332
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|190
| -
|HIP 50562
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|191
|C 1033-598
|C 1033-598
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|192
| -
| HIP 45437
|Inside the Hull
| 6.311
|-
|193
| -
|HIP 52160
|Inside the Hull
|6.314
|-
|194
| -
|HIP 45603
|Inside the Hull
| 6.319
|-
|195
|V486 Car
|HIP 47591
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|196
| -
| HIP 50916
|Inside the Hull
|6.325
|-
|197
| -
|HIP 41813
|Inside the Hull
| 6.333
|-
|198
| -
|HIP 41653
|Inside the Hull
| 6.346
|-
| 199
| -
|HR 3971
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|200
| -
|HIP 50785
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|201
|V473 Car
|HIP 43763
|Inside the Hull
|6.353
|-
|202
| -
|HIP 44665
|Inside the Hull
|6.355
|-
|203
| -
|HIP 45214
|Inside the Hull
|6.358
|-
|204
| -
|HIP 49223
|Inside the Hull
|6.371
|-
|205
| -
|HIP 41781
|Inside the Hull
|6.373
|-
|206
| -
|HIP 44423
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|207
| -
|HIP 48730
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|208
| -
| HIP 49619
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|209
|V368 Car
|HIP 49926
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 210
| -
| HIP 51461
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|211
| -
|HIP 47422
|Inside the Hull
|6.403
|-
|212
| -
|HIP 50067
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|213
| -
| HIP 49092
|Inside the Hull
|6.412
|-
|214
| -
|HIP 51984
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
|215
| -
|HIP 40433
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|216
| -
|HIP 51327
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|217
|WR 22
|HIP 52308
|Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
|218
|V507 Car
|HIP 51265
| Inside the Hull
|6.426
|-
|219
| -
|HIP 51866
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|220
| -
|HIP 42400
|Inside the Hull
|6.431
|-
|221
| -
|HIP 44509
|Inside the Hull
|6.438
|-
|222
| -
| HIP 40749
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|223
|V469 Car
|HIP 41644
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|224
| -
|HIP 44565
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|225
|V495 Car
|HIP 49642
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|226
| -
|HIP 50069
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|227
| -
|HIP 50520
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|228
|V487 Car
|HIP 47893
|Inside the Hull
|6.471
|-
|229
| -
|HIP 44979
|Inside the Hull
|6.476
|-
|230
| -
|HIP 42440
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|231
| -
|HIP 52103
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|232
|WR 24
|HIP 52488
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|233
| -
|HIP 41905
|Inside the Hull
|6.481
|-
|234
| -
|HIP 41426
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|235
|QZ Vel
|HIP 48469
|Inside the Hull
|6.491
|-
|236
| -
|HIP 49477
|Inside the Hull
|6.492
|}
===Additional ===

====Deity. ====
The epithet ''mār bīti'', used in MUL.APIN in connection with the Harrow, had two serpent deities venerated in Der: ''Šaḫan'' (the correct reading is ''Irḫan'' [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6">''McEwan G.J.P.'' dMUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.</ref>, 223; Krebernik 1984<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Beschwörungen aus Fara und Ebla. Hildesheim-Zürich-N.Y., 1984</ref>, 298ff.]), and ''Niraḫ'' (d''Niraḫ ilu šu-pu-u''2 ''mār bīti ša''2 uru''De-e-er''ki "Niraḫ, the brilliant god, prince of Der" [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6" />, 222, note 31]), see also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 120, 440]. Could one claim on this basis that the Harrow constellation was associated with one of these deities? The name (giš)gan2.ur3 as a royal name is given in the "Sumerian King List", in the section related to Kiš, see [Jacobsen 1939, 76-77:43-45; Hallo 1963<ref>''Hallo W.W.'' Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension // JCS. 1963. Vol. 17. P.</ref>, 52].

====Symbol.====
Unknown. For a description on the designs of the harrow used in tilling the fields in ancient Mesopotamia, see [Salonen 1968<ref>''Salonen A''. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968. </ref>, 109-115].

====Previous Identification. ====
= Crux [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79];

= eastern part of Vela [MA<ref name=":5" />, 138; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

====Parts of the constellation.====
''ni-šik ša''2 mul gišGAN2. “Harrow’s bite,” see above.

====Astrology.*====
Identifications:

(1) = Mercury; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud " [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Predictions:

(2) Goat (=Venus) reaches the Harrow (=Mercury)ː mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim'' AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A.. "The goat reaches Harrow: there will be an epidemic among the cattle this year." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101: 27].

(3) Goat (=Venus) reaches Harrow (=Mercury) from the southː [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUBme "[If the Goat] reaches the Harrow from the south: in this year herds of cattle and small cattle will die" [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12f ]. See also [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 54:6-7].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: mul gišGAN2.UR3.(RA); = maškakātu «Борона» [BPO 2, 11; Gössmann 1950, 66]; созвездие, включавшее восточную часть Парусов (Vela) и, возможно, часть Центавра (Centaurus).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul gišgan2.ur3 = maš-ka-ka-ti/tu2 [SpTU III, 114A v 44; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:301ʹ]. EAE. Cм. [BPO 2, II 12e–f; BPO 3, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III, 101:27]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Эа (№ 6): MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ša2 dMār(A)-bīti(E2) (в [Gössmann 1950, 17] – dA.MAL) / ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ZU:AB i-bar-ru-u2 «Созвездие, которое с его (т.е. Энтенабархума) стороны стоит, Борона, оружие Марбити, внутри которого Апсу можно увидеть» (I ii 23–24) [MA, 36–37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:25. mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ABZU igi.kar2 «Борона, оружие Марбити, в котором Апсу видно» [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 163–3]. GU-текст. (I) ni-šik ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 «Укус Бороны» (μ Vel) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14–15]; cм. также u17UR.A.

См. также: mul gišGAN2.UR3 u mulAPIN idi šūti [izzazzu] «Борона и Поле на юге стоят» (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), цит. по [CAD M/1, 368].

II. Божество.

Эпитет mār bīti, используемый в MUL.APIN в связи с Бороной, имели два змеиных божества, почитавшихся в Дере: Šaḫan (правильное чтение Irḫan [McEvan 1983, 223; Krebernik 1984, 298ff.]), и Нирах (dNiraḫ ilu šu-pu-u2 mār bīti ša2 uruDe-e-erki «Нирах, блистательный бог, принц Дера» [McEvan 1983, 222, note 31]), см. также [Tallqvist 1938, 120, 440]. Можно ли утверждать на этом основании, что созвездие Борона было связано с одним из этих божеств? Название (giš)gan2.ur3 как царское имя приводится в «Шумерском царском списке», в части, относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 76–77:43–45; Hallo 1963, 52].

III. Символ.

Неизвестен. Описание конструкций бороны, употреблявшихся при обработке полей в древней Месопотамии, см. [Salonen 1968, 109–115].

IV. Отождествление.

= Crux [Gössmann 1950, 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

= восточная часть Vela [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273].

V. Части созвездия.

ni-šik ša2 mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Укус Бороны», см. выше.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Меркурий; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud «Борона = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Предсказания:

(2) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий); mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-ud ina MU BI ŠUB-tim AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A... «Коза достигает Бороны: в этом году будет эпидемия среди скота» [BPO 2, II 12e], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:17′; SpTU III, 101: 27].

(3) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий) с юга; [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-ud ina MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME «[Если Коза] достигает Бороны с юга: в этом году стада крупного и мелкого рогатого скота погибнут» [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], параллели см. [BPO 2, II 12f ]. См. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 54:6–7].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m21) (mul)''Maškakātu''
|
|-
|
===(mul)''Maškakātu''===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Борона»; созвездие, соответствующее восточной части Парусов и части Центавра. Силлабическая запись встречается в поздних копиях серии Urra XXII; см. g08GAN2.UR3.
|
|}

== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Car]] [[Category:Vel]]

GAM3

2026-06-06T19:53:32Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAM3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
mul / dGAM3 (𒀯𒆛) = ''gamlu'', 'The Crook,' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to [[Capella]] with the eastern half of classical [[Auriga]]. The Uranology Text E (MLC 1884) places 'The Crook' in the hand of 'The Old Man' ([[Perseus]]), and speaks of a number of its component parts including its head which is in the shape of a ram's head, its handle, and its shaft. The remaining stars and star-clusters of Auriga that are not part of 'The Crook' may be understood as groups of sheep standing in the background of the image. The asterism is also identified as Marduk's star (Jupiter or Mercury) in Kislimu (Month IX).

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Variant readings:

* mulZUBI;
* = mul''gamlu'' "staff (with a crooked handle)";
* = ''gamlu'' “throwing stick”. mulGÀM (EN 4l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:

* 1) a constellation in Ascendant (Auriga),
* 2) ''ziqpu'' XVI (α Aurigae, Capella) [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 279a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> G, 35b; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 64; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>, 228].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Urra XXII:

* mulGÀM = [''gam-lu''] [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:291ʹ], Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolaires du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105: col. iii 14;],.
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 9a, 29a, VI 4-4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.3111+:7].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each.'''
Text Nv. 10.

* ˹diš˺ ''ina'' itiNE mulGAM3 // mulSIPA.ZI.[AN.NA] // ''u'' mulAN.U2.GI.E // mulAN.TA.GUB.[BA] / mulUR.GI7 // mulDINGIR.TUŠ.A[meš] / u mul''Pa-bil-sag'' // mulA[N. T]A.Š[U.UR.RA]
** "In the month Abu: the Crook, the Faithful Shepherd [of Anu], / and AN.U2.GI.E — The upward stan[ding] Asterism. / The Hound, the Sitting Gods and Pabilsag— The up[ward]ly fla[ring] star" (Rev. 37-40) [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''
* (1) ... "The Crook, ''Gamlu''" (I i 4)
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 "On the 20th of Nisan the Crook becomes visible" (I ii 37); for a quote from MUL.APIN see [SAA 10<ref name=":4">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 62:17-18].
* (3) Simultaneous daily rsings and settings: (I iii 28), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL "35 days from the rising of the Fish to the rising of the Crook. 10 days from the rising of the Crook to the rising of the Star Cluster" (I iii 43-44).
* (5) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulGAM3 after mulŠU.GI before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations simultaneous with heliacal risings: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa'' " on the 20th of Nisan...the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of heaven / opposite your chest, and the Crook is rising" (I iv 13-14).
* (7) Stars "in the way of the moon": mulGAM3, after mulŠU.GI, before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68].
|[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 160:13, 62 e. 18; SAA 8<ref name=":6">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) 7 tikpu-stars: mulgam3;
* (2) ''gam-lum'', in an unclear sense [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107-108].
* (3) The star of Marduk in Month IX (Kislimu). See [[AMAR.UTU]].
|
|-
|List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 49.

* (1) mulGAM3 = gišTUKUL ''ša''2 ŠUII dAMAR.UTU "The crook is a weapon in the hands of Marduk";
* (2) mulUDU.NITA2 = SAG.DU muGAM3 "Star-Baran = Top of the Crook". [HBA<ref name=":8">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51-52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA ''i-n''[''a qaq-q'']''a-ri'' | 27 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' AN-[''e''] / TA mul''na-aṣ-ra-pi'' | EN mul[GAM3]
*** "[2½ mina weight], ½ ''bēru'' o[n the groun]d, 27000 miles in the sky / From Naṣrapu to the [Crook],"
** b) [1⅔ MA. NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3
*** "[1⅔ mina weight], 10 UŠ on the ground, 18000 miles in the sky / From the Crook to the Handle on the Crook". [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:1-4; TU<ref name=":9">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 1-4; HBA<ref name=":8" />, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''gam-l''[''u''] "½ ''bēru'' to the Staff." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 224-225:11].
* (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 ''lim'' 4 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Marduk's crook // 1 (star) // 14400 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:8].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM3 [...] "From the Old Man to the Staff [...]",
** b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL...[GAL...] "From the Staff to the Great Twi[ns]..." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:8-9].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ''ana'' mul''gam-lu'' "½ ''bēru'' to the Crook. [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":10">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:16]; for a parallel see BM 61677 [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 180:8']. See also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] "Staff (ζ, η Aur), the right foot of the Old Man (ρ Per), the left foot [x x] of Gemini (μ Gem): [...3 stars]. Straight, tight rope. 2 inter[va]ls, ditto [x x]." [Walker 1995, 34; ASM<ref name=":11">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107]; according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] "Left leg of [Great] Twins" (μ Gem).
|
|-
|'''Uranology''' (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 63-64)
* r'1'–2' (traces only)
* 3' [A hu]man figure it is, dress[ed],
* 4' bearded, set with a ''kurkurru''.
* 5' 1 star stands in its ''kurkurru''.
* 6' In its right hand it carries a crook.
* 7' In the crook stands a (star called) “The Crook”.
* 8' The head of the crook is the head of a ram.
* 9' 2(or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn.
* 10' [x] star(s) stand in the handle of the crook.
* 11' A bright [st]ar stands in its shaft.
* 12' Its [x], fire, bearing a Naṣrapu.
* 13' [. . .] in the Naṣrapu are drawn.
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3...[TU...] "If (he) is born, when the Crook (culminates),..." [SpTU V, 265:x+1].
* (2) AO 6483: [...: múlzubi] ''e''3-''a'' nig2.tuk uš2 giš[...] "(If the child is born when) [... the Crook] appears: he will be healthy, death by we[apons](?)" [TU<ref name=":9" />, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
|
|-
!
==== Kurtik (2022, n01) ====
!
|-
|Var. reading:

* ulNAD3 = "bed-star"; the name of Jupiter in the month of Kislimu [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 291]. Only in IIIR, 53, 2, see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]. Likely a scribe's error; instead of NA2 '''''?? do you want NA2 or NAD3 ??''''' it should be GAM3(?).

* XVIX '''''?? this is not a correct Roman number; or what is it ??'''''. K. 3384 (Reiner and Pingree, BPO 3, 1998<ref name=":3" />, 262-63 Group G) + K. 5990 (IIIR<ref name=":13">''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''</ref> 43, 2 = ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> VIII
* 11<reverse only>)

Venus - Names;

* see also BM 45697 (81-7-6, 102) (LBAT<ref name=":4" /> 1564), BM 37391, and maybe BM 32314.

Text has MA sign form of TIM and NA.
|
|}
See also (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
[[File:GAM3 CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 172016.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAM3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| [[Capella]]
| HIP 24608
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.08
|-
| 2
| [[Menkalinan]]
| HIP 28360
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.9
|-
| 3
| [[Mahasim]]
| HIP 28380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.62
|-
| 4
| ν Aurigae
| HIP 27673
| Inside the Hull
| 3.95
|-
| 5
| -
| HIP 27319
| Inside the Hull
| 6.292
|-
| 6
| -
| HIP 27777
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''gamlu'' — a shepherd's crook and/or weapon characterized by its curvature. Marduk and other deities possessed such objects [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 279; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":14">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 310]. Immediately after múlGAM3 in VAT 16436:9 follows múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA "the hand on the staff of Damkinunna". [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227], most likely a variant of the name of the Sumerian goddess dDam.ki.na (var.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), considered the wife of Ea [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 88; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":14" />, 280]. For ''gamlu'' as a divine symbol and as a tool of the caster see also [Wiggermann 1992, 61-62].

==== Symbol. ====
A staff with a rounded handle in the form of a ram's head, at least for certain in the case of the asterism. The symbol is known from the Old Babylonian time on seals, and later on the ''kudurru''s [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 165-167; Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 149-151], where it was depicted often next to a goat-fish, which suggests its connection with the god Ea.

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation:

= [[Auriga]] [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 64; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78; MA<ref name=":5" />, 137; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7" />, 207, App. C; ASM<ref name=":11" />, 272; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 72].

''Ziqpu'' XVI:

= α Aurigae ([[Capella]]) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229; MA<ref name=":5" />, 142; ASM, 88].

''Ziqpu'' XVII:

= β Aurigae ([[Menkalinan]]) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref>, 319, note 15], see also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].<gallery>
File:Papke Ori+Crook.jpg|Gamlu as part of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA's shepherd's staff; interpretation by Papke (1989).
File:White-Gavin2014 GamluGrook.jpg|Gamlu, The Crook, in the reconstruction by Gavin White (2014).
File:Ori+shepherdStaff stellarium.jpg|The Faithful Shepherd of Anu with a staff reaching to Auriga (CC BY SMH in Stellarium with drawing by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster 2016).
File:Crook stellarium.jpg|Crook as a standalone constellation (Stellarium CC BY J. Gullberg and SMH).
</gallery>Papke (1989) is wrong, as his Shepherd has only the leg formed by the stars of Ori which is a rather nonsensical image. A much more fitting representation of the Gamlu-Crook as Shepherd's Staff was designed by LWL Planetarium Münster, Germany, in 2016: their figure of the shepherd fits the stars of Orion and the shepherd's staff only appears strangely long.

White (2014) gives three images: A sketch of the Greek shepherd in Auriga just called "Crook" which is not justified by any text, a Babylonian "bison-man" which is (a) in our mind a wrong wording because bisons live only in North America and not in Mesopotamia, and (b) also not attested in any text: The constellation of the "bison-man" (GU.ALIM) occurs only in the dal.ba.an.na text, and needs to be identified with a different area in the sky. White's last version of "Gamlu" as a simply throwing stick is correct: Our drawing differs, but the object can be considered in more than one way.

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) kišib gam3 "Handle on the Crook", see (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]]. Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 64)

(2) sag.du mulgam3 "Top of the Crook", see list of stars in VR 46.1, also (Kurtik u10) [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Jupiter; mulGAM3 — the name of Marduk (dAMAR.UTU = Jupiter) in the month Kislimu [IIIR<ref name=":13" /> 53, 2:10; CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49, S. 777:10], see also [HBA<ref name=":8" />, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The asterism of Marduk — so said of the Staff". [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 29a + Parallels]; see also: ''Ga''2-''am''3-''lum lum-''[''m'']''un'': dSag-me-gar ''u''2-''ta-an-na-at-ma'' "(Constellation) evil Crook, (it means): Jupiter is dim" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 84:14], and also [Brown 2000<ref>''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 61].

(2) = Mars(?); so considered by Bezold, quoted by Gössmann [Bezold 1920<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 122:175; Gössmann<ref name=":0" />, III, A 2 ], but we find no confirmation in the texts.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) General astrological meaningː [mulGAM3 ''ana'' BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 ''lum-mu-un'' BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 ''zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l'']''a-mu'' BALA ḪA.A''-ma'' MAN-''ma'' DU6+DU-''a'' "[Crook (to predict) the end of a dynasty]. / The crook is evil: the dynasty will perish. / [If the appearance of crook becomes dark]: a dynasty will perish and another will arise. [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, VI 4-4b + Parallels].

(4) Radiance of the Crookː [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI ''na-ši'' / SUḪUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-''an'' "If the Crook carries radiance: the foundation of the throne remains solid" [SAA 8<ref name=":6" />, 170 r. 1-2]; for parallels see. [ibid.<ref name=":6" />, 115 r. 4; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVI 13; SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 160:13]; perhaps the reference here is to the rising of Jupiter near the Ascendant, cf. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Jupiter approaches the Crookː DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGAM3 TE EBUR KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] "If Jupiter comes close to the crookː the harvest of Akkad will prosper" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) The Old Man and the Crookː DIŠ mulŠU.GI ''gam-lum'' TAK4-''ib'' [...] "If the Old Man leaves the Crook behind [...] [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, K.2111+:7], see also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 15, and Uranology above.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, a6) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulZUBI; = mulgamlu «Посох (с кривой ручкой)»; 1) созвездие в Возничем (Auriga), 2) ziqpu XVI (α Aurigae, Капелла) [AHw, 279a; CAD G, 35b; G. 64; Schaumberger 1952, 228].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul˹zubi˺ = [gam-lu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105: col. iii 14; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:291ʹ]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 9a, 29a, VI 4–4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3, K.3111+:7]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 4): mulGAM3 dGam-lum «Посох» (I i 4). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 «20-го нисану Посох становится видимым» (I ii 37); цитата из MUL.APIN см. [LABS, 62:17–18]. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 28), см. b06BAN. (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ša2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 MUL.MUL «35 дней от восхода Рыбы до восхода Посоха. 10 дней от восхода Посоха до восхода Звезд» (I iii 43–44). (5) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulGAM3 после mulŠU.GI перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5). (6) Кульминации, одновременные гелиакическим восходам: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ku-ma-ru ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulGAM3 KUR-ḫa «20-го нисану...плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Посох восходит» (I iv 13–14). (7) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGAM3, после mulŠU.GI, перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), см. s20Sîn [MA, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 160:13, 62 e. 18; ARAK, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 7 tikpu-звезд: mulgam3; (2) gam-lum, в неясном значении [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959–60, 107–108]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 49. (1) mulgam3 = gištukul ša2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руках Мардука»; (2) muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 «Звезда–Баран = Вершина Посоха» [HBA, 51–52; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA i-n[a qaq-q]a-ri | 27 IGI DANNA ina AN-[e] / TA mulna-aṣ-ra-pi | EN mul[GAM3] «[2½ мины веса], 150 н[а зем]ле, 27000 миль на небе / От Нацрапу до [Посоха]», b) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3 «[1⅔ мины веса], 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Посоха до Руки на Посохе» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:1–4; TU, 21 r. 1–4; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na mulgam-l[u] «150 до Посоха» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:11]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 «Посох Мардука // 1 (звезда) // 14400 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:8]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM, [...] «От Старика до Посоха [...]», b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.[GAL...] «От Посоха до Больших Близне[цов...]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:8–9]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana mulgam-lu «½ мили(150) до Посоха» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:16]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid., 180:8']. См. также k21KIŠIB. Dalbanna-текст. §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] «Посох (ζ, η Aur), правая нога Старика (ρ Per), левая нога [x x] Близнецов (μ Gem): […3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интер[ва]ла, ditto [x x]» [Walker 1995, 34; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] «Левая нога [Больших] Близнецов» (μ Gem). Текст Nv. 10. ˹diš˺ ina itine mulgam3 // mulsipa.zi.[an.na] // u mulAN.U2.GI.E // mulAN.TA.GUB.[BA] / mulur.gi7 // muldingir.tuš.a.[meš] / u mulPa-bil-sag // mulA[N.T]A.Š[U.UR.RA] «В месяце абу: Посох, Праведный Пастух [Ану], / и AN.U2.GI.E — Наверху стоя[щая] звезда. / Пес, Сидящие боги и Пабилсаг — На[вер]ху вспы[хивающая] звезда» (Rev. 37–40) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66]. Поздняя астрология. (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3.[TU…] «Если (он), когда Посох (кульминирует), родился…» [SpTU V, 265:x+1]. (2) AO 6483: […: múlzubi] e3-a nig2.tuk uš2 giš[…] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) [… Посох] появляется: он будет здоровым, смерть от ор[ужия](?)» [TU, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

См. также m16MAŠ.TAB.BA.

II. Божество.

dgamlu ― оружие (kakku) или какой-то другой предмет (посох!), которому свойственна кривизна; имелся не только у Мардука [AHw, 279; Tallqvist 1938, 310]. Непосредственно за múlGAM3 в VAT 16436:9 следует múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA «Рука на Посохе Дамкинунны» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227]. dDAM.KI.NUN.NA, возможно, есть вариант имени шумерской богини dDam.ki.na (вар.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), считавшейся супругой Эа [Litke 1998, 88; Tallqvist 1938, 280]. О gamlu как божественном символе и как инструменте заклинателя см. также [Wiggermann 1992, 61–62].

III. Символ.

Посох с закругленной ручкой в виде бараньей головы(?). Символ известен со старовавилонского времени на печатях, а позднее на кудурру [Seidl 1968, 165–167; Van Buren 1945, 149–151], где изображался нередко рядом с козой-рыбой, что свидетельствует о его связи с богом Эа.

IV. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= Auriga [G. 64; Weidner 1957–59, 78; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

Ziqpu XVI:

= α Aurigae (Capella) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; MA, 142; ASM, 88].

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 319, note 15], см. также k21KIŠIB.

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) kišib gam3 «Рука на Посохе», см. k21KIŠIB.

(2) sag.du mulgam3 «Вершина Посоха», см. список звезд в VR 46,1, а также u10UDU.NITA2.

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Юпитер; mulGAM3 ― имя Мардука (dAMAR.UTU = Юпитер) в месяце кислиму [III R 53, 2:10; CT 26, 49, S. 777:10], см. также [HBA, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU a-na mulGAM3 i-qab-bi «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят о Посохе» [BPO 2, III 29a + Parallels]; cм. также: Ga2-am3-lum lum-[m]un: dSag-me-gar u2-ta-an-na-at-ma «(Созвездие) Посох зловещее, (это означает): блеск Юпитера слабый» [SpTU I, 84:14], а также [Brown 2000, 61].

(2) = Марс(?); так считает Бецольд, которого цитирует Гесман [Bezold 1920, 122:175; G., III, A 2 ], однако подтверждений в текстах не находим.

Предсказания:

(3) Общее астрологическое значение; [mulGAM3 ana BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 lum-mu-un BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l]a-mu BALA ḪA.A-ma MAN-ma DU6+DU-a «[Посох (для предсказания) конца династии]. / (Если) Посох зловещий: династия погибнет. / [Если при своем появлении Посох становится темны]м: династия погибнет и другая возникнет» [BPO 2, VI 4–4b + Parallels].

(4) Излучение в Посохе; [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI na-ši / SUDUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-an «Если Посох излучение несет: основание трона останется прочным» [ARAK, 170 r. 1–2]; параллели см. [ibid., 115 r. 4; BPO 2, XVI 13; LABS, 160:13]; возможно, здесь речь идет о восходе Юпитера вблизи Возничего, см. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Юпитер приближается к Посоху; DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ana mulGAM3 TE ERUB KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] «Если Юпитер приближается к Посоху: урожай Аккада будет обильным» [BPO 2, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) Старик и Посох; DIŠ mulŠU.GI gam-lum TAK4-ib [...] «Если Старик оставляет Посох позади [...] [BPO 3, K.2111+:7], см. также sh16ŠU.GI, VI 15.
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, a7) ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGAM3(=ZUBI) «Посох», см. g06GAM3.
|
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, n01) ===
!
|-
|вар. чтения: ulNAD3; = «Звезда-ложе»; имя Юпитера в месяце кислиму [G. 291]. Только в IIIR, 53, 2, см. a28dAMAR.UTU. Возможно, это ошибка переписчика; вместо NA2 должно быть GAM3(?).
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Aur]]

GAM-ti

2026-06-06T19:23:38Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAM, ''kippatu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Ancient Near Eastern Art The Ur-Nammu Stele.jpg|thumb|Ancient Near Eastern Art The Ur-Nammu Stele, God of Ur with Enlil & Tree of Life, c. 2060 BCE.]]
[[File:Enlil withDignitySymbol.jpg|thumb|Enlil with Ring+Rod-symbol of dignity, painted by Jessica Gullberg. It is well possible that Enlil was imagined in the constellation that later became the Greek "Ploughman", Bootes, and that CrB was imagined the ring+rod emblem (SMH).]]
GAM (𒃵) = ''kippatu'' (𒄒𒉺𒀜), 'The Circle'. An asterism whose literal name in Sumerian and Akkadian is 'The circle.' It is also used as an alternative name for [[Corona Borealis]] (also called "asterism of dignity"), (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], perhaps in reference to the circular element at the constellations bottom edge. Lexical evidence suggests that the Sumerian reading for this meaning of the sign GAM is gur2. Writings of the asterism's name GAM-''ti'' add the phonetic complement 'ti' to assure the Akkadian ''kippatu''. This asterism is said to have 9 stars in the ''ziqpu''-star texts.

The image intended by the name 'The Circle' matches pictorial evidence for 'the rod and ring' in Mesopotamian art. See e.g. most recently Abraham 2011<ref>M Abram (2011). A New Look at the Mesopotamian Rod and Ring. Studia Antiqua, Volume 10 Number 1 Article 5, BYU ScholarsArchive <nowiki>https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu</nowiki></ref> and Slansky<ref>Slanski, “The Mesopotamian 'Rod and Ring': Icon of Righteous Kingship and Balance of Power between Palace and Temple,” in Regime Change in the Ancient Near.</ref> what ever year it is.'

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Dignity BabAsterism.jpg|thumb|The Mesopotamian asterism The Circle, Dignity, GAM/ GAM-''ti.'' In Stellarium painted as a horncrown of Babylonian deities by Jessica Gullberg.]]The translation ''<nowiki/>'ring''' is occasionally given but we find it inappropriate. ''kippatu'' in CAD K with jewelry but a loop is good - lets look at scepter and loops in art

Var. names:

* GAM;
* = mul''kippatu'' "Ring, Circle";

Var. designations:

* 1) = ''ziqpu'' III (α Coronae Borealis, Gemma),
* 2) a group of stars in Corona Borealis [Gössmann 1950, 65; AHw, 483a; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">Schaumberger J. Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Three Stars Each.'''
Text Nv. 10. Intercalation scheme:

* ˹''kip-pat''˺ as asterism of Anu — asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month Ṭebet, see (Kurtik d05) ''[[Dilbat]]'' 1502.
* dPA ''u'' dLUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA | ''kip''!-''pat''! ''ana ziq-pi'' 30 [...] "Šullat and Haniš - (asterism) Antagubba. The ring culminates 30 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>Donbaz V., Koch J. Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 10, ii 9' + Anm. 46].

Observations during the time of Sargon II:

* ''ina'' U[GU] / mul''kip-pi-te u''2-''s''[''ar-ri''] / ''ina'' UGU MUL ''taš-ka-''[''a-ti''] / [''i'']''t-tu-u''2-''aḫ'' [xx]
* "(The storm) beg[an] (during the culmination) of the Ring and [su]bsided (when the stars of the) Tripl[ets] (culminated)". [Lanfranchi and Parpola 1990<ref>Lanfranchi G.B., Parpola S. The Correspondence of Sargon II. Part II. Helsinki University Press, 1990 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. V).</ref>, 249:12ʹ-15ʹ].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 2 MA.NA KI.LA2 | 12 UŠ ''i-na qaq-qa-ri'' | 21 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' DAN[NA ''i-na šamê''(AN)e | TA mulŠUDUN. ANŠE EGIR-''ti'' | EN m[ulGAM-''ti''] "2 mina weight, 12 UŠ on the ground, 21600 miles in the sky / From the Hind section of the Rope to the Ri[ng]",
** (b) 2½ MA.NA MIN | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN (=''ina qaqqari'') | 27 ''lim'' DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM-''ti'' | EN MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'' "2½ mina weight, ½ ''bēru'' on earth, 27000 miles in the sky, from the Ring to the star from the Twins" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:7-10; TU, 21:7-10; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16436: múl''kip-pat'' // 9 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "ring // 9 (stars) / 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:20].
* (3) Sippar Planisphere:
** a) 12 UŠ ''ana'' [mulGAM-''ti''] "12° to the [Ring]" (rev. 3),
** b) mul[GAM-''t'']''i'' "[Rin]g," a circle of 9 points in the diagram (obv., Segment 6) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:3, 176-178].
|[[File:AlRawi planisphere CrB.jpg|thumb|CrB on the Sippar planisphere (al-Rawi 2001), referred to as "kippatu".]]
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (P) ˹mul˺''kip-pat'' KIMIN IGI mulza.ba4.ba4 dšar2.ur dšar2.gaz GU
* "Ring (''ziqpu'' III: α CrB), or eye of Zababa (η Oph), Šarur (and) Šargaz (λ, υ Sco): a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, BM 78161:26]; according to [Koch 1992, 59], igi mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 is υ Oph.
|[[File:TheCircle Dignity BabAsterism.jpg|thumb|The Mesopotamian asterism of Dignity/ The Circle, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). ]]
|-
|'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-star.'''
See [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":1" />, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) A[N...]/ 3 KUŠ3 SIG ''kip-pat'' IGI "Mars appeared 3 cubits below the Ring" [Sachs & Hunger Diaries<ref name=":3">Sachs A., Hunger H. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991</ref> II, No.-234: 7-9].
* (2) When describing the motion of comets: KUŠ3? ''e'' ''kip-pat mi-šiḫ-šu''2 ''ana'' ULU3 "...cubits? above the Ring, its tail to the south". [Sachs & Hunger Diaries<ref name=":3" /> III, No.-162 r. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
W 22554/2

* ''ki-i'' múl''kip-pat a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''u''2-''ša''[''r-r'']''u''-''u''2
* "When the Ring culminates (and) the lunar eclipse should begin..." [SpTU III, 102:18]. See also U.197 obv. 5': múl''kip-pat'' [...] [Sachs 1952<ref>Sachs A. Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 74].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation:

= α, β [[Corona Borealis|Coronae Borealis]] [G. 65];

= stars with great brilliance in the western part of the Northern Corona; according to VAT 16436:3, contains 9 stars [Schaumberger 1952, 219]; it is α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB, according to [ASM<ref name=":0">Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88].

= [[Corona Borealis]] [ASM<ref name=":0" />, 271].

''Ziqpu'' III:

= α Coronae Borealis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2">Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref>, 321; Koch 1992<ref>Koch J. Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 59; ASM<ref name=":0" />, 86].

See also (Kurtik b02) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. названия: GAM; = mulkippatu «Кольцо, Круг»; 1) = ziqpu III (α Coronae Borealis, Гемма), 2) группа звезд в Северной Короне (Corona Borealis) [G. 65; AHw, 483a; Schaumberger 1952].
I. Источники.

Наблюдение времен Саргона II: ina U[GU] / mulkip-pi-te u2-s[ar-ri] / ina UGU MUL taš-ka-[a-ti] / [i]t-tu-u2-aḫ [xx] «(Шторм) нач[ался] (во время кульминации) Кольца и [у]тих (когда кульминировали звезды) Трой[ни]» [Lanfranchi–Parpola 1990, 249:12ʹ–15ʹ]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 2 MA.NA KI.LA2 | 12 UŠ i-na qaq-qa-ri | 21 IGI 6 ME DAN[NA i-na šamê(AN)e | TA mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti | EN m[ulGAM-ti] «2 мины веса, 120 на земле, 21600 миль на небе / От Задней части Упряжи до Ко[льцa]», b) 2½ MA.NA MIN | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN (=ina qaqqari) | 27 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM-ti | EN MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «2½ мины веса, 150 на земле, 27000 миль на небе от Кольца до звезды из Пары» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:7–10; TU, 21:7–10; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16436: múlkip-pat // 9 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Кольцо // 9 (звезд) / 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:20]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: a) 12 UŠ ana [mulGAM-ti] «120 до [Кольца]» (rev. 3), b) mul[GAM-t]i «[Кольц]о», на диаграмме кружочек из 9 точек (obv., Segment 6) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:3, 176–178]. GU-текст. (P) ˹mul˺kip-pat kimin igi mulza.ba4.ba4 dšar2.ur dšar2.gaz gu «Кольцо (ziqpu III: α CrB), или глаз Забабы (η Oph), Шарур (и) Шаргаз (λ, υ Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:26]; cогласно [Koch 1992, 59], igi mulZa-ba4-ba4 — υ Oph. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. «Дневники наблюдений». (1) A[N...] / 3 KUŠ3 SIG kip-pat IGI «Марс появился на 3 локтя ниже Кольца» [AD II, No.-234: 7–9]. (2) При описании движения кометы: KUŠ? e kip-pat mi-šiḫ-šu2 ana ULU3 «…локтей? выше Кольца, ее хвост к югу» [AD III, No.-162 r. 9]. Текст Nv. 10. Интеркаляционная схема: ˹kip-pat˺ как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце тебету, см. d05DIL.BAT 1502. dPA u dLUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA | kip!-pat! ana ziq-pi 30 […] «Шуллат и Ханиш — (звезда) Антагубба. Кольцо кульминирует 30 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 10, ii 9' + Anm. 46]. Поздняя астрология. W 22554/2: ki-i múlkip-pat a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu dSîn(30) attalû(AN.GI6) u2-ša[r-r]u-u2 «Если Кольцо кульминирует (и) лунное затмение должно начаться...» [SpTU III, 102:18]. См. также U.197 obv. 5': múlkip-pat […] [Sachs 1952, 74].

II. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= α, β Coronae Borealis [G. 65];

= звезды с большим блеском в западной части Северной Короны; согласно VAT 16436:3, содержит 9 звезд [Schaumberger 1952, 219]; это α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB, согласно [ASM, 88].

= Corona Borealis [ASM, 271].

Ziqpu III:

= α Coronae Borealis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 321; Koch 1992, 59; ASM, 86].

См. также b02BAL.TEŠ2.A.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, k19)
|
|-
|= mulGAM-ti «Кольцо, круг»; = ziqpu III, группа звезд в Северной Короне (Corona Borealis); см. g05GAM-ti, b03BAL.TEŠ2.A.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:CrB]]

GABA

2026-06-06T19:13:45Z

HermannHunger:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
The body part GABA (𒃮) =''irtu'', 'chest, breast' is a component of a number of constellations in human and animal form (lion, red-deer, scorpion, pig) as well as in the case of a [[UD.KA.DU8.A|mulUD.KA.DU8.A]], a demon most likely in the form of a Panther-Griffin.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
mulGABA = ''irtu'' “breast”: see (Kurtik G19) [[GIR2.TAB|mulGIR2.TAB]], (Kurtin L09) [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]].

= ''irtu'' "chest, breast";

part of the constellation figure used in describing the positions of individual stars.

Including:

* 1) [[UR.GU.LA|mulUR.GU.LA]], see Kurtik u20;
** (Kurtik g03) "4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2", the 4 (stars) of its chest: see [[UR.GU.LA|mulUR.GU.LA]]
* 2) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|mulUD.KA.DU8.A]], see Kurtik u06.
* 3) [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]], see Kurtik L09.
* 4) [[GIR2.TAB|mulGIR2.TAB]], see Kurtik g19.
* 5) [[ŠU.GI|mulŠU.GI]], see Kurtik sh16.
* 6) [[ŠAḪ|mulŠAḪ]], see Kurtik sh02.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, g02)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = irtu «грудь»; часть фигуры созвездия, используемая при описании положений отдельных звезд.
В том числе:

1) mulUR.GU.LA, см. u20.

2) mulUD.KA.DU8.A, см. u06.

3) mulLU.LIM, см. L09.

4) mulGIR2.TAB, см. g19.

5) mulŠU.GI, см. sh16.

6) mulŠAḪ, см. sh02.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Generic Term]]

ERU (Goddess)

2026-06-05T20:10:11Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[5] */

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]mul/dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing, formerly read A.EDIN) equaling the Akkadian divine name ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> mul / dA.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-''[''a''] ''3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]].
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''[[sissinnu]]''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See [SAA 8, p. 350a].
|
|-
| '''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'''
'''Horowitz 2014: 246.''' CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and parallels.

Nv. 10: 5'-8'

* [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [mullugal] u mulšu.pa // 2 ⸢''šu'' ⸣''-ut'' dE2-a / [. . . . . . ša2 mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 ''ik''- ⸢''šu-du'' ⸣'',''
* "[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [King] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument?]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, . . . reached.

Nv. 10: 31'-32':
* ⸢ mul''E4''-''ru''6 // mulab.sin2 / u d ⸣ lugal MUL.AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA,
* Erua Barley Stalk, and King, the Antašurra-stars.
[Fincke 2025: 67-68, see previously Horowitz 2014: 215-217, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 65-66 (line 66, broken).
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref name=":6">Hunger, H., & Steele, J. (2019). ''The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL. APIN''. Routledge.</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11):
**''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum''
**"The Frond (of the date palm) of Eru, Zarpanitu" (I i 11) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":6" />: 32].

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars:
**... mulUR.GU.LA, mul''E''4-''ru''6, and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6)
"(the Great Twins, the Crab,) the Lion, Eru, and the Abundant One"<ref name=":6" />[Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":6" />: 63]
*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu (the constellation) Eru stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat (constellation) rises" (I iv 26)<ref name=":6" />, [Hunger & Steele 2019, 68, previously Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''ADD Uranology Text Here = J??'''
'''ABC Section 6 = pp. 22, 25'''

'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46. - moved to GSL category'''
* <s>mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</s>
* <s>“Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].</s>
* <s>BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.</s>
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a)
***1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN
***"1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b)
***4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE
***"4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; TU 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437:
**10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu'']
**"10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436:
**A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3
**"Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a)
***[10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6
***"[10°] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''
А 3427:21-25

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Steele 2017, 64f., previously Schaumberger 1955*** 238].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List and Miscellanea'''
* '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see Thureau-Dangin 1921<ref>F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139</ref>; Linssen 2004<ref>Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</ref>.
** “Erua = creatress of seed”, see [HBA<ref name=":1" /> 52:46].
* <s>Nv 10:</s>
** <s>5', rev. 31' '''entry???''' (Fincke 2025***: 66-68), LBAT 1502:</s>
** <s>11' ... 18: '''entry??''' (Fincke 2025***: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025***: 70-71), LBAT 1508: 5 (Fincke 2025***: 72).</s>
**
* BM 37391 obv. 9’ [m]ulE4.RU6 mul''dil-bat ina'' it[uKIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.
* The list of the "6 palace women".
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulMAR.GID2.[DA] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / mulUZ3 mulBAL.TEŠ2.A / 6 dMI2.ŠA3.É.GALmeš
** "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
81-7-27, 22 (ACh 2. Suppl. 118) (Rochberg-Halton AfO Beih. 22, 175, 207-208, 223 (transliteration - without translation): EAE 20 manuscript f [§ IX]: imgidda

* K. 6507: 7': 7’ [MU]L.''sis-sin-ni'' dE4.RU4 dx [ . . .

|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) mulE4-ru6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / múlE4.RU6 múlABSIN dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) múlABSIN ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow, its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulE4.RU6 U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist*** 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), with whom Erua was identified.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: Ameš KU3meš ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. Cf. K. 6507: 7' above.

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

==== Symbol. ====
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mulE4-ru6 ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927*** 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018***: 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019***, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiadesː [DIŠ mul]E4.RU6 ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8***, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulE4.RU6 = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8***, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) Lunar halo and Eruaː see (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulE4.RU6 / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus)ː see (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturnː
**DIŠ muE4.RU6 MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920*** 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulE4.RU6 mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM SIG5: mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Fieldː see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019***, 142; Pingree-Walker*** 320; Koch 1992*** 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

TE8.mušen

2026-06-05T18:56:33Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[2] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:TE8mušen, mul''Erû''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
mulTE8 / TI8mušen (𒀯𒀉𒄷) are Sumerian names for The Eagle, referring to the constellation of [[Aquila]] (Latin), The Eagle. mul''Erû'' or mul''Arû'' is the Akkadian equivalent. Both the Sumerian and Akkadian terms may refer to a wider range of birds rather than just Eagles, perhaps even any large generic predator bird, for example, a vulture. This constellation is typically identified with the Greek and the modern constellation of [[Aquila]], The Eagle.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Var. readings:

*mulA2mušen,
* multi8mušen;
* = ''erû, arû'' "Eagle", Akkadian parallel with mulTI8mušen "Eagle"; a syllabic entry is found in the texts of the Urra XXII series.
The sign A2 as a bird-name has ample evidence for readings both te8 and ti8 in Sumerian, translated into Akkadian with both opening a- and e- vowels.

[Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 2; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref> 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; constellation within the modern Eagle (Aquila).

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":8">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mention that the translation "eagle" is not certain for all times, as historical languages might not have distinguished between different birds of prey. Hence, it could also be a vulture, at least in some variants:<blockquote>'''TI8mušen''' = ''erû'' “eagle” (also “vulture”?). mulTI8mušen (AN 18–19r).</blockquote>This option is in particular interesting with regard to the deity associated with TI8 in MUL.APIN, the warlike god Zababa:<ref name=":8" /><blockquote>'''''Zababa''.''' Warlike god, city god of Kish, identified with Ninurta. MUL d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 (AN 18–19l).</blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identification
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref> 154: 117].
* (2) Urra XXII: 308: multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
* multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1" /> 151:173],

* [multe8mu]šen = ''a-ru-u'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref> 133-4, 17:21]
|
|-
|'''Hittite prayer to the night gods.'''
* Among the astral gods: mulA2mušen [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, p. 2:12; Van der Toorn<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref> 130: 45; W. R. Mayer, Orientalia ...].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K 3124: 9′, K2346: 46; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref> 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref> 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:21, 22].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group) - need to decide on title for this???'''
Horowitz 2014: 248
'''"Astrolabes"'''
* <s>thṬebetu, the stars of Enlil, 35 [Pinches<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref> 575].</s>
* Menology (Horowitz 2014: 91-95): Astrolabe B:
** itiziz2 lmulte8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' dZa.b[a4.ba4]: itiziz2 multe8[mušen . . .] "month Šabaṭu, Eagle, Zababa" <s>(A iii 25, 30); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan<ref>''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192. Р. 399-416.</ref> 407:58], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 82; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref> 129].</s>
** (2) Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105, Enlil 8): Astrolabe B: mul ''ša ina'' IGI''-it'' mul[UZ3] / GUB-''zu'' mulTE8m[ušen] "The constellation that stands ahead of it (i.e., ahead of muluz3 "the Goat"), the Eagle" (B iii 17-18).
** (3) Month-Star list (Horowitz 2014: 195)
** <s>(3´12): [itiab] ... mulA2mušen ''šu''[-''ut'' d''En-lil''2] "[The month of Ṭebetu:] the Eagle (rises in the path of) [Enlil] ()" (C iii 10); parallel: ''ina'' itiab mulA2mušen ''e-ru''-[''u''2] "In the month of Ṭebetu, the Eagle [rises]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XI 7].</s>
** (4) Lists of Rising and Setting Stars (rise in Tebetu, Month X), set in Du'uzu (Month IV), Horowitz 2014: 160-166).
** <s>-sunset=6m): sunrise is Tebetu, sunset is Duuzu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 31, 20], see (g27) [[GU.LA]].</s>
* BM 82923. The month Ṭebetu, the stars of Enlil: multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' m // 35 // UR.SAG d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Eagle // 35 // Hero among the Igigi". [Horowitz 2014: 142-143, Walker and Hunger<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref> 30:30].
* <s>BM 34713. The month of Šabaṭu, the stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:11], see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]</s>.
* CT 33 9, NV 10, and parallels
* CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12), NV 10: 18: '''Janet add entry??''' (Fincke 2025: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025: 70-71).
* See previously Horowitz 2014: 220, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 64, 66, 69.
*
*
* The sta<s>rs of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>
** <s>(a) List of the 12 stars of Anu: (no. 12) multi8mušen [CT<ref name=":5">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref> 176].</s>
** <s>(b) List of 12 stars of Enlil: (no. 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref> 212].</s>
**
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* (1) The stars of Anu: mulTI8mušen (I ii 12).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings, see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ ''u'' mulUR.GU.LA KURme-''nim-ma'' / mulGU.LA ''u'' mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "The Arrow, the Snake, and the Lion rise, and the Great One and the Eagle set" (I iii 17-18),
** b) mulUD. KA.DU8.A ''u'' mulTI8mušen KURmeš-''ma'' / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth and the Eagle rise, and the Great Twins and the Small Twins set" (I iii 29-30) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 33, 44-45, 48, 51].
|The Eagle and The Corpse are listed together, and in one line (opened with DIŠ) with the asterism of the god Zababa. They are three separate asterisms, each one determined with "mul", but they appear to be considered a unit of sense here.
While the image of Zababa roughly matches the modern constellation Oph, The Corpse could be placed in Aql, in Del, or in between them and Oph.

'''Identifications''' [[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|alt=Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse in MUL.APIN on a Stellarium map.|thumb|The Eagle and The Corpse (identification by Pingree 1999, painting by Gullberg 2022)]]

* Hunger and Pingree 1999: 271 "Eagle"<ref>Hunger, H. and Pingree, D. (1999). Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden</ref>
* in Stellarium by Hoffmann (2019)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2020): Babylonian Constellations in Stellarium 0.19.*, in: Draxler, Lippitsch, Wolfschmidt (eds.), Harmony and Symmetry – Proceedings of SEAC Annual Meeting 2018 (held at Graz), Hamburg 2020, 156-172</ref>
* Painting: Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin: 171-191</ref>
|-
|'''"The Great Star List.'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: multi8mušen = dmin(= ''ṣal-bat-a-nu'');
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: multi8mušen;
* (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App.B:97, 212, 228].
|
|-
| '''GU-text'''.

* (T) SA4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant Star of the Eagle (α Aql)" [Pingree and Walker<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31], see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|The identification found in MUL.APIN still applies<ref>Pingree, D. & Walker, C. (1988), A Babylonian Star-Catalogue:BM 78161, Vol. 9, Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund, Philadelphia (USA), pp. 313--322.</ref><ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>
|-
| '''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §r. mulA2mušen mulsuḫur.maš2 ''u'' mul''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš...
** "Eagle, Goat-Fish and the sting of Pabilsag, 3 stars ..."
* §y.
** a) mulA2mušen Eagle,
** b) mulA2mušen ''maḫ-ru'' "Eagle, the first", see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* §z. mulA2mušen,

See (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] and (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]

[Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref> 50, 62; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 110].

|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* S<s>cheme of intercalation: multi8mušen like the star of Anu – star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Addaru, see (Kurtik L04) [[Lammu]]''[[Lammu]]''.</s>
|
|}
See also [SpTU I<ref name=":3" />, 84:10; SpTU III<ref name=":4" />, 102 r.4;].
[[File:TEmushen CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 172700.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside TE8 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Altair]]
| HIP 97649
|Constellation lines
|0.76
|-
| 2
|[[Tarazed]]
| HIP 97278
|Constellation lines
|2.72
|-
|3
|[[Okab]]
|HIP 93747
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.99
|-
|4
|[[Antinous]]
|HIP 99473
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.22
|-
|5
| δ Aquilae
|HIP 95501
|Constellation lines
|3.36
|-
|6
|λ Aquilae
|HIP 93805
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.43
|-
|7
|[[Rotanev]]
| HIP 101769
|Constellation lines
| 3.63
|-
|8
|[[Alshain]]
|HIP 98036
|Constellation lines
|3.71
|-
|9
|[[Sualocin]]
|HIP 101958
|Constellation lines
|3.8
|-
|10
| η Aquilae
|HIP 97804
| Inside the Hull
| 3.8
|-
|11
| [[Aldulfin]]
|HIP 101421
|Constellation lines
|4.03
|-
|12
|β Scuti
|HIP 92175
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.22
|-
| 13
|γ 2 Delphini
|HIP 102532
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.25
|-
|14
|ι Aquilae
|HIP 96468
|Inside the Hull
|4.36
|-
|15
|δ Delphini
|HIP 102281
| Constellation lines
|4.417
|-
| 16
|μ Aquilae
|HIP 96229
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|17
|[[Alya]]
|HIP 92946
|Inside the Hull
| 4.57
|-
|18
|ζ Delphini
|HIP 101589
|Inside the Hull
|4.647
|-
|19
|[[Libertas]]
|HIP 97938
|Inside the Hull
|4.707
|-
|20
|ν Aquilae
|HIP 95585
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
| 21
|ρ Aquilae
|HIP 99742
|Inside the Hull
|4.946
|-
|22
|θ 2 Serpentis
|HIP 92951
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|23
|36 Aql
|HIP 95937
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|24
|18 Aql
|HIP 93867
|Inside the Hull
|5.086
|-
| 25
|ο Aquilae
|HIP 97675
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
|26
|21 Aql
|HIP 94477
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|27
| -
| HIP 95447
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|28
|σ Aquilae
|HIP 96665
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|29
|19 Aql
|HIP 94068
| Inside the Hull
|5.23
|-
|30
|ϕ Aquilae
|HIP 98103
|Inside the Hull
| 5.278
|-
| 31
|23 Aql
| HIP 94885
|Inside the Hull
|5.28
|-
|32
|ω 1 Aquilae
|HIP 94834
|Inside the Hull
|5.283
|-
|33
| 132 G. Aql
|HIP 100541
|Inside the Hull
|5.301
|-
|34
|χ Aquilae
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|35
|η Delphini
|HIP 101483
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|36
|15 Aql
|HIP 93717
|Inside the Hull
|5.394
|-
| 37
|14 Aql
|HIP 93526
| Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|38
|27 Aql
|HIP 95073
|Inside the Hull
|5.451
|-
|39
| [[Tianfu]]
|HIP 98823
|Inside the Hull
|5.508
|-
| 40
| 28 Aql
|HIP 94982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.518
|-
|41
| 64 Ser
|HIP 93051
|Inside the Hull
|5.551
|-
|42
|22 Aql
|HIP 94727
|Inside the Hull
|5.569
|-
| 43
|58 Aql
|HIP 97980
|Inside the Hull
|5.631
|-
|44
|45 Aql
|HIP 96807
| Inside the Hull
|5.637
|-
|45
|* chi Aql A
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
| 5.66
|-
| 46
|62 Aql
|HIP 98844
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|47
|θ Delphini
|HIP 101882
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
| 48
|π Aquilae
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 95572
|Inside the Hull
|5.754
|-
|50
|35 Aql
|HIP 95793
|Inside the Hull
|5.783
|-
|51
|42 G. Aql
|HIP 95222
|Inside the Hull
| 5.811
|-
|52
|13 G. Aql
|HIP 93580
|Inside the Hull
|5.815
|-
| 53
|49 G. Aql
| HIP 95732
|Inside the Hull
|5.839
|-
|54
|υ Aquilae
|HIP 97229
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|55
|103 G. Aql
|HIP 98526
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 100256
|Inside the Hull
| 5.938
|-
|57
| 64 Aql
|HIP 99171
| Inside the Hull
|5.968
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 96481
|Inside the Hull
| 5.975
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 101909
| Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|60
|QS Aql
|HIP 96840
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|61
|10 Del
| HIP 102080
| Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|62
|ω 2 Aquilae
|HIP 95002
| Inside the Hull
|6.012
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 95898
|Inside the Hull
|6.042
|-
|64
|8 Aql
|HIP 92524
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|65
|1 Del
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
| 66
|V923 Aql
|HIP 95929
| Inside the Hull
|6.082
|-
|67
|R Aql
| HIP 93820
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 97970
|Inside the Hull
|6.127
|-
|69
|73 G. Ser Cau
|HIP 92968
|Inside the Hull
|6.132
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 97767
|Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 100511
|Inside the Hull
|6.152
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 100274
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|73
|34 G. Aql
|HIP 94833
|Inside the Hull
|6.174
|-
|74
|101 G. Aql
|HIP 98385
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|75
|6 G. Aql
|HIP 92963
|Inside the Hull
|6.196
|-
|76
| * 1 Del A
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|77
|7 G. Aql
|HIP 93138
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 100208
| Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 100953
|Inside the Hull
|6.229
|-
|80
|* pi. Aql A
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|81
|88 G. Aql
|HIP 97697
| Inside the Hull
|6.233
|-
|82
|ψ Aquilae
|HIP 97139
|Inside the Hull
| 6.243
|-
|83
| 52 G. Aql
|HIP 95812
|Inside the Hull
|6.245
|-
|84
|12 G. Aql
|HIP 93488
|Inside the Hull
|6.271
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 95664
|Inside the Hull
|6.303
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 100762
|Inside the Hull
|6.307
|-
|87
|37 G. Aql
|HIP 94916
|Inside the Hull
|6.311
|-
|88
|25 G. Aql
|HIP 94149
|Inside the Hull
| 6.321
|-
|89
| 46 Aql
|HIP 96931
|Inside the Hull
|6.321
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 99234
|Inside the Hull
|6.339
|-
|91
|44 G. Aql
|HIP 95253
| Inside the Hull
|6.346
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 100781
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|93
| 67 G. Aql
| HIP 96630
|Inside the Hull
|6.358
|-
|94
| -
|HIP 96428
|Inside the Hull
|6.364
|-
|95
|61 G. Aql
|HIP 96351
|Inside the Hull
|6.368
|-
|96
|24 Aql
|HIP 94913
|Inside the Hull
|6.404
|-
|97
|75 G. Aql
|HIP 97144
|Inside the Hull
|6.428
|-
|98
|Chechia
|HIP 99894
|Inside the Hull
|6.446
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 97454
|Inside the Hull
|6.457
|-
|100
|V1339 Aql
|HIP 97607
|Inside the Hull
| 6.478
|-
|101
|V450 Aql
|HIP 96204
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 94478
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 99985
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 93990
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 98377
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Deity. ===
The names of constellations are never fixed with determinatives d. The divine status of mulA2mušen, however, is attested in BM 82923 (see above). The connection of mulA2mušen with d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 follows from the text Astrolabe B (Section A iii 25) as well as from the list of gods K.4339 rev. col. iv 10 where the identity is given: mulA2mušen = d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 = min (= d''Nin-urta'') [CT<ref name=":5" /> 25, 13]. Among the epithets of Zababa, however, the Eagle is not mentioned [Tallqvist<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref> 463]. In the lists "deity – bird", the Eagle is also not mentioned [Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref> 294-295]. The connection of the Eagle constellation with Zababa is explained, apparently, by the symbol of Zababa – a rod with the head of an eagle, see (Kurtik z01) [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]].

===Symbol.===

*The symbol of Zababa on the ''kudurru''s was a rod ending with the image of an eagle's head with a crest of feathers [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref> 163-164; Seidl 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, § c)]. A bird similar to an eagle next to the anthropomorphic figure of Zababa was depicted on seals of the Old Babylonian period [Braun-Holzinger<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref> 348, Nr. 1165]. Probably, this image served as a basis for the figure of the constellation Eagle.

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
*SA4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant (star) in the constellation Eagle" (α Aql = Altair). cf. GU-text.

==== Identification. ====

* Aquila [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 2; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref> 73; BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 10; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6" /> 207, App. C; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7" /> 272];
* Most of the constellation Aquila [MA 138].

===Astrology.===

====Identifications:====

*(1) = Saturn; see above section II.
*(2) = Mercury; see (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], II 1.
*(3) = Mars; see below (6)-(10), (14), The Great Star List, (a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2, and also [Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref> 352].
*(4) = Jupiter, according to [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; but there is no clear evidence.
*(5) = Pleiades; see below (13).

====Predictions:====

*(6) Planet and Eagleː DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-tu-u''2 ... "If a planet and the Eagle become joined ...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-mi-du'' ... "If a planet and the Eagle (for a long duration?) stand side by side...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''i-ḫu-u''2... "If a planet and the Eagle come close to each other..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; here "Eagle" is one of the planets; the apodosis refers to the yield of sesame (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = ''šamaššammu'').
*(7) Eagle(=Mars?) and planetː DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle comes close to a planet: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar 23:15].
*(8) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Star Cluster; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-''ir'' "If the Eagle comes close to the Star Cluster: Adad will ruin" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], see also (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2.
*(9) Eagle(=Mars?) and Raven; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle leans toward the Raven: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar, 23:17].
*(10) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Moonː DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' ŠA3 30 GUB-''iz'' LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "If the Eagle stands in the middle of the Moon: the king of the universe will die" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI ZAG 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''i-bar-ru'' "If the Eagle stands on the right horn of the Moon: the country will revolt" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI GUB3 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''in-niš''-[''ša''] "If the Eagle stands on the left horn of the Moon: the country will become confused" [ibid., 23:20].
*(11) The Eagle and ''mišḫu''ː DIŠ mulA2mušen ''meš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ'' mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE...] "If the Eagle emits ''mišḫu'': the planet(=Mars) [will exterminate small cattle/livestock]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], and also [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].
*(12) The dark Eagleː DIŠ mulA2mušen ''a-dir'' MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ ... "If the Eagle becomes dark: the cattle will become few, people [...]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].
*(13) The Bow and the Eagleː DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulA2mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ''ḫar-pu'' SIG5-''iq'' "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; parallel: DIŠ mulPAN ''ana'' mulA2mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM SIG5: mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mul''Za-ap-pu'' KUR-''ma'' "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good; (this means that): Mars reaches Pleiades." [Borger 1973, 41:12′], here identities are assumed: the Bow = Mars, the Eagle = the Star Cluster.
*(14) Arrow and Eagleː DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulA2mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGU4.UD ''ina'' itiŠU mulṣ''al-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' "If in the month Du'uzu Sirius reaches the Eagle: sesame will prosper; (this means:) Mercury in the month Du'uzu reaches Mars" [BPO 3 246:46]; the prediction suggests the identity: mulA2mušen = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu''.
*(15) Eclipse of the Moon in the Eagle (Pleiades?)ː ''ina Nisanni'' UD.28.KAM ''rēš tāmartišu tammarma'' / ''ina erî''(mulA2mušen) [''adirma ušappilma ippuḫ''] "On the 28th day of Nisanu, you observe its last visibility, and in the 'Eagle' he (= Sin) became dark and low and rose" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], and also [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

*(16) Heliacal rising of the Eagle in its set time and not in its set timeː ''ina'' itiAB '''PMUL.R PA2?R''' [MUŠEN...] BE-''ma ina'' UD.DUG4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-[''ḫa''] SAL.KUR2 ''ina'' KUR ''ina-pu''-[''uš'' ... ] ''ina'' KUR GAR " In the month of Ṭebetu, the Eagle [...] if it rises on its set date, hostility will flare up in the country, [if it does not rise on its set date]: there will be [...] in the country." [BPO 2, X 21]; see also [ibid., XI 7]

== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
|-
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=== Kurtik (2007) ===
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=== Laffitte (2009) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22 '''(mul)''Erû/Arû''''')
!
!
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulTI8mušen «Орел»; силлабическая запись встречается в текстах серии Urra XXII, см. a04A2mušen.
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|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a04 A2mušen)
!Laffitte (2009)
https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C21.pdf
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulTE8 / TI8mušen, multi8mušen; = erû, arû "Орел" [Gössmann 1950, 2; Borger 1978 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; созвездие в пределах современного Орла (Aquila).

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычный шумерский список: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4 154: 117]. (2) Серия DC XXII: multe8mušen = e-ru-u [Emar VI/4 151:173], [multe8mu]šen = a-ru-u [Cavigneaux 1979 133-4, 17:21], multe8mušen = e-ru-u2 [SpTU III, 114A v 51]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. Среди астральных богов: mulA2mušen [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, p. 2:12; Toorn 130: 45]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2 III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3, K 3124: 9', K2346: 46; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III, 101:21, 22]. "Астролябии". Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля, 35 [Pinches 575]. Astrolabe В. (1) Менологии: itiziz2 mulA2mušen dZa.b[a4.ba4] : itiziz2 mulA2[mušen] "Месяц шабату, Орел, Забаба" (A iii 25, 30); параллель см. [Çağirgan 407:58], см. также [BPO 2 82; Емельянов 1999 129]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša ina igi-it mul[uz3] / gub-PzuR mulA2m[ušen] "Созвездие, которое впереди него (т.е. впереди muluz3 "Коза"), стоит, Орел" (B iii 17-18). (3) Cписок (3´12): [itiab] … mulA2mušen šu[-ut dEn-lil2] "Месяц тебету: Орел (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит)" (C iii 10); параллель: ina itiab mulA2mušen e-ru-[u2] "В месяце тебету Орел (восходит)" [BPO 2, XI 7]. (4) Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20], см. g27GU.LA. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля: mulA2mušen// 35 // UR.SAG dI2-gi3-gi3 "Орел // 35 // Герой среди Игигов" [Walker-Hunger 30:30]. BM 34713. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:11], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану: (№ 12) multi8mušen [CT 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля: (№ 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ u mulUR.GU.LA KURme-nim-ma / mulGU.LA u mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят, Великан и Орел заходят" (I iii 17-18), b) mulUD.KA.DUD.A u mulTI8mušen KURmeš-ma / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Орел восходят, Большие Близнецы и Малые Близнецы заходят" (I iii 29-30) [MA 33, 44-45, 48, 51]. "Большой список звезд". (1) Список имен Марса: multi8mušen = dmin(= ral-bat-a-nu); (2) 12 звезд Аккада: multi8mušen; (3) 7 lumāšu-звезд: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol., App.B:97, 212, 228]. GU-текст. (Т) sa4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Звезда с большим блеском Орла (α Aql)" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:31], см. u31UZ3. Dalbanna-текст. §r. mulA2mušen PmulsuCurR.maš2 u mulzi-qit mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš… "Орел (ε Aql), Коза-Рыба (β Cap) и жало Пабилсага (α CrA), 3 звезды ..." §y. a) mulA2mušen Орел (ε Aql), b) mulA2mušen maC-ru "Орел — первый", см. u31UZ3. §z. mulA2mušen (ε Aql), см. u19UR.GI7 и h03dDaniš [Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995 50, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999 110]. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: multi8mušen как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04Lammu.

См. также [SpTU I, 84:10; SpTU III, 102 r.4;].

II. Божество.

Название созвездия никогда не фиксируется с детерминативом d. Божественный статус mulA2mušen, однако, засвидетельствован в BM 82923 (см. выше). Связь mulA2mušen с dZa-ba4-ba4 следует из текста Аstrolabe B (Section A iii 25), а также из списка богов К.4339 rev. col. iv 10, где дано тождество: mulA2mušen = dZa-ba4-ba4 = min(=dNin-urta) [CT 25, 13]. Среди эпитетов Забабы, однако, Орел не упоминается [Tallqvist 463]. В списках "божество – птица", орел также не значится [Salonen 1973 294-295]. Связь созвездия Орел с Забабой объясняется, по-видимому, символом Забабы — жезл с головой орла, см. z01dZA.BA4.BA4.

III. Символ.

Символом Забабы на кудурру служил жезл, оканчивающийся изображением головы орла с гребнем из перьев [Seidl 1968 163-164; Seidl 1969, § c)]. Похожая на орла птица рядом с антропоморфной фигурой Забабы изображалась на печатях старовавилонского периода [Braun-Holzinger 348, Nr. 1165]. Вероятно, этот образ послужил основой для фигуры созвездия Орел.

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquila [Gössmann 1950, 2; Weidner 1957-59 73; BPO 2 10; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999 272];

= большая часть созвездия Aquila [MA 138].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

SA4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Блестящая (звезда) в созвездии Орел" (α Aql = Альтаир). см. GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше раздел II.

(2) = Меркурий; см. n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, II 1.

(3) = Mарс; см. ниже (6)-(10), (14), "Большой список звезд", a15ACû, II 2, а также [Reynolds 1998 352].

(4) = Юпитер, согласно [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; однако явные свидетельства отсутствуют.

(5) = Плеяды; см. ниже (13).

Предсказания:

(6) Планета и Орел; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-tu-u2 ... "Если планета и Орел покрывают друг друга...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-mi-du ... "Если планета и Орел (долго?) стоят рядом...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen iv-Cu-u2... "Если планета и Орел приближаются друг к другу..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; здесь "Орел" — одна из планет; аподосисы касаются урожайности сезама (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = šamaššammu).

(7) Орел(=Марс?) планета; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел к планете приближается: сезам …" [ACh Ištar. 23:15].

(8) Орел(=Марс?) и Звезды; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-ir "Если Орел к Звездам приближается: Адад разорит" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], см. также a15aCû, II 2.

(9) Орел(=Марс?) и Ворон; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел у Ворона остановился: сезам …" [ACh Ištar, 23:17].

(10) Орел(=Марс?) и Луна; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina ŠA3 30 GUB-iz LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "Если Орел стоит в середине Луны: царь вселенной умрет" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI ZAG 30 GUB-iz KUR i-bar-ru "Если Орел на правом роге Луны стоит: в стране произойдет бунт" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI GUB3 30 GUB-iz KUR in-niš-[ša] "Если Орел на левом роге Луны стоит: страну будет трясти" [ibid., 23:20].

(11) Орел и mišCu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-Cu im-šu-uC mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE…] "Если Орел испустил mišCu: планета(=Марс) мелкий ско[т истребит]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], а также [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].

(12) Орел темный; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ … "Если Орел стал темным: скота будет мало, люди […]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].

(13) Лук и Орел; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 Car-pu SIG5-iq "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; параллель: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5 : mulial-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим; (это означает): Марс достигает Плеяд" [Borger 1973, 41:12′], здесь предполагаются тождества: Лук = Марс, Орел = Звезды.

(14) Стрела и Орел; DIŠ ina itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulА2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ina itiŠU mulƒal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma "Если в месяце дуузу Сириус достигает Орла: льняное семя(?) будет изобильным; (это означает:) Меркурий в месяце дуузу достигает Марса" [BPO 3 246:46]; предсказание предполагает тождество: mulА2mušen = mulƒal-bat-a-nu.

(15) Затмение Луны в Орле (Плеяды?); ina Nisanni UD.28.KAM rēš tāmartišu tammarma / ina erî(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [adirma ušappilma ippuC] "28-го нисану наблюдай его последнюю видимость, и в "Орле" он (= Син) стал темным и низким и взошел" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], а также [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

(16) Гелиакический восход Орла в свое и не в свое время; ina itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-ma ina UD.DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-[Ca] SAL.KUR2 ina KUR ina-pu-[uš ...] ina KUR GAR " В месяце тебету Орел [...], если он восходит в установленную дату, в стране будет изобилие, [если он восходит не в свою дату]: […] в стране будет" [BPO 2, X 21]; см. также [ibid., XI 7].
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== References ==
[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:Aql]]
<references />

Erragal

2026-06-05T18:18:30Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:NIN-SAR+Erragal stellarium.jpg|thumb|NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium (CC BY SMH).]]
d''Erragal'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲) is a star and deity identified with one star of a two-star asterism called 'Twins', [[NIN.SAR]] (see Kurtik n40) and ''Erragal''. Together, they form an asterism in Lyra or its vicinity. ''Erragal'' is normally determined as a deity, but note the writings with the MUL (star) determinative in the Great Star List (GSL 232': D ii’ 12’ MUL.NIN.SAR MUL.''èr-ra-''GAL).
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* ''Irragal''; = "Great Erra"; deity of plague and death, one of the names of Nergal.

In astronomical texts it is paired with dNin.SAR and identified with a star in the constellation Lyra (ζ Lyrae) [Gössmann <ref>Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 125; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 60; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 329, 402].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* List of the stars of Enlil:
** 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUBmeš-''zu'' d''Nin''-SAR ''u'' dEr3-ra-gal
** "Two stars that stand behind him (i.e. behind dLAMMA = Vega): NinSAR and Erragal" (I i 27) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 26].
|[[File:NIN-SAR+Erragal stellarium.jpg|thumb|NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium, sky culture "MUL.APIN".]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea.'''
* 7 pairs of celestial Twins:
* mulir3.ra.gal paired with mulnin.mu2 [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:233]; for a parallel see [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 33].
|Example
|-
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:18.'''
* mul''Nin''-SAR ''u'' d''Er''3-''ra-gal'' = dU.GUR ''u'' d''Aḫ-bi-tum''
* "Ninsar and Erragal = Nergal and Aḫbitum" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|}

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|θ Lyrae
|HIP 94713
|within constellation lines
| 4.38
|-
|2
|[[Aladfar]]
|HIP 94481
|within constellation lines
|4.398
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
The list of gods AN:d''Anum'' (I 332) identifies Erragal as the husband of dNin.SAR and is identified with Nergal [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 60 + note 332, 200:10-11 + note 10]. In contrast, in the list VR 46, 1:18, dNin.SAR is (erroneously?) associated with Nergal and Erragal with the unknown deity d''Aḫ-bi-tum''. In the Great Star List and Miscellanea, the names of the two gods are included in the list of celestial twins (see above).

==== III. Identification. ====
mulnin.sar and mulir3.ra.gal = η + θ Lirae (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 80b].

d''Nin''-SAR ''u'' dErragal = ε and ζ Lyrae [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; ASM, 272, 274].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e21)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: Irragal; = «Великий Эрра»; божество чумы и смерти, одно из имен Нергала. В астрономических текстах встречается в паре с dNin.SAR и отождествляется со звездой в созвездии Лира (ζ Lyrae) [G. 125; Litke 1998, 60; Tallqvist 1938, 329, 402].
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 26): 2 MULmeš ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUBmeš-zu dNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal «Две звезды, которые стоят позади него (т.е. позади dLAMMA = Вега): Нинсар и Эррагаль» (I i 27) [MA, 26]. «Большой список звезд». 7 пар небесных Близнецов: mulir3.ra.gal в паре c mulnin.mu2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:233]; параллель см. [KAR, 142 i 33]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:18. mulNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal = dU.GUR u dAḫ-bi-tum «Нинсар и Эррагаль = Нергал и Ахбитум» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3].

II. Божество.

В списке богов AN:dAnum (I 332) Эррагаль определяется как муж dNin.SAR и отождествляется с Нергалом [Litke 1998, 60 + note 332, 200:10–11 + note 10]. В списке VR 46, 1:18, напротив, dNin.SAR (ошибочно?) связано с Нергалом, а Эррагаль с неизвестным божеством dAḫ-bi-tum. В «Большом списке звезд» имена двух богов включены в список небесных близнецов (см. выше).

III. Отождествление.

mulnin.sar и mulir3.ra.gal = η + θ Lirae (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 80b].

dNin-SAR u dErragal = ε и ζ Lyrae [MA, 138; ASM, 272, 274].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Star Name]] [[Category:Lyr]]

Erra

2026-06-05T18:15:50Z

HermannHunger:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]
d''Erra'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏) is an Akkadian name for the King of the Netherworld, more commonly known as Nergal, and associated with mul[[KA5.A|KA5.A]] (the Fox, an asterism in [[Ursa Major]]). Erra is already in use as a name for an Akkadian asterism in the Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, but there cannot be positively identified with 'The Fox'-asterism as is explicit in MUL.APIN and the Great Star List.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= d''Ir''3-''ra'' "Erra, Irra";

Deity of war and plague, one of the names of Nergal [Roberts 1972, 21-29; Tallqvist 1938, 329];

Reading the first list of MUL.APIN as an explanatory list:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
!
!explanandum
!explanans
|-
!counting
!line number
!DIŠ
!asterism
!deity
|-
|16
|I i 15
|1
|mulMAR.GÍD.DA
|dNin-líl
|-
|17
|I i 16,17
|1
|MUL ''šá'' KI ''za-ri-i šá'' mulMAR.GÍD.DA GUB-''<nowiki>zu |</nowiki>'' mulKA5.A
|dÈr-ra ''gaš-ri'' D.meš
|-
! colspan="5" |translation
|-
|16
|I i 15
|1
|STAR''EREQQU''(Wagon)
|GODNinlil
|-
|17
|I i 16,17
|1
|asterism by the shaft of STAR''EREQQU'' : STAR''ŠĒLEBU''(Fox)
|GODErra, the strong of the gods
|}
Akk. name of Nergal, the ruler of the netherworld. dÈr-ra (EN 17r).

Var. designations:

* 1) a group of stars in the constellation of the Great Bear,
* 2) Mars.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Old Babylonian prayer:
** a) Erm. 15642: ''qu''2-''ra-du-um'' d''Er''3-''ra'' "Heroic Erra" [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:16], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
** b) AO 6769: ''qu''2-''ra-du Ir-ra'' [Dossin 1935, 181-182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60],
** c) CBS 574: ˹''qu''3-''ra''˺-[''d'']''u'' [''I'']''r''3-''ra'' [Horowitz and Wasserman 1996, 58:13].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''

* The stars of Enlil:
** DIŠ MUL ''ša'' KI ''za-ri-i ša'' mulMAR.GÍD.DA GUB-''zu''
*** The asterism which stands in the shaft of the Wagon (I i 16);
** mulKA5.A d''Er''3-''ra gaš-ri'' DINGIRmeš
*** "the Fox, Erra, strong one of the gods" (I i 17) [MA, 23].
|[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg|thumb|Wagon, Fox and Ewe in Stellarium. ]]
|-
|'''"Ishum and Erra."'''
* a) See (Kurtik k06) [[KA5.A|KA5.A]],
* b) ''kak-kab'' d''Er''3-''ra um-mu-lu ša-ru-ri i-na-aš''2-''ši''
** "Erra's star sparkles and carries radiance." [Al-Rawi and Black 1989, 118:10′]. See also [Kurtik 2019, note 34].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Previous Identification(s). ====
As a constellation:

See (Kurtik k06) [[KA5.A|KA5.A]].

As planet Mars, see below.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Pleiades and Erra (= Mars?);

* UL.UL ''ni-iḫ-su-ma'' UD.DA-''su-nu'' NU GAL2 d''Ir''3-''ra'' ZI-''ma'' UN.MEŠ ''ul u''2-[''šam-qat'']
* "If the Stars (stand) aside and have no light: Erra will rise, but will not kill people" [BPO 2, XV 29 + Parallels].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e20)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= dIr3-ra «Эрра, Ирра»; божество войны и чумы, одно из имен Нергала [Roberts 1972, 21–29; Tallqvist 1938, 329]; 1) группа звезд в созвездии Большой Медведицы, 2) Марс(?).
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Старовавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: qu2-ra-du-um dEr3-ra «Героический Эрра» [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:16], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: qu2-ra-du Ir-ra [Dossin 1935, 181–182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60], c) CBS 574: ˹qu3-ra˺-[d]u [I]r3-ra [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Энлиля (№ 16): mulKA5.A dEr3-ra gaš-ri DINGIRmeš «Лиса, Эрра, сильный среди богов» (I i 17) [MA, 23]. «Ишум и Эрра». a) См. k06KA5.A, b) kak-kab dEr3-ra um-mu-lu ša-ru-ri i-na-aš2-ši «Звезда Эрры сверкает и испускает сияние» [Al-Rawi–Black 1989, 118:10′]. См. также [Kurtik 2019, note 34].

II. Отождествление.

Как созвездие:

См. k06KA5.A.

Как планета Марс, см. ниже.

III. Астрология.

(1) Плеяды и Эрра (= Марс?); UL.UL ni-iḫ-su-ma UD.DA-su-nu NU GAL2 dIr3-ra ZI-ma UN.MEŠ ul u2-[šam-qat] «Если Звезды (стоят) в стороне и не имеют света: Эрра взойдет, но не будет убивать людей» [BPO 2, XV 29 + Parallels].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Deity]] [[Category:UMa]]

ERIN2

2026-06-05T18:08:46Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERIN2}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|The Babylonian Balance (Libra) in Stellarium; painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). ]]
ERIN2 (𒂟) is a first millennium Sumerian name for [[Libra]] whose usual name in Akkadian is ''Zibānītu'' (corresponding to Sumerian mul[[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]). The two bright stars of Libra may be for the cross bar connecting α and β Librae, which may have been seen to hold the other elements of the mechanism in place.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. reading:'''

*mulRIN2; short for mulGIŠ.ERIN2 '[[Libra]]';
*mulGIŠ.RIN2;
*= mul''gišrinnu'' "Libra";

The constellation and zodiacal sign [[Libra]] in later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 176].

ERIN2 and RIN2 are alternate readings for the same sign.

'''See also'''

* (Kurtik z10) ''Zibānītu'', (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* (Kurtik g22) GIŠ.ERIN2 is merged here.

There are no examples of mul''gišrinnu'' as a star-name; nor clear evidence for reading RIN2. A reading RIN2 was probably deduced from the word gišrinnu (attested syllabically as ''gi-iš-ri-in-nu''), although this writing is not attested for the star name.

=== Sources and Identifications ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
*(1) Original designations of the constellation and then of the zodiacal sign Libra [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":1">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim]; earliest example: ERIN2 in the diary for -651 [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":1" />, 42:16], later without the determinative.
*(2) Included in the names of two "normal stars":
**a) ERIN2 ''ša''2 ULU3 "Southern part of the Librae" (α Librae),
**b) ERIN2 ''ša''2 SI "Northern part of the Librae" (β Librae) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":1" />, 18].
|Example
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
*Sign of the zodiac Libra [ACT I-III<ref name=":1" />; LBAT<ref name=":2">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, passim]; used in lunar tables dating from the late 5th century BCE [Aaboe and Sachs 1969<ref>''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. Vol. 14. Р. 1-22.</ref>; Britton 1989<ref>''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus. 1989. Vol. 32. P. 1-52.</ref>, 30-31; 2010<ref>Britton, J. P. (2010). Studies in Babylonian lunar theory: part III. The introduction of the uniform zodiac. ''Archive for History of Exact Sciences'', ''64''(6), 617–663. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41134332. </ref>].
|Example
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ERIN2 is the designation of the 7th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaria." BRM IV 19: ERIN2 is the zodiacal sign of Libra in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":3">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 274-275:e, n, o, 9, 21, 32; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004, 95-125].
* (3) "Microzodiac. The subdivision of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts. Sp II 202+:16-17: 7-''tu''2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlerin2 ''ša''2 múllu "The 7th part of the Hired Man is Libra of the Hired Man" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":4">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 245].
*(4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making healing ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 4 // ERIN2 21 // ''qi''2''-lip''2 GIR2.TAB ''tapaššaš''(ŠEŠˆ) "Du'uzu 4 // Scales 21 // you anoint (the patient) with peeled-off skin of a scorpion"(?) [SpTU III, 104:3, also 16, 29], for reading see [Wee 2016, 178 fn. 109]; for a parallel for the month Araḫsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref name=":5">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 105:9, 22].
*(5) Hypsoma. Libra — the hypsoma of Saturn, see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
*(6) Zodiacal astrology.
**a) See (Kurtik z06) [[ZI]].
**b) [K]I múlERIN2... "Area of Libra ...", KI múlERIN2 ''a-lid ki-nu la ki-num'' dUTU ''ra-gu-ug''? ''šu''2 "Born in the area of Libra: (character) faithful or unfaithful, Šamaš will treat him evilly(?)" [LBAT<ref name=":2" />, 1593: 2′, rev. 6′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(7) Predicting the prices of cereal on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlERIN2) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. See also [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 268].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
*a) múlerin2 ''ša''2 tu15-1 20 erin2 "Southern Part of Scales: 20 Libra" (α Librae).
*b) múlerin2 š''a2'' tu15-2 25 erin2 "Northern Part of Scales: 25 Libra" (β Librae) [Sachs 1952a<ref>''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.</ref>, 146:3′; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 150]; for a modern edition see [Roughton, Steele and Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 563-564].
|
|-
|'''GU-text: variant GIŠ.ERIN2'''
*(L) ''kal-lum'' mulGIŠ.ERIN2 IGI-''u''2 "Front cup of Libra", UDU,IDIM.SAG UŠ ''ša''2 IGI mulGIŠ.ERIN2 GUB "Saturn that stands ahead of Libra" [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:19-20], see (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]] as well as (Kurtik z10) ''Zibānītum''.
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, variant GIŠ.ERIN2'''
*(1) The "Lunaria"ː BRM IV, 20: KI GIŠ.ERIN2 "Area of Libra". [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":3" />, 259:29; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108].
* (2) "Microzodiac. The subdivisions of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**a) AO 6483: [7-''i'']-''tu''4 ''zittu''(ḫa.la) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ''šum''3-''šu''2 "7th part, its name is Libra" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:17; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66],
**b) Sp II 202+: 7-''tu''2 ḪA.LA ''ša''2 múlLU múlERIN2 ''ša''2 múlLU "7th part of Aries — Libra of Aries" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":4" />, 245:16-17],
**c) subdivisions of the zodiacal sign Leo into 12 parts: VAT 7847: the 3rd part is mul[gi]š.erin2 [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6].
*(3) Libra as Saturn's hypsoma [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 176; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 146-147; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 134-136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 56].
*(4) Predictions from star climaxes, lunar eclipses and positions of the Sun relative to constellations.
**''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ád'') ''pi-še''[''r''3''-ša''2 ''att'']''alû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2''-šar''-[''ra'']-''a'' "While the Sun reaches the Scales, [its interpretation: the ec]lipse will not begin." [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 102:16-17].
*(5) Predicting the prices of grains: múlGIŠ.ERIN2 [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94, passim].
|
|}

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e18 mulERIN2)
!'''Gössmann (1950)'''
|-
|вар. чтения: mulRIN2; сокращение от mulGIŠ.ERIN2 «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) в поздних астрономических, астрологических и магических текстах [Gössman 1950, 176]. См. также g22GIŠ.ERIN2, z10Zibānītu, z07ZI.BA.AN.NA.
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». (1) Обозначение первоначально созвездия, а затем знака зодиака Весы [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; самый ранний пример: ERIN2 в дневнике за –651 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 42:16], позднее без детерминатива. (2) Входило в названия двух «нормальных звезд»: a) ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 «Южная часть Весов» (α Librae), b) ERIN2 ša2 SI «Северная часть весов» (β Librae) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 18]. Математическая астрономия. Знак зодиака Весы [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах, датируемых концом V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ERIN2 — обозначение 7-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV 19: ERIN2 — знак зодиака Весы в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275:e, n, o, 9, 21, 32; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей. Sp II 202+:16–17: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlerin2 ša2 múllu «7-я часть Наемника — Весы Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 245]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления лечебной мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 4 // ERIN2 21 // KI.KAL-tim tapaššaš(ŠEŠ2) «Дуузу 4 // Becы 210 // Все что угодно намазываешь»(?) [SpTU III, 104:3, а также 16, 29], о трудностях перевода см. [ibid. 200, Bemerk. Z. 3]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:9, 22]. (5) «Гипсома». Весы — гипсома Сатурна, см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ (6) Зодиакальная астрология. a) См. z06ZI. b) [K]I múlERIN2… «Область Весов …», KI múlERIN2 a-lid ki-i-nu la ki-num dUTU ra-gu-ug?-šu2 «Родился в области Весов: (характер) верный или неверный, Шамаш будет обходиться с ним зло?» [LBAT, 1593: 2′, rev. 6′; Reiner 2000]. (7) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlERIN2) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. См. также [SpTU V, 268]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) múlerin2 ša2 tu15-1 20 erin2 «Южная Чаша Весов: 20 Весы» (α Librae). b) múlerin2 ša2 tu15-2 25 erin2 «Северная Чаша Весов: 25 Весы» (β Librae) [Sachs 1952a, 146:3′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 150]; современное издание см. [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 563–564].
|Example
|-
!g22 mulGIŠ.RIN2
!
|-
|вар. чтения: mulGIŠ.RIN2; = mulgišrinnu «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) [Gössman 1950, 176]. См. также e18ERIN2.
I. Источники.

GU-текст. (L) kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 «Передняя чаша Весов», udu.idim.sag.uš ša2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub «Сатурн, который стоит впереди Весов» [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:19–20], см. d11DINGIR.KU.Ameš, а также z10Zibānītum. Поздняя астрология. (1) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki giš.erin2 «Область Весов» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:29; Reiner 1995, 108]. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделения знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: а) AO 6483: [7-i]-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgiš.erin2 šum3-šu2 «7-я часть, ее имя Весы» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlerin2 ša2 múllu «7-я часть Овна — Весы Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:16–17], c) подразделения знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: VAT 7847: 3-я часть — mul[gi]š.erin2 [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6]. (3) Весы как гипсома Сатурна [Gössman 1950, 176; MA, 146–147; Mesop.Astrol., 134–136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 56]. (4) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд, лунным затмениям и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. a-di-i dŠamaš(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ikaššad(KUR)ád pi-še[r3-ša2 att]alû(AN.GI6) ul u2-šar-[ra]-a «Пока Солнце движется в направлении (букв. достигает) Весов, последс[твия зат]мения не наступ[ил]и» [SpTU III, 102:16–17]. (5) Предсказания цен на злаки: múlGIŠ.ERIN2 [SpTU I, 94, passim].

См. также [SpTU I, 96:7].
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==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lib]]