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Dilbat

2026-04-13T15:33:20Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

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mul / d''Dilbat'' (𒀯𒀸𒁁) is an ancient Mesopotamian planet name. It is the standard reading of the most common name for the planet Venus, for which a number of other options are listed below. Venus is also commonly identified by the name of the Venus-goddess in the Mesopotamian pantheon: Inanna = ''Ištar''.

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Venus}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* muldili.bad,
* mulDilibat,
* mulDIL.BAD,
* DILΙ.BAT
* mul''dili-bad'',
* (d)''dili-pat''2,
* ''dele-bat''; = "the one that sparkles";
* from dili.bad = ''nebû'' "to shine, to sparkle".

Generally accepted name of Venus in astronomical and astrological texts of the II-I millennium BC; first in the hymn of Iddin-Dagan (XXth century BC) as mul dalla dili mul''dili-bad'' "shining/the only star, Venus". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 774; Bruschweiler 1987<ref>''Bruschweiler F''. INANNA La déesse triomphante et vaincue dans la cosmologie sumérienne. Leuven, 1987.</ref>, 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973<ref>''Reisman D.'' Iddin-Dagan’s Sacred Marriage Hymn // JCS. 1973. Vol.. 25, № 4. P. 185-202.</ref>; ETCSL<ref>''Black J.A., Cunningham G., Fluckiger-Hawker E., Robson'' ''E., and Zólyomi G. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature'' (<nowiki>http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/</nowiki>), Oxford 1998-.</ref>, Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the Babylonian name for Venus: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτης ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. "Delephate: the star of Aphrodite: from the Chaldeans." [TLG 4085-002, Δ 590], derived from Dilbat [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 109; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 282]; see Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023): <ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>In bilingual and lexical texts, Sum. dili-bad(-rá) is translated by ''na/ebītu'' “the bright one” (fem.). As a star name it is conventionally read Dil(i)bat. If Δελεφατ (delephat) in Hesychius v. 558 is correctly understood as a Greek transcription of this name, it points to a reading Dil(i)pat, which could be derived from Akk. ''dalāpu'' “to be sleepless”.

mulDILΙ.BAT (AN 20l).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Series Urra XXII: mul[''dil'']-''bat'' = ''di-il-bat'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:154].
*(2) Series Antagal (G 306): d zibZIG = d''dil-bat'' (in the list of planets) [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229].
*(3) Series AN:dAnum (IV 181): dDili.bad = min(= d''Iš''8-''tar''2 mul.<meš>) "Venus = Goddess of the stars" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 161].
|
|-
| '''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
*Astrolabe P.
**Month Nisan, Anu stars, 100 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 573].
*Astrolabe B.
**(1) List (12´3): mul gal ''ša'' ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu gub-''zu'' / ki.gub kur2.kur2 ½(sa9) mu ''ina'' dutu.e3 / ½(sa9) mu ''ina'' dutu.šu2.a mul.bi mul''Dil-bat'' / ''a-lik pa-ni'' mul.meš ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' “The great star which is above the great stars / which stands at the rising of the south wind / (and) changes position: half a year (it stands) in the east, / half a year in the west. This star is Venus, / (which) goes in front of the stars of Anu" (B ii 1-5); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 1].
**(2) List (3´12): itibara2 ...mul''Dil-bat šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "month Nisanu: ...Venus of (the stars) of Anu" (C ii 1).
** (3) List (rising-setting=6months): rising - Nisanu, setting - Tašritu (C 13, 26); also about Venus it is said: mul''Dil-bat ut-ta-nak-kar'' "Venus changes (her position)". '''''<big>??? I cannot find these words in KAV 218!! ???</big>''''' [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8]; see also (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* BM 82923.
**Month Nisan, the stars of Anu: [mul''Dili-bat''] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ "[Venus] // 100 // The most brilliant of stars" [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 27-28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; here RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly, sparkle" as in ND 4362:26, which gives the identity: RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly" [BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 237, 241].
*BM 34713.
**Month Ayyaru, the stars of Anu: múl''Dil-bat'' [LBAT<ref name=":3">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
*The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A
**List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 1): mul''Dil-bat'' [TCL 6<ref name=":4">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
*For a corpus of astrological predictions related to Venus and an analysis of the terms used in them, see [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />]; see also [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10: r. 11-17, 25-29; BPO 1<ref name=":6">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. The Venus Tablet of Ammiraduqa. Malibu, Undena Publication, 1975 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part One).</ref>, 8; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 240-243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957.</ref>, 23:33; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 247; Pingree 1993<ref>''Pingree D.'' Venus Phenomena in Enūma Anu Enlil / Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrgb. von H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 259-273.</ref>; SpTU I<ref name=":8">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 91:12-14; SpTU II<ref name=":9">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 41:17; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V<ref name=":10">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:7', 9'; Babyloniaca 7<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>: Pl. XVII, 11-13].
|
|-
|'''"Catalogue of 30 Stars".'''
*Anu 1. mul''Dil-bat ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A x [. ]
* "Venus, which stands at the rising of the east wind, changes (her) position, half a year (she) is in the east, half a year in the west [...]" (B. 15) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1" />, 177], see also (Kurtik i18) ''[[Ištar]]''.
|
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 10<ref name=":3" />, 378; SAA 8<ref name=":11">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 349-350].
|
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Anu (no. 20): mul''Dili-bat'' KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir-ma'' AN-''e ib-bir'' "Venus changes her position constantly and crosses the sky" (I ii 13).
*(2) Planets "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL d''Sin'' DU-''ku'' mul''Dili-bat'' DU-''ak'' "Venus travels (the same) path as the Moon travels" (II i 3).
*(3) List and definition of the planets: Venus is second after Jupiter, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(4) Planetary theory:
**a) [mul''Di'']''li-bat <ina>'' dUTU.E3 TUM3-''ma'' ITI ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫa-ra'' / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM ''u''4-''mi'' KIMIN 2 ITI ''uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' / dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI. LA2 "Venus disappears in the east and remains (invisible) in the sky for a month / or for a month and 15 days, or it remains invisible for 2 months and / becomes visible in the west" (II i 44-46),
**(b) mul''Dili-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3-''ma ina u''4-''me'' TUM3 ''ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ḫa'' KIMIN 3 ''u''4-''mi'' / KI.3 7 ''u''4-''mi'' KI.4 14 ''u''4-''mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' KUR-''ḫa'' "Venus disappears in the west and becomes (again) visible in the east on the day on which she disappeared; or, (she disappears) for 3 days, / thirdly, for 7 days, fourthly, for 14 days, she remains (invisible) and then rises" (II i 47-48),
**c) mul''Dili-bat lu ina'' dUTU.E3 ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-''ma'' / 9 ITImeš ''ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''ma i-tab-bal'' "Venus becomes visible either in the east or in the west, / stands in the sky for 9 months, and disappears" (II i 61) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 33, 70, 80, 81-82, 85].
*Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82-86 contain predictions for mul''Dil-bat'' for each day of the month [Labat 1965<ref>''Labat R.'' Un calendrier babylonien des travaux des signes et des mois. Paris, 1965.</ref>].
|
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|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*(1) [ddil].bat = ''ana'' si.sa2 ''bu-lim'' "Venus — for the prosperity of cattle."
*(2) [mu]lim.šu.rin.na nu.kuš2.u3 = ddil.bat "Widow's Furnace = Venus".
*(3) muldil.bat = d''iš-tar bēlet'' kur.kur "Venus — Ištar, the ruler of countries".
*(4) The 12 stars of Elam: [mul]dil.bat in the first place.
*(5) List of planets: muldil.bat in the 4th place (after the Moon, the Sun and Jupiter) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:28-30, 201, 242]. List of stars VR 46, 1:40ː mul''Dil-bat'' = ''na-ba-at kak-ka-bu'' "Venus is the brightest of star(s)", see also [HBA<ref name=":13">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:40; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:40]; parallel: d''dil-bat na-bat'' MUL.MEŠ [Parpola and Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 46, 428].
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|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866. mulSIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU2.LA2(?) mul''a-nun-ni-tu''4 ''man-za-za'' mul''dil-bat'' "The Swallow and the extended neck(?) of Anunitu - Venus' station" (D i 9) [Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 35, 39].
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| '''"The Dilbat Tablet.”'''
Each month of the Babylonian calendar has a constellation identified with Venus. The main text is LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:1-12 (= 81-7-6,102, for Pinches' publication see [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]):

*(1) mulnin.si4?.an. na mul''Dil-bat ina'' itibar2 "Ninsianna — Venus in the month Nisan",
*(2) mul''A-ri-tu''4 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itigu4 "Shield — Venus in the month Ayyaru",
*(3) mulban mul''Dil-bat ina'' itine "The bow — Venus in the month Abu" (the order of months in the text does not correspond to the standard),
*(4) mulnunki mul''Dil-bat ina'' itikin "Eridu — Venus in the month Ululu",
*(5) mulen.te.na.bar.guz mul''Dil-bat ina'' itidu6 "Entenabarguz — Venus in the month Tašritu",
* (6) mul''Rap-pu'' mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiapin "The bridle — Venus in the month Araḫsamnu",
*(7) mulgir2.an.na mul''Dil-bat ina'' itigan "Heavenly sword (=Scorpius) — Venus in the month Kislimu" (in [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 8:2] the month of Kislimu corresponds to ulgu.la "Giant"),
*(8) muluz3 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiab "Goat — Venus in the month Ṭebetu" (in ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:3, uluz3 "Goat"),
*(9) mulAŠ.GAN2 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiziz2 "Field — Venus in the month Šabaṭu" (in ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:4, ulAŠ.GAN ''Bābilī''(ka2.dingir. meš) "Field of Babylon"),
*(10) mulku6 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiše "Fish — Venus in the month Addaru" (ACh Ištar, 8: 6 - ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2-''a'' d''Dil-bat'' "In the month of Addaru the Fish, Ea, Dilbat"),
* (11) [muls]ag mul''Dil-bat ina'' itisig4 "Head — Venus in the month Simanu" (it seems to be a part of some constellation, but it is not clear),
*(12) [mulmu]š. a.sag.ga mul''Dil-bat ina'' itišu "Mušasaga — Venus in the month Du'uzu" (so in [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:12], but in [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] - [mulmu]š.min.sag.ga "the Two-Headed Serpent". [MSL VIII/2, 93]), see also [HBA<ref name=":13" />, 119; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109, I].
|
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|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
* (d)dele-bat is the standard designation for Venus in the diaries [Sachs and Hunger, Diaries I-III]. "Mathematical Astronomy." See [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT<ref name=":3" />, passim].
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|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) The nature of astrological influences.
**a) ˹DIŠ˺ d[''Dil-bat pa-aš''2-''ḫat at-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U4 GID2.DA] "If [Venus (appears): (this sign is) exceptionally calm; wherever he goes, (he will be accompanied by) success; (he will) live long]",
**b) DIŠ KI d''Dil-bat'' DUMU.MEŠ ''u'' DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI “If the area of Venus: sons and daughters of those people.” [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5" />, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>, 324-325]. Parallels: LU2.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' d''Dil-bat'' E3-''a pa-aš''2''-ḫat at-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U4.GID2.DA "If a child is born when Venus has come forward: (the sign is) exceptionally(?) calm; wherever he will go, it will be favorable; (his) days will be long" [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
*(2) Horoscopes. (d)''dele-bat'', see [BH, passim].
*(3) "Hypsoma."
**(a) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti'' KUR-''ud'' SIG5 ''ana'' mulUR.GU.LA KUR-''ma'': ''ana'' 1⅔ KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qam-ma'' "If Venus reaches the secret place: (it) is good; (it means that) she reaches Leo var.ː she rises to 1⅔ ''bēru''" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:27; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 53].
** (b) [DIŠ mu]l''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti la'' KUR-''ud-ma u it-bal'' KUR ''ut-ta''[''ḫ-ḫas''] "If Venus does not reach the secret place and disappears: the country will suffer" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:28; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54]; for a parallel see [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 250, K.3708:3-4]; for other examples of predictions referring to ''ašar''(KI) ''niṣirti'' of Venus (but without specifying its position relative to the stars), see [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:29-32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:15-16; 244, K.2346+:21-22; 250, K.3708+:5-8; 256, K.7050 ii 6'].
**c) [m]ul''Dilbat nabât kakkabāni'' / ''ina amurri'' / [''ina ḫarrān šū'']''t'' d''Ea'' / ''innamirma'' ... ''niṣirtu'' / ''ikšudamma itbal'' / mul''Ṣalbatānu pāris'' / ''pursê māt amurri'' / ''ina ḫarrān šūt'' d''Ea'' / ''ib᾽il'' "Venus, the most brilliant of stars, appeared in the west [on the path of (the stars of) Ea, ... reached the secret (place) and (then) disappeared. Mars, which passes judgment concerning Amurru, became very bright in the path of Ea" [Borger Esarh.<ref>''Borger (1956).'' Die Inschriften Asarhaddons, Königs von Assyrian, Graz 1956 (AfO, Beiheft 9).</ref>, §2 i 39 - ii 9], quoted from [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54 '''''??? quote new edition in RIMA? ???''''']. Here, according to calculations, the place of ''niṣirtu'' is in Pisces, as it was considered in Greek astrology [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54, 57; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 28, 138], see also e).
**(d) In the horoscope: ''ina'' E2 ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 / ''ša''2 ''dele-bat'' LU2.TUR ''a-lid'' "In the house of ''niṣirtu'' of Venus a child is born" [BH 46-50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2-3].
** (e) See above MLC 1866 i 8.
*(4) Predicting the prices of cereals on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (d''Dili-pat''2) [SpTU I<ref name=":8" />, 94:23, 28].
* (5) An extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars: ID2 BA3 [... i]tiŠE MUL!meš d''Dil-bat'' " ...: month Addaru, stars?, Venus" [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78].
*(6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: d''Dil-bat'', passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].
*(7) Predictions of enemy attacks from observations of the positions and visibility of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5" />, 213-214, 216].

See also [SpTU II<ref name=":9" />, 42:10; SpTU V<ref name=":10" />, 261:13'-18', 271:7'].
|Example
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===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In the 3rd millennium B.C. Venus was worshipped as the astral incarnation of the goddess Inanna, in the II-I millennium B.C. — the goddess Ištar. The name mul / d''Dilbat'' was also used in prayers to other goddesses, see for example [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc.<ref name=":16">''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 139:325; Linssen 2004<ref name=":17">''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 321:325]. Venus masculine and feminine: Venus as a deity changed her gender depending on her position relative to the Sun. Two opposite traditions are attested in astrological texts:

* (1) as the morning star, Venus was considered a female deity, as the evening star, a male deityː DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ma sin-ni-šat'' / DIŠ SIG5 ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-''ma zik-rat'' BAR-''tum'' "If Venus rises in the east, she is feminine, a favorable (sign); if she is seen in the west, she is male, an unfavorable (sign)". [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 218, K. 3601 r. 31-32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81-2-4,239:2; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, IV 6a, 7a + Parallels];
* (2) as the morning star, Venus was considered a male deity, as the evening star, a female oneː d''Dil-bat'': ''sin-ni-šat'': TA dUTU.SU2.A "Venus, female, from the west", d''Dil-bat'': ''zi-ka-rat'': TA dUTU.E3 "Venus, male, from the east" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:8-9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30-33].

In the list of Anum gods: d''be-el dil-bat'' "Lord Dilbat" [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 98:221]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>, p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12" />, 125-126; Reiner 1985<ref>''Reiner E.'' The Uses of Astrology // JAOS. 1985. Vol. 105, № 4. P. 589-595.</ref>, 591; 1995<ref name=":18">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 6; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>, 14-15]. As a male deity Venus was identified with Ningirsu: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.GUZ d''Nin-gir''2-''su'' d''Dil-bat'' KI.MIN''-ma'' "Entenabarguz = Ningirsu, Venus ditto" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 6]. For more about the masculine and feminine nature of Venus, see also (Kurtik s11) [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]], (Kurtik n46) [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]], (Kurtik s12) [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]].

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
* (1) In Neo-Assyrian lists of the 6 astral gods, witnesses to the treaty, mul''Dil-bat'' comes second after mulSAG.ME.GAR [Parpola and Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 6 iv 13-15], for a parallel see [Wiseman 1958<ref>''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.</ref>, 29:13, 61:428].
* (2) The hemerologies on the 16th of Simanu and the 14th of Ṭebetu: PAD-''su ana'' damar.ud / d''gu-la'' mul''dil-bat'' GAR''-ma ma-ḫir'' "he brings his offerings to Marduk(=Jupiter), Gula, Venus, and (it) is accepted". [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 178 col. v 44-45, rev, ii 53-54; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 88-87, 134-135].
* (3) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the statue-deity: Venus is mentioned twice as d''Ištar''(15) mul.meš è, as d''Dil-bat'' [Smith 1925<ref>''Smith S.'' The Babylonian Ritual for the Consecration and Induction of a Divine Statue // JRAS. 1925. P. 37-60.</ref>, BM 45749:25, 29; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 104; SAALT I<ref>''Walker, C. B. F., Dick, M. B.'' Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian ''Mīs Pî'' Ritual. Helsinki, 2001 (State Archives of Assyria, Literary Texts, Vol. I).</ref>, 71:25, 29]; cf. also (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], II.
* (4) Namburbi series of incantations: an incantation "against the evil (foreshadowed by) an eclipse of Venus." [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1954. Vol. 48, № 1. P. 1-15.</ref>, 10-11].
* (5) New Year's Day celebration in Babylon: múl''Dil-bat na-bat'' mul.<meš> "Dilbat — the most brilliant of the stars" [RAcc.<ref name=":16" /> 139:325; Linssen 2004<ref name=":17" />, 219:325].
* (6) The ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
* (7) Warning dreams: "If he ditto (in his dream rises in the sky) and Venus [...]." [Oppenheim 1956<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East. Philadelphia, 1956.</ref>, 282, 327:41]. See also [Mayer 1976<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.</ref>, 429, mulDIL.BAT + Ištar].

For the names describing Venus as a deity and as a planet, see also (Kurtik a05) [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]], (Kurtik a14) ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]'', (Kurtik a26) [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]], (Kurtik e03) [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]], (Kurtik g04) [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]], (Kurtik g16) [[GILIM.MA]], (Kurtik i10) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA|IM.ŠU.RIN.NA.NA]], (Kurtik i13) [[INANNA|dINANNA]], (Kurtik i18) [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']], (Kurtik k07) [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]], (Kurtik k16) [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]], (Kurtik m30) [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]], (Kurtik m33) [[MUL.KI.GAL]], (Kurtik n26) [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n30) [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]], (Kurtik n31) [[NIN.GUL.TI]], (Kurtik n42) [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], (Kurtik s16) [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]], (Kurtik sh01) [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]], (Kurtik t02) [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]], (Kurtik u02) [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]], (Kurtik z09) [[ZIB2|dZIB2]].

==== Symbol. ====
The standard symbol of Ištar as the planet Venus on the seals and on the ''kudurru''s is an eight-rayed star in a circle or without it [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 100-101; Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 82-85; Kurtik 1998, 20-21] (ill. 48). In the Seleucid period, the same symbol was also used in connection with Mercury and Saturn [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, VAT 7847, AO 6448].

Venus as the morning and evening star (lit. "Venus in the east, in the west").

In the east:

* (1) [mulMAR].GID2.DA mul''Dil-bat ina'' d[UTU.E3].A "Wagon - Venus in the east". [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:13] (see also [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262-263, K. 3384 rev. 1; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109 I; HBA<ref name=":13" />, 118; Reiner 1995<ref name=":18" />, 58]);
* (2) ''ina'' GIŠ.NIM ul''Dil-bat'' ulBAN... "In the east, Venus is the Bow." [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248-249, K.2346+:57];
* (3) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 dUTU "Venus in the east is Šamaš" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32],
* (4) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 d''Innin A-ka''3-''de''3ki "Venus in the east is Ištar of Akkad" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34],
* (5) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 d''Ištar''(15) MUL.MEŠ "Venus in the east is Ištar of the stars" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].

In the West:

* (1) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A dMAŠ "Venus in the West is Ninurta". [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33],
* (2) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A d''Innin'' UNUGki "Venus in the west is Ištar of Uruk" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35],
* (3) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A d''be-let'' DINGIR.MEŠ "Venus in the west is the mistress of the gods" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Eruaː see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 1.

(2) = Goatː mulUZ3 = d''Dil-bat'' "Goat = Venus." [SAA 8<ref name=":11" />, 175 r. 7], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]],

(3) = Wagonː [DIŠ ''e-le-nu'' m]ulMAR.GID2.DA AN-''u''2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-''nu'' d''Dil-bat'' dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD GUB-''ma''] "If the sky above the Wagon is dark: an eclipse will occur; (it means): Mercury stands above Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 218, K.3601 r. 33], see also [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 1].

(4) = True Shepherd of Anuː [... Sipa]-zi-an-na d''Dil-bat'' "True Shepherd of Anu = Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 2].

(5) = Green-yellow starː MUL SIG7 = d''Dil-bat'' [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248, K.2346+:54].

===== Predictions: =====
See. [BPO 1<ref name=":6" />; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109, III] as well as numerous articles in this edition.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d06)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
====Kurtik (b02) BAL.ME.GAR (Reading corrected by Weidner 1966: (AfO 21) 46 Z. 24 = dili.bad = K 4387 = IIR 47)====
только в [II R, 47, 24 c d]: mulBAL.ME.GAR I.GAR.IM = i-gar-ri-im i-šid «Стена фундамента» (?) [Gössmann 1950 46].
|
|-
|
====Kurtik (d06) Dilbat====
|
|-
|вар. чтения: muldili.bad, ulDilibat, mulDIL.BAD, muldili-bad, (d)dili-pat2, dele-bat; = «та, что сверкает»; от dili.bad = nebû «сиять, сверкать». Общепринятое название Венеры в астрономических и астрологических текстах II–I тыс. до н.э.; впервые в гимне Иддин-Дагана (XX в. до н.э.) как mul dalla dili muldili-bad «блестящая/единственная звезда, Венера» [AHw, 774; Bruschweiler 1987, 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973; ETCSL, Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. Греческий лексикограф Гесихий приводит вавилонское название Венеры: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτος ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. «Делефат: звезда Афродиты: от халдеев» [TLG 4085–002, Δ 590], происходящее от Dilbat [Gössmann 1950, 109; Tallqvist 1938, 282].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mul[dil]-bat = di-il-bat [Emar VI/4, 151:154]. (2) Серия Antagal (G 306): d zibZIG = ddil-bat (в списке планет) [MSL XVII, 229]. (3) Серия AN:dAnum (IV 181): dDili.bad = min(= dIš8-tar2 mul.<meš>) «Венера = Богиня звезд» [Litke 1998, 161]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану, 100 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) В списке (12´3): mul gal ša ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu gub-zu / ki.gub kur2.kur2 ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.e3 / ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.šu2.a mul.bi mulDil-bat / a-lik pa-ni mul.meš šu-ut dA-nim «Великая звезда, которая выше великих звезд / при восходе южного ветра стоит, / место (свое) изменяет: половину года (она) на востоке (стоит), / половину года — на западе. (Это) звезда Венера, / (которая) первой из звезд Ану идет» (B ii 1–5); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 1]. (2) Список (3´12): itibara2 …mulDil-bat šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц нисану: … Венера (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 1). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту (С 13, 26); кроме того о Венере сказано: mulDil-bat ut-ta-nak-kar «Венера изменяет (свое положение)» [KAV 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]; см. также a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану: [mulDili-bat] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ «[Венера] // 100 // Самая блестящая из звезд» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; здесь RI = nabāṭu «сиять, сверкать», как в ND 4362:26, где дано тождество: RI = nabāṭu «to shine brightly» [BPO 3, 237, 241]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Ану: múlDil-bat [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 1): mulDil-bat [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. Корпус астрологических предсказаний, связанных с Венерой, анализ используемых в них терминов cм. [BPO 3]; см. также [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987, 10: r. 11–17, 25–29; BPO 1, 8; BPO 2, 11; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957, 240–243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957, 23:33; Verderame 2002, 247; Pingree 1993; SpTU I, 91:12–14; SpTU II, 41:17; SpTU III, 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V, 264:7', 9'; Stev. O.T: Pl. XVII, 11–13]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 1. mulDil-bat ša2 ina ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-zu KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 ½ MU ina dUTU.E3.A ½ MU ina dUTU.ŠU2.A x [...] «Венера, которая стоит при восходе восточного ветра, положение (свое) изменяет, половину года (она) на востоке, половину года на западе […]» (B. 15) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177], см. также i18Ištar. «Письма» и «Рапорты». Cм. [SAA 10, 378; SAA 8, 349–350]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 20): mulDili-bat KI.GUB-su KUR2.KUR2-ir-ma AN-e ib-bir «Венера свое положение постоянно изменяет и пересекает небо» (I ii 13). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku mulDili-bat DU-ak «Венера проходит (тот же) путь, что и Луна проходит» (II i 3). (3) Список и определение планет: Венера на втором месте после Юпитера, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (4) Планетная теория: a) [mulDi]li-bat dUTU.E3 TUM3-ma ITI ina AN-e uḫ-ḫa-ra / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM u4-mi KIMIN 2 ITI uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma / dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2 «Венера исчезает на востоке и остается (невидимой) на небе в течение месяца / или в течение месяца и 15 дней, или она остается в течение 2 месяцев, и / становится видна на западе» (II i 44–46), b) mulDili-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3-ma ina u4-me TUM3 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa KIMIN 3 u4-mi / KI.3 7 u4-mi KI.4 14 u4-mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma KUR-ḫa «Венера исчезает на западе и становится (опять) видна на востоке в день, в который она исчезает; или, (она исчезает) на 3 дня, / в-третьих, на 7 дней, в-четвертых, на 14 дней, она остается (невидимой), и затем восходит» (II i 47–48), c) mulDili-bat lu ina dUTU.E3 lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma / 9 ITImeš ina AN-e GUB-ma i-tab-bal «Венера становится видна либо на востоке, либо на западе, / стоит на небе в течение 9 месяцев и исчезает» (II i 61) [MA, 33, 70, 80, 81–82, 85]. Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82–86 содержат предсказания для mulDil-bat на каждый день месяца [Labat 1965]. «Большой список звезд». (1) [ddil].bat = ana si.sa2 bu-lim «Венера ― для процветания скота». (2) [mu]lim.šu.rin.na nu.kuš2.u3 = ddil.bat «Вдовья Печь = Венера». (3) muldil.bat = diš-tar bēlet kur.kur «Венера ― Иштар, владычица стран». (4) 12 звезд Элама: [mul]dil.bat на первом месте. (5) Список планет: muldil.bat на 4-м месте (после Луны, Солнца и Юпитера) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:28–30, 201, 242]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:40. mulDil-bat = na-ba-at kak-ka-bu «Венера ― звезда с наибольшим блеском», см. также [HBA, 52:40; Wee 2016, 162–3:40]; параллель: ddil-bat na-bat MUL.MEŠ [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 46, 428]. MLC 1866. mulSIM.MAḪ u GU2.LA2(?) mula-nu-ni-tu4 man-za-za muldil-bat «Ласточка и вытянутая шея(?) Ануниту — место Венеры» (D i 9) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 35, 39]. «Таблица Дилбат». На каждый месяц вавилонского календаря указано созвездие, отождествляемое с Венерой. Основной текст LBAT, 1564:1–12 (= 81-7-6,102, публикация Пинчеса см. [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]): (1) mulnin.si4?.an.na mulDil-bat ina itibar2 «Нинсианна ― Венера в месяце нисану», (2) mulA-ri-tu4 mulDil-bat ina itigu4 «Щит ― Венера в месяце айяру», (3) mulban mulDil-bat ina itine «Лук ― Венера в месяце абу» (порядок месяцев в тексте не соответствует стандартному), (4) mulnunki mulDil-bat ina itikin «Эриду ― Венера в месяце улулу», (5) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum mulDil-bat ina itidu6 «Энтенабархум ― Венера в месяце ташриту», (6) mulRap-pu mulDil-bat ina itiapin «Уздечка ― Венера в месяце арахсамну», (7) mulgir2.an.na mulDil-bat ina itigan «Небесный меч (=Скорпион) ― Венера в месяце кислиму» (в [ACh Ištar, 8:2] месяцу кислиму соответствует ulgu.la «Великан»), (8) muluz3 mulDil-bat ina itiab «Коза ― Венера в месяце тебету» (в ACh Ištar, 8:3 ― uluz3 «Коза»), (9) mulAŠ.GAN2 mulDil-bat ina itiziz2 «Поле ― Венера в месяце шабату» (в ACh Ištar, 8:4 ― ulAŠ.GAN Bābilī(ka2.dingir.meš) «Поле Вавилона»), (10) mulku6 mulDil-bat ina itiše «Рыба ― Венера в месяце аддару» (ACh Ištar, 8:6 ― ina itiše ulku6 dE2-a dDil-bat «В месяце аддару Рыба Эа, Дилбат»), (11) [muls]ag mulDil-bat ina itisig4 «Голова ― Венера в месяце симану» (речь идет, по-видимому, о части какого-то созвездия, но какого именно — неясно), (12) [mulmu]š.a.sag.ga mulDil-bat ina itišu «Мушaсагга ― Венера в месяце дуузу» (так в [LBAT, 1564:12], но в [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] ― [mulmu]š.min.sag.ga «Двухголовый Змей» [MSL VIII/2, 93]), см. также [HBA, 119; G. 109, I]. «Дневники наблюдений». (d)dele-bat ― стандартное обозначение Венеры в дневниках [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III]. «Математическая астрономия». См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Характер астрологического воздействия. a) ˹DIŠ˺ d[Dil-bat pa-aš2-ḫat at-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4 GID2.DA] «Если [Венера (появляется): (этот знак) очень мирный; куда бы он ни пошел, (ему будет сопутствовать) успех; (он будет) долго жить]», b) DIŠ KI dDil-bat DUMU.MEŠ u DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI «Если область Венеры: сыновья и дочери у тех людей» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b, 324–325]. Параллель: LU2.TUR a-lid-ma dDil-bat E3-a pa-aš2-ḫat at/d-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4.GID2.DA «Если ребенок родился, когда Венера вышла вперед: (его жизнь будет) в особенности(?) спокойной; куда бы он не направил свои стопы, ему будет сопутствовать удача; (его) дни будут долгими» [TCL 6, 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952, 66]. (2) «Гороскопы». (d)dele-bat, см. [BH, passim]. (3) «Гипсома». a) DIŠ mulDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti KUR-ud SIG5 GAR mulUR.GU.LA KUR-ma: ana 1⅔ KASKAL.GID2 i-šaq-qam-ma «Если Венера достигает места niṣirtu: (это) предвещает добро; (это означает, что) она достигает Льва, вар.: она поднимается? на 1⅔ bēru» [ACh Suppl., 34:27; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 53]. b) [DIŠ mu]lDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti la KUR-ud-ma u it-bal KUR ut-ta[ḫ-ḫas] «Если Венера не достигает места niṣirtu и исчезает: страна подвергнется удару» [ACh Suppl., 34:28; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]; параллель см. [BPO 3, 250, K.3708:3–4]; другие примеры предсказаний, в которых речь идет об ašar(KI) niṣirtu Венеры (однако без указания его положения относительно звезд), см. [ACh Suppl., 34:29–32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:15–16; 244, K.2346+:21–22; 250, K.3708+:5–8; 256, K.7050 ii 6']. с) [m]ulDilbat nabât kakkabāni / ina amurri / [ina ḫarrān šū]t dEa / innamirma … niṣirtu / ikšudamma itbal / mulṢalbatānu pāris / pursê māt amurri / ina ḫarrān šūt dEa / ib᾽il «Венера, самая блестящая из звезд, появилась на западе [на пут]и Эа, … достигла (места niṣirtu) и (затем) исчезла. Марс, который выносит решение, касающееся Амурру, (находился) на пути Эа и имел большой блеск» [Borger Esarh., §2 i 39 – ii 9], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]. Здесь, согласно расчетам, место niṣirtu находилось в Рыбах (Pisces), как это имело место в греческой астрологии [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54, 57; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 28, 138], см. также e). d) В гороскопе: ina E2 ni-ṣir-tu4 / ša2 dele-bat LU2.TUR a-lid «В доме niṣirtu Венеры ребенок родился» [BH 46–50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2–3]. e) см. выше MLC 1866 i 8. (4) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (dDili-pat2) [SpTU I, 94:23, 28]. (5) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: ID2 BA3 dx[… i]tiŠE MUL!meš dDil-bat «…: месяц аддару; звезды?, Венера» [SpTU IV, 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: dDil-bat, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134–136], см. s20Sîn. (7) Предсказания нападения врагов из наблюдений положений и видимости планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 216].

См. также [SpTU II, 42:10; SpTU V, 261:13'–18', 271:7'].

II. Божество.

В III тыс. до н.э. Венера почиталась как астральное воплощение богини Инанны (Inanna), во II–I тыс. до н.э. ― богини Иштар (Ištar). Имя mul / dDilbat использовалось также в молитвенных обращениях к другим богиням, см., например, [SAA 10, 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 321:325]. Венера мужская и женская. Венера как божество изменяла свой пол в зависимости от ее положения относительно Солнца. В астрологических текстах засвидетельствованы две противоположные традиции: (1) как утренняя звезда Венера считалась женским божеством, как вечерняя звезда ― мужским; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ma sin-ni-šat / DIŠ SIG5 ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-ma zik-rat BAR-tum «Если Венера восходит на востоке, она женская, благоприятный (знак); если она видна на западе, она мужская, неблагоприятный (знак)» [BPO 3, 218, K. 3601 r. 31–32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81–2–4,239:2; BPO 2, IV 6a, 7a + Parallels]; (2) как утренняя звезда Венера считалась мужским божеством, как вечерняя звезда — женским; dDil-bat: sin-ni-šat: TA dUTU.SU2.A «Венера, женская, от запада», dDil-bat: zi-ka-rat: TA dUTU.E3 «Венера, мужская, от востока» [ACh Ištar, 8:8–9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30–33]. В списке богов Anum: dbe-el dil-bat «Господин Дилбат» [Cavigneaux 1981, 98:221]; см. также [LAS 2, p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol., 125–126; Reiner 1985, 591; 1995, 6; Heimpel 1982, 14–15]. Как мужское божество Венера отождествлялась с Нингирсу: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su dDil-bat KI.MIN-ma «Энтенабархум = Нингирсу, Венера ditto» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 6]. О мужской и женской Венере см. также s11SAL.A.ŠE3, n46NITA.A.ŠE3, s12SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) В новоассирийском списке 6 астральных богов, свидетелей договора, mulDil-bat стоит на втором месте после mulSAG.ME.GAR [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 6 iv 13–15], параллель см. [Wiseman 1958, 29:13, 61:428]. (2) Гемерологии на 16-е симану и 14-е тебету: pad-su ana damar.ud / dgu-la muldil-bat gar-ma ma-ḫir «Жертвоприношение свое Мардуку(=Юпитер), Гуле, Венере, он приносит, и (оно) принято» [KAR, 178 col. v 44–45, rev, ii 53–54; Labat 1939, 88–87, 134–135]. (3) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества: Венера упоминается дважды как dIštar(15) mul.meš è как dDil-bat [Smith 1925, BM 45749:25, 29; TuL, 104; SAALT I, 71:25, 29]; см. также s09SAG.ME.GAR, II. (4) Серия заклинаний Намбурби: заклинание «против зла, (предвещаемого) затмением Венеры» [CT 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954, 10–11]. (5) Новогодний праздник в Вавилоне: múlDil-bat na-bat mul.<meš> «Дилбат — самая блестящая из звезд» [RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 219:325]. (6) Ритуал в храме Ану в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (7) Предупреждающие сны: «Если он ditto (в своем сне восходит на небе) и Венера […]» [Oppenheim 1956, 282, 327:41]. См. также [Mayer 1976, 429, mulDIL.BAT + Ištar].

Названия, характеризующие Венеру как божество и как планету, см. также a05A2.GU2.ZI.GA, a14a-ḫa-ti, a26dAMA.ME.TIL, e03dE.TA.NAM.AN, g04dGAL.A.RU.RU, g16GILIM.MA, i10IM.ŠU.RIN.NA, i13dINANNA, i18dIštar, k07dKAB.TA, k16KAR2.ŠUL, m30dMUL.AN.DIRI.A, m33MUL.KI.GAL, n26dNIN.AN.NA, n30NIN.GIRIM3, n31NIN.GUL.TI, n42NIN.SI4.AN.NA, n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, s16dSI.MU2.A, sh01ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3, t02dTI.MU2.A, u02U4.ZAL.LE, z09dZIB2.

III. Символ.

Стандартный символ Иштар как планеты Венеры на печатях и на кудурру — восьмилучевая звезды в круге или без него [Seidl 1968, 100–101; Van Buren 1945, 82–85; Куртик 1998, 20–21] (илл. 48). В селевкидский период тот же символ использовался также в связи с Меркурием и Сатурном [Weidner 1967, VAT 7847, AO 6448].

IV. Венера как утренняя и вечерняя звезда (букв. «Венера на востоке, на западе»).

На востоке: (1) [mulMAR].GID2.DA mulDil-bat ina d[UTU.E3].A «Повозка ― Венера на востоке» [LBAT, 1564:13] (см. также [BPO 3, 262–263, K. 3384 rev. 1; Gössmann 1950, 109 I; HBA, 118; Reiner 1995, 58]); (2) ina GIŠ.NIM ulDil-bat ulBAN... «На востоке Венера ― Лук» [BPO 3, 248–249, K.2346+:57]; (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dUTU «Венера на востоке ― Шамаш» [ACh Ištar, 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32], (4) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dInnin A-ka3-de3ki «Венера на востоке ― Иштар Аккада» [ACh Ištar, 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34], (5) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dIštar(15) MUL.MEŠ «Венера на востоке ― Владычица звезд» [ACh Ištar, 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].

На западе: (1) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dMAŠ «Венера на западе ― Нинурта» [ACh Ištar, 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33], (2) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dInnin UNUGki «Венера на западе ― Иштар Урукская» [ACh Ištar, 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35], (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dbe-let DINGIR.MEŠ «Венера на западе ― госпожа богов» [ACh Ištar, 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Эруа; см. a02A.EDIN, V 1.

(2) = Коза; mulUZ3 = dDil-bat «Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175 r. 7], см. также u31UZ3,

(3) = Повозка; [DIŠ e-le-nu m]ulMAR.GID2.DA AN-u2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-nu dDil-bat dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD DU-ma] «Если выше Повозки небо темное: произойдет затмение; (это означает): выше Венеры Меркурий стоит» [BPO 3, 218, K.3601 r. 33], см. также [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 1].

(4) = Праведный Пастух Ану; […Sipa]-zi-an-na dDil-bat «Праведный Пастух Ану = Венера» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 2].

(5) = Зелено-желтая звезда; MUL SIG7 = dDil-bat [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].

Предсказания:

См. [BPO 1; BPO 2; BPO 3; Gössmann 1950, 109, III], а также многочисленные статьи настоящего издания.
|Example
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==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]

[[Category:Venus]]

DAR.LUGAL

2026-04-11T12:58:06Z

HermannHunger:

{{distinguish|Darlugal}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
mulDAR.LUGALmušen (𒀯𒁯𒈗𒄷) is a Sumerian constellation in [[Lepus]], equalling the Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu''. The determinative mušen indicates that it is a bird whose identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is ''taḫtaṭâ ana tutu'' - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.”
[[File:Ori+umgebung planiJena2020 smh 2014.jpg|thumb|Rooster south of The True Shepherd of Anu in Old Babylonian drawing style (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2017). History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry, in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (ed.). Nuncius Hamburgensis Bd. 41, tredition Verlag, 135-157</ref> as a shepherd, mapped to the planetarium sky (photo by SMH in Planetarium Jena). ]]
The constellation is listed in MUL.APIN (typically dated around 1000 BCE). Roosters were only domesticated in the middle of the -2nd millennium. They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on, so that it is reasonable to assume that they were also kept in the Near East around this time. It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century). Domesticated roosters (actually francolins) therefore date to the same period as the astronomical dating of MUL.APIN. Compared to other Mesopotamian constellations, which can be traced back to the Sumerian culture at the beginning of the -2nd millennium, the constellation of the Rooster is likely to have been one of the more recent figures. Given all this, the Sumerian DAR.LUGAL-bird, literally, 'the royal deer'-bird, is most likely a back-formation form into Sumerian from the same foreign language(s) that yielded Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu'', and other Semitic cognates including Hebrew and Aramaic ''tarnegol''/''tarnagol''.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variant readings:'''

= mulTAR2.LUGALmušen;

= ''tarlugallu'' "Rooster";

= ''tarnugallu'' “rooster”.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

'''Var. designations:'''

* 1) the constellation,
* 2) a name of Mars (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* Late commentaries [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 289; NSAM<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref> 2, 249].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 6): muld[ar].lugalmušen [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 17; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Anu (No. 10):
** MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulDAR.LUGAL
** "The star that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA), (is) the Rooster" (I ii 5)
[MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 31], for a parallel see MLC 1866.
|[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
|-
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:27.'''
* muldar.lugal d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 kul.aba4ki dLugal-ban3-da
* "The Rooster, Enlil of Kulaba, Lugalbanda", see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:27].
|
|-
|'''Text LBAT 1502 obv.'''
* (mul)DAR.LUGAL — asterism of Antagubba, see (Kurtik d08) [[DILI|DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]].
The list of the "7 Enlils". The cock correlates with Enlil of Kulaba, see (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (A)
** mulsipa.[z]i.an.na muldar.˹lugal˺ gu
** "True Shepherd of Anu (β Ori), Rooster (μ Lep), GU" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 91],
* the initial star in this equation may have been "Handle on the Crook" (=''ziqpu'' XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree and Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; according to J. Koch, here mulsipa.zi.an.na is γ Ori, muldar.lugal is ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 54].
* (B)
** ˹gir3II.meš˺ ''u''3 ˹šu˺II.meš ''ša''2 mulmaš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-''u''2 šu ''imitti''(15) ''u a-si-du'' / ˹egir˺-''u''2 ''ša''2 mulsipa.zi.an.na ''u'' murub4 mul?dar.lugal gu
** "The feet and hands of the front Great Twin (θ Gem - hand, ν Gem - foot), the right hand and back heel of the True Shepherd of Anu (ξ Ori, κ Ori) and the middle of the Rooster (α Lep) - a string"
* [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 91]; according to Koch, gir3II.meš is η Gem, μ Gem, šuII.meš is θ Gem, μ Gem, šu ''imitti'' is ν Ori, ''a-si-du'' egir-''u''2 is λ Eri, murub4 muldar.lugal is 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 55].
|[[File:GU II.jpg|alt=star chart for GU II with Babylonian constellations|thumb|The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration by Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.]]
|-
|'''Uranology'''
'''MLC 1866.'''
* ˹MUL˺ ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šap-li'' / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' mulDAR.LUGAL
* "The constellation that stands below the True Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40].
|
|}
[[File:DARLUGAL CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 165054.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside DAR.LUGAL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Arneb
|HIP 25985
|Constellation lines
|2.57
|-
|2
|Nihal
|HIP 25606
| Constellation lines
|2.84
|-
|3
|ϵ Leporis
|HIP 23685
|Constellation lines
| 3.18
|-
|4
|μ Leporis
|HIP 24305
|Constellation lines
|3.29
|-
|5
|ζ Leporis
|HIP 27288
|Constellation lines
|3.525
|-
|6
|γ Leporis
|HIP 27072
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.6
|-
|7
|η Leporis
| HIP 28103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.72
|-
| 8
|δ Leporis
|HIP 27654
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.85
|-
|9
|λ Leporis
|HIP 24845
|Constellation lines
| 4.29
|-
|10
| κ Leporis
| HIP 24327
| Constellation lines
|4.44
|-
|11
|ι Leporis
|HIP 24244
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.45
|-
|12
| θ Leporis
|HIP 28910
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.663
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 24927
|Inside the Hull
|4.729
|-
|14
|17 Lep
|HIP 28816
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.93
|-
|15
| -
| HIP 23430
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.002
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 25045
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.06
|-
|17
|8 Lep
|HIP 25202
|Constellation lines
|5.229
|-
| 18
|ν Leporis
|HIP 24873
|Constellation lines
| 5.284
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 25045
|Constellation lines
| 5.34
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 24679
|Inside the Hull
|5.488
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 27517
|Inside the Hull
|5.49
|-
|22
|10 Lep
|HIP 25853
|Inside the Hull
|5.525
|-
|23
| -
|HR 2021
|Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 23554
|Inside the Hull
|5.582
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 25280
| Inside the Hull
|5.636
|-
| 26
| -
|HIP 26966
|Inside the Hull
|5.727
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 25397
| Inside the Hull
| 5.817
|-
| 28
|12 Lep
|HIP 26865
|Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 24786
|Inside the Hull
|5.96
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 25532
|Inside the Hull
|6.065
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 26866
|Inside the Hull
|6.144
|-
| 32
| V* AK Lep
|HR 1982
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 27308
|Inside the Hull
| 6.157
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 26821
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 24394
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 27075
|Inside the Hull
|6.341
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 24825
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 23818
| Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 25059
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}
===Mythology/ Religion ===

==== Deity. ====
In astronomical contexts mulDAR.LUGALmušen is associated only with Lugalbanda (see above), the legendary hero and ruler of Uruk, a character that appears in a number of Sumerian myths [MHM II, 75]. In the so-called "Birdcall texts," DAR.LUGALmušen is associated with d˹En˺-[me-šar2]-ra and dNusku [Lambert 1970<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.</ref>, 112-113, STT 341+:2; 114-115; KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref>, 155]. The absence of the name in the lexical texts and in the prediction texts indicates its late origin.

==== Symbol. ====
There are no known images that could be associated with the figure of the constellation Rooster.

==== Previous Identifications. ====
(1) Constellation:

= stars east of [[Orion]] to [[Procyon]] (α CMi) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396];

= [[Lepus]] (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79];

= [[Canis Minor]] (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11];

= [[Lepus]] [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 275; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245].

(2) [[:Category:Mars|Mars]]; cf. [ACh Suppl. 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396];

==== Parts of the constellation. ====
murub4 ˹mul?˺dar.lugal "Middle of the Rooster," see GU-text above.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Orion and the Rooster; late astrological commentary on EAE: AN.MI ''ina'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana tar-ṣi'' DAR.LUGAL "Eclipse (of the Moon) in the True Shepherd of Anu opposite the Rooster" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 289; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 17:9].

(2) Eclipse of the Moon and the Rooster; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA5 mulDAR.LUGAL KI 30 [...] "[If] (the Moon carries) a [crown] (and) scepter, (and) (its) eclipse is red, (it means): The rooster [...] with the moon" [ACh Suppl<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>. 6:3; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 87, Text IIIg ii 4′]. Perhaps the identity is implied here: mulDAR.LUGAL = d''Ṣalbatānu'' "Rooster = Mars" because Mars is mentioned in the previous line.
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d04)!!Gössmann (1950, 396)
|-
|вар. чтения: = mulTAR2.LUGALmušen; = tarlugallu «Петух»; 1) созвездие в Малом Псе (Canis Minor) (?), 2) название Марса (?) [G. 396].
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. Поздний комментарий [Rochberg-Halton 1988 289; Verderame 2002, 249]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 6): muld[ar].lugalmušen [CT 33, 9 r. 17; HBA, 104; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Ану (№ 10): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL «Звезда, что стоит позади него (т.е. позади mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA), Петух» (I ii 5) [MA, 31], параллель см. MLC 1866. Cписок звезд V R 46, 1:27. muldar.lugal dEn-lil2 ša2 kul.aba4ki dLugal-ban3-da «Петух, Энлиль из Кулабы, Лугальбанда», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162–3:27]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. (mul)DAR.LUGAL — звезда Антагубба, см. d08 DILI ša2 KUN-šu2. Список «7 Энлилей». Петух соотносится с Энлилем из Кулабы, см. e10dEn-lil2. GU-текст. (A) mulsipa.[z]i.an.na muldar.˹lugal˺ gu «Праведный Пастух Ану (β Ori), Петух (μ Lep), веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91], начальной звездой в этом уравнивании, возможно, была «Рука на Посохе» (=ziqpu XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree-Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; согласно Й.Коху, здесь mulsipa.zi.an.na ― γ Ori, muldar.lugal ― ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992, 54]. (B) ˹gir3II.meš˺ u3 ˹šu˺II.meš ša2 mulmaš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-u2 šu imittu(15) u a-si-du / ˹egir˺-u2 ša2 mulsipa.zi.an.na u murub4 mul?dar.lugal gu «Передние ноги и руки Великих Близнецов (θ Gem — рука, ν Gem — нога), правая рука и задняя пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану (ξ Ori, κ Ori) и середина Петуха (α Lep) ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91]; согласно Коху, gir3II.meš ― η Gem, μ Gem, šuII.meš ― θ Gem, μ Gem, šu imittu(15) ― n Ori, a-si-du egir-u2 ― λ Eri, murub4 muldar.lugal ― 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992, 55]. MLC 1866. ˹MUL˺ ša2 ina šap-li / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL «Созвездие, которое стоит ниже Праведного Пастуха Ану, Петух» (col. ii 16–17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40].

II. Божество.

В астрономическом контексте mulDAR.LUGALmušen связан только с Лугальбандой (см. выше), легендарным героем и правителем Урука, персонажем ряда шумерских мифов [MHM II, 75]. В так называемых «The birdcall texts» DAR.LUGALmušen связан с d˹En˺-[me-šar2]-ra и dNusku [Lambert 1970, 112–113, STT 341+:2; 114–115, KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973, 155]. Отсутствие названия в лексических текстах и в текстах предсказаний свидетельствует о его позднем происхождении.

III. Символ.

Неизвестны изображения, которые можно было бы связать с фигурой созвездия Петух.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Созвездие:

= звезды к востоку от Ориона до Проциона (α CMi) [Gössmann 1950, 396];

= Lepus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

= Canis Minor (?) [BPO 2, 11];

= Lepus [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 275; Horowitz 2014, 245].

(2) Марс; см. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann 1950, 396];

V. Части созвездия.

murub4 ˹mul?˺dar.lugal «Середина Петуха», см. выше GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Орион и Петух; поздний астрологический комментарий к ЕАЕ: AN.MI ina SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ana tar-ṣi DAR.LUGAL «Затмение (Луны) в Праведном Пастухе Ану напротив Петуха» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 289; TU, 17:9].

(2) Затмение Луны и Петух; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA5 mulDAR.LUGAL KI 30 […] «[Eсли] (Луна несет) [коро]ну (и) скипетр, (и) при (своем) затмении красная, (это означает): Петух [достиг?…] области Луны» [ACh Suppl. 6:3; Verderame 2002, 87, Text IIIg ii 3′]. Возможно, здесь подразумевается тождество: mulDAR.LUGAL = dṢalbatānu «Петух = Марс», поскольку Марс упоминается в предыдущей строке.
|mulTAR2 · LUGAL mušen (106)
Das Hahnengestirn, akk.wohl tarlugallu; 82--5-22, 512, 17 (Hommel, A A 469 zu berichtigen); Bez. Farb. S. 136k. Nach Br.Mm. 86378 II 5 steht dieses Gestirn hinter dem Orion; ebeso 2. Sup. LXVII 13. "Es kommen also die Sterne östlich von Orion bis Prokyon in Betracht" (3. Erg. S. 324; vgl. Bez. Farb. S. 132, 20).

Identifizierungen:

* = Rigel (Bez. ZÄF S. 10. 48).
* = Prokyon (Kugl. Erg. S. 155 f. 218). mulTAR2 · LUGAL ist

# Unter den Ea-Gestirnen , 82-5-22, 512, Rs. 17.
# Unter den 7 Enlillen: VR 46 Vs. 27 (Enlil von Kullab); VAT 9418 III 8.
# Deckname für Mars (??); VACh Sup. VI 3 f. Bez. Farb.S. 110, 79; 123, 194.
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Dāpinu

2026-04-11T11:44:20Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Dāpinu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
d''Dāpinu'' (𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡) is an Akkadian name for [[:Category:Jupiter|Jupiter]]. Sumerian equivalents include [[UD.AL.TAR]] and [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul/dUD.AL.TAR

"Heroic, Military" is an epithet of Marduk;

used as a name of Jupiter [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 99; PSD<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> I A/3, 154], see also (Kurtik a19) [[UD.AL.TAR|AL.TAR]], (Kurtik u05) [[UD.AL.TAR]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = ''da-pi-nu'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:26].
* (2) Series Antagal (G 305): d''da.pi.nu'' = dšul-pa-e3-a [MSL XVII, 229].

|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 230, K.3124:6'; van Soldt 1995<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 89-90, Ca 9]. ||Example
|-
|'''List of 12 names of Marduk:'''
* ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.ud "In the month Du'uzu - Dapinu, Marduk". [III R 53, 2:5]; for a parallel see S.777 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49:4, HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 24].
|
|-
|'''The names of Jupiter according to its position relative to the horizon.'''
* [DIŠ mul dAMAR.UD ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 Šu]l-pa-e3 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qam-ma'' mulSAG.ME.GAR! / [''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' DU-''ma''] ''Ni-bi-ru ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A DU-''iz'' d''Da-pi-nu'' "[The asterism of Marduk at its appearance (is called) Šu]lpae; when it rises one double hour - Sagmegar; [(when) it stands in the middle of the sky,] - Nēbiru, (when) it stands in the west, - Dapinu." [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 230, K. 3124:6′], for a parallel see [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 147:7-r.1] (see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UD]], IV 8). See also <d>''da''-[''pi-nu''] (?) (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]) in the extispicy text [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:8] (Kurtik a21 [[ALLA]]).
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Identification. ====
= Jupiter, see above.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Eclipse of the Sun and Jupiter; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 d''da-pi-nu'' G[UB...] ''ina'' AN.MI dUTU ˹d˺[''da-pi-nu''...] "If the Sun sets and Jupiter stands in [...], during an eclipse of the Sun [Jupiter ...] [ACh Šamaš<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 16:12; van Soldt 1995<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 89-90, Tablet 27, Ca 9]; see also [3. Erg.<ref>Kugler F.X. Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 305].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d03)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mul/dUD.AL.TAR «Героический, Воинственный» ― эпитет Мардука; употреблялся в качестве названия Юпитера [Gössmann 1950, 99; PSD I A/3, 154], см. также a19AL.TAR, u05UD.AL.TAR.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = da-pi-nu [MSL XI, 40:26]. (2) Серия Antagal (G 305): dda.pi.nu = dšul-pa-e3-a [MSL XVII, 229]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 3, 230, K.3124:6; van Soldt 1995, 89–90, Ca 9]. Список 12 имен Мардука: ina itišu dDa-pi-nu = damar.ud «В месяце дуузу — Дапину, Мардук» [III R 53, 2:5]; параллель см. S.777 [CT 26, 49:4, HBA, 24]. Названия Юпитера в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта. [DIŠ mul dAMAR.UD ina IGI.LA2-šu2 Šu]l-pa-e3 1 KASKAL.GID2 i-šaq-qam-ma mulSAG.ME.GAR! / [ina MURUB4 AN-e DU-ma] Ni-bi-ru ina dUTU.ŠU2.A DU-iz dDa-pi-nu «[Если звезда Мардука (стоит) при своем появлении (на востоке, ее имя) Шу]льпаэ; если проходит 1 двойной час после восхода, — Сагмегар; (если) она стоит в середине неба, — Нибиру, (если) стоит при заходе Солнца, — Дапину» [BPO 3, 230, K. 3124:6′], параллель см. [SAA 8, 147:7–r.1] (см. a28dAMAR.UD, IV 8). См. также <d>da-[pi-nu] (?) в тексте экстиспиции [SpTU IV, 159:8] (a21ALLA).

II. Отождествление.

= Юпитер, см. выше.

II. Астрология.

(1) Затмение Солнца и Юпитер; DIŠ MAN ŠU-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 dda-pi-nu G[UB…] ina AN.MI dUTU ˹d˺[da-pi-nu…] «Если Солнце заходит и Юпитер на его месте сто[ит …], во время затмения Солнца [Юпитер …] [ACh Šamaš, 16:12; van Soldt 1995, 89–90, Tablet 27, Ca 9]; см. также [3. Erg. 305].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

DAMU

2026-04-11T11:09:08Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dDAMU}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / d''Da-mu'' (𒀯𒁕𒈬), when written with the star-determinative MUL, is a name for the star ‘The Pig,’ [[ŠAḪ|(mulŠAḪ = ''šâḫu'').]] Damu is a healing goddess synchronized with the great healing goddess of Ancient Mesopotamia, Gula of the city Isin. Outside of astronomical texts, the divine name can also be used as a name for the god Dumuzi.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Deity (goddess?) of the constellation ŠAḪ "Pig", whose name was sometimes used as the name of the constellation [Gössmann<ref>Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 97].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) denote:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>Son of the healing goddess Gula/Ninisina/ Ninkarrak. Also a hypocoristic form of “Dumuzi”. d''Da-mu'' (EN 28r).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''
* Series Urra XXII: mulšaḫ = d''Da-mu'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114, Rs. IV 114; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:307′].
|Example
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)”'''
Astrolabe P.

* Month Šabaṭu, stars of Enlil, 40 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].

Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša'' [xxx] / mul.bi d''Da''-[''mu'']..." The red star [...] / This star (is) the goddess Damu" (B iii 19-20).
* (2) List (3´12): [itiziz2] ... mul''Da-mu šu''-[''ut'' d''En-lil''2] "[month Šabaṭu : ... Damu (the path of) Enlil " (C iii 11).
* (3) List (rise-set=6months): rise in Šabaṭu, set in Abu [KAV 218, C 22, 33; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5-8], see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]].

BM 82923.

* Month Šabaṭu, stars of Enlil: mul''Da-mu'' // [40] // ''bēlet'' TIN "Damu // [40] // Lady of life." [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:33].

BM 34713.

* Month Adaru, stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:12], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil'''
* A list of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 11): mul''Da-mu'' [TCL 6<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE'''
* See [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVII 5; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 199, VIo: v. 3′-5′].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''
* List of the stars of Enlil (no. 28): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulŠAḪ d''Da-mu'' "The star which stands on its (i.e. mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A) right side: the Pig, Damu" (I i 29) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 26, 126].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List"'''
* (1) mul''da-mu'' = d''gu-la'' "Damu = Gula";
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: mul''da-mu'' [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:158, 213].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1ː19.'''
* mulšaḫ d''Da-mu'' = d''A-nu'', see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:19; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:19]. See also: mulšul = d''Da''-[''mu''] = d''Gu-la'' [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 49:6].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
Damu — deity of health, with the ability to drive away demons and heal diseases. Worshiped in Isin, and also in Larsa and Ur. Believed to be the son of the healer goddess Ninisina (Lady of Isin), who passed on to him the ability to heal. In some Akkadian texts, including astronomical texts (see above) he is considered a goddess and is identified with Gula. It is likely that Damu had both masculine and feminine features [MNM 1<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 349; Black and Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 57; Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 80-81; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 279]. In astronomical texts, Damu always seems to be a goddess. The separation of the constellation ŠAḪ "Pig" and its identification with d''Da-mu'' seems to have occurred rather late; this name does not appear in early lexical texts.

==== III. Astrology. ====
(1) Red Damuː DIŠ mul''Da-mu'' SA5 GIG.AN.TI.LA ''ina'' [...]" If the Damu constellation is red: the sick will be cured; in [...]" [BPO 2<ref>Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVII 5].

(2) Damu and the Moon; DIŠ mul''Da-mu ana'' IGI d30 TE-''ma'' [...] "If Damu comes close to the front portion of the Moon [...]", DIŠ MUL MIN ''ana'' UGU d30 SI4-''ma'' GUB [...] "If that same star (= Damu) approaches the upper portion of the Moon(?) and stands there [...]" [Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 199, VIo: v. 3′-5′]; for a discussion of the meaning of SI4-''ma'' see [ibid.<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 192]. The last two predictions suggest correlations between Damu with some planet, possibly Mars, see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d02)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|божество (богиня?) созвездия ŠAḪ «Свинья», имя которого иногда использовалось как название созвездия [Gössmann 1950, 97].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mulšaḫ = dDa-mu [SpTU III, 114, Rs. IV 114; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:307′]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля, 40 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul sa5 ša [xxx] / mul.bi dDa-[mu]...» Красная звезда [...] / Звезда эта, богиня Даму» (B iii 19–20). (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiziz2] … mulDa-mu šu-[ut dEn-lil2] «Месяц шабату: …Даму (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 11). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — шабату, заход — абу [KAV 218, C 22, 33; Horowiz 2014, Ch. 5–8], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA. BM 82923. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля: mulDa-mu // [40] // bēlet TIN «Даму // [40] // Владычица жизни» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:33]. BM 34713. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:12], см. k24KU6. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 11): mulDa-mu [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XVII 5; Verderame 2002, 199, VIo: v. 3′–5′]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 28): MUL ša2 ina ZAG-šu2 GUB-zu mulŠAḪ dDa-mu «Звезда, которая стоит с его (т.е. mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A) правой стороны: Свинья, Даму» (I i 29) [MA 26, 126]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulda-mu = dgu-la «Даму = Гула»; (2) 12 звезд Аккада: mulda-mu [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:158, 213]. Список звезд VR 46, 1. mulšaḫ dDa-mu = dA-nu, см. также [HBA 51:19; Wee 2016, 162–3:19]. См. также: mulšul = dDa-[mu] = dGu-la [SpTU I, 49:6].

II. Божество.

Даму — божество здоровья, обладавшее способностью прогонять демонов и целить болезни. Почиталось в Исине, а также в Ларсе и Уре. Считалось сыном богини-целительницы Нинисины (Госпожи Исина), которая передала ему способность к врачеванию. В некоторых аккадских текстах, в том числе астрономических (см. выше), считается богиней и отождествляется с Гулой. Вероятно, Даму обладало как мужскими, так и женскими чертами [МНМ 1, 349; Black–Green 1992, 57; Kraus 1951, 80–81; Tallqvist 1938, 279]. В астрономических текстах Даму, по-видимому, всегда богиня. Выделение созвездия ŠAḪ «Свинья» и его отождествление с dDa-mu произошло, по-видимому, достаточно поздно; в ранних лексических текстах это имя не встречается.

III. Астрология.

(1) Даму красное; DIŠ mulDa-mu SA5 GIG.AN.TI.LA ina [...]» Если созвездие Даму красное: лечение больного (будет) в [...]» [BPO 2, XVII 5].

(2) Даму и Луна; DIŠ mulDa-mu ana IGI d30 TE-ma […] «Если Даму к передней части Луны приближается […]», DIŠ MUL MIN ana UGU d30 SI4-ma […] «Если эта же звезда (= Даму) к верхней части Луны подходит? […]» DIŠ MUL MIN ana UGU d30 SI4-ma GUB […] «Если эта же звезда (= Даму) к верхней части Луны подходит? и стоит там […]» [Verderame 2002, 199, VIo: v. 3′–5′]; обсуждение значения SI4-ma см. [ibid., 192]. В двух последних предсказаниях предполагается отождествление Даму с какой-то планетой, возможно, Марсом, см. sh02ŠAḪ.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Del]]

DA

2026-04-11T10:45:48Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:múl gišDA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Hyaden+plejaden smh2025 isle.JPG|alt=photograph-map|thumb|The Babylonian constellation "Jaw of the Bull", Sumerian DA, Akkadian ''is lê,'' typically identified with the Hyades. (Map: Susanne M Hoffmann 2025, with own photography of the star clusters and Jupiter).]]
múl gišDA (𒋼𒄑𒁕) is a name for the ‘Bull's Jaw’ asterism in the constellation [[Taurus]]. The asterism is typically identified with the Hyades.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''is le''10; a pseudo-Sumerogram for the constellation mul''Is lê'' "Bull's Jaw" (= Hyades + Aldebaran).

Standard meaning gišDA = giš''lēʼu'' "tablet (for writing)" [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 546-547]. The use of gišDA for ''is lê'' is explained by two coincidences:

* 1) ''is'' and giš are graphically the same sign,
* 2) ''lê'' (from l''û, līʼu'' "bull" [AHw, 560]) is phonetically close to ''lēʼu'' "tablet" [3 Erg.<ref>3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 336; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 77, 96].
{| class="wikitable"
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''“Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts”'''
The name was used (usually without the determinative) to refer to α Tauri (= Aldebaran) as a normal star (see Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]; for the earliest examples see. [ADRT I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, -384 Rev. 9, -378 Obv. 6', -372 A Col. I 6, 10 and passim]. See also [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1564 r. 7, 1567:4], in the latter case the name is given with the determinative mul2. See also (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|Is le10]].
|Example
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, d01)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= ''is'' le10; псевдошумерограмма для обозначения созвездия mulIs lê «Челюсть Быка» (= Гиады + Альдебаран).
Стандартное значение gišDA = gišlēʼu «табличка (для письма)» [AHw, 546–547]. Использование gišDA для обозначения is lê объясняется двумя совпадениями: 1) is и giš графически один и тот же знак, 2) lê (от lû, līʼu «бык» [AHw, 560]) фонетически близко lēʼu «табличка» [3 Erg. 336; G. 77, 96].

Название использовалось в «Дневниках наблюдений» (как правило, без детерминатива) для обозначения α Tauri (= Альдебаран) как нормальной звезды (см. m39 MÚL.ŠID.MEŠ); самые ранние примеры см. [ADRT I, -384 Rev. 9, -378 Obv. 6', -372 A Col. I 6, 10 and passim]. См. также [LBAT, 1564 r. 7, 1567:4], в последнем случае название дано с детерминативом múl. См. также i15Is lê.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Tau]]

Buššānītu

2026-04-11T08:50:23Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Buššānītu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|thumb|The Corpse (Dead Man) next to The Eagle, paintings by Jessica Gullberg ([[References (Babylonian)|References]])]]
(mul)''Buššānītu'' (𒀯𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈) is a name for the Hyena-star mul ''būṩu'' that is associated with the Corpse-star (mul[[AD6|ADDA]] = ''pagru''). It occurs in a calendrical mystical-mythological work in connection with the 'Marduk battle against Tiamat' tradition of Enuma Eliš. For the latest edition see Reynolds 2019: 206-207 (see below) with commentary on ibid 31, 362, 366-367. See ''[[Gizzānītu]]'', for the relevant page in this work. See also mulKIR4 = ''būşu''.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. reading:'''

* ''buššānītu'', See above and ''[[Gizzānītu]].''
* ''Puššānītu'' (old reading)

Kurtik (2007) and Gössmann (1950) previously read this star name as ''Puššānītu'' (Kurtik p07, Gössmann 359).

'''Var. designations:'''
* <s>Lit. "Another mouth",</s>
* <s>An epithet associated with the constellation KA "Mouth";</s>
* Only in BM 55466+, see (Kurtik g24) ''[[Gizzānītu]]'', (Kurtik k01) [[KA]].
Also to be added KIR4 = ''būşu, 'Hyena-star''' - on the basis of the Reynolds text above

mulKIR4 = ''būşu'', 'Hyena-star' occurs in a calendrical mythological work. See Reynolds 2019: 206-207 with the relevant passage sub. ''[[Gizzānītu]]'',
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, p07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: buššānītu, букв. «Другой рот», эпитет, связанный с созвездием KA «Рот»; только в BM 55466+, см. g24Gizzānītu, k01KA.
|(359) puššanîtum (239)
s. mulKA.
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Aql]][[Category:Del]]

BURRUM AN.NA

2026-04-11T08:47:20Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:BURRUM AN.NA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Milky Way Galaxy and a meteor.jpg|thumb|Brightest Clouds of the Milky Way (CC BY Brocken Inaglory)]]
mulBUR.RU.UM AN.NA (𒀯𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾), "the Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven". A pseudo-Sumerian term that occurs just one time in The Great Star List as a feature of [[PA.BIL.SAG]] in [[Sagittarius]]. As written this must be taken as a Sumerian rendering of an Akkadian ''burrumū šamê''; ''burrumū'' being a poetic name for the night sky (see MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref> 226-227). The original intent of the Sumerian may be understood as something like, ‘the sparkling night sky of heaven,’ perhaps originally referring to the background gleam of the night-sky in general or in the case of the Great Star List to the brightest clouds of the Milky Way in Sagittarius. This could also explain the near homonym previous entry mul''Ur-um'' AN.NA which too is a name for a bright feature in Sagittarius.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variants'''

* mul''Burrum'' AN.NA
* mul''Ur-um'' AN.NA (𒀯𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾)
** = min
** (= ''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag), see also the previous entry in the Great Star List
** "Celestial light"(?)
** ''urrum'' "daylight" see CAD U/W 243-244
* = "Sparkling sky"(?), lit. "The variegated (multicoloured) sky"; part of the constellation [[PA.BIL.SAG]](?).

=== Sources and Identifications ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
==== BURRUM AN.NA ====
!Identifications
|-
|'''"The Great Star List."'''
mul''bur-ru-um'' an.na = min(= ''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag) "Sparkle of the sky = Sparkle of Pabilsag" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:144; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107].||Example
|-
!
==== ''Ur-um'' AN.NA ====
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* mul''ur-um'' an.na = min( = ''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag) "Celestial light = Brilliance of Pabilsag"(?) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:143; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107].
|}
See (Kurtik p03) [[PA.BIL.SAG]].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, b13)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
!
=== BURRUM AN.NA ===
!
|-
|= «Сверкание неба»(?), букв. «Пестрое (разноцветное) небо»; часть созвездия PA.BIL.SAG(?). Только в «Большом списке звезд»: mulbur-ru-um an.na = min(= me-šiḫ dpa.bil.sag) «Сверкание неба = Блеск Пабилсага» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:144; Weidner 1959–60, 107].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, u26)
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
!
=== ''Ur-um'' AN.NA ===
!
|-
|«Небесный свет»(?); по-видимому, часть созвездия mulPA.BIL.SAG (p03).
I. Источники.

«Большой список звезд». mul''ur-um'' an.na = min(= ''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag) «Небесный свет = Блеск Пабилсага»(?) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:143; Weidner 1959–60, 107].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]][[Category:Sumerian]][[Category:Constellation]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sgr]]

BURANUN

2026-04-11T08:40:36Z

HermannHunger:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
mul ídBURANUN (𒀯𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣) is a Mesopotamian constellation in the western portion of the [[Pisces]] and [[Pegasus]] (Psc + Peg). The association of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with the two Babylonian asterisms that comprise classical Pisces, Anunitum for the Euphrates and ‘The Swallow,’ for the Tigris, derives from a sense that the shape of the Tigris and Euphrates river system on Earth in Babylonia, two diverging lines that meet at their middle, mirrors that of classical Pisces in the sky (see figure). Thus, the canal systems of southern Babylonia which connect the two rivers can be thought of as parallel on earth to the knot that ties the two tails of bird and fish-shaped asterisms in the heavens. For ‘[[Anunitu|Anunitum]],’ the Euphrates’ constellation connected with fish and aquatic themes see [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, pp. 42-43].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading: mul ídUD.KIB.NUN.KI; = Purattu "Euphrates" [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 53]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''Series Ḫg. B VI:
* mul ídburanun = ''si-nun-tum'' = [...] "Euphrates = Swallow." [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:23].
|[[File:Psc+ari+aqr+and +rivers.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Psc-And-area with two rivers overlay to Anunitu + Swallow (SMH 2025)]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
* (1) mul ídburanun = mulšim.maḫ "Euphrates = Swallow";
* (2) egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki "Rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates";
* (3) astrological predictions (see Kurtik a18 [[AL.LUL]]) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:147, 149, 152; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107].
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp+Tigris+Euphr GIF 2.gif|thumb|Animation: The two Mesopotamian constellations of Tigris and Euphrates at the position(s) of the (alternative) Mesopotamian constellations of Anunitu and The Swallow. Visualisation by SMH with drawings by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster) on a Stellarium map.]]
|-
|'''List of stars''' VR 46, 1:34.

* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 = ídidigna ''u'' ídburanun
* "Anunitu and the Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:34; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:34].
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866ː [MU]L.MEŠ ídIDIGNA ''u'' ídBURANUNki ''ina ṣip-ri'' mulZIB<me>
* "The stars of the Tigris and the Euphrates at the tip of the Tails" (D i 8) [Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 2018, 35, 39, Section A].
|}
The name appears quite late, not earlier than the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, as it is absent in Urra XXII. See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, b12)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mul ídUD.KIB.NUN.KI; = Purattu «Евфрат» [Gössmann 1950, 53]; созвездие в западной части Рыб и Пегаса (Pisces + Pegasus).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: mul ídburanun = si-nun-tum = […] «Евфрат = Ласточка» [MSL XI, 40:23]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mul ídburanun = mulšim.maḫ «Евфрат = Ласточка»; (2) egir.meš-tum = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = Евфрат»; (3) астрологическое предсказание (см. a18AL.LIL) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:147, 149, 152; Weidner 1959–60, 107]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:34. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mulŠi-nu-nu-tuˆ = ídidigna u ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат» [HBA 52:34; Wee 2016, 162–3:34]. MLC 1866. [MU]L.MEŠ ídIDIGNA u ídBURANUNki ina ṣip-ri mulZIB<me> «Звезды Тигр и Евфрат на острие Хвостов» (D i 8) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 35, 39, Section A].

Название появилось достаточно поздно, не ранее начала I тыс. до н.э., поскольку оно отсутствует в Urra XXII.

Cм. также a18AL.LUL, s19SIM.MAḪ.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]][[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Psc]]

BIR

2026-04-11T08:22:22Z

HermannHunger: /* Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mulBIR (𒀯𒄵), mul''Kalītu(m)'' (𒀯𒅗𒇷𒌅)'','' 'The Kidney,' is the name of an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Puppis]]. A kidney-shaped asterism also occurs in the constellation [[LU.LIM]] = ''lulīmu'', 'The Stag.' Numerous Ancient Mesopotamian clay models of kidneys of sacrifical animals used for divination by diviner-priests (''bārû'') find their place in cuneiform collections around the world.<ref>British Museum: The Liver Tablet (BM 92668) https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1889-0426-238</ref> These provide what must be a view of how the ‘Kidney’-constellation appeared to Ancient Mesopotamain astronomers. Further insight into the shape of the constellation can be gleaned from the identification of the Moon’s phase from the 6th to the 10th of the lunar month as a kidney (''kalītu'').
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Sign-lists demonstrate the reading 'ellag' for BIR (CAD K 74).

* mulellag2 = mulBIR (ELLAG2), "Kidney" in lexical texts and Astrolabes; constellation or star within Poop-Deck ([[Puppis]])
* mulellagx;
* = (mul)''kalītu'' "Kidney" (CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 74-75, [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux?q=kidney ePSD ellag]);

The term is also equated with MUL.MUL in lexical texts, see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], although MUL.MUL is the standard Sumerian name for the Pleiades. Apparently, some ancient Mesopotamian star-gazers saw a similar cluster in ''lulimmu'', ('The Stag'). A related omen is to be found [[MUL.MUL#Astrology.|sub MUL.MUL (3)]].
* 1) a constellation or star within Puppis (stern, poop deck),
* 2) a star in the constellation LU.LIM "Stag" (Cassiopeia /Andromeda) [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 56].

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Urra XXII: mulbir = ''ka-li-tu'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:269′]; for parallels see [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 54:11′; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18 (early Neo-Assyrian parallel to Urra from Assur).
|
|-
| '''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Ululu, Ea stars, 180 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): tablet damaged (B i 17-18); probable text: mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-''it'' mulšudun gub-''zu'' mulbir d''E''2-''a'' "The red star, which at the rising of the south wind, stands before the Yoke (is) The Kidney, Ea", see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 7, B] '''''<big>??? but different in Horowitz 2014, p.37 ???</big>''''', and also [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 31, IX 6].
** (2) List (3´12): itikin mul''ka-li-tum šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "Month Ululu: The Kidney (in the path of) Ea … " (C i 6); for a parallel see [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27].
** (3) List (rising-setting=6months):
*** a) [itiki]n mul''ka-li-tum'' muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ "[Month Ulul]u: Kidney, Raven, Šupa rise" (C 23),
*** b) mul''ka-li-tum'' mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 "(Month Addaru): Kidney, Raven, Šupa set." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8].
* BM 82923.
** Month Ululu, stars of Ea: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-''nu''
** "[Kidney] // 180 // Anu, Enlil, Ea, all three(?)". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:16].
* BM 34713.
** [it]ikin // 3,[...] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // [...múlmar].gid2.da
** "Month Ululu: // 180? [...] Kidney // 100 Great Twins // [...Wa]gon." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:6].
| no. (1)
|-
|"'''Catalog of 30 stars.'''"

* Ea 7:
** MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ - error) ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.ULU3 ''.''LU ''a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it'' mul''ni-ri''(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-''zu'' MUL ''šu-u''2 mul[lBIR d''E''2-''a'']
** "The red star which stands where the south wind rises, before the Yoke, this star is ['The Kidney', Ea"] (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3" />, 177].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27-27a, 31-31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. </ref>, 246:51a; SpTU III<ref name=":6">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101: 15, 33].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* MUL SA5 ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' BIR mul''lu-lim'' GUB-''zu'' mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E
* "The bright red star which stands in the Stag's kidney: The Deleter" (I i 34-35) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 28].
|no. (2)
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":8">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 325 r. 3, 5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: mulbir = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Kidney = Mars"; parallel [Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 337:21; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 60];
* (2) 12 stars of Amurru: mulbir;
* (3) description of the phases of the moon:
** 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 ... ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-''mi ka-li-tu''2 d''e''2-''a'' "The Moon at its appearance ... from the 6th day to the 10th day, 5 days, (is like) the Kidney, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283-4].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427: ''ina'' itikin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 múlbir ki.min(= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month Ululu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Kidney emits ''mišḫu'' and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":11">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:13],
* parallel in BM 34713: ''ina'' kin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28.kam múlbir ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":11" /> 245:15]. see now [Steele 2017, 50 rev. i 15].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The mythological basis for the name “Kidney” is unclear. On the probable connection of the constellation with the god Ea, see [Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Ritual against an epidemic: mulBIR [CAD<ref name=":0" /> K, 76b; OECT<ref>''Oxford Edition of Cuneiform Texts''.</ref> 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 158, note 16; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 163, 34:14].
* (2) The spell E2.NU.RU against mistakes before committing to temple services: MUL.MUL ''ina'' ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ''ina'' GUB3.MU ''i-zi-za'' "O Star Cluster (=Pleiades), stand to my right, O Kidney, stand to my left" [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12">''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 1970. Vol. 39, Fasc. 1. P. 111-151.</ref>, 124:14; Ebeling 1955<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.</ref>, 184; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 16].
* (3) Ritual against evil, foreshadowed by "urban cults and sanctuaries": GI.DU8 ''ana'' IGI mulBIR DU "You erect a reed altar before (the constellation) Kidney", LUGAL ŠU-''su ana'' IGI mulBIR "The king (raises) his hand before (the constellation) Kidney " [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12" />, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].
* (4) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mulBIR d''E''2-''a uz-na p'']''al-ka-a'' <''ina''>! ''nap-ḫar ru-be''2-''e lu-ša''2-''ter''-[''k'']''a'' [...] "[may the 'Kidney', Ea,] provide you with surpassing wide understanding among the rulers [...]." [Watanabe 1991<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13. P. 347-387.</ref>, 362; 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

==== Symbol. ====
The identification of the Kidney with the convex moon, which did not reach the full moon, suggests that the figure of the constellation resembled the moon in the corresponding phase.

==== Previous Identification. ====
(1) Star in the Stag constellation: BIR mulLU.LIM "Kidney of the Stag" (MUL.APIN I i 34), see also (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA<ref name=":7" />, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 207];

= not defined [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

(2) Constellation:

= Vela [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36-37, Anm. 164]; for a discussion on the difficult problem of the relation between mulELLAG2, mulNUNki and mulŠUDUN see [Koch 1989<ref name=":13">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 36-37, Anm.]; see [ibid.<ref name=":13" />]; see also (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]];

= part of the constellation Korma [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245]. '''''<big>??cannot find this constellation???</big>'''''

(3) Moon between the 6th and 10th day of the month, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellanea.”

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; see "The Great Star List and Miscellanea" above.

(2) = Mercury; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r. 5], see also (8)-(12).

(3) = Mercury in Aquarius; see (8)-(11) below.

(4) = the asterism of Eriduː mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27a].

(5) = Yokeː MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.ULU3.LU DU-''zu'' mulBIR d''Ni-ru'' d''E''2-''a'' [...] "The star which stands at the rising of the south wind, (is) The Kidney, the Yoke of Ea". [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6].

(6) = Goat-Fishː see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

(7) = Star Clusterː MUL.MUL = ''ka-li-tum'' [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 7-9].

===== Predictions: =====
(8) Visibility of the Kidney (=Mercury); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-''ma''>> ''a-dir'' d''E''2-''a'' / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' GI6 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''u''2-''tan-na-at-ma'' "If the Kidney, its stars are dark, Ea [...] / If the Kidney is very greenish-yellow, / If the Kidney is very dark, (it means): Mercury is dim in the Giant." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 21:31-34].

(9) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn); mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "The Kidney comes close to a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means:) Mercury in the Giant, is coming close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(10) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn); DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney comes close to a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means): Mercury in the Giant comes close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(11) Kidney (= Mercury) and Raven (= Saturn); ''šumma'' mulELLAG2 ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-z''[''iz''...] "If the Kidney stands(?) ... towards the Raven." [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:33]; DIŠ ul''ellag''(BIR) ''ana'' ulug5.ga ''i-mid'' še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI [...] "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good, eclipse [...]" [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' dGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good. (This means): Mercury in the Giant comes close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:39-40].

(12) Planet and Kidney (=Mercury?): DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-''šu'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 "If a planet - the Kidney comes close to it: sesame will prosper" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:51a].

(13) Heliacal rising in the month Ululuː DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN mulBIR (in [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 395] erroneously mulTAḪ) IGI-''ir'' GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 "If in the month Ululu the Kidney becomes visible: the plough of the country will prosper." [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r.3-4]; for parallels see [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Heliacal risings earlier and later than the set timeː BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' KUR SI.SA2] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' NU SI.SA2] "If this star rises early: [the irrigated cultivated] land [of the country will prosper]; if this star rises late: [the irrigated cultivated] land [of the country will not prosper]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, X 17].

(15) The Moon and the Kidneyː [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulBIR ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If in month Nisan the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Kidney (= Mercury or Mars) stands in it..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" /> 2, 16:33; CAD<ref name=":0" /> K 76]; see also (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].

(16) Pleiades and the Kidney; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ''ikšud''(KUR-''ud'') ''ina šatti''(MU) ''šiāti''(BI) ''um-mu'' [...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the Kidney: in this year will be heat [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:15], for a parallel see [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] "If the Kidney comes close to the Star Cluster: Adad [will devastate]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:38].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, k14)
!
|-
|1) = mulBIR (ELLAG2) «Почка» в лексических текстах и «Астролябиях»; созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), см. b11BIR; 2) = MUL.MUL в лексических текстах, см. m35MUL.MUL.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, b11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulELLAG2, mulELLAGx; = (mul)kalītu «Почка»; 1) созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), 2) звезда в созвездии LU.LIM «Олень» (β Andromedae) [BPO 2, 11; Gössmann 1950, 56].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Urra XXII: mulbir = ka-li-tu [MSL XI, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:269′]; параллели см. [SpTU I, 54:11′; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа, 180 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): табличка повреждена (B i 17–18); вероятный текст: mul sa5 ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-it mulšudun gub-zu mulbir dE2-a «Красная звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра перед Ярмом стоит, Почка, Эа», см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 7, B], а также [BPO 2, III 31, IX 6]. (2) Cписок (3´12): itikin mulka-li-tum šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц улулу: Почка (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 6); параллель см. [BPO 2, III 27]. (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiki]n mulka-li-tum muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ «[Улул]у: Почка, Ворон, Шупа восходят» (С 23), b) mulka-li-tum mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 «(Аддару): Почка, Ворон, Шупа заходят» [KAV 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]. BM 82923. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-nu «[Почка] // 180 // Ану, Энлиль, Эа, все трое(?)» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:16]. BM 34713. [it]ikin // 3,[…] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // […múlmar].gid2.da «Улулу: // 180? Почка // 100 Большие Близнецы // […Ко]лесница» [LBAT, 1499:6]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 7. MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ — oшибка) ša i-na ZI IM.ULU3lu a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it mulni-ri(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-zu MUL šu-u2 mu[lBIR dE2-a] «Красная звезда, которая там, где восходит южный ветер, перед Ярмом стоит, эта звезда ‘Почка’, Эа» (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 27–27a, 31–31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957, 246:51a; SpTU III, 101: 15, 33]. MUL.APIN. MUL SA5 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ina BIR mullu-lim GUB-zu mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E «Красная звезда с большим блеском, которая стоит в почке Оленя: Вредитель» (I i 34–35) [MA 28]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 325 r. 3, 5]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulbir = dmin (=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Почка = Марс»; параллель [Civil 1974, 337:21; Reiner 1995, 60]; (2) 12 звезд Амурру: mulbir; (3) описание фаз Луны: 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 … ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a «Луна при своем появлении … от 6-го дня до 10-го дня, 5 дней, Почка, Эа» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283–4]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itikin ina še-rim ud 28 múlbir ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце улулу утром 28-го дня Почка испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:13], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina kin ina še-rim ud 28.kam bir meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 245:15].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа названия «Почка» неясна. О вероятной связи созвездия с богом Эа см. [Reiner 1995, 88]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал против эпидемии: mulBIR [CAD K, 76b; OECT 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993, 158, note 16; TuL, 163, 34:14]. (2) Заклинание E2.NU.RU против ошибок при совершении храмовых служб: MUL.MUL ina ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ina GUB3.MU i-zi-za «Звезды (=Плеяды) стоят справа от меня, Почка стоит слева от меня» [Caplice 1970, 124:14; Ebeling 1955, 184; Reiner 1995, 16]. (3) Ритуал против зла, предвещаемого «городским культом и святилищем»: GI.DU8 ana IGI mulBIR DU «Ты воздвигаешь тростниковый алтарь перед (созвездием) Почка», LUGAL ŠU-su ana IGI mulBIR «Царь руку свою перед (созвездием) Почка (воздевает)» [Caplice 1970, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995, 88]. (4) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulBIR dE2-a uz-na p]al-ka-a <ina>! nap-ḫar ru-be2-e lu-ša2-ter-[k]a […] «[‘Почка’, Эа, да превзойдет разум об]ширный (твой) всех правителей […]» [Watanabe 1991, 362; 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

III. Символ.

Отождествление Почки с выпуклой Луной, не достигшей полнолуния, позволяет предположить, что фигура созвездия напоминала Луну в соответствующей фазе.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Звезда в созвездии Олень: BIR mulLU.LIM «Почка Оленя» (MUL.APIN I i 34), см. также L09LU.LIM.

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol., 207];

= не определено [ASM, 273].

(2) Созвездие:

= Vela [Gössmann 1950, 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36–37, Anm. 164]; обсуждение сложной проблемы о соотношении mulELLAG2, mulNUNki и mulŠUDUN см. [ibid.], см. также n50NUNki;

= часть созвездия Корма [Horowitz 2014, 245].

(3) Луна в промежутке от 6-го до 10-го дня месяца, см. «Большой список звезд».

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. выше «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Меркурий; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [SAA 8, 325 r. 5], см. также (8)–(12).

(3) = Меркурий в Водолее; см. ниже (8)–(11).

(4) = звезда Эриду; mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2, III 27a].

(5) = Ярмо; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM.Ux.LU DU-zu mulBIR dNi-ru dE2-a […] «Звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра стоит, Почка, Ярмо Эа» [BPO 2, IX 6].

(6) = Коза-Рыба; см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

(7) = Звезды; MUL.MUL = ka-li-tum [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 7–9].

Предсказания:

(8) Видимость Почки (=Меркурий); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-ma>> a-dir dE2-a / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš GI6 / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA u2-tan-na-at-ma «Если Почка, звезда эта стала темной, Эа […] / Если Почка очень зеленовато-желтая, / Если Почка очень темная, (это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, тусклый» [ACh Ištar, 21:31–34].

(9) Почка(=Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(10) Почка (= Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий в Великане к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(11) Почка (= Меркурий) и Ворон (= Сатурн); šumma mulELLAG2 ana mulUGAmušen i-z[iz…] «Если Почка у Ворона стоит(?)…» [SpTU III, 101:33]; DIŠ ulellagx(BIR) ana ulug5.ga i-mid še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI […] «Если Почка останавливается близко от Ворона: сезам будет хорошим, затмение […]» [Borger 1973, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ina dGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка стоит вблизи Ворона: сезам будет хорошим. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане к Сатурну подходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:39–40].

(12) Планета и Почка(=Меркурий?); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-šu ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 «Если планета приближается к Почке: сезам будет нормальным» [Largement 1957, 246:51a].

(13) Гелиакический восход в месяце улулу; DIŠ ina itiKIN mulBIR (в [Gössmann 1950, 395] ошибочно mulTAḪ) IGI-ir GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 «Если в месяце улулу Почка становится видна: плуг страны будет благоденствовать» [SAA 8, 325 r.3–4]; параллели см. [BPO 2, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже установленного времени; BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš KUR SI.SA2] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš NU SI.SA2] «Если эта звезда восходит рано: [обработанная] земля [страны будет процветать]; если эта звезда восходит поздно: [обработанная] земля [страны не будет процветать]» [BPO 2, IX 6], см. также [ibid,. X 17].

(15) Луна и Почка; [DIŠ] 30 ina itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulBIR ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если в месяце нисану Луна окружена гало и Почка (= Меркурий или Марс) в нем стоит…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 16:33; CAD K 76]; cм. также m35MUL.MUL.

(16) Плеяды и Почка; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ikšud(KUR)ud ina šatti(MU) šiāti(BI) um-mu […] «Если Звезды достигают Почки: в этом году будет зной […]» [SpTU III, 101:15], параллель см. [Borger 1973, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] «Если Почка к Звездам приближается: Адад [пожрет]» [ACh Ištar, 21:38].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

Mesopotamian (All Terms)

2026-04-10T11:03:44Z

HermannHunger: /* Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}

Cite as: Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online in the IAU-All Skies Encyclopaedia (2021-202x).
----
[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BCE]]

== Introduction ==
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. We translated his unfinished manuscript to English, relaced many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations, titles, translations, hyperlinked all (or most of) the references and are still updating his (largely outdated or indistinguished) astronomical identifications which is a research project on its own within this corpus. Still, some information is missing, as Kurtik passed away while working on it: so, we also try to reconstruct what he had in mind. For now, the beta-version still is undergoing some sorting and restructuring of the Assyriological material. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.
=== Pronunciation ===
Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu2.hun.ga2 and pa.bil2.sag. Each shows a nasalized g of the order of Spanish "señor" (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga2 rather than ga1 (here g as in goat) for lu2.hun.ga2, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

=== Month Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Sumerian
!Sumerian (alternate)
!Akkadian
!Hebrew
|-
|Month I
|ITIBARA2.ZAG(.GAR)
Month (images) placed by throne
|ITI.BAR(.SAG.SAG)
|''Nisānu''
|Nisan נִיסָן
|-
|Month II
|ITI(EZEM.)GU4.SI.SU
Month horned oxen marched forth
|ITI.GU4(.SI.SÁ)
|''Ayyāru''
|Iyar אִייָר‎
|-
|Month III
|ITISIG4.U5.ŠUB.BA.GÁ.GAR
Month the brick is placed in the mold
|ITI.SIG4.A
|''simānu''
|Sivan סִיוָן
|-
|Month IV
|ITIŠU.NUMUN
Month preparing seed
|ITI.ŠU(.NUMUN.A/NA);
ITI.ŠU.GAR.NUMUN.NA
|''Dûzu''
|Tammuz תַּמּוּז
|-
|Month V
|ITINE.IZI.GAR
Month braziers are lit
|ITI.NE(.NE.GAR)
|''Abu''
|Av אָב
|-
|Month VI
|ITIKIN.dINANNA
Month of rectification of Inanna
|ITI.KIN
|''Ulūlu /'' ''Elūlu''
|Elul אֱלוּל
|-
|Month VII
|ITIDU6.KÙ
Month of Sacred Mound
|ITI.DU6/DUL(.KÙ)
|''tašrītu''
|Tishrei תִּשְׁרֵי
|-
|Month VIII
|ITI(GIŠ)APIN.DU8.A
Month the plow is let go
|ITI.APIN(.DU8.A)
|''Arahsamnu''
|(Mar)Cheshvan
מַרְחֶשְׁוָן/חֶשְׁוָן
|-
|Month IX
|ITIGAN.GAN.(MU.)E3
Month when the clouds(?) come out
|ITI.GAN(.GAN.NA)
|''Kisilīmu''
|Kislev כִּסְלֵו
|-
|Month X
|ITIAB.E3
Month of the father
|ITI.AB(.BA.È)
|''ṭebētu''
|Tevet טֵבֵת
|-
|Month XI
|ITIZIZ2.A
Month for emmer
|ITI.ZÍZ(.A.AN)
|''Šabāṭu''
|Shevat שְׁבָט
|-
|Month XII
|ITIŠE.KIN.KU5
Month of the cutting of barley
|ITI.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Ad(d)aru''
|Adar אֲדָר
|-
|Intercalary
Month XIII
|ITIDIRI.ŠE.KIN.KU5 Additional harvest month
|ITI.DIRIG.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Adaru arkû''
|Adar II
אֲדָר שֵׁנִי
|}

== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

* Kurtik, G. (2007):
** Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил
** [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies],
** Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik. The terms we added bear no numbers.

=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
|-
|𒀀
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀀𒂔
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒆪
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|dA.KU]]
|Moon
|Redirect to [[A.GI7|A.GI7]]
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]]
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|-
|𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|
|-
|𒀊𒉆
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]]
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|-
|𒀜𒈨
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|𒈕
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD6]]
|The Corpse
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG2.AN.BUR2]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|𒂆
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|The Crown
|
|-
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']]
|The Crown of Anu
|
|-
|𒀝𒊒
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|Sister
|
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|The Stranger
|
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|dAḪUD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|Alammuš
|
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|Crab
|
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|a19. AL.TAR
|Jupiter, Heroic
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|𒀩
|
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|Sun, Venus
|
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|Crab
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|
|
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|𒀠𒁍
|
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|Bull
|
|-
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4:
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]
|-
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒀫𒄈
|
|a27. AMAR.GIR2
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
*mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
|-
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|a28. *dAMAR.UD -> [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|
|
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|Western asterism
|
|-
|𒀭
|
|a30. [[AN]]
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Andurunna]]''
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky home of gods before Marduk created the heavens, see [Horowitz 1998, 225]
|-
|𒀭𒆠
|
|a31. AN.KI
|
|Merged into [[NUNki|mulNUNki]]
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|a32. AN.ŠU2.TE
|
|Merged into [[AN]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Standing star
|
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|
|-
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|
|a37. [[AN.U2.GI.E|AN.U2.GI.E]]
|Wind demons
|
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|
|a38. AN.ZU
|
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|mul dIM.DUGUDmušen]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIM.DUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|Horse
|
|-
|
|
|a40. d''Antum''
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul d''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) d''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies – the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: d''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|-
|
|
|a41. d''Anum''
|
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|dAnunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|-
|
|
|''Anu-rabû''
|Great Anu
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. d''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|-
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mul[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|𒄑𒀳
|
|a43. [[APIN|giš]] [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|-
|
|
|a44. ''Āribu''
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGAmušen]].
|-
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|Shield
|
|-
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|Month
|
|-
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|𒀸𒈨
|
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Sun, Saturn
|
|-
|
|
|Aya
|
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Baba
|
|dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|
|b01. dBA.LIM
|
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|-
|
|
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|-
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]]
|Asterism of Dignity
|
|-
|𒁆
|
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|b05. [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|b06. gišBAN
|
|See [[PAN|giš]][[PAN]]
|-
|
|
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|mul / dGAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR3]]
|
|
|-
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|
|-
|𒄵
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|The Kidney
|
|-
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|-
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Buššānītu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|
|d01. [[DA|gišDA]]
|Bull's Jaw
|
|-
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]] (The Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|d02. [[DAMU|d''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|
|-
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]]
|Mars; Rooster
|
|-
|𒁲
|
|d05. [[DI]]
|Judgment, sentence
|
|-
|𒀸𒁁
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|𒀸
|
|d07. [[DILI]]
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
|
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|𒀭
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|Deity designation
|
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|Standing Gods
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]]
|Sitting Gods
|variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|
|e01. ''E-pa''2-''e''
|one time use for Jupiter
|probably from ''Šul-pa2-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]]
|Venus
|
|}

=== Page 2 (e04. d''E''2''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|e04. [[E2-a|d''E''2''-a'']]
|Water deity
|
|-
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E2 ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]]
|Enclosure, cattle pen
|
|-
|𒂊𒁺
|
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|Ištar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
|Stag
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]].
|-
|𒂍𒆳
|
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E2-kur'')]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN3.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations

* (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and
* (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|mulUR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|Water deity
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|d''En-lil'']]2
|Supreme deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]
|Primordial deity; Lord of all me
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|
|e12. [[EN.MUL|dEN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|
|-
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|-
|
|
|e14. ''Enzu''
|
|see [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|-
|
|
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|d''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|ki]]
|
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Wagon
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]]
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|e20. [[Erra|d''Erra'']]
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|
|e21. [[Erragal|d''Erragal'']]
|Great Erra
|
|-
|
|
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|mulTE8/TI8mušen]] "Eagle"
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|Deity
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂵𒂵
|
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|Mercury, Deity
|
|-
|𒃮
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|Breast
|
|-
|
|
|g03. 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|The Circle
|
|-
|𒆛
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|The Crook
|
|-
|
|
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|
|An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM3]], merged.
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|g08. [[GAN2.UR3|giš]][[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|The Harrow
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|The Lady of Life
|
|-
|𒌉
|
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|Saturn; "Constant"
|
|-
|𒄀𒄀
|
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|-
|𒈪
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI6]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|
|-
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|
|g13. [[GIBIL6|dGIBIL6]]
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|
|-
|𒈪𒉭
|
|g14. [[GIG]]
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|-
|𒄑𒇀
|
|g15. [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]
|The Chariot
|
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|The Furrow
|
|-
|𒄈
|
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2]]
|The Scorpion
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|-
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]]
|Heavenly Sword
|
|-
|𒄈𒋰
|
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|The Scorpion
|
|-
|𒄊
|
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR3]]
|Leg (Paw)
|
|-
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁇
|
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|Mars; Mercury
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|-
|
|
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|𒄑𒆲
|
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|Thigh
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN2]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|Enraged Goat (?)
|
|-
|𒄖
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|Great, Giant
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|
|g28. GU2.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄘𒄬
|
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU2.ḪAL]]
|(Star) Throat
|
|-
|𒄘𒄯
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU2.MUR]]
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄞
|
|g31. GU4
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|𒄞𒄋
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= d''Kusarikku''
|-
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|The Heavenly Bull
|
|-
|𒄞𒌓
|
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]]
|Bull of the Sun
|
|-
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|
|g35. [[Gula|d''Gula'']]
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒆸
|
|g36. [[GUR4|GUR4]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|mul lúSA.GAZ]]
|-
|𒀭𒈗
|
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|-
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|d''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|-
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'']]
|The Asterism of Abundance
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]]
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]] to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|
|-
|𒅆𒌨
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|
|-
|𒈝𒁀
|
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|-
|𒂠
|
|h10. ḪUN
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA2
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]
|
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|
|
|-
|𒃷
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|The Field
|Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|𒀭𒅎
|
|i06. [[IM|dIM]]
|Storm Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
|
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]
|(Bird) Anzû
|
|-
|𒅎𒄀
|
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|The Furnace
|
|-
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]
|The Seven Gods
|
|-
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒈹
|
|i13. [[INANNA|dINANNA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI4.IL]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒄑𒇷
|
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' 
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|}

=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|
|i17. [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]
|Scorpius
|
|-
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|i18. [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']]
|Venus; Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|
|i19. [[Ištaran|d''Ištaran'']]
|Deity; The Snake
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒅗
|
|k01. [[KA]]
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU8]]
|Portable Altar
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒅗𒆟
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ2]]
|The Knot
|
|-
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]]
|Obliterator
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|-
|
|
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒈜𒀀
|
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|The Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|-
|𒆕𒉼
|
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|The Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|(Types of) Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]]
|Arrow
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|The Dog
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|-
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|The Kidney
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]]
|
|
|-
|𒆜𒌓
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|The Path of the Sun
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|𒆥𒍮
|
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|Knee, shin
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|The Circle
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|-
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|
|-
|𒈩
|
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]
|Hand
|
|-
|𒆤𒌓
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|
|-
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|k23. *KU.RU.NA
|
|To be read [[Andurunna]] - cosmic region and divine name - see Horowitz MCG 225
|-
|𒄩
|
|k24. [[KU6|KU6]]
|The Fish
|
|-
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]] ''
|Shoulder
|
|-
|𒆲
|
|k26. [[KUN]]
|Tail
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUNme(š)]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|mulSIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.Amušen]]
|Chicken
|
|-
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|lu2KUR2.RA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|d''Kusarikkum'']]
|Buffalo
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|
|
|Kusu
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|𒆵
|
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]]
|Water animal
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|
|L02. dLA.KU.DU
|Mercury
|read mul''šu!-ku-du'', i.e. 'The Arrow' = Mercury, merged into [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒆗
|
|L03. [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]
|The She-Goat
|
|-
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|
|L05. [[Lātarāk|d''Lātarāk'']]
|The Lion
|
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|-
|𒇻
|
|L08. LU
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇻𒅆
|
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|
|-
|𒇻𒈦
|
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇽
|
|L11. LU2
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|dLU2.LAL3]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|-
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|(Asterism) Garment
|
|-
|𒈗
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|King
|
|-
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|-
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]]
|Mighty Lord
|
|-
|
|
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒈜𒆷
|
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|False (Lying) Star
|
|-
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|Evil Star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|-
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|gišMA2.DIRI.GA]]
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|-
|𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋
|
|m03. ''[[Makrû]]''
|Mars; Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|m04. [[MAN]]
|Sun God, Šamaš
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒈠
|
|m05. [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']]
|Strange Star
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈
|
|m06. ''[[TIR.AN.NA|Manzât]]''
|Rainbow
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[TIR.AN.NA]], Rainbow
|-
|𒈥
|
|m07. [[MAR]]
|Wagon (shortened form)
|
|-
|𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕
|
|m08. [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]]
|Wagon
|
|-
|𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾
|
|m09. [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]]
|The Wagon of Heaven
|
|-
|𒈥𒌅
|
|m10. [[MAR.TU]]
|Western Star
|
|-
|
|
|Mār-bīti
|
|“Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL ''šá'' dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌
|
|m11. [[Marduk|d''Marduk'']]
|Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
|
|-
|𒈥𒊏𒌈
|
|m12. ''[[Marratu]]''
|Rainbow
|
|-
|𒈦
|
|m13. [[MAŠ.MAŠ|MAŠ]]
|
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈦𒀀𒋾
|
|m14. [[Maš-a-ti|''Maš''-''a-ti'']]
|Pair of Stars (general)
|
|-
|𒈦𒈦)
|
|m15. [[MAŠ.MAŠ]]
|The Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀
|
|m16. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲
|
|m17. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉
|
|m18. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]
|Small Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|m20. ''[[GAN2.UR3|Maškakātu]]''
|The Harrow
|Akkadian parallel to [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|-
|𒈠𒀀𒋗
|
|m21. ''[[MAŠ.MAŠ|Māšū]]''
|Gemini
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈧
|
|m22. [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]]
|Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
|
|-
|
|
|m23. ME.GAR
|Jupiter
|abbreviation for [[SAG.ME.GAR]], merged there
|-
|𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀
|
|m24. [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]]
|Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚
|
|m25. ''[[mišḫu]]''
|Radiance
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|m26. [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|The radiance of Pabilsag
|
|-
|
|
|[[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU]]
|
|abbreviation for [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕
|
|m27. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|(Bound/hitched) yoke
|
|}

=== Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA to p07. ''Puššaītu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|m28. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒀯
|
|m29. [[MUL]]
|Star, luminary
|
|-
|𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀
|
|m30. [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]]
|Venus; The dominant star of the sky
|
|-
|𒀯𒀭𒈾
|
|m31. [[MUL.AN.NA]]
|Moon deity; Celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒃲
|
|m32. [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]]
|Big celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒆠𒃲
|
|m33. [[MUL.KI.GAL]]
|Venus; Star of the great earth
|
|-
|𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅
|
|m34. [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']]
|Reliable stars
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯
|
|m35. [[MUL.MUL]]
|Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯𒆷
|
|m36. [[MUL.MUL.LA]]
|Arrow
|or: ''mulmullu''. “arrow”: see [[KAK.SI.SA2|GAG.SI.SÁ]].
|-
|𒋼
|
|m37. [[MUL2|MUL2]]
|Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒋼𒌓
|
|m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|Jupiter; White Star
|
|-
|𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|m39. [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Stars (for) counting
|"normal stars"
|-
|𒌌
|
|m40. [[MUL4|MUL4]]
|Star, constellation
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|
|
|m41. [[MULx|MULx]]
|
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌘
|
|m42. [[MURUB4|MURUB4]]
|Middle (part)
|
|-
|𒈲
|
|m43. [[MUŠ]]
|Snake
|
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|m44. [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ]]
|Ferocious serpent
|
|-
|
|
|[[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)''mušḫuššu'']]
|
|see (Kurtik m44)
|-
|𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵
|
|m45. [[MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA]]
|
|Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in [[ALLA]] ([[Cancer]])
|-
|𒄷
|
|m46. [[MUŠEN]]
|The Bird
|
|-
|𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻
|
|m47. ''[[Muštarīlu]]''
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈿
|
|n01. [[NA2|NA2]]
|Jupiter; Bed-star
|
|-
|𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾
|
|n02. [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]
|Mercury; Deity of wisdom
|
|-
|𒉄
|
|n03. [[NAGAR]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|n04. ''[[KUR2.RA|Nakaru]]''
|Enemy, Stranger
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[KUR2.RA|KUR2.RA]]
|-
|
|
|n05. ''[[NU.MUŠ.DA|Nammaššû]]''
|Herds of (wild) animals
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋀𒆠
|
|n06. [[NANNA|dNANNA]]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|
|
|n07. ''[[GIGIR|Narkabtu]]''
|The Chariot
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIGIR|mul gišGIGIR]], "Chariot"
|-
|𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍
|
|n08. ''[[Naṣrapu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|n09. ''[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|Nattullu]]''
|Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|-
|
|
|n10. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|''Nattullu'' ''arkīti'']]
|Back of the Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|-
|𒉈
|
|n11. [[NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒃻
|
|n12. [[NE.GAR]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻
|
|n13. [[NE.GI.IZI.GAR]]
|Torch of Girra
|
|-
|𒉈𒉈𒃻
|
|n14. [[NE.NE.GAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒁉𒊒
|
|n15. ''[[Nēberu]]''
|Ferry, ford, crossing
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑
|
|n16. ''[[Nebû]]''
|Brilliant star
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|n17. ''[[UR.NIG|Nēltu]]''
|Lioness
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.NIG]]
|-
|𒀭𒌋𒄥
|
|n18. [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']]
|Deity of the underworld
|
|-
|
|
|n19. ''[[UR.MAH|Nēšu]]''
|The Lion
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.MAḪ]]
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙
|
|n20. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
|A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀
|
|n21. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] '' ''
|(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
|
|-
|𒉎𒍪
|
|n22. [[NI2.ZU|NI2.ZU]]
|Thief
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒆠
|
|n23. [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]]
|Star of Elam
|
|-
|
|
|n24. ''[[UD.KA.DU8.A|Nimru]]''
|Panther
|Akkadian parallel to [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪
|
|n25. [[NIN.A.ZU|dNIN.A.ZU]]
|Deity; Lord who knows water
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾
|
|n26. [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]]
|Ištar; Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|gišNÍNDA
|
|= ''ittû'' “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢
|
|n27. [[NIN.GIR2.SU|dNIN.GIR2.SU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊
|
|n28. [[NIN.GIR3|dNIN.GIR3]]
|Lord of strength
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕
|
|n29. [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]
|Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺
|
|n30. [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Ningublaga
|
|Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾
|
|n31. [[NIN.GUL.TI]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛
|
|n32. [[NIN.KA.SI]]
|(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷
|
|n33. [[NIN.KILIM]]
|Mongoose
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒆤
|
|n34. [[NIN.LIL2|NIN.LIL2]]
|Deity; Lady of the Air
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒈤
|
|n35. [[NIN.MAḪ]]
|Deity; Foremost lady
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯
|
|n36. [[NIN.MUL|dNIN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lady Stars
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕
|
|n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA
|Deity; Lady of the great stars
|occurs in one text only, '''Text K. 2054.''' "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀
|
|n38. [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]
|Deity; Lady of the red star
|
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
|Deity
|Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒊬
|
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
|
|n41. [[NIN.SI4|NIN.SI4]]
|Red Lady
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾
|
|n42. [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]]
|Red Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁
|
|n43. [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]
|Agriculture deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷
|
|n44. [[Niraḫ|d''Niraḫ'']]
|Snake deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒄿𒊒
|
|n45. ''[[Nīru]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍑𒀀𒂠
|
|n46. [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒊨𒅇
|
|n47. [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒈨𒀀
|
|n48. [[NU.ME.A]]
|(Star of) nothingness
|
|-
|𒉡𒈲𒁕
|
|n49. [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|n50. [[NUNki|NUNki]]
|
|
|-
|𒉣𒉽𒉽
|
|n51. [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉣𒈨
|
|n52. [[NUN.ME]]
|(Star)-Sage
|
|-
|𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀
|
|n53. [[NUN.SAR.A|dNUN.SAR.A]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒉡
|
|n54. ''[[Nūnu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒌆
|
|n55. [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|p01. PA
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒉼
|
|[[PAN]]
|Bow
|
|-
|𒉺𒉈
|
|p02. PA.BIL
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|p03. d[[PA.BIL.SAG]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|p04. ''[[AD6|Pagru]]''
|Body, corpse
|see a06. [[AD6|AD6]]
|-
|𒀭𒉽𒈛
|
|p05. [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]
|Messenger deity
|
|-
|𒉿𒍮𒌑
|
|p06. ''[[Peṣû]]''
|
|see m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|-
|𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈
|
|p07. ''[[Puššānītu|Puššanītu]]''
|
|
|}

=== Page 5 (q01. ''Qaštu'' to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|
|
|q01. ''Qaštu''
|Bow
| rowspan="2" |merged into [[PAN|mulPAN]] as it occurs only in lexical lists
|-
|
|
|''Qaštum Elamātum''
|Elamite Bow
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊏𒁍𒌑
|
|r01. ''[[GU.LA|Rabû]]''
|Great (man)
|Akkadian parallel to [[GU.LA]] - should just be a link to GU.LA
|-
|𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈
|
|r02. ''[[GIŠ.KUN|Rapaštu]]''
|Thigh
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|-
|𒊐𒁍
|
|r03. ''[[Rappu]]''
|Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒊑𒅆𒁁
|
|r04. [[RI.ŠI.BE]]
|
|
|-
|𒈩𒌓
|
|r05. ''[[KIŠIB|Rittu]]''
|Hand
|Akkadian parallel to mul[[KIŠIB]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒇽𒌑𒄤
|
|s01. [[SA.GAZ|lu2]][[SA.GAZ]]
|Bandit, Outlaw
|
|-
|𒌑𒊑
|
|s02. [[SA.RI]]
|Wild Cat
|
|-
|𒄷𒈿
|
|s03. [[(MUL) SA4|SA4]]
|(Star) with great brilliance
|
|-
|𒋛𒀀
|
|s04. [[SA5|SA5]]
|Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺
|
|s05. [[SAG.DU]]
|Head, top, upper part
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|s06. SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA
|Lion's head
|merged into (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
|
|s07. [[SAG.DU3.A|SAG.DU3.A]]
|Triangle
|?
|-
|𒊕𒋻
|
|s08. [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]]
|First in (making) decisions
|
|-
|𒊕𒈨𒃻
|
|s09. [[SAG.ME.GAR]]
|Jupiter
|var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
|-
|𒊕𒍑
|
|s10. [[SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
|
|-
|𒊩𒀀𒂠
|
|s11. [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus; (Star for) Women
|
|-
|𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵
|
|s12. [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]]
|Venus; (Star of) Woman
|
|-
|𒊬𒀀
|
|s13. [[SAR.A]]
|
|
|-
|𒊬𒄷𒋛
|
|s14. [[SAR.U5|SAR.U5]]
|
|
|-
|𒊓𒅈𒊒
|
|s15. ''[[LUL.LA|Sarru]]''
|False (Lying) Star
|Akkadian parallel to [[LUL.LA]]
|-
|
|
|''Sebettu''
|
|“The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀
|
|s16. [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; growing(?) horn
|
|-
|𒋛
|
|SI
|
|= ''qarnu''. “horn”: see [[GIR2.TAB|mulGÍR.TAB]].
|-
|𒋜
|
|s17. [[SI4|SI4]]
|Red, Lisi
|Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 [[LI9.SI4|mul / dLI9.SI4]]
|-
|𒅊
|
|s18. [[SIG7|SIG7]]
|Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
|
|-
|𒋆𒈤
|
|s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|Swallow
|
|-
|𒀭𒌍
|
|s20. [[Sîn|d''Sîn'']]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻
|
|s21. SIPA
|True Shepherd of Anu
|merged into (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|True Shepherd of Heaven
|
|-
|𒋀𒌍𒉡
|
|''[[Sissinnu]]''
|Frond, branch
|
|-
|𒋦
|
|s23. SUḪUR
|Goat-Fish
|merged into (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|s24. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|The Goat-Fish
|
|-
|
|
|s25. ''[[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|Suḫurmāšu]]''
|
|Akkadian parallel to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌
|
|ts01. ''[[Ṣalbatānu|Ṣal]]''
|abbreviation
|merged into ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|-
|𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡
|
|ts02. ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|Mars
|
|-
|𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑
|
|ts03. [[Ṣallummû|Ṣ''allummu'']]
|Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
|
|-
|𒍝𒊑𒊒
|
|ts04. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA|Ṣ''āriru'']]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|Akkadian parallel to [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒇡𒊒
|
|ts05. [[Ṣarru|Ṣ''arru'']]
|Sparkling (star)
|
|-
|𒀫𒊒)
|
|ts06. [[Ṣurru|Ṣ''urru'']]
|Obsidian star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠
|
|sh01. [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]]
|(Star) for the uterus
|
|-
|𒋚
|
|sh02. [[ŠAḪ]]
|The Pig
|
|-
|
|
|''Šala''
|
|Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la ''šubu-ul-tu''4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|sh03. [[Šamaš|d''Šamaš'']]
|Sun god
|
|-
|𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠
|
|sh04. ''[[Šanûmma]]''
|Strange (star)
|
|-
|𒄭𒄤
|
|sh05. [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒄭𒌴
|
|sh06. [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒊺𒇷𒁍
|
|sh07. ''[[KA5.A|Šēlebu]]''
|The Fox
|Akkadian parallel to [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|-
|𒅆𒁍𒌑
|
|sh08. ''[[Šību]]''
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒅆𒄴𒂅
|
|sh09. ''[[Šiḫṭu|Šiḫtu]]''
|Mercury, Mars; Leap
|
|-
|𒋻𒉺
|
|sh10. [[(MUL2) šil PA|''šil'' PA]]
|Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
|
|-
|𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷
|
|sh11. ''[[Šiltāḫu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓
|
|sh12. [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|
|
|sh13. ''Šinūnūtu''
|
|see s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|-
|
|
|sh14. ''Šitadallu''
|
|see s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒋗
|
|sh15. [[ŠU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|''[[šubtu]]''
|
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
|-
|
|
|''šubultu''(''m'')
|
|“ear (of grain)”: see Šala
|-
|𒋗𒄀
|
|sh16. [[ŠU.GI]]
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒋗𒉺
|
|sh17. [[ŠU.PA]]
|Magnificent, brilliant
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈
|
|sh18. [[ŠUDUN]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|sh19. [[ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA|ŠUDUN ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲
|
|sh20. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾
|
|sh21. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻
|
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|mul[[ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MA|ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MAki]]
|
|
|-
|𒋗𒆪𒁺
|
|sh23. ''[[Šukūdu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒂄𒄀
|
|sh24. [[ŠUL.GI|dŠUL.GI]]
|Shulgi
|
|-
|𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺
|
|sh25. [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|A youngster appears with brilliance
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|sh26. ''[[Šullat]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|t01. [[Tak-ša2-a-ti|''Tak-ša''2''-a-tu2'']]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|... [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀
|
|t02. [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; Sparkling
|
|-
|𒋾𒅅𒁍
|
|t03. ''[[Tikpu]]''
|Spot, speckled
|
|-
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|
|t04. ''Tinūru''
|Furnace
|see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|-
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
|
|t05. [[TIR.AN.NA]]
|Rainbow
|
|-
|
|
|''Tišpak''
|
|Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
|-
|𒀭𒌅𒌅
|
|t06. [[TU.TU|dTU.TU]]
|Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
|
|-
|
|
|gišTUKUL
|
|= kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬
|
|t07. ''[[Tūʼamū]]''
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍
|
|t08. [[Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ|''Tūʼamū'' GAL.MEŠ]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒌋𒌆𒌈
|
|t09. ''[[Tūltu]]''
|Worm, larva
|
|-
|𒉣𒇬
|
|t10. [[TUR3|TUR3]]
|Venus; Corral
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒌋𒊑𒊑
|
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒌓𒉌𒇷
|
|u02. [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]]
|Venusl Star of radiance/morning
|
|-
|𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔
|
|u03. [[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]]
|
|
|-
|𒇇
|
|u04. [[U8|U8]]
|Ewe
|= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|u05. [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|Jupiter; Heroic
|
|-
|𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀
|
|u06. [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|Demon with the Gaping Mouth
|var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A
|}

=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒇻𒁁
|
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGAmušen]]
|Raven
|
|-
|
|
|[[UG5.GA|UG5.GA]]
|Mars, Raven?
|
|-
|𒌌
|
|u12. [[UL]]
|(Shooring) Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌢
|
|u13. [[UMBIN]]
|
|
|-
|𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈
|
|u14. ''[[ummulūtu]]''
|Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
|
|-
|𒌦𒉡𒌓
|
|u15. ''[[unnutu]]''
|Dim star
|
|-
|𒌨
|
|u16. [[UR]]
|Leo; The Lion
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒌨𒀀
|
|u17. [[UR.A]]
|Leo; The Lion
|UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]] in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].
|-
|𒌨𒁇𒊏
|
|u18. [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|Wolf
|
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|u19. [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|u20. [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁
|
|u21. [[UR.IDIM]]
|Mad Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒈤
|
|u22. [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|u23. [[UR.NIG]]
|Lioness
|
|-
|𒌨𒆪
|
|[[UR.GI7|UR.KU]]
|The Dog
|now read UR.GI7
|-
|𒌫𒆲
|
|u24. [[UR2.KUN|UR2.KUN]]
|Hip, Pelvis
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁𒈬
|
|u25. ''[[Uridimmu|Ur(i)dimmu]]''
|Mad Dog
|see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|u26. ''Ur-um'' AN.NA
|Celestial Light
|see (Kurtik b13) [[BURRUM AN.NA|BURRUM]] [[BURRUM AN.NA|AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
|
|u27. [[USAN2.PA.SIKIL|dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL]]
|Venus; Goddess of the Stars
|
|-
|𒌑𒋩𒋾
|
|u28. ''[[Uṣurtu]]''
|Drawing, Image
|
|-
|𒅜𒍪
|
|u29. [[UŠ12.ZU|UŠ12.ZU]]
|Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
|
|-
|𒀭𒌓
|
|u30. [[UTU|dUTU]]
|Sun deity
|
|-
|𒍚
|
|u31. [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|Goat
|
|-
|𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷
|
|z01. [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]]
|Warlike deity
|
|-
|𒍠𒃻
|
|z02. [[ZAG.GAR]]
|Consort of the Lady of the plains
|
|-
|𒈽𒀖𒁍
|
|z03. ''[[Zappu]]''
|Stubble (Mane)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈
|
|z04. [[Zapānītu|d''Za(r)pānītu'']] ''/''
''Zerpānītu''
|Deity, wife of Marduk
|
|-
|𒍝𒊒𒌑
|
|z05. ''[[Zarû]]''
|Drawbar, Cart pole
|
|-
|𒍣
|
|z06. ZI
|
|see [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
|
|z07. [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒍦𒈨
|
|z08. [[ZIB|ZIBme]]
|Tails
|
|-
|𒀭𒍨
|
|z09. [[ZIB2|dZIB2]]
|Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|
|z10. ''Zibānītum''
|Balance
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍨𒁍
|
|z11. ''[[Ziqpu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|
|z12. ''Zuqaqīpu''
|Scorpius
|see [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|}

=== Acknowledgements ===
Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

* David Hilder
* Euin Choung Kim
* Roland Laffitte
* Youngjea Lee
* Jan Safford

[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

BIR

2026-04-10T10:58:41Z

HermannHunger: /* Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mulBIR (𒀯𒄵), mul''Kalītu(m)'' (𒀯𒅗𒇷𒌅)'','' 'The Kidney,' is the name of an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Puppis]]. A kidney-shaped asterism also occurs in the constellation [[LU.LIM]] = ''lulīmu'', 'The Stag.' Numerous Ancient Mesopotamian clay models of kidneys of sacrifical animals used for divination by diviner-priests (''bārû'') find their place in cuneiform collections around the world.<ref>British Museum: The Liver Tablet (BM 92668) https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1889-0426-238</ref> These provide what must be a view of how the ‘Kidney’-constellation appeared to Ancient Mesopotamain astronomers. Further insight into the shape of the constellation can be gleaned from the identification of the Moon’s phase from the 6th to the 10th of the lunar month as a kidney (''kalītu'').
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Sign-lists demonstrate the reading 'ellag' for BIR (CAD K 74).

* mulellag2 = mulBIR (ELLAG2), "Kidney" in lexical texts and Astrolabes; constellation or star within Poop-Deck ([[Puppis]])
* mulellagx;
* = (mul)''kalītu'' "Kidney" (CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 74-75, [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux?q=kidney ePSD ellag]);

The term is also equated with MUL.MUL in lexical texts, see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], although MUL.MUL is the standard Sumerian name for the Pleiades. Apparently, some ancient Mesopotamian star-gazers saw a similar cluster in ''lulimmu'', ('The Stag'). A related omen is to be found [[MUL.MUL#Astrology.|sub MUL.MUL (3)]].
* 1) a constellation or star within Puppis (stern, poop deck),
* 2) a star in the constellation LU.LIM "Stag" (Cassiopeia /Andromeda) [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 56].

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Urra XXII: mulbir = ''ka-li-tu'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:269′]; for parallels see [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 54:11′; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18 (early Neo-Assyrian parallel to Urra from Assur).
|
|-
| '''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Ululu, Ea stars, 180 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): tablet damaged (B i 17-18); probable text: mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-''it'' mulšudun gub-''zu'' mulbir d''E''2-''a'' "The red star, which at the rising of the south wind, stands before the Yoke (is) The Kidney, Ea", see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 7, B] '''''??? but different in Horowitz 2014, p.37 ???''''', and also [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 31, IX 6].
** (2) List (3´12): itikin mul''ka-li-tum šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "Month Ululu: The Kidney (in the path of) Ea … " (C i 6); for a parallel see [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27].
** (3) List (rising-setting=6months):
*** a) [itiki]n mul''ka-li-tum'' muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ "[Month Ulul]u: Kidney, Raven, Šupa rise" (C 23),
*** b) mul''ka-li-tum'' mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 "(Month Addaru): Kidney, Raven, Šupa set." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8].
* BM 82923.
** Month Ululu, stars of Ea: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-''nu''
** "[Kidney] // 180 // Anu, Enlil, Ea, all three(?)". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:16].
* BM 34713.
** [it]ikin // 3,[...] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // [...múlmar].gid2.da
** "Month Ululu: // 180? [...] Kidney // 100 Great Twins // [...Wa]gon." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:6].
| no. (1)
|-
|"'''Catalog of 30 stars.'''"

* Ea 7:
** MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ - error) ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.ULU3 ''.''LU ''a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it'' mul''ni-ri''(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-''zu'' MUL ''šu-u''2 mul[lBIR d''E''2-''a'']
** "The red star which stands where the south wind rises, before the Yoke, this star is ['The Kidney', Ea"] (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3" />, 177].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27-27a, 31-31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. </ref>, 246:51a; SpTU III<ref name=":6">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101: 15, 33].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* MUL SA5 ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' BIR mul''lu-lim'' GUB-''zu'' mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E
* "The bright red star which stands in the Stag's kidney: The Deleter" (I i 34-35) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 28].
|no. (2)
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":8">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 325 r. 3, 5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: mulbir = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Kidney = Mars"; parallel [Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 337:21; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 60];
* (2) 12 stars of Amurru: mulbir;
* (3) description of the phases of the moon:
** 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 ... ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-''mi ka-li-tu''2 d''e''2-''a'' "The Moon at its appearance ... from the 6th day to the 10th day, 5 days, (is like) the Kidney, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283-4].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427: ''ina'' itikin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 múlbir ki.min(= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month Ululu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Kidney emits ''mišḫu'' and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":11">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:13],
* parallel in BM 34713: ''ina'' kin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28.kam múlbir ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":11" /> 245:15]. see now [Steele 2017, 50 rev. i 15].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The mythological basis for the name “Kidney” is unclear. On the probable connection of the constellation with the god Ea, see [Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Ritual against an epidemic: mulBIR [CAD<ref name=":0" /> K, 76b; OECT<ref>''Oxford Edition of Cuneiform Texts''.</ref> 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 158, note 16; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 163, 34:14].
* (2) The spell E2.NU.RU against mistakes before committing to temple services: MUL.MUL ''ina'' ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ''ina'' GUB3.MU ''i-zi-za'' "O Star Cluster (=Pleiades), stand to my right, O Kidney, stand to my left" [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12">''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 1970. Vol. 39, Fasc. 1. P. 111-151.</ref>, 124:14; Ebeling 1955<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.</ref>, 184; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 16].
* (3) Ritual against evil, foreshadowed by "urban cults and sanctuaries": GI.DU8 ''ana'' IGI mulBIR DU "You erect a reed altar before (the constellation) Kidney", LUGAL ŠU-''su ana'' IGI mulBIR "The king (raises) his hand before (the constellation) Kidney " [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12" />, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].
* (4) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mulBIR d''E''2-''a uz-na p'']''al-ka-a'' <''ina''>! ''nap-ḫar ru-be''2-''e lu-ša''2-''ter''-[''k'']''a'' [...] "[may the 'Kidney', Ea,] provide you with surpassing wide understanding among the rulers [...]." [Watanabe 1991<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13. P. 347-387.</ref>, 362; 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

==== Symbol. ====
The identification of the Kidney with the convex moon, which did not reach the full moon, suggests that the figure of the constellation resembled the moon in the corresponding phase.

==== Previous Identification. ====
(1) Star in the Stag constellation: BIR mulLU.LIM "Kidney of the Stag" (MUL.APIN I i 34), see also (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA<ref name=":7" />, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 207];

= not defined [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

(2) Constellation:

= Vela [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36-37, Anm. 164]; for a discussion on the difficult problem of the relation between mulELLAG2, mulNUNki and mulŠUDUN see [Koch 1989<ref name=":13">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 36-37, Anm.]; see [ibid.<ref name=":13" />]; see also (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]];

= part of the constellation Korma [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245]. '''''??cannot find this constellation???'''''

(3) Moon between the 6th and 10th day of the month, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellanea.”

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; see "The Great Star List and Miscellanea" above.

(2) = Mercury; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r. 5], see also (8)-(12).

(3) = Mercury in Aquarius; see (8)-(11) below.

(4) = the asterism of Eriduː mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27a].

(5) = Yokeː MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.ULU3.LU DU-''zu'' mulBIR d''Ni-ru'' d''E''2-''a'' [...] "The star which stands at the rising of the south wind, (is) The Kidney, the Yoke of Ea". [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6].

(6) = Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

(7) = Star Cluster; MUL.MUL = ''ka-li-tum'' [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 7-9].

===== Predictions: =====
(8) Visibility of the Kidney (=Mercury); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-''ma''>> ''a-dir'' d''E''2-''a'' / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' GI6 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''u''2-''tan-na-at-ma'' "If the Kidney, its stars are dark, Ea [...] / If the Kidney is very greenish-yellow, / If the Kidney is very dark, (it means): Mercury is dim in the Giant." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 21:31-34].

(9) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn); mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "The Kidney comes close to a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means:) Mercury in the Giant, is coming close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(10) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn); DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney comes close to a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means): Mercury in the Giant approaches Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(11) Kidney (= Mercury) and Raven (= Saturn); ''šumma'' mulELLAG2 ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-z''[''iz''...] "If the Kidney stands(?) ... towards the Raven." [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:33]; DIŠ ul''ellag''(BIR) ''ana'' ulug5.ga ''i-mid'' še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI [...] "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good, eclipse [...]" [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' dGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good. (This means): Mercury in the Giant comes close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:39-40].

(12) Planet and Kidney (=Mercury?): DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-''šu'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 "If a planet - the Kidney comes close to it: sesame will prosper" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:51a].

(13) Heliacal rising in the month Ululuː DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN mulBIR (in [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 395] erroneously mulTAḪ) IGI-''ir'' GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 "If in the month Ululu the Kidney becomes visible: the plough of the country will prosper." [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r.3-4]; for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Heliacal risings earlier and later than the set timeː BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' KUR SI.SA2] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' NU SI.SA2] "If this star rises early: [the irrigated cultivated] land [of the country will prosper]; if this star rises late: [the irrigated cultivated] land [of the country will not prosper]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, X 17].

(15) The Moon and the Kidneyː [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulBIR ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If in the month Nisan the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Kidney (= Mercury or Mars) stands in it..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" /> 2, 16:33; CAD<ref name=":0" /> K 76]; see also (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].

(16) Pleiades and the Kidney; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ''ikšud''(KUR-''ud'') ''ina šatti''(MU) ''šiāti''(BI) ''um-mu'' [...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the Kidney: in this year will be heat [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:15], for a parallel see [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] "If the Kidney comes close to the Star Cluster: Adad [will devastate]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:38].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, k14)
!
|-
|1) = mulBIR (ELLAG2) «Почка» в лексических текстах и «Астролябиях»; созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), см. b11BIR; 2) = MUL.MUL в лексических текстах, см. m35MUL.MUL.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, b11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulELLAG2, mulELLAGx; = (mul)kalītu «Почка»; 1) созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), 2) звезда в созвездии LU.LIM «Олень» (β Andromedae) [BPO 2, 11; Gössmann 1950, 56].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Urra XXII: mulbir = ka-li-tu [MSL XI, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:269′]; параллели см. [SpTU I, 54:11′; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа, 180 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): табличка повреждена (B i 17–18); вероятный текст: mul sa5 ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-it mulšudun gub-zu mulbir dE2-a «Красная звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра перед Ярмом стоит, Почка, Эа», см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 7, B], а также [BPO 2, III 31, IX 6]. (2) Cписок (3´12): itikin mulka-li-tum šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц улулу: Почка (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 6); параллель см. [BPO 2, III 27]. (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiki]n mulka-li-tum muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ «[Улул]у: Почка, Ворон, Шупа восходят» (С 23), b) mulka-li-tum mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 «(Аддару): Почка, Ворон, Шупа заходят» [KAV 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]. BM 82923. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-nu «[Почка] // 180 // Ану, Энлиль, Эа, все трое(?)» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:16]. BM 34713. [it]ikin // 3,[…] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // […múlmar].gid2.da «Улулу: // 180? Почка // 100 Большие Близнецы // […Ко]лесница» [LBAT, 1499:6]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 7. MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ — oшибка) ša i-na ZI IM.ULU3lu a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it mulni-ri(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-zu MUL šu-u2 mu[lBIR dE2-a] «Красная звезда, которая там, где восходит южный ветер, перед Ярмом стоит, эта звезда ‘Почка’, Эа» (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 27–27a, 31–31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957, 246:51a; SpTU III, 101: 15, 33]. MUL.APIN. MUL SA5 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ina BIR mullu-lim GUB-zu mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E «Красная звезда с большим блеском, которая стоит в почке Оленя: Вредитель» (I i 34–35) [MA 28]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 325 r. 3, 5]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulbir = dmin (=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Почка = Марс»; параллель [Civil 1974, 337:21; Reiner 1995, 60]; (2) 12 звезд Амурру: mulbir; (3) описание фаз Луны: 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 … ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a «Луна при своем появлении … от 6-го дня до 10-го дня, 5 дней, Почка, Эа» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283–4]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itikin ina še-rim ud 28 múlbir ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце улулу утром 28-го дня Почка испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:13], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina kin ina še-rim ud 28.kam bir meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 245:15].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа названия «Почка» неясна. О вероятной связи созвездия с богом Эа см. [Reiner 1995, 88]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал против эпидемии: mulBIR [CAD K, 76b; OECT 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993, 158, note 16; TuL, 163, 34:14]. (2) Заклинание E2.NU.RU против ошибок при совершении храмовых служб: MUL.MUL ina ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ina GUB3.MU i-zi-za «Звезды (=Плеяды) стоят справа от меня, Почка стоит слева от меня» [Caplice 1970, 124:14; Ebeling 1955, 184; Reiner 1995, 16]. (3) Ритуал против зла, предвещаемого «городским культом и святилищем»: GI.DU8 ana IGI mulBIR DU «Ты воздвигаешь тростниковый алтарь перед (созвездием) Почка», LUGAL ŠU-su ana IGI mulBIR «Царь руку свою перед (созвездием) Почка (воздевает)» [Caplice 1970, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995, 88]. (4) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulBIR dE2-a uz-na p]al-ka-a <ina>! nap-ḫar ru-be2-e lu-ša2-ter-[k]a […] «[‘Почка’, Эа, да превзойдет разум об]ширный (твой) всех правителей […]» [Watanabe 1991, 362; 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

III. Символ.

Отождествление Почки с выпуклой Луной, не достигшей полнолуния, позволяет предположить, что фигура созвездия напоминала Луну в соответствующей фазе.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Звезда в созвездии Олень: BIR mulLU.LIM «Почка Оленя» (MUL.APIN I i 34), см. также L09LU.LIM.

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol., 207];

= не определено [ASM, 273].

(2) Созвездие:

= Vela [Gössmann 1950, 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36–37, Anm. 164]; обсуждение сложной проблемы о соотношении mulELLAG2, mulNUNki и mulŠUDUN см. [ibid.], см. также n50NUNki;

= часть созвездия Корма [Horowitz 2014, 245].

(3) Луна в промежутке от 6-го до 10-го дня месяца, см. «Большой список звезд».

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. выше «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Меркурий; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [SAA 8, 325 r. 5], см. также (8)–(12).

(3) = Меркурий в Водолее; см. ниже (8)–(11).

(4) = звезда Эриду; mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2, III 27a].

(5) = Ярмо; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM.Ux.LU DU-zu mulBIR dNi-ru dE2-a […] «Звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра стоит, Почка, Ярмо Эа» [BPO 2, IX 6].

(6) = Коза-Рыба; см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

(7) = Звезды; MUL.MUL = ka-li-tum [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 7–9].

Предсказания:

(8) Видимость Почки (=Меркурий); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-ma>> a-dir dE2-a / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš GI6 / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA u2-tan-na-at-ma «Если Почка, звезда эта стала темной, Эа […] / Если Почка очень зеленовато-желтая, / Если Почка очень темная, (это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, тусклый» [ACh Ištar, 21:31–34].

(9) Почка(=Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(10) Почка (= Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий в Великане к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(11) Почка (= Меркурий) и Ворон (= Сатурн); šumma mulELLAG2 ana mulUGAmušen i-z[iz…] «Если Почка у Ворона стоит(?)…» [SpTU III, 101:33]; DIŠ ulellagx(BIR) ana ulug5.ga i-mid še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI […] «Если Почка останавливается близко от Ворона: сезам будет хорошим, затмение […]» [Borger 1973, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ina dGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка стоит вблизи Ворона: сезам будет хорошим. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане к Сатурну подходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:39–40].

(12) Планета и Почка(=Меркурий?); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-šu ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 «Если планета приближается к Почке: сезам будет нормальным» [Largement 1957, 246:51a].

(13) Гелиакический восход в месяце улулу; DIŠ ina itiKIN mulBIR (в [Gössmann 1950, 395] ошибочно mulTAḪ) IGI-ir GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 «Если в месяце улулу Почка становится видна: плуг страны будет благоденствовать» [SAA 8, 325 r.3–4]; параллели см. [BPO 2, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже установленного времени; BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš KUR SI.SA2] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš NU SI.SA2] «Если эта звезда восходит рано: [обработанная] земля [страны будет процветать]; если эта звезда восходит поздно: [обработанная] земля [страны не будет процветать]» [BPO 2, IX 6], см. также [ibid,. X 17].

(15) Луна и Почка; [DIŠ] 30 ina itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulBIR ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если в месяце нисану Луна окружена гало и Почка (= Меркурий или Марс) в нем стоит…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 16:33; CAD K 76]; cм. также m35MUL.MUL.

(16) Плеяды и Почка; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ikšud(KUR)ud ina šatti(MU) šiāti(BI) um-mu […] «Если Звезды достигают Почки: в этом году будет зной […]» [SpTU III, 101:15], параллель см. [Borger 1973, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] «Если Почка к Звездам приближается: Адад [пожрет]» [ACh Ištar, 21:38].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

BIR

2026-04-10T10:57:14Z

HermannHunger: /* Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mulBIR (𒀯𒄵), mul''Kalītu(m)'' (𒀯𒅗𒇷𒌅)'','' 'The Kidney,' is the name of an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Puppis]]. A kidney-shaped asterism also occurs in the constellation [[LU.LIM]] = ''lulīmu'', 'The Stag.' Numerous Ancient Mesopotamian clay models of kidneys of sacrifical animals used for divination by diviner-priests (''bārû'') find their place in cuneiform collections around the world.<ref>British Museum: The Liver Tablet (BM 92668) https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1889-0426-238</ref> These provide what must be a view of how the ‘Kidney’-constellation appeared to Ancient Mesopotamain astronomers. Further insight into the shape of the constellation can be gleaned from the identification of the Moon’s phase from the 6th to the 10th of the lunar month as a kidney (''kalītu'').
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Sign-lists demonstrate the reading 'ellag' for BIR (CAD K 74).

* mulellag2 = mulBIR (ELLAG2), "Kidney" in lexical texts and Astrolabes; constellation or star within Poop-Deck ([[Puppis]])
* mulellagx;
* = (mul)''kalītu'' "Kidney" (CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 74-75, [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux?q=kidney ePSD ellag]);

The term is also equated with MUL.MUL in lexical texts, see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], although MUL.MUL is the standard Sumerian name for the Pleiades. Apparently, some ancient Mesopotamian star-gazers saw a similar cluster in ''lulimmu'', ('The Stag'). A related omen is to be found [[MUL.MUL#Astrology.|sub MUL.MUL (3)]].
* 1) a constellation or star within Puppis (stern, poop deck),
* 2) a star in the constellation LU.LIM "Stag" (Cassiopeia /Andromeda) [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 56].

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Urra XXII: mulbir = ''ka-li-tu'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:269′]; for parallels see [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 54:11′; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18 (early Neo-Assyrian parallel to Urra from Assur).
|
|-
| '''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Ululu, Ea stars, 180 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): tablet damaged (B i 17-18); probable text: mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-''it'' mulšudun gub-''zu'' mulbir d''E''2-''a'' "The red star, which at the rising of the south wind, stands before the Yoke (is) The Kidney, Ea", see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 7, B] '''''??? but different in Horowitz 2014, p.37 ???''''', and also [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 31, IX 6].
** (2) List (3´12): itikin mul''ka-li-tum šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "Month Ululu: The Kidney (in the path of) Ea … " (C i 6); for a parallel see [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27].
** (3) List (rising-setting=6months):
*** a) [itiki]n mul''ka-li-tum'' muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ "[Month Ulul]u: Kidney, Raven, Šupa rise" (C 23),
*** b) mul''ka-li-tum'' mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 "(Month Addaru): Kidney, Raven, Šupa set." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8].
* BM 82923.
** Month Ululu, stars of Ea: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-''nu''
** "[Kidney] // 180 // Anu, Enlil, Ea, all three(?)". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:16].
* BM 34713.
** [it]ikin // 3,[...] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // [...múlmar].gid2.da
** "Ululu: // 180? [...] Kidney // 100 Great Twins // [...Wa]gon." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:6].
| no. (1)
|-
|"'''Catalog of 30 stars.'''"

* Ea 7:
** MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ - error) ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.ULU3 ''.''LU ''a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it'' mul''ni-ri''(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-''zu'' MUL ''šu-u''2 mul[lBIR d''E''2-''a'']
** "The red star which stands where the south wind rises, before the Yoke, this star is ['The Kidney', Ea"] (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3" />, 177].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27-27a, 31-31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. </ref>, 246:51a; SpTU III<ref name=":6">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101: 15, 33].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* MUL SA5 ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' BIR mul''lu-lim'' GUB-''zu'' mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E
* "The bright red star which stands in the Stag's kidney: The Deleter" (I i 34-35) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 28].
|no. (2)
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":8">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 325 r. 3, 5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: mulbir = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Kidney = Mars"; parallel [Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 337:21; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 60];
* (2) 12 stars of Amurru: mulbir;
* (3) description of the phases of the moon:
** 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 ... ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-''mi ka-li-tu''2 d''e''2-''a'' "The Moon at its appearance ... from the 6th day to the 10th day, 5 days, (is like) the Kidney, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283-4].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427: ''ina'' itikin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 múlbir ki.min(= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month Ululu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Kidney emits ''mišḫu'' and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":11">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:13],
* parallel in BM 34713: ''ina'' kin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28.kam múlbir ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":11" /> 245:15]. see now [Steele 2017, 50 rev. i 15].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The mythological basis for the name “Kidney” is unclear. On the probable connection of the constellation with the god Ea, see [Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Ritual against an epidemic: mulBIR [CAD<ref name=":0" /> K, 76b; OECT<ref>''Oxford Edition of Cuneiform Texts''.</ref> 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 158, note 16; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 163, 34:14].
* (2) The spell E2.NU.RU against mistakes before committing to temple services: MUL.MUL ''ina'' ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ''ina'' GUB3.MU ''i-zi-za'' "O Star Cluster (=Pleiades), stand to my right, O Kidney, stand to my left" [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12">''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 1970. Vol. 39, Fasc. 1. P. 111-151.</ref>, 124:14; Ebeling 1955<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.</ref>, 184; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 16].
* (3) Ritual against evil, foreshadowed by "urban cults and sanctuaries": GI.DU8 ''ana'' IGI mulBIR DU "You erect a reed altar before (the constellation) Kidney", LUGAL ŠU-''su ana'' IGI mulBIR "The king (raises) his hand before (the constellation) Kidney " [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12" />, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].
* (4) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mulBIR d''E''2-''a uz-na p'']''al-ka-a'' <''ina''>! ''nap-ḫar ru-be''2-''e lu-ša''2-''ter''-[''k'']''a'' [...] "[may the 'Kidney', Ea,] provide you with surpassing wide understanding among the rulers [...]." [Watanabe 1991<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13. P. 347-387.</ref>, 362; 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

==== Symbol. ====
The identification of the Kidney with the convex moon, which did not reach the full moon, suggests that the figure of the constellation resembled the moon in the corresponding phase.

==== Previous Identification. ====
(1) Star in the Stag constellation: BIR mulLU.LIM "Kidney of the Stag" (MUL.APIN I i 34), see also (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA<ref name=":7" />, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 207];

= not defined [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

(2) Constellation:

= Vela [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36-37, Anm. 164]; for a discussion on the difficult problem of the relation between mulELLAG2, mulNUNki and mulŠUDUN see [Koch 1989<ref name=":13">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 36-37, Anm.]; see [ibid.<ref name=":13" />]; see also (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]];

= part of the constellation Korma [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245]. '''''??cannot find this constellation???'''''

(3) Moon between the 6th and 10th day of the month, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellanea.”

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; see "The Great Star List and Miscellanea" above.

(2) = Mercury; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r. 5], see also (8)-(12).

(3) = Mercury in Aquarius; see (8)-(11) below.

(4) = the asterism of Eriduː mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27a].

(5) = Yokeː MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.ULU3.LU DU-''zu'' mulBIR d''Ni-ru'' d''E''2-''a'' [...] "The star which stands at the rising of the south wind, (is) The Kidney, the Yoke of Ea". [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6].

(6) = Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

(7) = Star Cluster; MUL.MUL = ''ka-li-tum'' [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 7-9].

===== Predictions: =====
(8) Visibility of the Kidney (=Mercury); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-''ma''>> ''a-dir'' d''E''2-''a'' / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' GI6 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''u''2-''tan-na-at-ma'' "If the Kidney, its stars are dark, Ea [...] / If the Kidney is very greenish-yellow, / If the Kidney is very dark, (it means): Mercury is dim in the Giant." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 21:31-34].

(9) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn); mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "The Kidney comes close to a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means:) Mercury in the Giant, is coming close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(10) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn); DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney comes close to a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means): Mercury in the Giant approaches Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(11) Kidney (= Mercury) and Raven (= Saturn); ''šumma'' mulELLAG2 ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-z''[''iz''...] "If the Kidney stands(?) ... towards the Raven." [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:33]; DIŠ ul''ellag''(BIR) ''ana'' ulug5.ga ''i-mid'' še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI [...] "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good, eclipse [...]" [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' dGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good. (This means): Mercury in the Giant comes close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:39-40].

(12) Planet and Kidney (=Mercury?): DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-''šu'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 "If a planet - the Kidney comes close to it: sesame will prosper" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:51a].

(13) Heliacal rising in the month Ululuː DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN mulBIR (in [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 395] erroneously mulTAḪ) IGI-''ir'' GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 "If in the month Ululu the Kidney becomes visible: the plough of the country will prosper." [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r.3-4]; for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Heliacal risings earlier and later than the set timeː BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' KUR SI.SA2] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' NU SI.SA2] "If this star rises early: [the irrigated cultivated] land [of the country will prosper]; if this star rises late: [the irrigated cultivated] land [of the country will not prosper]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, X 17].

(15) The Moon and the Kidneyː [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulBIR ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If in the month Nisan the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Kidney (= Mercury or Mars) stands in it..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" /> 2, 16:33; CAD<ref name=":0" /> K 76]; see also (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].

(16) Pleiades and the Kidney; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ''ikšud''(KUR-''ud'') ''ina šatti''(MU) ''šiāti''(BI) ''um-mu'' [...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the Kidney: in this year will be heat [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:15], for a parallel see [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] "If the Kidney comes close to the Star Cluster: Adad [will devastate]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:38].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, k14)
!
|-
|1) = mulBIR (ELLAG2) «Почка» в лексических текстах и «Астролябиях»; созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), см. b11BIR; 2) = MUL.MUL в лексических текстах, см. m35MUL.MUL.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, b11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulELLAG2, mulELLAGx; = (mul)kalītu «Почка»; 1) созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), 2) звезда в созвездии LU.LIM «Олень» (β Andromedae) [BPO 2, 11; Gössmann 1950, 56].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Urra XXII: mulbir = ka-li-tu [MSL XI, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:269′]; параллели см. [SpTU I, 54:11′; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа, 180 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): табличка повреждена (B i 17–18); вероятный текст: mul sa5 ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-it mulšudun gub-zu mulbir dE2-a «Красная звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра перед Ярмом стоит, Почка, Эа», см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 7, B], а также [BPO 2, III 31, IX 6]. (2) Cписок (3´12): itikin mulka-li-tum šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц улулу: Почка (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 6); параллель см. [BPO 2, III 27]. (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiki]n mulka-li-tum muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ «[Улул]у: Почка, Ворон, Шупа восходят» (С 23), b) mulka-li-tum mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 «(Аддару): Почка, Ворон, Шупа заходят» [KAV 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]. BM 82923. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-nu «[Почка] // 180 // Ану, Энлиль, Эа, все трое(?)» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:16]. BM 34713. [it]ikin // 3,[…] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // […múlmar].gid2.da «Улулу: // 180? Почка // 100 Большие Близнецы // […Ко]лесница» [LBAT, 1499:6]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 7. MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ — oшибка) ša i-na ZI IM.ULU3lu a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it mulni-ri(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-zu MUL šu-u2 mu[lBIR dE2-a] «Красная звезда, которая там, где восходит южный ветер, перед Ярмом стоит, эта звезда ‘Почка’, Эа» (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 27–27a, 31–31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957, 246:51a; SpTU III, 101: 15, 33]. MUL.APIN. MUL SA5 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ina BIR mullu-lim GUB-zu mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E «Красная звезда с большим блеском, которая стоит в почке Оленя: Вредитель» (I i 34–35) [MA 28]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 325 r. 3, 5]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulbir = dmin (=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Почка = Марс»; параллель [Civil 1974, 337:21; Reiner 1995, 60]; (2) 12 звезд Амурру: mulbir; (3) описание фаз Луны: 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 … ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a «Луна при своем появлении … от 6-го дня до 10-го дня, 5 дней, Почка, Эа» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283–4]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itikin ina še-rim ud 28 múlbir ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце улулу утром 28-го дня Почка испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:13], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina kin ina še-rim ud 28.kam bir meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 245:15].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа названия «Почка» неясна. О вероятной связи созвездия с богом Эа см. [Reiner 1995, 88]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал против эпидемии: mulBIR [CAD K, 76b; OECT 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993, 158, note 16; TuL, 163, 34:14]. (2) Заклинание E2.NU.RU против ошибок при совершении храмовых служб: MUL.MUL ina ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ina GUB3.MU i-zi-za «Звезды (=Плеяды) стоят справа от меня, Почка стоит слева от меня» [Caplice 1970, 124:14; Ebeling 1955, 184; Reiner 1995, 16]. (3) Ритуал против зла, предвещаемого «городским культом и святилищем»: GI.DU8 ana IGI mulBIR DU «Ты воздвигаешь тростниковый алтарь перед (созвездием) Почка», LUGAL ŠU-su ana IGI mulBIR «Царь руку свою перед (созвездием) Почка (воздевает)» [Caplice 1970, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995, 88]. (4) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulBIR dE2-a uz-na p]al-ka-a <ina>! nap-ḫar ru-be2-e lu-ša2-ter-[k]a […] «[‘Почка’, Эа, да превзойдет разум об]ширный (твой) всех правителей […]» [Watanabe 1991, 362; 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

III. Символ.

Отождествление Почки с выпуклой Луной, не достигшей полнолуния, позволяет предположить, что фигура созвездия напоминала Луну в соответствующей фазе.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Звезда в созвездии Олень: BIR mulLU.LIM «Почка Оленя» (MUL.APIN I i 34), см. также L09LU.LIM.

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol., 207];

= не определено [ASM, 273].

(2) Созвездие:

= Vela [Gössmann 1950, 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36–37, Anm. 164]; обсуждение сложной проблемы о соотношении mulELLAG2, mulNUNki и mulŠUDUN см. [ibid.], см. также n50NUNki;

= часть созвездия Корма [Horowitz 2014, 245].

(3) Луна в промежутке от 6-го до 10-го дня месяца, см. «Большой список звезд».

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. выше «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Меркурий; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [SAA 8, 325 r. 5], см. также (8)–(12).

(3) = Меркурий в Водолее; см. ниже (8)–(11).

(4) = звезда Эриду; mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2, III 27a].

(5) = Ярмо; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM.Ux.LU DU-zu mulBIR dNi-ru dE2-a […] «Звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра стоит, Почка, Ярмо Эа» [BPO 2, IX 6].

(6) = Коза-Рыба; см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

(7) = Звезды; MUL.MUL = ka-li-tum [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 7–9].

Предсказания:

(8) Видимость Почки (=Меркурий); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-ma>> a-dir dE2-a / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš GI6 / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA u2-tan-na-at-ma «Если Почка, звезда эта стала темной, Эа […] / Если Почка очень зеленовато-желтая, / Если Почка очень темная, (это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, тусклый» [ACh Ištar, 21:31–34].

(9) Почка(=Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(10) Почка (= Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий в Великане к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(11) Почка (= Меркурий) и Ворон (= Сатурн); šumma mulELLAG2 ana mulUGAmušen i-z[iz…] «Если Почка у Ворона стоит(?)…» [SpTU III, 101:33]; DIŠ ulellagx(BIR) ana ulug5.ga i-mid še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI […] «Если Почка останавливается близко от Ворона: сезам будет хорошим, затмение […]» [Borger 1973, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ina dGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка стоит вблизи Ворона: сезам будет хорошим. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане к Сатурну подходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:39–40].

(12) Планета и Почка(=Меркурий?); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-šu ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 «Если планета приближается к Почке: сезам будет нормальным» [Largement 1957, 246:51a].

(13) Гелиакический восход в месяце улулу; DIŠ ina itiKIN mulBIR (в [Gössmann 1950, 395] ошибочно mulTAḪ) IGI-ir GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 «Если в месяце улулу Почка становится видна: плуг страны будет благоденствовать» [SAA 8, 325 r.3–4]; параллели см. [BPO 2, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже установленного времени; BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš KUR SI.SA2] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš NU SI.SA2] «Если эта звезда восходит рано: [обработанная] земля [страны будет процветать]; если эта звезда восходит поздно: [обработанная] земля [страны не будет процветать]» [BPO 2, IX 6], см. также [ibid,. X 17].

(15) Луна и Почка; [DIŠ] 30 ina itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulBIR ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если в месяце нисану Луна окружена гало и Почка (= Меркурий или Марс) в нем стоит…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 16:33; CAD K 76]; cм. также m35MUL.MUL.

(16) Плеяды и Почка; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ikšud(KUR)ud ina šatti(MU) šiāti(BI) um-mu […] «Если Звезды достигают Почки: в этом году будет зной […]» [SpTU III, 101:15], параллель см. [Borger 1973, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] «Если Почка к Звездам приближается: Адад [пожрет]» [ACh Ištar, 21:38].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

BIR

2026-04-10T09:55:06Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[2] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mulBIR (𒀯𒄵), mul''Kalītu(m)'' (𒀯𒅗𒇷𒌅)'','' 'The Kidney,' is the name of an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Puppis]]. A kidney-shaped asterism also occurs in the constellation [[LU.LIM]] = ''lulīmu'', 'The Stag.' Numerous Ancient Mesopotamian clay models of kidneys of sacrifical animals used for divination by diviner-priests (''bārû'') find their place in cuneiform collections around the world.<ref>British Museum: The Liver Tablet (BM 92668) https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1889-0426-238</ref> These provide what must be a view of how the ‘Kidney’-constellation appeared to Ancient Mesopotamain astronomers. Further insight into the shape of the constellation can be gleaned from the identification of the Moon’s phase from the 6th to the 10th of the lunar month as a kidney (''kalītu'').
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Sign-lists demonstrate the reading 'ellag' for BIR (CAD K 74).

* mulellag2 = mulBIR (ELLAG2), "Kidney" in lexical texts and Astrolabes; constellation or star within Poop-Deck ([[Puppis]])
* mulellagx;
* = (mul)''kalītu'' "Kidney" (CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 74-75, [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux?q=kidney ePSD ellag]);

The term is also equated with MUL.MUL in lexical texts, see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], although MUL.MUL is the standard Sumerian name for the Pleiades. Apparently, some ancient Mesopotamian star-gazers saw a similar cluster in ''lulimmu'', ('The Stag'). A related omen is to be found [[MUL.MUL#Astrology.|sub MUL.MUL (3)]].
* 1) a constellation or star within Puppis (stern, poop deck),
* 2) a star in the constellation LU.LIM "Stag" (Cassiopeia /Andromeda) [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 56].

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* SeriesUrra XXII: mulbir = ''ka-li-tu'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:269′]; for parallels see [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 54:11′; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18 (early Neo-Assyrian parallel to Urra from Assur).
|
|-
| '''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Ululu, Ea stars, 180 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): tablet damaged (B i 17-18); probable text: mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-''it'' mulšudun gub-''zu'' mulbir d''E''2-''a'' "The red star, which at the rising of the south wind, stands before the Yoke (is) The Kidney, Ea", see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 7, B] '''''??? but different in Horowitz 2014, p.37 ???''''', and also [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 31, IX 6].
** (2) List (3´12): itikin mul''ka-li-tum šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "Month Ululu: The Kidney (in the path of) Ea … " (C i 6); for a parallel see [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27].
** (3) List (rising-setting=6months):
*** a) [itiki]n mul''ka-li-tum'' muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ "[Month Ulul]u: Kidney, Raven, Šupa rise" (C 23),
*** b) mul''ka-li-tum'' mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 "(Month Addaru): Kidney, Raven, Šupa set." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8].
* BM 82923.
** Month Ululu, stars of Ea: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-''nu''
** "[Kidney] // 180 // Anu, Enlil, Ea, all three(?)". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:16].
* BM 34713.
** [it]ikin // 3,[...] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // [...múlmar].gid2.da
** "Ululu: // 180? [...] Kidney // 100 Great Twins // [...Wa]gon." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:6].
| no. (1)
|-
|"'''Catalog of 30 stars.'''"

* Ea 7:
** MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ - error) ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.ULU3 ''.''LU ''a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it'' mul''ni-ri''(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-''zu'' MUL ''šu-u''2 mul[lBIR d''E''2-''a'']
** "The red star which stands where the south wind rises, before the Yoke, this star is 'The Kidney', Ea" (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3" />, 177].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27-27a, 31-31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 246:51a; SpTU III<ref name=":6">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101: 15, 33].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* MUL SA5 ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' BIR mul''lu-lim'' GUB-''zu'' mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E
* "The bright red star which stands in the Stag's kidney: The Deleter" (I i 34-35) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 28].
|no. (2)
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":8">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 325 r. 3, 5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: mulbir = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Kidney = Mars"; parallel [Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 337:21; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 60];
* (2) 12 stars of Amurru: mulbir;
* (3) description of the phases of the moon:
** 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 ... ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-''mi ka-li-tu''2 d''e''2-''a'' "The Moon at its appearance ... from the 6th day to the 10th day, 5 days, (is like) the Kidney, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283-4].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427: ''ina'' itikin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 múlbir ki.min(= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month Ululu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Kidney emits ''mišḫu'' and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":11">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:13],
* parallel in BM 34713: ''ina'' kin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28.kam múlbir ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":11" /> 245:15]. see now [Steele 2017, 50 rev. i 15].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The mythological basis for the name “Kidney” is unclear. On the probable connection of the constellation with the god Ea, see [Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Ritual against an epidemic: mulBIR [CAD<ref name=":0" /> K, 76b; OECT<ref>''Oxford Edition of Cuneiform Texts''.</ref> 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 158, note 16; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 163, 34:14].
* (2) The spell E2.NU.RU against mistakes before committing to temple services: MUL.MUL ''ina'' ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ''ina'' GUB3.MU ''i-zi-za'' "O Star Cluster (=Pleiades), stand to my right, O Kidney, stand to my left" [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12">''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 1970. Vol. 39, Fasc. 1. P. 111-151.</ref>, 124:14; Ebeling 1955<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.</ref>, 184; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 16].
* (3) Ritual against evil, foreshadowed by "urban cults and sanctuaries": GI.DU8 ''ana'' IGI mulBIR DU "You erect a reed altar before (the constellation) Kidney", LUGAL ŠU-''su ana'' IGI mulBIR "The king (raises) his hand before (the constellation) Kidney " [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12" />, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].
* (4) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mulBIR d''E''2-''a uz-na p'']''al-ka-a'' <''ina''>! ''nap-ḫar ru-be''2-''e lu-ša''2-''ter''-[''k'']''a'' [...] "[may the 'Kidney', Ea,] provide you with surpassing wide understanding among the rulers [...]." [Watanabe 1991<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13. P. 347-387.</ref>, 362; 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

==== Symbol. ====
The identification of the Kidney with the convex moon, which did not reach the full moon, suggests that the figure of the constellation resembled the moon in the corresponding phase.

==== Previous Identification. ====
(1) Star in the Stag constellation: BIR mulLU.LIM "Kidney of the Stag" (MUL.APIN I i 34), see also (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA<ref name=":7" />, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 207];

= not defined [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

(2) Constellation:

= Vela [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36-37, Anm. 164]; for a discussion on the difficult problem of the relation between mulELLAG2, mulNUNki and mulŠUDUN see [Koch 1989<ref name=":13">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 36-37, Anm.]; see [ibid.<ref name=":13" />]; see also (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]];

= part of the constellation Korma [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245]. '''''??cannot find this constellation???'''''

(3) Moon between the 6th and 10th day of the month, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellanea.”

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; see "The Great Star List and Miscellanea" above.

(2) = Mercury; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r. 5], see also (8)-(12).

(3) = Mercury in Aquarius; see (8)-(11) below.

(4) = the asterism of Eriduː mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27a].

(5) = Yokeː MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.ULU3.LU DU-''zu'' mulBIR d''Ni-ru'' d''E''2-''a'' [...] "The star which stands at the rising of the south wind, (is) The Kidney, the Yoke of Ea". [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6].

(6) = Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

(7) = Star Cluster; MUL.MUL = ''ka-li-tum'' [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 7-9].

===== Predictions: =====
(8) Visibility of the Kidney (=Mercury); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-''ma''>> ''a-dir'' d''E''2-''a'' / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' GI6 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''u''2-''tan-na-at-ma'' "If the Kidney, its stars are dark, Ea [...] / If the Kidney is very greenish-yellow, / If the Kidney is very dark, (it means): Mercury is dim in the Giant." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 21:31-34].

(9) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn); mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "The Kidney comes close to a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means:) Mercury in the Giant, is coming close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(10) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn); DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney comes close to a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means): Mercury in the Giant approaches Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(11) Kidney (= Mercury) and Raven (= Saturn); ''šumma'' mulELLAG2 ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-z''[''iz''...] "If the Kidney stands(?) ... towards the Raven." [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:33]; DIŠ ul''ellag''(BIR) ''ana'' ulug5.ga ''i-mid'' še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI [...] "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good, eclipse [...]" [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' dGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good. (This means): Mercury in the Giant comes close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:39-40].

(12) Planet and Kidney (=Mercury?): DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-''šu'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 "If a planet approaches the Kidney: sesame will prosper" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:51a].

(13) Heliacal rising in the month of Ululu; DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN mulBIR (in [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 395] erroneously mulTAḪ) IGI-''ir'' GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 "If in the month of Ululu the Kidney becomes visible: the plough of the country will prosper." [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r.3-4]; for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Heliacal risings earlier and later than the set time; BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' KUR SI.SA2] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' NU SI.SA2] "If this star rises early: [the cultivated] land [of the country will prosper]; if this star rises late: [the cultivated] land [of the country will not prosper]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, X 17].

(15) The Moon and the Kidney; [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulBIR ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If in the month of Nisan the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Kidney (= Mercury or Mars) stands in it..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" /> 2, 16:33; CAD<ref name=":0" /> K 76]; see also (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].

(16) Pleiades and the Kidney; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ''ikšud''(KUR-''ud'') ''ina šatti''(MU) ''šiāti''(BI) ''um-mu'' [...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the Kidney: in this year will be heat [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:15], for a parallel see. [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] "If the Kidney approaches the Star Cluster: Adad [will devastate]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:38].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, k14)
!
|-
|1) = mulBIR (ELLAG2) «Почка» в лексических текстах и «Астролябиях»; созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), см. b11BIR; 2) = MUL.MUL в лексических текстах, см. m35MUL.MUL.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, b11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulELLAG2, mulELLAGx; = (mul)kalītu «Почка»; 1) созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), 2) звезда в созвездии LU.LIM «Олень» (β Andromedae) [BPO 2, 11; Gössmann 1950, 56].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Urra XXII: mulbir = ka-li-tu [MSL XI, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:269′]; параллели см. [SpTU I, 54:11′; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа, 180 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): табличка повреждена (B i 17–18); вероятный текст: mul sa5 ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-it mulšudun gub-zu mulbir dE2-a «Красная звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра перед Ярмом стоит, Почка, Эа», см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 7, B], а также [BPO 2, III 31, IX 6]. (2) Cписок (3´12): itikin mulka-li-tum šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц улулу: Почка (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 6); параллель см. [BPO 2, III 27]. (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiki]n mulka-li-tum muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ «[Улул]у: Почка, Ворон, Шупа восходят» (С 23), b) mulka-li-tum mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 «(Аддару): Почка, Ворон, Шупа заходят» [KAV 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]. BM 82923. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-nu «[Почка] // 180 // Ану, Энлиль, Эа, все трое(?)» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:16]. BM 34713. [it]ikin // 3,[…] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // […múlmar].gid2.da «Улулу: // 180? Почка // 100 Большие Близнецы // […Ко]лесница» [LBAT, 1499:6]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 7. MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ — oшибка) ša i-na ZI IM.ULU3lu a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it mulni-ri(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-zu MUL šu-u2 mu[lBIR dE2-a] «Красная звезда, которая там, где восходит южный ветер, перед Ярмом стоит, эта звезда ‘Почка’, Эа» (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 27–27a, 31–31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957, 246:51a; SpTU III, 101: 15, 33]. MUL.APIN. MUL SA5 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ina BIR mullu-lim GUB-zu mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E «Красная звезда с большим блеском, которая стоит в почке Оленя: Вредитель» (I i 34–35) [MA 28]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 325 r. 3, 5]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulbir = dmin (=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Почка = Марс»; параллель [Civil 1974, 337:21; Reiner 1995, 60]; (2) 12 звезд Амурру: mulbir; (3) описание фаз Луны: 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 … ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a «Луна при своем появлении … от 6-го дня до 10-го дня, 5 дней, Почка, Эа» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283–4]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itikin ina še-rim ud 28 múlbir ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце улулу утром 28-го дня Почка испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:13], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina kin ina še-rim ud 28.kam bir meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 245:15].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа названия «Почка» неясна. О вероятной связи созвездия с богом Эа см. [Reiner 1995, 88]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал против эпидемии: mulBIR [CAD K, 76b; OECT 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993, 158, note 16; TuL, 163, 34:14]. (2) Заклинание E2.NU.RU против ошибок при совершении храмовых служб: MUL.MUL ina ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ina GUB3.MU i-zi-za «Звезды (=Плеяды) стоят справа от меня, Почка стоит слева от меня» [Caplice 1970, 124:14; Ebeling 1955, 184; Reiner 1995, 16]. (3) Ритуал против зла, предвещаемого «городским культом и святилищем»: GI.DU8 ana IGI mulBIR DU «Ты воздвигаешь тростниковый алтарь перед (созвездием) Почка», LUGAL ŠU-su ana IGI mulBIR «Царь руку свою перед (созвездием) Почка (воздевает)» [Caplice 1970, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995, 88]. (4) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulBIR dE2-a uz-na p]al-ka-a <ina>! nap-ḫar ru-be2-e lu-ša2-ter-[k]a […] «[‘Почка’, Эа, да превзойдет разум об]ширный (твой) всех правителей […]» [Watanabe 1991, 362; 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

III. Символ.

Отождествление Почки с выпуклой Луной, не достигшей полнолуния, позволяет предположить, что фигура созвездия напоминала Луну в соответствующей фазе.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Звезда в созвездии Олень: BIR mulLU.LIM «Почка Оленя» (MUL.APIN I i 34), см. также L09LU.LIM.

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol., 207];

= не определено [ASM, 273].

(2) Созвездие:

= Vela [Gössmann 1950, 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36–37, Anm. 164]; обсуждение сложной проблемы о соотношении mulELLAG2, mulNUNki и mulŠUDUN см. [ibid.], см. также n50NUNki;

= часть созвездия Корма [Horowitz 2014, 245].

(3) Луна в промежутке от 6-го до 10-го дня месяца, см. «Большой список звезд».

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. выше «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Меркурий; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [SAA 8, 325 r. 5], см. также (8)–(12).

(3) = Меркурий в Водолее; см. ниже (8)–(11).

(4) = звезда Эриду; mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2, III 27a].

(5) = Ярмо; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM.Ux.LU DU-zu mulBIR dNi-ru dE2-a […] «Звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра стоит, Почка, Ярмо Эа» [BPO 2, IX 6].

(6) = Коза-Рыба; см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

(7) = Звезды; MUL.MUL = ka-li-tum [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 7–9].

Предсказания:

(8) Видимость Почки (=Меркурий); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-ma>> a-dir dE2-a / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš GI6 / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA u2-tan-na-at-ma «Если Почка, звезда эта стала темной, Эа […] / Если Почка очень зеленовато-желтая, / Если Почка очень темная, (это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, тусклый» [ACh Ištar, 21:31–34].

(9) Почка(=Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(10) Почка (= Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий в Великане к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(11) Почка (= Меркурий) и Ворон (= Сатурн); šumma mulELLAG2 ana mulUGAmušen i-z[iz…] «Если Почка у Ворона стоит(?)…» [SpTU III, 101:33]; DIŠ ulellagx(BIR) ana ulug5.ga i-mid še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI […] «Если Почка останавливается близко от Ворона: сезам будет хорошим, затмение […]» [Borger 1973, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ina dGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка стоит вблизи Ворона: сезам будет хорошим. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане к Сатурну подходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:39–40].

(12) Планета и Почка(=Меркурий?); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-šu ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 «Если планета приближается к Почке: сезам будет нормальным» [Largement 1957, 246:51a].

(13) Гелиакический восход в месяце улулу; DIŠ ina itiKIN mulBIR (в [Gössmann 1950, 395] ошибочно mulTAḪ) IGI-ir GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 «Если в месяце улулу Почка становится видна: плуг страны будет благоденствовать» [SAA 8, 325 r.3–4]; параллели см. [BPO 2, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже установленного времени; BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš KUR SI.SA2] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš NU SI.SA2] «Если эта звезда восходит рано: [обработанная] земля [страны будет процветать]; если эта звезда восходит поздно: [обработанная] земля [страны не будет процветать]» [BPO 2, IX 6], см. также [ibid,. X 17].

(15) Луна и Почка; [DIŠ] 30 ina itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulBIR ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если в месяце нисану Луна окружена гало и Почка (= Меркурий или Марс) в нем стоит…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 16:33; CAD K 76]; cм. также m35MUL.MUL.

(16) Плеяды и Почка; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ikšud(KUR)ud ina šatti(MU) šiāti(BI) um-mu […] «Если Звезды достигают Почки: в этом году будет зной […]» [SpTU III, 101:15], параллель см. [Borger 1973, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] «Если Почка к Звездам приближается: Адад [пожрет]» [ACh Ištar, 21:38].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

Bibbu

2026-04-10T09:01:52Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[2] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Jupiter-mars-plejaden 2024-07-08 IMG 2438 engl.gif|alt=photograph|thumb|Jupiter and Mars at dawn (SMH 2024). ]]
mul / d''Bibbu'' (𒀯𒁉𒅁𒁍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, the generic Akkadian term for planets. Typically equated with Sumerian UDU.IDIM. For varying sequences in lists of the 7 ''bibbu'', Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Sun and Moon, see Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 57-58.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bibbu''}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Equated with Sumerian UDU.BAD (now read mul / dudu-til but also mul / dudu-idim).

"Wild sheep"ː a designation of the planets as a special category of luminaries, and especially of Mercury, Saturn and Mars, found mainly in lexical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 55; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 217-218].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Series Aa II/6 ii 36: mu-luMUL = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Star = wild sheep". [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 291].
* (2) Series Urra XXII:
** (a) muludu.idim = ''bi-i-bu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:174],
** (b) [mulUDU.BA]D = ''bi-ib-bi'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], muludu.til = ''bi-ib-bi'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 106:280′]; for a parallel see [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 132:14; 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105 iv 5; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 Rs. V 24?].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = ''bi-ib-bi'' = dGU4.UD "Wild sheep = Mercury" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:42]; parallel [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 iii 11].
* (4) Series Antagal G 308 (in the list of planets between Saturn and Mars): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD "Wild Sheep = Mercury" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308].
* (5) [''bi'']''-ib-bu'' = d''zi-b''[''a-ni-tum''] "Wild Sheep = Libra (= Mercury or Saturn?) [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 41, K.11283:3].
* (6) Series Erimḫuš: dNIN.GIR3.BANDA3 = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Saturn? = Wild Sheep." [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 18, 48 ii 26].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
In astrological texts the word ''bibbu'', written syllabically, is not often used, cf. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; Verderame 2002, 246]. "i." [['''what is "i." ? is something missing here?'''<nowiki>]] See [SAA 8</nowiki><ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 503:4].

See also: d''bi-ib-bu'' = dUDU.IDIM in astrological commentaries [AfO 14<ref>''Meier G. von.'' Die zweite Tafel der Serie ''bīt mēseri'' // AfO. 1942. Bd. 14, Heft 3/4. S. 139-142.</ref>, Taf. VII i 24; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 137, Vg:24′], (mul)UDU.IDIM = dUDU.IDIM ''bi-ib-bu'' [LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 30:5].
|-
|'''Šumma Izbu.'''
Izbu Comm. 206: ''bi-ib-bu'' = Nergal, quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL occurs in the earliest Sumerian lists of stars [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:400]. Its Akkadian equivalent ''bibbu'' appears for the first time in texts of the second half of the 2nd millennium BC (Series Urra XXII, a copy from Emar) sometimes with the determinative d. Initially, the term apparently referred only to the three planets Mercury, Saturn and Mars, then was extended to the 7 luminaries (including the Moon and the Sun), whose position changes relative to the fixed stars. The planets were already worshipped as deities, apparently, in the Old Babylonian period, and possibly earlier. It is unknown, however, when exactly in Mesopotamia all the five planets, observable with the naked eye, were identified. The evidence from the Old Babylonian period concerns only Venus, Jupiter and Mars.

==== Identification. ====
(1) = Planet; meaning reliably attested in lexical and astrological texts, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].

(2) = Mercury; see above, also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]].

(3) = Saturn; see above, and also (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]].

(4) = Mars; see above, also (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.

(5) = meteor, comet; cf. [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218], see, however, [Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 171].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) A Planet and the Goat: DIŠ mul''bi-ib-bu ana'' mulUZ3 [TE] ... "If a planet comes close to the Goat (= Venus?): the country of Akkad will fall apart, the king of Akkad will die" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:106].

(2) A planet and the Jaw of the Bull see (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is le''10]], VI 2.

(3) Mercury as a planetː DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''bi''-˹''ib-bu''˺ ''ša''2 d''nin-urta'' MU.NE ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-''ma'' ... "If a planet, (read) ''bi-ib-bu'', whose name is Ninurta, appears at sunrise or at sunset..." [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:99ff.]
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL «Дикая овца»; обозначение планет как особой категории светил, и, в особенности, Меркурия, Сатурна и Марса, встречающееся главным образом в лексических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 55; AHw, 124; CAD B, 217–218].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Аа II/6 ii 36: mu-luMUL = bi-ib-bu «Звезда = дикая овца» [MSL XIV, 291]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: a) muludu.idim = bi-i-bu [Emar VI/4, 151:174], b) [mulUDU.BA]D = bi-ib-bi [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], muludu.til = bi-ib-bi [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:280′]; параллель см. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:14; 1981, 105 iv 5; SpTU III, 114 Rs. V 24?]. (3) Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = bi-ib-bi = dGU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [MSL XI, 40:42]; параллель [SpTU III, 116 iii 11]. (4) Серия Antagal (G 308) (в списке планет между Сатурном и Марсом): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [CT 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308]. (5) [bi]-ib-bu = dzi-b[a-ni-tum] «Дикая овца = Весы (= Меркурий или Сатурн?) [CT 26, 41, K.11283:3]. (6) Серия Erimḫuš: dNIN.GIR3.BANDA3 = bi-ib-bu «Сатурн? = Дикая овца» [CT 18, 48 ii 26]. ЕАЕ. В астрологических текстах слово bibbu, записанное силлабически, употребляется не часто, cм. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; Verderame 2002, 246]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 503:4]. Šumma Izbu. Comm. 206: bi-ib-bu = Nergal, цит. по [CAD B, 218]. Cм. также: dbi-ib-bu = dUDU.IDIM в астрологическом комментарии [AfO 14, Taf. VII i 24; Verderame 2002, 137, Vg:24′], (mul)UDU.IDIM = dUDU.IDIMbi-ib-bu [LKU, 30:5].

II. Божество.

Название mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL встречается в самых ранних шумерских списках звезд [MSL XI, 108:400]. Его аккадский эквивалент bibbu появляется впервые в текстах второй половины II тыс. до н.э. (серии Urra XXII, копия из Эмара) иногда с детерминативом d. Первоначально термин относился, по-видимому, только к трем планетам ― Меркурию, Сатурну и Марсу, затем был распространен на 7 светил (включая Луну и Солнце), положение которых меняется относительно неподвижных звезд. Планеты почитались как божества уже, по-видимому, в старовавилонский период, а возможно, и раньше. Неизвестно, однако, когда именно в Месопотамии были выделены все пять планет, наблюдаемые невооруженным глазом. Относящиеся к старовавилонскому периоду свидетельства касаются только Венеры, Юпитера и Марса.

III. Отождествление.

(1) = Планета; значение надежно засвидетельствовано в лексических и астрологических текстах, см. u07UDU.IDIM.

(2) = Меркурий; см. выше, а также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD.

(3) = Сатурн; см. выше, а также u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ.

(4) = Марс; см. выше, а также ts02Ṣalbatānu.

(5) = метеор, комета; см. [AHw, 124; CAD B, 218], см., однако, [Chadwick 1993, 171].

IV. Астрология.

(1) Планета и Коза; DIŠ mulbi-ib-bu ana mulUZ3 [TE] … «Если планета к Козе (= Венера?) приближается: страна Аккада распадется, царь Аккада умрет» [TU, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957, 252:106].

(2) Планета и Челюсть Быка; см. i15Is lê, VI 2.

(3) Меркурий как планета; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM bi-˹ib-bu˺ ša2 dnin-urta MU.NE ina dUTU.E3.A lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma … «Если планета, (читай) bi-ib-bu, чье имя Нинурта, при восходе Солнца или при заходе Солнца появляется…» [TU, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957, 252:99ff.].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]

Bibbu

2026-04-10T08:55:28Z

HermannHunger:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Jupiter-mars-plejaden 2024-07-08 IMG 2438 engl.gif|alt=photograph|thumb|Jupiter and Mars at dawn (SMH 2024). ]]
mul / d''Bibbu'' (𒀯𒁉𒅁𒁍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, the generic Akkadian term for planets. Typically equated with Sumerian UDU.IDIM. For varying sequences in lists of the 7 ''bibbu'', Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Sun and Moon, see Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 57-58.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bibbu''}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Equated with Sumerian UDU.BAD (now read mul / dudu-til but also mul / dudu-idim).

"Wild sheep"ː a designation of the planets as a special category of luminaries, and especially of Mercury, Saturn and Mars, found mainly in lexical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 55; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 217-218].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Series Aa II/6 ii 36: mu-luMUL = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Star = wild sheep". [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 291].
* (2) Series Urra XXII:
** (a) muludu.idim = ''bi-i-bu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:174],
** (b) [mulUDU.BA]D = ''bi-ib-bi'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], muludu.til = ''bi-ib-bi'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 106:280′]; for a parallel see [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 132:14; 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105 iv 5; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 Rs. V 24?].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = ''bi-ib-bi'' = dGU4.UD "Wild sheep = Mercury" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:42]; parallel [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 iii 11].
* (4) Series Antagal G 308 (in the list of planets between Saturn and Mars): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD "Wild Sheep = Mercury" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308].
* (5) [''bi'']''-ib-bu'' = d''zi-b''[''a-ni-tum''] "Wild Sheep = Libra (= Mercury or Saturn?) [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 41, K.11283:3].
* (6) Series Erimḫuš: dNIN.GIR3.BANDA3 = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Saturn? = Wild Sheep." [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 18, 48 ii 26].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
In astrological texts the word ''bibbu'', written syllabically, is not often used, cf. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; Verderame 2002, 246]. "i." [['''what is "i." ? is something missing here?'''<nowiki>]] See [SAA 8</nowiki><ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 503:4].
|-
|'''Šumma Izbu.'''
Izbu Comm. 206: ''bi-ib-bu'' = Nergal, quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218]. See also: d''bi-ib-bu'' = dUDU.IDIM in astrological commentaries [AfO 14<ref>''Meier G. von.'' Die zweite Tafel der Serie ''bīt mēseri'' // AfO. 1942. Bd. 14, Heft 3/4. S. 139-142.</ref>, Taf. VII i 24; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 137, Vg:24′], (mul)UDU.IDIM = dUDU.IDIM ''bi-ib-bu'' [LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 30:5].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL occurs in the earliest Sumerian lists of stars [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:400]. Its Akkadian equivalent ''bibbu'' appears for the first time in texts of the second half of the 2nd millennium BC (Urra XXII series, a copy from Emar) sometimes with the determinative d. Initially, the term apparently referred only to the three planets - Mercury, Saturn and Mars, then was extended to the 7 luminaries (including the Moon and the Sun), whose position changes relative to the fixed stars. The planets were already worshipped as deities, apparently, in the Old Babylonian period, and possibly earlier. It is unknown, however, when exactly in Mesopotamia all the five planets, observable with the naked eye, were identified. The evidence from the Old Babylonian period concerns only Venus, Jupiter and Mars.

==== Identification. ====
(1) = Planet; meaning reliably attested in lexical and astrological texts, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].

(2) = Mercury; see above, also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]].

(3) = Saturn; see above, and also (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]].

(4) = Mars; see above, also (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.

(5) = meteor, comet; cf. [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218], see, however, [Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 171].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) A Planet and Goat: DIŠ mul''bi-ib-bu ana'' mulUZ3 [TE] ... "If a planet approaches the Goat (= Venus?): the country of Akkad will fall apart, the king of Akkad will die" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:106].

(2) A planet and the Jaw of the Bull; see (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is le''10]], VI 2.

(3) Mercury as a planet; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''bi''-˹''ib-bu''˺ ''ša''2 d''nin-urta'' MU.NE ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-''ma'' ... "If a planet, (read) ''bi-ib-bu'', whose name is Ninurta, appears at sunrise or at sunset..." [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:99ff.]
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL «Дикая овца»; обозначение планет как особой категории светил, и, в особенности, Меркурия, Сатурна и Марса, встречающееся главным образом в лексических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 55; AHw, 124; CAD B, 217–218].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Аа II/6 ii 36: mu-luMUL = bi-ib-bu «Звезда = дикая овца» [MSL XIV, 291]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: a) muludu.idim = bi-i-bu [Emar VI/4, 151:174], b) [mulUDU.BA]D = bi-ib-bi [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], muludu.til = bi-ib-bi [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:280′]; параллель см. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:14; 1981, 105 iv 5; SpTU III, 114 Rs. V 24?]. (3) Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = bi-ib-bi = dGU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [MSL XI, 40:42]; параллель [SpTU III, 116 iii 11]. (4) Серия Antagal (G 308) (в списке планет между Сатурном и Марсом): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [CT 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308]. (5) [bi]-ib-bu = dzi-b[a-ni-tum] «Дикая овца = Весы (= Меркурий или Сатурн?) [CT 26, 41, K.11283:3]. (6) Серия Erimḫuš: dNIN.GIR3.BANDA3 = bi-ib-bu «Сатурн? = Дикая овца» [CT 18, 48 ii 26]. ЕАЕ. В астрологических текстах слово bibbu, записанное силлабически, употребляется не часто, cм. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; Verderame 2002, 246]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 503:4]. Šumma Izbu. Comm. 206: bi-ib-bu = Nergal, цит. по [CAD B, 218]. Cм. также: dbi-ib-bu = dUDU.IDIM в астрологическом комментарии [AfO 14, Taf. VII i 24; Verderame 2002, 137, Vg:24′], (mul)UDU.IDIM = dUDU.IDIMbi-ib-bu [LKU, 30:5].

II. Божество.

Название mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL встречается в самых ранних шумерских списках звезд [MSL XI, 108:400]. Его аккадский эквивалент bibbu появляется впервые в текстах второй половины II тыс. до н.э. (серии Urra XXII, копия из Эмара) иногда с детерминативом d. Первоначально термин относился, по-видимому, только к трем планетам ― Меркурию, Сатурну и Марсу, затем был распространен на 7 светил (включая Луну и Солнце), положение которых меняется относительно неподвижных звезд. Планеты почитались как божества уже, по-видимому, в старовавилонский период, а возможно, и раньше. Неизвестно, однако, когда именно в Месопотамии были выделены все пять планет, наблюдаемые невооруженным глазом. Относящиеся к старовавилонскому периоду свидетельства касаются только Венеры, Юпитера и Марса.

III. Отождествление.

(1) = Планета; значение надежно засвидетельствовано в лексических и астрологических текстах, см. u07UDU.IDIM.

(2) = Меркурий; см. выше, а также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD.

(3) = Сатурн; см. выше, а также u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ.

(4) = Марс; см. выше, а также ts02Ṣalbatānu.

(5) = метеор, комета; см. [AHw, 124; CAD B, 218], см., однако, [Chadwick 1993, 171].

IV. Астрология.

(1) Планета и Коза; DIŠ mulbi-ib-bu ana mulUZ3 [TE] … «Если планета к Козе (= Венера?) приближается: страна Аккада распадется, царь Аккада умрет» [TU, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957, 252:106].

(2) Планета и Челюсть Быка; см. i15Is lê, VI 2.

(3) Меркурий как планета; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM bi-˹ib-bu˺ ša2 dnin-urta MU.NE ina dUTU.E3.A lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma … «Если планета, (читай) bi-ib-bu, чье имя Нинурта, при восходе Солнца или при заходе Солнца появляется…» [TU, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957, 252:99ff.].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]

Bašmu

2026-04-09T13:35:32Z

HermannHunger: /* Deity. */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg|thumb|the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. It is visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg).]]
[[File:Leo+vir umzeichng4plani black.png|thumb|Leo and Virgo above the MUŠ-Dragon, two clay tablet drawings from the Seleucid era (roughly 2nd century BCE), CC BY SMH based upon the drawings by E. Weidner (1967) and Thureau-Dangin (1922).]]
(mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ (𒀯𒈲𒄭𒄊) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Hydra]].(mul) d''Bašmu'' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the form of a mythological sea-serpent of some type which is for now attested in Akkadian just once in the St. Petersburg edition of the ‘Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night.’ Outside astronomical/astrological texts, ''bašmu'' is a regular member of the group of monsters of the sea-goddess Tiamat who are defeated by Marduk which also include the ''mušhuššu'' [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ]] (Lambert 2013: 230-234). An identification with [[Hydra]] has been proposed in the past but cannot be proved on the basis of the single occurrence of the name in the prayer.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bašmu''}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
A constellation in Hydra (?) [CAD B, 141-142; Gössmann 1950, 51; Wiggermann 1992, 166-168; 1997].

* (a) UŠUM, UŠUMGAL,
* (b) MUŠ.ŠA3.TUR3/TUR,
* (c) MUŠ.A.AB.BA; = "(mythological) poisonous snake", according to [Landsberger 1934, 3:6-8, 58; AHw, 112a];
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night".'''
Erm. 15642: (mul)''ba-aš-mu-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196-8:20], and also see [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306].
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
Bašmu — a mythological animal, a serpent dragon of the god [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|Ningišzida]] (see n29) (according to Wiggermann, the latter statement cannot be reliably proven [Wiggermann 1992, 165-6]). Bašmu was also connected with Išḫara (see i17) and some other deities.

Urra XIV cites identities: muš.ušum.gal, muš.ša3.tur3, muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' [Landsberger 1932, 3:6-8], describing three aspects of ''bašmu''. One Akkadian word corresponds to three Sumerian terms. Perhaps, we are talking here about different mythological characters. Wiggermann distinguishes two characters:

* (1) ušum, ušumgal = ''bašmu'' 'The poisonous snake' or 'The great poisonous snake'; a horned snake with clawed front paws, depicted vertically or horizontally; its main function — to frighten the gods, killing, probably with the help of its poison;
* (2) muš.ša3.tur3/tur = ''bašmu'', lit. "Snake - mother's womb", or "Snake - birth"; a horned snake with no front paws [Wiggermann 1992, 166-8].

To this, in our opinion, it is necessary to add:

* (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' "Sea serpent". In Neo-Assyrian myths, its dimensions are defined: ''ina tāmti''(a.ab.ba) ''ib-ba-ni'' MUŠ ''ba''-[''aš-mu''] / 1 šu.ši ''bērū''(danna) ''ša''2-''kin''2 ''u''2-''rak''-[''šu''] "The serpent Ba[šmu] was created in the sea. [Its] length is 60 miles" [KAR 6 ii 21-22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; Horowitz 1998, 35].

==== Symbol. ====
Bašmu — a horned serpent dragon with (or without) a crown, two front clawed paws (or without), a long tail, sometimes with wings [Black and Green 1992, 167-8; SAA 10, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a-c; 1997]. A similar depiction (a reclining dragon with forelegs of a lion(?), with wings, and a long tail) is presented on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847; next to it there is an inscription: mulMUŠ "Snake" [Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. Wiggermann thinks that this is an abbreviation of MUŠ.ŠA3.TUR3 = ''bašmu'' [ibid. 166], i.e. here we probably have a direct image of ''bašmu'' presented, as it was thought at the end of the 1st millennium BCE. See also the picture on ''kudurru''s [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].

==== Identification. ====
Bašmu is usually identified with mul dMUŠ, a Mesopotamian prototype of the Greek Hydra [Black and Green 1992, 140; CAD B, 141-142; Gössmann 1950, 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], although reliable evidence is lacking. However, Bašmu's aquatic character and its connection with Ningišzida make such an identification probable.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= a) UŠUM, UŠUMGAL, b) MUŠ.ŠA3.TUR3/TUR, с) MUŠ.A.AB.BA; = «(мифологическая) ядовитая змея», согласно [Landsberger 1934, 3:6–8, 58; AHw, 112a]; созвездие в Гидре (Hydra) (?) [CAD B, 141–142; Gössmann 1950, 51; Wiggermann 1992, 166–168; 1997].
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Erm. 15642: (mul)ba-aš-mu-um [Horowitz 2000, 196–8:20], а также см. [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306].

II. Божество.

Bašmu — мифологическое животное, змеиный дракон бога Нингишзиды (см. n29) (согласно Виггерману, последнее утверждение нельзя считать надежно доказанным [Wiggermann 1992, 165–6]). Bašmu был связан также с Ишхарой (см. i17) и некоторыми другими божествами.

В Urra XIV приводятся тождества: muš.ušumgal, muš.ša3.tur3, muš.a.ab.ba = ba-aš-mu [Landsberger 1932, 3:6–8], характеризующие три аспекта bašmu. Трем шумерским терминам поставлено в соответствие одно аккадское слово. Возможно, здесь речь идет о разных мифологических персонажах. Виггерман различает два персонажа: (1) ušum, ušumgal = bašmu «Ядовитая змея» или «Большая ядовитая змея»; рогатая змея с передними когтистыми лапами, изображавшаяся вертикально или в горизонтальном положении; основная ее функция — устрашение богов, убийство, вероятно, при помощи яда; (2) muš.ša3.tur3/tur = bašmu, букв. «Змея – материнская утроба», или «Змея – рождение»; рогатая змея, у которой не было передних лап [Wiggermann 1992, 166–8]. К этому, на наш взгляд, необходимо добавить: (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ba-aš-mu «Морской змей». В новоассирийском мифе определяются его размеры: ina tāmti(a.ab.ba) ib-ba-ni mušba-[aš-mu] / 1 šu.ši bērū(danna) ša2-kin2 u2-rak-[šu] «Змей Ба[шму] сотворен в море. [Его] длина составляет 60 двойных миль» [KAR, 6 ii 21–22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; Horowitz 1998, 35].

III. Символ.

Bašmu — рогатый змеиный дракон с короной (или без нее), двумя передними когтистыми лапами (или без них), длинным хвостом, иногда с крыльями [Black–Green 1992, 167–8; SAA 10, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a–c; 1997]. Похожее изображение (лежащий змеиный дракон с передними лапами льва(?), крыльями и длинным хвостом) находим на селевкидской табличке VAT 7847, рядом надпись: mulMUŠ «Змея» [Куртик 2007, рис. 11]. Виггерман полагает, что это сокращение от MUŠ.ŠA3.TUR3 = bašmu [ibid., 166], т.е. здесь, возможно, мы имеем изображение непосредственно bašmu, как он мыслился в конце I тыс. до н. э. См. также изображение на кудурру [Куртик 2007, рис. 48].

IV. Отождествление.

Bašmu, как правило, отождествляют с mul dMUŠ, месопотамским прообразом греческой Гидры [Black–Green 1992, 140; СAD B, 141–142; Gössmann 1950, 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], хотя надежные свидетельства отсутствуют. Однако водный характер Bašmu и его связь с Нингишзидой делают такое отождествление вероятным.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Hya]]

BALUM

2026-04-09T13:30:10Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[2] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Balû(m)''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Mars im Bienenschwarm 2x 1551pxl.jpg|alt=photograph |thumb|Mars in the Praesepe Star Cluster in Cancer, photographs by Susanne M Hoffmann 2023]]
The Mesopotamian term ''mulBalu(m)'' (𒀯𒁀𒈝) in Akkadian is a name of [[:Category:Mars|Mars]] in the Great Star List and the lexical tradition. The name also occurs as an asterism in the vicinity of the [[Pleiades]], replacing the name of [[Orion]] in two parallels to the Hilprecht Text (HS 245) from Assurbanipal's library. See [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 234]. This could have been understood as Mars in Orion.

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Mars}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

* ''bālu'',
* ''balû,''
* ''ballu?''
* ''ballû?''

The variant writings of the name indicate uncertainties about its origin and identification.

An Akkadian parallel to mulNU.ME.A, "(Asterism) of Oblivion", lit. "having no me".

Variant designations:

* 1) an epithet of Mars reflecting its nihilistic character as it was perceived in Mesopotamian astrology,
* 2) a constellation (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 304; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 100; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 70; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 353].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Ḫg. B VI (in the list of Mars names):
** mulnu.me.a = ''ba-lum'' = min (= d''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu'']) "Oblivion = lack (absence, lit. ʻ withoutʼ) = ditto (=Mars)" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:31].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* Commentary:
** d''ši''2-''mut'' mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ša''2-''niš'' d''ba-lu šal-š''[''iš''] mulud.ka.duḫ.a
** "Šimut, (first,) Mars, secondly, Balu, thirdly, Demon with the Gaping Mouth." [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 7:9; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 353];
** ''ba-lum'' and d''ba-lu'' are probably one name.

In another context (in an incantation) d''ba-a-lum'' / ''bal-li'' apparently denotes a constellation close to the Pleiades (possibly Orion):

* ''ina bi-rit'' d''Za-ap-pi u'' d''Ba-a-lum'' (var. ''bi-rit zap-pi u bal-li'' [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 51, 202 col. iv 5])
* "Between the Pleiades and Balu" (referring to the position of Venus), quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 74], see also [Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 152, note 6; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245; Stol 1989, 262], cf. [Krebernik 1995, 366b].
|
|-
|'''Hilprecht Text HS 245'''
* Neo-Assyrian parallels Sm. 162 and Sm 1113 [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref> 233-234]
* A name of an asterism behind/after the Pleiades, occurs at the place of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA.

This replaces the earlier idea in Horowitz (1993) quoted in Kurtik's work that the term relates to Taurus.
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a24 & b05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
==== Kurtik (a24) ''Alû'' ====
= «Бык», редко используемая аккадская параллель к mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык». Встречается только в новоассирийском тексте Sm. 162 rev. 4: …mu]l''a-li'' [Horowitz 1993, 154–156].
|no entry
|-
|
==== Kurtik (b05) Bālu(m) ====
аккадская параллель к mulNU.ME.A, «(Звезда) небытия», букв. «не имеющая ме»; 1) эпитет Марса, отражающий его нигилистический характер, как он воспринимался в месопотамской астрологии, 2) созвездие (?) [Gössmann 1950, 304; AHw, 100; CAD B, 70; Reynolds 1998, 353].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Ḫg. B VI (в списке имен Марса): mulnu.me.a = ba-lum = min(=dṣal-[bat-a-nu]) «Небытие = недостаток (отсутствие, букв. ʻбезʼ) = ditto (=Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:31]. EAE. Комментарий: dši2-mut mulṣal-bat-a-nu ša2-niš dba-lu šal-m[u] mulud.ka.duḫ.a «Шимут, (во-первых,) Марс, во-вторых, Балу, в третьих, Демон с Разинутой Пастью» [ACh Suppl., 7:9; Reynolds 1998, 353]; ba-lum и dba-lu, вероятно, одно название.

В другом контексте (в заклинании) dba-а-lum / bal-li обозначает, по-видимому, созвездие, находящееся вблизи Плеяд (возможно, Орион): ina bi-rit dZa-ap-pi u dBa-a-lum (вар. bi-rit zap-pi u bal-li [CT 51, 202 col. iv 5]) «Между Плеядами и Балу» (речь идет о положении Венеры), цит. по [CAD B, 74], см. также [Horowitz 1993, 152, note 6; Horowitz 2014, 245; Stol 1989, 262], ср. [Krebernik 1995, 366b].
|
==== Gössmann (304) mulNU.ME.A ====
Akk. etwa ''kakkabu la hasû''. der nicht seiende Stern = Mars, II R 49 Nr 3, 71: mulNU·ME·A | ba-lum | (=ilṣal-bat-a-nu).
|-
|
==== Kurtik (b01) BA.LIM is a misreading ====
dBA-LIM(?); название содержится только в новоассирийском тексте Sm. 1113:6′ (см. a33AN.TA.GUB) как аккадская параллель к mulSIPA.AN.NA [Weidner 1957–1958, 393–4]. Смысл названия остается неясным; обсуждение проблемы см. [Horowitz 1993, 152, note 6; Reynolds 1998, 353]
|no entry
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]

BAL.TEŠ2.A

2026-04-09T13:23:35Z

HermannHunger:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Dignity stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation Dignity, an asterism described as circular or as a hook, and symbol of (divine) dignity. (map in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021).]]
(MUL.)BAL.TEŠ2.A (𒀯𒁄𒌨𒀀) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the area of [[Corona Borealis]].
{{DISPLAYTITLE:(mul)BAL.TEŠ2.A}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> note on BAL.TÉŠ.A = ''bāltu'' < ''bāštu'' “dignity”: <blockquote>The spelling can be analysed as TÉŠ.A = ''bāš/ltu'' with the preceding BAL functioning as a phonetic indicator (balTÉŠ.A). mulBAL.TÉŠ.A (EN 15r).</blockquote>Var. readings:
* MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A; = ''kakkab bālti'' "Asterism of Dignity". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 112; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 44; Labat<ref>''Labat R''. Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne. Paris, 1976.</ref> 1976, 45];
* ''kakkab balti(m)''
* ''baštu''

A group of stars in [[Corona Borealis]] (Northern Crown).

This asterism is listed among female asterisms identified with the wife of Marduk in a prayer before dawn on the 5th day of the Babylonian New Year’s Festival and in a list of six astral palace goddesses in the theological work KAR 142 iv 7 (Pongratz-Leisten<ref>''Pongratz-Leisten, B''. Ina S̆ulmi Īrub : die kulttopographische und ideologische Programmatik der akītu-Prozession in Babylonien und Assyrien im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. [Dissertation]. Von Zabern. 1994.</ref> 224).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 11d]
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 14):
** MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulBAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dMUŠ2
** "The asterism that stands behind it (= Šupa): Balteša, messenger of Tišpak" (I i 14).
* (2) The list of ''ziqpu''-stars: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A (I iv 4) [Hunger and Steele 2019,<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 22, 58].
|[[File:Dignity stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation Dignity, an asterism descriped as circular or as a hook, and symbol of (divine) dignity. (map in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021).]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* List of names of Mars: mulbal.teš2.a = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Balteša = Mars". [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:104].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:10, 45.'''
* (1) mul bal.teš2.a = d''Na-na-a'';
* (2) mul bal.teš2.a = ''kak-kab bal-tum.''

See also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51-2:10, 45; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, '''''??? quotations from Wee 2016 are always wrong, there musts be some systematic error ????''''' 162-3:10, 45]; parallel in the prayer lists during the New Year festivals in Babylonian: mul2 bal.teš2.a mul ''bal-tu''2 [RAcc<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Rituels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>. 139:329; Linssen 2004, 221:329]. For a list of the "6 palace women," see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].
|
|-
|'''The lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* mulBAL.TEŠ2.A in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars in MUL.APIN; this seems to correspond to mulGAM-''ti'' (=''kippatu'' "circle, ring") (AO 6478:3), usually identified with α Coronae Borealis (=Gemma) [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Hunger and Steele 2019,<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 142].
* The number of stars in the constellation, according to VAT 16436:20, is 9 (= α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB [Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88]). Apparently, mul''kip-pat'' and mulBAL.TEŠ2.A — two different designations of the same stellar configuration, cf. [ibid.<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 269-270].
|
|}
[[File:BALTESA CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 151500.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside BAL.TEŠ2.A (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
! description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Alphecca]]
|HIP 76267
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.24
|-
|2
|[[Nusakan]]
|HIP 75695
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.68
|-
|3
|* gam CrB A
| HIP 76952
|Constellation lines
|4.05
|-
|4
|θ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 76127
|Constellation lines
|4.13
|-
|5
|ϵ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 78159
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.13
|-
|6
|* tet CrB A
|HIP 76127
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.3
|-
| 7
|δ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 77512
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.63
|-
|8
|ι Coronae Borealis
|HIP 78493
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.971
|-
|9
|* gam CrB B
|HIP 76952
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.56
|-
|10
|R CrB
|HIP 77442
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|11
|* tet CrB B
| HIP 76127
| Constellation lines
|6.29
|-
|12
| -
|HIP 76456
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name is always written without the determinative d, but on the New Year's eve in Babylon it is addressed as a goddess, see above; probably, it is one of the names of Venus [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 139]. The connection with Venus is also indicated by the identification with Nanaya, see above, also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 385-386; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>]. The definition of mulBAL.TEŠ2.A as "messenger of Tišpak" in MUL.APIN is difficult to explain.

==== Symbol. ====
The comparison of mulBAL.TEŠ2.A with ''kippatu'' "circle, ring", allows and suggests that the symbol of the constellation mulBAL.TEŠ2.A was a ring-shaped object correspondingly located upon the modern Corona Borealis (?).

==== Identification. ====
= Corona Borealis, especially in [[Alphecca]] (Gemma) [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 44];

= Corona Borealis [Weidner 1957-1959<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394.</ref>, 78];

= Coronae Borealis (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11];

= Coronae Borealis [Hunger and Steele 2019,<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 137; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 271-272].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellanea."

(2) = Venus, see above.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) Balteša and Scorpiusː DIŠ MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL d''Tišpak ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE... "If Balteša (=Mars?), messenger of Tišpak, comes close to Scorpius: within the span of 3 years, there will be severe cold, cough and phlegm will afflict the country" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 11d + Parallels].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A; = kakkab bālti «Звезда Достоинство» [AHw, 112; Gössmann 1950, 44; Labat 1976, 45]; группа звезд в Cеверной Короне (Corona Borealis) (?).
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 11d]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 14): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulBAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dMUŠ2 «Звезда, которая позади него (= Шупа) стоит: Балтеша, посланник Тишпака» (I i 14), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:3′]. (2) Cписок ziqpu-звезд: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A (I iv 4) [Hunger-Steele 2019, 22, 58]. «Большой список звезд». Список имен Марса: mulbal.teš2.a = dmin(=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Балтеша = Марс» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:104]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:10, 45. (1) mul bal.teš2.a = dNa-na-a; (2) mul bal.teš2.a = kak-kab bal-tum, см. также [HBA 51–2:10, 45; Wee 2016, 162–3:10, 45]; параллель в списке молитв в новогодний праздник в Вавилоне: mul2 bal.teš2.a mul bal-tu2 [RАcc. 139:329; Linssen 2004, 221:329]. Список «6 дворцовых женщин», см. a02[[A.EDIN]]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. mulBAL.TEŠ2.A в списке ziqpu-звезд в MUL.APIN соответствует, по-видимому, mulGAM-ti (=kippati «круг, кольцо») (AO 6478:3), обычно отождествляемому с α Coronae Borealis (=Гемма) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Steele 2019, 142]. Число звезд в созвездии, согласно VAT 16436:20, равно 9 (= α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88]). По-видимому, mulkip-pat и mulBAL.TEŠ2.A — два разных обозначения одной и той же звездной конфигурации, см. [ibid., 269–270].

II. Божество.

Название всегда пишется без детерминатива d, однако в новогодний праздник в Вавилоне к нему обращаются как к богине, см. выше; возможно это одно из имен Венеры [Reiner 1995, 139]. На связь с Венерой указывает также отождествление с Нанайей, см. выше, а также [Tallqvist 1938, 385–386; Heimpel 1982]. Определение mulBAL.TEŠ2.A как «посланника Тишпака», принятое в MUL.APIN, объяснить трудно.

III. Символ.

Сопоставление mulBAL.TEŠ2.A и kippatu «круг, кольцо» позволяет предположить, что символом созвездия mulBAL.TEŠ2.A был кольцеобразный объект, расположенный на месте современной Corona Borealis (?).

IV. Отождествление.

= Corona Borealis, в особенности Гемма [Gössmann 1950, 44];

= Corona Borealis [Weidner 1957–1959, 78];

= Coronae Borealis (?) [BPO 2, 11];

= Coronae Borealis [МА, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271–272].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс, см. «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Венера, см. выше.

Предсказания:

(3) Балтеша и Скорпион; DIŠ MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dTišpak ana mulGIR2.TAB TE… «Если Балтеша (=Марс?), посланник Тишпака, к Скорпиону приближается: в течение 3 лет будут сильные холода, кашель и мокрота поразят страну» [BPO 2, III 11d + Parallels].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:CrB]]

Mesopotamian (All Terms)

2026-04-09T13:10:46Z

HermannHunger: /* Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}

Cite as: Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online in the IAU-All Skies Encyclopaedia (2021-202x).
----
[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BCE]]

== Introduction ==
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. We translated his unfinished manuscript to English, relaced many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations, titles, translations, hyperlinked all (or most of) the references and are still updating his (largely outdated or indistinguished) astronomical identifications which is a research project on its own within this corpus. Still, some information is missing, as Kurtik passed away while working on it: so, we also try to reconstruct what he had in mind. For now, the beta-version still is undergoing some sorting and restructuring of the Assyriological material. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.
=== Pronunciation ===
Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu2.hun.ga2 and pa.bil2.sag. Each shows a nasalized g of the order of Spanish "señor" (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga2 rather than ga1 (here g as in goat) for lu2.hun.ga2, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

=== Month Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Sumerian
!Sumerian (alternate)
!Akkadian
!Hebrew
|-
|Month I
|ITIBARA2.ZAG(.GAR)
Month (images) placed by throne
|ITI.BAR(.SAG.SAG)
|''Nisānu''
|Nisan נִיסָן
|-
|Month II
|ITI(EZEM.)GU4.SI.SU
Month horned oxen marched forth
|ITI.GU4(.SI.SÁ)
|''Ayyāru''
|Iyar אִייָר‎
|-
|Month III
|ITISIG4.U5.ŠUB.BA.GÁ.GAR
Month the brick is placed in the mold
|ITI.SIG4.A
|''simānu''
|Sivan סִיוָן
|-
|Month IV
|ITIŠU.NUMUN
Month preparing seed
|ITI.ŠU(.NUMUN.A/NA);
ITI.ŠU.GAR.NUMUN.NA
|''Dûzu''
|Tammuz תַּמּוּז
|-
|Month V
|ITINE.IZI.GAR
Month braziers are lit
|ITI.NE(.NE.GAR)
|''Abu''
|Av אָב
|-
|Month VI
|ITIKIN.dINANNA
Month of rectification of Inanna
|ITI.KIN
|''Ulūlu /'' ''Elūlu''
|Elul אֱלוּל
|-
|Month VII
|ITIDU6.KÙ
Month of Sacred Mound
|ITI.DU6/DUL(.KÙ)
|''tašrītu''
|Tishrei תִּשְׁרֵי
|-
|Month VIII
|ITI(GIŠ)APIN.DU8.A
Month the plow is let go
|ITI.APIN(.DU8.A)
|''Arahsamnu''
|(Mar)Cheshvan
מַרְחֶשְׁוָן/חֶשְׁוָן
|-
|Month IX
|ITIGAN.GAN.(MU.)E3
Month when the clouds(?) come out
|ITI.GAN(.GAN.NA)
|''Kisilīmu''
|Kislev כִּסְלֵו
|-
|Month X
|ITIAB.E3
Month of the father
|ITI.AB(.BA.È)
|''ṭebētu''
|Tevet טֵבֵת
|-
|Month XI
|ITIZIZ2.A
Month for emmer
|ITI.ZÍZ(.A.AN)
|''Šabāṭu''
|Shevat שְׁבָט
|-
|Month XII
|ITIŠE.KIN.KU5
Month of the cutting of barley
|ITI.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Ad(d)aru''
|Adar אֲדָר
|-
|Intercalary
Month XIII
|ITIDIRI.ŠE.KIN.KU5 Additional harvest month
|ITI.DIRIG.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Adaru arkû''
|Adar II
אֲדָר שֵׁנִי
|}

== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

* Kurtik, G. (2007):
** Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил
** [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies],
** Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik. The terms we added bear no numbers.

=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
|-
|𒀀
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀀𒂔
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒆪
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|dA.KU]]
|Moon
|Redirect to [[A.GI7|A.GI7]]
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]]
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|-
|𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|
|-
|𒀊𒉆
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]]
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|-
|𒀜𒈨
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|𒈕
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD6]]
|The Corpse
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG2.AN.BUR2]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|𒂆
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|The Crown
|
|-
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']]
|The Crown of Anu
|
|-
|𒀝𒊒
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|Sister
|
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|The Stranger
|
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|dAḪUD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|Alammuš
|
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|Crab
|
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|a19. AL.TAR
|Jupiter, Heroic
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|𒀩
|
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|Sun, Venus
|
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|Crab
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|
|
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|𒀠𒁍
|
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|Bull
|
|-
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4:
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]
|-
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒀫𒄈
|
|a27. AMAR.GIR2
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
*mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
|-
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|a28. *dAMAR.UD -> [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|
|
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|Western asterism
|
|-
|𒀭
|
|a30. [[AN]]
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Andurunna]]''
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky home of gods before Marduk created the heavens, see [Horowitz 1998, 225]
|-
|𒀭𒆠
|
|a31. AN.KI
|
|Merged into [[NUNki|mulNUNki]]
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|a32. AN.ŠU2.TE
|
|Merged into [[AN]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Standing star
|
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|
|-
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|
|a37. [[AN.U2.GI.E|AN.U2.GI.E]]
|Wind demons
|
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|
|a38. AN.ZU
|
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|mul dIM.DUGUDmušen]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIM.DUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|Horse
|
|-
|
|
|a40. d''Antum''
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul d''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) d''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies – the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: d''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|-
|
|
|a41. d''Anum''
|
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|dAnunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|-
|
|
|''Anu-rabû''
|Great Anu
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. d''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|-
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mul[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|𒄑𒀳
|
|a43. [[APIN|giš]] [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|-
|
|
|a44. ''Āribu''
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGAmušen]].
|-
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|Shield
|
|-
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|Month
|
|-
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|𒀸𒈨
|
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Sun, Saturn
|
|-
|
|
|Aya
|
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Baba
|
|dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|
|b01. dBA.LIM
|
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|-
|
|
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|-
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]]
|Asterism of Dignity
|
|-
|𒁆
|
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|b05. [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|b06. gišBAN
|
|See [[PAN|giš]][[PAN]]
|-
|
|
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|mul / dGAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR3]]
|
|
|-
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|
|-
|𒄵
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|The Kidney
|
|-
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|-
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Buššānītu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|
|d01. [[DA|gišDA]]
|Bull's Jaw
|
|-
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]] (The Great Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|d02. [[DAMU|d''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|
|-
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]]
|Mars; Rooster
|
|-
|𒁲
|
|d05. [[DI]]
|Judgment, sentence
|
|-
|𒀸𒁁
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|𒀸
|
|d07. [[DILI]]
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
|
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|𒀭
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|Deity designation
|
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|Standing Gods
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]]
|Sitting Gods
|variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|
|e01. ''E-pa''2-''e''
|one time use for Jupiter
|probably from ''Šul-pa2-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]]
|Venus
|
|}

=== Page 2 (e04. d''E''2''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|e04. [[E2-a|d''E''2''-a'']]
|Water deity
|
|-
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E2 ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]]
|Enclosure, cattle pen
|
|-
|𒂊𒁺
|
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|Ištar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
|Stag
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]].
|-
|𒂍𒆳
|
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E2-kur'')]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN3.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations

* (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and
* (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|mulUR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|Water deity
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|d''En-lil'']]2
|Supreme deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]
|Primordial deity; Lord of all me
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|
|e12. [[EN.MUL|dEN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|
|-
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|-
|
|
|e14. ''Enzu''
|
|see [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|-
|
|
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|d''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|ki]]
|
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Wagon
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]]
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|e20. [[Erra|d''Erra'']]
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|
|e21. [[Erragal|d''Erragal'']]
|Great Erra
|
|-
|
|
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|mulTE8/TI8mušen]] "Eagle"
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|Deity
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂵𒂵
|
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|Mercury, Deity
|
|-
|𒃮
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|Breast
|
|-
|
|
|g03. 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|The Circle
|
|-
|𒆛
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|The Crook
|
|-
|
|
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|
|An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM3]], merged.
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|g08. [[GAN2.UR3|giš]][[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|The Harrow
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|The Lady of Life
|
|-
|𒌉
|
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|Saturn; "Constant"
|
|-
|𒄀𒄀
|
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|-
|𒈪
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI6]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|
|-
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|
|g13. [[GIBIL6|dGIBIL6]]
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|
|-
|𒈪𒉭
|
|g14. [[GIG]]
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|-
|𒄑𒇀
|
|g15. [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]
|The Chariot
|
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|The Furrow
|
|-
|𒄈
|
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2]]
|The Scorpion
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|-
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]]
|Heavenly Sword
|
|-
|𒄈𒋰
|
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|The Scorpion
|
|-
|𒄊
|
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR3]]
|Leg (Paw)
|
|-
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁇
|
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|Mars; Mercury
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|-
|
|
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|𒄑𒆲
|
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|Thigh
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN2]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|Enraged Goat (?)
|
|-
|𒄖
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|Great, Giant
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|
|g28. GU2.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄘𒄬
|
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU2.ḪAL]]
|(Star) Throat
|
|-
|𒄘𒄯
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU2.MUR]]
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄞
|
|g31. GU4
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|𒄞𒄋
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= d''Kusarikku''
|-
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|The Heavenly Bull
|
|-
|𒄞𒌓
|
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]]
|Bull of the Sun
|
|-
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|
|g35. [[Gula|d''Gula'']]
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒆸
|
|g36. [[GUR4|GUR4]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|mul lúSA.GAZ]]
|-
|𒀭𒈗
|
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|-
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|d''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|-
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'']]
|The Asterism of Abundance
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]]
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]] to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|
|-
|𒅆𒌨
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|
|-
|𒈝𒁀
|
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|-
|𒂠
|
|h10. ḪUN
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA2
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]
|
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|
|
|-
|𒃷
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|The Field
|Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|𒀭𒅎
|
|i06. [[IM|dIM]]
|Storm Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
|
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]
|(Bird) Anzû
|
|-
|𒅎𒄀
|
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|The Furnace
|
|-
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]
|The Seven Gods
|
|-
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒈹
|
|i13. [[INANNA|dINANNA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI4.IL]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒄑𒇷
|
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' 
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|}

=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|
|i17. [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]
|Scorpius
|
|-
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|i18. [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']]
|Venus; Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|
|i19. [[Ištaran|d''Ištaran'']]
|Deity; The Snake
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒅗
|
|k01. [[KA]]
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU8]]
|Portable Altar
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒅗𒆟
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ2]]
|The Knot
|
|-
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]]
|Obliterator
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|-
|
|
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒈜𒀀
|
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|The Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|-
|𒆕𒉼
|
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|The Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|(Types of) Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]]
|Arrow
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|The Dog
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|-
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|The Kidney
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]]
|
|
|-
|𒆜𒌓
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|The Path of the Sun
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|𒆥𒍮
|
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|Knee, shin
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|The Circle
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|-
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|
|-
|𒈩
|
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]
|Hand
|
|-
|𒆤𒌓
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|
|-
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|k23. *KU.RU.NA
|
|To be read [[Andurunna]] - cosmic region and divine name - see Horowitz MCG 225
|-
|𒄩
|
|k24. [[KU6|KU6]]
|The Fish
|
|-
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]] ''
|Shoulder
|
|-
|𒆲
|
|k26. [[KUN]]
|Tail
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUNme(š)]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|mulSIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.Amušen]]
|Chicken
|
|-
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|lu2KUR2.RA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|d''Kusarikkum'']]
|Buffalo
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|
|
|Kusu
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|𒆵
|
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]]
|Water animal
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|
|L02. dLA.KU.DU
|Mercury
|read mul''šu!-ku-du'', i.e. 'The Arrow' = Mercury, merged into [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒆗
|
|L03. [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]
|The She-Goat
|
|-
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|
|L05. [[Lātarāk|d''Lātarāk'']]
|The Lion
|
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|-
|𒇻
|
|L08. LU
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇻𒅆
|
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|
|-
|𒇻𒈦
|
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇽
|
|L11. LU2
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|dLU2.LAL3]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|-
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|(Asterism) Garment
|
|-
|𒈗
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|King
|
|-
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|-
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]]
|Mighty Lord
|
|-
|
|
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒈜𒆷
|
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|False (Lying) Star
|
|-
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|Evil Star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|-
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|gišMA2.DIRI.GA]]
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|-
|𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋
|
|m03. ''[[Makrû]]''
|Mars; Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|m04. [[MAN]]
|Sun God, Šamaš
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒈠
|
|m05. [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']]
|Strange Star
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈
|
|m06. ''[[TIR.AN.NA|Manzât]]''
|Rainbow
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[TIR.AN.NA]], Rainbow
|-
|𒈥
|
|m07. [[MAR]]
|Wagon (shortened form)
|
|-
|𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕
|
|m08. [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]]
|Wagon
|
|-
|𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾
|
|m09. [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]]
|The Wagon of Heaven
|
|-
|𒈥𒌅
|
|m10. [[MAR.TU]]
|Western Star
|
|-
|
|
|Mār-bīti
|
|“Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL ''šá'' dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌
|
|m11. [[Marduk|d''Marduk'']]
|Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
|
|-
|𒈥𒊏𒌈
|
|m12. ''[[Marratu]]''
|Rainbow
|
|-
|𒈦
|
|m13. [[MAŠ.MAŠ|MAŠ]]
|
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈦𒀀𒋾
|
|m14. [[Maš-a-ti|''Maš''-''a-ti'']]
|Pair of Stars (general)
|
|-
|𒈦𒈦)
|
|m15. [[MAŠ.MAŠ]]
|The Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀
|
|m16. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲
|
|m17. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉
|
|m18. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]
|Small Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|m20. ''[[GAN2.UR3|Maškakātu]]''
|The Harrow
|Akkadian parallel to [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|-
|𒈠𒀀𒋗
|
|m21. ''[[MAŠ.MAŠ|Māšū]]''
|Gemini
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈧
|
|m22. [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]]
|Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
|
|-
|
|
|m23. ME.GAR
|Jupiter
|abbreviation for [[SAG.ME.GAR]], merged there
|-
|𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀
|
|m24. [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]]
|Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚
|
|m25. ''[[mišḫu]]''
|Radiance
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|m26. [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|The radiance of Pabilsag
|
|-
|
|
|[[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU]]
|
|abbreviation for [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕
|
|m27. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|(Bound/hitched) yoke
|
|}

=== Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA to p07. ''Puššaītu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|m28. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒀯
|
|m29. [[MUL]]
|Star, luminary
|
|-
|𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀
|
|m30. [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]]
|Venus; The dominant star of the sky
|
|-
|𒀯𒀭𒈾
|
|m31. [[MUL.AN.NA]]
|Moon deity; Celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒃲
|
|m32. [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]]
|Big celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒆠𒃲
|
|m33. [[MUL.KI.GAL]]
|Venus; Star of the great earth
|
|-
|𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅
|
|m34. [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']]
|Reliable stars
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯
|
|m35. [[MUL.MUL]]
|Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯𒆷
|
|m36. [[MUL.MUL.LA]]
|Arrow
|or: ''mulmullu''. “arrow”: see [[KAK.SI.SA2|GAG.SI.SÁ]].
|-
|𒋼
|
|m37. [[MUL2|MUL2]]
|Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒋼𒌓
|
|m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|Jupiter; White Star
|
|-
|𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|m39. [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Stars (for) counting
|"normal stars"
|-
|𒌌
|
|m40. [[MUL4|MUL4]]
|Star, constellation
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|
|
|m41. [[MULx|MULx]]
|
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌘
|
|m42. [[MURUB4|MURUB4]]
|Middle (part)
|
|-
|𒈲
|
|m43. [[MUŠ]]
|Snake
|
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|m44. [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ]]
|Ferocious serpent
|
|-
|
|
|[[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)''mušḫuššu'']]
|
|see (Kurtik m44)
|-
|𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵
|
|m45. [[MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA]]
|
|Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in [[ALLA]] ([[Cancer]])
|-
|𒄷
|
|m46. [[MUŠEN]]
|The Bird
|
|-
|𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻
|
|m47. ''[[Muštarīlu]]''
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈿
|
|n01. [[NA2|NA2]]
|Jupiter; Bed-star
|
|-
|𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾
|
|n02. [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]
|Mercury; Deity of wisdom
|
|-
|𒉄
|
|n03. [[NAGAR]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|n04. ''[[KUR2.RA|Nakaru]]''
|Enemy, Stranger
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[KUR2.RA|KUR2.RA]]
|-
|
|
|n05. ''[[NU.MUŠ.DA|Nammaššû]]''
|Herds of (wild) animals
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋀𒆠
|
|n06. [[NANNA|dNANNA]]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|
|
|n07. ''[[GIGIR|Narkabtu]]''
|The Chariot
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIGIR|mul gišGIGIR]], "Chariot"
|-
|𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍
|
|n08. ''[[Naṣrapu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|n09. ''[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|Nattullu]]''
|Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|-
|
|
|n10. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|''Nattullu'' ''arkīti'']]
|Back of the Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|-
|𒉈
|
|n11. [[NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒃻
|
|n12. [[NE.GAR]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻
|
|n13. [[NE.GI.IZI.GAR]]
|Torch of Girra
|
|-
|𒉈𒉈𒃻
|
|n14. [[NE.NE.GAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒁉𒊒
|
|n15. ''[[Nēberu]]''
|Ferry, ford, crossing
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑
|
|n16. ''[[Nebû]]''
|Brilliant star
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|n17. ''[[UR.NIG|Nēltu]]''
|Lioness
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.NIG]]
|-
|𒀭𒌋𒄥
|
|n18. [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']]
|Deity of the underworld
|
|-
|
|
|n19. ''[[UR.MAH|Nēšu]]''
|The Lion
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.MAḪ]]
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙
|
|n20. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
|A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀
|
|n21. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] '' ''
|(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
|
|-
|𒉎𒍪
|
|n22. [[NI2.ZU|NI2.ZU]]
|Thief
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒆠
|
|n23. [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]]
|Star of Elam
|
|-
|
|
|n24. ''[[UD.KA.DU8.A|Nimru]]''
|Panther
|Akkadian parallel to [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪
|
|n25. [[NIN.A.ZU|dNIN.A.ZU]]
|Deity; Lord who knows water
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾
|
|n26. [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]]
|Ištar; Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|gišNÍNDA
|
|= ''ittû'' “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢
|
|n27. [[NIN.GIR2.SU|dNIN.GIR2.SU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊
|
|n28. [[NIN.GIR3|dNIN.GIR3]]
|Lord of strength
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕
|
|n29. [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]
|Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺
|
|n30. [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Ningublaga
|
|Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾
|
|n31. [[NIN.GUL.TI]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛
|
|n32. [[NIN.KA.SI]]
|(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷
|
|n33. [[NIN.KILIM]]
|Mongoose
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒆤
|
|n34. [[NIN.LIL2|NIN.LIL2]]
|Deity; Lady of the Air
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒈤
|
|n35. [[NIN.MAḪ]]
|Deity; Foremost lady
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯
|
|n36. [[NIN.MUL|dNIN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lady Stars
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕
|
|n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA
|Deity; Lady of the great stars
|occurs in one text only, '''Text K. 2054.''' "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀
|
|n38. [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]
|Deity; Lady of the red star
|
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
|Deity
|Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒊬
|
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
|
|n41. [[NIN.SI4|NIN.SI4]]
|Red Lady
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾
|
|n42. [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]]
|Red Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁
|
|n43. [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]
|Agriculture deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷
|
|n44. [[Niraḫ|d''Niraḫ'']]
|Snake deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒄿𒊒
|
|n45. ''[[Nīru]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍑𒀀𒂠
|
|n46. [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒊨𒅇
|
|n47. [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒈨𒀀
|
|n48. [[NU.ME.A]]
|(Star of) nothingness
|
|-
|𒉡𒈲𒁕
|
|n49. [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|n50. [[NUNki|NUNki]]
|
|
|-
|𒉣𒉽𒉽
|
|n51. [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉣𒈨
|
|n52. [[NUN.ME]]
|(Star)-Sage
|
|-
|𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀
|
|n53. [[NUN.SAR.A|dNUN.SAR.A]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒉡
|
|n54. ''[[Nūnu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒌆
|
|n55. [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|p01. PA
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒉼
|
|[[PAN]]
|Bow
|
|-
|𒉺𒉈
|
|p02. PA.BIL
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|p03. d[[PA.BIL.SAG]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|p04. ''[[AD6|Pagru]]''
|Body, corpse
|see a06. [[AD6|AD6]]
|-
|𒀭𒉽𒈛
|
|p05. [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]
|Messenger deity
|
|-
|𒉿𒍮𒌑
|
|p06. ''[[Peṣû]]''
|
|see m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|-
|𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈
|
|p07. ''[[Puššānītu|Puššanītu]]''
|
|
|}

=== Page 5 (q01. ''Qaštu'' to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|
|
|q01. ''Qaštu''
|Bow
| rowspan="2" |merged into [[PAN|mulPAN]] as it occurs only in lexical lists
|-
|
|
|''Qaštum Elamātum''
|Elamite Bow
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊏𒁍𒌑
|
|r01. ''[[GU.LA|Rabû]]''
|Great (man)
|Akkadian parallel to [[GU.LA]] - should just be a link to GU.LA
|-
|𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈
|
|r02. ''[[GIŠ.KUN|Rapaštu]]''
|Thigh
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|-
|𒊐𒁍
|
|r03. ''[[Rappu]]''
|Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒊑𒅆𒁁
|
|r04. [[RI.ŠI.BE]]
|
|
|-
|𒈩𒌓
|
|r05. ''[[KIŠIB|Rittu]]''
|Hand
|Akkadian parallel to mul[[KIŠIB]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒇽𒌑𒄤
|
|s01. [[SA.GAZ|lu2]][[SA.GAZ]]
|Bandit, Outlaw
|
|-
|𒌑𒊑
|
|s02. [[SA.RI]]
|Wild Cat
|
|-
|𒄷𒈿
|
|s03. [[(MUL) SA4|SA4]]
|(Star) with great brilliance
|
|-
|𒋛𒀀
|
|s04. [[SA5|SA5]]
|Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺
|
|s05. [[SAG.DU]]
|Head, top, upper part
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|s06. SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA
|Lion's head
|merged into (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
|
|s07. [[SAG.DU3.A|SAG.DU3.A]]
|Triangle
|?
|-
|𒊕𒋻
|
|s08. [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]]
|First in (making) decisions
|
|-
|𒊕𒈨𒃻
|
|s09. [[SAG.ME.GAR]]
|Jupiter
|var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
|-
|𒊕𒍑
|
|s10. [[SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
|
|-
|𒊩𒀀𒂠
|
|s11. [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus; (Star for) Women
|
|-
|𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵
|
|s12. [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]]
|Venus; (Star of) Woman
|
|-
|𒊬𒀀
|
|s13. [[SAR.A]]
|
|
|-
|𒊬𒄷𒋛
|
|s14. [[SAR.U5|SAR.U5]]
|
|
|-
|𒊓𒅈𒊒
|
|s15. ''[[LUL.LA|Sarru]]''
|False (Lying) Star
|Akkadian parallel to [[LUL.LA]]
|-
|
|
|''Sebettu''
|
|“The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀
|
|s16. [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; growing(?) horn
|
|-
|𒋛
|
|SI
|
|= ''qarnu''. “horn”: see [[GIR2.TAB|mulGÍR.TAB]].
|-
|𒋜
|
|s17. [[SI4|SI4]]
|Red, Lisi
|Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 [[LI9.SI4|mul / dLI9.SI4]]
|-
|𒅊
|
|s18. [[SIG7|SIG7]]
|Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
|
|-
|𒋆𒈤
|
|s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|Swallow
|
|-
|𒀭𒌍
|
|s20. [[Sîn|d''Sîn'']]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻
|
|s21. SIPA
|True Shepherd of Anu
|merged into (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|True Shepherd of Heaven
|
|-
|𒋀𒌍𒉡
|
|''[[Sissinnu]]''
|Frond, branch
|
|-
|𒋦
|
|s23. SUḪUR
|Goat-Fish
|merged into (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|s24. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|The Goat-Fish
|
|-
|
|
|s25. ''[[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|Suḫurmāšu]]''
|
|Akkadian parallel to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌
|
|ts01. ''[[Ṣalbatānu|Ṣal]]''
|abbreviation
|merged into ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|-
|𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡
|
|ts02. ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|Mars
|
|-
|𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑
|
|ts03. [[Ṣallummû|Ṣ''allummu'']]
|Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
|
|-
|𒍝𒊑𒊒
|
|ts04. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA|Ṣ''āriru'']]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|Akkadian parallel to [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒇡𒊒
|
|ts05. [[Ṣarru|Ṣ''arru'']]
|Sparkling (star)
|
|-
|𒀫𒊒)
|
|ts06. [[Ṣurru|Ṣ''urru'']]
|Obsidian star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠
|
|sh01. [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]]
|(Star) for the uterus
|
|-
|𒋚
|
|sh02. [[ŠAḪ]]
|The Pig
|
|-
|
|
|''Šala''
|
|Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la ''šubu-ul-tu''4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|sh03. [[Šamaš|d''Šamaš'']]
|Sun god
|
|-
|𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠
|
|sh04. ''[[Šanûmma]]''
|Strange (star)
|
|-
|𒄭𒄤
|
|sh05. [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒄭𒌴
|
|sh06. [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒊺𒇷𒁍
|
|sh07. ''[[KA5.A|Šēlebu]]''
|The Fox
|Akkadian parallel to [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|-
|𒅆𒁍𒌑
|
|sh08. ''[[Šību]]''
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒅆𒄴𒂅
|
|sh09. ''[[Šiḫṭu|Šiḫtu]]''
|Mercury, Mars; Leap
|
|-
|𒋻𒉺
|
|sh10. [[(MUL2) šil PA|''šil'' PA]]
|Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
|
|-
|𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷
|
|sh11. ''[[Šiltāḫu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓
|
|sh12. [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|
|
|sh13. ''Šinūnūtu''
|
|see s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|-
|
|
|sh14. ''Šitadallu''
|
|see s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒋗
|
|sh15. [[ŠU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|''[[šubtu]]''
|
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
|-
|
|
|''šubultu''(''m'')
|
|“ear (of grain)”: see Šala
|-
|𒋗𒄀
|
|sh16. [[ŠU.GI]]
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒋗𒉺
|
|sh17. [[ŠU.PA]]
|Magnificent, brilliant
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈
|
|sh18. [[ŠUDUN]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|sh19. [[ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA|ŠUDUN ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲
|
|sh20. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾
|
|sh21. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻
|
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|mul[[ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MA|ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MAki]]
|
|
|-
|𒋗𒆪𒁺
|
|sh23. ''[[Šukūdu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒂄𒄀
|
|sh24. [[ŠUL.GI|dŠUL.GI]]
|Shulgi
|
|-
|𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺
|
|sh25. [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|A youngster appears with brilliance
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|sh26. ''[[Šullat]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|t01. [[Tak-ša2-a-ti|''Tak-ša''2''-a-tu2'']]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|... [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀
|
|t02. [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; Sparkling
|
|-
|𒋾𒅅𒁍
|
|t03. ''[[Tikpu]]''
|Spot, speckled
|
|-
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|
|t04. ''Tinūru''
|Furnace
|see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|-
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
|
|t05. [[TIR.AN.NA]]
|Rainbow
|
|-
|
|
|''Tišpak''
|
|Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
|-
|𒀭𒌅𒌅
|
|t06. [[TU.TU|dTU.TU]]
|Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
|
|-
|
|
|gišTUKUL
|
|= kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬
|
|t07. ''[[Tūʼamū]]''
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍
|
|t08. [[Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ|''Tūʼamū'' GAL.MEŠ]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒌋𒌆𒌈
|
|t09. ''[[Tūltu]]''
|Worm, larva
|
|-
|𒉣𒇬
|
|t10. [[TUR3|TUR3]]
|Venus; Corral
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒌋𒊑𒊑
|
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒌓𒉌𒇷
|
|u02. [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]]
|Venusl Star of radiance/morning
|
|-
|𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔
|
|u03. [[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]]
|
|
|-
|𒇇
|
|u04. [[U8|U8]]
|Ewe
|= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|u05. [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|Jupiter; Heroic
|
|-
|𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀
|
|u06. [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|Demon with the Gaping Mouth
|var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A
|}

=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒇻𒁁
|
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGAmušen]]
|Raven
|
|-
|
|
|[[UG5.GA|UG5.GA]]
|Mars, Raven?
|
|-
|𒌌
|
|u12. [[UL]]
|(Shooring) Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌢
|
|u13. [[UMBIN]]
|
|
|-
|𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈
|
|u14. ''[[ummulūtu]]''
|Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
|
|-
|𒌦𒉡𒌓
|
|u15. ''[[unnutu]]''
|Dim star
|
|-
|𒌨
|
|u16. [[UR]]
|Leo; The Lion
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒌨𒀀
|
|u17. [[UR.A]]
|Leo; The Lion
|UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]] in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].
|-
|𒌨𒁇𒊏
|
|u18. [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|Wolf
|
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|u19. [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|u20. [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁
|
|u21. [[UR.IDIM]]
|Mad Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒈤
|
|u22. [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|u23. [[UR.NIG]]
|Lioness
|
|-
|𒌨𒆪
|
|[[UR.GI7|UR.KU]]
|The Dog
|now read UR.GI7
|-
|𒌫𒆲
|
|u24. [[UR2.KUN|UR2.KUN]]
|Hip, Pelvis
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁𒈬
|
|u25. ''[[Uridimmu|Ur(i)dimmu]]''
|Mad Dog
|see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|u26. ''Ur-um'' AN.NA
|Celestial Light
|see (Kurtik b13) [[BURRUM AN.NA|BURRUM]] [[BURRUM AN.NA|AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
|
|u27. [[USAN2.PA.SIKIL|dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL]]
|Venus; Goddess of the Stars
|
|-
|𒌑𒋩𒋾
|
|u28. ''[[Uṣurtu]]''
|Drawing, Image
|
|-
|𒅜𒍪
|
|u29. [[UŠ12.ZU|UŠ12.ZU]]
|Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
|
|-
|𒀭𒌓
|
|u30. [[UTU|dUTU]]
|Sun deity
|
|-
|𒍚
|
|u31. [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|Goat
|
|-
|𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷
|
|z01. [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]]
|Warlike deity
|
|-
|𒍠𒃻
|
|z02. [[ZAG.GAR]]
|Consort of the Lady of the plains
|
|-
|𒈽𒀖𒁍
|
|z03. ''[[Zappu]]''
|Stubble (Mane)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈
|
|z04. [[Zapānītu|d''Za(r)pānītu'']] ''/''
''Zerpānītu''
|Deity, wife of Marduk
|
|-
|𒍝𒊒𒌑
|
|z05. ''[[Zarû]]''
|Drawbar, Cart pole
|
|-
|𒍣
|
|z06. ZI
|
|see [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
|
|z07. [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒍦𒈨
|
|z08. [[ZIB|ZIBme]]
|Tails
|
|-
|𒀭𒍨
|
|z09. [[ZIB2|dZIB2]]
|Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|
|z10. ''Zibānītum''
|Balance
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍨𒁍
|
|z11. ''[[Ziqpu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|
|z12. ''Zuqaqīpu''
|Scorpius
|see [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|}

=== Acknowledgements ===
Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

* David Hilder
* Euin Choung Kim
* Roland Laffitte
* Youngjea Lee
* Jan Safford

[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AŠ.ME

2026-04-09T12:25:34Z

HermannHunger: /* II. Astrology. */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
AŠ.ME (𒀸𒈨) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''šamšatu,''

* 1) solar disk, the Sun,
* 2) mock Sun (parhelion),
* 3) mock Moon (paraselene),
* 4) Saturn, which was considered the Star of the Sun.

The term was used mainly in the EAE series texts. When the solar disk was meant directly, the expression AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ = ''šamšatu kajamāntu'' (or ''kajāntu'') or AŠ.ME ''ša''2 ''ginâ'' was used, probably meaning "normal solar disk". [AHw, 1158b; CAD Š/1, 332-334].
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Verderame 2002, 239; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 24 I-III, passim; 25 I 18-19].
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8, 337b].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== II. Astrology. ====
(1) The solar disk; DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ša''2 ''gi-na-a'' IGI.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''kat''3-''mu-ma'' IM.ULU3.LU ''rak-bat'' ... "If the eyes of the normal solar disk are closed and it rides the south wind: locusts will devastate the country, variant: the country will commit sin" [van Soldt 1995, 18, Tablet 24 I 2]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ša''2 ''gi-na-a'' ŠE.ER.ZI-''ša''2 ''ma-aq-tu''4 ... "If the shining of the normal solar disk is diminished [van Soldt 1995, 20-21, Tablet 24 I 14].

(2) Parhelion: DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-''ma'' 1 AŠ.ME ''ina'' ZAG 1 AŠ.ME ''ina'' GUB3 GUB ... "If a normal sun disk is present and one disk stands to the right (and) one disk to the left ... [van Soldt 1995, 29, Tablet 24 III 29]; DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-''ma'' 1 AŠ. ME ''ina'' GUB3 GUB ... 'If a normal sun disk is present and one disk stands on the left side [van Soldt 1995, 29, Tablet 24 III 31]; DIŠ 2 AŠ.ME KUR.MEŠ-''nim-ma uš-tab-ra-a u'' GUB.MEŠ-''za'' ... "If two disks rise, and they linger, standing for some time ... [van Soldt 1995, 30, Tablet 24 III 37]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD.1.KAM 2 AŠ.ME-''tum'' E3.MEŠ-''ni'' LUGAL URI.KI BE "If on the 1st of Nisan, 2 sun disks come up: the king of Akkad will die" [van Soldt 1995, 32, Tablet 24 III 45].

(3) Paraselene: DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ina'' GE6 KUR-''ma'' GUB SAG.DU 20 ''i-qal-lil'' KI.MIN KUR ''i-ḫa''[''d-du''] .... "If the disk of the sun rises during the night and stands: the king will be despised, alternatively: the country will become joyous ..." [ACh Šamaš, 4:13; CAD Š/1, 334a]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ina'' KUR-''šu''2 ''ina'' A2 30 GUB... "If a solar disk, during its rising, stands at the side of the moon ..." [ACh Suppl.2, 33:2; CAD Š/1, 334b]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 297:3-7, 426 r. 6-7, 431: 1-5; 501:4′-6′, 521:4-5; van Soldt 1995, 22, Tablet 24 II b]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ''u'' 30 ''šu-ta-tu-u'' / LUGAL KUR ''uz-nu u''2-''rap-pa-aš''2 "If a solar disk and the moon (are) in opposition: the king of the country will expand his understanding" [SAA 8, 95:6-7; van Soldt 1995, 22, Tablet 24 II d]; DIŠ AGA AŠ.ME ''a-pir ina'' ITI BI SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''3 ŠA3-''ši-na'' NITA.MEŠ U3.[TU.MEŠ] "If (the moon) wears the sun's crown: in this month pregnant women will give birth to boys." [Verderame 2002, 83, III c:ver. 15′]; ˹DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ina'' EN.˺NUN dUSAN KUR-''ma ana'' IGI-''ša''2 dNIN.URTA GUB... "If a disk ascends during the evening watch and Ninurta (=Mercury) stands before it" [van Soldt 1995, 26, Tablet 24 III 21]; [DIŠ AŠ.ME ''i'']''na'' KUR-˹''ša''2˺ ''ina'' Š[A3-''š'']''a''2 mul''Dil-bat'' ˹GUB˺ ... "[If a disk] rises (and) Venus stands in[side i]t [van Soldt 1995, 23, Tablet 24 III 5].

(4) Saturn; DIŠ AŠ.ME AN.TA-''nu'' 30 KI.TA-''nu'' 30 GUB-''iz'' / SUḪUŠ gišGU.ZA ''i-ka-na'' / LUGAL KUR ''ina kit-ti-šu''2 GUB-''az'' "If a solar disk (=Saturn) stands above the moon (or) below the moon: the foundations of the throne will become stable; the king of the country will be committed to truth" [SAA 8, 95:3-5; 297:3-7], it is clear from the context of the report that AŠ.ME in this case denotes Saturn, see also [Brown 2000, 58].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a49)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= šamšatu, 1) солнечный диск, Солнце, 2) ложное Солнце (парагелий, parhelion), 3) ложная Луна (параселена, paraselene), 4) Сатурн, который считался Звездой Солнца. Термин использовался главным образом в текстах серии ЕАЕ. Когда имелся в виду солнечный диск непосредственно, употреблялось выражение AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ = šamšatu kajamātu (или kajāntu) или AŠ.ME ša2 ginâ, вероятное значение «нормальный солнечный диск» [AHw, 1158b; CAD Š/1, 332–334].||Example
|-
|ЕАЕ. См. [Verderame 2002, 239; van Soldt 1995, Table 24 I–III, passim; 25 I 18–19]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 337b].
II. Астрология.

(1) Солнечный диск; DIŠ AŠ.ME ša2 gi-na-a IGI.MEŠ-šu2 kat3-mu-ma IM.Ux.LU rak-bat … «Если глаза нормального солнечного диска закрыты и южный ветер дует: саранча опустошит страну, вариант: страна совершит грех» [van Soldt 1995, 18, Table 24 I 2]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ša2 gi-na-a ŠE.ER.ZI-ša2 ma-aq-tu4 … «Если сияние нормального солнечного диска уменьшилось: зловещие предзнаменования будут в стране и боги прогневаются; в стране будет голод, вариант: в стране будет эпидемия» [van Soldt 1995, 20–21, Table 24 I 14].

(2) Парагелий; DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-ma 1 AŠ.ME ina ZAG 1 AŠ.ME ina GUB3 GUB … «Если нормальный солнечный диск присутствует и один диск справа (и) один диск слева (от него) стоят … [van Soldt 1995, 29, Table 24 III 29]; DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-ma 1 AŠ.ME ina GUB3 GUB … «Если нормальный солнечный диск присутствует и один диск слева (от него) стоит: с престола своими верными войсками царь Амурру будет низвергнут, вариант: он возьмет трон» [van Soldt 1995, 29, Table 24 III 31]; DIŠ 2 AŠ.ME KUR.MEŠ-nim-ma uš-tab-ra-a u GUB.MEŠ-za BAD3.MEŠ… «Eсли два диска восходят, задерживаются и стоят некоторое время: стены заброшенного города будут восстановлены, рассеянные люди соберутся вместе» [van Soldt 1995, 30, Table 24 III 37]; DIŠ ina itiBAR2 UD.1.KAM 2 AŠ.ME-tum E3.MEŠ-ni LUGAL URI.KI BE «Если 1-го нисану 2 диска появляются: царь Аккада умрет» [van Soldt 1995, 32, Table 24 III 45].

(3) Параселена; DIŠ AŠ.ME ina GE6 KUR-ma GUB SAG.DU 20 i-qal-lil u3 KUR i-ḫa[d-du] …. «Если солнечный диск в ночи вспыхивает (и) стоит: царская голова умалится и страна испытает голод…» [ACh Šamaš, 4:13; CAD Š/1, 334a]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ina KUR-šu2 ina A2 30 GUB… «Если солнечный диск при восходе своем на стороне Луны стоит…» [ACh Suppl.2, 33:2; CAD Š/1, 334b]; [DIŠ] AŠ.ME AN.TA-nu 30 KI.TA-nu 30 GUB-iz / SUḪUŠ GIŠ.GU.ZA i-ka-na / LIGAL KUR ina kit-ti-šu2 GUB-az «[Если] солнечный диск стоит выше Луны, вариант: ниже Луны: основание трона укрепится; царь страны в своей правде пребудет» [SAA 8, 95:3-5]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 297:3–7, 426 r. 6–7, 431: 1–5; 501:4′–6′, 521:4–5; van Soldt 1995, 22, Table 24 II b1]; DIŠ AŠ.ME u 30 šu-ta-tu-u / LUGAL KUR uz-nu u2-rap-pa-aš2 «Если солнечный диск и Луна (находятся) в оппозиции: царь страны понимание свое расширит» [SAA 8, 95:6–7; van Soldt 1995, 22, Table 24 II d3]; DIŠ AGA AŠ.ME a-pir ina ITI BI SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša3 ŠA3-ši-na NITA.MEŠ U3.[TU.MEŠ] «Если (Луна) корону Солнца одевает: в этом месяце беременные женщины мальчиков будут рожать» [Verderame 2002, 83, III c:ver. 15′]; ˹DIŠ AŠ.ME ina EN.˺NUN dUSAN KUR-ma ana IGI-ša2 dNIN.URTA GUB… «Если диск в вечернюю стражу восходит и Нинурта (=Меркурий) стоит перед ним: растительность высохнет, страну постигнет горе» [van Soldt 1995, 26, Table 24 III 21]. [DIŠ AŠ.ME i]na KUR-˹ša2˺ ina Š[A3-š]a2 mulDil-bat ˹GUB˺ … «[Если диск] восходит (и) вну[три не]го Венера стоит: царь призовет (своих подданных) к ответу в борьбе» [van Soldt 1995, 23, Table 24 III 5].

(4) Сатурн; DIŠ AŠ.ME AN.TA-nu 30 KI.TA-nu 30 GUB-iz / SUḪUŠ gišGU.ZA i-ka-na / LUGAL KUR ina kit-ti-šu2 GUB-az «Если солнечный диск (=Сатурн) стоит выше Луны (или) ниже Луны: основания трона будут прочными; царь страны будет привержен правде (и справедливости)» [SAA 8, 95:3–5; 297:3–7], из контекста рапорта ясно, что AŠ.ME в данном случае обозначает Сатурн, см. также [Brown 2000, 58].

Другие примеры см. [CAD Š/2, šamšatu].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Phenomenon]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:Phenomenon]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:Sun]]

Asidu

2026-04-08T20:00:01Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Asīdu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Heel of UKADUA.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Heel of the "Demon with the Gaping Mouth" in Mesopotamian astral science, typically identified with lambda Andromedae (in the first millennium). Depiction in Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
The body part ''asīdu'' (𒀀𒋛𒁺) is the heel of human figures and parallel part in composites. For the ''asīdu'' as part of any constellation see those entries.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul''Asīdu'' "Heel" is used as designation for a body part of constellations [Gössmann 1950, 38; AHw 73-74; CAD A/2, 330], including:

# Heel of mul[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]] (The Demon with the Gaping Mouth): '''λ And'''
# Heel of Enmešarra, see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]], V 2 ('''ζ Per'''?, ι Aur would also be possible - within Mesopotamian uranography, there is no argument against it, except for the proposed identification of The Old Man with Greek Perseus).
# Heel of the Old Man, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]], III 4 ('''ζ Per'''?).
# The Rear Heel of the True Shepherd of Anu, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]], V 1 (GU-text: '''η Lep''')<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>.

The "heel of UD.KA.DU8.A" is a ''ziqpu''-star (= ''ziqpu'' XI, in the constellation of Andromeda) and has, thus, a metrical significance.
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 70%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / IGI''-it'' GABA''-ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ḫa''
** "On the 10th of Simanu the Heel of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky / opposite your chest, and the True Shepherd of Anu ascends" (I iv 19-20) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 63].
|
* .
** λ And
** λ And
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** [3 ⅓] MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN (= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' [KI. MIN] (= ''ina šamê'') / TA mul''kin-ṣi'' EN mul''a-si''-[''di'']
*** "[3⅓] mina weight, ⅔ ''bēru'' on the ground, 36000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Knee to the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth)",
** b)
*** [1⅔ M]A.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''i''[''na'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') / TA mul''a-si-di'' EN 4 ''ša''2 mulLU.[LIM]
*** "[1⅔ mi]na weight, 10° on the ground, 18000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Heel to the 4 (stars) of the Sta[g]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:23-26; TU, 21:23-26; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229]; for a parallel see [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:14-15].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''a-si-''[''du'']
** "⅔ ''bēru'' to the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth)" [Schaumberger 1952, 224-225:6].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** múl''a-si-du'' // 1 // 8 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Heel // 1 (star) // 8200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952, 226-227:3].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA d''ki-in-ṣi-šu'' EN ''a-si-di-šu''2 ˹⅔˺ [DANNA] "From its Knee to its Heel ⅔ [''bēru''],"
** b) TA d''a-si-di-šu'' EN SI ''ša'' mulLU.[LIM ...] "From its Heel to the Horns of the Sta[g]..." [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:5-7].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mul''a-si-du''
** "⅔ ''bēru'' (200) to the Heel" [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:11].
|
* (1)
** (a) λ And
** (b) λ And
* (2) λ And
* (3) λ And
* (4)
** (a) λ And
** (b) λ And
* (5)
** λ And
** λ And
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+:
** EN ''a-si-du'', see (Kurtik m15) [[MAŠ.MAŠ]];
** TA ''a-si-du'', see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
|
* λ And
* λ And
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.”'''
* múl''a-si-du ziq-pi sin'' AN.KU10 "(When) the Heel culminated, an eclipse of the Moon (took place)." [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III, no.-90 obv. 6]. For a Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ''ziqpu''-stars, see [Schaumberger 1955, 247-251].
|λ And
|}
See also:

* TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''2 EN ''a-si-di-šu''2
** "From its (the Demon with the Open Mouth) knee to its heel" [TCL 6, 18 r. 15];
* ''a-na a-si-du'' [LBAT, 1501:10];
* EN ''a-si-di'' [mul]''En-me-šar''2-''ra''
** "to the heel of Enmešarra" [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15];
* múl''a''-[''si-du''] [Sachs 1952, 75, U. 197:9′].

===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
Ziqpu XI:

= α Andromedae [Gössmann 1950, 38];

= múl''a-si-du'' includes 1 star, according to VAT 16436:3; = σ Andromedae(?) [Schaumberger 1952, 227-227, 229];

= α Cassiopeiae [Hunger and Steele 2019,143];

= λ Andromedae [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 86, 275].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a47)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Пятка (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)»; 1) = ziqpu XI, звезда в созвездии Андромеды (Andromeda), 2) элемент фигуры ряда созвездий [Gössmann 1950, 38; AHw 73–74; CAD A/2, 330].||Example
|-
|MUL.APIN. В списке кульминаций и одновременных гелиакических восходов: ina itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM a-si-du ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mul<nowiki>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-ḫa «10-го симану Пятка Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 63]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [3 ⅓] MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN (= ina qaqqari) | 36 IGI DANNA ina [KI.MIN] (= ina šamê) / TA </nowiki>mulkin-ṣi EN mula-si-[di] «[3⅓] мины веса, 200<nowiki> на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Колена до Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)», b) [1⅔ M]A.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA i[na KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) / TA </nowiki>mula-si-di EN IV ša2 mulLU.[LIM] «[1⅔ ми]ны веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Пятки до 4 звезд Оле[ня]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:23–26; TU, 21:23–26; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:14–15]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA a-na mula-si-[du] «200 до Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:6]. (3) VAT 16436: múla-si-du // 1 // 8 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Пятка // 1 (звезда) // 8200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:3]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA dki-in-ṣi-šu EN a-si-di-šu2 ˹⅔˺ [DANNA] «От его Колена до его Пятки ⅔ [мили]», b) TA da-si-di-šu EN SI ša mulLU.[LIM …] «От его Пятки до Рога Оле[ня]…» [Horowitz 1994а, 91–92:5–7]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ⅔ DANNA ana mula-si-du «⅔ мили (200) до (его) Пятки» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:11]. Анафора. BM 36609+: EN a-si-du, см. m15MAŠ.MAŠ; TA a-si-du, см. a21ALLA. «Дневники наблюдений». múla-si-du ziq-pi sin AN.KU10 «(Когда) Пятка кульминировала, затмение Луны (имело место)» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III, No.-90 obv. 6]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251].
Cм. также: TA kin-ṣi-šu2 EN a-si-di-šu2 «От его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) колена до его пятки» [TCL 6, 18 r. 15]; a-na a-si-du [LBAT, 1501:10]; EN a-si-di [mul]En-me-šar2-ra «до пятки Энмешарры» [AСh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15]; múla-[si-du] [Sachs 1952, 75, U. 197:9′].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XI:

= α Andromedae [Gössmann 1950, 38];

= múla-si-du включало 1 звезду, согласно VAT 16436:3; = σ Andromedae(?) [Schaumberger 1952, 227–227, 229];

= α Cassiopeiae [Hunger and Steele 2019, 143];

= λ Andromedae [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86, 275].

Как элемент фигуры созвездия:

(1) Пятка Энмешарры, см. e11EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, V 2.

(2) Задняя пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, V 1.

(3) Пятка Старика, см. sh16ŠU.GI, e11EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, III 4.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Arḫum

2026-04-08T19:51:52Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Arḫum''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Moon all Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpg|thumb|one lunation]]
''Arḫum'' (𒅈𒄷𒁾) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

Lit. "Month"; rarely used Old Babylonian name for the Moon [G. 169; AHw 1466b; CAD A/2, 259b; Ṣ, 151b].
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| '''"Shileiko's tablet."'''
*[DIŠ ''š'']''a-mu-u''2 ''ki-ma ṣ''[''e-e'']''t wa-ar-ḫi-im'' / ''pa-nu-šu-nu na-am-ru-u''2 ''u''3 ''ḫa-bi-ba-am'' ˹''i''? ˺-[''šu''] / ''ša-at-tum da-am-qa''2-''at''" [If] the sky — its face shines like the light of the moon and a thunder is (heard): (this) year is favorable." [Horowitz 2000, 204:3-5].
*''šâtu kīma ar-ḫi-im annaṭālim'' " She (Nanâ) looks like the moon," quoted in [CAD A/2, 259b].
*URU ''Ḫarrān ana paṭ gimrišu kīma ṣi-it ar-ḫi unammir šarūrūšu'' "I have made the splendor of the city of Harran throughout its length as brilliant as the appearance of the moon" [CAD Ṣ, 151b].
|
|}

=== Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a46)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|букв. «Месяц»; редко используемое старовавилонское название Луны [G. 169; AHw 1466b; CAD A/2, 259b; Ṣ, 151b].
I. Источники.

«Табличка Шилейко». [DIŠ š]a-mu-u2 ki-ma ṣ[e-e]t wa-ar-ḫi-im / pa-nu-šu-nu na-am-ru-u2 u3 ḫa-bi-ba-am ˹i?˺-[šu] / ša-at-tum da-am-qa2-at «[Если] небо — его лицо сияет подобно с[ве]ту Луны и (слышен) гром: (этот) год благоприятный» [Horowitz 2000, 204:3–5].

šâtu kīma ar-ḫi-im annaṭālim «Она (Nanâ), как Луна, выглядит», цит. по [CAD A/2, 259b]. URU Darrān ana paṭ gimrišu kīma ṣi-it ar-ḫi unammir šurūrūšu «Я сделал великолепие города Харрана на всем его протяжении столь же блистательным, как появление Луны» [CAD Ṣ, 151b]
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Moon]]

Arḫum

2026-04-08T19:50:27Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Arḫum''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Moon all Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpg|thumb|one lunation]]
''Arḫum'' (𒅈𒄷𒁾) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

Lit. "Month"; rarely used Old Babylonian name for the Moon [G. 169; AHw 1466b; CAD A/2, 259b; Ṣ, 151b].
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| '''"Shileiko's tablet."'''
*[DIŠ ''š'']''a-mu-u''2 ''ki-ma ṣ''[''e-e'']''t wa-ar-ḫi-im'' / ''pa-nu-šu-nu na-am-ru-u''2 ''u''3 ''ḫa-bi-ba-am'' ˹''i''? ˺-[''šu''] / ''ša-at-tum da-am-qa''2-''at''" [If] the sky — its face shines like the light of the moon and a thunder is (heard): (this) year is favorable." [Horowitz 2000, 204:3-5].
*''šâtu kīma ar-ḫi-im annaṭālim'' " She (Nanâ) looks like the moon," quoted in [CAD A/2, 259b].
*URU ''Ḫarrān ana paṭ gimrišu kīma ṣi-it ar-ḫi unammir šurūrūšu'' "I have made the splendor of the city of Harran throughout its length as brilliant as the appearance of the moon" [CAD Ṣ, 151b].
|
|}

=== Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a46)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|букв. «Месяц»; редко используемое старовавилонское название Луны [G. 169; AHw 1466b; CAD A/2, 259b; Ṣ, 151b].
I. Источники.

«Табличка Шилейко». [DIŠ š]a-mu-u2 ki-ma ṣ[e-e]t wa-ar-ḫi-im / pa-nu-šu-nu na-am-ru-u2 u3 ḫa-bi-ba-am ˹i?˺-[šu] / ša-at-tum da-am-qa2-at «[Если] небо — его лицо сияет подобно с[ве]ту Луны и (слышен) гром: (этот) год благоприятный» [Horowitz 2000, 204:3–5].

šâtu kīma ar-ḫi-im annaṭālim «Она (Nanâ), как Луна, выглядит», цит. по [CAD A/2, 259b]. URU Darrān ana paṭ gimrišu kīma ṣi-it ar-ḫi unammir šurūrūšu «Я сделал великолепие города Харрана на всем его протяжении столь же блистательным, как появление Луны» [CAD Ṣ, 151b]
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Moon]]

Aritum

2026-04-08T17:09:32Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Arītum''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Pleiades and Venus in blue dawn 2020.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Venus in the morning sky, just above the mountain.]]
''Arītum'' (𒀯𒀀𒊑𒌈) = "Shield"; an ancient Mesopotamian epithet of Venus [Gössmann 1950, 41; CAD A/2, 270].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"The Great Star List"''.'''''
*(1) mul''a-ri-tum'' = d''iš-tar'' min(= ''be-let'' kur.kur) "Shield = Ištar, ruler of countries",
* (2) mul''a-ri-tum'' = mulmin(= ab.sin2) "Shield = Furrow" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:32, 44].
|Example

|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night".'''
*Neo-Assyrian prayer: mul''E-ri-tu''2 [Oppenheim 1959, 283:20].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1564:2.'''
*The name of Venus in the month Ayyaru: mul''a-ri-tum'' mul''dil-bat ina'' itigu4 "Shield = Venus in the month Ayyaru".
|Example

|}

===Additional===
The deity d''a-ri-tum'' is mentioned in Šurpu VIII 28; see also [Tallqvist 1938, 256].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a45)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Щит»; эпитет Венеры [Gössmann 1950, 41; CAD A/2, 270].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
«'''''Большой список звезд»'''''. '''(1)''' mul''a-ri-tum'' = d''iš-tar'' min(= ''be-let'' kur.kur) «Щит = Иштар, владычица стран», '''(2)''' mul''a-ri-tum'' = mulmin(= ab.sin2) «Щит = Борозда» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:32, 44]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам»'''''. Новоассирийская молитва: mul''E-ri-tu''2 [Oppenheim 1959, 283:20]. '''''LBAT 1564:2.''''' Имя Венеры в месяце айяру: mul''a-ri-tum'' mul''dil-bat ina'' itigu4 «Щит = Венера в месяце айяру».

Божество d''a-ri-tum'' упоминается в ''Šurpu'' VIII 28; см также [Tallqvist 1938, 256].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

APIN

2026-04-08T17:05:50Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAPIN}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]
[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]
mulAPIN (𒀯𒀳; or mul gišAPIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Hoffmann Krebernik2023 Fig1 plough.jpeg|thumb|Cassiopeia (map from Stellarium software: right) and a drawing of a seeder plough as depicted on the kudurru Sb 22 (Louvre; detail: left). Fig.1 in Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023).<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023): What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> ]]
'''Var.:'''

*mulAPIN
*mul gišAPIN (The double determinative MUL.GIŠ indicates that the asterism is an astral manifestation of the wooden instrument the plough.)
*= ''epinnu'' "Plough"
The Mesopotamian constellation has a sub-constellation/ asterism gišNÍNDA ''šá'' mulAPIN “seed funnel of the plough” which might refer to a single star or a group of three.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].
*'''(2)''' Series Urra XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
*Astrolabe P.
**Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].
*Astrolabe B.
** '''(1)''' List (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' MUL BI d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] "The plough, which stands at the rising of the east wind opposite the Wagon, this asterism (?) is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (B iii 1-3); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Enlil 1].
**'''(2)''' List (3´12): itibara2 ...mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The month Nisanu ...the Plough (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 1).
**'''(3)''' List (rising-setting=6months): rising—Nisanu, no setting in Tešritu, the Plough is circumpolarǃ [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014, 40-41], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* BM 82923:3. The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].
*BM 34713.
**The month Ayyaru, the stars of Enlil: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
**A list of 12 asterisms of Enlil (no. 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).
*'''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN "The Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).
|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*'''(1)''' List of names of Mars: mulapin = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Plough = Mars";
* '''(2)''' 12 stars of Akkad: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:1.'''
*mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) "Plough = Aššur", according to [HBA, 51],
*mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 "Plough = Anšar (lit. Heaven in all its entirety)", according to [Wee 2016, 162-3:1]. '''''??I cannot find AN.ŠAR2 on these pages???'''''
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere."'''
In sector 1 of the inscription:

*mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> [''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2]
*"Plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of [Enlil]." [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology'''.
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars, see (Kurtik a20) [[ALLA]].

See also (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|gišGAN2.UR3]].
|
|}
[[File:APIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 170005.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside APIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Schedar]]
|HIP 3179
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.23
|-
| 2
|[[Caph]]
|HIP 746
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.27
|-
|3
|γ Cassiopeiae ([[Tiansi]])
|HIP 4427
|Constellation lines
|2.39
|-
|4
|[[Ruchbah]]
|HIP 6686
|Constellation lines
| 2.68
|-
|5
|[[Segin]]
|HIP 8886
|Constellation lines
|3.37
|-
|6
|[[Achird]]
|HIP 3821
|Inside the Hull
|3.44
|-
| 7
|κ Cassiopeiae ([[Cexing]])
|HIP 2599
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.16
|-
|8
|θ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 5542
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.33
|-
|9
|* iot Cas A
|HIP 11569
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|10
|[[Castula]]
|HIP 4422
|Inside the Hull
|4.622
|-
|11
|χ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 7294
|Inside the Hull
|4.681
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 4151
|Constellation lines
|4.8
|-
| 13
|υ 1 Cassiopeiae
|HIP 4292
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|14
|ϕ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 6242
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 9312
| Inside the Hull
|5.278
|-
|16
| -
| HIP 3951
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.362
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5566
|Inside the Hull
|5.548
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 4440
|Inside the Hull
|5.566
|-
|19
|53 Cas
|HIP 9573
|Inside the Hull
|5.614
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 8362
|Inside the Hull
|5.63
|-
| 21
|44 Cas
|HIP 8046
|Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 5361
|Inside the Hull
|5.767
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 2876
|Inside the Hull
|5.792
|-
| 24
| -
|HIP 5021
|Inside the Hull
| 5.833
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 2377
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|26
|52 Cas
|HIP 9564
|Inside the Hull
|5.986
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 4962
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|28
|55 Cas
|HIP 10438
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 3334
|Inside the Hull
|6.171
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 3988
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 4383
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
| 32
| 35 Cas
|HIP 6312
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 8020
|Inside the Hull
|6.323
|-
|34
| -
| HIP 6486
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|35
|NGC 457
|NGC 457
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 5240
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 3649
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 4475
|Inside the Hull
|6.437
|-
|39
|NGC 129
| NGC 129
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|40
|NGC 654
|NGC 654
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

====Deity. ====
 The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On the seals of the 3rd millennium BCE it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30 with Ninurta (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
 (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', II.

 (2) The prayer of the flour-miller over the millstone: mulAPIN ''ina ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' "O Plough-Star, they have harnessed (oxen) to the seeder-plough in the field" (beginning of the prayer) [CAD E, 236-237; RAcc. 63:44].

====Symbol.====
Plough. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plough see [Salonen 1968; Black and Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plough constellation corresponds probably to the images of plough-sowing (found on seals and ''kudurru''s), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].

====Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
 (1) = Marsː [...mul]APIN d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).

(2) = Mercuryː [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' "[If the Yo]ke comes close to the Plough, (it means:) Venus comes close to Mercury" [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

 (3) = Saturnː see above for identifications with Ninurta.

 (4) = Jupiter(?)ː the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.

=====Predictions:=====
(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šu-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars)ː DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE ... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) Plough (= Mars) and Saturn: DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' ... mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2-''ad-ma'' "If the Plough constellation reaches the path of the Sun (= Saturn): ... Mars reaches Saturn" [SAA 8, 49 r. 4-6]; for parallels see [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. This prediction assumes identities: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Plough = Mars", KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Path of the Sun = Saturn", see (Kurtik k17) [[KASKAL.UTU]].

 (8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE ... d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].

(9) Crab and Ploughː DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] ... "If The Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." [SAA 8, 452:1-3].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
===Kurtik (2022)===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
===Gössmann (1950, 39)===
|-
|вар.: mulAPIN; = ''epinnu'' «Плуг»; созвездие в пределах Северного Треугольника и Андромеды (Triangulum Borealе + Andromeda), по другой версии, только Андромеды (Andromeda) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 39; Koch 1989, 104–110].||mul gišAPIN (44)
|-
|
====I. Источники.====
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar IV/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu''/''ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:299′]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Нисану, звезды Энлиля, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' mul ''šu''(bi) (в тексте: ''dil-bat'', см. примечание Хунгера в [Koch 1989, 104, Anm. 344]) / d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šеm-''[''mu''] «Плуг, который при восходе восточного ветра напротив Колесницы стоит, звезда эта(?) ― Энлиль, который судьбу страны определяет» (B iii 1–3); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Enlil'' 1]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): itibara2 …mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Месяц нисану …Плуг (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 1). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту [KAV 218, С 13, 26; Horowitz 2014], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923:3. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 «Плуг // 50 // Энлиль» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:3]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд Энлиля» (I 1). '''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Волк, приспособление Плуга (для сева) » (I i 2) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 18]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1]. «'''''Письма'''''». Упоминание трактата MUL.APIN: [GIŠ].DA ''ša'' MUL.APIN / [''ki'']-''i an-ni-i-e'' / [''iq-ṭ'']''i-bi ma-a ina'' itiBARAG / [UD-1-K]AM2 mulḪUN.GA2 IGI-''m''[''ar''] / [''ina'' iti]BARAG UD-20-KAM2 / [mulZ]UBI IGI-''mar'' «В [таб]лице MUL.APIN об этом сказано следующее: «[1-г]о нисана Наемник появляет[ся]; 20-го нисана Посох появляется» [SAA 10, 62:13–18]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulapin = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Плуг = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Аккада: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208]. '''''Список звезд V R 46'', ''1:1'''''. mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) «Плуг = Ашшур», согласно [HBA, 51], mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 «Плуг = Аншар (букв. Небо во всей полноте)», согласно [Wee 2016, 162–3:1]. «'''''Планисфера'''''». В секторе 1 надпись: mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> ''šu-ut'' [d''En-lil''2] «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд [Энлиля]» [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. '''''Поздняя астрология.''''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a20ALLA.

См. также g08gišGAN2.UR3.

====II. Божество.====
Как религиозный символ плуг известен с раннединастического периода. На печатях III тыс. до н.э. он изображался как атрибут «божества в лодке», как атрибут богини или божества, в сценах религиозных процессий, в сценах пахоты и т.д. [Amier 1961; Boеhmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125–128]. С каким именно божеством связано созвездие Плуг, неизвестно. На кудурру плуг отождествляется с богом Нингирсу [Seidl 1968, 127], в списке богов K.4339 rev. iii 30 — c Нинуртой (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), однако неясно, имеют ли эти отождествления астральное значение. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Ритуал «омовения рта» (''mīs pî'') или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.'' '''(2)''' Молитва мукомола над жерновом: mulAPIN ''ina'' ''ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' «О, Звезда-Плуг, они в поле запрягли (пару быков) в плуг-сеялку» (начало молитвы) [CAD E, 236–237; i 91а; RAcc., 63:44].

====III. Символ.====
Плуг. Описание и изображения в глиптике различных моделей месопотамского плуга см. [Salonen 1968; Black–Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38–40]. Фигура созвездия Плуг, соответствовала, вероятно, изображениям плуга-сеялки (встречающимся на печатях и кудурру), который включал приспособление для сева семян [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI–VII; Куртик 2007, рис. 47, 48].

====IV. Отождествление.====
= Andromeda или Triangulum Boreale [Gössmann 1950, 39];

= вероятно, Triangulum + γ Andromeda [Waerden 1949 13; Waerden 1974 72; Weidner 1957–59, 78; BPO 2, 10];

= α, β Trianguli и γ Andromedae [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 275];

= Треугольник и часть Андромеды [Horowitz 2014, 245];

= треугольник, включающий 41χβγ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 104–110];

= часть Андромеды (Andromeda) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

====V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.====
(1) mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Звезда Волк, Сеятель (= конструктивный элемент для высева семян) Плуга» (MUL.APIN I 2); = α Trianguli [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 286]; = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 106, Anm. 347].

==== VI. Астрология.====
Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; […mul]APIN d''ial-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], параллель [ibid., 102, K.35:24]; см. также «Большой список звезд» и ниже (6)–(8).

(2) = ''Меркурий''; [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' «[Если Ярм]о к Плугу приближается, (это означает:) Венера к Меркурию приближается» [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

(3) = ''Сатурн''; отождествления с Нинуртой см. выше.

(4) ''= Юпитер''(?); предполагаемое в [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] отождествление с Юпитером, насколько нам известно, не имеет текстового подтверждения.

Предсказания:

(5) ''Плуг и начало пахоты'': mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šu-ri-i'' «Плуг для начала борозды» [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) ''Венера и Плуг''(= ''Марс''); DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE… «Если Венера подходит близко к Плугу: жены будут нарушать супружескую верность, прелюбодеяние распространится в стране, женщины не будут жить со своими мужьями, мужчины не будут жить со своими женами» [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; параллель [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс'') и ''Сатурн''; DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' … mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2''-ad-ma'' «Если звезда Плуг достигает Пути Солнца (= Сатурн): голод скота; будет голод. Марс достигает Сатурна» [SAA 8, 49 r. 4–6]; параллели см. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. Данное предсказание предполагает тождества: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Плуг = Марс», KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «Путь Солнца = Сатурн», см. k17KASKAL.UD.

(8) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс) и Скорпион''; DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE… d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' «Если звезда Плуг подходит близко к Скорпиону: правитель умрет от жала скорпиона, вариант: он будет схвачен в своем дворце; [после него] его [сын] не наследует трон; разум страны изменится, страна получит другого господина и жизнь страны не будет стабильной; плач великих богов о стране. (Это означает): Марс стоит в Скорпионе» [SAA 8, 502 r. 1–3]; параллель [ibid., 219].

(9) ''Краб и Плуг''; DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] … «Если Ра[к подходит близко к звезде Плуг]: плуг страны [будет (праздно) висеть на колышке], наводнение [будет] в стране…» [SAA 8, 452:1–3].
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====I kakkabepinnu, das "Pflug-Gestirn", ====
Katasterismus des Pfluges: AO 6451 Vs 44: "Der Ackerbaustern hat auf dem Felde den Pflug des Saatgetreides angeschirrt" (Meiss. B.u.A. II 151 Racc p. 82).
Identifizierungen:

*- Cassiopeia (Weid. Hdb. S.109; 144f; AfOF 2 S.129; dagegen Hdb. S. 69.72; Bab. VI p. 157)
*- Andromeda (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309)
*- Triangulum Boreale (ZÄF S. 38f; Ungn. ZDMG 77, S. 84).

Bemerkung: "Es ist auch möglich, dass APIN weiter nach Norden reichte, als unser Triangulum, etwa bis zum Nachbarstern γ Andromedae, der nie ganz verschwand." 3. Erg. S. 328

mulAPIN ist

#Monatsfixstern des Nisannu, Astrol. Pinch. Astrol. B III 1
# unter den Enlil-Sternen, Br.M. 86378 I 1 (ZA N.F. 9. S.143).
#unter den Akkad-Sternen, K8067 II 7; K 250 IV 5
#zu den Gottheiten des Nergal (K 250 II 23), Aššur (VR 46,1) und Ninib (K 4339 III 30) in Beziehung gebracht.

====II Astronomische Angaben: ====

#Über die Lage des APIN am Fixsternhimmel: Astrol. B (K) III 1 ff (gegenüber dem Großen Wagen)
# Hel. Aufgang: im Nisannu, Astrol.B. III 1; dagegen ib. 26: der mulAPIN steht das ganze Jahr da (= ist zirkumpolar); vgl. 3. Erg. S. 328.
#ein Teil des Pflug-Gestirns ist mulUR.BAR.RA als Sterz (gišNINDA2) desselben, Br.M. 86378 I2.

====III Astrologische Angaben:====

*A. Allgemeines: mulAPIN ist Deckname für folgende Planeten:

#Mars (Gottheit Nergal, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 104, 27; 106, 58; 122,186; vgl. VACh Jšt. V16.
#Saturn (Gottheit Ninib, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 103, 8
#Merkur, VACh Jšt. XXX 17; Bez. Farb. ". 113, 115 e.
# Jupiter (?) Bez. Farb. S. 122, 185.

*B. APIN-Omina

#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn den Sonnenweg (=Saturn) erreicht, wird Mangel an Vieh, Not sein (Mars-Saturn), Rep. 103 Rs 1 f; VACh 1. Sup. I 28; LV 27; XLIX 9; Bez. Farb. S. 106; RA VII 1657.
#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn (=Mars) sich Scorpius naht, wird ein Fürst durch einen Skorpionstich sterben usw. Rep. 239, 1ff; Rep. 272 Rs 1ff; Bez. Farb., S. 106.

Weitere Belege: R III 53, 2a (VACh Jšt. XXV 2f); 1. Su LV 31 (sehr gelb, Bez. Farb. S. 145); Br. M. 45749 Vs. 32 (JRAS 1925, 37ff.)

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== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cas]]

APIN

2026-04-08T17:04:31Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAPIN}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]
[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]
mulAPIN (𒀯𒀳; or mul gišAPIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Hoffmann Krebernik2023 Fig1 plough.jpeg|thumb|Cassiopeia (map from Stellarium software: right) and a drawing of a seeder plough as depicted on the kudurru Sb 22 (Louvre; detail: left). Fig.1 in Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023).<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023): What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> ]]
'''Var.:'''

*mulAPIN
*mul gišAPIN (The double determinative MUL.GIŠ indicates that the asterism is an astral manifestation of the wooden instrument the plough.)
*= ''epinnu'' "Plough"
The Mesopotamian constellation has a sub-constellation/ asterism gišNÍNDA ''šá'' mulAPIN “seed funnel of the plough” which might refer to a single star or a group of three.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''''Lexical texts.'''''
* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].
*'''(2)''' Series Urra XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].
|
|-
|'''''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''''
*Astrolabe P.
**Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].
*Astrolabe B.
** '''(1)''' List (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' MUL BI d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] "The plough, which stands at the rising of the east wind opposite the Wagon, this asterism (?) is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (B iii 1-3); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Enlil 1].
**'''(2)''' List (3´12): itibara2 ...mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The month Nisanu ...the Plough (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 1).
**'''(3)''' List (rising-setting=6months): rising—Nisanu, no setting in Tešritu, the Plough is circumpolarǃ [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014, 40-41], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* BM 82923:3. The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].
*BM 34713.
**The month Ayyaru, the stars of Enlil: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
**A list of 12 asterisms of Enlil (no. 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).
*'''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN "The Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).
|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*'''(1)''' List of names of Mars: mulapin = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Plough = Mars";
* '''(2)''' 12 stars of Akkad: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:1.'''
*mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) "Plough = Aššur", according to [HBA, 51],
*mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 "Plough = Anšar (lit. Heaven in all its entirety)", according to [Wee 2016, 162-3:1]. '''''??I cannot find AN.ŠAR2 on these pages???'''''
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere."'''
In sector 1 of the inscription:

*mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> [''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2]
*"Plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of [Enlil]." [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology'''.
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars, see (Kurtik a20) [[ALLA]].

See also (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|gišGAN2.UR3]].
|
|}
[[File:APIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 170005.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside APIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Schedar]]
|HIP 3179
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.23
|-
| 2
|[[Caph]]
|HIP 746
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.27
|-
|3
|γ Cassiopeiae ([[Tiansi]])
|HIP 4427
|Constellation lines
|2.39
|-
|4
|[[Ruchbah]]
|HIP 6686
|Constellation lines
| 2.68
|-
|5
|[[Segin]]
|HIP 8886
|Constellation lines
|3.37
|-
|6
|[[Achird]]
|HIP 3821
|Inside the Hull
|3.44
|-
| 7
|κ Cassiopeiae ([[Cexing]])
|HIP 2599
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.16
|-
|8
|θ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 5542
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.33
|-
|9
|* iot Cas A
|HIP 11569
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|10
|[[Castula]]
|HIP 4422
|Inside the Hull
|4.622
|-
|11
|χ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 7294
|Inside the Hull
|4.681
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 4151
|Constellation lines
|4.8
|-
| 13
|υ 1 Cassiopeiae
|HIP 4292
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|14
|ϕ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 6242
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 9312
| Inside the Hull
|5.278
|-
|16
| -
| HIP 3951
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.362
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5566
|Inside the Hull
|5.548
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 4440
|Inside the Hull
|5.566
|-
|19
|53 Cas
|HIP 9573
|Inside the Hull
|5.614
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 8362
|Inside the Hull
|5.63
|-
| 21
|44 Cas
|HIP 8046
|Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 5361
|Inside the Hull
|5.767
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 2876
|Inside the Hull
|5.792
|-
| 24
| -
|HIP 5021
|Inside the Hull
| 5.833
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 2377
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|26
|52 Cas
|HIP 9564
|Inside the Hull
|5.986
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 4962
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|28
|55 Cas
|HIP 10438
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 3334
|Inside the Hull
|6.171
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 3988
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 4383
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
| 32
| 35 Cas
|HIP 6312
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 8020
|Inside the Hull
|6.323
|-
|34
| -
| HIP 6486
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|35
|NGC 457
|NGC 457
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 5240
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 3649
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 4475
|Inside the Hull
|6.437
|-
|39
|NGC 129
| NGC 129
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|40
|NGC 654
|NGC 654
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

====Deity. ====
 The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On the seals of the 3rd millennium BCE it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30 with Ninurta (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
 (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', II.

 (2) The prayer of the flour-miller over the millstone: mulAPIN ''ina ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' "O Plough-Star, they have harnessed (oxen) to the seeder-plough in the field" (beginning of the prayer) [CAD E, 236-237; RAcc. 63:44].

====Symbol.====
Plough. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plough see [Salonen 1968; Black and Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plough constellation corresponds probably to the images of plough-sowing (found on seals and ''kudurru''s), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].

====Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
 (1) = Marsː [...mul]APIN d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).

(2) = Mercuryː [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' "[If the Yo]ke comes close to the Plough, (it means:) Venus comes close to Mercury" [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

 (3) = Saturnː see above for identifications with Ninurta.

 (4) = Jupiter(?)ː the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.

=====Predictions:=====
(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šu-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars)ː DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE ... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) Plough (= Mars) and Saturn: DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' ... mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2-''ad-ma'' "If the Plough constellation reaches the path of the Sun (= Saturn): ... Mars reaches Saturn" [SAA 8, 49 r. 4-6]; for parallels see [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. This prediction assumes identities: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Plough = Mars", KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Path of the Sun = Saturn", see (Kurtik k17) [[KASKAL.UTU]].

 (8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE ... d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].

(9) Crab and Ploughː DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] ... "If The Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." [SAA 8, 452:1-3].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
===Kurtik (2022)===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
===Gössmann (1950, 39)===
|-
|вар.: mulAPIN; = ''epinnu'' «Плуг»; созвездие в пределах Северного Треугольника и Андромеды (Triangulum Borealе + Andromeda), по другой версии, только Андромеды (Andromeda) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 39; Koch 1989, 104–110].||mul gišAPIN (44)
|-
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====I. Источники.====
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar IV/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu''/''ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:299′]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Нисану, звезды Энлиля, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' mul ''šu''(bi) (в тексте: ''dil-bat'', см. примечание Хунгера в [Koch 1989, 104, Anm. 344]) / d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šеm-''[''mu''] «Плуг, который при восходе восточного ветра напротив Колесницы стоит, звезда эта(?) ― Энлиль, который судьбу страны определяет» (B iii 1–3); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Enlil'' 1]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): itibara2 …mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Месяц нисану …Плуг (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 1). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту [KAV 218, С 13, 26; Horowitz 2014], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923:3. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 «Плуг // 50 // Энлиль» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:3]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд Энлиля» (I 1). '''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Волк, приспособление Плуга (для сева) » (I i 2) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 18]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1]. «'''''Письма'''''». Упоминание трактата MUL.APIN: [GIŠ].DA ''ša'' MUL.APIN / [''ki'']-''i an-ni-i-e'' / [''iq-ṭ'']''i-bi ma-a ina'' itiBARAG / [UD-1-K]AM2 mulḪUN.GA2 IGI-''m''[''ar''] / [''ina'' iti]BARAG UD-20-KAM2 / [mulZ]UBI IGI-''mar'' «В [таб]лице MUL.APIN об этом сказано следующее: «[1-г]о нисана Наемник появляет[ся]; 20-го нисана Посох появляется» [SAA 10, 62:13–18]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulapin = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Плуг = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Аккада: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208]. '''''Список звезд V R 46'', ''1:1'''''. mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) «Плуг = Ашшур», согласно [HBA, 51], mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 «Плуг = Аншар (букв. Небо во всей полноте)», согласно [Wee 2016, 162–3:1]. «'''''Планисфера'''''». В секторе 1 надпись: mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> ''šu-ut'' [d''En-lil''2] «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд [Энлиля]» [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. '''''Поздняя астрология.''''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a20ALLA.

См. также g08gišGAN2.UR3.

====II. Божество.====
Как религиозный символ плуг известен с раннединастического периода. На печатях III тыс. до н.э. он изображался как атрибут «божества в лодке», как атрибут богини или божества, в сценах религиозных процессий, в сценах пахоты и т.д. [Amier 1961; Boеhmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125–128]. С каким именно божеством связано созвездие Плуг, неизвестно. На кудурру плуг отождествляется с богом Нингирсу [Seidl 1968, 127], в списке богов K.4339 rev. iii 30 — c Нинуртой (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), однако неясно, имеют ли эти отождествления астральное значение. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Ритуал «омовения рта» (''mīs pî'') или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.'' '''(2)''' Молитва мукомола над жерновом: mulAPIN ''ina'' ''ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' «О, Звезда-Плуг, они в поле запрягли (пару быков) в плуг-сеялку» (начало молитвы) [CAD E, 236–237; i 91а; RAcc., 63:44].

====III. Символ.====
Плуг. Описание и изображения в глиптике различных моделей месопотамского плуга см. [Salonen 1968; Black–Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38–40]. Фигура созвездия Плуг, соответствовала, вероятно, изображениям плуга-сеялки (встречающимся на печатях и кудурру), который включал приспособление для сева семян [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI–VII; Куртик 2007, рис. 47, 48].

====IV. Отождествление.====
= Andromeda или Triangulum Boreale [Gössmann 1950, 39];

= вероятно, Triangulum + γ Andromeda [Waerden 1949 13; Waerden 1974 72; Weidner 1957–59, 78; BPO 2, 10];

= α, β Trianguli и γ Andromedae [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 275];

= Треугольник и часть Андромеды [Horowitz 2014, 245];

= треугольник, включающий 41χβγ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 104–110];

= часть Андромеды (Andromeda) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

====V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.====
(1) mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Звезда Волк, Сеятель (= конструктивный элемент для высева семян) Плуга» (MUL.APIN I 2); = α Trianguli [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 286]; = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 106, Anm. 347].

==== VI. Астрология.====
Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; […mul]APIN d''ial-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], параллель [ibid., 102, K.35:24]; см. также «Большой список звезд» и ниже (6)–(8).

(2) = ''Меркурий''; [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' «[Если Ярм]о к Плугу приближается, (это означает:) Венера к Меркурию приближается» [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

(3) = ''Сатурн''; отождествления с Нинуртой см. выше.

(4) ''= Юпитер''(?); предполагаемое в [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] отождествление с Юпитером, насколько нам известно, не имеет текстового подтверждения.

Предсказания:

(5) ''Плуг и начало пахоты'': mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šu-ri-i'' «Плуг для начала борозды» [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) ''Венера и Плуг''(= ''Марс''); DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE… «Если Венера подходит близко к Плугу: жены будут нарушать супружескую верность, прелюбодеяние распространится в стране, женщины не будут жить со своими мужьями, мужчины не будут жить со своими женами» [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; параллель [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс'') и ''Сатурн''; DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' … mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2''-ad-ma'' «Если звезда Плуг достигает Пути Солнца (= Сатурн): голод скота; будет голод. Марс достигает Сатурна» [SAA 8, 49 r. 4–6]; параллели см. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. Данное предсказание предполагает тождества: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Плуг = Марс», KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «Путь Солнца = Сатурн», см. k17KASKAL.UD.

(8) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс) и Скорпион''; DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE… d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' «Если звезда Плуг подходит близко к Скорпиону: правитель умрет от жала скорпиона, вариант: он будет схвачен в своем дворце; [после него] его [сын] не наследует трон; разум страны изменится, страна получит другого господина и жизнь страны не будет стабильной; плач великих богов о стране. (Это означает): Марс стоит в Скорпионе» [SAA 8, 502 r. 1–3]; параллель [ibid., 219].

(9) ''Краб и Плуг''; DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] … «Если Ра[к подходит близко к звезде Плуг]: плуг страны [будет (праздно) висеть на колышке], наводнение [будет] в стране…» [SAA 8, 452:1–3].
|
====I kakkabepinnu, das "Pflug-Gestirn", ====
Katasterismus des Pfluges: AO 6451 Vs 44: "Der Ackerbaustern hat auf dem Felde den Pflug des Saatgetreides angeschirrt" (Meiss. B.u.A. II 151 Racc p. 82).
Identifizierungen:

*- Cassiopeia (Weid. Hdb. S.109; 144f; AfOF 2 S.129; dagegen Hdb. S. 69.72; Bab. VI p. 157)
*- Andromeda (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309)
*- Triangulum Boreale (ZÄF S. 38f; Ungn. ZDMG 77, S. 84).

Bemerkung: "Es ist auch möglich, dass APIN weiter nach Norden reichte, als unser Triangulum, etwa bis zum Nachbarstern γ Andromedae, der nie ganz verschwand." 3. Erg. S. 328

mulAPIN ist

#Monatsfixstern des Nisannu, Astrol. Pinch. Astrol. B III 1
# unter den Enlil-Sternen, Br.M. 86378 I 1 (ZA N.F. 9. S.143).
#unter den Akkad-Sternen, K8067 II 7; K 250 IV 5
#zu den Gottheiten des Nergal (K 250 II 23), Aššur (VR 46,1) und Ninib (K 4339 III 30) in Beziehung gebracht.

====II Astronomische Angaben: ====

#Über die Lage des APIN am Fixsternhimmel: Astrol. B (K) III 1 ff (gegenüber dem Großen Wagen)
# Hel. Aufgang: im Nisannu, Astrol.B. III 1; dagegen ib. 26: der mulAPIN steht das ganze Jahr da (= ist zirkumpolar); vgl. 3. Erg. S. 328.
#ein Teil des Pflug-Gestirns ist mulUR.BAR.RA als Sterz (gišNINDA2) desselben, Br.M. 86378 I2.

====III Astrologische Angaben:====

*A. Allgemeines: mulAPIN ist Deckname für folgende Planeten:

#Mars (Gottheit Nergal, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 104, 27; 106, 58; 122,186; vgl. VACh Jšt. V16.
#Saturn (Gottheit Ninib, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 103, 8
#Merkur, VACh Jšt. XXX 17; Bez. Farb. ". 113, 115 e.
# Jupiter (?) Bez. Farb. S. 122, 185.

*B. APIN-Omina

#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn den Sonnenweg (=Saturn) erreicht, wird Mangel an Vieh, Not sein (Mars-Saturn), Rep. 103 Rs 1 f; VACh 1. Sup. I 28; LV 27; XLIX 9; Bez. Farb. S. 106; RA VII 1657.
#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn (=Mars) sich Scorpius naht, wird ein Fürst durch einen Skorpionstich sterben usw. Rep. 239, 1ff; Rep. 272 Rs 1ff; Bez. Farb., S. 106.

Weitere Belege: R III 53, 2a (VACh Jšt. XXV 2f); 1. Su LV 31 (sehr gelb, Bez. Farb. S. 145); Br. M. 45749 Vs. 32 (JRAS 1925, 37ff.)

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== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cas]]

APIN

2026-04-08T16:49:09Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAPIN}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]
[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]
mulAPIN (𒀯𒀳; or mul gišAPIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Hoffmann Krebernik2023 Fig1 plough.jpeg|thumb|Cassiopeia (map from Stellarium software: right) and a drawing of a seeder plough as depicted on the kudurru Sb 22 (Louvre; detail: left). Fig.1 in Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023).<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023): What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> ]]
'''Var.:'''

*mulAPIN
*mul gišAPIN (The double determinative MUL.GIŠ indicates that the asterism is an astral manifestation of the wooden instrument the plough.)
*= ''epinnu'' "Plough"
The Mesopotamian constellation has a sub-constellation/ asterism gišNÍNDA ''šá'' mulAPIN “seed funnel of the plough” which might refer to a single star or a group of three.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''''Lexical texts.'''''
* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].
*'''(2)''' Series Urra XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].
|
|-
|'''''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''''
*Astrolabe P.
**Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].
*Astrolabe B.
** '''(1)''' List (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' MUL BI d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] "The plough, which stands at the rising of the east wind opposite the Wagon, this asterism (?) is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (B iii 1-3); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Enlil 1].
**'''(2)''' List (3´12): itibara2 ...mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The month Nisanu ...the Plough (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 1).
**'''(3)''' List (rising-setting=6months): rising—Nisanu, setting—Tešritu [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014, 40-41], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* BM 82923:3. The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].
*BM 34713.
**The month Ayyaru, the stars of Enlil: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
**A list of 12 asterisms of Enlil (no. 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).
*'''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN "Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).
|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*'''(1)''' List of names of Mars: mulapin = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Plough = Mars";
* '''(2)''' 12 stars of Akkad: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:1.'''
*mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) "Plough = Aššur", according to [HBA, 51],
*mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 "Plough = Anšar (lit. Heaven in all its entirety)", according to [Wee 2016, 162-3:1]. '''''??I cannot find AN.ŠAR2 on these pages???'''''
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere."'''
In sector of the 1 inscription:

*mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> [''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2]
*"Plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of [Enlil]." [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology'''.
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars, see (Kurtik a20) [[ALLA]].

See also (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|gišGAN2.UR3]].
|
|}
[[File:APIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 170005.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside APIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Schedar]]
|HIP 3179
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.23
|-
| 2
|[[Caph]]
|HIP 746
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.27
|-
|3
|γ Cassiopeiae ([[Tiansi]])
|HIP 4427
|Constellation lines
|2.39
|-
|4
|[[Ruchbah]]
|HIP 6686
|Constellation lines
| 2.68
|-
|5
|[[Segin]]
|HIP 8886
|Constellation lines
|3.37
|-
|6
|[[Achird]]
|HIP 3821
|Inside the Hull
|3.44
|-
| 7
|κ Cassiopeiae ([[Cexing]])
|HIP 2599
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.16
|-
|8
|θ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 5542
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.33
|-
|9
|* iot Cas A
|HIP 11569
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|10
|[[Castula]]
|HIP 4422
|Inside the Hull
|4.622
|-
|11
|χ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 7294
|Inside the Hull
|4.681
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 4151
|Constellation lines
|4.8
|-
| 13
|υ 1 Cassiopeiae
|HIP 4292
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|14
|ϕ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 6242
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 9312
| Inside the Hull
|5.278
|-
|16
| -
| HIP 3951
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.362
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5566
|Inside the Hull
|5.548
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 4440
|Inside the Hull
|5.566
|-
|19
|53 Cas
|HIP 9573
|Inside the Hull
|5.614
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 8362
|Inside the Hull
|5.63
|-
| 21
|44 Cas
|HIP 8046
|Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 5361
|Inside the Hull
|5.767
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 2876
|Inside the Hull
|5.792
|-
| 24
| -
|HIP 5021
|Inside the Hull
| 5.833
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 2377
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|26
|52 Cas
|HIP 9564
|Inside the Hull
|5.986
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 4962
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|28
|55 Cas
|HIP 10438
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 3334
|Inside the Hull
|6.171
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 3988
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 4383
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
| 32
| 35 Cas
|HIP 6312
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 8020
|Inside the Hull
|6.323
|-
|34
| -
| HIP 6486
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|35
|NGC 457
|NGC 457
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 5240
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 3649
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 4475
|Inside the Hull
|6.437
|-
|39
|NGC 129
| NGC 129
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|40
|NGC 654
|NGC 654
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

====Deity. ====
 The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On the seals of the 3rd millennium B.C. it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [Amier 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected with. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30—with Ninurta (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
 (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', II.

 (2) The prayer of the flour-miller over the millstone: mulAPIN ''ina ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' "O Plough-Star, they have harnessed (oxen) to the seeder-plough in the field" (beginning of the prayer) [CAD E, 236-237; RAcc. 63:44].

====Symbol.====
Plough. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plough see [Salonen 1968; ]. [Salonen 1968; Black and Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plough constellation corresponds probably to the images of plough-sowing (found on seals and ''kudurru''s), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].

====Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
 (1) = Mars; [...mul]APIN d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).

(2) = Mercury; [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' "[If the Yo]ke approaches the Plough, (it means:) Venus approaches Mercury" [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

 (3) = Saturn; see above for identifications with Ninurta.

 (4) = Jupiter(?); the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.

=====Predictions:=====
(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šu-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars); DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) Plough (= Mars) and Saturn: DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' ... mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2-''ad-ma'' "If the Plough constellation reaches the path of the Sun (= Saturn): ... Mars reaches Saturn" [SAA 8, 49 r. 4-6]; for parallels see. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. This prediction assumes identities: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Plough = Mars", KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Path of the Sun = Saturn", see (Kurtik k17) [[KASKAL.UTU]].

 (8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE ... d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].

(9) Crab and Plough; DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] ... "If The Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." SAA 8, 452:1-3].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
===Kurtik (2022)===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
===Gössmann (1950, 39)===
|-
|вар.: mulAPIN; = ''epinnu'' «Плуг»; созвездие в пределах Северного Треугольника и Андромеды (Triangulum Borealе + Andromeda), по другой версии, только Андромеды (Andromeda) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 39; Koch 1989, 104–110].||mul gišAPIN (44)
|-
|
====I. Источники.====
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar IV/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu''/''ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:299′]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Нисану, звезды Энлиля, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' mul ''šu''(bi) (в тексте: ''dil-bat'', см. примечание Хунгера в [Koch 1989, 104, Anm. 344]) / d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šеm-''[''mu''] «Плуг, который при восходе восточного ветра напротив Колесницы стоит, звезда эта(?) ― Энлиль, который судьбу страны определяет» (B iii 1–3); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Enlil'' 1]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): itibara2 …mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Месяц нисану …Плуг (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 1). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту [KAV 218, С 13, 26; Horowitz 2014], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923:3. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 «Плуг // 50 // Энлиль» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:3]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд Энлиля» (I 1). '''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Волк, приспособление Плуга (для сева) » (I i 2) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 18]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1]. «'''''Письма'''''». Упоминание трактата MUL.APIN: [GIŠ].DA ''ša'' MUL.APIN / [''ki'']-''i an-ni-i-e'' / [''iq-ṭ'']''i-bi ma-a ina'' itiBARAG / [UD-1-K]AM2 mulḪUN.GA2 IGI-''m''[''ar''] / [''ina'' iti]BARAG UD-20-KAM2 / [mulZ]UBI IGI-''mar'' «В [таб]лице MUL.APIN об этом сказано следующее: «[1-г]о нисана Наемник появляет[ся]; 20-го нисана Посох появляется» [SAA 10, 62:13–18]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulapin = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Плуг = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Аккада: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208]. '''''Список звезд V R 46'', ''1:1'''''. mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) «Плуг = Ашшур», согласно [HBA, 51], mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 «Плуг = Аншар (букв. Небо во всей полноте)», согласно [Wee 2016, 162–3:1]. «'''''Планисфера'''''». В секторе 1 надпись: mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> ''šu-ut'' [d''En-lil''2] «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд [Энлиля]» [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. '''''Поздняя астрология.''''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a20ALLA.

См. также g08gišGAN2.UR3.

====II. Божество.====
Как религиозный символ плуг известен с раннединастического периода. На печатях III тыс. до н.э. он изображался как атрибут «божества в лодке», как атрибут богини или божества, в сценах религиозных процессий, в сценах пахоты и т.д. [Amier 1961; Boеhmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125–128]. С каким именно божеством связано созвездие Плуг, неизвестно. На кудурру плуг отождествляется с богом Нингирсу [Seidl 1968, 127], в списке богов K.4339 rev. iii 30 — c Нинуртой (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), однако неясно, имеют ли эти отождествления астральное значение. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Ритуал «омовения рта» (''mīs pî'') или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.'' '''(2)''' Молитва мукомола над жерновом: mulAPIN ''ina'' ''ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' «О, Звезда-Плуг, они в поле запрягли (пару быков) в плуг-сеялку» (начало молитвы) [CAD E, 236–237; i 91а; RAcc., 63:44].

====III. Символ.====
Плуг. Описание и изображения в глиптике различных моделей месопотамского плуга см. [Salonen 1968; Black–Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38–40]. Фигура созвездия Плуг, соответствовала, вероятно, изображениям плуга-сеялки (встречающимся на печатях и кудурру), который включал приспособление для сева семян [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI–VII; Куртик 2007, рис. 47, 48].

====IV. Отождествление.====
= Andromeda или Triangulum Boreale [Gössmann 1950, 39];

= вероятно, Triangulum + γ Andromeda [Waerden 1949 13; Waerden 1974 72; Weidner 1957–59, 78; BPO 2, 10];

= α, β Trianguli и γ Andromedae [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 275];

= Треугольник и часть Андромеды [Horowitz 2014, 245];

= треугольник, включающий 41χβγ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 104–110];

= часть Андромеды (Andromeda) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

====V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.====
(1) mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Звезда Волк, Сеятель (= конструктивный элемент для высева семян) Плуга» (MUL.APIN I 2); = α Trianguli [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 286]; = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 106, Anm. 347].

==== VI. Астрология.====
Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; […mul]APIN d''ial-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], параллель [ibid., 102, K.35:24]; см. также «Большой список звезд» и ниже (6)–(8).

(2) = ''Меркурий''; [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' «[Если Ярм]о к Плугу приближается, (это означает:) Венера к Меркурию приближается» [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

(3) = ''Сатурн''; отождествления с Нинуртой см. выше.

(4) ''= Юпитер''(?); предполагаемое в [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] отождествление с Юпитером, насколько нам известно, не имеет текстового подтверждения.

Предсказания:

(5) ''Плуг и начало пахоты'': mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šu-ri-i'' «Плуг для начала борозды» [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) ''Венера и Плуг''(= ''Марс''); DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE… «Если Венера подходит близко к Плугу: жены будут нарушать супружескую верность, прелюбодеяние распространится в стране, женщины не будут жить со своими мужьями, мужчины не будут жить со своими женами» [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; параллель [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс'') и ''Сатурн''; DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' … mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2''-ad-ma'' «Если звезда Плуг достигает Пути Солнца (= Сатурн): голод скота; будет голод. Марс достигает Сатурна» [SAA 8, 49 r. 4–6]; параллели см. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. Данное предсказание предполагает тождества: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Плуг = Марс», KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «Путь Солнца = Сатурн», см. k17KASKAL.UD.

(8) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс) и Скорпион''; DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE… d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' «Если звезда Плуг подходит близко к Скорпиону: правитель умрет от жала скорпиона, вариант: он будет схвачен в своем дворце; [после него] его [сын] не наследует трон; разум страны изменится, страна получит другого господина и жизнь страны не будет стабильной; плач великих богов о стране. (Это означает): Марс стоит в Скорпионе» [SAA 8, 502 r. 1–3]; параллель [ibid., 219].

(9) ''Краб и Плуг''; DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] … «Если Ра[к подходит близко к звезде Плуг]: плуг страны [будет (праздно) висеть на колышке], наводнение [будет] в стране…» [SAA 8, 452:1–3].
|
====I kakkabepinnu, das "Pflug-Gestirn", ====
Katasterismus des Pfluges: AO 6451 Vs 44: "Der Ackerbaustern hat auf dem Felde den Pflug des Saatgetreides angeschirrt" (Meiss. B.u.A. II 151 Racc p. 82).
Identifizierungen:

*- Cassiopeia (Weid. Hdb. S.109; 144f; AfOF 2 S.129; dagegen Hdb. S. 69.72; Bab. VI p. 157)
*- Andromeda (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309)
*- Triangulum Boreale (ZÄF S. 38f; Ungn. ZDMG 77, S. 84).

Bemerkung: "Es ist auch möglich, dass APIN weiter nach Norden reichte, als unser Triangulum, etwa bis zum Nachbarstern γ Andromedae, der nie ganz verschwand." 3. Erg. S. 328

mulAPIN ist

#Monatsfixstern des Nisannu, Astrol. Pinch. Astrol. B III 1
# unter den Enlil-Sternen, Br.M. 86378 I 1 (ZA N.F. 9. S.143).
#unter den Akkad-Sternen, K8067 II 7; K 250 IV 5
#zu den Gottheiten des Nergal (K 250 II 23), Aššur (VR 46,1) und Ninib (K 4339 III 30) in Beziehung gebracht.

====II Astronomische Angaben: ====

#Über die Lage des APIN am Fixsternhimmel: Astrol. B (K) III 1 ff (gegenüber dem Großen Wagen)
# Hel. Aufgang: im Nisannu, Astrol.B. III 1; dagegen ib. 26: der mulAPIN steht das ganze Jahr da (= ist zirkumpolar); vgl. 3. Erg. S. 328.
#ein Teil des Pflug-Gestirns ist mulUR.BAR.RA als Sterz (gišNINDA2) desselben, Br.M. 86378 I2.

====III Astrologische Angaben:====

*A. Allgemeines: mulAPIN ist Deckname für folgende Planeten:

#Mars (Gottheit Nergal, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 104, 27; 106, 58; 122,186; vgl. VACh Jšt. V16.
#Saturn (Gottheit Ninib, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 103, 8
#Merkur, VACh Jšt. XXX 17; Bez. Farb. ". 113, 115 e.
# Jupiter (?) Bez. Farb. S. 122, 185.

*B. APIN-Omina

#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn den Sonnenweg (=Saturn) erreicht, wird Mangel an Vieh, Not sein (Mars-Saturn), Rep. 103 Rs 1 f; VACh 1. Sup. I 28; LV 27; XLIX 9; Bez. Farb. S. 106; RA VII 1657.
#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn (=Mars) sich Scorpius naht, wird ein Fürst durch einen Skorpionstich sterben usw. Rep. 239, 1ff; Rep. 272 Rs 1ff; Bez. Farb., S. 106.

Weitere Belege: R III 53, 2a (VACh Jšt. XXV 2f); 1. Su LV 31 (sehr gelb, Bez. Farb. S. 145); Br. M. 45749 Vs. 32 (JRAS 1925, 37ff.)

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== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cas]]

Anunitu

2026-04-08T16:28:33Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Anunītu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|thumb|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is the Mesopotamian name of the area (constellation) that is now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. It was transformed into the image of Andromeda.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
mul / d''An(n)unītu(m)'' (436), = "''Anunītu''" (constellation): a constellation corresponding to the eastern fish in [[Pisces]] (Pisces) [Gössmann 27].
Goddess:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>Anunītu(m). By-name of the goddess Ištar, originally a local hypostasis of particular importance to the dynasty of Akkad. The association with ‘fish’ (cf. SpTU III 114A v 46, mul''Nu-nu'' ‘fish’ = d''A-nu-ni-tú/ti'') seems to be based on the partial homophony with Akk. ''nūnu'' ‘fish’, cf. the association of ''Anunītu(m)'' with the ‘Tigris-star’ in Hg: mul.ídIdigna = d''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (MSL 11, 40: 229). mu''l''''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (AN 3r).</blockquote>Introduced in MUL.APIN I i 42 (Hunger & Steele 2019):
* Transliteration: DIŠ MUL ''ša'' EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB''-zu'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4
* Akkadian: ''kakkabu ša arki Ikî izzazzu Anunītu''
* English: The asterism which stands behind the Field: Anunitu.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Urra XXII: mul dnu.nu = d''A-nu-ni-ti''/''tu''2 "Fish = Anunitu" [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 109:303]; see also [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]].
Variant MUL NU.NU without the divine determinative also in Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29'.
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each ("Astrolabes”)'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Ayyaru, stars of Enlil, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573].
* Astrolabe B:
** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša''2 igi-''it'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' zi im.[ULU.lu gub] / mul.bi d''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= mulapin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (B iii 4-5). '''??changed according to Horowitz 2014!! ??'''
** (2) List (3´12): itigu4 ... mul''A-nu-ni-tum šu-ut'' d''En''-[''lil''2] "Month Ayyaru: ... Anunitu, (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 2).
** (3) List (rise-set=6months): rise–Month Ayyaru, set– Month Araḫsamnu [KAV 218, C 15, 28 '''??where is C 15, 28 in Horowitz 2014???'''; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4-5, 40-41 '''??cannot find 40-41 in Horowitz 2014, 39??''']; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
* BM 82923. Month Ayyaru, stars of Enlil: [mul''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // dINNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''2-''tim'' d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Anunītu // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].
* BM 34713. múl''A-nu-ni-tu''2 (twice!):
** a) Month Simanu, stars of Enlil, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]];
** b) Month Araḫsamnu, stars of Anu, see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8].
* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.
** a) A list of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): [mul''A-nu'']-''ni-tu''4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176].
** b) A list of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 2): mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120].
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month Simanu, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502'''
* [múl''A-nu-ni-t'']''u''4 is the star of Antašurra, see (Kurtik m14) [[Maš-a-ti|''maš-a-ti'']].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 3): MUL ''ša''2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' ''A-nu-ni-tu''4 "The star that stands behind the Field: Anunītu" (I i 42); parallel in MLC 1866 i 6 [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35].
* (2) Dates of heliacal rising: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 IGI.LA2 "On the 25th of Šabaṭu, Anunītu becomes visible" (I iii 11).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-''ma'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ŠU2-''bi'' "Ninmaḫ rises and Anunītu sets" (I iii 22).
* (4) Stars "in the path of the moon": mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4, after mulSIM.MAḪ, before mul lúḪUN.GA2 (I iv 37), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger and Steele (2019), 30, 46, 49, 69].
Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
* (1) mul''a-nu-ni-tum'' = dištar min(= ''bēlet'' kur.kur) "Anunītum = Ištar, ruler of countries";
* (2) mul ídidigna = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Tigris River = Anunītum";
* (3) multul-''tum'' = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Worm = Anunītum", the next line probably contains a commentary: ku6.meš ''tu-la-a-tum'' ''u'' mušen.meš ''ḫu-u''8-''u''2 "Fishes–worms, and birds..." whose meaning is unclear, cf. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b];
* (4) the 12 stars of Akkad [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; see also [Weidner 1959-60, 107ff].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere" K 8538.'''
* In sector 1, the inscription on the outer circle: mul''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] [Koch 1989, 56].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §D.
** [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i'' mul ...-''ḫu''?-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3]
*** "Left [star]. New [da]mage. A star with great brilliance of Anuni[tu] (γ Peg) ... ri]ght of the Field (α Peg). 3 stars, a triangle.";
** According to [Koch 1995, 44, 57],
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 (= [''ša''2 zag AŠ-''iku'']) "The left star of the right side of the Field,"
*** muldil-bat ''ša''2 ''A-nu-ni-t''[''i'' mul ''a-ḫu''?-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ-''iku'' "the first star of Anunitu (and) the side star of the right side of the Field."
* §E. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ˹''a''˺-[''nu-ni-ti''] "star with great brilliance of Anu[nitu]" (γ Peg), see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §F. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i''], mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r''[''u''], see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].
* §J. m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §K.
** [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]
*** [mu]l ka x x x [...] x-''ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti'' 3 mul.meš maš ''šar''2 "mulKA[...],
*** fin of Anunitu (υ Psc): 3 stars, maš šar2";
** according to [Koch 1995, 45, 58]ː
*** [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? "Deer's mouth"(ε Cas), m[ul ''giš-ši'' lu.lim] "[Deer's thigh]" (γ Cas),
*** ˹mul˺''ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti'' "Fin of Anunitu".
* §L. [muldil.bat ''ša''2] ''A-''[''nu-ni-ti'']? "[Star with great brilliance of Anunitu]" (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58].
* §T. muldil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §x. muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:34.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 = ídIDIGNA ''u'' ídBURANUN "Anunitu and Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates", see [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts"'''
* DUR ''ša''2 ''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] "Ribbon of Anunitu" [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20].
|
|-
|'''MLC 1866''' See (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ''qaran''(SI) mul''lu-lim'' mul''A-nu-ni-tum u'' MURUB4 mulKU6 ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d (UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3

"On the 15th of Du'uzu with the rise of the Sun, the Horn of the Stag, Anunitu and the middle of the Fish are in equilibrium; on the 15th of Ṭebetu in the evening with sunset the same thing takes place." [SpTU I, 95:7′-8′; ASM, 99; Steele (2017) 29f. = J. M. Steele, ''Rising Time Schemes in Babylonian Astronomy'', Springer 2017].
|
|}
[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
[[File:Anuniti CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 150855.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Anunitu (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Mirach
| HIP 5447
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.05
|-
|2
|δ Andromedae
|HIP 3092
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.28
|-
| 3
|μ Andromedae
|HIP 4436
|Constellation lines
|3.87
|-
|4
| Shimu
|HIP 3693
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.06
|-
|5
|π Andromedae
|HIP 2912
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.36
|-
| 6
|τ Piscium
|HIP 5586
| Constellation lines
|4.511
|-
|7
|ν Andromedae
|HIP 3881
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.53
|-
|8
|υ Piscium
|HIP 6193
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.748
|-
|9
|82 Psc
|HIP 5544
|Inside the Hull
|5.152
|-
|10
|32 And
|HIP 3231
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.33
|-
|11
|68 Psc
|HIP 4510
|Inside the Hull
|5.438
|-
|12
|σ Piscium
|HIP 4889
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 4552
|Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 4185
|Inside the Hull
|6.057
|-
|15
|67 Psc
|HIP 4366
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 5034
|Inside the Hull
| 6.202
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5679
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
| 18
|76 Psc
|HIP 5175
|Inside the Hull
| 6.26
|-
|19
|* 65 Psc B
|HIP 3885
| Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|20
|* 65 Psc A
|HIP 3885
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|21
|BD+26 128
|BD+26 128
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|22
|DT Psc
|HIP 5772
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|}

== Transformation of the constellation ==
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|thumb|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]Originally, "Anunītu" was a by-name of the goddess Ištar of particular importance to the Old Akkadian dynasty of the third millennium BCE. The name first appears as a name for a constellation in Astrolabe B ca. 1200 BCE (Horowitz 2014: 115) but is not in any way associated with fish. In contrast, the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian fish constellation is mul[[KU6|KU6]] = ''[[Nūnu]]'', ‘The Fish’ = [[Piscis Austrinus]], south of Aquarius and separated from this region by the Babylonian constellation of The Swallow.

Later in the first millennium, the northern parts of the constellation ''Anunītu'' were changed into the Syrian image of the goddess Derketo (from Bambyke, depicted with accompanying fish), the goddess of Ashkelon (which was a syncretism of Babylonian Ištar and Egyptian Isis, depicted with fish-tail), and the chained maiden Andromeda honoured with a rock in Jaffa (Tel Aviv). The southern parts of the region of ''Anunītu'' and the constellation mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'' were transformed into the two fish of classical Pisces. An intermediate step between the original image of "a giant swallow and a goddess" and the later (Greco-Egyptian) "two fish connected with a ribbon", there was a Mesopotamian constellation called "Swallow-Fish". This connects most commonly Anunītu as a fish and mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'', ‘The Swallow,’ as a bird (see fig. 44-46 = Kurtik’s plates, p. 738-739). The outline of the two figures held together by a V-shaped ribbon with a star called mulZIB at its tip. mulZIB means ‘The Tails' and was later translated to Al-Risha, The Cord, in Arabic. The V-shaped cord apparently reminded Ancient Mesopotamians of the courses of the middle Tigris and Euphrates, which nearly touched in the vicinity of Babylon (Beaulieu et al. 2018: 44-45).
[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg|alt=geo map|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
A related philological link between the two constellations and fish is that the Akkadian word for ‘fish,’ ''Nūnu'', forms part of both Akkadian constellation names, ''A'''nun'''ītu'' and ''Ši'''nūnū'''tu,'' making classical Pisces in Babylonian terms a super-constellation.

The lexical text Urra XXII 303: mul dNU-NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum'', makes use of a pseudo-Sumerian name for the constellation in the left Sumerian column that is meant to be understood as a loan-word from Akkadian ''Nūnu, s''o too Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29' mulNU.NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum.''

There is yet no native Sumerian name for the group of stars that are later seen as the goddess Anunitu from at least the end of the second millennium onwards. One might guess that an original Sumerian name for an asterism in this area of the sky was forgotten when it became associated with the Akkadian goddess Anunitum, perhaps even as early as the Old Akkadian period when the goddess Anunitum first became important. <gallery>
File:Ishtar Eshnunna Louvre AO12456.jpg|Ištar holding her symbol. Terracotta relief, early 2nd millennium BC. From Ešnunna (figurine AO 12456, Louvre, dating between 2004 and 1595 BCE)
File:Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ishtar. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum.jpg|Ištar as naked beauty. Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ištar (Inanna), wearing the horned headdress and a necklace. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany (CC By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin).
File:And-rock2023.png|Andromeda's Rock in front of the skyline of modern Tel Aviv. (Susanne M Hoffmann, 2023)
File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail.
File:Andromeda-pisces.jpg|Andromeda on the marble globe of the Atlas Farnese (2nd c. CE) with one of the fish of Pisces next to her. Engraving of the Farnese globe by Louis-Philippe Boitard (fl. 1733–58).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Andromeda in as-Sufi's illustrated book (10th century) depicted as Syrian Derketo with two fish as attribute
</gallery>
=== Addition (Kurtik and Horowitz) ===

==== Deity. ====
Anunitu—goddess, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, perhaps to be connected with Akkadian '''anantu'',' a poetic term for 'battle, strife,' with reference to Inanna's role as a goddess of war. She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BCE in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (gašan me3 ''na-ša''2-''ta'' gišpan ''u''3 ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of Anunitu see [Gelb 1987: 130-132]. [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].

Exactly when Anunitu acquired astral significance is unknown. The earliest text in which Anunitu is mentioned as a constellation is Astrolabe B (Horowitz 2014, 115).

==== Symbol. ====
Anunitu as a deity originally had no attributes of water. However, in the astronomical texts she is closely connected with water. In the 1st millennium BCE her symbol in the sky was considered to be a fish. In the only lexical text where we meet the name Anunitu, it corresponds to mul.nu.nu "fish" in the column of Sumerian (?!) names. For Seleucid depictions of fish in various combinations and especially of the astral pair "fish (=Anunitu) and bird (= flying fish or Swallow)" on the seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, 128-12]. [AUWE 19, 128-129, 156; Kurtik 2007, Figures 25-27, 44-46)]. See also the astrological prediction in which two fish are mentioned when describing Mercury's position in the constellation Tails, (Kurtik k27) [[KUNmeš|KUNmeš]], III 2.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Eclipse of the Moon in Anunitu: [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] KI mul''A-nu-ni-tum a-d''[''ir'' EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA ''u'' EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] "[If the Moon] is dark in the area of Anunitu: decision for the Tigris River and for Akkad" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; for a parallel see [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Kurtik 2010]; apodosis variant: ... EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA ''u'' A-ga-de3ki ''u''3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki "...: decision for the Tigris River and Akkad and decision for the sea country and Dilmun" [Verderame 2002, 54 Tablet IIa:7′].

(2) Venus and Anunitu: DIŠ ''mu''[''l t'']''ul''!-''tum gup-pu''!-''šat'' / ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / mul''dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 mul''A-nu-ni-tum'' GUB-''ma'' "If the Worm is extremely massive: / in the country there will be welfare and peace. / (This means:) Venus stands within Anunitu" [SAA 8, 357:3-5]; for parallels see [ibid. 538:3-5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Saturn stands within the Swallow or Anunitu; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

See also (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]], IV 1.

=== Historical Dictionaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a42)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950) in German
|-
| «Ануниту»; созвездие, соответствующее восточной рыбе в Рыбах (Pisces) [Gössmann 1950 27].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul dnu.nu = dA-nu-ni-ti/tu2 «Рыба = Ануниту» [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:303′]; cм. также E2.TUR3. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B: (1) Cписок (12´3): mul ša2 igi-it dEn-lil2 ina zi im.[kur.ra] <gub-zu> / mul.bi dA-nu-ni-[tum] «Звезда, которая впереди Энлиля (= mulapin «Плуг») при восходе восточного ветра [стоит], / Звезда эта Ануниту» (B iii 4–5). (2) Список (3´12): itigu4 … mulA-nu-ni-tum šu-ut dEn-[lil2] «Месяц айяру: … Ануниту (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 2). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — айяру, заход — арахсамну [KAV 218, С 15, 28; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4–5, 40–41]; см. m35MUL.MUL. BM 82923. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: [mula-nu-ni-tu]m // 45 // dINNIN be-let mat nu-kur2-tim dI2-gi3-gi3 «Ануниту // 45 // Иштар, госпожа враждебной страны, Игиги» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:6]. BM 34713. múlA-nu-ni-tu2 (дважды!): a) месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA; b) месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, см. u19UR.GI7 [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 3): [mulA-nu]-ni-tu4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 2): mulA-nu-ni-tu4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. Cм. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 3): MUL ša2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-zu A-nu-ni-tu4 «Звезда, которая позади Поля стоит: Ануниту» (I i 42); параллель в MLC 1866 (i 6) [Beaulieu et al. 2018]. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mulA-nu-ni-tu4 IGI.LA2 «25-го шабату Ануниту становится видна» (I iii 11). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-ma mulA-nu-ni-tu4 ŠU2-bi «Нинмах восходит, Ануниту заходит» (I iii 22). (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulA-nu-ni-tu4, после mulSIM.MAḪ, перед mul lúḪUN.GA2 (I iv 37), см. s20Sîn [Hunger and Steele (2019), 30, 46, 49, 69]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5]. Текст BM 77054. См. u31UZ3. «Большой список звезд». (1) mula-nu-ni-tum = dištar min(= bēlet kur.kur) «Анунитум = Иштар, владычица стран»; (2) mul ídidigna = da-nu-ni-tum «Река Тигр = Анунитум»; (3) multul-tum = da-nu-ni-tum «Червь = Анунитум», следующая строка, возможно, содержит комментарий: ku6.meš tu-la-a-tum u mušen.meš ḫu-u8-u2 «Рыбы — черви, птицы — …», смысл которого неясен, см. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b]; (4) 12 звезд Аккада [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; см. также [Weidner 1959–60, 107ff]. «Планисфера» К 8538. В секторе 1 надпись по внешнему кругу: mulA-nu-n[i-tu4] [Koch 1989, 56]. Dalbanna-текст. §D. [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3] «Левая [звезда]. Новое [пов]реждение. Звезда с большим блеском Анунит[у (γ Peg) … пр]авая Поля (α Peg). 3 звезды. Треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 44, 57], [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 = [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ša2 zag AŠ-iku] «Левая звезда правой стороны Поля», [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku = [mul a-ḫu2-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku «боковая звезда с правой стороны Поля». §E. mul dil.bat ša2 ˹a˺-[nu-ni-ti] «Звезда с большим блеском Ану[ниту]» (γ Peg), см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §F. mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i], mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r[u], см. sh02ŠAD. §J. m[ul dil.bat ša2] ˹a˺-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. §K. [mu]l ka x x x […] x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti 3 mul.meš maš šar2 «mulKA[…], плавник Ануниту (υ Psc): 3 звезды, maš šar2» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 58], [mu]l ka x x x = [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? «Рот Оленя»(ε Cas), […] = [mul giš-ši lu.lim]? «[бедро Оленя]» (γ Cas), x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti = ˹mul˺ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту». §L. [mul …] x […] = [muldil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti]? «[Звезда с большим блеском Ануниту]» (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58]. §T. muldil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti, см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §x. muldil.bat a-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. Список звезд VR 46, 1:34. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mulŠi-nu-nu-tu4 = ídidigna u ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34]. Текст Nv. 10. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA. LBAT 1502. [múlA-nu-ni-t]u4 — звезда Анташурра, см. m14maš-a-ti. «Дневники наблюдений». DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту» [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20]. MLC 1866. См. s19SIM.MAḪ. Текст W. 22281a. ina itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) qaran(SI) mulLU.LIM mulA-nu-ni-tum u MURUB4 mulKU6 šit-qu-lu ina itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ina li-la-a-ti KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го дуузу при восходе Солнца Рог Оленя, Ануниту и середина Рыбы в равновесии (=кульминируют). 15-го тебету вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое.» [SpTU I, 95:7′–8′; ASM, 99].

II. Божество.

Ануниту ― богиня, вероятно, западно-семитского происхождения, имевшая воинственный характер. Ее имя, первоначально употреблявшееся как эпитет Инанны, означает букв. «Относящаяся к схватке». Почиталась в Месопотамии как самостоятельная богиня уже в эпоху III династии Ура и далее до конца I тыс. до н.э., сохраняла признаки воинственности. Согласно Набониду, она «госпожа битвы, та, кто несет лук и колчан» (gašan me3 na-ša2-ta gišpan u3 iš-pa-ti) [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. О ранней истории Ануниту см. [Gelb 1987, 130–132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34–35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

Когда именно Ануниту приобрела астральное значение, неизвестно. Самые ранние тексты, в которых Ануниту упоминается как созвездие, это «Астролябии».

III. Символ.

Ануниту как божество первоначально не имела никаких водных признаков. Однако в астрономических текстах она тесно связана с водой. В I тыс. до н.э. ее символом на небе считалась рыба. В единственном лексическом тексте, где мы встречаем имя Ануниту, ей в соответствие в колонке шумерских(?!) названий поставлено mulnu.nu «Рыба». Изображения селевкидского времени на печатях из Урука рыбы в различных сочетаниях и в особенности астральной пары “рыба (=Ануниту) и птица (= летающая рыба или Ласточка)” см. [AUWE 19, 128–129, 156; Куртик 2007, рис. 25–27, 44–46). См. также астрологическое предсказание, в котором при описании положения Меркурия в созвездии Хвосты упомянуты две рыбы, k27KUNmeš, III 2.

IV. Отождествление.

= северо-восточная часть Рыб [Gössmann 1950 27];

= северо-восточная часть Рыб + средняя часть Андромеды [Waerden 1952–53, 219; 197, 72];

= восточная рыба в созвездии Pisces до ν Andromedae [Weidner 1957–59, 76, 78];

= восточная рыба в Pisces [BPO 2, 10; Mesop. Astrol., 207; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= восточная рыба и часть ленты Рыб [Hunger and Steele (2019), 138; ASM, 270];

= τυφχψ64 Piscium + γ Pegasi [Koch 1989, 108–111].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 KUR ša2 DUR nu-nu «Звезда с большим блеском ленты Рыб» (= η Piscium) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, 17]; звезда входила в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Возможно, здесь nu-nu «рыба» (единственное число) — символ созвездия Ануниту.

(2) DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту», см. «Дневники».

(3) Хвост Ануниту, см. MLC 1866.

(4) ˹mul˺abri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту» (= υ Piscium), см. dbn-текст.

(5) mul dil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti «Блестящая звезда Ануниту» (γ Peg), см. dbn-текст.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Затмение Луны в Ануниту; [DIŠ 30 ina] KI mulA-nu-ni-tum a-d[ir EŠ.BAR ídIdigna u EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] «[Если Луна] затмилась в пределах Ануниту: решение для реки Тигр и для Аккада» [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; параллель см. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Куртик 2010]; вариант аподосиса: …EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA u A-ga-de3ki u3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki «…: решение для реки Тигр и Аккада и решение для приморской страны и Дильмуна» [Verderame 2002, Table IIa:7′].

(2) Венера и Ануниту; DIŠ mu[l t]ul!-tum gup-pu!-šat / ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu ina KUR GAL2-ši / muldil-bat ina ŠA3 mulA-nu-ni-tum GUB-ma «Если Червь очень массивный: / в стране будет благополучие и мир. / (Это означает:) Венера стоит внутри Ануниту» [SAA 8, 357:3–5]; параллели см. [ibid. 538:3–5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Сатурн стоит внутри Ласточки или Ануниту; см. k24KU6, V 10.

См. также k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E, IV 1.
| I. Gewöhnliche Schreibung: A-nu-ni-tum (Panth. 91); Bedeutung "Himmelsbewohnerin" (asibat [samê], Hinke, A new boundary stone, 53). Sachlich ist nach K250 IV 4: ilA-nu-ni-tum = multul-tum, "Wurmstern", Weid. Hdb. S.13; Bab.VI S. 162.
Identifizierungen:

* Pisces W (Bez. Kopff ZÄF S.17).
* südwestl. Fisch + omega to xi Piscium (Kugl. SSB Erg. S. 14).
* beta, gamma, theta, iota, kappa, lambda Piscium (Weid. Hbd. S. 144; Bab. VI 153; AfOF 2 S. 129; OLZ 16 Sp. 151).
* Piscis NE (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309; 3. Erg. S. 330; KAO 4 S. 43 f; Bez. Farb. S. 127).

Ergebnis: mulAnunîtum ist die nordöstliche Fischellipse , mulSIM2.MAH die südwestliche.

mulAnunîtum ist:

# Monatsfixstern des Aiaru, Astrol. Rnch.
# unter den Anu-Sternen, 82-5-22 512 Rs 9; Astrol. B III 2 (unter den Enlil-Sternen, 3. Erg. S. 326)
# unter den Sternen Akkads, K 8067 II x; K 250 IV 5.

II Astronomische Angaben:

# Über die Stellung des A. am Fixsternhimmel, Astrol. B (K) III4; Br.M. 86378 I 42 (hinter IKU).
# Hel. Aufgang des Anunîtu: am 25. Shabâtu nach Br.M.86378 III 11; dagegen Astrol. B III 15: im Aiaru.
# Gleichzeitige Auf- und Untergänge: im Aiaru geht Anunîtum hel. auf und mulLUGAL unter, Astrol. B III 15; im SAA 8hsammu umgekehrt; ib. Z. 27: wenn mulNIN.MAH (Puppis) im Osten erscheint, geht Anunîtum im Westen unter, Br.M. 86378 III 23; Erg. S. 27 f; 3. Erg. S. 334.

III Astrologische Angaben

Im astrologischen Sprachgebrauch stellt Anunîtum den himmlischen Tigris dar, wie Sinunutu den Eufrat: VR 46 Vs 34 (vgl. auch AL.LUL!). Ein diesbezügliches Omen bietet VACh 1. Sup. I 7: Wenn Anunîtum dunkel ist, so ist das ein Omen für den Tigris und für Akkad desgl. ein Omen..; vgl. AfOF 2 S.130; 14 S. 194102; Bab. VI S. 160.

Des weiteren ist Anunîtum Deckname für folgende Planeten:

# Venus: K250 I 3; K11283+79-7-8, 352,9; Bez.Farb. S. 104, 36.
# Jupiter(?): Bez.Farb. S. 122, 156.
|}
== Transformation from Anunitu to Andromeda ==
[[File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|alt=Coin dating around 100 BCE showing Derketo with fish-tail|thumb|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail. ]]
Ištar is a Babylonian goddess of love (and war), so she has analogies in all other cultures. The ''Dea Syria'' was also a goddess of love. She was worshipped as Derketo or Goddess of Ashkelon in the area of present day Israel, and as Atargatis further north in Manbij (Bambyke) in present day Syria. The Goddess of Ashkelon is a syncretism of the Babylonian Ištar and the Egyptian Isis for the area of Ashkelon belonging occasionally to one or the other kingdom.

The ancient lore of Andromeda is said to originate from Jaffa (Joppa/ Yafo, modern day Tel Aviv) by the ancient historians (Strabo, Flavius Josephus), and the city of Ashkelon is only 40 km south along the Mediterranean coastline.

Derketo, the goddess of love from Ashkelon is depicted with fish around her or even with a fish-tail. This way, she is depicted on Greek coins. So, Derketo is half-fish.

The Babylonian name "Anunitu" is homophon with the Akkadian term "''nūnu''" for fish, so the name contains a reference to the fish-like goddess (who is known as a syncretism anyway). <gallery>
File:Farnese atlas détaillé smh-and.jpg|detail of the drawing of the Farnese Atlas (marble, 2nd century CE), showcasing Andromeda and adjacent figures
File:And+cet area.png|Andromeda and Cetus on the Farnese Globe - with highlighted lines by Susanne M Hoffmann (zodiac conference Berlin 2022).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Latin copy of the Al-Sufi manuscript (so-called Sufi Latinus text). Andromeda is depicted with two fish, a remainder of the Derketo-tradition. This specific manuscript was produced in 1428 in northern Italy (Gotha, Forschungsbibliothek, MS. Memb. II 141).
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

* [https://scilogs.spektrum.de/uhura-uraniae/andromeda-engl/ Blog entry by Susanne M Hoffmann on Andromeda's rock]

== Reference ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]
* Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:And]][[Category:Psc]]

Anunitu

2026-04-08T16:04:46Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Anunītu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|thumb|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is the Mesopotamian name of the area (constellation) that is now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. It was transformed into the image of Andromeda.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
mul / d''An(n)unītu(m)'' (436), = "''Anunītu''" (constellation): a constellation corresponding to the eastern fish in [[Pisces]] (Pisces) [Gössmann 27].
Goddess:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>Anunītu(m). By-name of the goddess Ištar, originally a local hypostasis of particular importance to the dynasty of Akkad. The association with ‘fish’ (cf. SpTU III 114A v 46, mul''Nu-nu'' ‘fish’ = d''A-nu-ni-tú/ti'') seems to be based on the partial homophony with Akk. ''nūnu'' ‘fish’, cf. the association of ''Anunītu(m)'' with the ‘Tigris-star’ in Hg: mul.ídIdigna = d''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (MSL 11, 40: 229). mu''l''''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (AN 3r).</blockquote>Introduced in MUL.APIN I i 42 (Hunger & Steele 2019):
* Transliteration: DIŠ MUL ''ša'' EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB''-zu'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4
* Akkadian: ''kakkabu ša arki Ikî izzazzu Anunītu''
* English: The asterism which stands behind the Field: Anunitu.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Urra XXII: mul dnu.nu = d''A-nu-ni-ti''/''tu''2 "Fish = Anunitu" [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 109:303]; see also [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]].
Variant MUL NU.NU without the divine determinative also in Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29'.
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each ("Astrolabes”)'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Ayyaru, stars of Enlil, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573].
* Astrolabe B:
** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša''2 igi-''it'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' zi im.[ULU.lu gub] / mul.bi d''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= mulapin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (B iii 4-5). '''??changed according to Horowitz 2014!! ??'''
** (2) List (3´12): itigu4 ... mul''A-nu-ni-tum šu-ut'' d''En''-[''lil''2] "Month Ayyaru: ... Anunitu, (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 2).
** (3) List (rise-set=6months): rise–Month Ayyaru, set– Month Araḫsamnu [KAV 218, C 15, 28 '''??where is C 15, 28 in Horowitz 2014???'''; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4-5, 40-41 '''??cannot find 40-41 in Horowitz 2014, 39??''']; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
* BM 82923. Month Ayyaru, stars of Enlil: [mul''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // dINNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''2-''tim'' d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Anunītu // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].
* BM 34713. múl''A-nu-ni-tu''2 (twice!):
** a) Month Simanu, stars of Enlil, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]];
** b) Month Araḫsamnu, stars of Anu, see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8].
* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.
** a) A list of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): [mul''A-nu'']-''ni-tu''4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176].
** b) A list of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 2): mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120].
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month Simanu, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502'''
* [múl''A-nu-ni-t'']''u''4 is the star of Antašurra, see (Kurtik m14) [[Maš-a-ti|''maš-a-ti'']].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 3): MUL ''ša''2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' ''A-nu-ni-tu''4 "The star that stands behind the Field: Anunītu" (I i 42); parallel in MLC 1866 i 6 [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35].
* (2) Dates of heliacal rising: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 IGI.LA2 "On the 25th of Šabaṭu, Anunītu becomes visible" (I iii 11).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-''ma'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ŠU2-''bi'' "Ninmaḫ rises and Anunītu sets" (I iii 22).
* (4) Stars "in the path of the moon": mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4, after mulSIM.MAḪ, before mul lúḪUN.GA2 (I iv 37), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger and Steele (2019), 30, 46, 49, 69].
Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
* (1) mul''a-nu-ni-tum'' = dištar min(= ''bēlet'' kur.kur) "Anunītum = Ištar, ruler of countries";
* (2) mul ídidigna = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Tigris River = Anunītum";
* (3) multul-''tum'' = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Worm = Anunītum", the next line probably contains a commentary: ku6.meš ''tu-la-a-tum'' ''u'' mušen.meš ''ḫu-u''8-''u''2 "Fishes–worms, and birds..." whose meaning is unclear, cf. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b];
* (4) the 12 stars of Akkad [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; see also [Weidner 1959-60, 107ff].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere" K 8538.'''
* In sector 1, the inscription on the outer circle: mul''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] [Koch 1989, 56].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §D.
** [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i'' mul ...-''ḫu''?-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3]
*** "Left [star]. New [da]mage. A star with great brilliance of Anuni[tu] (γ Peg) ... ri]ght of the Field (α Peg). 3 stars, a triangle.";
** According to [Koch 1995, 44, 57],
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 (= [''ša''2 zag AŠ-''iku'']) "The left star of the right side of the Field,"
*** muldil-bat ''ša''2 ''A-nu-ni-t''[''i'' mul ''a-ḫu''?-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ-''iku'' "the first star of Anunitu (and) the side star of the right side of the Field."
* §E. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ˹''a''˺-[''nu-ni-ti''] "star with great brilliance of Anu[nitu]" (γ Peg), see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §F. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i''], mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r''[''u''], see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].
* §J. m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §K.
** [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]
*** [mu]l ka x x x [...] x-''ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti'' 3 mul.meš maš ''šar''2 "mulKA[...],
*** fin of Anunitu (υ Psc): 3 stars, maš šar2";
** according to [Koch 1995, 45, 58],
*** [mu]l ka x x = [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? "Deer's mouth"(ε Cas), [...] = [mul ''giš-ši'' lu.lim]? "[Deer's thigh]" (γ Cas),
*** x-''ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti'' = ˹mul˺''ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti'' "Fin of Anunitu".
* §L. [mul ...] x [...] = [muldil.bat ''ša''2 ''A-nu-ni-ti'']? "[Star with great brilliance of Anunitu]" (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58].
* §T. muldil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §x. muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:34.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 = ídidigna ''u'' ídburanun "Anunitu and Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates", see also [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts"'''
* DUR ''ša''2 ''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] "Ribbon of Anunitu" [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20].
|
|-
|'''MLC 1866??not a diary but uranology??''' . See (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ''qaran''(SI) mul''lu-lim'' mul''A-nu-ni-tum u'' MURUB4 mulKU6 ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d (UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3

"On the 15th of Du'uzu with the rise of the Sun, the Horn of the Stag, Anunitu and the middle of the Fish are in equilibrium; on the 15th of Ṭebetu in the evening with sunset the same thing takes place." [SpTU I, 95:7′-8′; ASM, 99; Steele (2017) 29f. = J. M. Steele, ''Rising Time Schemes in Babylonian Astronomy'', Springer 2017].
|
|}
[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
[[File:Anuniti CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 150855.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Anunitu (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Mirach
| HIP 5447
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.05
|-
|2
|δ Andromedae
|HIP 3092
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.28
|-
| 3
|μ Andromedae
|HIP 4436
|Constellation lines
|3.87
|-
|4
| Shimu
|HIP 3693
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.06
|-
|5
|π Andromedae
|HIP 2912
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.36
|-
| 6
|τ Piscium
|HIP 5586
| Constellation lines
|4.511
|-
|7
|ν Andromedae
|HIP 3881
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.53
|-
|8
|υ Piscium
|HIP 6193
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.748
|-
|9
|82 Psc
|HIP 5544
|Inside the Hull
|5.152
|-
|10
|32 And
|HIP 3231
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.33
|-
|11
|68 Psc
|HIP 4510
|Inside the Hull
|5.438
|-
|12
|σ Piscium
|HIP 4889
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 4552
|Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 4185
|Inside the Hull
|6.057
|-
|15
|67 Psc
|HIP 4366
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 5034
|Inside the Hull
| 6.202
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5679
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
| 18
|76 Psc
|HIP 5175
|Inside the Hull
| 6.26
|-
|19
|* 65 Psc B
|HIP 3885
| Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|20
|* 65 Psc A
|HIP 3885
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|21
|BD+26 128
|BD+26 128
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|22
|DT Psc
|HIP 5772
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|}

== Transformation of the constellation ==
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|thumb|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]Originally, "Anunītu" was a by-name of the goddess Ištar of particular importance to the Old Akkadian dynasty of the third millennium BCE. The name first appears as a name for a constellation in Astrolabe B ca. 1200 BCE (Horowitz 2014: 115) but is not in any way associated with fish. In contrast, the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian fish constellation is mul[[KU6|KU6]] = ''[[Nūnu]]'', ‘The Fish’ = [[Piscis Austrinus]], south of Aquarius and separated from this region by the Babylonian constellations of The Swallow.

Later in the first millennium, the northern parts of the constellation ''Anunītu'' were changed into the Syrian image of the goddess Derketo (from Bambyke, depicted with accompanying fish), the goddess of Ashkelon (which was a syncretism of Babylonian Ištar and Egyptian Isis, depicted with fish-tail), and the chained maiden Andromeda honoured with a rock in Jaffa (Tel Aviv). The southern parts of the region of ''Anunītu'' and the constellation mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'' were transformed into the two fish of classical Pisces. An intermediate step between the original image of "a giant swallow and a goddess" and the later (Greco-Egyptian) "two fish connected with a ribbon", there was a Mesopotamian constellation called "Swallow-Fish". This connects most commonly Anunītu as a fish and mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'', ‘The Swallow,’ as a bird (see fig. 44-46 = Kurtik’s plates, p. 738-739). The outline of the two figures held together by a V-shaped ribbon with a star called mulZIB at its tip. mulZIB means ‘The Tails' and was later translated to Al-Risha, The Cord, in Arabic. The V-shaped cord apparently reminded Ancient Mesopotamians of the courses of the middle Tigris and Euphrates, which nearly touched in the vicinity of Babylon (Beaulieu et al. 2018: 44-45).
[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg|alt=geo map|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
A related philological link between the two constellations and fish is that the Akkadian word for ‘fish,’ ''Nūnu'', forms part of both Akkadian constellation names, ''A'''nun'''ītu'' and ''Ši'''nūnū'''tu,'' making classical Pisces in Babylonian terms a super-constellation.

The lexical text Urra XXII 303: mul dNU-NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum'', makes use of a pseudo-Sumerian name for the constellation in the left Sumerian column that is meant to be understood as a loan-word from Akkadian ''Nūnu, s''o too Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29' mulNU.NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum.''

There is yet no native Sumerian name for the group of stars that are later seen as the goddess Anunitu from at least the end of the second millennium onwards. One might guess that an original Sumerian name for an asterism in this area of the sky was forgotten when it became associated with the Akkadian goddess Anunitum, perhaps even as early as the Old Akkadian period when the goddess Anunitum first became important. <gallery>
File:Ishtar Eshnunna Louvre AO12456.jpg|Ishtar holding her symbol. Terracotta relief, early 2nd millennium BC. From Eshnunna (figurine AO 12456, Louvre, dating between 2004 and 1595 BCE)
File:Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ishtar. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum.jpg|Ishtar as naked beauty. Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ishtar (Inanna), wearing the horned headdress and a necklace. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany (CC By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin).
File:And-rock2023.png|Andromeda's Rock in front of the skyline of modern Tel Aviv. (Susanne M Hoffmann, 2023)
File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail.
File:Andromeda-pisces.jpg|Andromeda on the marble globe of the Atlas Farnese (2nd c. CE) with one of the fish of Pisces next to her. Engraving of the Farnese globe by Louis-Philippe Boitard (fl. 1733–58).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Andromeda in as-Sufi's illustrated book (10th century) depicted as Syrian Derketo with two fish as attribute
</gallery>
=== Addition (Kurtik and Horowitz) ===

==== Deity. ====
Anunit—goddess, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, perhaps to be connected with Akkadian 'anantu,' a poetic term for 'battle, strife,' with reference to Inanna's role as a goddess of war. She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BC in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (gašan me3 ''na-ša''2-''ta'' gišpan ''u''3 ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of Anunit see [Gelb 1987: 130-132]. [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].

Exactly when Anunitu acquired astral significance is unknown. The earliest texts in which Anunitu is mentioned as a constellation is Astrolabe B (Horowitz 2014, 115).

==== Symbol. ====
Anunitu as a deity originally had no attributes of water. However, in the astronomical texts she is closely connected with water. In the 1st millennium BCE her symbol in the sky was considered to be a fish. In the only lexical text where we meet the name Anunitu, it corresponds to mul.nu.nu "fish" in the column of Sumerian (?!) names. For Seleucid depictions of fish in various combinations and especially of the astral pair "fish (=Anunitu) and bird (= flying fish or Swallow)" on the seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, 128-12]. [AUWE 19, 128-129, 156; Kurtik 2007, Figures 25-27, 44-46)]. See also the astrological prediction in which two fish are mentioned when describing Mercury's position in the constellation Tails, (Kurtik k27) [[KUNmeš|KUNmeš]], III 2.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Eclipse of the Moon in Anunitu; [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] KI mul''A-nu-ni-tum a-d''[''ir'' EŠ.BAR ídIdigna ''u'' EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] "[If the Moon] eclipses within Anunitu: decision for the Tigris River and for Akkad" [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; for a parallel see. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Kurtik 2010]; apodosis variant: ...EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA ''u'' ''A-ga-de''3ki ''u''3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki "...: decision for the Tigris River and Akkad and decision for the sea country and Dilmun" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa:7′].

(2) Venus and Anunitu; DIŠ ''mu''[''l t'']''ul''!-''tum gup-pu''!-''šat'' / ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / mul''dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 mul''A-nu-ni-tum'' GUB-''ma'' "If the Worm is extremely big: / in the country will be welfare and peace. / (This means:) Venus stands within Anunitu" [SAA 8, 357:3-5]; for parallels see. [ibid. 538:3-5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Saturn stands within the Swallow or Anunitu; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

See also (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]], IV 1.

=== Historical Dictionaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a42)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950) in German
|-
| «Ануниту»; созвездие, соответствующее восточной рыбе в Рыбах (Pisces) [Gössmann 1950 27].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul dnu.nu = dA-nu-ni-ti/tu2 «Рыба = Ануниту» [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:303′]; cм. также E2.TUR3. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B: (1) Cписок (12´3): mul ša2 igi-it dEn-lil2 ina zi im.[kur.ra] <gub-zu> / mul.bi dA-nu-ni-[tum] «Звезда, которая впереди Энлиля (= mulapin «Плуг») при восходе восточного ветра [стоит], / Звезда эта Ануниту» (B iii 4–5). (2) Список (3´12): itigu4 … mulA-nu-ni-tum šu-ut dEn-[lil2] «Месяц айяру: … Ануниту (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 2). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — айяру, заход — арахсамну [KAV 218, С 15, 28; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4–5, 40–41]; см. m35MUL.MUL. BM 82923. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: [mula-nu-ni-tu]m // 45 // dINNIN be-let mat nu-kur2-tim dI2-gi3-gi3 «Ануниту // 45 // Иштар, госпожа враждебной страны, Игиги» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:6]. BM 34713. múlA-nu-ni-tu2 (дважды!): a) месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA; b) месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, см. u19UR.GI7 [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 3): [mulA-nu]-ni-tu4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 2): mulA-nu-ni-tu4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. Cм. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 3): MUL ša2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-zu A-nu-ni-tu4 «Звезда, которая позади Поля стоит: Ануниту» (I i 42); параллель в MLC 1866 (i 6) [Beaulieu et al. 2018]. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mulA-nu-ni-tu4 IGI.LA2 «25-го шабату Ануниту становится видна» (I iii 11). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-ma mulA-nu-ni-tu4 ŠU2-bi «Нинмах восходит, Ануниту заходит» (I iii 22). (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulA-nu-ni-tu4, после mulSIM.MAḪ, перед mul lúḪUN.GA2 (I iv 37), см. s20Sîn [Hunger and Steele (2019), 30, 46, 49, 69]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5]. Текст BM 77054. См. u31UZ3. «Большой список звезд». (1) mula-nu-ni-tum = dištar min(= bēlet kur.kur) «Анунитум = Иштар, владычица стран»; (2) mul ídidigna = da-nu-ni-tum «Река Тигр = Анунитум»; (3) multul-tum = da-nu-ni-tum «Червь = Анунитум», следующая строка, возможно, содержит комментарий: ku6.meš tu-la-a-tum u mušen.meš ḫu-u8-u2 «Рыбы — черви, птицы — …», смысл которого неясен, см. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b]; (4) 12 звезд Аккада [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; см. также [Weidner 1959–60, 107ff]. «Планисфера» К 8538. В секторе 1 надпись по внешнему кругу: mulA-nu-n[i-tu4] [Koch 1989, 56]. Dalbanna-текст. §D. [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3] «Левая [звезда]. Новое [пов]реждение. Звезда с большим блеском Анунит[у (γ Peg) … пр]авая Поля (α Peg). 3 звезды. Треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 44, 57], [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 = [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ša2 zag AŠ-iku] «Левая звезда правой стороны Поля», [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku = [mul a-ḫu2-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku «боковая звезда с правой стороны Поля». §E. mul dil.bat ša2 ˹a˺-[nu-ni-ti] «Звезда с большим блеском Ану[ниту]» (γ Peg), см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §F. mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i], mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r[u], см. sh02ŠAD. §J. m[ul dil.bat ša2] ˹a˺-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. §K. [mu]l ka x x x […] x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti 3 mul.meš maš šar2 «mulKA[…], плавник Ануниту (υ Psc): 3 звезды, maš šar2» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 58], [mu]l ka x x x = [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? «Рот Оленя»(ε Cas), […] = [mul giš-ši lu.lim]? «[бедро Оленя]» (γ Cas), x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti = ˹mul˺ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту». §L. [mul …] x […] = [muldil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti]? «[Звезда с большим блеском Ануниту]» (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58]. §T. muldil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti, см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §x. muldil.bat a-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. Список звезд VR 46, 1:34. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mulŠi-nu-nu-tu4 = ídidigna u ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34]. Текст Nv. 10. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA. LBAT 1502. [múlA-nu-ni-t]u4 — звезда Анташурра, см. m14maš-a-ti. «Дневники наблюдений». DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту» [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20]. MLC 1866. См. s19SIM.MAḪ. Текст W. 22281a. ina itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) qaran(SI) mulLU.LIM mulA-nu-ni-tum u MURUB4 mulKU6 šit-qu-lu ina itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ina li-la-a-ti KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го дуузу при восходе Солнца Рог Оленя, Ануниту и середина Рыбы в равновесии (=кульминируют). 15-го тебету вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое.» [SpTU I, 95:7′–8′; ASM, 99].

II. Божество.

Ануниту ― богиня, вероятно, западно-семитского происхождения, имевшая воинственный характер. Ее имя, первоначально употреблявшееся как эпитет Инанны, означает букв. «Относящаяся к схватке». Почиталась в Месопотамии как самостоятельная богиня уже в эпоху III династии Ура и далее до конца I тыс. до н.э., сохраняла признаки воинственности. Согласно Набониду, она «госпожа битвы, та, кто несет лук и колчан» (gašan me3 na-ša2-ta gišpan u3 iš-pa-ti) [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. О ранней истории Ануниту см. [Gelb 1987, 130–132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34–35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

Когда именно Ануниту приобрела астральное значение, неизвестно. Самые ранние тексты, в которых Ануниту упоминается как созвездие, это «Астролябии».

III. Символ.

Ануниту как божество первоначально не имела никаких водных признаков. Однако в астрономических текстах она тесно связана с водой. В I тыс. до н.э. ее символом на небе считалась рыба. В единственном лексическом тексте, где мы встречаем имя Ануниту, ей в соответствие в колонке шумерских(?!) названий поставлено mulnu.nu «Рыба». Изображения селевкидского времени на печатях из Урука рыбы в различных сочетаниях и в особенности астральной пары “рыба (=Ануниту) и птица (= летающая рыба или Ласточка)” см. [AUWE 19, 128–129, 156; Куртик 2007, рис. 25–27, 44–46). См. также астрологическое предсказание, в котором при описании положения Меркурия в созвездии Хвосты упомянуты две рыбы, k27KUNmeš, III 2.

IV. Отождествление.

= северо-восточная часть Рыб [Gössmann 1950 27];

= северо-восточная часть Рыб + средняя часть Андромеды [Waerden 1952–53, 219; 197, 72];

= восточная рыба в созвездии Pisces до ν Andromedae [Weidner 1957–59, 76, 78];

= восточная рыба в Pisces [BPO 2, 10; Mesop. Astrol., 207; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= восточная рыба и часть ленты Рыб [Hunger and Steele (2019), 138; ASM, 270];

= τυφχψ64 Piscium + γ Pegasi [Koch 1989, 108–111].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 KUR ša2 DUR nu-nu «Звезда с большим блеском ленты Рыб» (= η Piscium) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, 17]; звезда входила в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Возможно, здесь nu-nu «рыба» (единственное число) — символ созвездия Ануниту.

(2) DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту», см. «Дневники».

(3) Хвост Ануниту, см. MLC 1866.

(4) ˹mul˺abri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту» (= υ Piscium), см. dbn-текст.

(5) mul dil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti «Блестящая звезда Ануниту» (γ Peg), см. dbn-текст.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Затмение Луны в Ануниту; [DIŠ 30 ina] KI mulA-nu-ni-tum a-d[ir EŠ.BAR ídIdigna u EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] «[Если Луна] затмилась в пределах Ануниту: решение для реки Тигр и для Аккада» [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; параллель см. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Куртик 2010]; вариант аподосиса: …EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA u A-ga-de3ki u3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki «…: решение для реки Тигр и Аккада и решение для приморской страны и Дильмуна» [Verderame 2002, Table IIa:7′].

(2) Венера и Ануниту; DIŠ mu[l t]ul!-tum gup-pu!-šat / ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu ina KUR GAL2-ši / muldil-bat ina ŠA3 mulA-nu-ni-tum GUB-ma «Если Червь очень массивный: / в стране будет благополучие и мир. / (Это означает:) Венера стоит внутри Ануниту» [SAA 8, 357:3–5]; параллели см. [ibid. 538:3–5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Сатурн стоит внутри Ласточки или Ануниту; см. k24KU6, V 10.

См. также k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E, IV 1.
| I. Gewöhnliche Schreibung: A-nu-ni-tum (Panth. 91); Bedeutung "Himmelsbewohnerin" (asibat [samê], Hinke, A new boundary stone, 53). Sachlich ist nach K250 IV 4: ilA-nu-ni-tum = multul-tum, "Wurmstern", Weid. Hdb. S.13; Bab.VI S. 162.
Identifizierungen:

* Pisces W (Bez. Kopff ZÄF S.17).
* südwestl. Fisch + omega to xi Piscium (Kugl. SSB Erg. S. 14).
* beta, gamma, theta, iota, kappa, lambda Piscium (Weid. Hbd. S. 144; Bab. VI 153; AfOF 2 S. 129; OLZ 16 Sp. 151).
* Piscis NE (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309; 3. Erg. S. 330; KAO 4 S. 43 f; Bez. Farb. S. 127).

Ergebnis: mulAnunîtum ist die nordöstliche Fischellipse , mulSIM2.MAH die südwestliche.

mulAnunîtum ist:

# Monatsfixstern des Aiaru, Astrol. Rnch.
# unter den Anu-Sternen, 82-5-22 512 Rs 9; Astrol. B III 2 (unter den Enlil-Sternen, 3. Erg. S. 326)
# unter den Sternen Akkads, K 8067 II x; K 250 IV 5.

II Astronomische Angaben:

# Über die Stellung des A. am Fixsternhimmel, Astrol. B (K) III4; Br.M. 86378 I 42 (hinter IKU).
# Hel. Aufgang des Anunîtu: am 25. Shabâtu nach Br.M.86378 III 11; dagegen Astrol. B III 15: im Aiaru.
# Gleichzeitige Auf- und Untergänge: im Aiaru geht Anunîtum hel. auf und mulLUGAL unter, Astrol. B III 15; im SAA 8hsammu umgekehrt; ib. Z. 27: wenn mulNIN.MAH (Puppis) im Osten erscheint, geht Anunîtum im Westen unter, Br.M. 86378 III 23; Erg. S. 27 f; 3. Erg. S. 334.

III Astrologische Angaben

Im astrologischen Sprachgebrauch stellt Anunîtum den himmlischen Tigris dar, wie Sinunutu den Eufrat: VR 46 Vs 34 (vgl. auch AL.LUL!). Ein diesbezügliches Omen bietet VACh 1. Sup. I 7: Wenn Anunîtum dunkel ist, so ist das ein Omen für den Tigris und für Akkad desgl. ein Omen..; vgl. AfOF 2 S.130; 14 S. 194102; Bab. VI S. 160.

Des weiteren ist Anunîtum Deckname für folgende Planeten:

# Venus: K250 I 3; K11283+79-7-8, 352,9; Bez.Farb. S. 104, 36.
# Jupiter(?): Bez.Farb. S. 122, 156.
|}
== Transformation from Anunitu to Andromeda ==
[[File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|alt=Coin dating around 100 BCE showing Derketo with fish-tail|thumb|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail. ]]
Ištar is a Babylonian goddess of love (and war), so she has analogies in all other cultures. The ''Dea Syria'' was also a goddess of love. She was worshipped as Derketo or Goddess of Ashkelon in the area of present day Israel, and as Atargatis further north in Manbij (Bambyke) in present day Syria. The Goddess of Ashkelon is a syncretism of the Babylonian Ištar and the Egyptian Isis for the area of Ashkelon belonging occasionally to one or the other kingdom.

The ancient lore of Andromeda is said to originate from Jaffa (Joppa/ Yafo, modern day Tel Aviv) by the ancient historians (Strabo, Flavius Josephus), and the city of Ashkelon is only 40 km south along the Mediterranean coastline.

Derketo, the goddess of love from Ashkelon is depicted with fish around her or even with a fish-tail. This way, she is depicted on Greek coins. So, Derketo is half-fish.

The Babylonian name "Anunitu" is homophon with the Akkadian term "''nūnu''" for fish, so the name contains a reference to the fish-like goddess (who is known as a syncretism anyway). <gallery>
File:Farnese atlas détaillé smh-and.jpg|detail of the drawing of the Farnese Atlas (marble, 2nd century CE), showcasing Andromeda and adjacent figures
File:And+cet area.png|Andromeda and Cetus on the Farnese Globe - with highlighted lines by Susanne M Hoffmann (zodiac conference Berlin 2022).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Latin copy of the Al-Sufi manuscript (so-called Sufi Latinus text). Andromeda is depicted with two fish, a remainder of the Derketo-tradition. This specific manuscript was produced in 1428 in northern Italy (Gotha, Forschungsbibliothek, MS. Memb. II 141).
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

* [https://scilogs.spektrum.de/uhura-uraniae/andromeda-engl/ Blog entry by Susanne M Hoffmann on Andromeda's rock]

== Reference ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]
* Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:And]][[Category:Psc]]

Anunitu

2026-04-08T09:43:06Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Anunītu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|thumb|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is the Mesopotamian name of the area (constellation) that is now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. It was transformed into the image of Andromeda.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
mul / d''An(n)unītu(m)'' (436), = "''Anunītu''" (constellation): a constellation corresponding to the eastern fish in [[Pisces]] (Pisces) [Gössmann 27].
Goddess:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>Anunītu(m). By-name of the goddess Ištar, originally a local hypostasis of particular importance to the dynasty of Akkad. The association with ‘fish’ (cf. SpTU III 114A v 46, mul''Nu-nu'' ‘fish’ = d''A-nu-ni-tú/ti'') seems to be based on the partial homophony with Akk. ''nūnu'' ‘fish’, cf. the association of ''Anunītu(m)'' with the ‘Tigris-star’ in Hg: mul.ídIdigna = d''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (MSL 11, 40: 229). mu''l''''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (AN 3r).</blockquote>Introduced in MUL.APIN I i 42 (Hunger & Steele 2019):
* Transliteration: DIŠ MUL ''ša'' EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB''-zu'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4
* Akkadian: ''kakkabu ša arki Ikî izzazzu Anunītu''
* English: The asterism which stands behind the Field: Anunitu.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Urra XXII: mul dnu.nu = d''A-nu-ni-ti''/''tu''2 "Fish = Anunitu" [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 109:303]; see also [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]].
Variant MUL NU.NU without the divine determinative also in Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29'.
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each ("Astrolabes”)'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Ayaru, stars of Enlil, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573].
* Astrolabe B:
** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša''2 igi-''it'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' zi im.[ULU.lu gub] / mul.bi d''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= mulapin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (B iii 4-5). '''??changed according to Horowitz 2014!! ??'''
** (2) List (3´12): itigu4 ... mul''A-nu-ni-tum šu-ut'' d''En''-[''lil''2] "Month Ayaru: ... Anunitu, (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 2).
** (3) List (rise-set=6months): rise–Ayaru, set– Arahsamnu [KAV 218, C 15, 28 '''??where is C 15, 28 in Horowitz 2014???'''; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4-5, 40-41 '''??cannot find 40-41 in Horowitz 2014, 39??''']; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
* BM 82923. Month Ayaru, stars of Enlil: [mul''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // dINNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''2-''tim'' d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Anunītu // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].
* BM 34713. múl''A-nu-ni-tu''2 (twice!):
** a) Month of Simanu, stars of Enlil, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]];
** b) Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Anu, see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8].
* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.
** a) A list of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): [mul''A-nu'']-''ni-tu''4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176].
** b) A list of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 2): mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120].
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Simanu, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502'''
* [múl''A-nu-ni-t'']''u''4 is the star of Antašurra, see (Kurtik m14) [[Maš-a-ti|''maš-a-ti'']].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 3): MUL ''ša''2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' ''A-nu-ni-tu''4 "The star that stands behind the Field: Anunītu" (I i 42); parallel in MLC 1866 i 6 [Beaulieu et al. 2018].
* (2) Dates of heliacal rising: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 IGI.LA2 "On the 25th of Šabaṭu, Anunītu becomes visible" (I iii 11).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-''ma'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ŠU2-''bi'' "Ninmaḫ rises and Anunītu sets" (I iii 22).
* (4) Stars "in the path of the moon": mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4, after mulSIM.MAḪ, before mul lúḪUN.GA2 (I iv 37), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger and Steele (2019), 30, 46, 49, 69].
Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
* (1) mul''a-nu-ni-tum'' = dištar min(= ''bēlet'' kur.kur) "Anunītum = Ištar, ruler of countries";
* (2) mul ídidigna = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Tigris River = Anunītum";
* (3) multul-''tum'' = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Worm = Anunītum", the next line probably contains a commentary: ku6.meš ''tu-la-a-tum'' ''u'' mušen.meš ''ḫu-u''8-''u''2 "Fishes–worms, and birds..." whose meaning is unclear, cf. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b];
* (4) the 12 stars of Akkad [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; see also [Weidner 1959-60, 107ff].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere" K 8538.'''
* In sector 1, the inscription on the outer circle: mul''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] [Koch 1989, 56].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §D.
** [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i'' [mul ...-''ḫu''?-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3]
*** "Left [star]. New [da]mage. A star with great brilliance of Anuni[tu] (γ Peg) ... ri]ght of the Field (α Peg). 3 stars. a triangle.";
** According to [Koch 1995, 44, 57],
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 = [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ša''2 zag AŠ-''iku''] "The left star of the right side of the Field,"
*** [mul.u2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ-''iku'' = [mul ''a-ḫu''2-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ-''iku'' "side star on the right side of the Field."
* §E. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ˹''a''˺-[''nu-ni-ti''] "star with great luster of Anu[nitu]" (γ Peg), see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §F. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i''], mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r''[''u''], see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].
* §J. m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §K.
** [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]
*** [mu]l ka x x x [...] x-''ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti'' 3 mul.meš maš ''šar''2 "mulKA[...],
*** fin of Anunitu (υ Psc): 3 stars, maš šar2";
** according to [Koch 1995, 45, 58],
*** [mu]l ka x x = [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? "Deer's mouth"(ε Cas), [...] = [mul ''giš-ši'' lu.lim]? "[Deer's thigh]" (γ Cas),
*** x-''ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti'' = ˹mul˺''ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti'' "Fin of Anunitu".
* §L. [mul ...] x [...] = [muldil.bat ''ša''2 ''A-nu-ni-ti'']? "[Star with great brilliance of Anunitu]" (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58].
* §T. muldil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §x. muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:34.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 = ídidigna ''u'' ídburanun "Anunitu and Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates", see also [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts"'''
* DUR ''ša''2 ''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] "Ribbon of Anunitu" [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20].
|
|-
|'''MLC 1866??not a diary but uranology??''' . See (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ''qaran''(SI) mul''lu-lim'' mul''A-nu-ni-tum u'' MURUB4 mulKU6 ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d (UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3

"On the 15th of Du'uzu with the rise of the Sun, the Horn of the Stag, Anunitu and the middle of the Fish are in equilibrium; on the 15th of Ṭebetu in the evening with sunset the same thing takes place." [SpTU I, 95:7′-8′; ASM, 99; Steele (2017) 29f. = J. M. Steele, ''Rising Time Schemes in Babylonian Astronomy'', Springer 2017].
|
|}
[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
[[File:Anuniti CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 150855.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Anunitu (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Mirach
| HIP 5447
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.05
|-
|2
|δ Andromedae
|HIP 3092
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.28
|-
| 3
|μ Andromedae
|HIP 4436
|Constellation lines
|3.87
|-
|4
| Shimu
|HIP 3693
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.06
|-
|5
|π Andromedae
|HIP 2912
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.36
|-
| 6
|τ Piscium
|HIP 5586
| Constellation lines
|4.511
|-
|7
|ν Andromedae
|HIP 3881
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.53
|-
|8
|υ Piscium
|HIP 6193
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.748
|-
|9
|82 Psc
|HIP 5544
|Inside the Hull
|5.152
|-
|10
|32 And
|HIP 3231
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.33
|-
|11
|68 Psc
|HIP 4510
|Inside the Hull
|5.438
|-
|12
|σ Piscium
|HIP 4889
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 4552
|Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 4185
|Inside the Hull
|6.057
|-
|15
|67 Psc
|HIP 4366
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 5034
|Inside the Hull
| 6.202
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5679
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
| 18
|76 Psc
|HIP 5175
|Inside the Hull
| 6.26
|-
|19
|* 65 Psc B
|HIP 3885
| Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|20
|* 65 Psc A
|HIP 3885
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|21
|BD+26 128
|BD+26 128
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|22
|DT Psc
|HIP 5772
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|}

== Transformation of the constellation ==
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|thumb|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]Originally, "Anunītu" was a by-name of the goddess Ištar of particular importance to the Old Akkadian dynasty of the third millennium BCE. The name first appears as a name for a constellation in Astrolabe B ca. 1200 BCE (Horowitz 2014: 115) but is not in any way associated with fish. In contrast, the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian fish constellation is mul[[KU6|KU6]] = ''[[Nūnu]]'', ‘The Fish’ = [[Piscis Austrinus]], south of Aquarius and separated from this region by the Babylonian constellations of The Swallow.

Later in the first millennium, the northern parts of the constellation ''Anunītu'' were changed into the Syrian image of the goddess Derketo (from Bambyke, depicted with accompanying fish), the goddess of Ashkelon (which was a syncretism of Babylonian Ištar and Egyptian Isis, depicted with fish-tail), and the chained maiden Andromeda honoured with a rock in Jaffa (Tel Aviv). The southern parts of the region of ''Anunītu'' and the constellation mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'' were transformed into the two fish of classical Pisces. An intermediate step between the original image of "a giant swallow and a goddess" and the later (Greco-Egyptian) "two fish connected with a ribbon", there was a Mesopotamian constellation called "Swallow-Fish". This connects most commonly Anunītu as a fish and mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'', ‘The Swallow,’ as a bird (see fig. 44-46 = Kurtik’s plates, p. 738-739). The outline of the two figures held together by a V-shaped ribbon with a star called mulZIB at its tip. mulZIB means ‘The Tails' and was later translated to Al-Risha, The Cord, in Arabic. The V-shaped cord apparently reminded Ancient Mesopotamians of the courses of the middle Tigris and Euphrates, which nearly touched in the vicinity of Babylon (Beaulieu et al. 2018: 44-45).
[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg|alt=geo map|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
A related philological link between the two constellations and fish is that the Akkadian word for ‘fish,’ ''Nūnu'', forms part of both Akkadian constellation names, ''A'''nun'''ītu'' and ''Ši'''nūnū'''tu,'' making classical Pisces in Babylonian terms a super-constellation.

The lexical text Urra XXII 303: mul dNU-NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum'', makes use of a pseudo-Sumerian name for the constellation in the left Sumerian column that is meant to be understood as a loan-word from Akkadian ''Nūnu, s''o too Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29' mulNU.NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum.''

There is yet no native Sumerian name for the group of stars that are later seen as the goddess Anunitu from at least the end of the second millennium onwards. One might guess that an original Sumerian name for an asterism in this area of the sky was forgotten when it became associated with the Akkadian goddess Anunitum, perhaps even as early as the Old Akkadian period when the goddess Anunitum first became important. <gallery>
File:Ishtar Eshnunna Louvre AO12456.jpg|Ishtar holding her symbol. Terracotta relief, early 2nd millennium BC. From Eshnunna (figurine AO 12456, Louvre, dating between 2004 and 1595 BCE)
File:Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ishtar. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum.jpg|Ishtar as naked beauty. Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ishtar (Inanna), wearing the horned headdress and a necklace. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany (CC By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin).
File:And-rock2023.png|Andromeda's Rock in front of the skyline of modern Tel Aviv. (Susanne M Hoffmann, 2023)
File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail.
File:Andromeda-pisces.jpg|Andromeda on the marble globe of the Atlas Farnese (2nd c. CE) with one of the fish of Pisces next to her. Engraving of the Farnese globe by Louis-Philippe Boitard (fl. 1733–58).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Andromeda in as-Sufi's illustrated book (10th century) depicted as Syrian Derketo with two fish as attribute
</gallery>
=== Addition (Kurtik and Horowitz) ===

==== Deity. ====
Anunit—goddess, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, perhaps to be connected with Akkadian 'anantu,' a poetic term for 'battle, strife,' with reference to Inanna's role as a goddess of war. She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BC in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (gašan me3 ''na-ša''2-''ta'' gišpan ''u''3 ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of Anunit see [Gelb 1987: 130-132]. [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].

Exactly when Anunitu acquired astral significance is unknown. The earliest texts in which Anunitu is mentioned as a constellation is Astrolabe B (Horowitz 2014, 115).

==== Symbol. ====
Anunitu as a deity originally had no attributes of water. However, in the astronomical texts she is closely connected with water. In the 1st millennium BCE her symbol in the sky was considered to be a fish. In the only lexical text where we meet the name Anunitu, it corresponds to mul.nu.nu "fish" in the column of Sumerian (?!) names. For Seleucid depictions of fish in various combinations and especially of the astral pair "fish (=Anunitu) and bird (= flying fish or Swallow)" on the seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, 128-12]. [AUWE 19, 128-129, 156; Kurtik 2007, Figures 25-27, 44-46)]. See also the astrological prediction in which two fish are mentioned when describing Mercury's position in the constellation Tails, (Kurtik k27) [[KUNmeš|KUNmeš]], III 2.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Eclipse of the Moon in Anunitu; [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] KI mul''A-nu-ni-tum a-d''[''ir'' EŠ.BAR ídIdigna ''u'' EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] "[If the Moon] eclipses within Anunitu: decision for the Tigris River and for Akkad" [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; for a parallel see. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Kurtik 2010]; apodosis variant: ...EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA ''u'' ''A-ga-de''3ki ''u''3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki "...: decision for the Tigris River and Akkad and decision for the sea country and Dilmun" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa:7′].

(2) Venus and Anunitu; DIŠ ''mu''[''l t'']''ul''!-''tum gup-pu''!-''šat'' / ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / mul''dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 mul''A-nu-ni-tum'' GUB-''ma'' "If the Worm is extremely big: / in the country will be welfare and peace. / (This means:) Venus stands within Anunitu" [SAA 8, 357:3-5]; for parallels see. [ibid. 538:3-5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Saturn stands within the Swallow or Anunitu; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

See also (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]], IV 1.

=== Historical Dictionaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a42)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950) in German
|-
| «Ануниту»; созвездие, соответствующее восточной рыбе в Рыбах (Pisces) [Gössmann 1950 27].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul dnu.nu = dA-nu-ni-ti/tu2 «Рыба = Ануниту» [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:303′]; cм. также E2.TUR3. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B: (1) Cписок (12´3): mul ša2 igi-it dEn-lil2 ina zi im.[kur.ra] <gub-zu> / mul.bi dA-nu-ni-[tum] «Звезда, которая впереди Энлиля (= mulapin «Плуг») при восходе восточного ветра [стоит], / Звезда эта Ануниту» (B iii 4–5). (2) Список (3´12): itigu4 … mulA-nu-ni-tum šu-ut dEn-[lil2] «Месяц айяру: … Ануниту (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 2). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — айяру, заход — арахсамну [KAV 218, С 15, 28; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4–5, 40–41]; см. m35MUL.MUL. BM 82923. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: [mula-nu-ni-tu]m // 45 // dINNIN be-let mat nu-kur2-tim dI2-gi3-gi3 «Ануниту // 45 // Иштар, госпожа враждебной страны, Игиги» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:6]. BM 34713. múlA-nu-ni-tu2 (дважды!): a) месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA; b) месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, см. u19UR.GI7 [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 3): [mulA-nu]-ni-tu4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 2): mulA-nu-ni-tu4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. Cм. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 3): MUL ša2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-zu A-nu-ni-tu4 «Звезда, которая позади Поля стоит: Ануниту» (I i 42); параллель в MLC 1866 (i 6) [Beaulieu et al. 2018]. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mulA-nu-ni-tu4 IGI.LA2 «25-го шабату Ануниту становится видна» (I iii 11). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-ma mulA-nu-ni-tu4 ŠU2-bi «Нинмах восходит, Ануниту заходит» (I iii 22). (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulA-nu-ni-tu4, после mulSIM.MAḪ, перед mul lúḪUN.GA2 (I iv 37), см. s20Sîn [Hunger and Steele (2019), 30, 46, 49, 69]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5]. Текст BM 77054. См. u31UZ3. «Большой список звезд». (1) mula-nu-ni-tum = dištar min(= bēlet kur.kur) «Анунитум = Иштар, владычица стран»; (2) mul ídidigna = da-nu-ni-tum «Река Тигр = Анунитум»; (3) multul-tum = da-nu-ni-tum «Червь = Анунитум», следующая строка, возможно, содержит комментарий: ku6.meš tu-la-a-tum u mušen.meš ḫu-u8-u2 «Рыбы — черви, птицы — …», смысл которого неясен, см. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b]; (4) 12 звезд Аккада [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; см. также [Weidner 1959–60, 107ff]. «Планисфера» К 8538. В секторе 1 надпись по внешнему кругу: mulA-nu-n[i-tu4] [Koch 1989, 56]. Dalbanna-текст. §D. [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3] «Левая [звезда]. Новое [пов]реждение. Звезда с большим блеском Анунит[у (γ Peg) … пр]авая Поля (α Peg). 3 звезды. Треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 44, 57], [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 = [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ša2 zag AŠ-iku] «Левая звезда правой стороны Поля», [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku = [mul a-ḫu2-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku «боковая звезда с правой стороны Поля». §E. mul dil.bat ša2 ˹a˺-[nu-ni-ti] «Звезда с большим блеском Ану[ниту]» (γ Peg), см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §F. mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i], mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r[u], см. sh02ŠAD. §J. m[ul dil.bat ša2] ˹a˺-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. §K. [mu]l ka x x x […] x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti 3 mul.meš maš šar2 «mulKA[…], плавник Ануниту (υ Psc): 3 звезды, maš šar2» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 58], [mu]l ka x x x = [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? «Рот Оленя»(ε Cas), […] = [mul giš-ši lu.lim]? «[бедро Оленя]» (γ Cas), x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti = ˹mul˺ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту». §L. [mul …] x […] = [muldil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti]? «[Звезда с большим блеском Ануниту]» (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58]. §T. muldil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti, см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §x. muldil.bat a-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. Список звезд VR 46, 1:34. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mulŠi-nu-nu-tu4 = ídidigna u ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34]. Текст Nv. 10. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA. LBAT 1502. [múlA-nu-ni-t]u4 — звезда Анташурра, см. m14maš-a-ti. «Дневники наблюдений». DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту» [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20]. MLC 1866. См. s19SIM.MAḪ. Текст W. 22281a. ina itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) qaran(SI) mulLU.LIM mulA-nu-ni-tum u MURUB4 mulKU6 šit-qu-lu ina itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ina li-la-a-ti KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го дуузу при восходе Солнца Рог Оленя, Ануниту и середина Рыбы в равновесии (=кульминируют). 15-го тебету вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое.» [SpTU I, 95:7′–8′; ASM, 99].

II. Божество.

Ануниту ― богиня, вероятно, западно-семитского происхождения, имевшая воинственный характер. Ее имя, первоначально употреблявшееся как эпитет Инанны, означает букв. «Относящаяся к схватке». Почиталась в Месопотамии как самостоятельная богиня уже в эпоху III династии Ура и далее до конца I тыс. до н.э., сохраняла признаки воинственности. Согласно Набониду, она «госпожа битвы, та, кто несет лук и колчан» (gašan me3 na-ša2-ta gišpan u3 iš-pa-ti) [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. О ранней истории Ануниту см. [Gelb 1987, 130–132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34–35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

Когда именно Ануниту приобрела астральное значение, неизвестно. Самые ранние тексты, в которых Ануниту упоминается как созвездие, это «Астролябии».

III. Символ.

Ануниту как божество первоначально не имела никаких водных признаков. Однако в астрономических текстах она тесно связана с водой. В I тыс. до н.э. ее символом на небе считалась рыба. В единственном лексическом тексте, где мы встречаем имя Ануниту, ей в соответствие в колонке шумерских(?!) названий поставлено mulnu.nu «Рыба». Изображения селевкидского времени на печатях из Урука рыбы в различных сочетаниях и в особенности астральной пары “рыба (=Ануниту) и птица (= летающая рыба или Ласточка)” см. [AUWE 19, 128–129, 156; Куртик 2007, рис. 25–27, 44–46). См. также астрологическое предсказание, в котором при описании положения Меркурия в созвездии Хвосты упомянуты две рыбы, k27KUNmeš, III 2.

IV. Отождествление.

= северо-восточная часть Рыб [Gössmann 1950 27];

= северо-восточная часть Рыб + средняя часть Андромеды [Waerden 1952–53, 219; 197, 72];

= восточная рыба в созвездии Pisces до ν Andromedae [Weidner 1957–59, 76, 78];

= восточная рыба в Pisces [BPO 2, 10; Mesop. Astrol., 207; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= восточная рыба и часть ленты Рыб [Hunger and Steele (2019), 138; ASM, 270];

= τυφχψ64 Piscium + γ Pegasi [Koch 1989, 108–111].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 KUR ša2 DUR nu-nu «Звезда с большим блеском ленты Рыб» (= η Piscium) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, 17]; звезда входила в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Возможно, здесь nu-nu «рыба» (единственное число) — символ созвездия Ануниту.

(2) DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту», см. «Дневники».

(3) Хвост Ануниту, см. MLC 1866.

(4) ˹mul˺abri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту» (= υ Piscium), см. dbn-текст.

(5) mul dil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti «Блестящая звезда Ануниту» (γ Peg), см. dbn-текст.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Затмение Луны в Ануниту; [DIŠ 30 ina] KI mulA-nu-ni-tum a-d[ir EŠ.BAR ídIdigna u EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] «[Если Луна] затмилась в пределах Ануниту: решение для реки Тигр и для Аккада» [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; параллель см. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Куртик 2010]; вариант аподосиса: …EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA u A-ga-de3ki u3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki «…: решение для реки Тигр и Аккада и решение для приморской страны и Дильмуна» [Verderame 2002, Table IIa:7′].

(2) Венера и Ануниту; DIŠ mu[l t]ul!-tum gup-pu!-šat / ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu ina KUR GAL2-ši / muldil-bat ina ŠA3 mulA-nu-ni-tum GUB-ma «Если Червь очень массивный: / в стране будет благополучие и мир. / (Это означает:) Венера стоит внутри Ануниту» [SAA 8, 357:3–5]; параллели см. [ibid. 538:3–5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Сатурн стоит внутри Ласточки или Ануниту; см. k24KU6, V 10.

См. также k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E, IV 1.
| I. Gewöhnliche Schreibung: A-nu-ni-tum (Panth. 91); Bedeutung "Himmelsbewohnerin" (asibat [samê], Hinke, A new boundary stone, 53). Sachlich ist nach K250 IV 4: ilA-nu-ni-tum = multul-tum, "Wurmstern", Weid. Hdb. S.13; Bab.VI S. 162.
Identifizierungen:

* Pisces W (Bez. Kopff ZÄF S.17).
* südwestl. Fisch + omega to xi Piscium (Kugl. SSB Erg. S. 14).
* beta, gamma, theta, iota, kappa, lambda Piscium (Weid. Hbd. S. 144; Bab. VI 153; AfOF 2 S. 129; OLZ 16 Sp. 151).
* Piscis NE (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309; 3. Erg. S. 330; KAO 4 S. 43 f; Bez. Farb. S. 127).

Ergebnis: mulAnunîtum ist die nordöstliche Fischellipse , mulSIM2.MAH die südwestliche.

mulAnunîtum ist:

# Monatsfixstern des Aiaru, Astrol. Rnch.
# unter den Anu-Sternen, 82-5-22 512 Rs 9; Astrol. B III 2 (unter den Enlil-Sternen, 3. Erg. S. 326)
# unter den Sternen Akkads, K 8067 II x; K 250 IV 5.

II Astronomische Angaben:

# Über die Stellung des A. am Fixsternhimmel, Astrol. B (K) III4; Br.M. 86378 I 42 (hinter IKU).
# Hel. Aufgang des Anunîtu: am 25. Shabâtu nach Br.M.86378 III 11; dagegen Astrol. B III 15: im Aiaru.
# Gleichzeitige Auf- und Untergänge: im Aiaru geht Anunîtum hel. auf und mulLUGAL unter, Astrol. B III 15; im SAA 8hsammu umgekehrt; ib. Z. 27: wenn mulNIN.MAH (Puppis) im Osten erscheint, geht Anunîtum im Westen unter, Br.M. 86378 III 23; Erg. S. 27 f; 3. Erg. S. 334.

III Astrologische Angaben

Im astrologischen Sprachgebrauch stellt Anunîtum den himmlischen Tigris dar, wie Sinunutu den Eufrat: VR 46 Vs 34 (vgl. auch AL.LUL!). Ein diesbezügliches Omen bietet VACh 1. Sup. I 7: Wenn Anunîtum dunkel ist, so ist das ein Omen für den Tigris und für Akkad desgl. ein Omen..; vgl. AfOF 2 S.130; 14 S. 194102; Bab. VI S. 160.

Des weiteren ist Anunîtum Deckname für folgende Planeten:

# Venus: K250 I 3; K11283+79-7-8, 352,9; Bez.Farb. S. 104, 36.
# Jupiter(?): Bez.Farb. S. 122, 156.
|}
== Transformation from Anunitu to Andromeda ==
[[File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|alt=Coin dating around 100 BCE showing Derketo with fish-tail|thumb|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail. ]]
Ištar is a Babylonian goddess of love (and war), so she has analogies in all other cultures. The ''Dea Syria'' was also a goddess of love. She was worshipped as Derketo or Goddess of Ashkelon in the area of present day Israel, and as Atargatis further north in Manbij (Bambyke) in present day Syria. The Goddess of Ashkelon is a syncretism of the Babylonian Ištar and the Egyptian Isis for the area of Ashkelon belonging occasionally to one or the other kingdom.

The ancient lore of Andromeda is said to originate from Jaffa (Joppa/ Yafo, modern day Tel Aviv) by the ancient historians (Strabo, Flavius Josephus), and the city of Ashkelon is only 40 km south along the Mediterranean coastline.

Derketo, the goddess of love from Ashkelon is depicted with fish around her or even with a fish-tail. This way, she is depicted on Greek coins. So, Derketo is half-fish.

The Babylonian name "Anunitu" is homophon with the Akkadian term "''nūnu''" for fish, so the name contains a reference to the fish-like goddess (who is known as a syncretism anyway). <gallery>
File:Farnese atlas détaillé smh-and.jpg|detail of the drawing of the Farnese Atlas (marble, 2nd century CE), showcasing Andromeda and adjacent figures
File:And+cet area.png|Andromeda and Cetus on the Farnese Globe - with highlighted lines by Susanne M Hoffmann (zodiac conference Berlin 2022).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Latin copy of the Al-Sufi manuscript (so-called Sufi Latinus text). Andromeda is depicted with two fish, a remainder of the Derketo-tradition. This specific manuscript was produced in 1428 in northern Italy (Gotha, Forschungsbibliothek, MS. Memb. II 141).
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

* [https://scilogs.spektrum.de/uhura-uraniae/andromeda-engl/ Blog entry by Susanne M Hoffmann on Andromeda's rock]

== Reference ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]
* Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:And]][[Category:Psc]]

Mesopotamian (All Terms)

2026-04-08T09:34:46Z

HermannHunger: /* Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}

Cite as: Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online in the IAU-All Skies Encyclopaedia (2021-202x).
----
[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BCE]]

== Introduction ==
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. We translated his unfinished manuscript to English, relaced many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations, titles, translations, hyperlinked all (or most of) the references and are still updating his (largely outdated or indistinguished) astronomical identifications which is a research project on its own within this corpus. Still, some information is missing, as Kurtik passed away while working on it: so, we also try to reconstruct what he had in mind. For now, the beta-version still is undergoing some sorting and restructuring of the Assyriological material. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.
=== Pronunciation ===
Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu2.hun.ga2 and pa.bil2.sag. Each shows a nasalized g of the order of Spanish "señor" (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga2 rather than ga1 (here g as in goat) for lu2.hun.ga2, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

=== Month Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Sumerian
!Sumerian (alternate)
!Akkadian
!Hebrew
|-
|Month I
|ITIBARA2.ZAG(.GAR)
Month (images) placed by throne
|ITI.BAR(.SAG.SAG)
|''Nisānu''
|Nisan נִיסָן
|-
|Month II
|ITI(EZEM.)GU4.SI.SU
Month horned oxen marched forth
|ITI.GU4(.SI.SÁ)
|''Ayyāru''
|Iyar אִייָר‎
|-
|Month III
|ITISIG4.U5.ŠUB.BA.GÁ.GAR
Month the brick is placed in the mold
|ITI.SIG4.A
|''simānu''
|Sivan סִיוָן
|-
|Month IV
|ITIŠU.NUMUN
Month preparing seed
|ITI.ŠU(.NUMUN.A/NA);
ITI.ŠU.GAR.NUMUN.NA
|''Dûzu''
|Tammuz תַּמּוּז
|-
|Month V
|ITINE.IZI.GAR
Month braziers are lit
|ITI.NE(.NE.GAR)
|''Abu''
|Av אָב
|-
|Month VI
|ITIKIN.dINANNA
Month of rectification of Inanna
|ITI.KIN
|''Ulūlu /'' ''Elūlu''
|Elul אֱלוּל
|-
|Month VII
|ITIDU6.KÙ
Month of Sacred Mound
|ITI.DU6/DUL(.KÙ)
|''tašrītu''
|Tishrei תִּשְׁרֵי
|-
|Month VIII
|ITI(GIŠ)APIN.DU8.A
Month the plow is let go
|ITI.APIN(.DU8.A)
|''Arahsamnu''
|(Mar)Cheshvan
מַרְחֶשְׁוָן/חֶשְׁוָן
|-
|Month IX
|ITIGAN.GAN.(MU.)E3
Month when the clouds(?) come out
|ITI.GAN(.GAN.NA)
|''Kisilīmu''
|Kislev כִּסְלֵו
|-
|Month X
|ITIAB.E3
Month of the father
|ITI.AB(.BA.È)
|''ṭebētu''
|Tevet טֵבֵת
|-
|Month XI
|ITIZIZ2.A
Month for emmer
|ITI.ZÍZ(.A.AN)
|''Šabāṭu''
|Shevat שְׁבָט
|-
|Month XII
|ITIŠE.KIN.KU5
Month of the cutting of barley
|ITI.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Ad(d)aru''
|Adar אֲדָר
|-
|Intercalary
Month XIII
|ITIDIRI.ŠE.KIN.KU5 Additional harvest month
|ITI.DIRIG.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Adaru arkû''
|Adar II
אֲדָר שֵׁנִי
|}

== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

* Kurtik, G. (2007):
** Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил
** [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies],
** Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik. The terms we added bear no numbers.

=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
|-
|𒀀
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀀𒂔
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒆪
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|dA.KU]]
|Moon
|Redirect to [[A.GI7|A.GI7]]
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]]
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|-
|𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|
|-
|𒀊𒉆
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]]
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|-
|𒀜𒈨
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|𒈕
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD6]]
|The Corpse
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG2.AN.BUR2]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|𒂆
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|The Crown
|
|-
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']]
|The Crown of Anu
|
|-
|𒀝𒊒
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|Sister
|
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|The Stranger
|
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|dAḪUD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|Alammuš
|
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|Crab
|
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|a19. AL.TAR
|Jupiter, Heroic
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|𒀩
|
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|Sun, Venus
|
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|Crab
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|
|
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|𒀠𒁍
|
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|Bull
|
|-
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4:
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]
|-
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒀫𒄈
|
|a27. AMAR.GIR2
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
*mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
|-
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|a28. *dAMAR.UD -> [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|
|
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|Western asterism
|
|-
|𒀭
|
|a30. [[AN]]
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Andurunna]]''
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky home of gods before Marduk created the heavens, see [Horowitz 1998, 225]
|-
|𒀭𒆠
|
|a31. AN.KI
|
|Merged into [[NUNki|mulNUNki]]
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|a32. AN.ŠU2.TE
|
|Merged into [[AN]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Standing star
|
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|
|-
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|
|a37. [[AN.U2.GI.E|AN.U2.GI.E]]
|Wind demons
|
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|
|a38. AN.ZU
|
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|mul dIM.DUGUDmušen]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIM.DUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|Horse
|
|-
|
|
|a40. d''Antum''
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul d''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) d''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies – the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: d''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|-
|
|
|a41. d''Anum''
|
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|dAnunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|-
|
|
|''Anu-rabû''
|Great Anu
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. d''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|-
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mul[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|𒄑𒀳
|
|a43. [[APIN|giš]] [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|-
|
|
|a44. ''Āribu''
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGAmušen]].
|-
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|Shield
|
|-
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|Month
|
|-
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|𒀸𒈨
|
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Sun, Saturn
|
|-
|
|
|Aya
|
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Baba
|
|dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associtated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|
|b01. dBA.LIM
|
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|-
|
|
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|-
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]]
|Asterism of Dignity
|
|-
|𒁆
|
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|b05. [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|b06. gišBAN
|
|See [[PAN|giš]][[PAN]]
|-
|
|
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|mul / dGAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR3]]
|
|
|-
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|
|-
|𒄵
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|The Kidney
|
|-
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|-
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Buššānītu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|
|d01. [[DA|gišDA]]
|Bull's Jaw
|
|-
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]] (The Great Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|d02. [[DAMU|d''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|
|-
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]]
|Mars; Rooster
|
|-
|𒁲
|
|d05. [[DI]]
|Judgment, sentence
|
|-
|𒀸𒁁
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|𒀸
|
|d07. [[DILI]]
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
|
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|𒀭
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|Deity designation
|
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|Standing Gods
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]]
|Sitting Gods
|variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|
|e01. ''E-pa''2-''e''
|one time use for Jupiter
|probably from ''Šul-pa2-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]]
|Venus
|
|}

=== Page 2 (e04. d''E''2''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|e04. [[E2-a|d''E''2''-a'']]
|Water deity
|
|-
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E2 ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]]
|Enclosure, cattle pen
|
|-
|𒂊𒁺
|
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|Ištar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
|Stag
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]].
|-
|𒂍𒆳
|
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E2-kur'')]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN3.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations

* (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and
* (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|mulUR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|Water deity
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|d''En-lil'']]2
|Supreme deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]
|Primordial deity; Lord of all me
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|
|e12. [[EN.MUL|dEN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|
|-
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|-
|
|
|e14. ''Enzu''
|
|see [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|-
|
|
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|d''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|ki]]
|
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Wagon
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]]
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|e20. [[Erra|d''Erra'']]
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|
|e21. [[Erragal|d''Erragal'']]
|Great Erra
|
|-
|
|
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|mulTE8/TI8mušen]] "Eagle"
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|Deity
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂵𒂵
|
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|Mercury, Deity
|
|-
|𒃮
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|Breast
|
|-
|
|
|g03. 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|The Circle
|
|-
|𒆛
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|The Crook
|
|-
|
|
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|
|An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM3]], merged.
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|g08. [[GAN2.UR3|giš]][[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|The Harrow
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|The Lady of Life
|
|-
|𒌉
|
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|Saturn; "Constant"
|
|-
|𒄀𒄀
|
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|-
|𒈪
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI6]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|
|-
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|
|g13. [[GIBIL6|dGIBIL6]]
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|
|-
|𒈪𒉭
|
|g14. [[GIG]]
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|-
|𒄑𒇀
|
|g15. [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]
|The Chariot
|
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|The Furrow
|
|-
|𒄈
|
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2]]
|The Scorpion
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|-
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]]
|Heavenly Sword
|
|-
|𒄈𒋰
|
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|The Scorpion
|
|-
|𒄊
|
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR3]]
|Leg (Paw)
|
|-
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁇
|
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|Mars; Mercury
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|-
|
|
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|𒄑𒆲
|
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|Thigh
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN2]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|Enraged Goat (?)
|
|-
|𒄖
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|Great, Giant
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|
|g28. GU2.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄘𒄬
|
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU2.ḪAL]]
|(Star) Throat
|
|-
|𒄘𒄯
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU2.MUR]]
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄞
|
|g31. GU4
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|𒄞𒄋
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= d''Kusarikku''
|-
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|The Heavenly Bull
|
|-
|𒄞𒌓
|
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]]
|Bull of the Sun
|
|-
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|
|g35. [[Gula|d''Gula'']]
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒆸
|
|g36. [[GUR4|GUR4]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|mul lúSA.GAZ]]
|-
|𒀭𒈗
|
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|-
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|d''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|-
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'']]
|The Asterism of Abundance
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]]
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]] to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|
|-
|𒅆𒌨
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|
|-
|𒈝𒁀
|
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|-
|𒂠
|
|h10. ḪUN
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA2
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]
|
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|
|
|-
|𒃷
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|The Field
|Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|𒀭𒅎
|
|i06. [[IM|dIM]]
|Storm Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
|
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]
|(Bird) Anzû
|
|-
|𒅎𒄀
|
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|The Furnace
|
|-
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]
|The Seven Gods
|
|-
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒈹
|
|i13. [[INANNA|dINANNA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI4.IL]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒄑𒇷
|
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' 
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|}

=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|
|i17. [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]
|Scorpius
|
|-
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|i18. [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']]
|Venus; Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|
|i19. [[Ištaran|d''Ištaran'']]
|Deity; The Snake
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒅗
|
|k01. [[KA]]
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU8]]
|Portable Altar
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒅗𒆟
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ2]]
|The Knot
|
|-
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]]
|Obliterator
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|-
|
|
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒈜𒀀
|
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|The Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|-
|𒆕𒉼
|
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|The Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|(Types of) Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]]
|Arrow
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|The Dog
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|-
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|The Kidney
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]]
|
|
|-
|𒆜𒌓
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|The Path of the Sun
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|𒆥𒍮
|
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|Knee, shin
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|The Circle
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|-
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|
|-
|𒈩
|
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]
|Hand
|
|-
|𒆤𒌓
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|
|-
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|k23. *KU.RU.NA
|
|To be read [[Andurunna]] - cosmic region and divine name - see Horowitz MCG 225
|-
|𒄩
|
|k24. [[KU6|KU6]]
|The Fish
|
|-
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]] ''
|Shoulder
|
|-
|𒆲
|
|k26. [[KUN]]
|Tail
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUNme(š)]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|mulSIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.Amušen]]
|Chicken
|
|-
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|lu2KUR2.RA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|d''Kusarikkum'']]
|Buffalo
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|
|
|Kusu
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|𒆵
|
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]]
|Water animal
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|
|L02. dLA.KU.DU
|Mercury
|read mul''šu!-ku-du'', i.e. 'The Arrow' = Mercury, merged into [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒆗
|
|L03. [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]
|The She-Goat
|
|-
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|
|L05. [[Lātarāk|d''Lātarāk'']]
|The Lion
|
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|-
|𒇻
|
|L08. LU
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇻𒅆
|
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|
|-
|𒇻𒈦
|
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇽
|
|L11. LU2
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|dLU2.LAL3]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|-
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|(Asterism) Garment
|
|-
|𒈗
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|King
|
|-
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|-
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]]
|Mighty Lord
|
|-
|
|
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒈜𒆷
|
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|False (Lying) Star
|
|-
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|Evil Star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|-
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|gišMA2.DIRI.GA]]
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|-
|𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋
|
|m03. ''[[Makrû]]''
|Mars; Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|m04. [[MAN]]
|Sun God, Šamaš
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒈠
|
|m05. [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']]
|Strange Star
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈
|
|m06. ''[[TIR.AN.NA|Manzât]]''
|Rainbow
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[TIR.AN.NA]], Rainbow
|-
|𒈥
|
|m07. [[MAR]]
|Wagon (shortened form)
|
|-
|𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕
|
|m08. [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]]
|Wagon
|
|-
|𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾
|
|m09. [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]]
|The Wagon of Heaven
|
|-
|𒈥𒌅
|
|m10. [[MAR.TU]]
|Western Star
|
|-
|
|
|Mār-bīti
|
|“Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL ''šá'' dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌
|
|m11. [[Marduk|d''Marduk'']]
|Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
|
|-
|𒈥𒊏𒌈
|
|m12. ''[[Marratu]]''
|Rainbow
|
|-
|𒈦
|
|m13. [[MAŠ.MAŠ|MAŠ]]
|
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈦𒀀𒋾
|
|m14. [[Maš-a-ti|''Maš''-''a-ti'']]
|Pair of Stars (general)
|
|-
|𒈦𒈦)
|
|m15. [[MAŠ.MAŠ]]
|The Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀
|
|m16. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲
|
|m17. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉
|
|m18. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]
|Small Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|m20. ''[[GAN2.UR3|Maškakātu]]''
|The Harrow
|Akkadian parallel to [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|-
|𒈠𒀀𒋗
|
|m21. ''[[MAŠ.MAŠ|Māšū]]''
|Gemini
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈧
|
|m22. [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]]
|Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
|
|-
|
|
|m23. ME.GAR
|Jupiter
|abbreviation for [[SAG.ME.GAR]], merged there
|-
|𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀
|
|m24. [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]]
|Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚
|
|m25. ''[[mišḫu]]''
|Radiance
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|m26. [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|The radiance of Pabilsag
|
|-
|
|
|[[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU]]
|
|abbreviation for [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕
|
|m27. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|(Bound/hitched) yoke
|
|}

=== Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA to p07. ''Puššaītu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|m28. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒀯
|
|m29. [[MUL]]
|Star, luminary
|
|-
|𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀
|
|m30. [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]]
|Venus; The dominant star of the sky
|
|-
|𒀯𒀭𒈾
|
|m31. [[MUL.AN.NA]]
|Moon deity; Celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒃲
|
|m32. [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]]
|Big celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒆠𒃲
|
|m33. [[MUL.KI.GAL]]
|Venus; Star of the great earth
|
|-
|𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅
|
|m34. [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']]
|Reliable stars
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯
|
|m35. [[MUL.MUL]]
|Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯𒆷
|
|m36. [[MUL.MUL.LA]]
|Arrow
|or: ''mulmullu''. “arrow”: see [[KAK.SI.SA2|GAG.SI.SÁ]].
|-
|𒋼
|
|m37. [[MUL2|MUL2]]
|Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒋼𒌓
|
|m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|Jupiter; White Star
|
|-
|𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|m39. [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Stars (for) counting
|"normal stars"
|-
|𒌌
|
|m40. [[MUL4|MUL4]]
|Star, constellation
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|
|
|m41. [[MULx|MULx]]
|
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌘
|
|m42. [[MURUB4|MURUB4]]
|Middle (part)
|
|-
|𒈲
|
|m43. [[MUŠ]]
|Snake
|
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|m44. [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ]]
|Ferocious serpent
|
|-
|
|
|[[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)''mušḫuššu'']]
|
|see (Kurtik m44)
|-
|𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵
|
|m45. [[MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA]]
|
|Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in [[ALLA]] ([[Cancer]])
|-
|𒄷
|
|m46. [[MUŠEN]]
|The Bird
|
|-
|𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻
|
|m47. ''[[Muštarīlu]]''
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈿
|
|n01. [[NA2|NA2]]
|Jupiter; Bed-star
|
|-
|𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾
|
|n02. [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]
|Mercury; Deity of wisdom
|
|-
|𒉄
|
|n03. [[NAGAR]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|n04. ''[[KUR2.RA|Nakaru]]''
|Enemy, Stranger
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[KUR2.RA|KUR2.RA]]
|-
|
|
|n05. ''[[NU.MUŠ.DA|Nammaššû]]''
|Herds of (wild) animals
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋀𒆠
|
|n06. [[NANNA|dNANNA]]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|
|
|n07. ''[[GIGIR|Narkabtu]]''
|The Chariot
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIGIR|mul gišGIGIR]], "Chariot"
|-
|𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍
|
|n08. ''[[Naṣrapu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|n09. ''[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|Nattullu]]''
|Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|-
|
|
|n10. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|''Nattullu'' ''arkīti'']]
|Back of the Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|-
|𒉈
|
|n11. [[NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒃻
|
|n12. [[NE.GAR]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻
|
|n13. [[NE.GI.IZI.GAR]]
|Torch of Girra
|
|-
|𒉈𒉈𒃻
|
|n14. [[NE.NE.GAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒁉𒊒
|
|n15. ''[[Nēberu]]''
|Ferry, ford, crossing
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑
|
|n16. ''[[Nebû]]''
|Brilliant star
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|n17. ''[[UR.NIG|Nēltu]]''
|Lioness
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.NIG]]
|-
|𒀭𒌋𒄥
|
|n18. [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']]
|Deity of the underworld
|
|-
|
|
|n19. ''[[UR.MAH|Nēšu]]''
|The Lion
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.MAḪ]]
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙
|
|n20. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
|A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀
|
|n21. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] '' ''
|(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
|
|-
|𒉎𒍪
|
|n22. [[NI2.ZU|NI2.ZU]]
|Thief
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒆠
|
|n23. [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]]
|Star of Elam
|
|-
|
|
|n24. ''[[UD.KA.DU8.A|Nimru]]''
|Panther
|Akkadian parallel to [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪
|
|n25. [[NIN.A.ZU|dNIN.A.ZU]]
|Deity; Lord who knows water
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾
|
|n26. [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]]
|Ištar; Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|gišNÍNDA
|
|= ''ittû'' “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢
|
|n27. [[NIN.GIR2.SU|dNIN.GIR2.SU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊
|
|n28. [[NIN.GIR3|dNIN.GIR3]]
|Lord of strength
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕
|
|n29. [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]
|Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺
|
|n30. [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Ningublaga
|
|Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾
|
|n31. [[NIN.GUL.TI]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛
|
|n32. [[NIN.KA.SI]]
|(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷
|
|n33. [[NIN.KILIM]]
|Mongoose
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒆤
|
|n34. [[NIN.LIL2|NIN.LIL2]]
|Deity; Lady of the Air
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒈤
|
|n35. [[NIN.MAḪ]]
|Deity; Foremost lady
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯
|
|n36. [[NIN.MUL|dNIN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lady Stars
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕
|
|n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA
|Deity; Lady of the great stars
|occurs in one text only, '''Text K. 2054.''' "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀
|
|n38. [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]
|Deity; Lady of the red star
|
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
|Deity
|Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒊬
|
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
|
|n41. [[NIN.SI4|NIN.SI4]]
|Red Lady
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾
|
|n42. [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]]
|Red Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁
|
|n43. [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]
|Agriculture deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷
|
|n44. [[Niraḫ|d''Niraḫ'']]
|Snake deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒄿𒊒
|
|n45. ''[[Nīru]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍑𒀀𒂠
|
|n46. [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒊨𒅇
|
|n47. [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒈨𒀀
|
|n48. [[NU.ME.A]]
|(Star of) nothingness
|
|-
|𒉡𒈲𒁕
|
|n49. [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|n50. [[NUNki|NUNki]]
|
|
|-
|𒉣𒉽𒉽
|
|n51. [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉣𒈨
|
|n52. [[NUN.ME]]
|(Star)-Sage
|
|-
|𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀
|
|n53. [[NUN.SAR.A|dNUN.SAR.A]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒉡
|
|n54. ''[[Nūnu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒌆
|
|n55. [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|p01. PA
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒉼
|
|[[PAN]]
|Bow
|
|-
|𒉺𒉈
|
|p02. PA.BIL
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|p03. d[[PA.BIL.SAG]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|p04. ''[[AD6|Pagru]]''
|Body, corpse
|see a06. [[AD6|AD6]]
|-
|𒀭𒉽𒈛
|
|p05. [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]
|Messenger deity
|
|-
|𒉿𒍮𒌑
|
|p06. ''[[Peṣû]]''
|
|see m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|-
|𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈
|
|p07. ''[[Puššānītu|Puššanītu]]''
|
|
|}

=== Page 5 (q01. ''Qaštu'' to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|
|
|q01. ''Qaštu''
|Bow
| rowspan="2" |merged into [[PAN|mulPAN]] as it occurs only in lexical lists
|-
|
|
|''Qaštum Elamātum''
|Elamite Bow
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊏𒁍𒌑
|
|r01. ''[[GU.LA|Rabû]]''
|Great (man)
|Akkadian parallel to [[GU.LA]] - should just be a link to GU.LA
|-
|𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈
|
|r02. ''[[GIŠ.KUN|Rapaštu]]''
|Thigh
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|-
|𒊐𒁍
|
|r03. ''[[Rappu]]''
|Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒊑𒅆𒁁
|
|r04. [[RI.ŠI.BE]]
|
|
|-
|𒈩𒌓
|
|r05. ''[[KIŠIB|Rittu]]''
|Hand
|Akkadian parallel to mul[[KIŠIB]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒇽𒌑𒄤
|
|s01. [[SA.GAZ|lu2]][[SA.GAZ]]
|Bandit, Outlaw
|
|-
|𒌑𒊑
|
|s02. [[SA.RI]]
|Wild Cat
|
|-
|𒄷𒈿
|
|s03. [[(MUL) SA4|SA4]]
|(Star) with great brilliance
|
|-
|𒋛𒀀
|
|s04. [[SA5|SA5]]
|Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺
|
|s05. [[SAG.DU]]
|Head, top, upper part
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|s06. SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA
|Lion's head
|merged into (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
|
|s07. [[SAG.DU3.A|SAG.DU3.A]]
|Triangle
|?
|-
|𒊕𒋻
|
|s08. [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]]
|First in (making) decisions
|
|-
|𒊕𒈨𒃻
|
|s09. [[SAG.ME.GAR]]
|Jupiter
|var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
|-
|𒊕𒍑
|
|s10. [[SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
|
|-
|𒊩𒀀𒂠
|
|s11. [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus; (Star for) Women
|
|-
|𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵
|
|s12. [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]]
|Venus; (Star of) Woman
|
|-
|𒊬𒀀
|
|s13. [[SAR.A]]
|
|
|-
|𒊬𒄷𒋛
|
|s14. [[SAR.U5|SAR.U5]]
|
|
|-
|𒊓𒅈𒊒
|
|s15. ''[[LUL.LA|Sarru]]''
|False (Lying) Star
|Akkadian parallel to [[LUL.LA]]
|-
|
|
|''Sebettu''
|
|“The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀
|
|s16. [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; growing(?) horn
|
|-
|𒋛
|
|SI
|
|= ''qarnu''. “horn”: see [[GIR2.TAB|mulGÍR.TAB]].
|-
|𒋜
|
|s17. [[SI4|SI4]]
|Red, Lisi
|Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 [[LI9.SI4|mul / dLI9.SI4]]
|-
|𒅊
|
|s18. [[SIG7|SIG7]]
|Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
|
|-
|𒋆𒈤
|
|s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|Swallow
|
|-
|𒀭𒌍
|
|s20. [[Sîn|d''Sîn'']]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻
|
|s21. SIPA
|True Shepherd of Anu
|merged into (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|True Shepherd of Heaven
|
|-
|𒋀𒌍𒉡
|
|''[[Sissinnu]]''
|Frond, branch
|
|-
|𒋦
|
|s23. SUḪUR
|Goat-Fish
|merged into (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|s24. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|The Goat-Fish
|
|-
|
|
|s25. ''[[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|Suḫurmāšu]]''
|
|Akkadian parallel to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌
|
|ts01. ''[[Ṣalbatānu|Ṣal]]''
|abbreviation
|merged into ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|-
|𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡
|
|ts02. ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|Mars
|
|-
|𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑
|
|ts03. [[Ṣallummû|Ṣ''allummu'']]
|Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
|
|-
|𒍝𒊑𒊒
|
|ts04. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA|Ṣ''āriru'']]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|Akkadian parallel to [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒇡𒊒
|
|ts05. [[Ṣarru|Ṣ''arru'']]
|Sparkling (star)
|
|-
|𒀫𒊒)
|
|ts06. [[Ṣurru|Ṣ''urru'']]
|Obsidian star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠
|
|sh01. [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]]
|(Star) for the uterus
|
|-
|𒋚
|
|sh02. [[ŠAḪ]]
|The Pig
|
|-
|
|
|''Šala''
|
|Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la ''šubu-ul-tu''4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|sh03. [[Šamaš|d''Šamaš'']]
|Sun god
|
|-
|𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠
|
|sh04. ''[[Šanûmma]]''
|Strange (star)
|
|-
|𒄭𒄤
|
|sh05. [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒄭𒌴
|
|sh06. [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒊺𒇷𒁍
|
|sh07. ''[[KA5.A|Šēlebu]]''
|The Fox
|Akkadian parallel to [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|-
|𒅆𒁍𒌑
|
|sh08. ''[[Šību]]''
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒅆𒄴𒂅
|
|sh09. ''[[Šiḫṭu|Šiḫtu]]''
|Mercury, Mars; Leap
|
|-
|𒋻𒉺
|
|sh10. [[(MUL2) šil PA|''šil'' PA]]
|Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
|
|-
|𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷
|
|sh11. ''[[Šiltāḫu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓
|
|sh12. [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|
|
|sh13. ''Šinūnūtu''
|
|see s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|-
|
|
|sh14. ''Šitadallu''
|
|see s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒋗
|
|sh15. [[ŠU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|''[[šubtu]]''
|
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
|-
|
|
|''šubultu''(''m'')
|
|“ear (of grain)”: see Šala
|-
|𒋗𒄀
|
|sh16. [[ŠU.GI]]
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒋗𒉺
|
|sh17. [[ŠU.PA]]
|Magnificent, brilliant
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈
|
|sh18. [[ŠUDUN]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|sh19. [[ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA|ŠUDUN ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲
|
|sh20. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾
|
|sh21. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻
|
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|mul[[ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MA|ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MAki]]
|
|
|-
|𒋗𒆪𒁺
|
|sh23. ''[[Šukūdu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒂄𒄀
|
|sh24. [[ŠUL.GI|dŠUL.GI]]
|Shulgi
|
|-
|𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺
|
|sh25. [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|A youngster appears with brilliance
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|sh26. ''[[Šullat]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|t01. [[Tak-ša2-a-ti|''Tak-ša''2''-a-tu2'']]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|... [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀
|
|t02. [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; Sparkling
|
|-
|𒋾𒅅𒁍
|
|t03. ''[[Tikpu]]''
|Spot, speckled
|
|-
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|
|t04. ''Tinūru''
|Furnace
|see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|-
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
|
|t05. [[TIR.AN.NA]]
|Rainbow
|
|-
|
|
|''Tišpak''
|
|Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
|-
|𒀭𒌅𒌅
|
|t06. [[TU.TU|dTU.TU]]
|Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
|
|-
|
|
|gišTUKUL
|
|= kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬
|
|t07. ''[[Tūʼamū]]''
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍
|
|t08. [[Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ|''Tūʼamū'' GAL.MEŠ]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒌋𒌆𒌈
|
|t09. ''[[Tūltu]]''
|Worm, larva
|
|-
|𒉣𒇬
|
|t10. [[TUR3|TUR3]]
|Venus; Corral
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒌋𒊑𒊑
|
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒌓𒉌𒇷
|
|u02. [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]]
|Venusl Star of radiance/morning
|
|-
|𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔
|
|u03. [[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]]
|
|
|-
|𒇇
|
|u04. [[U8|U8]]
|Ewe
|= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|u05. [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|Jupiter; Heroic
|
|-
|𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀
|
|u06. [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|Demon with the Gaping Mouth
|var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A
|}

=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒇻𒁁
|
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGAmušen]]
|Raven
|
|-
|
|
|[[UG5.GA|UG5.GA]]
|Mars, Raven?
|
|-
|𒌌
|
|u12. [[UL]]
|(Shooring) Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌢
|
|u13. [[UMBIN]]
|
|
|-
|𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈
|
|u14. ''[[ummulūtu]]''
|Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
|
|-
|𒌦𒉡𒌓
|
|u15. ''[[unnutu]]''
|Dim star
|
|-
|𒌨
|
|u16. [[UR]]
|Leo; The Lion
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒌨𒀀
|
|u17. [[UR.A]]
|Leo; The Lion
|UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]] in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].
|-
|𒌨𒁇𒊏
|
|u18. [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|Wolf
|
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|u19. [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|u20. [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁
|
|u21. [[UR.IDIM]]
|Mad Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒈤
|
|u22. [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|u23. [[UR.NIG]]
|Lioness
|
|-
|𒌨𒆪
|
|[[UR.GI7|UR.KU]]
|The Dog
|now read UR.GI7
|-
|𒌫𒆲
|
|u24. [[UR2.KUN|UR2.KUN]]
|Hip, Pelvis
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁𒈬
|
|u25. ''[[Uridimmu|Ur(i)dimmu]]''
|Mad Dog
|see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|u26. ''Ur-um'' AN.NA
|Celestial Light
|see (Kurtik b13) [[BURRUM AN.NA|BURRUM]] [[BURRUM AN.NA|AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
|
|u27. [[USAN2.PA.SIKIL|dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL]]
|Venus; Goddess of the Stars
|
|-
|𒌑𒋩𒋾
|
|u28. ''[[Uṣurtu]]''
|Drawing, Image
|
|-
|𒅜𒍪
|
|u29. [[UŠ12.ZU|UŠ12.ZU]]
|Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
|
|-
|𒀭𒌓
|
|u30. [[UTU|dUTU]]
|Sun deity
|
|-
|𒍚
|
|u31. [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|Goat
|
|-
|𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷
|
|z01. [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]]
|Warlike deity
|
|-
|𒍠𒃻
|
|z02. [[ZAG.GAR]]
|Consort of the Lady of the plains
|
|-
|𒈽𒀖𒁍
|
|z03. ''[[Zappu]]''
|Stubble (Mane)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈
|
|z04. [[Zapānītu|d''Za(r)pānītu'']] ''/''
''Zerpānītu''
|Deity, wife of Marduk
|
|-
|𒍝𒊒𒌑
|
|z05. ''[[Zarû]]''
|Drawbar, Cart pole
|
|-
|𒍣
|
|z06. ZI
|
|see [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
|
|z07. [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒍦𒈨
|
|z08. [[ZIB|ZIBme]]
|Tails
|
|-
|𒀭𒍨
|
|z09. [[ZIB2|dZIB2]]
|Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|
|z10. ''Zibānītum''
|Balance
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍨𒁍
|
|z11. ''[[Ziqpu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|
|z12. ''Zuqaqīpu''
|Scorpius
|see [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|}

=== Acknowledgements ===
Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

* David Hilder
* Euin Choung Kim
* Roland Laffitte
* Youngjea Lee
* Jan Safford

[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

ANŠE.KUR.RA

2026-04-08T09:33:14Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulANŠE.KUR.RA (𒀯𒀲𒆳𒊏) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
ANŠE.KUR.RA = ''sisû'' “horse”.

= ''sīsû'' "horse" [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 32, Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023]; a constellation in the vicinity of [[Cepheus]]

(historically also identified with stars in [[Pegasus]] but this is less likely, as it would overlap with other constellations which are given next to it in some texts).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''MUL.APIN.'''
* List of the stars of Enlil (no. 29):
** MUL ''ša2 ina'' GUB3''-šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulANŠE.KUR.RA
** "The star that stands on its (i.e. mulUD.KA.DU8.A) left side: the Horse" (I i 30) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 27].
| MUL.APIN I i 29-32 lists a set of constellations as entourage of the UD.KA.DU8.A-demon: <blockquote>"The asterism which stands at its right side: the Pig, Damu. The asterism which stands at its left side: the Horse. The asterism which stands behind it: The Stag, [...]. The dusky stars which stand in the breast of the Stag: ...". </blockquote>The image of the UD.KA.DU8.A-demon can be attached to the stars because its heel (λ And) and its breast (α Cyg) are well-determined ''ziqpu''-stars. Thus, the Horse and the Pig can be arranged according to the text at the demon's left and right side, squeezed in between the well-defined constellations of [[IKU]], [[APIN]], and [[Anunitu]].[[File:UDKADUHA+.jpg|alt=stellarium map of the area of UD.KA.DUḪ.A|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A and its entourage in Stellarium: The Horse, The Stag, The Pig to its left and right (paintings by Jessica Gullberg 2021). The identification of The Pig is uncertain; it could also be in the area of Delphinus, but as the two stars at the end of Sagitta form a pair like a pig's nose, this orientation was chosen. The terms "left" and "right" are not well defined, especially with regard to a figure that is seen from the side.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* mul dim.dugudmušen = mulanše.kur.ra "
* Anzu bird = Horse". [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:159; Weidner 1959-60, 107:21, 108; for a mention in a commentary see SpTU I, 50:36].
|[[File:2017-08-01 Lion-headed Imdugud (Anzu) Bird on Top of Two Stags, c. 2500 BC.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Mesopotamia 6000-1500 BC Gallery, British Museum, London, England, UK. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com.]][[File:Middle Assyrian winged horse cylinder seal.png|thumb|Cylinder seal and modern impression: winged horse with claws and horns. Ca. 14th–13th century BCE. Middle Assyrian.]]By the classical period the Horse constellation in Assyria and Babylonia came to be a Greek Pegasus-like figure identified with Sumerian mulIM.DUGUD = ''anzû''. Earlier the IM.DUGUD. mulIM.DUGUD = ''anzû'' although the earlier flying constellation was depicted as a Lion-headed eagle.
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:20.'''
* mulanše.kur.ra = dim.dugudmušen
* "Horse = Anzu bird",
* see also [HBA 51:20; Wee 2016, 162-3:20]; for a commentary see [SpTU I, 50:36]; identity in BM 52938: ''an-zu-u''2 = ''si-su''-[''u''2] [CAD S, 334a].
|
|-
| '''Dalbanna-text.'''
* '''§e.''' mul x [x x x x x x] ˹mul!˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ ''u'' mulsim.maḫ 4 mul.meš [x x x x x 2 da]l.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulsag sim.m[aḫ x x x] x dal.ba.an.na murub4 suḫuš ''ki-lal-la-an ma''[''ḫ-ru'']
* "Asterism [...] (7 And, β Cas) head of Horse and Swallow (β,ε Peg): 4 stars [...2 in]tervals, interval. Swall[ow’s] head x interval. Middle (and?) foundation, both first[s]." [Walker 1995, 36; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48, 61],
* mulx [x x] = mul''z''[''ap-pi šaḫ'']? "Pig’s Bristle" (7 And), [x x x x] = [multir.an.na]? "[Rainbow]" (β Cas), ˹mulǃ˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ = (β Peg), mulsim.maḫ = (ω Psc), mulsag sim.m[aḫ] = (ε Peg).
| These sections of the text remain unclear.
|-
|'''In astrological commentaries:'''
* ''eq''(TUG!)-''bu ša''2 mulANŠE.KUR.RA "Horse's hoof". [ACh Ištar, 34:19; CAD S, 334a].
|
|}
[[File:ANSEKURRA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 123156.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ANŠE.KUR.RA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|Eltanin
|HIP 87833
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.23
|-
|2
|Alderamin
|HIP 105199
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.46
|-
| 3
|Rastaban
|HIP 85670
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.81
|-
|4
|Altais
|HIP 94376
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.07
|-
|5
| Alfirk
|HIP 106032
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.23
|-
|6
|η Cephei
|HIP 102422
|Constellation lines
|3.41
|-
|7
|Grumium
|HIP 87585
| Constellation lines
|3.75
|-
|8
|ι 2 Cygni
| HIP 95853
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.755
|-
|9
|κ Cygni
|HIP 94779
|Constellation lines
|3.76
|-
|10
|ϵ Draconis
| HIP 97433
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.91
|-
|11
|θ Cephei
|HIP 101093
|Constellation lines
|4.22
|-
| 12
|33 Cyg
|HIP 99655
|Inside the Hull
|4.271
|-
|13
|ρ Draconis
|HIP 98702
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|14
|π Draconis
|HIP 95081
| Inside the Hull
| 4.59
|-
|15
| ο Draconis
|HIP 92512
| Inside the Hull
|4.636
|-
|16
|45 Dra
|HIP 90905
|Inside the Hull
|4.761
|-
|17
|ν 2 Draconis
|HIP 85829
|Inside the Hull
| 4.85
|-
| 18
|ν 1 Draconis
|HIP 85819
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.89
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 98073
|Inside the Hull
| 4.96
|-
| 20
|54 Dra
|HIP 94490
|Inside the Hull
|5.003
|-
| 21
|46 Dra
|HIP 91755
|Inside the Hull
|5.02
|-
| 22
| * b Dra A
|HIP 90156
|Inside the Hull
|5.05
|-
| 23
|53 Dra
|HIP 94302
|Inside the Hull
|5.125
|-
|24
|23 Cyg
|HIP 97870
|Inside the Hull
|5.132
|-
|25
| 6 Cep
|HIP 105268
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|26
| 64 Dra
|HIP 98583
|Inside the Hull
|5.27
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 91013
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|28
|51 Dra
|HIP 93713
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|29
|66 Dra
|HIP 98962
|Inside the Hull
|5.408
|-
|30
|49 Dra
|HIP 93340
|Inside the Hull
| 5.513
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 92549
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|32
|AC Dra
|HIP 100261
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|33
|4 Cep
|HIP 102253
|Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 92969
|Inside the Hull
|5.621
|-
|35
|48 Dra
|HIP 92997
|Inside the Hull
| 5.663
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 100357
|Inside the Hull
|5.69
|-
|37
|68 Dra
|HIP 99500
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|38
|DE Dra
| HIP 100221
|Inside the Hull
|5.709
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 91315
|Inside the Hull
|5.74
|-
|40
|ι 1 Cygni
| HIP 95656
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
|41
|Alruba
| HIP 86782
|Inside the Hull
|5.76
|-
|42
| -
|HIP 99663
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
| 43
| -
|HIP 96620
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|44
|V1762 Cyg
|HIP 94013
|Inside the Hull
|5.893
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 97122
|Inside the Hull
|5.899
|-
|46
|CX Dra
|HIP 92133
|Inside the Hull
| 5.9
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 95038
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 100017
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 89047
|Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 91525
| Inside the Hull
|5.992
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 102011
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 97892
|Inside the Hull
|6.058
|-
|53
| -
|HIP 87744
|Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|54
| -
| HIP 91606
|Inside the Hull
|6.091
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 98044
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
| 56
| -
|HR 7075
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 91915
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
| 58
| -
|HIP 98308
| Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 98111
|Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 102216
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 98946
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 91843
|Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 94974
|Inside the Hull
|6.231
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 92731
|Inside the Hull
|6.232
|-
|65
| 65 Dra
|HIP 98658
|Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 91985
|Inside the Hull
|6.259
|-
|67
|55 Dra
|HIP 94140
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 98890
|Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|69
| -
| HIP 97070
|Inside the Hull
| 6.282
|-
|70
| -
| HIP 98872
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 71
| -
|HIP 96164
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 97033
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|73
|CN Dra
| HIP 97326
| Inside the Hull
|6.331
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 90146
|Inside the Hull
|6.352
|-
|75
|V1817 Cyg
| HIP 96003
|Inside the Hull
|6.369
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 95576
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 96316
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 93466
|Inside the Hull
|6.389
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 104788
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 90476
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 100714
|Inside the Hull
|6.441
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 93068
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 102771
|Inside the Hull
|6.451
|-
| 84
| -
|HIP 96297
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
| 85
|V1351 Cyg
|HIP 96919
| Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 102370
| Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
| 87
| -
|HIP 93053
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 99294
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
| 89
| -
|HIP 96771
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
The Horse constellation is identified with Anzu, a well-known Sumero-Akkadian mythical character (see Kurtik i07 [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]). For what reasons and when exactly in astral mythology Anzu was associated with the Horse, remains unclear. Texts containing this identity date back to the 1st millennium B.C. The absence of the name in lexical texts indicates a rather late origin of the name. On the probable mythological basis of the identification see [CAD A/2, 155; Livingstone 1986, 147-148].

==== III. Symbol. ====
The identification of this constellation with Pegasus suggested by J. Koch (see section IV) '''''(if it took place in reality!?)''''' suggests that at the period when Mesopotamian tradition connected with the stars was known to the Greeks (8-5 cc. BCE) the figure of horse was already considered as its symbol in Mesopotamia. The images of the horse's head on the kudurrus see [Seidl 1968, 145, XXIX; Kurtik 2007, fig. 8].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a39)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = sīsû «Конь» [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 32]; созвездия в области Пегаса (Pegasus) или Кассиопеи (Cassiopeia). ||
|-
| MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 29): MUL ša2 ina GUB3-šu2 GUB-zu mulANŠE.KUR.RA «Звезда, которая стоит с его (т.е. mulUD.KA.DU8.A) левой стороны: Конь» (I i 30) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 27]. «Большой список звезд». mul dim.dugudmušen = mulanše.kur.ra «Птица Анзу = Конь» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:159; Weidner 1959–60, 107:21, 108]; параллель см. [SpTU I, 50:36]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:20. mulanše.kur.ra = dim.dugudmušen «Конь = птица Анзу», см. также [HBA 51:20; Wee 2016, 162–3:20]; параллель см. [SpTU I, 50:36]; тождество в BM 52938: an-zu-u2 = si-su-[u2] [CAD S, 334а]. Dalbanna-текст. §e. mul x [x x x x x x] ˹mul!˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ u mulsim.maḫ 4 mul.meš [x x x x x 2 da]l.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulsag sim.m[aḫ x x x x] x dal.ba.an.na murub4 suḫuš ki-lal-la-an ma[ḫ-ru] «Звезда […] (7 And, β Cas) голова Коня и Ласточка (β,ε Peg): 4 звезды […2 ин]тервала, интервал. Голова Ласточ[ки …] x интервал. Середина (и?) основание, оба пер[вые].» [Walker 1995, 36; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48, 61], mulx [x x] = mulz[ap-pi šaḫ]? «Щетина Свиньи» (7 And), [x x x x] = [multir.an.na]? «[Радуга]» (β Cas), ˹mul!˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ = (β Peg), mulsim.maḫ = (ω Psc), mulsag sim.m[aḫ] = (ε Peg). В астрологическом комментарии: eq(TUG!)-bu ša2 mulANŠE.KUR.RA «Копыто Лошади» [ACh Ištar, 34:19; CAD S, 334a]. ||
|-
|II. Божество.
Созвездие Конь отождествлялось с Анзу, известным персонажем шумеро-аккадских мифов (см. i07dIM.DUGUDmušen). Вследствие каких причин и когда именно в астральной мифологии Анзу был связан с Конем, остается невыясненным. Тексты, содержащие это тождество, относятся к I тыс. до н.э. Отсутствие названия в лексических текстах свидетельствует о достаточно позднем его происхождении. О вероятной мифологической основе отождествления см. [CAD A/2, 155; Livingstone 1986, 147–148].

III. Символ.

Предполагаемое Й.Кохом (см. раздел IV) отождествление данного созвездия с Пегасом (если, конечно, оно имело место в действительности!?) наводит на мысль, что в период, когда месопотамская традиция, связанная со звездами, стала известна грекам (VIII–V вв. до н.э.), фигура коня уже считалась его символом в Месопотамии. Изображения головы коня на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 145, XXIX; Куртик 2007, рис. 8].

IV. Отождествление.

= Equuleus [Gössmann 1950, 32; Weidner 1957–59, 79a];

= α, β, γ, δ+ Cassiopeiae (?) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 138];

= β, η, ι, κ, λ, μ Pegasi [Koch 1995, 61, Anm. 20];

= часть Кассиопеи (Cassiopeia) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C];

= α, β, γ, δ Cassiopeiae [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 273];

= Пегас и Кассиопея [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 71].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Голова Коня, см. dbn-текст.

(2) Копыто Коня, см. выше.
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]

[[Category:Peg]][[Category:Cep]]

ANŠE.KUR.RA

2026-04-08T09:27:14Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulANŠE.KUR.RA (𒀯𒀲𒆳𒊏) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
ANŠE.KUR.RA = ''sisû'' “horse”.

= ''sīsû'' "horse" [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 32, Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023]; a constellation in the vicinity of [[Cepheus]]

(historically also identified with stars in [[Pegasus]] but this is less likely, as it would overlap with other constellations which are given next to it in some texts).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''MUL.APIN.'''
* List of the stars of Enlil (no. 29):
** MUL ''ša2 ina'' GUB3''-šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulANŠE.KUR.RA
** "The star that stands on its (i.e. mulUD.KA.DU8.A) left side: the Horse" (I i 30) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 27].
| MUL.APIN I i 29-32 lists a set of constellations as entourage of the UD.KA.DU8.A-demon: <blockquote>"The asterism which stands at its right side: the Pig, Damu. The asterism which stands at its left side: the Horse. The asterism which stands behind it: The Stag, [...]. The dusky stars which stand in the breast of the Stag: ...". </blockquote>The image of the UD.KA.DU8.A-demon can be attached to the stars because its heel (λ And) and its breast (α Cyg) are well-determined ''ziqpu''-stars. Thus, the Horse and the Pig can be arranged according to the text at the demon's left and right side, squeezed in between the well-defined constellations of [[IKU]], [[APIN]], and [[Anunitu]].[[File:UDKADUHA+.jpg|alt=stellarium map of the area of UD.KA.DUḪ.A|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A and its entourage in Stellarium: The Horse, The Stag, The Pig to its left and right (paintings by Jessica Gullberg 2021). The identification of The Pig is uncertain; it could also be in the area of Delphinus, but as the two stars at the end of Sagitta form a pair like a pig's nose, this orientation was chosen. The terms "left" and "right" are not well defined, especially with regard to a figure that is seen from the side.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* mul dim.dugudmušen = mulanše.kur.ra "
* Anzu bird = Horse". [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:159; Weidner 1959-60, 107:21, 108]; for a parallel see [SpTU I, 50:36].
|[[File:2017-08-01 Lion-headed Imdugud (Anzu) Bird on Top of Two Stags, c. 2500 BC.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Mesopotamia 6000-1500 BC Gallery, British Museum, London, England, UK. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com.]][[File:Middle Assyrian winged horse cylinder seal.png|thumb|Cylinder seal and modern impression: winged horse with claws and horns. Ca. 14th–13th century BCE. Middle Assyrian.]]By the classical period the Horse constellation in Assyria and Babylonia came to be a Greek Pegasus-like figure identified with Sumerian mulIM.DUGUD = ''anzû''. Earlier the IM.DUGUD. mulIM.DUGUD = ''anzû'' although the earlier flying constellation was depicted as a Lion-headed eagle.
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:20.'''
* mulanše.kur.ra = dim.dugudmušen
* "Horse = Anzu bird",
* see also [HBA 51:20; Wee 2016, 162-3:20]; for a parallel see [SpTU I, 50:36]; identity in BM 52938: ''an-zu-u''2 = ''si-su''-[''u''2] [CAD S, 334a].
|
|-
| '''Dalbanna-text.'''
* '''§e.''' mul x [x x x x x x] ˹mul!˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ ''u'' mulsim.maḫ 4 mul.meš [x x x x x 2 da]l.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulsag sim.m[aḫ x x x] x dal.ba.an.na murub4 suḫuš ''ki-lal-la-an ma''[''ḫ-ru'']
* "Asterism [...] (7 And, β Cas) head of Horse and Swallow (β,ε Peg): 4 stars [...2 in]tervals, interval. Swall[ow’s] head x interval. Middle (and?) foundation, both first[s]." [Walker 1995, 36; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48, 61],
* mulx [x x] = mul''z''[''ap-pi šaḫ'']? "Pig’s Bristle" (7 And), [x x x x] = [multir.an.na]? "[Rainbow]" (β Cas), ˹mulǃ˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ = (β Peg), mulsim.maḫ = (ω Psc), mulsag sim.m[aḫ] = (ε Peg).
| These sections of the text remain unclear.
|-
|'''In astrological commentaries:'''
* ''eq''(TUG!)-''bu ša''2 mulANŠE.KUR.RA "Horse's hoof". [ACh Ištar, 34:19; CAD S, 334a].
|
|}
[[File:ANSEKURRA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 123156.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ANŠE.KUR.RA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|Eltanin
|HIP 87833
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.23
|-
|2
|Alderamin
|HIP 105199
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.46
|-
| 3
|Rastaban
|HIP 85670
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.81
|-
|4
|Altais
|HIP 94376
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.07
|-
|5
| Alfirk
|HIP 106032
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.23
|-
|6
|η Cephei
|HIP 102422
|Constellation lines
|3.41
|-
|7
|Grumium
|HIP 87585
| Constellation lines
|3.75
|-
|8
|ι 2 Cygni
| HIP 95853
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.755
|-
|9
|κ Cygni
|HIP 94779
|Constellation lines
|3.76
|-
|10
|ϵ Draconis
| HIP 97433
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.91
|-
|11
|θ Cephei
|HIP 101093
|Constellation lines
|4.22
|-
| 12
|33 Cyg
|HIP 99655
|Inside the Hull
|4.271
|-
|13
|ρ Draconis
|HIP 98702
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|14
|π Draconis
|HIP 95081
| Inside the Hull
| 4.59
|-
|15
| ο Draconis
|HIP 92512
| Inside the Hull
|4.636
|-
|16
|45 Dra
|HIP 90905
|Inside the Hull
|4.761
|-
|17
|ν 2 Draconis
|HIP 85829
|Inside the Hull
| 4.85
|-
| 18
|ν 1 Draconis
|HIP 85819
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.89
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 98073
|Inside the Hull
| 4.96
|-
| 20
|54 Dra
|HIP 94490
|Inside the Hull
|5.003
|-
| 21
|46 Dra
|HIP 91755
|Inside the Hull
|5.02
|-
| 22
| * b Dra A
|HIP 90156
|Inside the Hull
|5.05
|-
| 23
|53 Dra
|HIP 94302
|Inside the Hull
|5.125
|-
|24
|23 Cyg
|HIP 97870
|Inside the Hull
|5.132
|-
|25
| 6 Cep
|HIP 105268
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|26
| 64 Dra
|HIP 98583
|Inside the Hull
|5.27
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 91013
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|28
|51 Dra
|HIP 93713
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|29
|66 Dra
|HIP 98962
|Inside the Hull
|5.408
|-
|30
|49 Dra
|HIP 93340
|Inside the Hull
| 5.513
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 92549
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|32
|AC Dra
|HIP 100261
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|33
|4 Cep
|HIP 102253
|Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 92969
|Inside the Hull
|5.621
|-
|35
|48 Dra
|HIP 92997
|Inside the Hull
| 5.663
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 100357
|Inside the Hull
|5.69
|-
|37
|68 Dra
|HIP 99500
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|38
|DE Dra
| HIP 100221
|Inside the Hull
|5.709
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 91315
|Inside the Hull
|5.74
|-
|40
|ι 1 Cygni
| HIP 95656
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
|41
|Alruba
| HIP 86782
|Inside the Hull
|5.76
|-
|42
| -
|HIP 99663
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
| 43
| -
|HIP 96620
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|44
|V1762 Cyg
|HIP 94013
|Inside the Hull
|5.893
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 97122
|Inside the Hull
|5.899
|-
|46
|CX Dra
|HIP 92133
|Inside the Hull
| 5.9
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 95038
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 100017
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 89047
|Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 91525
| Inside the Hull
|5.992
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 102011
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 97892
|Inside the Hull
|6.058
|-
|53
| -
|HIP 87744
|Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|54
| -
| HIP 91606
|Inside the Hull
|6.091
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 98044
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
| 56
| -
|HR 7075
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 91915
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
| 58
| -
|HIP 98308
| Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 98111
|Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 102216
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 98946
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 91843
|Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 94974
|Inside the Hull
|6.231
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 92731
|Inside the Hull
|6.232
|-
|65
| 65 Dra
|HIP 98658
|Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 91985
|Inside the Hull
|6.259
|-
|67
|55 Dra
|HIP 94140
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 98890
|Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|69
| -
| HIP 97070
|Inside the Hull
| 6.282
|-
|70
| -
| HIP 98872
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 71
| -
|HIP 96164
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 97033
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|73
|CN Dra
| HIP 97326
| Inside the Hull
|6.331
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 90146
|Inside the Hull
|6.352
|-
|75
|V1817 Cyg
| HIP 96003
|Inside the Hull
|6.369
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 95576
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 96316
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 93466
|Inside the Hull
|6.389
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 104788
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 90476
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 100714
|Inside the Hull
|6.441
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 93068
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 102771
|Inside the Hull
|6.451
|-
| 84
| -
|HIP 96297
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
| 85
|V1351 Cyg
|HIP 96919
| Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 102370
| Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
| 87
| -
|HIP 93053
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 99294
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
| 89
| -
|HIP 96771
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
The Horse constellation is identified with Anzu, a well-known Sumero-Akkadian mythical character (see Kurtik i07 [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]). For what reasons and when exactly in astral mythology Anzu was associated with the Horse, remains unclear. Texts containing this identity date back to the 1st millennium B.C. The absence of the name in lexical texts indicates a rather late origin of the name. On the probable mythological basis of the identification see [CAD A/2, 155; Livingstone 1986, 147-148].

==== III. Symbol. ====
The identification of this constellation with Pegasus suggested by J. Koch (see section IV) '''''(if it took place in reality!?)''''' suggests that at the period when Mesopotamian tradition connected with the stars was known to the Greeks (8-5 cc. BCE) the figure of horse was already considered as its symbol in Mesopotamia. The images of the horse's head on the kudurrus see [Seidl 1968. [Seidl 1968, 145, XXIX; Kurtik 2007, fig. 8].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a39)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = sīsû «Конь» [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 32]; созвездия в области Пегаса (Pegasus) или Кассиопеи (Cassiopeia). ||
|-
| MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 29): MUL ša2 ina GUB3-šu2 GUB-zu mulANŠE.KUR.RA «Звезда, которая стоит с его (т.е. mulUD.KA.DU8.A) левой стороны: Конь» (I i 30) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 27]. «Большой список звезд». mul dim.dugudmušen = mulanše.kur.ra «Птица Анзу = Конь» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:159; Weidner 1959–60, 107:21, 108]; параллель см. [SpTU I, 50:36]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:20. mulanše.kur.ra = dim.dugudmušen «Конь = птица Анзу», см. также [HBA 51:20; Wee 2016, 162–3:20]; параллель см. [SpTU I, 50:36]; тождество в BM 52938: an-zu-u2 = si-su-[u2] [CAD S, 334а]. Dalbanna-текст. §e. mul x [x x x x x x] ˹mul!˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ u mulsim.maḫ 4 mul.meš [x x x x x 2 da]l.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulsag sim.m[aḫ x x x x] x dal.ba.an.na murub4 suḫuš ki-lal-la-an ma[ḫ-ru] «Звезда […] (7 And, β Cas) голова Коня и Ласточка (β,ε Peg): 4 звезды […2 ин]тервала, интервал. Голова Ласточ[ки …] x интервал. Середина (и?) основание, оба пер[вые].» [Walker 1995, 36; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48, 61], mulx [x x] = mulz[ap-pi šaḫ]? «Щетина Свиньи» (7 And), [x x x x] = [multir.an.na]? «[Радуга]» (β Cas), ˹mul!˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ = (β Peg), mulsim.maḫ = (ω Psc), mulsag sim.m[aḫ] = (ε Peg). В астрологическом комментарии: eq(TUG!)-bu ša2 mulANŠE.KUR.RA «Копыто Лошади» [ACh Ištar, 34:19; CAD S, 334a]. ||
|-
|II. Божество.
Созвездие Конь отождествлялось с Анзу, известным персонажем шумеро-аккадских мифов (см. i07dIM.DUGUDmušen). Вследствие каких причин и когда именно в астральной мифологии Анзу был связан с Конем, остается невыясненным. Тексты, содержащие это тождество, относятся к I тыс. до н.э. Отсутствие названия в лексических текстах свидетельствует о достаточно позднем его происхождении. О вероятной мифологической основе отождествления см. [CAD A/2, 155; Livingstone 1986, 147–148].

III. Символ.

Предполагаемое Й.Кохом (см. раздел IV) отождествление данного созвездия с Пегасом (если, конечно, оно имело место в действительности!?) наводит на мысль, что в период, когда месопотамская традиция, связанная со звездами, стала известна грекам (VIII–V вв. до н.э.), фигура коня уже считалась его символом в Месопотамии. Изображения головы коня на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 145, XXIX; Куртик 2007, рис. 8].

IV. Отождествление.

= Equuleus [Gössmann 1950, 32; Weidner 1957–59, 79a];

= α, β, γ, δ+ Cassiopeiae (?) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 138];

= β, η, ι, κ, λ, μ Pegasi [Koch 1995, 61, Anm. 20];

= часть Кассиопеи (Cassiopeia) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C];

= α, β, γ, δ Cassiopeiae [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 273];

= Пегас и Кассиопея [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 71].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Голова Коня, см. dbn-текст.

(2) Копыто Коня, см. выше.
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]

[[Category:Peg]][[Category:Cep]]

Mesopotamian (All Terms)

2026-04-08T09:02:13Z

HermannHunger: /* Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}

Cite as: Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online in the IAU-All Skies Encyclopaedia (2021-202x).
----
[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BCE]]

== Introduction ==
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. We translated his unfinished manuscript to English, relaced many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations, titles, translations, hyperlinked all (or most of) the references and are still updating his (largely outdated or indistinguished) astronomical identifications which is a research project on its own within this corpus. Still, some information is missing, as Kurtik passed away while working on it: so, we also try to reconstruct what he had in mind. For now, the beta-version still is undergoing some sorting and restructuring of the Assyriological material. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.
=== Pronunciation ===
Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu2.hun.ga2 and pa.bil2.sag. Each shows a nasalized g of the order of Spanish "señor" (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga2 rather than ga1 (here g as in goat) for lu2.hun.ga2, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

=== Month Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Sumerian
!Sumerian (alternate)
!Akkadian
!Hebrew
|-
|Month I
|ITIBARA2.ZAG(.GAR)
Month (images) placed by throne
|ITI.BAR(.SAG.SAG)
|''Nisānu''
|Nisan נִיסָן
|-
|Month II
|ITI(EZEM.)GU4.SI.SU
Month horned oxen marched forth
|ITI.GU4(.SI.SÁ)
|''Ayyāru''
|Iyar אִייָר‎
|-
|Month III
|ITISIG4.U5.ŠUB.BA.GÁ.GAR
Month the brick is placed in the mold
|ITI.SIG4.A
|''simānu''
|Sivan סִיוָן
|-
|Month IV
|ITIŠU.NUMUN
Month preparing seed
|ITI.ŠU(.NUMUN.A/NA);
ITI.ŠU.GAR.NUMUN.NA
|''Dûzu''
|Tammuz תַּמּוּז
|-
|Month V
|ITINE.IZI.GAR
Month braziers are lit
|ITI.NE(.NE.GAR)
|''Abu''
|Av אָב
|-
|Month VI
|ITIKIN.dINANNA
Month of rectification of Inanna
|ITI.KIN
|''Ulūlu /'' ''Elūlu''
|Elul אֱלוּל
|-
|Month VII
|ITIDU6.KÙ
Month of Sacred Mound
|ITI.DU6/DUL(.KÙ)
|''tašrītu''
|Tishrei תִּשְׁרֵי
|-
|Month VIII
|ITI(GIŠ)APIN.DU8.A
Month the plow is let go
|ITI.APIN(.DU8.A)
|''Arahsamnu''
|(Mar)Cheshvan
מַרְחֶשְׁוָן/חֶשְׁוָן
|-
|Month IX
|ITIGAN.GAN.(MU.)E3
Month when the clouds(?) come out
|ITI.GAN(.GAN.NA)
|''Kisilīmu''
|Kislev כִּסְלֵו
|-
|Month X
|ITIAB.E3
Month of the father
|ITI.AB(.BA.È)
|''ṭebētu''
|Tevet טֵבֵת
|-
|Month XI
|ITIZIZ2.A
Month for emmer
|ITI.ZÍZ(.A.AN)
|''Šabāṭu''
|Shevat שְׁבָט
|-
|Month XII
|ITIŠE.KIN.KU5
Month of the cutting of barley
|ITI.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Ad(d)aru''
|Adar אֲדָר
|-
|Intercalary
Month XIII
|ITIDIRI.ŠE.KIN.KU5 Additional harvest month
|ITI.DIRIG.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Adaru arkû''
|Adar II
אֲדָר שֵׁנִי
|}

== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

* Kurtik, G. (2007):
** Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил
** [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies],
** Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik. The terms we added bear no numbers.

=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
|-
|𒀀
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀀𒂔
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒆪
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|dA.KU]]
|Moon
|Redirect to [[A.GI7|A.GI7]]
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]]
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|-
|𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|
|-
|𒀊𒉆
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]]
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|-
|𒀜𒈨
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|𒈕
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD6]]
|The Corpse
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG2.AN.BUR2]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|𒂆
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|The Crown
|
|-
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']]
|The Crown of Anu
|
|-
|𒀝𒊒
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|Sister
|
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|The Stranger
|
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|dAḪUD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|Alammuš
|
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|Crab
|
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|a19. AL.TAR
|Jupiter, Heroic
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|𒀩
|
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|Sun, Venus
|
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|Crab
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|
|
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|𒀠𒁍
|
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|Bull
|
|-
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4:
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]
|-
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒀫𒄈
|
|a27. AMAR.GIR2
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
*mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
|-
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|a28. *dAMAR.UD -> [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|
|
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|Western asterism
|
|-
|𒀭
|
|a30. [[AN]]
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Andurunna]]''
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky home of gods before Marduk created the heavens, see [Horowitz 1998, 225]
|-
|𒀭𒆠
|
|a31. AN.KI
|
|Merged into [[NUNki|mulNUNki]]
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|a32. AN.ŠU2.TE
|
|Merged into [[AN]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Standing star
|
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|
|-
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|
|a37. [[AN.U2.GI.E|AN.U2.GI.E]]
|Wind demons
|
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|
|a38. AN.ZU
|
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|mul dIM.DUGUDmušen]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIM.DUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|Horse
|
|-
|
|
|a40. d''Antum''
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul d''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) d''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies–the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: d''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|-
|
|
|a41. d''Anum''
|
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|dAnunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|-
|
|
|''Anu-rabû''
|Great Anu
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. d''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|-
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mul[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|𒄑𒀳
|
|a43. [[APIN|giš]] [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|-
|
|
|a44. ''Āribu''
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGAmušen]].
|-
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|Shield
|
|-
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|Month
|
|-
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|𒀸𒈨
|
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Sun, Saturn
|
|-
|
|
|Aya
|
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Baba
|
|dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associtated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|
|b01. dBA.LIM
|
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|-
|
|
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|-
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]]
|Asterism of Dignity
|
|-
|𒁆
|
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|b05. [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|b06. gišBAN
|
|See [[PAN|giš]][[PAN]]
|-
|
|
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|mul / dGAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR3]]
|
|
|-
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|
|-
|𒄵
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|The Kidney
|
|-
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|-
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Buššānītu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|
|d01. [[DA|gišDA]]
|Bull's Jaw
|
|-
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]] (The Great Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|d02. [[DAMU|d''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|
|-
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]]
|Mars; Rooster
|
|-
|𒁲
|
|d05. [[DI]]
|Judgment, sentence
|
|-
|𒀸𒁁
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|𒀸
|
|d07. [[DILI]]
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
|
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|𒀭
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|Deity designation
|
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|Standing Gods
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]]
|Sitting Gods
|variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|
|e01. ''E-pa''2-''e''
|one time use for Jupiter
|probably from ''Šul-pa2-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]]
|Venus
|
|}

=== Page 2 (e04. d''E''2''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|e04. [[E2-a|d''E''2''-a'']]
|Water deity
|
|-
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E2 ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]]
|Enclosure, cattle pen
|
|-
|𒂊𒁺
|
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|Ištar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
|Stag
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]].
|-
|𒂍𒆳
|
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E2-kur'')]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN3.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations

* (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and
* (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|mulUR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|Water deity
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|d''En-lil'']]2
|Supreme deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]
|Primordial deity; Lord of all me
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|
|e12. [[EN.MUL|dEN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|
|-
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|-
|
|
|e14. ''Enzu''
|
|see [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|-
|
|
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|d''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|ki]]
|
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Wagon
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]]
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|e20. [[Erra|d''Erra'']]
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|
|e21. [[Erragal|d''Erragal'']]
|Great Erra
|
|-
|
|
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|mulTE8/TI8mušen]] "Eagle"
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|Deity
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂵𒂵
|
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|Mercury, Deity
|
|-
|𒃮
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|Breast
|
|-
|
|
|g03. 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|The Circle
|
|-
|𒆛
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|The Crook
|
|-
|
|
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|
|An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM3]], merged.
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|g08. [[GAN2.UR3|giš]][[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|The Harrow
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|The Lady of Life
|
|-
|𒌉
|
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|Saturn; "Constant"
|
|-
|𒄀𒄀
|
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|-
|𒈪
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI6]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|
|-
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|
|g13. [[GIBIL6|dGIBIL6]]
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|
|-
|𒈪𒉭
|
|g14. [[GIG]]
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|-
|𒄑𒇀
|
|g15. [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]
|The Chariot
|
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|The Furrow
|
|-
|𒄈
|
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2]]
|The Scorpion
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|-
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]]
|Heavenly Sword
|
|-
|𒄈𒋰
|
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|The Scorpion
|
|-
|𒄊
|
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR3]]
|Leg (Paw)
|
|-
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁇
|
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|Mars; Mercury
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|-
|
|
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|𒄑𒆲
|
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|Thigh
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN2]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|Enraged Goat (?)
|
|-
|𒄖
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|Great, Giant
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|
|g28. GU2.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄘𒄬
|
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU2.ḪAL]]
|(Star) Throat
|
|-
|𒄘𒄯
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU2.MUR]]
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄞
|
|g31. GU4
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|𒄞𒄋
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= d''Kusarikku''
|-
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|The Heavenly Bull
|
|-
|𒄞𒌓
|
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]]
|Bull of the Sun
|
|-
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|
|g35. [[Gula|d''Gula'']]
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒆸
|
|g36. [[GUR4|GUR4]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|mul lúSA.GAZ]]
|-
|𒀭𒈗
|
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|-
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|d''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|-
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'']]
|The Asterism of Abundance
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]]
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]] to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|
|-
|𒅆𒌨
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|
|-
|𒈝𒁀
|
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|-
|𒂠
|
|h10. ḪUN
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA2
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]
|
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|
|
|-
|𒃷
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|The Field
|Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|𒀭𒅎
|
|i06. [[IM|dIM]]
|Storm Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
|
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]
|(Bird) Anzû
|
|-
|𒅎𒄀
|
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|The Furnace
|
|-
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]
|The Seven Gods
|
|-
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒈹
|
|i13. [[INANNA|dINANNA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI4.IL]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒄑𒇷
|
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' 
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|}

=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|
|i17. [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]
|Scorpius
|
|-
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|i18. [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']]
|Venus; Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|
|i19. [[Ištaran|d''Ištaran'']]
|Deity; The Snake
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒅗
|
|k01. [[KA]]
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU8]]
|Portable Altar
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒅗𒆟
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ2]]
|The Knot
|
|-
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]]
|Obliterator
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|-
|
|
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒈜𒀀
|
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|The Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|-
|𒆕𒉼
|
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|The Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|(Types of) Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]]
|Arrow
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|The Dog
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|-
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|The Kidney
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]]
|
|
|-
|𒆜𒌓
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|The Path of the Sun
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|𒆥𒍮
|
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|Knee, shin
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|The Circle
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|-
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|
|-
|𒈩
|
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]
|Hand
|
|-
|𒆤𒌓
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|
|-
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|k23. *KU.RU.NA
|
|To be read [[Andurunna]] - cosmic region and divine name - see Horowitz MCG 225
|-
|𒄩
|
|k24. [[KU6|KU6]]
|The Fish
|
|-
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]] ''
|Shoulder
|
|-
|𒆲
|
|k26. [[KUN]]
|Tail
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUNme(š)]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|mulSIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.Amušen]]
|Chicken
|
|-
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|lu2KUR2.RA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|d''Kusarikkum'']]
|Buffalo
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|
|
|Kusu
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|𒆵
|
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]]
|Water animal
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|
|L02. dLA.KU.DU
|Mercury
|read mul''šu!-ku-du'', i.e. 'The Arrow' = Mercury, merged into [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒆗
|
|L03. [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]
|The She-Goat
|
|-
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|
|L05. [[Lātarāk|d''Lātarāk'']]
|The Lion
|
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|-
|𒇻
|
|L08. LU
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇻𒅆
|
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|
|-
|𒇻𒈦
|
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇽
|
|L11. LU2
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|dLU2.LAL3]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|-
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|(Asterism) Garment
|
|-
|𒈗
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|King
|
|-
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|-
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]]
|Mighty Lord
|
|-
|
|
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒈜𒆷
|
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|False (Lying) Star
|
|-
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|Evil Star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|-
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|gišMA2.DIRI.GA]]
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|-
|𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋
|
|m03. ''[[Makrû]]''
|Mars; Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|m04. [[MAN]]
|Sun God, Šamaš
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒈠
|
|m05. [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']]
|Strange Star
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈
|
|m06. ''[[TIR.AN.NA|Manzât]]''
|Rainbow
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[TIR.AN.NA]], Rainbow
|-
|𒈥
|
|m07. [[MAR]]
|Wagon (shortened form)
|
|-
|𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕
|
|m08. [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]]
|Wagon
|
|-
|𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾
|
|m09. [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]]
|The Wagon of Heaven
|
|-
|𒈥𒌅
|
|m10. [[MAR.TU]]
|Western Star
|
|-
|
|
|Mār-bīti
|
|“Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL ''šá'' dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌
|
|m11. [[Marduk|d''Marduk'']]
|Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
|
|-
|𒈥𒊏𒌈
|
|m12. ''[[Marratu]]''
|Rainbow
|
|-
|𒈦
|
|m13. [[MAŠ.MAŠ|MAŠ]]
|
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈦𒀀𒋾
|
|m14. [[Maš-a-ti|''Maš''-''a-ti'']]
|Pair of Stars (general)
|
|-
|𒈦𒈦)
|
|m15. [[MAŠ.MAŠ]]
|The Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀
|
|m16. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲
|
|m17. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉
|
|m18. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]
|Small Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|m20. ''[[GAN2.UR3|Maškakātu]]''
|The Harrow
|Akkadian parallel to [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|-
|𒈠𒀀𒋗
|
|m21. ''[[MAŠ.MAŠ|Māšū]]''
|Gemini
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈧
|
|m22. [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]]
|Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
|
|-
|
|
|m23. ME.GAR
|Jupiter
|abbreviation for [[SAG.ME.GAR]], merged there
|-
|𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀
|
|m24. [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]]
|Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚
|
|m25. ''[[mišḫu]]''
|Radiance
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|m26. [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|The radiance of Pabilsag
|
|-
|
|
|[[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU]]
|
|abbreviation for [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕
|
|m27. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|(Bound/hitched) yoke
|
|}

=== Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA to p07. ''Puššaītu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|m28. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒀯
|
|m29. [[MUL]]
|Star, luminary
|
|-
|𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀
|
|m30. [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]]
|Venus; The dominant star of the sky
|
|-
|𒀯𒀭𒈾
|
|m31. [[MUL.AN.NA]]
|Moon deity; Celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒃲
|
|m32. [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]]
|Big celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒆠𒃲
|
|m33. [[MUL.KI.GAL]]
|Venus; Star of the great earth
|
|-
|𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅
|
|m34. [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']]
|Reliable stars
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯
|
|m35. [[MUL.MUL]]
|Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯𒆷
|
|m36. [[MUL.MUL.LA]]
|Arrow
|or: ''mulmullu''. “arrow”: see [[KAK.SI.SA2|GAG.SI.SÁ]].
|-
|𒋼
|
|m37. [[MUL2|MUL2]]
|Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒋼𒌓
|
|m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|Jupiter; White Star
|
|-
|𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|m39. [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Stars (for) counting
|"normal stars"
|-
|𒌌
|
|m40. [[MUL4|MUL4]]
|Star, constellation
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|
|
|m41. [[MULx|MULx]]
|
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌘
|
|m42. [[MURUB4|MURUB4]]
|Middle (part)
|
|-
|𒈲
|
|m43. [[MUŠ]]
|Snake
|
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|m44. [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ]]
|Ferocious serpent
|
|-
|
|
|[[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)''mušḫuššu'']]
|
|see (Kurtik m44)
|-
|𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵
|
|m45. [[MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA]]
|
|Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in [[ALLA]] ([[Cancer]])
|-
|𒄷
|
|m46. [[MUŠEN]]
|The Bird
|
|-
|𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻
|
|m47. ''[[Muštarīlu]]''
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈿
|
|n01. [[NA2|NA2]]
|Jupiter; Bed-star
|
|-
|𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾
|
|n02. [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]
|Mercury; Deity of wisdom
|
|-
|𒉄
|
|n03. [[NAGAR]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|n04. ''[[KUR2.RA|Nakaru]]''
|Enemy, Stranger
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[KUR2.RA|KUR2.RA]]
|-
|
|
|n05. ''[[NU.MUŠ.DA|Nammaššû]]''
|Herds of (wild) animals
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋀𒆠
|
|n06. [[NANNA|dNANNA]]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|
|
|n07. ''[[GIGIR|Narkabtu]]''
|The Chariot
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIGIR|mul gišGIGIR]], "Chariot"
|-
|𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍
|
|n08. ''[[Naṣrapu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|n09. ''[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|Nattullu]]''
|Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|-
|
|
|n10. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|''Nattullu'' ''arkīti'']]
|Back of the Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|-
|𒉈
|
|n11. [[NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒃻
|
|n12. [[NE.GAR]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻
|
|n13. [[NE.GI.IZI.GAR]]
|Torch of Girra
|
|-
|𒉈𒉈𒃻
|
|n14. [[NE.NE.GAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒁉𒊒
|
|n15. ''[[Nēberu]]''
|Ferry, ford, crossing
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑
|
|n16. ''[[Nebû]]''
|Brilliant star
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|n17. ''[[UR.NIG|Nēltu]]''
|Lioness
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.NIG]]
|-
|𒀭𒌋𒄥
|
|n18. [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']]
|Deity of the underworld
|
|-
|
|
|n19. ''[[UR.MAH|Nēšu]]''
|The Lion
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.MAḪ]]
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙
|
|n20. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
|A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀
|
|n21. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] '' ''
|(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
|
|-
|𒉎𒍪
|
|n22. [[NI2.ZU|NI2.ZU]]
|Thief
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒆠
|
|n23. [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]]
|Star of Elam
|
|-
|
|
|n24. ''[[UD.KA.DU8.A|Nimru]]''
|Panther
|Akkadian parallel to [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪
|
|n25. [[NIN.A.ZU|dNIN.A.ZU]]
|Deity; Lord who knows water
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾
|
|n26. [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]]
|Ištar; Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|gišNÍNDA
|
|= ''ittû'' “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢
|
|n27. [[NIN.GIR2.SU|dNIN.GIR2.SU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊
|
|n28. [[NIN.GIR3|dNIN.GIR3]]
|Lord of strength
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕
|
|n29. [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]
|Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺
|
|n30. [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Ningublaga
|
|Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾
|
|n31. [[NIN.GUL.TI]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛
|
|n32. [[NIN.KA.SI]]
|(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷
|
|n33. [[NIN.KILIM]]
|Mongoose
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒆤
|
|n34. [[NIN.LIL2|NIN.LIL2]]
|Deity; Lady of the Air
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒈤
|
|n35. [[NIN.MAḪ]]
|Deity; Foremost lady
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯
|
|n36. [[NIN.MUL|dNIN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lady Stars
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕
|
|n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA
|Deity; Lady of the great stars
|occurs in one text only, '''Text K. 2054.''' "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀
|
|n38. [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]
|Deity; Lady of the red star
|
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
|Deity
|Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒊬
|
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
|
|n41. [[NIN.SI4|NIN.SI4]]
|Red Lady
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾
|
|n42. [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]]
|Red Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁
|
|n43. [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]
|Agriculture deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷
|
|n44. [[Niraḫ|d''Niraḫ'']]
|Snake deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒄿𒊒
|
|n45. ''[[Nīru]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍑𒀀𒂠
|
|n46. [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒊨𒅇
|
|n47. [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒈨𒀀
|
|n48. [[NU.ME.A]]
|(Star of) nothingness
|
|-
|𒉡𒈲𒁕
|
|n49. [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|n50. [[NUNki|NUNki]]
|
|
|-
|𒉣𒉽𒉽
|
|n51. [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉣𒈨
|
|n52. [[NUN.ME]]
|(Star)-Sage
|
|-
|𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀
|
|n53. [[NUN.SAR.A|dNUN.SAR.A]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒉡
|
|n54. ''[[Nūnu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒌆
|
|n55. [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|p01. PA
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒉼
|
|[[PAN]]
|Bow
|
|-
|𒉺𒉈
|
|p02. PA.BIL
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|p03. d[[PA.BIL.SAG]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|p04. ''[[AD6|Pagru]]''
|Body, corpse
|see a06. [[AD6|AD6]]
|-
|𒀭𒉽𒈛
|
|p05. [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]
|Messenger deity
|
|-
|𒉿𒍮𒌑
|
|p06. ''[[Peṣû]]''
|
|see m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|-
|𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈
|
|p07. ''[[Puššānītu|Puššanītu]]''
|
|
|}

=== Page 5 (q01. ''Qaštu'' to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|
|
|q01. ''Qaštu''
|Bow
| rowspan="2" |merged into [[PAN|mulPAN]] as it occurs only in lexical lists
|-
|
|
|''Qaštum Elamātum''
|Elamite Bow
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊏𒁍𒌑
|
|r01. ''[[GU.LA|Rabû]]''
|Great (man)
|Akkadian parallel to [[GU.LA]] - should just be a link to GU.LA
|-
|𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈
|
|r02. ''[[GIŠ.KUN|Rapaštu]]''
|Thigh
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|-
|𒊐𒁍
|
|r03. ''[[Rappu]]''
|Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒊑𒅆𒁁
|
|r04. [[RI.ŠI.BE]]
|
|
|-
|𒈩𒌓
|
|r05. ''[[KIŠIB|Rittu]]''
|Hand
|Akkadian parallel to mul[[KIŠIB]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒇽𒌑𒄤
|
|s01. [[SA.GAZ|lu2]][[SA.GAZ]]
|Bandit, Outlaw
|
|-
|𒌑𒊑
|
|s02. [[SA.RI]]
|Wild Cat
|
|-
|𒄷𒈿
|
|s03. [[(MUL) SA4|SA4]]
|(Star) with great brilliance
|
|-
|𒋛𒀀
|
|s04. [[SA5|SA5]]
|Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺
|
|s05. [[SAG.DU]]
|Head, top, upper part
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|s06. SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA
|Lion's head
|merged into (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
|
|s07. [[SAG.DU3.A|SAG.DU3.A]]
|Triangle
|?
|-
|𒊕𒋻
|
|s08. [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]]
|First in (making) decisions
|
|-
|𒊕𒈨𒃻
|
|s09. [[SAG.ME.GAR]]
|Jupiter
|var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
|-
|𒊕𒍑
|
|s10. [[SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
|
|-
|𒊩𒀀𒂠
|
|s11. [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus; (Star for) Women
|
|-
|𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵
|
|s12. [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]]
|Venus; (Star of) Woman
|
|-
|𒊬𒀀
|
|s13. [[SAR.A]]
|
|
|-
|𒊬𒄷𒋛
|
|s14. [[SAR.U5|SAR.U5]]
|
|
|-
|𒊓𒅈𒊒
|
|s15. ''[[LUL.LA|Sarru]]''
|False (Lying) Star
|Akkadian parallel to [[LUL.LA]]
|-
|
|
|''Sebettu''
|
|“The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀
|
|s16. [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; growing(?) horn
|
|-
|𒋛
|
|SI
|
|= ''qarnu''. “horn”: see [[GIR2.TAB|mulGÍR.TAB]].
|-
|𒋜
|
|s17. [[SI4|SI4]]
|Red, Lisi
|Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 [[LI9.SI4|mul / dLI9.SI4]]
|-
|𒅊
|
|s18. [[SIG7|SIG7]]
|Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
|
|-
|𒋆𒈤
|
|s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|Swallow
|
|-
|𒀭𒌍
|
|s20. [[Sîn|d''Sîn'']]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻
|
|s21. SIPA
|True Shepherd of Anu
|merged into (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|True Shepherd of Heaven
|
|-
|𒋀𒌍𒉡
|
|''[[Sissinnu]]''
|Frond, branch
|
|-
|𒋦
|
|s23. SUḪUR
|Goat-Fish
|merged into (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|s24. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|The Goat-Fish
|
|-
|
|
|s25. ''[[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|Suḫurmāšu]]''
|
|Akkadian parallel to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌
|
|ts01. ''[[Ṣalbatānu|Ṣal]]''
|abbreviation
|merged into ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|-
|𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡
|
|ts02. ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|Mars
|
|-
|𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑
|
|ts03. [[Ṣallummû|Ṣ''allummu'']]
|Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
|
|-
|𒍝𒊑𒊒
|
|ts04. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA|Ṣ''āriru'']]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|Akkadian parallel to [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒇡𒊒
|
|ts05. [[Ṣarru|Ṣ''arru'']]
|Sparkling (star)
|
|-
|𒀫𒊒)
|
|ts06. [[Ṣurru|Ṣ''urru'']]
|Obsidian star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠
|
|sh01. [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]]
|(Star) for the uterus
|
|-
|𒋚
|
|sh02. [[ŠAḪ]]
|The Pig
|
|-
|
|
|''Šala''
|
|Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la ''šubu-ul-tu''4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|sh03. [[Šamaš|d''Šamaš'']]
|Sun god
|
|-
|𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠
|
|sh04. ''[[Šanûmma]]''
|Strange (star)
|
|-
|𒄭𒄤
|
|sh05. [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒄭𒌴
|
|sh06. [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒊺𒇷𒁍
|
|sh07. ''[[KA5.A|Šēlebu]]''
|The Fox
|Akkadian parallel to [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|-
|𒅆𒁍𒌑
|
|sh08. ''[[Šību]]''
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒅆𒄴𒂅
|
|sh09. ''[[Šiḫṭu|Šiḫtu]]''
|Mercury, Mars; Leap
|
|-
|𒋻𒉺
|
|sh10. [[(MUL2) šil PA|''šil'' PA]]
|Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
|
|-
|𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷
|
|sh11. ''[[Šiltāḫu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓
|
|sh12. [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|
|
|sh13. ''Šinūnūtu''
|
|see s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|-
|
|
|sh14. ''Šitadallu''
|
|see s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒋗
|
|sh15. [[ŠU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|''[[šubtu]]''
|
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
|-
|
|
|''šubultu''(''m'')
|
|“ear (of grain)”: see Šala
|-
|𒋗𒄀
|
|sh16. [[ŠU.GI]]
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒋗𒉺
|
|sh17. [[ŠU.PA]]
|Magnificent, brilliant
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈
|
|sh18. [[ŠUDUN]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|sh19. [[ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA|ŠUDUN ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲
|
|sh20. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾
|
|sh21. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻
|
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|mul[[ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MA|ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MAki]]
|
|
|-
|𒋗𒆪𒁺
|
|sh23. ''[[Šukūdu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒂄𒄀
|
|sh24. [[ŠUL.GI|dŠUL.GI]]
|Shulgi
|
|-
|𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺
|
|sh25. [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|A youngster appears with brilliance
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|sh26. ''[[Šullat]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|t01. [[Tak-ša2-a-ti|''Tak-ša''2''-a-tu2'']]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|... [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀
|
|t02. [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; Sparkling
|
|-
|𒋾𒅅𒁍
|
|t03. ''[[Tikpu]]''
|Spot, speckled
|
|-
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|
|t04. ''Tinūru''
|Furnace
|see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|-
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
|
|t05. [[TIR.AN.NA]]
|Rainbow
|
|-
|
|
|''Tišpak''
|
|Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
|-
|𒀭𒌅𒌅
|
|t06. [[TU.TU|dTU.TU]]
|Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
|
|-
|
|
|gišTUKUL
|
|= kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬
|
|t07. ''[[Tūʼamū]]''
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍
|
|t08. [[Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ|''Tūʼamū'' GAL.MEŠ]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒌋𒌆𒌈
|
|t09. ''[[Tūltu]]''
|Worm, larva
|
|-
|𒉣𒇬
|
|t10. [[TUR3|TUR3]]
|Venus; Corral
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒌋𒊑𒊑
|
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒌓𒉌𒇷
|
|u02. [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]]
|Venusl Star of radiance/morning
|
|-
|𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔
|
|u03. [[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]]
|
|
|-
|𒇇
|
|u04. [[U8|U8]]
|Ewe
|= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|u05. [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|Jupiter; Heroic
|
|-
|𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀
|
|u06. [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|Demon with the Gaping Mouth
|var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A
|}

=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒇻𒁁
|
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGAmušen]]
|Raven
|
|-
|
|
|[[UG5.GA|UG5.GA]]
|Mars, Raven?
|
|-
|𒌌
|
|u12. [[UL]]
|(Shooring) Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌢
|
|u13. [[UMBIN]]
|
|
|-
|𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈
|
|u14. ''[[ummulūtu]]''
|Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
|
|-
|𒌦𒉡𒌓
|
|u15. ''[[unnutu]]''
|Dim star
|
|-
|𒌨
|
|u16. [[UR]]
|Leo; The Lion
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒌨𒀀
|
|u17. [[UR.A]]
|Leo; The Lion
|UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]] in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].
|-
|𒌨𒁇𒊏
|
|u18. [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|Wolf
|
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|u19. [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|u20. [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁
|
|u21. [[UR.IDIM]]
|Mad Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒈤
|
|u22. [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|u23. [[UR.NIG]]
|Lioness
|
|-
|𒌨𒆪
|
|[[UR.GI7|UR.KU]]
|The Dog
|now read UR.GI7
|-
|𒌫𒆲
|
|u24. [[UR2.KUN|UR2.KUN]]
|Hip, Pelvis
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁𒈬
|
|u25. ''[[Uridimmu|Ur(i)dimmu]]''
|Mad Dog
|see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|u26. ''Ur-um'' AN.NA
|Celestial Light
|see (Kurtik b13) [[BURRUM AN.NA|BURRUM]] [[BURRUM AN.NA|AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
|
|u27. [[USAN2.PA.SIKIL|dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL]]
|Venus; Goddess of the Stars
|
|-
|𒌑𒋩𒋾
|
|u28. ''[[Uṣurtu]]''
|Drawing, Image
|
|-
|𒅜𒍪
|
|u29. [[UŠ12.ZU|UŠ12.ZU]]
|Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
|
|-
|𒀭𒌓
|
|u30. [[UTU|dUTU]]
|Sun deity
|
|-
|𒍚
|
|u31. [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|Goat
|
|-
|𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷
|
|z01. [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]]
|Warlike deity
|
|-
|𒍠𒃻
|
|z02. [[ZAG.GAR]]
|Consort of the Lady of the plains
|
|-
|𒈽𒀖𒁍
|
|z03. ''[[Zappu]]''
|Stubble (Mane)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈
|
|z04. [[Zapānītu|d''Za(r)pānītu'']] ''/''
''Zerpānītu''
|Deity, wife of Marduk
|
|-
|𒍝𒊒𒌑
|
|z05. ''[[Zarû]]''
|Drawbar, Cart pole
|
|-
|𒍣
|
|z06. ZI
|
|see [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
|
|z07. [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒍦𒈨
|
|z08. [[ZIB|ZIBme]]
|Tails
|
|-
|𒀭𒍨
|
|z09. [[ZIB2|dZIB2]]
|Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|
|z10. ''Zibānītum''
|Balance
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍨𒁍
|
|z11. ''[[Ziqpu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|
|z12. ''Zuqaqīpu''
|Scorpius
|see [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|}

=== Acknowledgements ===
Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

* David Hilder
* Euin Choung Kim
* Roland Laffitte
* Youngjea Lee
* Jan Safford

[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AN.U2.GI.E

2026-04-08T09:00:12Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{distinguish|UGA}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAN.U2.GI.E}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulAN.U2.GI.E (𒀯𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊) is a Mesopotamian term. Probably to be read MUL d''u''2-''ge-e.'' Akkadian to be read ''ugu'u'' or ''ugû'', and so perhaps to be connected with wind-demons (see CAD U/W 40 ''ugu'u''). This name has been confused with mul[[UGA|UG(G)A]] , 'translation, identification,' in the past but is located in a completely different area of the sky.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul d''u''2-''ge-e''(?); star or constellation [Gössmann 1950, 28; Horowitz 2014, 222].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Incantation'''
* Ugu'u , I am Pazuzu, son of Ḫanbi, king of the evil wind demons (see CAD U/W 40 ''ugu'u'')
|
|-
|'''List of 12 stars of Ea.'''
* mulAN.U2.GI.E (text 82-5-22,512) [CT 33, 9:17; HBA, 104; Horowitz 1998, 176].
* located between The Fish (PsA) and the Rooster (Lep).
|[[File:BetweenRooster+Fish MULAPINstellarium.jpg|thumb|Between Rooster and Fish in the Mesopotamian uranography is half of the southern sky, as the Rooster rises when the Fish sets. ]]
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* mulAN.U2.GI.E is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Abu, see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
|
|}
'''Previous Identification.'''

= β Cet [Donbaz and Koch 1995, 75]. '''(probably wrong)'''
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a37)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mul du2-ge-e(?); звезда или созвездие [Gössmann 1950, 28; Horowitz 1998, 176].
I. Источники.

Список 12 звезд Эа. mulAN.U2.GI.E (текст 82-5-22,512) [CT 33, 9:17; HBA, 104; Horowitz 1998, 176]. Текст Nv. 10. mulAN.U2.GI.E — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце абу, см. g06GAM3.

II. Отождествление.

= β Cet [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 75].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

AN.TA.ŠUR.RA

2026-04-08T08:57:39Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Pleiades and Venus in blue dawn 2020.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Pleiades and Venus in blue twilight (not dusk, but similar); CC-By SMH.]]
AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA (𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏) with variants AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA, AN.TA.ŠUR.RA), Akkadian equivalent: (mul)''Ṣāriru'' (𒍝𒊑𒊒)'','' "sparkling (flaring) star"''.'' These terms refer to bright phenomena in ancient Mesopotamia. The syllabic spelling mainly occurs in lexical texts, the term was used to refer to meteors and "shooting stars".

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Nv. 10 rev. gives two variant readings AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA and AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA, both paired with AN.TA.GUB. LBAT 1502 has AN.TA.GUB with AN.TA.ŠUR.RA. As the sign ŠUR is the same as SUR, this means that the two terms ''antasurra'' and ''antašurra'' cannot be completely differentiated. However, we take the examples in Nv. 10 and LBAT 1502 to refer to a group of stars that tentatively have been identified as stars that appear at dusk as opposed to AN.TA.GUB.BA that appear at dawn (see Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 217-219).

Variant:

* MUL AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA, AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA "Star flashing overhead"; a special category of stars which were visible in the east immediately after sunset, marking the beginning of the night [Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref>, 55-56; Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":0">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>]. ŠU2 = ''rabû'', (sun)set (CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> R 50-51 ''rabû'' B).

Var. readings:

* (MUL) AN.TA.ŠUR.RA = ''ṣāriru'' "sparkling (flashing) star";
* term for meteors or "shooting stars" [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 10; Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 36];
* mulAN.TA.ŠUR.RA = ''kakkab eliš ṣāriru'' "the star above flashing" [Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 164].

{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|
==== a36. (MUL) AN.TA.ŠUR.RA (22) ====
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10'''.

* A Neo-Assyrian text from Nineveh in which for each month the constellations belonging to the category AN.TA.GUB.BA and AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA are listed [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":0" />]'''''.'''''
|AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA are categories of stars without any specific identification
|-
|'''LBAT 1502 obv'''.

* List of the stars AN.TA.GUB.BA and AN.TA.ŠUR.RA and corresponding ''ziqpu''-star culminations. To the category AN.TA.ŠUR.RA in the preserved part of the tablet: mulGU, mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4, mulKU6, mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4, dšar2-ur4 and dšar2-gaz, mulKUN.MEŠ(?), mulLUGAL (see related articles) [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":0" />, 75-77].
|AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA are categories of stars without any specific identification
|-
|
==== a34. (MUL) AN.TA.SUR.RA (21) ====
|
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''.

* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: [mulan.ta].sur.ra [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 133 col. ix 4], mulan.ta.sur.ra [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 143 col. x 25].
* (2) Series Urra XXII: mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''ṣa-ri-ru'' [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 31 Gap j:a; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, VAT 9430:22], mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''ṣa-ri-ri'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 54; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref name=":3">Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:311′], and [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, v 30(?)].
|in this text "an.ta.sur.ra" is a bright object that cannot be identified
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 2, III 6, 6b, XIX 1-2].
|
|-
|"'''Reports'''."
See [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref> 76 r. 1, 381:1, 4].
|
|-
|"'''The Great Star List'''."

* '''(1)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = dšullat ''u'' dḫaniš "Antasurra = Šullat and Haniš",
* '''(2)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = dutu "Antasurra = Sun",
* '''(3)''' mulan.ta.sur. ra = ''me-šiḫ'' mul "Antasurra = transient star" (bright meteor),
* '''(4)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag "Antasurra = the Glow (Flash?) of Pabilsag" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:139-142].
|again, something bright without any specific identification:
These include the Sun-god, the center of the Milky Way Galaxy as seen in PA.BIL.SAG (Sagittarius), or other southern stars.
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identification. ====
 In the texts of Nv. 10 and LBAT 1502, according to Koch's interpretation, the term mulAN.TA.ŠU2.UR/ŠUR.RA = ‘(der) oben aufleuchtende(r) Stern’ refers to stars that rose before sunset, became visible at the end of civil twilight, and set before sunrise in the corresponding month [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 72, 76]; see also [Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref> 55-57].

==== Astrology. ====
 (1) mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ''ana'' IM ZI.GA "The shining star for the rising wind." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 6].

 (2) mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ''ma-diš'' SA5 A.KAL ''uṣ-ṣa-pa'' "The shining star is very red: the flood will increase." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 6b]; for parallels see [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XIX 1-2 + Parallels; SAA 9 381:1-2].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== (a36.) (MUL) AN.TA.ŠUR.RA (22) ===
вар.: MUL AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA «Звезда, вспыхивающая наверху»; особая категория звезд, которые были видны на востоке непосредственно после захода Солнца, отмечая начало ночи [Hunger-Pingree 1999 55–56; Donbaz–Koch 1995].

I. Источники.

'''''Текст Nv. 10'''''. Новоассирийский текст из Ниневии, в котором на каждый месяц приведены созвездия, относящиеся к категории AN.TA.GUB.BA и AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA [Donbaz-Koch 1995]. '''''LBAT 1502 obv'''''. Список звезд AN.TA.GUB.BA и AN.TA.ŠUR.RA и соответствующих кульминаций ''ziqpu''-звезд. К категории AN.TA.ŠUR.RA в сохранившейся части таблички отнесены: mulGU, mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4, mulKU6, mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4, d''šar''2-''ur''4 и d''šar''2-''gaz'', mulKUN.MEŠ(?), mulLUGAL (см. соотв. статьи) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 75–77].

II. Отождествление.

В текстах Nv. 10 и LBAT 1502, согласно интерпретации Коха, термин mulAN.TA.ŠU2.UR/ŠUR.RA = «(der) oben aufleuchtende(r) Stern» относится к звездам, которые восходили перед заходом Солнца, становились видны в конце гражданских сумерек и заходили перед восходом Солнца в соответствующий месяц [Koch 1995, 72, 76]; см. также [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 55–57].||Example
|-
|
=== (a34.) (MUL) AN.TA.SUR.RA (21) ===
вар. чтения: (MUL) AN.TA.ŠUR.RA; = ''ṣāriru'' «Сверкающая (вспыхивающая) звезда»; термин для обозначения метеоров или «падающих звезд» [BPO 2, 10; Gössman 1950, 36]; mulAN.TA.ŠUR.RA = ''kakkab eliš ṣāriru'' «Звезда наверху вспыхивающая» [Chadwick 1993, 164].

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: [mulan.ta].sur.ra [MSL XI, 133 col. ix 4], mulan.ta.sur.ra [ibid., 143 col. x 25]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''ṣa-ri-ru'' [MSL XI, 31 Gap j:a; Weidner 1959–60, VAT 9430:22], mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''ṣa-ri-ri'' [SpTU III, 114A v 54; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:311′], а также [ibid., v 30(?)]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, II 2, III 6, 6b, XIX 1–2]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 8, 76 r. 1, 381:1, 4]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = d''šullat u'' d''ḫaniš'' «Антасурра = Шуллат и Ханиш», '''(2)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = dutu «Антасурра = Солнце», '''(3)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''me-šiḫ'' mul «Антасурра = вспышка звезды», '''(4)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag «Антасурра = Сияние (Вспышка?) Пабилсага» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:139–142].

II. Отождествление.

(1) Метеор, падающая звезда [Chadwick 1993, 164].

(2) Часть созвездия Пабилсаг: [mu]lAN.TA.SUR.RA / ''mi-ši-iḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG «Антасурра = ''mišḫu'' Пабилсага» [SAA 8, 381:4–5]; возможно, λ Scorpii и ε Sagittarii [Weidner 1959–60, 107]. См. m26 ''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG.

(3) ''Антасурра — Меркурий внутри Пабилсага''; см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 20.

(4) d''šullat u'' d''ḫaniš'' ― две звезды в созвездии Центавра, см. h03d''Ḫaniš''.

См. также a36AN.TA.ŠUR.RA.

III. Астрология.
(1) mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ''ana'' IM ZI.GA «Сверкающая звезда для восхода ветра» [BPO 2, III 6].

(2) mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ''ma-diš'' SA5 A.KAL ''uṣ-ṣa-pa'' «Сверкающая звезда очень красная: половодье уcилится» [BPO 2, III 6b]; параллели см. [BPO 2, XIX 1–2 + Parallels; SAA 8, 381:1–2].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, ts04)
|
|-
|
=== (mul)''Ṣāriru'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulAN.TA.SUR.RA «Сверкающая (вспыхивающая) звезда»; в основном в лексических текстах, термин использовался для обозначения метеоров и «падающих звезд», см. a34AN.TA.SUR.RA.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AN.TA.GUB

2026-04-07T12:03:52Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAN.TA.GUB}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Mesopotamian term: mulAN.TA.GUB (𒀯𒀭𒋫𒁺; AN.TA.RE6) refers to an asterism in The Scorpion ([[Scorpius]], see also [[Antares|Antares)]]. AN.TA.GUB.BA (𒀯𒀭𒋫𒁺𒁀) refers to an asterism or (larger) group of stars, whereas AN.TA.GUB refers to a single star or small asterism of two or three stars within Scorpius.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
MUL AN.TA.GUB.BA 'The standing star' or 'the star standing aloft' [Hunger and Pingree 1999 55; Donbaz and Koch 1995; Gössmann 1950 34].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Text HS 245 (earlier HS 229, the Hilprecht Text).'''
A Middle-Babylonian text from Nippur, probably a copy of the Old Babylonian original. Content-wise it is a procedural mathematical text in which the distances between eight luminaries are determined, of which the first is the moon, and the others constellations:

* 19 ad dsin mul.mul 17 ad mul.[mul] / mulsipa.an.na 14 ad mulsipa.an.na / mulkak.tag.ga 11 ad mulkak.tag.ga / mulban 9 ad mulban mulšu.pa / 7 ad mulšu.pa mulgir2.tab / 4 ad mulgir2.tab mulan.ta. gub "19 from the Moon to the Star Cluster, 17 from the Star Cluster / to the True Shepherd of Anu, 14 from the True Shepherd of Anu to / the Arrow, 11 from the Arrow / to the Bow, 9 from the Bow to šu.pa / 7 from ŠU.PA to the Scorpion, / 4 from Scorpion to AN.TA.GUB", (Horowitz 2014, 228-229, with previous bibliography 225-226.)

This star-name occurs only one time in ‘The Hilprecht Text’, HS 245 as the 7th and last star in the sequence beginning with the Moon and mul.mul (Pleiades) (Horowitz 2014: 234-235): 4 ad mulGIR2.TAB mulAN.TA.GUB, ‘4 (units) from ‘The Scorpion’ to AN.TA.GUB. This is the smallest distance between asterisms in ‘The Hilprecht Text’ allowing for mulAN.TA.GUB to be an asterism within the ‘The Scorpion Constellation.’ The meaning of the signs AN.TA.GUB in Sumerian is something akin to ‘it stands above’ suggesting a connection with the stinger of a scorpion.

Horowitz 2017 suggested a different reading of the GUB-sign yielding a star-name, mulAN.TA.RE6, with the sense of it moves up and down, referring to the up-down movement of the stinger of the scorpion as it moves its stinger from an at rest position to attack mode. Horowitz speculates that this may be the ultimate origin of the classical Greek star name Antares in Scorpius. Later parallels to the Hilprecht Text remove this star-name (Horowitz 2014: 236). In any case, there is no clear connection between the star-name and the groups of stars known as AN.GUB.BA = ''angubbû''- or [[DINGIR.GUB.BA]]-stars or AN.TA.GUB.BA in Nv 10.
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
Neo-Assyrian text from Nineveh, which gives for each month the constellations belonging to the category AN.TA.GUB.BA and AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA [Donbaz and Koch 1995].
|Example
|-
|'''LBAT 1502'''
Obv. List of stars

* AN.TA.GUB.BA and AN.TA.ŠUR.RA, to which the culminations of the ''ziqpu'' stars are assigned. The category AN.TA.GUB.BA in the preserved part of the tablet belongs to: [[DAR.LUGAL|mulDAR.LUGAL]], mulNUN.KI, mulNIN.MAḪ, dPA and dLUGAL, mulPa-bil-sag, mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 [Donbaz and Koch 1995, 75-77].
|
|}

==== Identifications ====
(1) The meaning of mulan.ta.gub in HS 245 remains unclear; the suggestion that it is a variant spelling of mulDINGIR.GUB.BA.MEŠ (Akkadian ''angubbû'' [CAD A/2, 118; AHw 51]) ‘Standing Gods’ [Rochberg-Halton 1983, 213, note 18; Horowitz 1993, 157] is hardly true; see in this connection [Koch 1995, 71, Anm. 24-25].

(2) In the texts Nv. 10 and LBAT 1502, according to Koch's interpretation, the term mulAN.TA.GUB.BA = ‘(der) oben stehende(r) Stern’ refers to the stars that marked the end of the night; they rose after sunset, were still visible in the west at morning dawn, and set after sunrise, in the corresponding month [Koch 1995, 71, 76]; see also [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 55-57].

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a33)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: MUL AN.TA.GUB.BA «Стоящая звезда», или «Звезда, стоящая наверху» [Hunger and Pingree 1999 55; Donbaz-Koch 1995; Gössmann 1950 34].
I. Источники.

Текст HS 245 (ранее HS 229, The Hilprecht Text). Средневавилонский текст из Ниппура, возможно, копия старовавилонского оригинала. По своему содержанию это процедурный математический текст, в котором определяются расстояния между восемью светилами, из которых первое ― Луна, остальные ― созвездия: 19 ad dsin mul.mul 17 ad mul.[mul] / mulsipa.an.na 14 ad mulsipa.an.na / mulkak.tag.ga 11 ad mulkak.tag.ga / mulban 9 ad mulban mulšu.pa / 7 ad mulšu.pa mulgir2.tab / 4 ad mulgir2.tab mulan.ta.gub «19 от Луны до Звезд, 17 от Звезд / до Праведного Пастуха Ану, 14 от Праведного Пастуха Ану до / Стрелы, 11 от Стрелы / до Лука, 9 от Лука до šu.pa / 7 от šu.pa до Скорпиона, / 4 от Скорпиона до an.ta.gub», цит. по [Horowitz 1993, 150–151], см. также [Hunger and Pingree 1999 53–54; Horowitz 1998, 179–180; Koch 2001; RLA 7, 536; Rochberg-Halton 1983, 209, note 1; Waerden 1974, 62–64; Weidner 1957–58], на русском языке см. [Ван дер Варден 1991, 71–73]; частичная параллель в Sm. 1113 и Sm. 162 rev. см. [Horowitz 1993]. Текст Nv. 10. Новоассирийский текст из Ниневии, в котором приведены на каждый месяц созвездия, относящиеся к категории AN.TA.GUB.BA и AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA [Donbaz–Koch 1995]. LBAT 1502 obv. Список звезд AN.TA.GUB.BA и AN.TA.ŠUR.RA, которым поставлены в соответствие кульминации ziqpu-звезд. К категории AN.TA.GUB.BA в сохранившейся части таблички отнесены: muldar.lugal, mulnunki, mulnin.maḫ, dPA и dLUGAL, mulPa-bil-sag, mulsuḫur.maš [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 75–77].

II. Отождествление.

(1) Значение mulan.ta.gub в HS 245 остается невыясненным; предположение о том, что это вариант написания mulDINGIR.GUB.BA.MEŠ (аккадское angubbû [CAD A/2, 118; AHw 51]) «Стоящие Боги» [Rochberg-Halton 1983, 213, note 18; Horowitz 1993, 157], едва ли соответствует действительности; см. в связи с этим [Koch 1995, 71, Anm. 24–25].

(2) В текстах Nv. 10 и LBAT 1502, согласно интерпретации Коха, термин mulAN.TA.GUB.BA = «(der) oben stehende(r) Stern» относится к звездам, которые отмечали конец ночи; они восходили после захода Солнца, были еще видны на западе при наступлении утренней зари и заходили после восхода Солнца, в соответствующий месяц [Koch 1995, 71, 76]; см. также [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 55–57].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sco]]

Mesopotamian (All Terms)

2026-04-07T11:52:51Z

HermannHunger: /* Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}

Cite as: Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online in the IAU-All Skies Encyclopaedia (2021-202x).
----
[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BCE]]

== Introduction ==
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. We translated his unfinished manuscript to English, relaced many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations, titles, translations, hyperlinked all (or most of) the references and are still updating his (largely outdated or indistinguished) astronomical identifications which is a research project on its own within this corpus. Still, some information is missing, as Kurtik passed away while working on it: so, we also try to reconstruct what he had in mind. For now, the beta-version still is undergoing some sorting and restructuring of the Assyriological material. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.
=== Pronunciation ===
Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu2.hun.ga2 and pa.bil2.sag. Each shows a nasalized g of the order of Spanish "señor" (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga2 rather than ga1 (here g as in goat) for lu2.hun.ga2, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

=== Month Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Sumerian
!Sumerian (alternate)
!Akkadian
!Hebrew
|-
|Month I
|ITIBARA2.ZAG(.GAR)
Month (images) placed by throne
|ITI.BAR(.SAG.SAG)
|''Nisānu''
|Nisan נִיסָן
|-
|Month II
|ITI(EZEM.)GU4.SI.SU
Month horned oxen marched forth
|ITI.GU4(.SI.SÁ)
|''Ayyāru''
|Iyar אִייָר‎
|-
|Month III
|ITISIG4.U5.ŠUB.BA.GÁ.GAR
Month the brick is placed in the mold
|ITI.SIG4.A
|''simānu''
|Sivan סִיוָן
|-
|Month IV
|ITIŠU.NUMUN
Month preparing seed
|ITI.ŠU(.NUMUN.A/NA);
ITI.ŠU.GAR.NUMUN.NA
|''Dûzu''
|Tammuz תַּמּוּז
|-
|Month V
|ITINE.IZI.GAR
Month braziers are lit
|ITI.NE(.NE.GAR)
|''Abu''
|Av אָב
|-
|Month VI
|ITIKIN.dINANNA
Month of rectification of Inanna
|ITI.KIN
|''Ulūlu /'' ''Elūlu''
|Elul אֱלוּל
|-
|Month VII
|ITIDU6.KÙ
Month of Sacred Mound
|ITI.DU6/DUL(.KÙ)
|''tašrītu''
|Tishrei תִּשְׁרֵי
|-
|Month VIII
|ITI(GIŠ)APIN.DU8.A
Month the plow is let go
|ITI.APIN(.DU8.A)
|''Arahsamnu''
|(Mar)Cheshvan
מַרְחֶשְׁוָן/חֶשְׁוָן
|-
|Month IX
|ITIGAN.GAN.(MU.)E3
Month when the clouds(?) come out
|ITI.GAN(.GAN.NA)
|''Kisilīmu''
|Kislev כִּסְלֵו
|-
|Month X
|ITIAB.E3
Month of the father
|ITI.AB(.BA.È)
|''ṭebētu''
|Tevet טֵבֵת
|-
|Month XI
|ITIZIZ2.A
Month for emmer
|ITI.ZÍZ(.A.AN)
|''Šabāṭu''
|Shevat שְׁבָט
|-
|Month XII
|ITIŠE.KIN.KU5
Month of the cutting of barley
|ITI.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Ad(d)aru''
|Adar אֲדָר
|-
|Intercalary
Month XIII
|ITIDIRI.ŠE.KIN.KU5 Additional harvest month
|ITI.DIRIG.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Adaru arkû''
|Adar II
אֲדָר שֵׁנִי
|}

== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

* Kurtik, G. (2007):
** Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил
** [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies],
** Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik. The terms we added bear no numbers.

=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
|-
|𒀀
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀀𒂔
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒆪
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|dA.KU]]
|Moon
|Redirect to [[A.GI7|A.GI7]]
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]]
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|-
|𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|
|-
|𒀊𒉆
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]]
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|-
|𒀜𒈨
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|𒈕
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD6]]
|The Corpse
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG2.AN.BUR2]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|𒂆
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|The Crown
|
|-
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']]
|The Crown of Anu
|
|-
|𒀝𒊒
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|Sister
|
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|The Stranger
|
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|dAḪUD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|Alammuš
|
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|Crab
|
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|a19. AL.TAR
|Jupiter, Heroic
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|𒀩
|
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|Sun, Venus
|
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|Crab
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|
|
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|𒀠𒁍
|
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|Bull
|
|-
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4:
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]
|-
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒀫𒄈
|
|a27. AMAR.GIR2
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
*mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
|-
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|a28. *dAMAR.UD -> [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|
|
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|Western asterism
|
|-
|𒀭
|
|a30. [[AN]]
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Andurunna]]''
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky home of gods before Marduk created the heavens, see [Horowitz 1998, 225]
|-
|𒀭𒆠
|
|a31. AN.KI
|
|Merged into [[NUNki|mulNUNki]]
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|a32. AN.ŠU2.TE
|
|Merged into [[AN]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Standing star
|
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|
|-
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|
|a37. [[AN.U2.GI.E|AN.U2.GI.E]]
|Wind demons
|
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|
|a38. AN.ZU
|
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|mul dIM.DUGUDmušen]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIMDUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|Horse
|
|-
|
|
|a40. d''Antum''
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul d''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) d''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies–the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: d''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|-
|
|
|a41. d''Anum''
|
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|dAnunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|-
|
|
|''Anu-rabû''
|Great Anu
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. d''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|-
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mul[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|𒄑𒀳
|
|a43. [[APIN|giš]] [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|-
|
|
|a44. ''Āribu''
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGAmušen]].
|-
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|Shield
|
|-
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|Month
|
|-
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|𒀸𒈨
|
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Sun, Saturn
|
|-
|
|
|Aya
|
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Baba
|
|dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associtated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|
|b01. dBA.LIM
|
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|-
|
|
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|-
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]]
|Asterism of Dignity
|
|-
|𒁆
|
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|b05. [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|b06. gišBAN
|
|See [[PAN|giš]][[PAN]]
|-
|
|
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|mul / dGAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR3]]
|
|
|-
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|
|-
|𒄵
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|The Kidney
|
|-
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|-
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Buššānītu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|
|d01. [[DA|gišDA]]
|Bull's Jaw
|
|-
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]] (The Great Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|d02. [[DAMU|d''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|
|-
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]]
|Mars; Rooster
|
|-
|𒁲
|
|d05. [[DI]]
|Judgment, sentence
|
|-
|𒀸𒁁
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|𒀸
|
|d07. [[DILI]]
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
|
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|𒀭
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|Deity designation
|
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|Standing Gods
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]]
|Sitting Gods
|variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|
|e01. ''E-pa''2-''e''
|one time use for Jupiter
|probably from ''Šul-pa2-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]]
|Venus
|
|}

=== Page 2 (e04. d''E''2''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|e04. [[E2-a|d''E''2''-a'']]
|Water deity
|
|-
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E2 ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]]
|Enclosure, cattle pen
|
|-
|𒂊𒁺
|
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|Ištar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
|Stag
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]].
|-
|𒂍𒆳
|
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E2-kur'')]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN3.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations

* (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and
* (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|mulUR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|Water deity
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|d''En-lil'']]2
|Supreme deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]
|Primordial deity; Lord of all me
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|
|e12. [[EN.MUL|dEN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|
|-
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|-
|
|
|e14. ''Enzu''
|
|see [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|-
|
|
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|d''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|ki]]
|
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Wagon
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]]
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|e20. [[Erra|d''Erra'']]
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|
|e21. [[Erragal|d''Erragal'']]
|Great Erra
|
|-
|
|
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|mulTE8/TI8mušen]] "Eagle"
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|Deity
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂵𒂵
|
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|Mercury, Deity
|
|-
|𒃮
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|Breast
|
|-
|
|
|g03. 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|The Circle
|
|-
|𒆛
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|The Crook
|
|-
|
|
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|
|An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM3]], merged.
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|g08. [[GAN2.UR3|giš]][[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|The Harrow
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|The Lady of Life
|
|-
|𒌉
|
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|Saturn; "Constant"
|
|-
|𒄀𒄀
|
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|-
|𒈪
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI6]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|
|-
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|
|g13. [[GIBIL6|dGIBIL6]]
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|
|-
|𒈪𒉭
|
|g14. [[GIG]]
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|-
|𒄑𒇀
|
|g15. [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]
|The Chariot
|
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|The Furrow
|
|-
|𒄈
|
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2]]
|The Scorpion
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|-
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]]
|Heavenly Sword
|
|-
|𒄈𒋰
|
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|The Scorpion
|
|-
|𒄊
|
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR3]]
|Leg (Paw)
|
|-
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁇
|
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|Mars; Mercury
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|-
|
|
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|𒄑𒆲
|
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|Thigh
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN2]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|Enraged Goat (?)
|
|-
|𒄖
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|Great, Giant
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|
|g28. GU2.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄘𒄬
|
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU2.ḪAL]]
|(Star) Throat
|
|-
|𒄘𒄯
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU2.MUR]]
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄞
|
|g31. GU4
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|𒄞𒄋
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= d''Kusarikku''
|-
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|The Heavenly Bull
|
|-
|𒄞𒌓
|
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]]
|Bull of the Sun
|
|-
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|
|g35. [[Gula|d''Gula'']]
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒆸
|
|g36. [[GUR4|GUR4]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|mul lúSA.GAZ]]
|-
|𒀭𒈗
|
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|-
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|d''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|-
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'']]
|The Asterism of Abundance
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]]
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]] to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|
|-
|𒅆𒌨
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|
|-
|𒈝𒁀
|
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|-
|𒂠
|
|h10. ḪUN
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA2
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]
|
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|
|
|-
|𒃷
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|The Field
|Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|𒀭𒅎
|
|i06. [[IM|dIM]]
|Storm Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
|
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]
|(Bird) Anzû
|
|-
|𒅎𒄀
|
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|The Furnace
|
|-
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]
|The Seven Gods
|
|-
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒈹
|
|i13. [[INANNA|dINANNA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI4.IL]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒄑𒇷
|
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' 
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|}

=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|
|i17. [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]
|Scorpius
|
|-
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|i18. [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']]
|Venus; Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|
|i19. [[Ištaran|d''Ištaran'']]
|Deity; The Snake
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒅗
|
|k01. [[KA]]
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU8]]
|Portable Altar
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒅗𒆟
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ2]]
|The Knot
|
|-
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]]
|Obliterator
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|-
|
|
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒈜𒀀
|
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|The Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|-
|𒆕𒉼
|
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|The Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|(Types of) Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]]
|Arrow
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|The Dog
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|-
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|The Kidney
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]]
|
|
|-
|𒆜𒌓
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|The Path of the Sun
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|𒆥𒍮
|
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|Knee, shin
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|The Circle
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|-
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|
|-
|𒈩
|
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]
|Hand
|
|-
|𒆤𒌓
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|
|-
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|k23. *KU.RU.NA
|
|To be read [[Andurunna]] - cosmic region and divine name - see Horowitz MCG 225
|-
|𒄩
|
|k24. [[KU6|KU6]]
|The Fish
|
|-
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]] ''
|Shoulder
|
|-
|𒆲
|
|k26. [[KUN]]
|Tail
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUNme(š)]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|mulSIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.Amušen]]
|Chicken
|
|-
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|lu2KUR2.RA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|d''Kusarikkum'']]
|Buffalo
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|
|
|Kusu
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|𒆵
|
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]]
|Water animal
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|
|L02. dLA.KU.DU
|Mercury
|read mul''šu!-ku-du'', i.e. 'The Arrow' = Mercury, merged into [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒆗
|
|L03. [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]
|The She-Goat
|
|-
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|
|L05. [[Lātarāk|d''Lātarāk'']]
|The Lion
|
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|-
|𒇻
|
|L08. LU
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇻𒅆
|
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|
|-
|𒇻𒈦
|
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇽
|
|L11. LU2
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|dLU2.LAL3]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|-
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|(Asterism) Garment
|
|-
|𒈗
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|King
|
|-
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|-
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]]
|Mighty Lord
|
|-
|
|
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒈜𒆷
|
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|False (Lying) Star
|
|-
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|Evil Star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|-
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|gišMA2.DIRI.GA]]
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|-
|𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋
|
|m03. ''[[Makrû]]''
|Mars; Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|m04. [[MAN]]
|Sun God, Šamaš
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒈠
|
|m05. [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']]
|Strange Star
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈
|
|m06. ''[[TIR.AN.NA|Manzât]]''
|Rainbow
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[TIR.AN.NA]], Rainbow
|-
|𒈥
|
|m07. [[MAR]]
|Wagon (shortened form)
|
|-
|𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕
|
|m08. [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]]
|Wagon
|
|-
|𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾
|
|m09. [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]]
|The Wagon of Heaven
|
|-
|𒈥𒌅
|
|m10. [[MAR.TU]]
|Western Star
|
|-
|
|
|Mār-bīti
|
|“Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL ''šá'' dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌
|
|m11. [[Marduk|d''Marduk'']]
|Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
|
|-
|𒈥𒊏𒌈
|
|m12. ''[[Marratu]]''
|Rainbow
|
|-
|𒈦
|
|m13. [[MAŠ.MAŠ|MAŠ]]
|
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈦𒀀𒋾
|
|m14. [[Maš-a-ti|''Maš''-''a-ti'']]
|Pair of Stars (general)
|
|-
|𒈦𒈦)
|
|m15. [[MAŠ.MAŠ]]
|The Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀
|
|m16. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲
|
|m17. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉
|
|m18. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]
|Small Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|m20. ''[[GAN2.UR3|Maškakātu]]''
|The Harrow
|Akkadian parallel to [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|-
|𒈠𒀀𒋗
|
|m21. ''[[MAŠ.MAŠ|Māšū]]''
|Gemini
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈧
|
|m22. [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]]
|Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
|
|-
|
|
|m23. ME.GAR
|Jupiter
|abbreviation for [[SAG.ME.GAR]], merged there
|-
|𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀
|
|m24. [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]]
|Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚
|
|m25. ''[[mišḫu]]''
|Radiance
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|m26. [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|The radiance of Pabilsag
|
|-
|
|
|[[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU]]
|
|abbreviation for [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕
|
|m27. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|(Bound/hitched) yoke
|
|}

=== Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA to p07. ''Puššaītu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|m28. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒀯
|
|m29. [[MUL]]
|Star, luminary
|
|-
|𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀
|
|m30. [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]]
|Venus; The dominant star of the sky
|
|-
|𒀯𒀭𒈾
|
|m31. [[MUL.AN.NA]]
|Moon deity; Celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒃲
|
|m32. [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]]
|Big celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒆠𒃲
|
|m33. [[MUL.KI.GAL]]
|Venus; Star of the great earth
|
|-
|𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅
|
|m34. [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']]
|Reliable stars
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯
|
|m35. [[MUL.MUL]]
|Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯𒆷
|
|m36. [[MUL.MUL.LA]]
|Arrow
|or: ''mulmullu''. “arrow”: see [[KAK.SI.SA2|GAG.SI.SÁ]].
|-
|𒋼
|
|m37. [[MUL2|MUL2]]
|Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒋼𒌓
|
|m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|Jupiter; White Star
|
|-
|𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|m39. [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Stars (for) counting
|"normal stars"
|-
|𒌌
|
|m40. [[MUL4|MUL4]]
|Star, constellation
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|
|
|m41. [[MULx|MULx]]
|
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌘
|
|m42. [[MURUB4|MURUB4]]
|Middle (part)
|
|-
|𒈲
|
|m43. [[MUŠ]]
|Snake
|
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|m44. [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ]]
|Ferocious serpent
|
|-
|
|
|[[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)''mušḫuššu'']]
|
|see (Kurtik m44)
|-
|𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵
|
|m45. [[MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA]]
|
|Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in [[ALLA]] ([[Cancer]])
|-
|𒄷
|
|m46. [[MUŠEN]]
|The Bird
|
|-
|𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻
|
|m47. ''[[Muštarīlu]]''
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈿
|
|n01. [[NA2|NA2]]
|Jupiter; Bed-star
|
|-
|𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾
|
|n02. [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]
|Mercury; Deity of wisdom
|
|-
|𒉄
|
|n03. [[NAGAR]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|n04. ''[[KUR2.RA|Nakaru]]''
|Enemy, Stranger
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[KUR2.RA|KUR2.RA]]
|-
|
|
|n05. ''[[NU.MUŠ.DA|Nammaššû]]''
|Herds of (wild) animals
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋀𒆠
|
|n06. [[NANNA|dNANNA]]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|
|
|n07. ''[[GIGIR|Narkabtu]]''
|The Chariot
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIGIR|mul gišGIGIR]], "Chariot"
|-
|𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍
|
|n08. ''[[Naṣrapu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|n09. ''[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|Nattullu]]''
|Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|-
|
|
|n10. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|''Nattullu'' ''arkīti'']]
|Back of the Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|-
|𒉈
|
|n11. [[NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒃻
|
|n12. [[NE.GAR]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻
|
|n13. [[NE.GI.IZI.GAR]]
|Torch of Girra
|
|-
|𒉈𒉈𒃻
|
|n14. [[NE.NE.GAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒁉𒊒
|
|n15. ''[[Nēberu]]''
|Ferry, ford, crossing
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑
|
|n16. ''[[Nebû]]''
|Brilliant star
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|n17. ''[[UR.NIG|Nēltu]]''
|Lioness
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.NIG]]
|-
|𒀭𒌋𒄥
|
|n18. [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']]
|Deity of the underworld
|
|-
|
|
|n19. ''[[UR.MAH|Nēšu]]''
|The Lion
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.MAḪ]]
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙
|
|n20. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
|A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀
|
|n21. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] '' ''
|(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
|
|-
|𒉎𒍪
|
|n22. [[NI2.ZU|NI2.ZU]]
|Thief
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒆠
|
|n23. [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]]
|Star of Elam
|
|-
|
|
|n24. ''[[UD.KA.DU8.A|Nimru]]''
|Panther
|Akkadian parallel to [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪
|
|n25. [[NIN.A.ZU|dNIN.A.ZU]]
|Deity; Lord who knows water
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾
|
|n26. [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]]
|Ištar; Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|gišNÍNDA
|
|= ''ittû'' “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢
|
|n27. [[NIN.GIR2.SU|dNIN.GIR2.SU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊
|
|n28. [[NIN.GIR3|dNIN.GIR3]]
|Lord of strength
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕
|
|n29. [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]
|Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺
|
|n30. [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Ningublaga
|
|Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾
|
|n31. [[NIN.GUL.TI]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛
|
|n32. [[NIN.KA.SI]]
|(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷
|
|n33. [[NIN.KILIM]]
|Mongoose
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒆤
|
|n34. [[NIN.LIL2|NIN.LIL2]]
|Deity; Lady of the Air
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒈤
|
|n35. [[NIN.MAḪ]]
|Deity; Foremost lady
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯
|
|n36. [[NIN.MUL|dNIN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lady Stars
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕
|
|n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA
|Deity; Lady of the great stars
|occurs in one text only, '''Text K. 2054.''' "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀
|
|n38. [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]
|Deity; Lady of the red star
|
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
|Deity
|Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒊬
|
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
|
|n41. [[NIN.SI4|NIN.SI4]]
|Red Lady
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾
|
|n42. [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]]
|Red Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁
|
|n43. [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]
|Agriculture deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷
|
|n44. [[Niraḫ|d''Niraḫ'']]
|Snake deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒄿𒊒
|
|n45. ''[[Nīru]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍑𒀀𒂠
|
|n46. [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒊨𒅇
|
|n47. [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒈨𒀀
|
|n48. [[NU.ME.A]]
|(Star of) nothingness
|
|-
|𒉡𒈲𒁕
|
|n49. [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|n50. [[NUNki|NUNki]]
|
|
|-
|𒉣𒉽𒉽
|
|n51. [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉣𒈨
|
|n52. [[NUN.ME]]
|(Star)-Sage
|
|-
|𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀
|
|n53. [[NUN.SAR.A|dNUN.SAR.A]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒉡
|
|n54. ''[[Nūnu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒌆
|
|n55. [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|p01. PA
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒉼
|
|[[PAN]]
|Bow
|
|-
|𒉺𒉈
|
|p02. PA.BIL
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|p03. d[[PA.BIL.SAG]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|p04. ''[[AD6|Pagru]]''
|Body, corpse
|see a06. [[AD6|AD6]]
|-
|𒀭𒉽𒈛
|
|p05. [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]
|Messenger deity
|
|-
|𒉿𒍮𒌑
|
|p06. ''[[Peṣû]]''
|
|see m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|-
|𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈
|
|p07. ''[[Puššānītu|Puššanītu]]''
|
|
|}

=== Page 5 (q01. ''Qaštu'' to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|
|
|q01. ''Qaštu''
|Bow
| rowspan="2" |merged into [[PAN|mulPAN]] as it occurs only in lexical lists
|-
|
|
|''Qaštum Elamātum''
|Elamite Bow
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊏𒁍𒌑
|
|r01. ''[[GU.LA|Rabû]]''
|Great (man)
|Akkadian parallel to [[GU.LA]] - should just be a link to GU.LA
|-
|𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈
|
|r02. ''[[GIŠ.KUN|Rapaštu]]''
|Thigh
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|-
|𒊐𒁍
|
|r03. ''[[Rappu]]''
|Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒊑𒅆𒁁
|
|r04. [[RI.ŠI.BE]]
|
|
|-
|𒈩𒌓
|
|r05. ''[[KIŠIB|Rittu]]''
|Hand
|Akkadian parallel to mul[[KIŠIB]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒇽𒌑𒄤
|
|s01. [[SA.GAZ|lu2]][[SA.GAZ]]
|Bandit, Outlaw
|
|-
|𒌑𒊑
|
|s02. [[SA.RI]]
|Wild Cat
|
|-
|𒄷𒈿
|
|s03. [[(MUL) SA4|SA4]]
|(Star) with great brilliance
|
|-
|𒋛𒀀
|
|s04. [[SA5|SA5]]
|Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺
|
|s05. [[SAG.DU]]
|Head, top, upper part
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|s06. SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA
|Lion's head
|merged into (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
|
|s07. [[SAG.DU3.A|SAG.DU3.A]]
|Triangle
|?
|-
|𒊕𒋻
|
|s08. [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]]
|First in (making) decisions
|
|-
|𒊕𒈨𒃻
|
|s09. [[SAG.ME.GAR]]
|Jupiter
|var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
|-
|𒊕𒍑
|
|s10. [[SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
|
|-
|𒊩𒀀𒂠
|
|s11. [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus; (Star for) Women
|
|-
|𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵
|
|s12. [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]]
|Venus; (Star of) Woman
|
|-
|𒊬𒀀
|
|s13. [[SAR.A]]
|
|
|-
|𒊬𒄷𒋛
|
|s14. [[SAR.U5|SAR.U5]]
|
|
|-
|𒊓𒅈𒊒
|
|s15. ''[[LUL.LA|Sarru]]''
|False (Lying) Star
|Akkadian parallel to [[LUL.LA]]
|-
|
|
|''Sebettu''
|
|“The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀
|
|s16. [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; growing(?) horn
|
|-
|𒋛
|
|SI
|
|= ''qarnu''. “horn”: see [[GIR2.TAB|mulGÍR.TAB]].
|-
|𒋜
|
|s17. [[SI4|SI4]]
|Red, Lisi
|Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 [[LI9.SI4|mul / dLI9.SI4]]
|-
|𒅊
|
|s18. [[SIG7|SIG7]]
|Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
|
|-
|𒋆𒈤
|
|s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|Swallow
|
|-
|𒀭𒌍
|
|s20. [[Sîn|d''Sîn'']]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻
|
|s21. SIPA
|True Shepherd of Anu
|merged into (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|True Shepherd of Heaven
|
|-
|𒋀𒌍𒉡
|
|''[[Sissinnu]]''
|Frond, branch
|
|-
|𒋦
|
|s23. SUḪUR
|Goat-Fish
|merged into (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|s24. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|The Goat-Fish
|
|-
|
|
|s25. ''[[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|Suḫurmāšu]]''
|
|Akkadian parallel to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌
|
|ts01. ''[[Ṣalbatānu|Ṣal]]''
|abbreviation
|merged into ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|-
|𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡
|
|ts02. ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|Mars
|
|-
|𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑
|
|ts03. [[Ṣallummû|Ṣ''allummu'']]
|Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
|
|-
|𒍝𒊑𒊒
|
|ts04. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA|Ṣ''āriru'']]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|Akkadian parallel to [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒇡𒊒
|
|ts05. [[Ṣarru|Ṣ''arru'']]
|Sparkling (star)
|
|-
|𒀫𒊒)
|
|ts06. [[Ṣurru|Ṣ''urru'']]
|Obsidian star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠
|
|sh01. [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]]
|(Star) for the uterus
|
|-
|𒋚
|
|sh02. [[ŠAḪ]]
|The Pig
|
|-
|
|
|''Šala''
|
|Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la ''šubu-ul-tu''4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|sh03. [[Šamaš|d''Šamaš'']]
|Sun god
|
|-
|𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠
|
|sh04. ''[[Šanûmma]]''
|Strange (star)
|
|-
|𒄭𒄤
|
|sh05. [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒄭𒌴
|
|sh06. [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒊺𒇷𒁍
|
|sh07. ''[[KA5.A|Šēlebu]]''
|The Fox
|Akkadian parallel to [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|-
|𒅆𒁍𒌑
|
|sh08. ''[[Šību]]''
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒅆𒄴𒂅
|
|sh09. ''[[Šiḫṭu|Šiḫtu]]''
|Mercury, Mars; Leap
|
|-
|𒋻𒉺
|
|sh10. [[(MUL2) šil PA|''šil'' PA]]
|Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
|
|-
|𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷
|
|sh11. ''[[Šiltāḫu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓
|
|sh12. [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|
|
|sh13. ''Šinūnūtu''
|
|see s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|-
|
|
|sh14. ''Šitadallu''
|
|see s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒋗
|
|sh15. [[ŠU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|''[[šubtu]]''
|
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
|-
|
|
|''šubultu''(''m'')
|
|“ear (of grain)”: see Šala
|-
|𒋗𒄀
|
|sh16. [[ŠU.GI]]
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒋗𒉺
|
|sh17. [[ŠU.PA]]
|Magnificent, brilliant
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈
|
|sh18. [[ŠUDUN]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|sh19. [[ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA|ŠUDUN ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲
|
|sh20. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾
|
|sh21. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻
|
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|mul[[ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MA|ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MAki]]
|
|
|-
|𒋗𒆪𒁺
|
|sh23. ''[[Šukūdu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒂄𒄀
|
|sh24. [[ŠUL.GI|dŠUL.GI]]
|Shulgi
|
|-
|𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺
|
|sh25. [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|A youngster appears with brilliance
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|sh26. ''[[Šullat]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|t01. [[Tak-ša2-a-ti|''Tak-ša''2''-a-tu2'']]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|... [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀
|
|t02. [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; Sparkling
|
|-
|𒋾𒅅𒁍
|
|t03. ''[[Tikpu]]''
|Spot, speckled
|
|-
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|
|t04. ''Tinūru''
|Furnace
|see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|-
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
|
|t05. [[TIR.AN.NA]]
|Rainbow
|
|-
|
|
|''Tišpak''
|
|Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
|-
|𒀭𒌅𒌅
|
|t06. [[TU.TU|dTU.TU]]
|Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
|
|-
|
|
|gišTUKUL
|
|= kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬
|
|t07. ''[[Tūʼamū]]''
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍
|
|t08. [[Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ|''Tūʼamū'' GAL.MEŠ]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒌋𒌆𒌈
|
|t09. ''[[Tūltu]]''
|Worm, larva
|
|-
|𒉣𒇬
|
|t10. [[TUR3|TUR3]]
|Venus; Corral
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒌋𒊑𒊑
|
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒌓𒉌𒇷
|
|u02. [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]]
|Venusl Star of radiance/morning
|
|-
|𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔
|
|u03. [[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]]
|
|
|-
|𒇇
|
|u04. [[U8|U8]]
|Ewe
|= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|u05. [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|Jupiter; Heroic
|
|-
|𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀
|
|u06. [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|Demon with the Gaping Mouth
|var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A
|}

=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒇻𒁁
|
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGAmušen]]
|Raven
|
|-
|
|
|[[UG5.GA|UG5.GA]]
|Mars, Raven?
|
|-
|𒌌
|
|u12. [[UL]]
|(Shooring) Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌢
|
|u13. [[UMBIN]]
|
|
|-
|𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈
|
|u14. ''[[ummulūtu]]''
|Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
|
|-
|𒌦𒉡𒌓
|
|u15. ''[[unnutu]]''
|Dim star
|
|-
|𒌨
|
|u16. [[UR]]
|Leo; The Lion
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒌨𒀀
|
|u17. [[UR.A]]
|Leo; The Lion
|UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]] in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].
|-
|𒌨𒁇𒊏
|
|u18. [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|Wolf
|
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|u19. [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|u20. [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁
|
|u21. [[UR.IDIM]]
|Mad Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒈤
|
|u22. [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|u23. [[UR.NIG]]
|Lioness
|
|-
|𒌨𒆪
|
|[[UR.GI7|UR.KU]]
|The Dog
|now read UR.GI7
|-
|𒌫𒆲
|
|u24. [[UR2.KUN|UR2.KUN]]
|Hip, Pelvis
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁𒈬
|
|u25. ''[[Uridimmu|Ur(i)dimmu]]''
|Mad Dog
|see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|u26. ''Ur-um'' AN.NA
|Celestial Light
|see (Kurtik b13) [[BURRUM AN.NA|BURRUM]] [[BURRUM AN.NA|AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
|
|u27. [[USAN2.PA.SIKIL|dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL]]
|Venus; Goddess of the Stars
|
|-
|𒌑𒋩𒋾
|
|u28. ''[[Uṣurtu]]''
|Drawing, Image
|
|-
|𒅜𒍪
|
|u29. [[UŠ12.ZU|UŠ12.ZU]]
|Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
|
|-
|𒀭𒌓
|
|u30. [[UTU|dUTU]]
|Sun deity
|
|-
|𒍚
|
|u31. [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|Goat
|
|-
|𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷
|
|z01. [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]]
|Warlike deity
|
|-
|𒍠𒃻
|
|z02. [[ZAG.GAR]]
|Consort of the Lady of the plains
|
|-
|𒈽𒀖𒁍
|
|z03. ''[[Zappu]]''
|Stubble (Mane)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈
|
|z04. [[Zapānītu|d''Za(r)pānītu'']] ''/''
''Zerpānītu''
|Deity, wife of Marduk
|
|-
|𒍝𒊒𒌑
|
|z05. ''[[Zarû]]''
|Drawbar, Cart pole
|
|-
|𒍣
|
|z06. ZI
|
|see [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
|
|z07. [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒍦𒈨
|
|z08. [[ZIB|ZIBme]]
|Tails
|
|-
|𒀭𒍨
|
|z09. [[ZIB2|dZIB2]]
|Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|
|z10. ''Zibānītum''
|Balance
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍨𒁍
|
|z11. ''[[Ziqpu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|
|z12. ''Zuqaqīpu''
|Scorpius
|see [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|}

=== Acknowledgements ===
Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

* David Hilder
* Euin Choung Kim
* Roland Laffitte
* Youngjea Lee
* Jan Safford

[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AN

2026-04-07T11:49:43Z

HermannHunger:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png|thumb|Schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by Susanne M Hoffmann, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023). Anu's path is around the celestial equator, ±17° (roughly, not always accurate). ]]

AN (𒀭) = ''Anum''. The name of the Sumerian-Akkadian King of the Heavens, sky god. For AN (mulAN, dAN mul dAN) as a name for Mars, perhaps to be read DINGIR mulDINGIR etc. '''(see Horowitz????)'''. In the first millennium BCE, múlAN is also Sumerian designation for Mars. The regular name for Mars would be [[Ṣalbatānu|MUL d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'']] = MUL DINGIR = for signs MUL.AN.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings and signs:

* dAnu,
* d60/LX,
* dAN,
* AN,
* mul2AN.
The main meaning of An/Anu(m) is the name of d''A-num, t''he sky(-god). In this reading, see also [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-num'']] “crown of Anum”.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:
*(1) = ''kakkabu'' "asterism" [CAD K, 46a].
*(2) Designation of the planet Mars, in later astronomical and astrological texts, sometimes includes the determinative múl [G. 21]; on the origins of the name see [Neugebauer and Sachs 1967, __FORCETOC__218].
The abbreviation AN (the single sign that also serves as the divine determinative DINGIR (d superscript) may be explained by the first entry for Mars in the Great Star List:

* AN AN ''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'', which we propose was to be understood AN = d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''.

see also múlAN ''dGirra ez-zu ..., "''Mars, fierce Fire-god, ..." in the Babylonian New Year’s Ritual (Linssen 220: 308, translation p. 229).
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
! Identifications
|-
|
=====(a30) mulAN=====
|
|-
|'''Predictions from EAE move to AMAR.UTU:'''
*DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' MUL dAMAR.UTU TE d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' x [...]
* "If a planet comes close to the star of Marduk: Mars . [...]" [ACh Ištar, 30:30 = K. 2329 = AAT pl. 91-92 = CDLI P238165; read from CDLI photo]
|
|-
|"'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''"
As a designation for Mars AN is used already in the earliest known "diary" of year -651 [ADRT I, no. -651:10], later passim.
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
See. [ACT II, 487b].
|
|-
|"'''Horoscopes.'''"
See. [BH, 28].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1591.'''
In the list of 5 planets (obv. 1) AN is in the last place.

'''Temple rituals'''.

*(1) New Year rituals in Babylon: múlAN d''girra''(BIL.GI) ''ez-zu''... "Mars, the fierce fire-god" [RAcc. 138:308; Reynolds 1998, 349; Linssen 2004, 220:308, 229:308].
*(2) Rituals in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology.'''
See. [TU, 18:3, 12, 16; Weidner 1925, 352] as well as [SpTU I, 90:2, 9, 10, 13, 18; 94:13].
|
|-
|
=====(a41) mul dAnu(m) (361)=====
The following astral aspects of Anu can be distinguished.
|
|-
| (1) The celestial sphere was divided into three regions, of which the central one, containing the celestial equator, belonged to Anu. This division first appears in a '''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night''' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46-47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]; the standard designation:

*''kakkabāni''(MUL.MEŠ) ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "stars of Anu" or ''ḫarrān''(KASKAL) ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "path of Anu".
*Lists of the stars of Anu:
**a) 23 stars of Anu in MUL.APIN (I i 40-ii 18),
**b) 12 stars of Anu in texts 82-5-22,512 [CT 33 9:8-14; HBA, 104],
**c) 12 stars of Anu in Astrolabe B (B ii 1-33; C 1-12'''''??? line numbers different in Horowitz 2014, 38 ???''''', center column) [Horowitz 2014, 38]; for parallels see. [LBAT 1499; Walker and Hunger 1977],
**(d) 10 stars of Anu in the "Catalogue of 30 Stars" [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 1-10].
*The stars of Anu, Enlil and Ea were subject to special sacrifices. See, for example, the ritual “Washing of the mouth” (''mīs pî'') or the “revival” of the statue-deities:
**3 KEŠDA.MEŠ ''a-na šu-ut dA-nim šu-ut dE[n-lil2 u šu-ut dE2-a tara-kas2'' KI. MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3''-uš'')]
**"3 altars for (stars of) Anu, E[nlil and Ea you erect (and perform) the same (= mouth washing)]" [Smith 1925; TuL 105:36; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:36].
|
|-
|(2) In the cosmology of the three heavens, Anu belongs to the uppermost heaven. The description in "The Great Star List and Miscellanea":

*[AN''-u''2] AN.TA''-tum'' na4 ''lu-lu-da-ni-tum ša2'' d''a-nim / [''AN''-u2]'' MURUB''-tum'' na4 ''sag-gil-mut ša2'' d''igigi /'' AN''-u2'' KI.TA''-tum'' na4 ''aš-pu2-u ša2'' MULmeš "The upper heaven of ''luludanitu''-stone, (belongs to) Anu.
*The middle heaven of ''saggilmut''-stone, (belongs to) the Igigi-gods. The lower sky of jasper, (belongs to) the stars". [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:278-280]. For a detailed analysis see. [MCG, Ch. 1].
|
|-
|(3) The star(?) paired with d''Antum'' is mentioned in the description of the night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk:

* ''ki-ma ša''2 mul d''Anu''(diš) gal-''u''2 ''ša''2 an-''e it-tap-ḫa'' (mul d)''An-tum'' gal''-tum ša''2 an-''e'' / ''ina'' mulmar.gid2.da ''it-tap-ḫa''
*"As soon as the great heavenly asterism of Anu rises, (and) the great heavenly star Antum rises in the Wagon" [RAcc. 68 and 119:15-16; Linssen 2004, 245:15-16].

The celestial incarnation of mul dAnum was, according to MUL.APIN I i 19, a star in the constellation mu.bu.keš.da (= α Draconis?), that of (mul d)''Antum'' in the constellation mar.gid2.da (Ursa Major) [RAcc. 85, note 2; Reiner 1995, 139].
|
|-
|(4) As a constellation:

* = mulAL.LUL, see Astrolabe B (B ii 26-27), BM 82923:29, MUL.APIN I i 7, and see also [BPO 2, III 33-33a], [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, 181];
* = mulLU.LIM, see Astrolabe B (B ii 15-17) [BPO 2, III 32-32a];
* = mulMU.BU.KEŠ.DA, see MUL.APIN I i 19;
* = mulSIM.MAḪ, cf. "Catalog of 30 Stars" (Anu 6) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, 181, notes];
* = mulUR.BAR.RA, see VR 46, 1:2.
* = mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš, see VR 46, 1:16.
* = mulŠAḪ, see VR 46, 1:18.
* = in one version of the Old Babylonian "Prayer to the Gods of the Night" [Horowitz and Wasserman 1996, 57-58:13].

See also: mul''Anu''(60) [SpTU III, 101 r. 7].

See (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik a40) dAntum, (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]], (Kurtik m27) [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]], (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
|
|}

{{Template:Mars}}

=== Historical Dictionaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a30)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
====(a30) mulAN====
(1) = kakkabu «звезда» [CAD K, 46a]. (2) Обозначение планеты Марс в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах, иногда с детерминативом múl [G. 21]; о происхождении названия см. [Neugebauer 1947, 218].
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». Как обозначение Марса используется уже в самом раннем известном «дневнике» за –651 год [ADRT I, No. -651:10], позднее passim. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT II, 487b]. «Гороскопы». См. [BH, 28]. LBAT 1591. В списке 5 планет (obv. 1) AN на последнем месте. Храмовые ритуалы. (1) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне: múlAN dgirru(BIL.GI) ez-zu… «Марс, гневный Гирру» [RAcc. 138:308; Reynolds 1998, 349; Linssen 2004, 220:308, 229:308]. (2) Ритуал в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. Поздняя астрология. См. [TU, 18:3, 12, 16; Weidner 1925, 352], а также [SpTU I, 90:2, 9, 10, 13, 18; 94:13].
|
|-
|
====(a32) mulAN.ŠU2.TE====
В единственном предсказании из ЕАЕ: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina mulAN.ŠU2.TE TE dṣal-bat-a-nu […] «Eсли планета к mulAN.ŠU2.TE приближается, (это означает): Марс […]» [ACh Ištar, 30:30].
|
|-
|
====(a41) mul d''Anu(m)'' (361), ====
вар. чтения и обозначения: dAnu, d60/LX, dAN; Ану ― один из трех главных богов аккадского пантеона, играл важную роль на месопотамском небе [G. 24; BPO 2, 10]. Можно выделить следующие астральные аспекты Ану.

(1) Небесная сфера подразделялась на три региона, из которых центральный, содержавший небесный экватор и эклиптику, принадлежал Ану. Впервые это подразделение встречается в хеттской молитве ночным богам [KUB IV, 47 r. 46–47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]); стандартное обозначение: kakkabāni(MUL.MEŠ) šu-ut dA-nim «звезды Ану» или ḫarrān(KASKAL) šu-ut dA-nim «путь Ану». Cписки звезд Ану: a) 23 звезды Ану в MUL.APIN (I i 40–ii 18), b) 12 звезд Ану в тексте 82-5-22,512 [CT 33 9:8–14; HBA, 104], c) 12 звезд Ану в Astrl. B (B ii 1–33; C 1–12, центральный столбец) [Horowitz 2014, 38]; параллели см. [LBAT 1499; Walker–Hunger 1977], d) 10 звезд Ану в «Каталоге 30 звезд» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 1–10]. Звездам Ану, Энлиля и Эа приносились особые жертвоприношения. См., например, ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества: 3 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na šu-ut dA-nim šu-ut dE[n-lil2 u šu-ut dE2-a tara-kas2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-uš)] «3 алтаря для (звезд) Ану, Э[нлиля и Эа ты воздвигаешь (и совершаешь) то же (= омовение рта)]» [Smith 1925; TuL 105:36; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:36].

(2) В космологии трех небес Ану принадлежит самое верхнее небо. Описание в «Большом списке звезд»: [an-u2] an.ta-tum na4.lu-lu-da-ni-tum ša2 da-nim / [an-u2] murub-tum na4.sag-gil-mut ša2 digigi / an-u2 ki.ta-tum na4.aš-pu2-u ša2 mul.meš «Верхнее небо из лулуданиту-камня, (принадлежит) Ану. Среднее небо из саггильмут-камня, (принадлежит) Игигам. Нижнее небо из яшмы, (принадлежит) звездам» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:278–280]. Подробный анализ см. [MCG, Ch. 1].

(3) Как звезда(?) в паре с dAntum упоминается в описании ночного ритуала в храме Ану в Уруке: ki-ma ša2 mul dAnu(diš) gal-u2 ša2 an-e it-tap-ḫa (mul d)An-tum gal-tum ša2 an-e / ina mulmar.gid2.da it-tap-ḫa «Как только великая небесная звезда Ану восходит, (и) великая небесная звезда Антум в Повозке восходит» [RAcc. 68, 119:15–16; Linssen 2004, 245:15–16]. Небесным воплощением mul dAnum была, по-видимому, звезда в созвездии mu.bu.keš.da (= α Draconis?), (mul d)Antum ― в созвездии mar.gid2.da (Ursa Majoris) [RAcc. 85, note 2; Reiner 1995, 139].

(4) Как созвездие:

= mulAL.LUL, см. Astrolabe B (B ii 26–27), BM 82923:29, MUL.APIN I i 7, а также см. [BPO 2, III 33–33a], [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181];

= mulLU.LIM, см. Astrolabe B (B ii 15–17) [BPO 2, III 32–32a];

= mulMU.BU.KEŠ.DA, см. MUL.APIN I i 19;

= mulSIM.MAḪ, см. «Список 30 звезд» (Anu 6) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997–98, 181, notes];

= mulUR.BAR.RA, см. VR 46, 1:2.

= mulDINGIR.KU.Ameš, см. VR 46, 1:16.

= mulŠAḪ, см. VR 46, 1:18.

= в одной из версий старовавилонской «Молитвы ночным богам» [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 57–58:13].

См. также: mulAnu(60) [SpTU III, 101 r. 7].

Cм. a18AL.LUL, a40dAntum, L09LU.LIM, m27MU.BU.KEŠ.DA, s19SIM.MAḪ.
|
|}
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]
[[Category:Deity]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

AN

2026-04-07T11:47:30Z

HermannHunger:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png|thumb|Schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by Susanne M Hoffmann, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023). Anu's path is around the celestial equator, ±17° (roughly, not always accurate). ]]

AN (𒀭) = ''Anum'', The name of the Sumerian-Akkadian, King of the Heavens, sky god. For AN (mulAN, dAN mul dAN) as a name for Mars, perhaps to be read DINGIR mulDINGIR etc. '''(see Horowitz????)'''. In the first millennium BCE, múlAN is also Sumerian designation for Mars. The regular name for Mars would be [[Ṣalbatānu|MUL d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'']] = MUL DINGIR = for signs MUL.AN.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings and signs:

* dAnu,
* d60/LX,
* dAN,
* AN,
* mul2AN.
The main meaning of An/Anu(m) is the name of d''A-num, t''he sky(-god). In this reading, see also [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-num'']] “crown of Anum”.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:
*(1) = ''kakkabu'' "asterism" [CAD K, 46a].
*(2) Designation of the planet Mars, in later astronomical and astrological texts, sometimes includes the determinative múl [G. 21]; on the origins of the name see [Neugebauer and Sachs 1967, __FORCETOC__218].
The abbreviation AN (the single sign that also serves as the divine determinative DINGIR (d superscript) may be explained by the first entry for Mars in the Great Star List:

* AN AN ''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'', which we propose was to be understood AN = d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''.

see also múlAN ''dGirra ez-zu ..., "''Mars, fierce Fire-god, ..." in the Babylonian New Year’s Ritual (Linssen 220: 308, translation p. 229).
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
! Identifications
|-
|
=====(a30) mulAN=====
|
|-
|'''Predictions from EAE move to AMAR.UTU:'''
*DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' MUL dAMAR.UTU TE d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' x [...]
* "If a planet comes close to the star of Marduk: Mars . [...]" [ACh Ištar, 30:30 = K. 2329 = AAT pl. 91-92 = CDLI P238165; read from CDLI photo]
|
|-
|"'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''"
As a designation for Mars AN is used already in the earliest known "diary" of year -651 [ADRT I, no. -651:10], later passim.
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
See. [ACT II, 487b].
|
|-
|"'''Horoscopes.'''"
See. [BH, 28].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1591.'''
In the list of 5 planets (obv. 1) AN is in the last place.

'''Temple rituals'''.

*(1) New Year rituals in Babylon: múlAN d''girra''(BIL.GI) ''ez-zu''... "Mars, the fierce fire-god" [RAcc. 138:308; Reynolds 1998, 349; Linssen 2004, 220:308, 229:308].
*(2) Rituals in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology.'''
See. [TU, 18:3, 12, 16; Weidner 1925, 352] as well as [SpTU I, 90:2, 9, 10, 13, 18; 94:13].
|
|-
|
=====(a41) mul dAnu(m) (361)=====
The following astral aspects of Anu can be distinguished.
|
|-
| (1) The celestial sphere was divided into three regions, of which the central one, containing the celestial equator, belonged to Anu. This division first appears in a '''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night''' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46-47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]; the standard designation:

*''kakkabāni''(MUL.MEŠ) ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "stars of Anu" or ''ḫarrān''(KASKAL) ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "path of Anu".
*Lists of the stars of Anu:
**a) 23 stars of Anu in MUL.APIN (I i 40-ii 18),
**b) 12 stars of Anu in texts 82-5-22,512 [CT 33 9:8-14; HBA, 104],
**c) 12 stars of Anu in Astrolabe B (B ii 1-33; C 1-12'''''??? line numbers different in Horowitz 2014, 38 ???''''', center column) [Horowitz 2014, 38]; for parallels see. [LBAT 1499; Walker and Hunger 1977],
**(d) 10 stars of Anu in the "Catalogue of 30 Stars" [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 1-10].
*The stars of Anu, Enlil and Ea were subject to special sacrifices. See, for example, the ritual “Washing of the mouth” (''mīs pî'') or the “revival” of the statue-deities:
**3 KEŠDA.MEŠ ''a-na šu-ut dA-nim šu-ut dE[n-lil2 u šu-ut dE2-a tara-kas2'' KI. MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3''-uš'')]
**"3 altars for (stars of) Anu, E[nlil and Ea you erect (and perform) the same (= mouth washing)]" [Smith 1925; TuL 105:36; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:36].
|
|-
|(2) In the cosmology of the three heavens, Anu belongs to the uppermost heaven. The description in "The Great Star List and Miscellanea":

*[AN''-u''2] AN.TA''-tum'' na4 ''lu-lu-da-ni-tum ša2'' d''a-nim / [''AN''-u2]'' MURUB''-tum'' na4 ''sag-gil-mut ša2'' d''igigi /'' AN''-u2'' KI.TA''-tum'' na4 ''aš-pu2-u ša2'' MULmeš "The upper heaven of ''luludanitu''-stone, (belongs to) Anu.
*The middle heaven of ''saggilmut''-stone, (belongs to) the Igigi-gods. The lower sky of jasper, (belongs to) the stars". [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:278-280]. For a detailed analysis see. [MCG, Ch. 1].
|
|-
|(3) The star(?) paired with d''Antum'' is mentioned in the description of the night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk:

* ''ki-ma ša''2 mul d''Anu''(diš) gal-''u''2 ''ša''2 an-''e it-tap-ḫa'' (mul d)''An-tum'' gal''-tum ša''2 an-''e'' / ''ina'' mulmar.gid2.da ''it-tap-ḫa''
*"As soon as the great heavenly asterism of Anu rises, (and) the great heavenly star Antum rises in the Wagon" [RAcc. 68 and 119:15-16; Linssen 2004, 245:15-16].

The celestial incarnation of mul dAnum was, according to MUL.APIN I i 19, a star in the constellation mu.bu.keš.da (= α Draconis?), that of (mul d)''Antum'' in the constellation mar.gid2.da (Ursa Major) [RAcc. 85, note 2; Reiner 1995, 139].
|
|-
|(4) As a constellation:

* = mulAL.LUL, see Astrolabe B (B ii 26-27), BM 82923:29, MUL.APIN I i 7, and see also [BPO 2, III 33-33a], [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, 181];
* = mulLU.LIM, see Astrolabe B (B ii 15-17) [BPO 2, III 32-32a];
* = mulMU.BU.KEŠ.DA, see MUL.APIN I i 19;
* = mulSIM.MAḪ, cf. "Catalog of 30 Stars" (Anu 6) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, 181, notes];
* = mulUR.BAR.RA, see VR 46, 1:2.
* = mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš, see VR 46, 1:16.
* = mulŠAḪ, see VR 46, 1:18.
* = in one version of the Old Babylonian "Prayer to the Gods of the Night" [Horowitz and Wasserman 1996, 57-58:13].

See also: mul''Anu''(60) [SpTU III, 101 r. 7].

See (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik a40) dAntum, (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]], (Kurtik m27) [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]], (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
|
|}

{{Template:Mars}}

=== Historical Dictionaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a30)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
====(a30) mulAN====
(1) = kakkabu «звезда» [CAD K, 46a]. (2) Обозначение планеты Марс в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах, иногда с детерминативом múl [G. 21]; о происхождении названия см. [Neugebauer 1947, 218].
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». Как обозначение Марса используется уже в самом раннем известном «дневнике» за –651 год [ADRT I, No. -651:10], позднее passim. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT II, 487b]. «Гороскопы». См. [BH, 28]. LBAT 1591. В списке 5 планет (obv. 1) AN на последнем месте. Храмовые ритуалы. (1) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне: múlAN dgirru(BIL.GI) ez-zu… «Марс, гневный Гирру» [RAcc. 138:308; Reynolds 1998, 349; Linssen 2004, 220:308, 229:308]. (2) Ритуал в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. Поздняя астрология. См. [TU, 18:3, 12, 16; Weidner 1925, 352], а также [SpTU I, 90:2, 9, 10, 13, 18; 94:13].
|
|-
|
====(a32) mulAN.ŠU2.TE====
В единственном предсказании из ЕАЕ: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina mulAN.ŠU2.TE TE dṣal-bat-a-nu […] «Eсли планета к mulAN.ŠU2.TE приближается, (это означает): Марс […]» [ACh Ištar, 30:30].
|
|-
|
====(a41) mul d''Anu(m)'' (361), ====
вар. чтения и обозначения: dAnu, d60/LX, dAN; Ану ― один из трех главных богов аккадского пантеона, играл важную роль на месопотамском небе [G. 24; BPO 2, 10]. Можно выделить следующие астральные аспекты Ану.

(1) Небесная сфера подразделялась на три региона, из которых центральный, содержавший небесный экватор и эклиптику, принадлежал Ану. Впервые это подразделение встречается в хеттской молитве ночным богам [KUB IV, 47 r. 46–47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]); стандартное обозначение: kakkabāni(MUL.MEŠ) šu-ut dA-nim «звезды Ану» или ḫarrān(KASKAL) šu-ut dA-nim «путь Ану». Cписки звезд Ану: a) 23 звезды Ану в MUL.APIN (I i 40–ii 18), b) 12 звезд Ану в тексте 82-5-22,512 [CT 33 9:8–14; HBA, 104], c) 12 звезд Ану в Astrl. B (B ii 1–33; C 1–12, центральный столбец) [Horowitz 2014, 38]; параллели см. [LBAT 1499; Walker–Hunger 1977], d) 10 звезд Ану в «Каталоге 30 звезд» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 1–10]. Звездам Ану, Энлиля и Эа приносились особые жертвоприношения. См., например, ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества: 3 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na šu-ut dA-nim šu-ut dE[n-lil2 u šu-ut dE2-a tara-kas2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-uš)] «3 алтаря для (звезд) Ану, Э[нлиля и Эа ты воздвигаешь (и совершаешь) то же (= омовение рта)]» [Smith 1925; TuL 105:36; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:36].

(2) В космологии трех небес Ану принадлежит самое верхнее небо. Описание в «Большом списке звезд»: [an-u2] an.ta-tum na4.lu-lu-da-ni-tum ša2 da-nim / [an-u2] murub-tum na4.sag-gil-mut ša2 digigi / an-u2 ki.ta-tum na4.aš-pu2-u ša2 mul.meš «Верхнее небо из лулуданиту-камня, (принадлежит) Ану. Среднее небо из саггильмут-камня, (принадлежит) Игигам. Нижнее небо из яшмы, (принадлежит) звездам» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:278–280]. Подробный анализ см. [MCG, Ch. 1].

(3) Как звезда(?) в паре с dAntum упоминается в описании ночного ритуала в храме Ану в Уруке: ki-ma ša2 mul dAnu(diš) gal-u2 ša2 an-e it-tap-ḫa (mul d)An-tum gal-tum ša2 an-e / ina mulmar.gid2.da it-tap-ḫa «Как только великая небесная звезда Ану восходит, (и) великая небесная звезда Антум в Повозке восходит» [RAcc. 68, 119:15–16; Linssen 2004, 245:15–16]. Небесным воплощением mul dAnum была, по-видимому, звезда в созвездии mu.bu.keš.da (= α Draconis?), (mul d)Antum ― в созвездии mar.gid2.da (Ursa Majoris) [RAcc. 85, note 2; Reiner 1995, 139].

(4) Как созвездие:

= mulAL.LUL, см. Astrolabe B (B ii 26–27), BM 82923:29, MUL.APIN I i 7, а также см. [BPO 2, III 33–33a], [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181];

= mulLU.LIM, см. Astrolabe B (B ii 15–17) [BPO 2, III 32–32a];

= mulMU.BU.KEŠ.DA, см. MUL.APIN I i 19;

= mulSIM.MAḪ, см. «Список 30 звезд» (Anu 6) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997–98, 181, notes];

= mulUR.BAR.RA, см. VR 46, 1:2.

= mulDINGIR.KU.Ameš, см. VR 46, 1:16.

= mulŠAḪ, см. VR 46, 1:18.

= в одной из версий старовавилонской «Молитвы ночным богам» [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 57–58:13].

См. также: mulAnu(60) [SpTU III, 101 r. 7].

Cм. a18AL.LUL, a40dAntum, L09LU.LIM, m27MU.BU.KEŠ.DA, s19SIM.MAḪ.
|
|}
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]
[[Category:Deity]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

AN

2026-04-07T11:13:28Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png|thumb|Schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by Susanne M Hoffmann, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023). Anu's path is around the celestial equator, ±17° (roughly, not always accurate). ]]

AN (𒀭) = ''Anum'', The name of the Sumerian-Akkadian, King of the Heavens, sky god. For AN (mulAN, dAN mul dAN) as a name for Mars, perhaps to be read DINGIR mulDINGIR etc. '''(see Horowitz????)'''. In the first millennium BCE, múlAN is also Sumerian designation for Mars. The regular name for Mars would be [[Ṣalbatānu|MUL d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'']] = MUL DINGIR = for signs MUL.AN.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings and signs:

* dAnu,
* d60/LX,
* dAN,
* AN,
* mul2AN.
The main meaning of An/Anu(m) is the name of d''A-num, t''he sky(-god). In this reading, see also [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-num'']] “crown of Anum”.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:
*(1) = ''kakkabu'' "asterism" [CAD K, 46a].
*(2) Designation of the planet Mars, in later astronomical and astrological texts, sometimes includes the determinative múl [G. 21]; on the origins of the name see [Neugebauer and Sachs 1967, __FORCETOC__218].
The abbreviation AN (the single sign that also serves as the divine determinative DINGIR (d superscript) may be explained by the first entry for Mars in the Great Star List:

* AN AN ''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'', which we propose was to be understood AN = d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''.

see also múlAN ''dGirra ez-zu ..., "''Mars, fierce Fire-god, ..." in the Babylonian New Year’s Ritual (Linssen 220: 308, translation p. 229).
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
! Identifications
|-
|
=====(a30) mulAN=====
|
|-
|'''Predictions from EAE move to AMAR.UTU:'''
*DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' MUL dAMAR.UTU TE d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' x [...]
* "If a planet comes close to the star of Marduk: Mars . [...]" [ACh Ištar, 30:30 = K. 2329 = AAT pl. 91-92 = CDLI P238165; read from CDLI photo]
|
|-
|"'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''"
As a designation for Mars AN is used already in the earliest known "diary" of year -651 [ADRT I, no. -651:10], later passim.
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
See. [ACT II, 487b].
|
|-
|"'''Horoscopes.'''"
See. [BH, 28].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1591.'''
In the list of 5 planets (obv. 1) AN is in the last place.

'''Temple rituals'''.

*(1) New Year rituals in Babylon: múlAN d''girra''(BIL.GI) ''ez-zu''... "Mars, the fierce fire-god" [RAcc. 138:308; Reynolds 1998, 349; Linssen 2004, 220:308, 229:308].
*(2) Rituals in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology.'''
See. [TU, 18:3, 12, 16; Weidner 1925, 352] as well as [SpTU I, 90:2, 9, 10, 13, 18; 94:13].
|
|-
|
=====(a41) mul dAnu(m) (361)=====
The following astral aspects of Anu can be distinguished.
|
|-
| (1) The celestial sphere was divided into three regions, of which the central one, containing the celestial equator, belonged to Anu. This division first appears in a '''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night''' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46-47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]; the standard designation:

*''kakkabāni''(MUL.MEŠ) ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "stars of Anu" or ''ḫarrān''(KASKAL) ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "path of Anu".
*Lists of the stars of Anu:
**a) 23 stars of Anu in MUL.APIN (I i 40-ii 18),
**b) 12 stars of Anu in texts 82-5-22,512 [CT 33 9:8-14; HBA, 104],
**c) 12 stars of Anu in Astrolabe B (B ii 1-33; C 1-12'''''??? line numbers different in Horowitz 2014, 38 ???''''', center column) [Horowitz 2014, 38]; for parallels see. [LBAT 1499; Walker and Hunger 1977],
**(d) 10 stars of Anu in the "Catalogue of 30 Stars" [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 1-10].
*The stars of Anu, Enlil and Ea were subject to special sacrifices. See, for example, the ritual “Washing of the mouth” (''mīs pî'') or the “revival” of the statue-deities:
**3 KEŠDA.MEŠ ''a-na šu-ut dA-nim šu-ut dE[n-lil2 u šu-ut dE2-a tara-kas2'' KI. MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3''-uš'')]
**"3 altars for (stars of) Anu, E[nlil and Ea you erect (and perform) the same (= mouth washing)]" [Smith 1925; TuL 105:36; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:36].
|
|-
|(2) In the cosmology of the three heavens, Anu belongs to the uppermost heaven. The description in "The Great Star List and Miscellanea":

*[AN''-u''2] AN.TA''-tum na4.lu-lu-da-ni-tum ša2'' d''a-nim / [''AN''-u2]'' MURUB''-tum na4.sag-gil-mut ša2'' d''igigi /'' AN''-u2'' KI.TA''-tum na4.aš-pu2-u ša2'' MULmeš "The upper heaven of ''luludanitu''-stone, (belongs to) Anu.
*The middle heaven of ''saggilmut''-stone, (belongs to) Ihigam. The lower sky of jasper, (belongs to) the stars". [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:278-280]. For a detailed analysis see. [MCG, Ch. 1].
|
|-
|(3) The star(?) paired with d''Antum'' is mentioned in the description of the night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk:

* ''ki-ma ša''2 mul d''Anu''(diš) gal-''u''2 ''ša''2 an-''e it-tap-ḫa'' (mul d)''An-tum'' gal''-tum ša''2 an-''e'' / ''ina'' mulmar.gid2.da ''it-tap-ḫa''
*"As soon as the great heavenly asterism of Anu rises, (and) the great heavenly star Antum rises in the Wagon." [RAcc. 68, 119:15-16; Linssen 2004, 245:15-16].

The celestial incarnation of mul dAnum was, apparently, a star in the constellation mu.bu.keš.da (= α Draconis?), (mul d)''Antum''–in the constellation mar.gid2.da (Ursa Major) [RAcc. 85, note 2; Reiner 1995, 139].
|
|-
|(4) As a constellation:

* = mulAL.LUL, see Astrolabe B (B ii 26-27), BM 82923:29, MUL.APIN I i 7, and see also. [BPO 2, III 33-33a], [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 181];
* = mulLU.LIM, see Astrolabe B (B ii 15-17) [BPO 2, III 32-32a];
* = mulMU.BU.KEŠ.DA, see MUL.APIN I i 19;
* = mulSIM.MAḪ, cf. "Catalog of 30 Stars" (Anu 6) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 181, notes];
* = mulUR.BAR.RA, see VR 46, 1:2.
* = mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš, see VR 46, 1:16.
* = mulŠAḪ, see VR 46, 1:18.
* = in one version of the Old Babylonian "Prayer to the Gods of the Night" [Horowitz-Wasserman 1996, 57-58:13].

See also: mul''Anu''(60) [SpTU III, 101 r. 7].

See (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik a40) dAntum, (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]], (Kurtik m27) [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]], (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
|
|}

{{Template:Mars}}

=== Historical Dictionaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a30)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
====(a30) mulAN====
(1) = kakkabu «звезда» [CAD K, 46a]. (2) Обозначение планеты Марс в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах, иногда с детерминативом múl [G. 21]; о происхождении названия см. [Neugebauer 1947, 218].
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». Как обозначение Марса используется уже в самом раннем известном «дневнике» за –651 год [ADRT I, No. -651:10], позднее passim. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT II, 487b]. «Гороскопы». См. [BH, 28]. LBAT 1591. В списке 5 планет (obv. 1) AN на последнем месте. Храмовые ритуалы. (1) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне: múlAN dgirru(BIL.GI) ez-zu… «Марс, гневный Гирру» [RAcc. 138:308; Reynolds 1998, 349; Linssen 2004, 220:308, 229:308]. (2) Ритуал в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. Поздняя астрология. См. [TU, 18:3, 12, 16; Weidner 1925, 352], а также [SpTU I, 90:2, 9, 10, 13, 18; 94:13].
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====(a32) mulAN.ŠU2.TE====
В единственном предсказании из ЕАЕ: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina mulAN.ŠU2.TE TE dṣal-bat-a-nu […] «Eсли планета к mulAN.ŠU2.TE приближается, (это означает): Марс […]» [ACh Ištar, 30:30].
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====(a41) mul d''Anu(m)'' (361), ====
вар. чтения и обозначения: dAnu, d60/LX, dAN; Ану ― один из трех главных богов аккадского пантеона, играл важную роль на месопотамском небе [G. 24; BPO 2, 10]. Можно выделить следующие астральные аспекты Ану.

(1) Небесная сфера подразделялась на три региона, из которых центральный, содержавший небесный экватор и эклиптику, принадлежал Ану. Впервые это подразделение встречается в хеттской молитве ночным богам [KUB IV, 47 r. 46–47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]); стандартное обозначение: kakkabāni(MUL.MEŠ) šu-ut dA-nim «звезды Ану» или ḫarrān(KASKAL) šu-ut dA-nim «путь Ану». Cписки звезд Ану: a) 23 звезды Ану в MUL.APIN (I i 40–ii 18), b) 12 звезд Ану в тексте 82-5-22,512 [CT 33 9:8–14; HBA, 104], c) 12 звезд Ану в Astrl. B (B ii 1–33; C 1–12, центральный столбец) [Horowitz 2014, 38]; параллели см. [LBAT 1499; Walker–Hunger 1977], d) 10 звезд Ану в «Каталоге 30 звезд» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 1–10]. Звездам Ану, Энлиля и Эа приносились особые жертвоприношения. См., например, ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества: 3 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na šu-ut dA-nim šu-ut dE[n-lil2 u šu-ut dE2-a tara-kas2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-uš)] «3 алтаря для (звезд) Ану, Э[нлиля и Эа ты воздвигаешь (и совершаешь) то же (= омовение рта)]» [Smith 1925; TuL 105:36; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:36].

(2) В космологии трех небес Ану принадлежит самое верхнее небо. Описание в «Большом списке звезд»: [an-u2] an.ta-tum na4.lu-lu-da-ni-tum ša2 da-nim / [an-u2] murub-tum na4.sag-gil-mut ša2 digigi / an-u2 ki.ta-tum na4.aš-pu2-u ša2 mul.meš «Верхнее небо из лулуданиту-камня, (принадлежит) Ану. Среднее небо из саггильмут-камня, (принадлежит) Игигам. Нижнее небо из яшмы, (принадлежит) звездам» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:278–280]. Подробный анализ см. [MCG, Ch. 1].

(3) Как звезда(?) в паре с dAntum упоминается в описании ночного ритуала в храме Ану в Уруке: ki-ma ša2 mul dAnu(diš) gal-u2 ša2 an-e it-tap-ḫa (mul d)An-tum gal-tum ša2 an-e / ina mulmar.gid2.da it-tap-ḫa «Как только великая небесная звезда Ану восходит, (и) великая небесная звезда Антум в Повозке восходит» [RAcc. 68, 119:15–16; Linssen 2004, 245:15–16]. Небесным воплощением mul dAnum была, по-видимому, звезда в созвездии mu.bu.keš.da (= α Draconis?), (mul d)Antum ― в созвездии mar.gid2.da (Ursa Majoris) [RAcc. 85, note 2; Reiner 1995, 139].

(4) Как созвездие:

= mulAL.LUL, см. Astrolabe B (B ii 26–27), BM 82923:29, MUL.APIN I i 7, а также см. [BPO 2, III 33–33a], [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181];

= mulLU.LIM, см. Astrolabe B (B ii 15–17) [BPO 2, III 32–32a];

= mulMU.BU.KEŠ.DA, см. MUL.APIN I i 19;

= mulSIM.MAḪ, см. «Список 30 звезд» (Anu 6) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997–98, 181, notes];

= mulUR.BAR.RA, см. VR 46, 1:2.

= mulDINGIR.KU.Ameš, см. VR 46, 1:16.

= mulŠAḪ, см. VR 46, 1:18.

= в одной из версий старовавилонской «Молитвы ночным богам» [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 57–58:13].

См. также: mulAnu(60) [SpTU III, 101 r. 7].

Cм. a18AL.LUL, a40dAntum, L09LU.LIM, m27MU.BU.KEŠ.DA, s19SIM.MAḪ.
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[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]
[[Category:Deity]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

AMAR.UTU

2026-04-07T10:43:42Z

HermannHunger:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Marduk and pet.svg|thumb|The Statue of Marduk depicted on a cylinder seal of the 9th century BCE.]]
AMAR.UTU (𒀫𒌓) is the Sumerian writing for the name of the Babylonian King of the Gods, [[Marduk]].

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The name AMAR.UD, to be read AMAR.UTU is the standard Sumerian writing for Marduk, the city god of Babylon. The name is traditionally interpreted as 'The Calf of the Sun' and reflects the identification of Marduk with Mercury that goes back to the Second Millennium BCE. Marduk's name can be written as a star name with the MUL-determinative, a divine name with determinative DINGIR, or both indicating the deification of Marduk's asterism(s). The issue of Marduk and his asterisms, which include identifications with Mercury, Jupiter (as in MUL.APIN) and others, is considered sub [[Nēberu]].

'''Var. readings:'''

* MUL dAMAR.UD,
* mul dAMAR.UTU;
* = mul d''Marduk'' "(Asterism) of Marduk" (AMAR.UTU), lit. "The calf of the Sun" — a standard epithet of Marduk, the supreme deity of Babylon [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 362f.]); a name of Jupiter or Mercury [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 260].

{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
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|'''Lexical texts'''.

* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list from Emar: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:109].
* (2) Series Urra XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 112:324′]; parallels [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 228:128; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:25].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru''6 = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 40:25].
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|'''"Prayers to the gods of the night"'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3">''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:19].
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|'''EAE.'''
* See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988,<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 29-29a; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973<ref name=":6">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:14]. See (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]''.
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|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Addaru, stars of Enlil, 45 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = dAMAR.UTU at the end of the list of 12 stars of Anu (B ii 32).
** (2) List (3´12): [itiŠE] ... mulAMAR.UTU ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "[(Month) Addaru]: ... Marduk, (Path of) Anu" (C ii 12).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise—''addaru'', sunset—''ululu'' [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29].
** '''''??? Sorry, I repeat my problems with Astrolabe B: What are lists 12'3 and 3'12? These abbreviations are nowhere explained and cannot be found in Horowitz 2014. What means "sunrise-sunset=6m"? It probably means the list of risings and settings of stars six months apart. The use of sunrise and sunset is wrong. Moreover, the line numbers given for KAV 218 cannot be found in Horowitz 2014. To use line numbers that start from 1 three times on the same tablet produces an unneccesary confusion.'''''
** '''''This whole problem needs to be fixed everywhere in Astrolabe B. !!! ???'''''
* BM 82923.
** Month Addaru, the stars of Enlil: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Marduk // 45 // King of the Igigi deities". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:36].
* BM 34713.
** The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil:
** múl dAMAR.UTU [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN]].
** A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 12): mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
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|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 33):
** ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''ʼ''-mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2-''bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN''-e ib-bir''
** "When the stars of Enlil have completed (their movements), one great star—(though) its light be dim— divides the sky in half and stands there: (this is) the star of Marduk, the Crossing, Jupiter; it constantly changes its position and crosses the sky" (I i 36-38).
* '''(2)''' Astrological part: 6 predictions concerning mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1-6) [Hunger and Steele 2019<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 28-29, 117-118].
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|"'''''Letters'''''" and "'''''Reports'''''."
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 67 r. 1; SAA 8<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1].
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|"'''The Great Star List'''".

* mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu "Numušda = Marduk"; this here is probably Numušda = Mercury [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:132].
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|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26.'''
* '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "The staff—a weapon in the hand of Marduk.” [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> G 35];
* '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu "King = Marduk";
* '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu "Šupa, Enlil, who sets the fate of the country: the great one among the Enlil deities, Marduk";
* '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "Arrow = a weapon in the hand of Marduk," see also [HBA<ref name=":10">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
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|'''List of 12 names of Marduk'''
A list of the names of Marduk in different months of the Babylonian calendar [HBA<ref name=":10" /> 24-25]:

* '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu,
* '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu,
* '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu,
* '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu,
* '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu,
* '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu,
* '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigam3 = damar.utu,
* '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu,
* '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu,
* '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2-''a'' = damar.utu IIIR 53,2:2-13 (K.5990:2-13 in ACh Ištar 8); parallel CT<ref name=":11">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49 Sm. 777:1-13]. See also [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3" />, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].
| Example
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=== Additional ===

==== Deity ====
 The name of Marduk, as the patron of Babylon, has been mentioned since the third dynasty of Ur (21st century BCE). Among his epithets: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina šamê''(ANe) "The star of all that is in the sky". [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) "[Star of] abundance" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. It is not known when this deity acquired astral significance. The earliest evidence is from the 13th century BCE (list from Emar). The name of Jupiter in Old Babylonian texts—dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963<ref>''Falkenstein A.'' Sumerische religiöse Texte // ZA. 1963. Bd. XXI. S. 11-67.</ref>, 33]; see also (Kurtik a27) AMAR.GIR2.

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= Jupiter; the identity follows from MUL.APIN, and from a number of other texts, see also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12">''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 57].

= Mercury; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Star of Marduk = Mercury" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGU4.UD ''i-qab-bi'' "The star of Marduk is said so referring to Mercury" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; perhaps this is the name of Mercury when its heliacal rising occurs at the beginning of the year in the month of Nisanu. For a prayer to Marduk as Mercury see [Lambert 1957-58<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Two Texts from the Early Part of the Reign of Ashurbanipal // AfO. 1957-59. Bd. 18. S. 382-387.</ref>, 386]. See also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12" />, 57]. See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 19.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
* (1) = ''Staff''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The Star of Marduk—so it is said (when referring) to the Staff" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a + Parallels].

===== Predictions: =====
* (2) Jupiter and the Pleiades: DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI dIM RA "If Marduk's star reaches the Star Cluster, this year Adad will bring devastation" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [Hunger and Steele 2019<ref name=":7" />, 117]; for a parallel see [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 326:7].
* (3) Pleiades and Jupiter: DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the star of Marduk: there will be fever this year and summer he[at...] [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, Nr. 101:14].
* (4) Jupiter and Raven (= Mercury?): DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM GIŠ "If Marduk's star reaches the Raven: the early sesame will prosper" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 117], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41:24′; ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 88:22-23].
* (5) The heliacal rising of Mercury at the beginning of the year: DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBARA2 IGI-''ma'' "If the Marduk star becomes visible at the beginning of the year: this year’s harvest will prosper. (It means) Mercury becomes visible in Nisan." [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; for a parallel see MUL.APIN II Gap B 1 [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" />, 117].
* (6) Connection between Jupiter and Mercury during heliacal risings: DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (gloss: ''ṣa-li-im-''˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (gloss: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) "If Marduk’s star is dark and is seen again and again: in this year [there will be ''as''[''akku''] (disease) [SAA 10<ref name=":8" />, 67 r. 1-3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' "If Marduk's star is dark when it becomes visible: this year, there will be ''asakku'' (disease)" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 118].
* (7) Magical prohibition. DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' "If the star of Marduk sees a man's body: epilepsy(?) will seize him" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' "If a man bathes before the star of Marduk: there will be guilt" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 118-9].
* (8) The name of Jupiter depending on its position relative to the horizon; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' "The star of Marduk, when it appears, (is called) Šulpae; when it rises 1 "double hour" - Sagmegar; when it stands in the middle of the sky, - Crossing." [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 147:7-r.1], for a parallel to the reference to d''Da-pi-nu'' see [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, K.3124:5′-6′] (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]).

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a28)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 260)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL dAMAR.UD, mul dAMAR.UTU; = mul d''Marduk'' «(Звезда) Мардука» (AMAR.UTU, букв. «Теленок Солнца» ― стандартный эпитет Мардука, верховного божества Вавилона [МНМ II, 110; Tallqvist 1938, 362f.]); название Юпитера или Меркурия [Gössmann 1950, 260].

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычный шумерский список из Эмара: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4, 154:109]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 112:324′]; параллели [SpTU III, 228:128; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:25]. '''(3)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru6'' = […] [MSL XI, 40:25]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». Новоассирийская молитва: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2, III 29–29a; BPO 3, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III, 101:14]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля, 45 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Cписок (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu в конце списка 12 звезд Ану (B ii 32), см. n15''Nēberu''. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiše] … mulamar.utu ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[(Месяц) аддару]: …Мардук (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 12). '''(3)''' Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход – аддару, заход – улулу [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], см. k24KU6; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 29]. BM 82923. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2''-gi''3''-gi''3 «Мардук // 45 // Царь божеств Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:36]. BM 34713. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: múl damar.utu [LBAT, 1499:1], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 12): mul d''Marduk''(amar.utu) [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 33): ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ-''mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2''-bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN-''e'' ''ib-bir'' «Когда звезды Энлиля завершили (свои движения), одна большая звезда ― (хотя) ее свет тусклый ― делит небо пополам и стоит там: (это) звезда Мардука, Паром, Юпитер; он постоянно изменяет свое положение и пересекает небо» (I i 36–38). '''(2)''' Астрологическая часть: 6 предсказаний, касающихся mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1–6) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 28–29, 117–118]. «'''''Письма'''''» и «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 67 r. 1; SAA 8, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu «Нумушда = Мардук»; здесь, вероятно, Нумушда = Меркурий [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:132]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26'''''. '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руке Мардука» [CAD G 35]; '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu «Царь = Мардук»; '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны: великий среди Энлилей, Мардук»; '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Блистание = оружие в руках Мардука», см. также [HBA 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''Список 12 имен Мардука'' (IIIR''' '''53''','''2)'''. Список имен Мардука в различные месяцы вавилонского календаря: '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu, '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu, '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu, '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu, '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu, '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu, '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu, '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu, '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigan ulNA2 (так в автографии, но должно быть, по-видимому, ulgam3, см. [Gössmann 1950, 260] и n01NA2) = damar.utu, '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu, '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu, '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2''-a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2–13) [IIIR 53,2:2–13]; параллель в S. 777 [CT 26, 49:1–13; HBA 24–25]. См. также [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].

II. Божество.

Имя Мардука, как покровителя Вавилона, упоминается со времени III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Среди его эпитетов: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šamê''(AN)e «Звезда всего, что на небе» [CT 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) «[Звезда] изобилия» [CT 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. Неизвестно, когда это божество приобрело астральное значение. Самое раннее свидетельство относится к XIII в. до н.э. (список из Эмара). Название Юпитера в старовавилонских текстах ― dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963, 33]; см. также a27AMAR.GIR2.

III. Отождествление.

= ''Юпитер''; тождество следует из MUL.APIN, и из ряда других текстов, см. также [Brown 2000, 57].

= ''Меркурий''; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Юпитер = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGUD.UD ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Меркурий» [BPO 2, III 29а], см. также [SAA 8, 503:1–3]; возможно, это название Меркурия, когда его гелиакический восход происходит в начале года в месяце нисану. Молитва к Мардуку как Меркурию см. [Lambert 1957–58, 386]. См. также [Brown 2000, 57]. См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 19.

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Посох''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Посох» [BPO 2, III 29а + Parallels].

Предсказания:

(2) ''Юпитер и Плеяды''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI dIM RA «Если звезда Мардука достигает Звезд, в этом году Адад принесет опустошение» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 117]; параллель см. [SAA 8, 326:7].

(3) ''Плеяды и Юпитер''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2…] «Если Звезды достигают звезды Мардука: в этом году лихорадка и летняя жа[ра…] [SpTU III, Nr. 101:14].

(4) ''Юпитер и Ворон'' (= ''Меркурий''?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM.GIŠ «Если звезда Мардука достигает Ворона: ранний сезам будет обильным» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 117], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:24′; ACh Suppl. 2, 88:22–23].

(5) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в начале года''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' «Если звезда Мардука становится видна в начале года: в этом году урожай будет обильным. ― Меркурий становится виден в нисане» [SAA 8, 503:1–3]; параллель см. (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 117].

(6) ''Соединение Юпитера и Меркурия'' ''при гелиакическом восходе''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (глосса: ''ṣa-li-im''-˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (глосса: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''as''[''akku''] [SAA 10, 67 r. 1–3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''asakku''» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 118].

(7) ''Магическое запрещение''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' «Если звезда Мардука увидит тело человека: эпилепсия(?) поразит его» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' «Если человек купается перед звездой Мардука: будет вина» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 118–9].

(8) ''Названия Юпитера'' ''в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта''; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' «Звезда Мардука, когда она появляется, (называется) Шульпаэ; когда проходит 1 «двойной час» после восхода, ― Сагмегар; когда она стоит в середине неба, ― Паром» [SAA 8, 147:7–r.1], параллель с упоминанием d''Da-pi-nu'' см. [BPO 3, K.3124:5′–6′] (d03d''Dāpinu'').
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

<references />

AMAR.UTU

2026-04-06T19:56:53Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Marduk and pet.svg|thumb|The Statue of Marduk depicted on a cylinder seal of the 9th century BCE.]]
AMAR.UTU (𒀫𒌓) is the Sumerian writing for the name of the Babylonian King of the Gods, [[Marduk]].

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The name AMAR.UD, to be read AMAR.UTU is the standard Sumerian writing for Marduk, the city god of Babylon. The name is traditionally interpreted as 'The Calf of the Sun' and reflects the identification of Marduk with Mercury that goes back to the Second Millennium BCE. Marduk's name can be written as a star name with the MUL-determinative, a divine name with determinative DINGIR, or both indicating the deification of Marduk's asterism(s). The issue of Marduk and his asterisms, which include identifications with Mercury, Jupiter (as in MUL.APIN) and others, is considered sub [[Nēberu]].

'''Var. readings:'''

* MUL dAMAR.UD,
* mul dAMAR.UTU;
* = mul d''Marduk'' "(Asterism) of Marduk" (AMAR.UTU), lit. "The calf of the Sun" — a standard epithet of Marduk, the supreme deity of Babylon [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 362f.]); a name of Jupiter or Mercury [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 260].

{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''.

* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list from Emar: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:109].
* (2) Series Urra XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 112:324′]; parallels [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 228:128; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:25].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru''6 = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 40:25].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the gods of the night"'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3">''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:19].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988,<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 29-29a; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973<ref name=":6">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:14]. See (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]''.
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Addaru, stars of Enlil, 45 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = dAMAR.UTU at the end of the list of 12 stars of Anu (B ii 32).
** (2) List (3´12): [itiŠE] ... mulAMAR.UTU ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "[(Month) Addaru]: ... Marduk, (Path of) Anu" (C ii 12).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise—''addaru'', sunset—''ululu'' [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29].
** '''''??? Sorry, I repeat my problems with Astrolabe B: What are lists 12'3 and 3'12? These abbreviations are nowhere explained and cannot be found in Horowitz 2014. What means "sunrise-sunset=6m"? It probably means the list of risings and settings of stars six months apart. The use of sunrise and sunset is wrong. Moreover, the line numbers given for KAV 218 cannot be found in Horowitz 2014. To use line numbers that start from 1 three times on the same tablet produces an unneccesary confusion.'''''
** '''''This whole problem needs to be fixed everywhere in Astrolabe B. ???'''''
* BM 82923.
** Month Addaru, the stars of Enlil: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Marduk // 45 // King of the Igigi deities". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:36].
* BM 34713.
** The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil:
** múl dAMAR.UTU [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN]].
** A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 12): mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 33):
** ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''ʼ''-mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2-''bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN''-e ib-bir''
** "When the stars of Enlil have completed (their movements), one great star—(though) its light be dim— divides the sky in half and stands there: (this is) the star of Marduk, the Crossing, Jupiter; it constantly changes its position and crosses the sky" (I i 36-38).
* '''(2)''' Astrological part: 6 predictions concerning mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1-6) [Hunger and Steele 2019<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 28-29, 117-118].
|
|-
|"'''''Letters'''''" and "'''''Reports'''''."
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 67 r. 1; SAA 8<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1].
|
|-
|"'''The Great Star List'''".

* mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu "Numušda = Marduk"; this here is probably Numušda = Mercury [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:132].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26.'''
* '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "The staff—a weapon in the hand of Marduk.” [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> G 35];
* '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu "King = Marduk";
* '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu "Šupa, Enlil, who sets the fate of the country: the great one among the Enlil deities, Marduk";
* '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "Glitter = a weapon in the hand of Marduk," see also [HBA<ref name=":10">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''List of 12 names of Marduk'''
A list of the names of Marduk in different months of the Babylonian calendar [HBA<ref name=":10" /> 24-25]:

* '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu,
* '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu,
* '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu,
* '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu,
* '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu,
* '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu,
* '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigam3 = damar.utu,
* '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu,
* '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu,
* '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2-''a'' = damar.utu IIIR 53,2:2-13 (K.5990:2-13 in ACh Ištar VIII); parallel CT<ref name=":11">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49:1-13 Sm. 777]. See also [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3" />, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].
| Example
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity ====
 The name of Marduk, as the patron of Babylon, has been mentioned since the third dynasty of Ur (21st century BCE). Among his epithets: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina šamê''(ANe) "The star of all that is in the sky". [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) "[Star of] abundance" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. It is not known when this deity acquired astral significance. The earliest evidence is from the 13th century BCE (list from Emar). The name of Jupiter in Old Babylonian texts—dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963<ref>''Falkenstein A.'' Sumerische religiöse Texte // ZA. 1963. Bd. XXI. S. 11-67.</ref>, 33]; see also (Kurtik a27) AMAR.GIR2.

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= Jupiter; the identity follows from MUL.APIN, and from a number of other texts, see also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12">''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 57].

= Mercury; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Star of Marduk = Mercury" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGU4.UD ''i-qab-bi'' "The star of Marduk is said so referring to Mercury" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; perhaps this is the name of Mercury when its heliacal rising occurs at the beginning of the year in the month of Nisanu. For a prayer to Marduk as Mercury see [Lambert 1957-58<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Two Texts from the Early Part of the Reign of Ashurbanipal // AfO. 1957-59. Bd. 18. S. 382-387.</ref>, 386]. See also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12" />, 57]. See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 19.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
* (1) = ''Staff''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The Star of Marduk—so it is said (when referring to) the Staff" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a + Parallels].

===== Predictions: =====
* (2) ''Jupiter and the Pleiades''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI dIM RA "If Marduk's star reaches the Star Cluster, this year Adad will bring devastation" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [Hunger and Steele 2019<ref name=":7" />, 117]; for a parallel see. [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 326:7].
* (3) ''Pleiades and Jupiter''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the star of Marduk: there will be fever this year and summer he[at...] [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, Nr. 101:14].
* (4) ''Jupiter and Raven'' (= Mercury?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM GIŠ "If Marduk's star reaches the Raven: the early sesame will prosper" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 117], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41:24′; ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 88:22-23].
* (5) ''The heliacal rising of Mercury at the beginning of the year''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' "If the Marduk star becomes visible at the beginning of the year: then this year’s harvest will be in abundance. - Mercury becomes visible in Nisan." [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; for a parallel see (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" />, 117].
* (6) ''Connection between Jupiter and Mercury during heliacal risings''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (gloss: ''ṣa-li-im-''˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (gloss: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) "If Marduk’s star is dark and is seen again and again: in this year [there will be ''as''[''akku''] (disease) [SAA 10<ref name=":8" />, 67 r. 1-3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' "If Marduk's star is dark when it becomes visible: this year, there will be ''asakku'' (disease)" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 118].
* (7) ''Magical prohibition''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' "If the star of Marduk sees a man's body: epilepsy(?) will seize him" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' "If a man bathes before the star of Marduk: there will be guilt" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 118-9].
* (8) The name of Jupiter depending on its position relative to the horizon; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' "The star of Marduk, when it appears, (is called) Šulpae; when it rises 1 "double hour" - Sagmegar; when it stands in the middle of the sky, - Crossing." [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 147:7-r.1], for a parallel to the reference to d''Da-pi-nu'' see. [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, K.3124:5′-6′] (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]).

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a28)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 260)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL dAMAR.UD, mul dAMAR.UTU; = mul d''Marduk'' «(Звезда) Мардука» (AMAR.UTU, букв. «Теленок Солнца» ― стандартный эпитет Мардука, верховного божества Вавилона [МНМ II, 110; Tallqvist 1938, 362f.]); название Юпитера или Меркурия [Gössmann 1950, 260].

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычный шумерский список из Эмара: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4, 154:109]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 112:324′]; параллели [SpTU III, 228:128; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:25]. '''(3)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru6'' = […] [MSL XI, 40:25]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». Новоассирийская молитва: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2, III 29–29a; BPO 3, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III, 101:14]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля, 45 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Cписок (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu в конце списка 12 звезд Ану (B ii 32), см. n15''Nēberu''. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiše] … mulamar.utu ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[(Месяц) аддару]: …Мардук (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 12). '''(3)''' Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход – аддару, заход – улулу [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], см. k24KU6; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 29]. BM 82923. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2''-gi''3''-gi''3 «Мардук // 45 // Царь божеств Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:36]. BM 34713. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: múl damar.utu [LBAT, 1499:1], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 12): mul d''Marduk''(amar.utu) [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 33): ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ-''mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2''-bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN-''e'' ''ib-bir'' «Когда звезды Энлиля завершили (свои движения), одна большая звезда ― (хотя) ее свет тусклый ― делит небо пополам и стоит там: (это) звезда Мардука, Паром, Юпитер; он постоянно изменяет свое положение и пересекает небо» (I i 36–38). '''(2)''' Астрологическая часть: 6 предсказаний, касающихся mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1–6) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 28–29, 117–118]. «'''''Письма'''''» и «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 67 r. 1; SAA 8, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu «Нумушда = Мардук»; здесь, вероятно, Нумушда = Меркурий [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:132]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26'''''. '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руке Мардука» [CAD G 35]; '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu «Царь = Мардук»; '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны: великий среди Энлилей, Мардук»; '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Блистание = оружие в руках Мардука», см. также [HBA 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''Список 12 имен Мардука'' (IIIR''' '''53''','''2)'''. Список имен Мардука в различные месяцы вавилонского календаря: '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu, '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu, '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu, '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu, '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu, '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu, '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu, '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu, '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigan ulNA2 (так в автографии, но должно быть, по-видимому, ulgam3, см. [Gössmann 1950, 260] и n01NA2) = damar.utu, '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu, '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu, '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2''-a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2–13) [IIIR 53,2:2–13]; параллель в S. 777 [CT 26, 49:1–13; HBA 24–25]. См. также [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].

II. Божество.

Имя Мардука, как покровителя Вавилона, упоминается со времени III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Среди его эпитетов: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šamê''(AN)e «Звезда всего, что на небе» [CT 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) «[Звезда] изобилия» [CT 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. Неизвестно, когда это божество приобрело астральное значение. Самое раннее свидетельство относится к XIII в. до н.э. (список из Эмара). Название Юпитера в старовавилонских текстах ― dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963, 33]; см. также a27AMAR.GIR2.

III. Отождествление.

= ''Юпитер''; тождество следует из MUL.APIN, и из ряда других текстов, см. также [Brown 2000, 57].

= ''Меркурий''; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Юпитер = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGUD.UD ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Меркурий» [BPO 2, III 29а], см. также [SAA 8, 503:1–3]; возможно, это название Меркурия, когда его гелиакический восход происходит в начале года в месяце нисану. Молитва к Мардуку как Меркурию см. [Lambert 1957–58, 386]. См. также [Brown 2000, 57]. См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 19.

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Посох''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Посох» [BPO 2, III 29а + Parallels].

Предсказания:

(2) ''Юпитер и Плеяды''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI dIM RA «Если звезда Мардука достигает Звезд, в этом году Адад принесет опустошение» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 117]; параллель см. [SAA 8, 326:7].

(3) ''Плеяды и Юпитер''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2…] «Если Звезды достигают звезды Мардука: в этом году лихорадка и летняя жа[ра…] [SpTU III, Nr. 101:14].

(4) ''Юпитер и Ворон'' (= ''Меркурий''?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM.GIŠ «Если звезда Мардука достигает Ворона: ранний сезам будет обильным» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 117], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:24′; ACh Suppl. 2, 88:22–23].

(5) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в начале года''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' «Если звезда Мардука становится видна в начале года: в этом году урожай будет обильным. ― Меркурий становится виден в нисане» [SAA 8, 503:1–3]; параллель см. (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 117].

(6) ''Соединение Юпитера и Меркурия'' ''при гелиакическом восходе''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (глосса: ''ṣa-li-im''-˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (глосса: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''as''[''akku''] [SAA 10, 67 r. 1–3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''asakku''» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 118].

(7) ''Магическое запрещение''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' «Если звезда Мардука увидит тело человека: эпилепсия(?) поразит его» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' «Если человек купается перед звездой Мардука: будет вина» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 118–9].

(8) ''Названия Юпитера'' ''в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта''; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' «Звезда Мардука, когда она появляется, (называется) Шульпаэ; когда проходит 1 «двойной час» после восхода, ― Сагмегар; когда она стоит в середине неба, ― Паром» [SAA 8, 147:7–r.1], параллель с упоминанием d''Da-pi-nu'' см. [BPO 3, K.3124:5′–6′] (d03d''Dāpinu'').
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

<references />

AMAR.UTU

2026-04-06T19:14:22Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Marduk and pet.svg|thumb|The Statue of Marduk depicted on a cylinder seal of the 9th century BCE.]]
AMAR.UTU (𒀫𒌓) is the Sumerian writing for the name of the Babylonian King of the Gods, [[Marduk]].

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The name AMAR.UD, to be read AMAR.UTU is the standard Sumerian writing for Marduk, the city god of Babylon. The name is traditionally interpreted as 'The Calf of the Sun' and reflects the identification of Marduk with Mercury that goes back to the Second Millennium BCE. Marduk's name can be written as a star name with the MUL-determinative, a divine name with determinative DINGIR, or both indicating the deification of Marduk's asterism(s). The issue of Marduk and his asterisms, which include identifications with Mercury, Jupiter (as in MUL.APIN) and others, is considered sub [[Nēberu]].

'''Var. readings:'''

* MUL dAMAR.UD,
* mul dAMAR.UTU;
* = mul d''Marduk'' "(Asterism) of Marduk" (AMAR.UTU), lit. "The calf of the Sun" — a standard epithet of Marduk, the supreme deity of Babylon [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 362f.]); a name of Jupiter or Mercury [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 260].

{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''.

* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list from Emar: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:109].
* (2) Series Urra XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 112:324′]; parallels [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 228:128; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:25].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru''6 = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 40:25].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the gods of the night"'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3">''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:19].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988,<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 29-29a; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973<ref name=":6">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:14]. See (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]''.
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Addaru, stars of Enlil, 45 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = dAMAR.UTU at the end of the list of 12 stars of Anu (B ii 32).
** (2) List (3´12): [itiŠE] ... mulAMAR.UTU ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "[(Month) Addaru]: ... Marduk, (Path of) Anu" (C ii 12).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise—''addaru'', sunset—''ululu'' [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29].
** '''''??? Sorry, I repeat my problems with Astrolabe B: What are lists 12'3 and 3'12? These abbreviations are nowhere explained and cannot be found in Horowitz 2014. What means "sunrise-sunset=6m"? It probably means the list of risings and setting of stars six months apart. The use of sunrise and sunset is wrong. Moreover, the line numbers given for KAV 218 cannot be found in Horowitz 2014. To use line numbers that start from 1 three times on the same tablet produces an unneccesary confusion.'''''
** '''''This whole problems needs to be fixed everywhere in Astrolabe B. ???'''''
* BM 82923.
** Month Addaru, the star of Enlil: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Marduk // 45 // King of the Igigi deities". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:36].
* BM 34713.
** The month of Nisanu, the stars of Enlil:
** múl dAMAR.UTU [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN]].
** A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 12): mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 33):
** ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''ʼ''-mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2-''bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN''-e ib-bir''
** "When the stars of Enlil have completed (their movements), one great star—(though) its light be dim— divides the sky in half and stands there: (this is) the star of Marduk, the Crossing, Jupiter; it constantly changes its position and crosses the sky" (I i 36-38).
* '''(2)''' Astrological part: 6 predictions concerning mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1-6) [Hunger and Steele 2019<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 28-29, 117-118].
|
|-
|"'''''Letters'''''" and "'''''Reports'''''."
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 67 r. 1; SAA 8<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1].
|
|-
|"'''The Great Star List'''".

* mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu "Numušda = Marduk"; this here is probably Numušda = Mercury [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:132].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26.'''
* '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "The staff—a weapon in the hand of Marduk.” [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> G 35];
* '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu "King = Marduk";
* '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu "Šupa, Enlil, who sets the fate of the country: the great one among the Enlil deities, Marduk";
* '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "Glitter = a weapon in the hand of Marduk," see also [HBA<ref name=":10">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''List of 12 names of Marduk <s>(IIIR 53:2)</s>. . K. 3384 (Reiner-Pigree, BPO 3, 1998, 262-63 Group G) + K. 5990 (IIIR 43, 2 = ACh Ištar VIII'''
A list of the names of Marduk in different months of the Babylonian calendar:

* '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu,
* '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu,
* '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu,
* '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.
* '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu,
* '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu,
* '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu,
* '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigam3 = damar.utu
* '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu,
* '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu,
* '''(12)''' ''ina'' iti''še'' ul''ku''6 d''E''2-''a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2-13) [IIIR 53,2:2-13]; parallel in S. 777 [CT<ref name=":11">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49:1-13; HBA<ref name=":10" /> 24-25]. See also [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3" />, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].
| Example
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity ====
 The name of Marduk, as the patron of Babylon, has been mentioned since the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century BCE). Among his epithets: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina šamê''(AN)e "The star of all that is in the sky". [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) "[Star of] abundance" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. It is not known when this deity acquired astral significance. The earliest evidence is from the 13th century B.C. (list from Emar). The name of Jupiter in Old Babylonian texts—dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963<ref>''Falkenstein A.'' Sumerische religiöse Texte // ZA. 1963. Bd. XXI. S. 11-67.</ref>, 33]; see also (Kurtik a27) AMAR.GIR2.

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= Jupiter; the identity follows from MUL.APIN, and from a number of other texts, see also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12">''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 57].

= Mercury; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Jupiter = Mercury" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGU4.UD ''i-qab-bi'' "The star of Marduk is so said, (when referring to) Mercury" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; perhaps this is the name of Mercury when its heliacal rising occurs at the beginning of the year in the month of Nisanu. For a prayer to Marduk as Mercury see [Lambert 1957-58<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Two Texts from the Early Part of the Reign of Ashurbanipal // AfO. 1957-59. Bd. 18. S. 382-387.</ref>, 386]. See also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12" />, 57]. See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 19.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
* (1) = ''Staff''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The Star of Marduk—so it is said (when referring to) the Staff" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a + Parallels].

===== Predictions: =====
* (2) ''Jupiter and the Pleiades''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI dIM RA "If Marduk's star reaches the Star Cluster, this year Adad will bring devastation" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [Hunger and Steele 2019<ref name=":7" />, 117]; for a parallel see. [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 326:7].
* (3) ''Pleiades and Jupiter''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the star of Marduk: there will be fever this year and summer he[at...] [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, Nr. 101:14].
* (4) ''Jupiter and Raven'' (= Mercury?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM GIŠ "If Marduk's star reaches the Raven: the early sesame will prosper" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 117], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41:24′; ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 88:22-23].
* (5) ''The heliacal rising of Mercury at the beginning of the year''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' "If the Marduk star becomes visible at the beginning of the year: then this year’s harvest will be in abundance. - Mercury becomes visible in Nisan." [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; for a parallel see (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" />, 117].
* (6) ''Connection between Jupiter and Mercury during heliacal risings''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (gloss: ''ṣa-li-im-''˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (gloss: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) "If Marduk’s star is dark and is seen again and again: in this year [there will be ''as''[''akku''] (disease) [SAA 10<ref name=":8" />, 67 r. 1-3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' "If Marduk's star is dark when it becomes visible: this year, there will be ''asakku'' (disease)" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 118].
* (7) ''Magical prohibition''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' "If the star of Marduk sees a man's body: epilepsy(?) will seize him" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' "If a man bathes before the star of Marduk: there will be guilt" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 118-9].
* (8) The name of Jupiter depending on its position relative to the horizon; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' "The star of Marduk, when it appears, (is called) Šulpae; when it rises 1 "double hour" - Sagmegar; when it stands in the middle of the sky, - Crossing." [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 147:7-r.1], for a parallel to the reference to d''Da-pi-nu'' see. [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, K.3124:5′-6′] (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]).

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a28)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 260)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL dAMAR.UD, mul dAMAR.UTU; = mul d''Marduk'' «(Звезда) Мардука» (AMAR.UTU, букв. «Теленок Солнца» ― стандартный эпитет Мардука, верховного божества Вавилона [МНМ II, 110; Tallqvist 1938, 362f.]); название Юпитера или Меркурия [Gössmann 1950, 260].

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычный шумерский список из Эмара: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4, 154:109]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 112:324′]; параллели [SpTU III, 228:128; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:25]. '''(3)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru6'' = […] [MSL XI, 40:25]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». Новоассирийская молитва: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2, III 29–29a; BPO 3, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III, 101:14]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля, 45 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Cписок (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu в конце списка 12 звезд Ану (B ii 32), см. n15''Nēberu''. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiše] … mulamar.utu ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[(Месяц) аддару]: …Мардук (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 12). '''(3)''' Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход – аддару, заход – улулу [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], см. k24KU6; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 29]. BM 82923. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2''-gi''3''-gi''3 «Мардук // 45 // Царь божеств Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:36]. BM 34713. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: múl damar.utu [LBAT, 1499:1], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 12): mul d''Marduk''(amar.utu) [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 33): ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ-''mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2''-bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN-''e'' ''ib-bir'' «Когда звезды Энлиля завершили (свои движения), одна большая звезда ― (хотя) ее свет тусклый ― делит небо пополам и стоит там: (это) звезда Мардука, Паром, Юпитер; он постоянно изменяет свое положение и пересекает небо» (I i 36–38). '''(2)''' Астрологическая часть: 6 предсказаний, касающихся mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1–6) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 28–29, 117–118]. «'''''Письма'''''» и «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 67 r. 1; SAA 8, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu «Нумушда = Мардук»; здесь, вероятно, Нумушда = Меркурий [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:132]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26'''''. '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руке Мардука» [CAD G 35]; '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu «Царь = Мардук»; '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны: великий среди Энлилей, Мардук»; '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Блистание = оружие в руках Мардука», см. также [HBA 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''Список 12 имен Мардука'' (IIIR''' '''53''','''2)'''. Список имен Мардука в различные месяцы вавилонского календаря: '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu, '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu, '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu, '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu, '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu, '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu, '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu, '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu, '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigan ulNA2 (так в автографии, но должно быть, по-видимому, ulgam3, см. [Gössmann 1950, 260] и n01NA2) = damar.utu, '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu, '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu, '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2''-a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2–13) [IIIR 53,2:2–13]; параллель в S. 777 [CT 26, 49:1–13; HBA 24–25]. См. также [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].

II. Божество.

Имя Мардука, как покровителя Вавилона, упоминается со времени III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Среди его эпитетов: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šamê''(AN)e «Звезда всего, что на небе» [CT 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) «[Звезда] изобилия» [CT 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. Неизвестно, когда это божество приобрело астральное значение. Самое раннее свидетельство относится к XIII в. до н.э. (список из Эмара). Название Юпитера в старовавилонских текстах ― dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963, 33]; см. также a27AMAR.GIR2.

III. Отождествление.

= ''Юпитер''; тождество следует из MUL.APIN, и из ряда других текстов, см. также [Brown 2000, 57].

= ''Меркурий''; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Юпитер = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGUD.UD ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Меркурий» [BPO 2, III 29а], см. также [SAA 8, 503:1–3]; возможно, это название Меркурия, когда его гелиакический восход происходит в начале года в месяце нисану. Молитва к Мардуку как Меркурию см. [Lambert 1957–58, 386]. См. также [Brown 2000, 57]. См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 19.

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Посох''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Посох» [BPO 2, III 29а + Parallels].

Предсказания:

(2) ''Юпитер и Плеяды''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI dIM RA «Если звезда Мардука достигает Звезд, в этом году Адад принесет опустошение» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 117]; параллель см. [SAA 8, 326:7].

(3) ''Плеяды и Юпитер''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2…] «Если Звезды достигают звезды Мардука: в этом году лихорадка и летняя жа[ра…] [SpTU III, Nr. 101:14].

(4) ''Юпитер и Ворон'' (= ''Меркурий''?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM.GIŠ «Если звезда Мардука достигает Ворона: ранний сезам будет обильным» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 117], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:24′; ACh Suppl. 2, 88:22–23].

(5) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в начале года''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' «Если звезда Мардука становится видна в начале года: в этом году урожай будет обильным. ― Меркурий становится виден в нисане» [SAA 8, 503:1–3]; параллель см. (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 117].

(6) ''Соединение Юпитера и Меркурия'' ''при гелиакическом восходе''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (глосса: ''ṣa-li-im''-˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (глосса: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''as''[''akku''] [SAA 10, 67 r. 1–3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''asakku''» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 118].

(7) ''Магическое запрещение''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' «Если звезда Мардука увидит тело человека: эпилепсия(?) поразит его» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' «Если человек купается перед звездой Мардука: будет вина» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 118–9].

(8) ''Названия Юпитера'' ''в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта''; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' «Звезда Мардука, когда она появляется, (называется) Шульпаэ; когда проходит 1 «двойной час» после восхода, ― Сагмегар; когда она стоит в середине неба, ― Паром» [SAA 8, 147:7–r.1], параллель с упоминанием d''Da-pi-nu'' см. [BPO 3, K.3124:5′–6′] (d03d''Dāpinu'').
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

<references />

AL.LUL

2026-04-04T16:51:02Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AL.LUL}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Liocarcinus vernalis.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Vernal crab from the Belgian coastal waters on board of RV Belgica. CC BY-SA 4.0]]
The Mesopotamian term mulAL.LUL (𒀯𒀠𒈜) = ''Alluttu'' means "Crab" and in astronomy refers to the constellation [[Cancer]], The Crab. ALLA is a later Mesopotamian term, alternatively used for mulAL.LUL.
A schematic drawing of the ‘The Crab’ constellation is available on the Sippar Planisphere,<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> Sector 2: 4. It shows a quadrilateral with six dots inside representing the central star cluster M44. It may also be interpreted as a tiny crab formed of the four corner stars for the crab's 2 front claws and 2 swimming legs, and 6 other smaller stars inside the square for the main part of its body. The small smudge at the top of the drawing might just be a partially erased 11th dot for ‘The Crab’s’ head as described in the Uranology text D (MLC 1866) [Beaulieu et. al 2018:<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 36, 40]:<blockquote>''The Crab is the seat of Anu, (It is shaped like) a quadrilateral 4 stars are depicted on its sides, with 6 stars next to each other inside it. 1 star is depicted on its head.'' </blockquote>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
In Kurtik (2007), the terms (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik a21) mulALLA and (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|mulKUŠU2]] have been separate lemmas. The Akkadian equivalent for mulAL.LUL "Crab" is mul''Alluttu.'' Syllabic writings occur mostly in lexical texts and 'Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'-group. Here we merge them as Sumerian mulAL.LUL or AL.LUL = ''alluttu'' (Akkadian) “crab”,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> and mul[[ALLA]]<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> = mul''alluttu'' (Akkadian) "Crab". In the sky, they all refer to the same asterism and zodiacal sign in [[Cancer]].

'''Variant readings:'''

* mulALLA, mulALLAx , mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB

*mulNAGAR,
*mulKUŠU2 (ePSD2:<ref>ePSD2 [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux/o0032779 kušu]

</ref> a creature, crab or snapping turtle)
*mulALLA, on the reading ALLA for NAGAR in non-astronomical texts see: [Lambert 1969,<ref>''Lambert W.G. '' Review of Limet H. L'anthroponymie sumérienne dans les document de la 3edynastie ďUr. 1968 // BSOAS. 1969. V. 32, Pt. 3. P. 594-595.</ref> 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.],
* mulALLAx, on the reading ALLAx in astronomical texts see [Neugebauer and Sachs 1967; Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11].
'''Var. designations (ALLA):'''
*1) The constellation in [[Cancer]],
*2) the zodiacal sign [[Cancer]],
*3) ''ziqpu''-asterism XX in later astronomical and astrological texts
'''Relation to Planet:''' Crab is ''Bit nişirti'' of Jupiter
[AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360-361; Gössmann 1950. 294; Gössmann 1950, 14; MSL VIII/2, 90-93; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156-158; Ungnad 1941-44, 256-7, fn. 42].

'''Philology:''' The reading of the Sumerian name mulal.lub rather than mulAL.LUL in the series Urra XXII is based on that in a school text from Susa (see CAD A/1, 351-352). mulALLA (formerly ALLAx) is a first millennium Sumerian name for the constellation written with the sign NAGAR.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts (AL.LUL)'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115].
* (2) Urra XXII: mul''al-lub'' = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103].
* (3) Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki "Crab = Sippar" [MSL XVII, 229].
'''Lexical texts (ALLA)'''

* In monolingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulALLA [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27].

|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes). --- AL.LUL'''
* Astrolabe P.
** (1) Month Simanu, stars of Enlil, 60;
** (2) Month Ṭebetu, stars of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574-575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing a crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27); for a likely parallel see [BPO 2, III, 33-33a; Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, 181]; see also (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]].
** (2) List (3´12): [itiab ... mul''al-lu-ut-tum šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "Month Ṭebetu: ... Crab (in the path of) Anu" (C ii 10).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is in month Ṭebetu, sunset is in month Du'uzu [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014 40, 42], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2, III 28a].
* BM 82923.
** Month Ṭebetu, stars of Anu: mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An "The Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014, 139].
* BM 34713. múlalla (twice!), see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* '''"Round astrolabes."'''
** K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. The list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9: mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; see Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|"'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''" -- '''ALLA'''
*BM 34713. múlALLA (twice!):
** a) Month Šabatu, the stars of Anu, see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]] [LBAT, 1499 ii 11].
**b) The misreading ALLA in the Path of Enlil in month Du'uzu has been corrected to mulMUŠ [Horowitz 2014, 126]
|[[File:Cnc Hya KAKSISA stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with additional label "KAK.SI.SA2"|thumb|The Crab, the MUŠ-Dragon and the Arrow in the Babylonian Uranography. Stellarium mapwith paintings by Jessica Gullberg. ]]
|-
|'''EAE'''
* '''AL.LUL''' See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a-b, 28a-b, 33a, 35a, XV 11-13; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5-7].
* '''ALLA''' See [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''MUL.APIN (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 7):
** mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat dA-nim''
** "The Crab, the seat of Anu" (I i 7), parallel in [Beaulieu et al. 2018 40, MLC 1866 (col. ii 18)].
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme
** "On the 5th of month Du'uzu the Small Twins and Crab become visible" (I ii 41).
* (3) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6).
* (4) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon":
** mulAL.LUL, after mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, before mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]].
*
'''MUL.APIN (ALLA).'''
*Astrological predictions: U.RI.RI and ALLA (II iii 25-27), see (Kurtik u01) [[U.RI.RI]] .
|[[File:CNC Cancer Anu smh.jpg|alt=drawing of "Anu's Seat" in Cancer (star chart)|thumb|MUL.APIN lists "The Crab, The Seat of Anu" where "the seat" might be his throne or his temple. According to the reconstruction of the Anu-temple of Uruk by the German Archaeological Institute, this temple looks like a box. Here, we depict Anu sitting on his temple as his throne (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024, after Kay Elzner's drawing for Hoffmann 2021<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2021). Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart</ref>).]]
|-
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea”'''
* (1) mulal.lul = ídidigna "The Crab = Tigris River";
* (2) MULmeš IGImeš ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL = ídidigna "Front stars of the Crab = Tigris River";
* (3) EGIRmeš-''tum'' = ídBURANUNki "the rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates River";
* (4) See also Reynolds 2019: 297-298.
* (5) astrological predictions:
** (a) IGImeš KUR4meš-''ma'' SA5me-''ma'' ídIDIGNA DU-''kam''2 "(If) the front stars (of the Crab) are bright and are red: the Tigris will overflow,"
** (b) MURUB4meš SA5me-''ma'' ZI IM "(If) the middle ones (of the Crab star) are red: the wind will rise",
** (c) EGIRmeš SA5me-''ma'' ídBURANUNki DU-''kam''2 NIMmeš / SI.SA2meš "(If) the rear ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the Euphrates will overflow and the early (harvest) will prosper";
* (6) 12 Amurru stars [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:145, 148, 149, 150-153, 219].
|
|-
|'''"Letters and Reports"'''
The name of the constellation occurs in 27 reports and 4 letters [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* "'''Simple Group'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''VAT 9428''', Obv. 13-15// '''NBC 7831''', Obv. 12-14//'''BM 33878''' obv. 12'-13' (restored from duplicates, see [Hätinen 2023)<ref>Hätinen, Aino (2023). BM 33878: A Uranology Fragment From Babylon, Journal for Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 75, 189-195, DOI</ref>]:
** mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-[m]a-ak-[ku'' 4] MULmeš ''ina i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru / i-na li[b''3''-b]i-šu2-nu'' [6 MULmeš ''a-ḫi-i]n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e-[ṣir.'' . mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI''-šu''2 ''e-ṣir''
** "The Crab (has the shape of) an ''apsamakku'' (trapezoid, rectangle or square). [4] stars are depicted on its circumference; within them [6 stars side by side] straddle one another; 1 star is depicted on its head. [Ju]piter is depicted in its front." [Weidner 1927,<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref> 73-76, 80-81; Beaulieu et al. 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 22-25].
* "'''Expanded Version'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''MLC 1866''' (col. ii 18-20):
** mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺-''ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2meš-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-u''ʼ ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a''-[''ḫ'']''a-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i-šu''2 mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu''
** "The Crab is the seat of Anu. (It is shaped like) a quadrangle. 4 stars are drawn on its sides; 6 stars inside it side by side straddle one another. 1 star is depicted on its head. In front of it [Jupiter sta]nds." [Beaulieu et al, 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 36, 40].
** See (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
* See also (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB. BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL "3[⅓] mina in weight, 2/3 ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the rear Twin [Gemini] to the Crab [Cancer]",
** (b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, 2/3 ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the head of the Lion" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:9-12; TU 21 r. 9-12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL]
** "⅔ ''bēru'' to the Crab" [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14].
* (3) VAT 16436: see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''...]
** "From the Greater Twins to the Cra[b...]". [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:11].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere (description, see above: Uranologies):
** a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL "⅔ miles (20°) to the Crab" (rev. 19),
** b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:19, 177]; see also BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180].
** In the diagram on the Sippar Planisphere, the Crab corresponds to 10 dots, of which the 4 outermost ones form a square with 6 smaller dots inside [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001,<ref name=":0" /> 176-177, Segment 2], see also "''ziqpu''" below.
'''Lists of ziqpu-stars (ALLA).'''

* VAT 16436:
** múlALLA // 10 // 14 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Crab // 10 (stars) // 14600 cubits". [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11].
|[[File:Cnc AlRawi2001 details 300dpi.jpg|alt=illustration from paper |thumb|Drawing of AL.LUL on the Sippar Planisphere (W. Horowitz and F. N. H. Al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":0" />), highlighting by Hoffmann 2024.]]
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (D)
** mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu
** "The Crab (ε Cnc) or the Snake (β Cnc), the Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the constellation of the Arrow (π Pup): a string". [Pingree and Walker 1988, 315:5-6].
* (E)
** 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu''-<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu
** "5 uš behind the Crab, or Jupiter, which stands behind the Crab in front of the Lion, and the constellation of the Arrow (ρ Pup): a string [ibid. 315:7-8];
|[[File:GU IV.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart for GU IV|thumb|star chart for GU IV (fourth GU, Kurtik GU D), published by Hoffmann (2022) in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy.]][[File:GU V (Kurtik- GU E).jpg|alt=star chart for GU V|thumb|map of the GU V in the GU-text (Kurtik GU E), published in Hoffmann (2022) in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy. ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §O. mulal.lul "Crab" (δ, θ Cnc), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
|[[File:Dalbanna O.jpg|alt=star chart for Dalbanna "O"|thumb|Dalbanna pattern "O"; for this line two versions are preserved and the patterns here distinguished with different colours (plot by Susanne M Hoffmann, 2024)]]
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
* [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB...] / [...mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 ...]
* "[On the 1]5 [of month Ṭebetu] at sunrise, (the point) 5° east of the Cr[ab] [...] culminates(?) [...] Sir[us...]" [SpTU I, 95:15'-16'; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 99].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy (ALLA).'''
*ALLA is the zodiacal sign of the Crab [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; first as allax in the lunar tables of the late 5th century BCE [Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989].
*(2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ''ar''2 <<ut>> ''ša''2 múlalla "Rear stars of the Crab" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11].
*(3) BM 36609+:
**a) Anaphora.
***(1) А 3427: [...''ina''] itiziz2 ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlALLA ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
****"[...In] the month Šabaṭu at noon(?) of the 29th day the Crab emits a ''mišḫu'' and ascends(?)" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23].
***(2) A...] x ''a-na'' 4 ''ša''2 múl''lu-lim'' / [EN...] ''um-mu-lut'' KI ''ša''2 ALLA
****"[From ...] ... 4 stars of the Stag / [to...] the Dusky [stars]: in place of the Crab" [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15-16].
**(b)
***TA ''a-si-du'' / EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL-''šu''2 KUR
***"From the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) / to (the point located) 5° behind the Dull Stars. / The Crab, from its beginning to its end, ascends." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23-25];
***rising time: 30° [ibid. 550].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts" (ALLA).'''
*The constellation and zodiacal sign of the Crab [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I-III, passim]; first in [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, no. -567:10];
* As a designation of the constellation included in the names of 4 "normal stars", see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]] and (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) The Lunaria:
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 "in the area of the Crab" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (2) Microzodiac. See (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (3) "Hypsomata:" The Crab— Jupiter's hypsoma, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
* (4) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU [...] "[If] he is born when the Crab (culminates)" [SpTU V, 265:3'].
* (5) AO 6483: [...: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul [...] "[If a child is born ..., (when) the Crab] appears: death by arms" [TU 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (7) An extispicy including the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik a21) ALLA.

'''Late Astrology, Magic and the Calendar (ALLA).'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ALLA is the sign of the zodiac "Crab"(= Cancer) [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaria." BRM IV, 19: ALLA is the designation of the zodiacal sign Crab (=Cancer) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: g, h, m, 23; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 95-125].
*(3) Microzodiac.
**The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**4-''ni''!-''tum'' ḪA.LA múlALLA ''šum''3-''šu''2
**"4th part, its name is the Crab" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66].
*(3) "Calendar-magical texts".
*(a) BM 34452+:**4 26 // 3 8 // ''Sin'' [''ina'' x x x] x múlALLA / [...] dNAMMU
**"Du'uzu 26 // Simanu 8 // Moon [in x x x] x Crab. / [...] Nammu."
**[LBAT, 1586 + 1587; Hunger 1975, 41:15].
*(b) In the "calendar" ritual texts, the Crab (ŠU/ALLA) corresponds to a recipe for an ointment (W 22619/9+): ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "MIN(=APIN) 10 // ALLA 10 // (with) the blood of a crab, and the crab’s fat you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; ingredients for medical treatment are derived from the animal seen in the zodiacal sign concerned, see Reiner 1995, 116f.
*(4) Zodiacal astrology.
** KI múlALLA UŠ2 ''a-ab-bu''
** "Area of Cancer: death in the ocean."
** [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
*(5) Predicting prices of grain based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlALLA) [SpTU I, 94, passim].
*(6) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on observations of the culmination of stars and positions of the Sun relative to constellations:
** ''ki-i'' múlALLA ''a-na ziq-pi'' ''izzazu''(GUB)zu-''m''[''a''...] / mulALLA múlKAK.SI.SA2 [...] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlALLA ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.[GI6)...]
**"If the Crab culminates and the [(lunar) eclipse should begin], the Crab, the Arrow [...] until the Sun has reached the Crab. It means: eclipse[s ...]"
**(W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6-8].
*(7) between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:
**KAL d''Uraš''(IB) itiŠU mulALLA mulAPIN // ''da''-x[...] / d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a''
**"The 'Strength' is Uraš; month Du'uzu; Crab, Plow; [...] Šulpae";
**perhaps ''da-p''[''i-nu''] should be restored here for an extispicy and its correspondences [SpTU IV, 159:8-9; Reiner 1995, 78].
|
|}
See also [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]].
[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
[[File:ALUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 173653.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AL.LUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Tarf]]
|HIP 40526
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.52
|-
|2
| κ Geminorum
|HIP 37740
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.57
|-
|3
|[[Asellus Australis]]
|HIP 42911
|Constellation lines
|3.94
|-
|4
|ι 1 Cancri
|HIP 43103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.018
|-
| 5
|[[Acubens]]
|HIP 44066
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.249
|-
|6
|[[Asellus Borealis]]
|HIP 42806
|Constellation lines
|4.652
|-
| 7
|[[Tegmine]]
|HIP 40167
|Inside the Hull
|4.67
|-
|8
|μ 2 Cancri
|HIP 39780
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|9
| zet01 Cnc
|HIP 40167A
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|10
|η Cancri
|HIP 41909
|Constellation lines
|5.325
|-
|11
|θ Cancri
|HIP 41822
|Constellation lines
|5.337
|-
|12
|85 Gem
|HIP 38722
|Inside the Hull
|5.365
|-
| 13
|27 Cnc
|HIP 41400
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|14
|3 Cnc
|HIP 39177
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|15
| 45 Cnc
|HIP 42795
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|16
|υ 1 Cancri
|HIP 41816
|Inside the Hull
|5.694
|-
|17
|ψ Cancri
|HIP 40023
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 40167C
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 40866
|Inside the Hull
|5.798
|-
|20
|[AKS95] 73
|[AKS95] 73
|Inside the Hull
|5.832
|-
|21
| ω 1 Cancri
|HIP 39191
|Inside the Hull
| 5.853
|-
|22
|50 Cnc
|HIP 43121
|Inside the Hull
| 5.885
|-
|23
| Piautos
|HIP 40881
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|24
|20 Cnc
|HIP 41117
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 25
|29 Cnc
|HIP 41578
|Inside the Hull
|5.948
|-
|26
|5 Cnc
|HIP 39236
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|27
|μ 1 Cancri
|HIP 39659
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 40231
| Inside the Hull
| 6.047
|-
|29
| 28 Cnc
|HIP 41574
| Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|30
| 21 Cnc
|HIP 41163
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 41319
|Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
|32
| * phi02 Cnc A
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 40167B
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|34
|[AKS95] 69
|[AKS95] 69
|Inside the Hull
|6.176
|-
|35
|* phi02 Cnc B
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 40058
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|37
|82 Gem
|HIP 38106
|Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 39535
| Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|39
| 12 Cnc
|HIP 39874
|Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 42010
|Inside the Hull
|6.247
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 39180
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|42
| [[Meleph]]
|HIP 42556
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|43
|ω 2 Cancri
|HIP 39263
|Inside the Hull
|6.297
|-
|44
| -
| HIP 39194
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 45
| -
|HIP 42187
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|46
|υ 2 Cancri
| HIP 41940
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 40354
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|48
| 54 Cnc
|HIP 43454
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|49
|39 Cnc
| HIP 42516
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 42549
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 51
| -
|HIP 40675
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|52
|ψ1 Cnc
|HIP 40007
| Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|53
| -
| HIP 43427
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 41833
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 40342
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

==== Deity ====
The name was recorded, as a rule, without the determinative d; it is absent from the lists of gods. On its connection with Anu see MUL.APIN, I i 7 and BM 82923:29, and [BPO 2, III 33a]: ''dA-nim'' mulAL.LUL; see also MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. The connection with Ninurta is attested in VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) ''dnin-[g]ir2-su'' "The crab—the river of the god Ningirsu" [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, fn. 99; 1963 117, fn. 9]; for a parallel see [SpTU III, 101:5]. For the namburbi series, see [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7; Maul 1994 = Stefan M. Maul, Zukunftsbewältigung. Eine Untersuchung altorientalischen Denkens anhand der babylonisch-assyrischen Löserituale (Namburbi). Baghdader Forschungen 18, Mainz 1994]. In astrological geography, the Crab correlates (a) with Sippar, (b) the Tigris River; stars in front of the Crab—with the Tigris, the stars in the back—with the Euphrates [Weidner 1963] (see below).

==== Symbol ====
For astral images of the crab on seals from Uruk during the time of the Seleucids, see [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994-1000; Kurtik 2007, fig. 22-27, 46]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlALLA (designation of the zodiacal sign Cancer) corresponds to A.MEŠ "waters". [SpTU II, 43:4].

==== Previous Identifications ====
Koch's identification of the stars in the GU text [Pingree and Walker 313-322]: mul.al.lul is ε Cnc, mul.muš is 1 Hya, or 30 Mon, or 2 Hya, mul.ban is ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 is 11 CMa, or Pulk55 1121m, or Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; see Pingree's objections [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 90-98].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars: mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL "Lyra Asterism = Crab" [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) = Goat-Fish: mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 "The Crab is so said to denote the Goat-Fish, namely, ''suḫurmāšu''." [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = Entenabarhum: MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulŠU.GI) is Entenabarhum. Entenabarhum = The Crab" [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Lunar halo and Crab: DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the Crab stands in it: the life of the king of Akkad will last" [SAA 10, 113:6-7]; for parallels see. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1-3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) Saturn & the Crab (observations); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (gloss.: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL. LUL [xxxxxx] "Their (the Scales') position is stable, [(this) means that Saturn stands] in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:4-5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] "Saturn stands in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:8-r.1 ].

(6) Jupiter & the Crab (observations); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] ''/ a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' "Later once it (Jupiter) continued to move and approached the Crab" [SAA 8, 84 r. 2-3]; see also [ibid. 323: 1-3].

(7) Mars approaches the Crab; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' "If the Strange Star (= Mars) comes close to the Crab: the ruler will die. / If it had become stationary (and) stopped, that would have been [a bad sign]; this (now) is an evil (sign) for Akkad." [SAA 8, 101:7-9]; observations and warnings: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u''2 ''i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 "Mars reached the Crab; [the king should] know (about it) and be careful until it goes out" [SAA 8, 380:4-r.3]; for other examples, see [SAA 8, 28:4-r.3, 80 r. 3, 452:6-r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' [...] "If Mars comes close to the Crab: the Elamites will attack, and the city will be captured [...]". [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) The Goat (=Venus) approaches the Crab; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ ... mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' "[If] the Goat comes close to the Crab: there will be reconciliation and peace in the country; the gods will have mercy on the country; ... (because) Goat = Venus." [SAA 8, 175: r. 1-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 247:8-r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5-11].

(9) Heliacal rising of Mercury in the Crab: DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If the Crab is dark: the spirit of a wronged man will possess the country, deaths will occur in the country". [SAA 8, 477:6-r. 1].

(10) ''Uriri'' and the Crab: DIŠ mul5.U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul5.ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme "If the star Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Crab, omen for an important person: he will die" (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

(11) Lunar eclipse in the Crab: [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ídIdigna ...] "If the Moon eclipses in the area of the front stars of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Tigris River" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''...] "If the Moon eclipses in the hind region of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Euphrates river..." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 219, BM 38164:2]; for a parallel see [Verderame 2002, Texts IIa:4′-6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47-48] as well as the “Great Star List.”

(12) Mercury in the Crab; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 GUB-''ma'' "If the front stars of the Crab are red: rising of the wind. (It means) that Mercury stands in it." [BPO 2, III 7-b-c].

See also [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a21)
|
|-
|
=== (a21) ALLA ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulNAGAR, mulKUŠU2, mulalla, mulallax, mulkušu2; = «Краб»(?). О чтении alla для NAGAR в не-астрономических текстах см. [Lambert 1969, 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.], о чтении allax в астрономических текстах см. [Neugebauer–Sachs 1967; Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11]. 1) Созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующие современному Раку (Cancer), 2) = ziqpu XX в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [CAD A/1, 361b; Gössmann 1950, 294; MSL VIII/2, 90–93; Ungnad 1941–44, 256–7, Anm. 42].
I. Источники.

Лексич тексты. В одноязычных шумерских списках звезд: mulNAGAR [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27]. EAE. См. [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!): a) месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля (ошибка: д.б. múlmuš «Змея» симану, звезды Энлиля), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2; b) месяц шабату, звезды Ану, см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA [LBAT, 1499:4, 11]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: U.RI.RI и ALLA (II iii 25–27), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110–111]. MLC 1866. См. a18AL.LUL, k09KAK.BAN. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436: múlALLA // 10 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Краб // 10 (звезд) // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11]. «Дневники наблюдений». Созвездие и знак зодиака Краб [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; впервые в [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No. -567:10]; как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 4 «нормальных звезд», см. a18AL.LUL и m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. ALLA – знак зодиака Краб [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; впервые как allax в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989]. Анафора. (1) А 3427: [… ina] itiziz2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[…В] месяце шабату в полдень(?) 29-го дня Краб испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23]. (2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ar2 <<ut>> ša2 múlalla «Задние звезды Краба» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11]. (3) BM 36609+: a) [TA…] x x a-na 4 ša2 múllu-lim / [EN…] um-mu-lut KI ša2 ALLA «[От …] …4 звезд Оленя / [до…] Тусклых [звезд]: место Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15–16]. b) TA a-si-du / EN 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «От Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) / До (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых звезд. / Краб, от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23–25]; время восхода: 300 [ibid. 550]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ALLA — знак зодиака «Краб»(= Рак) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: ALLA — обозначение знака зодиака Краб (=Рак) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: g, h, m, 23; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: 4-ni!-tum ḫa.la múlalla šum3-šu2 «4-я часть, ее имя Краб» [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. (3) «Календарно-магические тексты». a) BM 34452+: 4 26 // 3 8 // Sin [ina x x x] x múlALLA / […] dNAMMU «Дуузу 26 // симану 8 // Луна [в x x x] x Крабе. / […] Намму.» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15]. b) Рецепт изготовления мази W 22619/9+: 10 MIN(=APIN) // 10 KUŠU2 // UŠ2 al-lut-tu2 u I3.UDU MIN(=alluttu) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Арахсамну 10 // Рак 100 // Кровь рака и жир рака ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; параллель (сокращение ŠU = KUŠU2) см. [SpTU III, 104]. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlALLA UŠ2 a-ab-bu «Область Рака: смерть от врага» [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlNAGAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания лунных затмений по наблюдениям кульминаций звезд и положений Солнца относительно созвездий: ki-i múlNAGAR a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-m[a…] / mulNAGAR múlGAG.SI.SA2 […] / a-di-i dŠamaš múlNAGAR ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN.[GI6)…] «Если Краб кульминирует и [(лунное) затмение должно начаться], Краб, Стрела… до тех пор пока Солнце Краба не достигнет. Его значение: затме[ние…]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6–8]. (7) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: KAL dUraš(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // da-x[…] / dŠul-pa-e3-a «‘Сила’ — Ураш; дуузу; Краб, Плуг; […] Шульпаэ»; возможно здесь должно быть da-p[i-nu] [SpTU IV, 159:8–9; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

См. также a18AL.LUL, k31KUŠU2.
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|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL.
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!Kurtik (2022, a18 & a22)
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==== (a18) mulAL.LUL ====
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|вар. чтения: mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB, mulALLA; = mul''alluttu'' «Краб»; 1) созвездие в Раке (Canсer), 2) ''ziqpu'' XX, группа звезд в Раке [AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360–361; Gössmann 1950, 14; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156–158]. См. также a21ALLA, k31KUŠU2.
I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Ura'' XXII: mulal-lub = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103]. '''(3)''' Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki «Краб=Сиппар» [MSL XVII, 229]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. '''(1)''' Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, 60; '''(2)''' месяц тебету, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574–575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal «Красная звезда, которая стоит на востоке поcле Близнецов, Гула, несущая корону, (это) Краб, звезда Ану, вблизи Царя» (B ii 24–27); вероятная параллель см. [BPO 2, III, 33–33a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181]; см. также u11UGA. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiab … mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Месяц тебету: … Краб (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 10). '''(3)''' Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], см. g27GU.LA; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 28a]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану: mulAL.LUL // 1,10 // ''šu-bat'' ''An'' «Краб // 70 // Сидение Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014]. BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!), см. a21ALLA. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1,10 «Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Краб, 70» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''ЕАЕ'''.'' См. [Snake 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a–b, 28a–b, 33a, 35a, XV 11–13; Verderame2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5–7]. '''''MUL.APIN'''.'' '''(1)''' Список звезд Энлиля (№ 7): mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat'' d''A-nim'' «Созвездие Краб, место Ану» (I i 7), параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18). '''(2)''' Список дат гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme «5-го дуузу Малые Близнецы и Краб становятся видны» (I ii 41). '''(3)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulAL.LUL, после mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, перед mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Астрологические предсказания: (II iii 25–27) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 20, 41, 59, 68, 110–111]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulal.lul = ídidigna «Краб = река Тигр»; '''(2)''' mul.meš igi.meš ''ša''2 mulal.lul = ídidigna «Передние звезды Краба = река Тигр»; '''(3)''' egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = река Евфрат»; '''(4)''' астрологические предсказания: a) igi.meš kur4.meš-''ma'' sa5.me-''ma'' ídidigna du-''kam''2 «(Если) передние звезды (Краба) имеют большой блеск и красные: Тигр разольется», b) murub4.meš sa5.me-''ma'' zi im «(Если) средние (звезды Краба) красные: поднимется ветер», c) egir.meš sa5.me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 nim.meš / si.sa2.meš «(Если) задние (звезды Краба) красные: Евфрат разольется и ранний (урожай) будет обильным»; '''(5)''' 12 звезд Амурру [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:145, 148, 149, 150–153, 219]. «'''''Письма''» ''и'' «''Рапорты''»''.''''' Название созвездия встречается в 27 рапортах и 4 письмах [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a]. '''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.''''' См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. См. ниже «Символ», а также k09KAK.BAN. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''.'' '''(1)''' AO 6478: a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL «3[⅓ ми]ны веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Заднего Близнеца до Рака», b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва» [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:9–12; TU, 21 r. 9–12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. '''(2)''' VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL] «200 до Краба» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14]. '''(3)''' VAT 16436: см. a21ALLA. '''(4)''' BM 38369+: TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''…] «От Больших Близнецов до Кра[ба…]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:11]. '''(5''') Sippar Planisphere: a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL «⅔ мили (200) до Краба» (rev. 19), b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:19, 177]; см. также BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(D)''' mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu «Краб (ε Cnc) или Змея (β Cnc), Лук (η CMa) и левая нога созвездия Стрела (π Pup): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 315:5–6]. '''(E)''' 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu-''<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu «5 uš позади Краба, или Юпитер, который стоит позади Краба перед Львом, и созвездие Стрела (ρ Pup): веревка [ibid. 315:7–8]; отождествление Коха звезд в этом уравнивании: mulal.lul — ε Cnc, mulmuš — 1 Hya, или 30 Mon, или 2 Hya, mulban — ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 — 11 CMa, или Pulk55 1121''m'', или Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; возражения Пингри см. [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 90–98]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''.'' '''§O'''. mulal.lul «Краб» (δ, θ Cnc), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. '''''Текст''''' '''''W22281a'''''. [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB…] / […mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 …] «[1]5-го [тебету] при восходе Солнца (точка) в 50 к востоку от Кр[аб]а […] в кульминации […] Сири[ус…]» [SpTU I, 95:15'–16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99]. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 «Область Краба» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. a21ALLA. '''(2)''' «Микрозодиак». См. a21ALLA. '''(3)''' «Гипсома». Краб — гипсома Сатурна, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. '''(4)''' W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда Краб (кульминирует), родился» [SpTU V, 265:3']. '''(5)''' AO 6483: […: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul […] «[Если ребенок родился, когда…, (когда) Краб] появляется: смерть от оружия» [TU, 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. '''(6)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], см. s20''Sîn''. '''(7)''' В «календарных» ритуальных текстах Крабу (ŠU/ALLA) соответствует рецепт мази: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') «Кровь краба, жир краба ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; что при этом конкретно имеется в виду, остается неясным. '''(8)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a21ALLA.

II. Божество.

Название записывалось, как правило, без детерминатива d; отсутствует в списках богов. О его связи с Ану см. MUL.APIN, I i 7 и BM 82923:29, а также [BPO 2, III 33a]: d''A''-''nim'' mulAL.LUL; см. также MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. Связь с Нинуртой засвидетельствована в VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) d''nin''-[''g'']''ir2''-''su'' «Краб ― река бога Нингирсу» [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, Anm. 99; 1963 117, Anm. 9]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 101:5]. В серии намбурби см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Краб соотносится: a) c Сиппаром, b) рекой Тигр; передние звезды Краба — с Тигром, задние звезды — с Евфратом [Weidner 1963] (см. ниже).

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428, Obv. 13–15: mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-''[''m'']''a-ak''-[''ku'' 4] MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ''i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru'' / ''i-na li''[''b''3''-b'']''i-šu''2''-nu'' [6 MUL.MEŠ ''a-ḫi''-''i'']''n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e''-[''ṣir''... mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir'' «Краб (имеет форму) ''apsamakku'' (трапеция, прямоугольник или квадрат) ([AHw 61; CAD A/2, 192]). [4] звезды изображены на его окружности; внутри их [6 звезд] следуют [рядом] друг за другом; 1 звезда на его голове изображена. [Ю]питер впереди его изображен» [Weidner 1927, 73–76, 80–81; CAD A/1, 361; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 22–25]. Описание в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18–20): mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺''-ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-uʼ'' ''ina'' ''lib''3-''bi''-''šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a-''[''ḫ'']a''-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+ ''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu2'' ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i''-''šu2'' mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu'' «Краб — сидение Ану. (Он имеет форму) четырехугольника. 4 звезды изображены по его сторонам, внутри его 6 звезд рядом друг за другом следуют. 1 звезда на его голове изображена. Впереди [Юпитер сто]ит» [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40]. На диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere Крабу соответствует 10 точек, из них 4 крайние образуют квадрат, внутри которого 6 более мелких точек [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 176–177, Segment 2]. Астральные изображения краба на печатях из Урука селевкидского времени см. [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994–1000; Куртик 2007, рис. 22–27, 46]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlALLA (обозначение знака зодиака Рак) соответствует A.MEŠ «воды» [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= приблизительно Cancer, в особенности ι Cancri [Gössmann 1950, 14];

= α CМi, хотя признается, что в некоторых случаях al.lu5 обозначает знак зодиака Cancer [Waerden 1949, 21, note 21; 1974, 73, 76];

= Э.Вайднер рассматривает α CMi в качестве ведущей звезды созвездия [Weidner 1957–59, 77];

= Cancer [BPO 2, 7, 10; Hunger and Steele 2019, 137; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= γ δ ε (Praesepe) + η θ ι Cancri [Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 15]; см. также [Koch 1993, 187, Anm. 10].

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

Число звезд в múlALLA = 10, согласно, VAT 16436:11 [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

= Praesepe (Ясли) in Cancer (группа звезд) [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

''='' ε Cnc + Praesepe [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Передняя звезда Краба к северу» (η Cancri);

(2) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Передняя звезда Краба к югу» (θ Cancri);

(3) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Задняя звезда Краба к северу» (γ Cancri);

(4) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Задняя звезда Краба к югу» (δ Cancri);

четыре указанные звезды входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

В «Большом списке звезд» подразделяется на три части:

(5) «Передние звезды...» (см. выше);

(6) murub4.meš «Cрединные (звезды)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:151];

(7) «Задние (звезды)» (см. выше).

В астрологии подразделяется на две части:

(9) MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Передние звезды Краба» [BPO 2, III 7b], см. также [BPO 2, XV 13 + Parallels; Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 1'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 47].

(10) MUL.MEŠ EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Задние звезды Краба» [Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 2'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 48]; cм. также: MUL2 ''ar''2me ''ša''2 ALLA «Задние звезды Краба» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -381:4].

(11) Правая и левая стороны ALLA упоминаются в MUL.APIN II iii 26–27, см. u01U.RI.RI.

(12) MUL2?MEŠ IGI?.˹MEŠ˺ ''u ar''2.MEŠ ''ša''2 ALLA «передние и задние звезды Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker, Sect. 10: rev. v 2′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL «Звезда Лжец = Краб» [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) ''= Коза-Рыба''; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 «Краб ― так говорят, чтобы обозначить Козу-Рыбу, а именно, ''suḫurmāšu''» [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = ''Энтенабархум''; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 DU-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL «Звезда, которая позади него (т.е. позади mulŠU.GI) стоит — Энтенабархум. Энтенабархум = Краб» [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

Предсказания:

(4) ''Лунное гало и Краб''; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu2'' GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' «Если Луна окружена гало, и Краб стоит в нем: жизнь царя Аккада продлится» [SAA 10, 113:6–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1–3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) ''Сатурн и Краб'' (''наблюдения''); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (глосса: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL.LUL [xxxxx] «Их положения стабильны, [(это) означает, что Сатурн стоит] в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:4–5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] «Сатурн стоит в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:8–r.1].

(6) ''Юпитер и Краб'' (''наблюдение''); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma'' [0] ''it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] / ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' «Позднее он (Юпитер) продолжил движение и приблизился к Крабу» [SAA 8, 84 r. 2–3]; см. также [ibid. 323: 1–3].

(7) ''Марс приближается к Крабу''; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma'' ''ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' «Если Странная Звезда (= Марс) приближается к Крабу: правитель умрет. / Если он останавливается (и) стоит, это [зловещий знак]; это злое (предзнаменование) для Аккада» [SAA 8, 101:7–9]; наблюдение и предупреждение: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u2 i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 «Марс достиг Краба; [царь дол]жен знать (об этом) и быть осторожным, пока он не вышел» [SAA 8, 380:4–r.3]; другие примеры см. [SAA 8, 28:4, 80 r. 3, 452:6–r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' […] «Если Марс к Крабу приближается: нападение Элама, город будет захвачен […]» [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''приближается к Крабу''; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ … mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' «[Если] Коза приближается в Крабу: в стране наступит примирение и мир; боги смилуются над страной; пустые закрома наполнятся; урожай страны будет обильным; беременные женщины будут вынашивать своих младенцев положенное время; великие боги покинут (временно) святилища страны; храмы великих богов будут восстановлены, (это произойдет, поскольку): Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175: r. 1–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 247:8–r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5–11].

(9) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в Крабе'': DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если Краб темный: дух злого человека овладеет страной, смерти будут в стране» [SAA 8, 477:6–r. 1].

(10) ''Урири и Краб''; DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme «Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Крабу, ḪUR AL умрут» (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) ''Лунное затмения в Крабе''; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Idigna'' …] «Если Луна затмилась в области передних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Тигр» [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''…] «Если Луна затмилась в области задних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Евфрат…» [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; параллель см. [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′–6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47–48], а также «Большой список звезд».

(12) ''Меркурий в Крабе''; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 DU-''ma'' «Если передние звезды Краба красные: восход ветра. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в нем» [BPO 2, III 7–b–c].

См. также [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
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|-
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==== (a22) mul''Alluttu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Cnc]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AL.LUL

2026-04-04T14:55:52Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AL.LUL}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Liocarcinus vernalis.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Vernal crab from the Belgian coastal waters on board of RV Belgica. CC BY-SA 4.0]]
The Mesopotamian term mulAL.LUL (𒀯𒀠𒈜) = ''Alluttu'' means "Crab" and in astronomy refers to the constellation [[Cancer]], The Crab. ALLA is a later Mesopotamian term, alternatively used for mulAL.LUL.
A schematic drawing of the ‘The Crab’ constellation is available on the Sippar Planisphere,<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> Sector 2: 4. It shows a quadrilateral with six dots inside representing the central star cluster M44. It may also be interpreted as a tiny crab formed of the four corner stars for the crab's 2 front claws and 2 swimming legs, and 6 other smaller stars inside the square for the main part of its body. The small smudge at the top of the drawing might just be a partially erased 11th dot for ‘The Crab’s’ head as described in the Uranology text D (MLC 1866) [Beaulieu et. al 2018:<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 36, 40]:<blockquote>''The Crab is the seat of Anu, (It is shaped like) a quadrilateral 4 stars are depicted on its sides, with 6 stars next to each other inside it. 1 star is depicted on its head.'' </blockquote>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
In Kurtik (2007), the terms (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik a21) mulALLA and (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|mulKUŠU2]] have been separate lemmas. The Akkadian equivalent for mulAL.LUL "Crab" is mul''Alluttu.'' Syllabic writings occur mostly in lexical texts and 'Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'-group. Here we merge them as Sumerian mulAL.LUL or AL.LUL = ''alluttu'' (Akkadian) “crab”,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> and mul[[ALLA]]<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> = mul''alluttu'' (Akkadian) "Crab". In the sky, they all refer to the same asterism and zodiacal sign in [[Cancer]].

'''Variant readings:'''

* mulALLA, mulALLAx , mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB

*mulNAGAR,
*mulKUŠU2 (ePSD2:<ref>ePSD2 [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux/o0032779 kušu]

</ref> a creature, crab or snapping turtle)
*mulALLA, on the reading ALLA for NAGAR in non-astronomical texts see: [Lambert 1969,<ref>''Lambert W.G. '' Review of Limet H. L'anthroponymie sumérienne dans les document de la 3edynastie ďUr. 1968 // BSOAS. 1969. V. 32, Pt. 3. P. 594-595.</ref> 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.],
* mulALLAx, on the reading ALLAx in astronomical texts see [Neugebauer and Sachs 1967; Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11].
'''Var. designations (ALLA):'''
*1) The constellation in [[Cancer]],
*2) the zodiacal sign [[Cancer]],
*3) ''ziqpu''-asterism XX in later astronomical and astrological texts
'''Relation to Planet:''' Crab is ''Bit nişirti'' of Jupiter
[AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360-361; Gössmann 1950. 294; Gössmann 1950, 14; MSL VIII/2, 90-93; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156-158; Ungnad 1941-44, 256-7, fn. 42].

'''Philology:''' The reading of the Sumerian name mulal.lub rather than mulAL.LUL in the series Urra XXII is based on that in a school text from Susa (see CAD A/1, 351-352). mulALLA (formerly ALLAx) is a first millennium Sumerian name for the constellation written with the sign NAGAR.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts (AL.LUL)'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115].
* (2) Urra XXII: mul''al-lub'' = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103].
* (3) Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki "Crab = Sippar" [MSL XVII, 229].
'''Lexical texts (ALLA)'''

* In monolingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulALLA [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27].

|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes). --- AL.LUL'''
* Astrolabe P.
** (1) Month Simanu, stars of Enlil, 60;
** (2) Month Ṭebetu, stars of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574-575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing a crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27); for a likely parallel see [BPO 2, III, 33-33a; Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, 181]; see also (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]].
** (2) List (3´12): [itiab ... mul''al-lu-ut-tum šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "Month Ṭebetu: ... Crab (in the path of) Anu" (C ii 10).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is in month Ṭebetu, sunset is in month Du'uzu [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014 40, 42], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2, III 28a].
* BM 82923.
** Month Ṭebetu, stars of Anu: mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An "The Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014, 139].
* BM 34713. múlalla (twice!), see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* '''"Round astrolabes."'''
** K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. The list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9: mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; see Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|"'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''" -- '''ALLA'''
*BM 34713. múlALLA (twice!):
** a) Month Šabatu, the stars of Anu, see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]] [LBAT, 1499 ii 11].
**b) The misreading ALLA in the Path of Enlil in month Du'uzu has been corrected to mulMUŠ [Horowitz 2014, 126]
|[[File:Cnc Hya KAKSISA stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with additional label "KAK.SI.SA2"|thumb|The Crab, the MUŠ-Dragon and the Arrow in the Babylonian Uranography. Stellarium mapwith paintings by Jessica Gullberg. ]]
|-
|'''EAE'''
* '''AL.LUL''' See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a-b, 28a-b, 33a, 35a, XV 11-13; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5-7].
* '''ALLA''' See [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].
|
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| rowspan="2" |'''MUL.APIN (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 7):
** mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat dA-nim''
** "The Crab, the seat of Anu" (I i 7), parallel in [Beaulieu et al. 2018 40, MLC 1866 (col. ii 18)].
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme
** "On the 5th of month Du'uzu the Small Twins and Crab become visible" (I ii 41).
* (3) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6).
* (4) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon":
** mulAL.LUL, after mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, before mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]].
*
'''MUL.APIN (ALLA).'''
*Astrological predictions: U.RI.RI and ALLA (II iii 25-27), see (Kurtik u01) [[U.RI.RI]] .
|[[File:CNC Cancer Anu smh.jpg|alt=drawing of "Anu's Seat" in Cancer (star chart)|thumb|MUL.APIN lists "The Crab, The Seat of Anu" where "the seat" might be his throne or his temple. According to the reconstruction of the Anu-temple of Uruk by the German Archaeological Institute, this temple looks like a box. Here, we depict Anu sitting on his temple as his throne (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024, after Kay Elzner's drawing for Hoffmann 2021<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2021). Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart</ref>).]]
|-
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea”'''
* (1) mulal.lul = ídidigna "Crab = Tigris River";
* (2) MULmeš IGImeš ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL = ídidigna "Front stars of Crab = Tigris River";
* (3) EGIRmeš-''tum'' = ídburanunki "the rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates River";
* (4) See also Reynolds 2019: 297-298.
* (5) astrological predictions:
** (a) IGImeš KUR4meš-''ma'' SA5me-''ma'' ídIDIGNA DU-''kam''2 "(If) the front stars (of the Crab) are bright and are red: the Tigris will overflow,"
** (b) MURUB4meš SA5me-''ma'' ZI IM "(If) the middle ones (of the Crab star) are red: the wind will rise",
** (c) EGIRmeš SA5me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 NIMmeš / SI.SA2meš "(If) the rear ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the Euphrates will overflow and the early (harvest) will prosper";
* (6) 12 Amurru stars [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:145, 148, 149, 150-153, 219].
|
|-
|'''"Letters and Reports"'''
The name of the constellation occurs in 27 reports and 4 letters [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* "'''Simple Group'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''VAT 9428''', Obv. 13-15// '''NBC 7831''', Obv. 12-14//'''BM 33878''' obv. 12'-13' (restored from duplicates, see (Hätinen 2023)<ref>Hätinen, Aino (2023). BM 33878: A Uranology Fragment From Babylon, Journal for Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 75, 189-195, DOI</ref>:
** mulAL.LUL ''ap2-sa3-[m]a-ak-[ku'' 4] MULmeš ''ina i-tu-ti-ša2 eṣ-ru / i-na li[b3-b]i-šu2-nu'' [6 MULmeš ''a-ḫi-i]n-nu-u2'' ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir.'' . mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI''-šu2 e-ṣir''
** "The crab (has the shape of) an ''apsamakku'' (trapezoid, rectangle or square). [4] stars are depicted on its circumference; within them [6 stars side by side] straddle one another; 1 star is depicted on its head. [Ju]piter is depicted in its front." [Weidner 1927,<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref> 73-76, 80-81; Beaulieu et al. 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 22-25].
* "'''Expanded Version'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description of '''MLC 1866''' (col. ii 18-20):
** mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺-''ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2meš-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-u''ʼ ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a''-[''ḫ'']''a-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i-šu''2 mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu''
** "The crab is the seat of Anu. (It is shaped like) a quadrangle. 4 stars are drawn on its sides; 6 stars inside it side by side straddle one another. 1 star is depicted on its head. In front of it [Jupiter sta]nds." [Beaulieu et al, 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 36, 40].
** See (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
* See also (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB. BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL "3[⅓] mina in weight, 2/3 ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the rear Twin [Gemini] to the Crab [Cancer]",
** (b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, 2/3 ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the head of the Lion" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:9-12; TU 21 r. 9-12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL]
** "2/3 ''bēru'' to the Crab" [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14].
* (3) VAT 16436: see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''...]
** "From the Greater Twins to the Cra[b...]". [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:11].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere (description, see above: Uranologies):
** a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL "⅔ miles (20°) to the Crab" (rev. 19),
** b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:19, 177]; see also BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180].
** In the diagram on the Sippar Planisphere, the Crab corresponds to 10 dots, of which the 4 outermost ones form a square with 6 smaller dots inside [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001,<ref name=":0" /> 176-177, Segment 2], see also "''ziqpu''" below.
'''Lists of ziqpu-stars (ALLA).'''

* VAT 16436:
** múlALLA // 10 // 14 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Crab // 10 (stars) // 14600 cubits". [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11].
|[[File:Cnc AlRawi2001 details 300dpi.jpg|alt=illustration from paper |thumb|Drawing of AL.LUL on the Sippar Planisphere (W. Horowitz and F. N. H. Al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":0" />), highlighting by Hoffmann 2024.]]
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (D)
** mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu
** "The Crab (ε Cnc) or the Snake (β Cnc), the Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the Arrow constellation (π Pup): a string". [Pingree and Walker 1988, 315:5-6].
* (E)
** 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu''-<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu
** "5 uš behind the Crab, or Jupiter, which stands behind the Crab in front of the Lion, and the constellation Arrow (ρ Pup): a string [ibid. 315:7-8];
|[[File:GU IV.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart for GU IV|thumb|star chart for GU IV (fourth GU, Kurtik GU D), published by Hoffmann (2022) in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy.]][[File:GU V (Kurtik- GU E).jpg|alt=star chart for GU V|thumb|map of the GU V in the GU-text (Kurtik GU E), published in Hoffmann (2022) in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy. ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §O. mulal.lul "Crab" (δ, θ Cnc), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
|[[File:Dalbanna O.jpg|alt=star chart for Dalbanna "O"|thumb|Dalbanna pattern "O"; for this line two versions are preserved and the patterns here distinguished with different colours (plot by Susanne M Hoffmann, 2024)]]
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
* [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB...] / [...mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 ...]
* "[On the 1]5 [of month Ṭebetu] at sunrise, (the point) 5° east of the Cr[ab] [...] culminates(?) [...] Sir[us...]" [SpTU I, 95:15'-16'; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 99].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy (ALLA).'''
*ALLA is the zodiacal sign of the Crab [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; first as allax in the lunar tables of the late 5th century BCE [Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989].
*(2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ''ar''2 <<ut>> ''ša''2 múlalla "Rear stars of the Crab" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11].
*(3) BM 36609+:
**a) Anaphora.
***(1) А 3427: [...''ina''] itiziz2 ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
****"[...In] the month of Šabaṭu at noon(?) of the 29th day the Crab emits a ''mišḫu'' and ascends(?)" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23].
***(2) A...] x ''a-na'' 4 ''ša''2 múl''lu-lim'' / [EN...] ''um-mu-lut'' KI ''ša''2 ALLA
****"[From ...] ... 4 stars of the Stag / [to...] the Dusky [stars]: in place of the Crab" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15-16].
**(b)
***TA ''a-si-du'' / EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL-''šu''2 KUR
***"From the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) / To (the point located) 5 UŠ behind the Dull Stars. / The Crab, from its beginning to its end, ascends." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23-25];
***rising time: 30° [ibid. 550].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts." (ALLA)'''
*The constellation and zodiacal sign of the Crab [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III, passim]; first in [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, no. -567:10];
* As a designation of the constellation included in the names of the 4 "normal stars", see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]] and (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) The Lunaries.
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 "in the vicinity of the Crab" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (2) Microzodiac. See (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (3) "Hypsomata." The Crab— Jupiter's hypsoma, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
* (4) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU [...] "[If] he is born when the Crab (culminates),." [SpTU V, 265:3']
* (5) AO 6483: [...: múlal.lul] ''e''3-''a'' uš2 gištukul [...] "[If a child is born ..., (when) the Crab] appears: death by arms" [TU 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (7) In the "calendar" ritual texts of the Crab (ŠU/ALLA) corresponds to a recipe for an ointment: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "The blood of a crab, and the crab’s fat you smear" [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; ingredients for medical treatment are derived from the animal seen in the zodiacal sign concerned, see Reiner 1995, 116f.
* (8) An extispicy including the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik a21) ALLA.

'''Late Astrology, Magic and the Calendar (ALLA).'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ALLA is the sign of the zodiac "Crab"(= Cancer) [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaries." BRM IV, 19: ALLA is the designation of the zodiacal sign Crab (=Cancer) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: g, h, m, 23; Neugebauer-Sachs 1952-53].
*(3) Microzodiac.
**The division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**4-ni!-''tum'' ḫa.la múlalla šum3-''šu''2
**"4th part, its name is the Crab" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66].
*(3) "Calendar-magical texts".
*(a) BM 34452+:**4 26 // 3 8 // ''Sin'' [''ina'' x x x] x múlALLA / [...] dNAMMU
**"Du'uzu 26 // Simanu 8 // Moon [in x x x] x Crab. / [...] Nammu."
**[LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15].
*(b) Recipe for making an ointment W 22619/9+:
**MIN(=APIN) 10 // ALLA 10 // UŠ2 ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u'' I3.UDU MIN(=''alluttu'') MIN(=''tapaššaš'')
** "Arahsamnu 10 // Cancer 10° // (with) blood of a crab and fat of a crab you anoint (the patient)"
**[SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; for a parallel (month ŠU = ALLA) see [SpTU III, 104:13, 17, 26].
*(4) Zodiacal astrology.
** KI múlALLA UŠ2 ''a-ab-bu''
** "Area of Cancer: death in the ocean."
** [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
*(5) Predicting prices of grain based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlALLA) [SpTU I, 94, passim].
*(6) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on observations of the culmination of stars and positions of the Sun relative to constellations:
** ''ki-i'' múlALLA ''a-na ziq-pi'' ''izzazu''(GUB)zu-''m''[''a''...] / mulALLA múlKAK.SI.SA2 [...] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlALLA ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.[GI6)...]
**"If the Crab culminates and the [(lunar) eclipse should begin], the Crab, the Arrow... until the Sun has reached the Crab. It means: eclipse[s ...]"
**(W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6-8].
*(7) between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:
**KAL d''Uraš''(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // ''da''-x[...] / d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a''
**"Strength of Urash; month Du'uzu; Crab, Plow; [...] Šulpae";
**perhaps ''da-p''[''i-nu''] should be an extispicy including correspondences here [SpTU IV, 159:8-9; Reiner 1995, 78].
|
|}
See also [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]].
[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
[[File:ALUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 173653.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AL.LUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Tarf]]
|HIP 40526
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.52
|-
|2
| κ Geminorum
|HIP 37740
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.57
|-
|3
|[[Asellus Australis]]
|HIP 42911
|Constellation lines
|3.94
|-
|4
|ι 1 Cancri
|HIP 43103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.018
|-
| 5
|[[Acubens]]
|HIP 44066
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.249
|-
|6
|[[Asellus Borealis]]
|HIP 42806
|Constellation lines
|4.652
|-
| 7
|[[Tegmine]]
|HIP 40167
|Inside the Hull
|4.67
|-
|8
|μ 2 Cancri
|HIP 39780
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|9
| zet01 Cnc
|HIP 40167A
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|10
|η Cancri
|HIP 41909
|Constellation lines
|5.325
|-
|11
|θ Cancri
|HIP 41822
|Constellation lines
|5.337
|-
|12
|85 Gem
|HIP 38722
|Inside the Hull
|5.365
|-
| 13
|27 Cnc
|HIP 41400
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|14
|3 Cnc
|HIP 39177
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|15
| 45 Cnc
|HIP 42795
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|16
|υ 1 Cancri
|HIP 41816
|Inside the Hull
|5.694
|-
|17
|ψ Cancri
|HIP 40023
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 40167C
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 40866
|Inside the Hull
|5.798
|-
|20
|[AKS95] 73
|[AKS95] 73
|Inside the Hull
|5.832
|-
|21
| ω 1 Cancri
|HIP 39191
|Inside the Hull
| 5.853
|-
|22
|50 Cnc
|HIP 43121
|Inside the Hull
| 5.885
|-
|23
| Piautos
|HIP 40881
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|24
|20 Cnc
|HIP 41117
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 25
|29 Cnc
|HIP 41578
|Inside the Hull
|5.948
|-
|26
|5 Cnc
|HIP 39236
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|27
|μ 1 Cancri
|HIP 39659
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 40231
| Inside the Hull
| 6.047
|-
|29
| 28 Cnc
|HIP 41574
| Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|30
| 21 Cnc
|HIP 41163
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 41319
|Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
|32
| * phi02 Cnc A
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 40167B
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|34
|[AKS95] 69
|[AKS95] 69
|Inside the Hull
|6.176
|-
|35
|* phi02 Cnc B
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 40058
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|37
|82 Gem
|HIP 38106
|Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 39535
| Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|39
| 12 Cnc
|HIP 39874
|Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 42010
|Inside the Hull
|6.247
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 39180
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|42
| [[Meleph]]
|HIP 42556
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|43
|ω 2 Cancri
|HIP 39263
|Inside the Hull
|6.297
|-
|44
| -
| HIP 39194
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 45
| -
|HIP 42187
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|46
|υ 2 Cancri
| HIP 41940
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 40354
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|48
| 54 Cnc
|HIP 43454
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|49
|39 Cnc
| HIP 42516
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 42549
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 51
| -
|HIP 40675
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|52
|ψ1 Cnc
|HIP 40007
| Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|53
| -
| HIP 43427
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 41833
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 40342
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

==== Deity. ====
The name was recorded, as a rule, without the determinative d; absent from the lists of gods. On its connection with Anu see MUL.APIN, I i 7 and BM 82923:29, and [BPO 2, III 33a]: ''dA-nim'' mulAL.LUL; see also MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. The connection with Ninurta is attested in VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) ''dnin-[g]ir2-su'' "The crab—the river of the god Ningirsu" [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, fn. 99; 1963 117, fn. 9]; for a parallel see [SpTU III, 101:5]. For the namburbi series, see [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7; Maul 1994 = Stefan M. Maul, Zukunftsbewältigung. Eine Untersuchung altorientalischen Denkens anhand der babylonisch-assyrischen Löserituale (Namburbi). Baghdader Forschungen 18, Mainz 1994]. In astrological geography, the Crab correlates (a) with Sippar, (b) the Tigris River; stars in front of the Crab—with the Tigris, the stars in the back—with the Euphrates [Weidner 1963] (see below)

==== Symbol. ====
For astral images of the crab on seals from Uruk during the time of the Seleucids, see [Wallenfels 1994, 154, 154]. See [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994-1000; Kurtik 2007, fig. 22-27, 46]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlALLA (designation of the zodiacal sign Cancer) corresponds to A.MEŠ "waters". [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

==== Previous Identifications ====
Koch's identification of the stars in this equation: mul.al.lul is ε Cnc, mul.muš is 1 Hya, or 30 Mon, or 2 Hya, mul.ban is ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 is 11 CMa, or Pulk55 1121m, or Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; see Pingree's objections. [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 90-98].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL "Lyra Asterism = Crab" [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) = Goat-Fish; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 "The Crab is so said to denote the Goat-Fish, namely, ''suḫurmāšu''." [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = Entenabarhum; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulŠU.GI) is Entenabarhum. Entenabarhum = Crab" [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Lunar halo and Crab; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the Crab stands in it: the life of the king of Akkad will last" [SAA 10, 113:6-7]; for parallels see. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1-3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) Saturn & the Crab (observations); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (gloss.: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL. LUL [xxxxxx] "Their position is stable, [(this) means that Saturn stands] in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:4-5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] "Saturn stands in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:8-r.1 ].

(6) Jupiter & the Crab (observations); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma [0] it-ta-an-ta-ḫ[a] / a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' "Later it (Jupiter) continued to move and approached the Crab" [SAA 8, 84 r. 2-3]; see also [ibid. 323: 1-3].

(7) Mars approaches the Crab; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' "If the Strange Star (= Mars) approaches the Crab: the ruler will die. / If it had become stationary (and) stopped, that would have been [a bad sign]; this (now) is an evil (sign) for Akkad." [SAA 8, 101:7-9]; observations and warnings: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u''2 ''i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 "Mars reached the Crab; [the king should] know (about it) and be careful until it goes out." [SAA 8, 380:4-r.3]; for other examples, see [SAA 8, 28:4-r.3]. [SAA 8, 80 r. 3, 452:6-r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' [...] "If Mars approaches the Crab: the Elamites will attack, and the city will be captured [...]". [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) The Goat (=Venus) approaches the Crab; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ ... mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' "[If] the Goat approaches the Crab: there will be reconciliation and peace in the country; the gods will have mercy on the country; ... (because) Goat = Venus." [SAA 8, 175: r. 1-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 247:8-r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5-11].

(9) Heliacal rising of Mercury in the Crab: DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If the Crab is dark: the spirit of a wronged man will possess the country, deaths will occur in the country". [SAA 8, 477:6-r. 1].

(10) ''Uriri'' and the Crab; DIŠ mul5.U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul5.ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme "If the star Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Crab, ḪUR AL will die" (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) The Lunar eclipse in the Crab; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ídIdigna ...] "If the Moon eclipses in the area of the front stars of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the River Tiger" [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ina KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''...] "If the Moon eclipses in the hind region of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Euphrates river..." [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; for a parallel see [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′-6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47-48] as well as the “Great Star List.”

(12) Mercury in the Crab; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 GUB-''ma'' "If the front stars of the Crab are red: rising of the wind. (It means) that Mercury is standing in it." [BPO 2, III 7-b-c].

See also [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
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! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
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!Kurtik (2022, a21)
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=== (a21) ALLA ===
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|вар. чтения: mulNAGAR, mulKUŠU2, mulalla, mulallax, mulkušu2; = «Краб»(?). О чтении alla для NAGAR в не-астрономических текстах см. [Lambert 1969, 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.], о чтении allax в астрономических текстах см. [Neugebauer–Sachs 1967; Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11]. 1) Созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующие современному Раку (Cancer), 2) = ziqpu XX в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [CAD A/1, 361b; Gössmann 1950, 294; MSL VIII/2, 90–93; Ungnad 1941–44, 256–7, Anm. 42].
I. Источники.

Лексич тексты. В одноязычных шумерских списках звезд: mulNAGAR [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27]. EAE. См. [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!): a) месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля (ошибка: д.б. múlmuš «Змея» симану, звезды Энлиля), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2; b) месяц шабату, звезды Ану, см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA [LBAT, 1499:4, 11]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: U.RI.RI и ALLA (II iii 25–27), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110–111]. MLC 1866. См. a18AL.LUL, k09KAK.BAN. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436: múlALLA // 10 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Краб // 10 (звезд) // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11]. «Дневники наблюдений». Созвездие и знак зодиака Краб [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; впервые в [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No. -567:10]; как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 4 «нормальных звезд», см. a18AL.LUL и m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. ALLA – знак зодиака Краб [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; впервые как allax в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989]. Анафора. (1) А 3427: [… ina] itiziz2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[…В] месяце шабату в полдень(?) 29-го дня Краб испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23]. (2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ar2 <<ut>> ša2 múlalla «Задние звезды Краба» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11]. (3) BM 36609+: a) [TA…] x x a-na 4 ša2 múllu-lim / [EN…] um-mu-lut KI ša2 ALLA «[От …] …4 звезд Оленя / [до…] Тусклых [звезд]: место Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15–16]. b) TA a-si-du / EN 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «От Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) / До (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых звезд. / Краб, от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23–25]; время восхода: 300 [ibid. 550]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ALLA — знак зодиака «Краб»(= Рак) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: ALLA — обозначение знака зодиака Краб (=Рак) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: g, h, m, 23; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: 4-ni!-tum ḫa.la múlalla šum3-šu2 «4-я часть, ее имя Краб» [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. (3) «Календарно-магические тексты». a) BM 34452+: 4 26 // 3 8 // Sin [ina x x x] x múlALLA / […] dNAMMU «Дуузу 26 // симану 8 // Луна [в x x x] x Крабе. / […] Намму.» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15]. b) Рецепт изготовления мази W 22619/9+: 10 MIN(=APIN) // 10 KUŠU2 // UŠ2 al-lut-tu2 u I3.UDU MIN(=alluttu) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Арахсамну 10 // Рак 100 // Кровь рака и жир рака ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; параллель (сокращение ŠU = KUŠU2) см. [SpTU III, 104]. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlALLA UŠ2 a-ab-bu «Область Рака: смерть от врага» [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlNAGAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания лунных затмений по наблюдениям кульминаций звезд и положений Солнца относительно созвездий: ki-i múlNAGAR a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-m[a…] / mulNAGAR múlGAG.SI.SA2 […] / a-di-i dŠamaš múlNAGAR ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN.[GI6)…] «Если Краб кульминирует и [(лунное) затмение должно начаться], Краб, Стрела… до тех пор пока Солнце Краба не достигнет. Его значение: затме[ние…]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6–8]. (7) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: KAL dUraš(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // da-x[…] / dŠul-pa-e3-a «‘Сила’ — Ураш; дуузу; Краб, Плуг; […] Шульпаэ»; возможно здесь должно быть da-p[i-nu] [SpTU IV, 159:8–9; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

См. также a18AL.LUL, k31KUŠU2.
|
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|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL.
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!Kurtik (2022, a18 & a22)
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==== (a18) mulAL.LUL ====
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|вар. чтения: mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB, mulALLA; = mul''alluttu'' «Краб»; 1) созвездие в Раке (Canсer), 2) ''ziqpu'' XX, группа звезд в Раке [AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360–361; Gössmann 1950, 14; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156–158]. См. также a21ALLA, k31KUŠU2.
I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Ura'' XXII: mulal-lub = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103]. '''(3)''' Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki «Краб=Сиппар» [MSL XVII, 229]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. '''(1)''' Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, 60; '''(2)''' месяц тебету, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574–575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal «Красная звезда, которая стоит на востоке поcле Близнецов, Гула, несущая корону, (это) Краб, звезда Ану, вблизи Царя» (B ii 24–27); вероятная параллель см. [BPO 2, III, 33–33a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181]; см. также u11UGA. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiab … mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Месяц тебету: … Краб (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 10). '''(3)''' Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], см. g27GU.LA; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 28a]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану: mulAL.LUL // 1,10 // ''šu-bat'' ''An'' «Краб // 70 // Сидение Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014]. BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!), см. a21ALLA. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1,10 «Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Краб, 70» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''ЕАЕ'''.'' См. [Snake 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a–b, 28a–b, 33a, 35a, XV 11–13; Verderame2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5–7]. '''''MUL.APIN'''.'' '''(1)''' Список звезд Энлиля (№ 7): mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat'' d''A-nim'' «Созвездие Краб, место Ану» (I i 7), параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18). '''(2)''' Список дат гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme «5-го дуузу Малые Близнецы и Краб становятся видны» (I ii 41). '''(3)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulAL.LUL, после mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, перед mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Астрологические предсказания: (II iii 25–27) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 20, 41, 59, 68, 110–111]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulal.lul = ídidigna «Краб = река Тигр»; '''(2)''' mul.meš igi.meš ''ša''2 mulal.lul = ídidigna «Передние звезды Краба = река Тигр»; '''(3)''' egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = река Евфрат»; '''(4)''' астрологические предсказания: a) igi.meš kur4.meš-''ma'' sa5.me-''ma'' ídidigna du-''kam''2 «(Если) передние звезды (Краба) имеют большой блеск и красные: Тигр разольется», b) murub4.meš sa5.me-''ma'' zi im «(Если) средние (звезды Краба) красные: поднимется ветер», c) egir.meš sa5.me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 nim.meš / si.sa2.meš «(Если) задние (звезды Краба) красные: Евфрат разольется и ранний (урожай) будет обильным»; '''(5)''' 12 звезд Амурру [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:145, 148, 149, 150–153, 219]. «'''''Письма''» ''и'' «''Рапорты''»''.''''' Название созвездия встречается в 27 рапортах и 4 письмах [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a]. '''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.''''' См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. См. ниже «Символ», а также k09KAK.BAN. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''.'' '''(1)''' AO 6478: a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL «3[⅓ ми]ны веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Заднего Близнеца до Рака», b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва» [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:9–12; TU, 21 r. 9–12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. '''(2)''' VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL] «200 до Краба» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14]. '''(3)''' VAT 16436: см. a21ALLA. '''(4)''' BM 38369+: TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''…] «От Больших Близнецов до Кра[ба…]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:11]. '''(5''') Sippar Planisphere: a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL «⅔ мили (200) до Краба» (rev. 19), b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:19, 177]; см. также BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(D)''' mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu «Краб (ε Cnc) или Змея (β Cnc), Лук (η CMa) и левая нога созвездия Стрела (π Pup): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 315:5–6]. '''(E)''' 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu-''<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu «5 uš позади Краба, или Юпитер, который стоит позади Краба перед Львом, и созвездие Стрела (ρ Pup): веревка [ibid. 315:7–8]; отождествление Коха звезд в этом уравнивании: mulal.lul — ε Cnc, mulmuš — 1 Hya, или 30 Mon, или 2 Hya, mulban — ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 — 11 CMa, или Pulk55 1121''m'', или Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; возражения Пингри см. [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 90–98]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''.'' '''§O'''. mulal.lul «Краб» (δ, θ Cnc), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. '''''Текст''''' '''''W22281a'''''. [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB…] / […mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 …] «[1]5-го [тебету] при восходе Солнца (точка) в 50 к востоку от Кр[аб]а […] в кульминации […] Сири[ус…]» [SpTU I, 95:15'–16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99]. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 «Область Краба» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. a21ALLA. '''(2)''' «Микрозодиак». См. a21ALLA. '''(3)''' «Гипсома». Краб — гипсома Сатурна, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. '''(4)''' W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда Краб (кульминирует), родился» [SpTU V, 265:3']. '''(5)''' AO 6483: […: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul […] «[Если ребенок родился, когда…, (когда) Краб] появляется: смерть от оружия» [TU, 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. '''(6)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], см. s20''Sîn''. '''(7)''' В «календарных» ритуальных текстах Крабу (ŠU/ALLA) соответствует рецепт мази: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') «Кровь краба, жир краба ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; что при этом конкретно имеется в виду, остается неясным. '''(8)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a21ALLA.

II. Божество.

Название записывалось, как правило, без детерминатива d; отсутствует в списках богов. О его связи с Ану см. MUL.APIN, I i 7 и BM 82923:29, а также [BPO 2, III 33a]: d''A''-''nim'' mulAL.LUL; см. также MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. Связь с Нинуртой засвидетельствована в VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) d''nin''-[''g'']''ir2''-''su'' «Краб ― река бога Нингирсу» [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, Anm. 99; 1963 117, Anm. 9]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 101:5]. В серии намбурби см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Краб соотносится: a) c Сиппаром, b) рекой Тигр; передние звезды Краба — с Тигром, задние звезды — с Евфратом [Weidner 1963] (см. ниже).

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428, Obv. 13–15: mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-''[''m'']''a-ak''-[''ku'' 4] MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ''i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru'' / ''i-na li''[''b''3''-b'']''i-šu''2''-nu'' [6 MUL.MEŠ ''a-ḫi''-''i'']''n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e''-[''ṣir''... mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir'' «Краб (имеет форму) ''apsamakku'' (трапеция, прямоугольник или квадрат) ([AHw 61; CAD A/2, 192]). [4] звезды изображены на его окружности; внутри их [6 звезд] следуют [рядом] друг за другом; 1 звезда на его голове изображена. [Ю]питер впереди его изображен» [Weidner 1927, 73–76, 80–81; CAD A/1, 361; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 22–25]. Описание в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18–20): mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺''-ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-uʼ'' ''ina'' ''lib''3-''bi''-''šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a-''[''ḫ'']a''-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+ ''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu2'' ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i''-''šu2'' mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu'' «Краб — сидение Ану. (Он имеет форму) четырехугольника. 4 звезды изображены по его сторонам, внутри его 6 звезд рядом друг за другом следуют. 1 звезда на его голове изображена. Впереди [Юпитер сто]ит» [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40]. На диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere Крабу соответствует 10 точек, из них 4 крайние образуют квадрат, внутри которого 6 более мелких точек [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 176–177, Segment 2]. Астральные изображения краба на печатях из Урука селевкидского времени см. [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994–1000; Куртик 2007, рис. 22–27, 46]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlALLA (обозначение знака зодиака Рак) соответствует A.MEŠ «воды» [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= приблизительно Cancer, в особенности ι Cancri [Gössmann 1950, 14];

= α CМi, хотя признается, что в некоторых случаях al.lu5 обозначает знак зодиака Cancer [Waerden 1949, 21, note 21; 1974, 73, 76];

= Э.Вайднер рассматривает α CMi в качестве ведущей звезды созвездия [Weidner 1957–59, 77];

= Cancer [BPO 2, 7, 10; Hunger and Steele 2019, 137; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= γ δ ε (Praesepe) + η θ ι Cancri [Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 15]; см. также [Koch 1993, 187, Anm. 10].

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

Число звезд в múlALLA = 10, согласно, VAT 16436:11 [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

= Praesepe (Ясли) in Cancer (группа звезд) [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

''='' ε Cnc + Praesepe [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Передняя звезда Краба к северу» (η Cancri);

(2) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Передняя звезда Краба к югу» (θ Cancri);

(3) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Задняя звезда Краба к северу» (γ Cancri);

(4) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Задняя звезда Краба к югу» (δ Cancri);

четыре указанные звезды входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

В «Большом списке звезд» подразделяется на три части:

(5) «Передние звезды...» (см. выше);

(6) murub4.meš «Cрединные (звезды)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:151];

(7) «Задние (звезды)» (см. выше).

В астрологии подразделяется на две части:

(9) MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Передние звезды Краба» [BPO 2, III 7b], см. также [BPO 2, XV 13 + Parallels; Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 1'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 47].

(10) MUL.MEŠ EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Задние звезды Краба» [Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 2'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 48]; cм. также: MUL2 ''ar''2me ''ša''2 ALLA «Задние звезды Краба» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -381:4].

(11) Правая и левая стороны ALLA упоминаются в MUL.APIN II iii 26–27, см. u01U.RI.RI.

(12) MUL2?MEŠ IGI?.˹MEŠ˺ ''u ar''2.MEŠ ''ša''2 ALLA «передние и задние звезды Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker, Sect. 10: rev. v 2′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL «Звезда Лжец = Краб» [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) ''= Коза-Рыба''; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 «Краб ― так говорят, чтобы обозначить Козу-Рыбу, а именно, ''suḫurmāšu''» [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = ''Энтенабархум''; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 DU-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL «Звезда, которая позади него (т.е. позади mulŠU.GI) стоит — Энтенабархум. Энтенабархум = Краб» [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

Предсказания:

(4) ''Лунное гало и Краб''; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu2'' GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' «Если Луна окружена гало, и Краб стоит в нем: жизнь царя Аккада продлится» [SAA 10, 113:6–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1–3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) ''Сатурн и Краб'' (''наблюдения''); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (глосса: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL.LUL [xxxxx] «Их положения стабильны, [(это) означает, что Сатурн стоит] в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:4–5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] «Сатурн стоит в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:8–r.1].

(6) ''Юпитер и Краб'' (''наблюдение''); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma'' [0] ''it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] / ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' «Позднее он (Юпитер) продолжил движение и приблизился к Крабу» [SAA 8, 84 r. 2–3]; см. также [ibid. 323: 1–3].

(7) ''Марс приближается к Крабу''; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma'' ''ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' «Если Странная Звезда (= Марс) приближается к Крабу: правитель умрет. / Если он останавливается (и) стоит, это [зловещий знак]; это злое (предзнаменование) для Аккада» [SAA 8, 101:7–9]; наблюдение и предупреждение: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u2 i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 «Марс достиг Краба; [царь дол]жен знать (об этом) и быть осторожным, пока он не вышел» [SAA 8, 380:4–r.3]; другие примеры см. [SAA 8, 28:4, 80 r. 3, 452:6–r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' […] «Если Марс к Крабу приближается: нападение Элама, город будет захвачен […]» [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''приближается к Крабу''; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ … mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' «[Если] Коза приближается в Крабу: в стране наступит примирение и мир; боги смилуются над страной; пустые закрома наполнятся; урожай страны будет обильным; беременные женщины будут вынашивать своих младенцев положенное время; великие боги покинут (временно) святилища страны; храмы великих богов будут восстановлены, (это произойдет, поскольку): Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175: r. 1–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 247:8–r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5–11].

(9) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в Крабе'': DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если Краб темный: дух злого человека овладеет страной, смерти будут в стране» [SAA 8, 477:6–r. 1].

(10) ''Урири и Краб''; DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme «Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Крабу, ḪUR AL умрут» (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) ''Лунное затмения в Крабе''; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Idigna'' …] «Если Луна затмилась в области передних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Тигр» [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''…] «Если Луна затмилась в области задних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Евфрат…» [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; параллель см. [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′–6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47–48], а также «Большой список звезд».

(12) ''Меркурий в Крабе''; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 DU-''ma'' «Если передние звезды Краба красные: восход ветра. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в нем» [BPO 2, III 7–b–c].

См. также [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
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==== (a22) mul''Alluttu'' ====
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|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Cnc]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AL.LUL

2026-04-03T20:12:19Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AL.LUL}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Liocarcinus vernalis.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Vernal crab from the Belgian coastal waters on board of RV Belgica. CC BY-SA 4.0]]
The Mesopotamian term mulAL.LUL (𒀯𒀠𒈜) = ''Alluttu'' means "Crab" and in astronomy refers to the constellation [[Cancer]], The Crab. ALLA is a later Mesopotamian term, alternatively used for mulAL.LUL.
A schematic drawing of the ‘The Crab’ constellation is available on the Sippar Planisphere,<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> Sector 2: 4. It shows a quadrilateral with six dots inside representing the central star cluster M44. It may also be interpreted as a tiny crab formed of the four corner stars for the crab's 2 front claws and 2 swimming legs, and 6 other smaller stars inside the square for the main part of its body. The small smudge at the top of the drawing might just be a partially erased 11th dot for ‘The Crab’s’ head as described in the Uranology text D (MLC 1866) [Beaulieu et. al 2018:<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 36, 40]:<blockquote>''The Crab is the seat of Anu, (It is shaped like) a quadrilateral 4 stars are depicted on its sides, with 6 stars next to each other inside it. 1 star is depicted on its head.'' </blockquote>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
In Kurtik (2007), the terms (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik a21) mulALLA and (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|mulKUŠU2]] have been separate lemmas. The Akkadian equivalent for mulAL.LUL "Crab" is mul''Alluttu.'' Syllabic writings occur mostly in lexical texts and 'Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'-group. Here we merge them as Sumerian mulAL.LUL or AL.LUL = ''alluttu'' (Akkadian) “crab”,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> and mul[[ALLA]]<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> = mul''alluttu'' (Akkadian) "Crab". In the sky, they all refer to the same asterism and zodiacal sign in [[Cancer]].

'''Variant readings:'''

* mulALLA, mulALLAx , mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB

*mulNAGAR,
*mulKUŠU2 (ePSD2:<ref>ePSD2 [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux/o0032779 kušu]

</ref> a creature, crab or snapping turtle)
*mulALLA, on the reading ALLA for NAGAR in non-astronomical texts see: [Lambert 1969,<ref>''Lambert W.G. '' Review of Limet H. L'anthroponymie sumérienne dans les document de la 3edynastie ďUr. 1968 // BSOAS. 1969. V. 32, Pt. 3. P. 594-595.</ref> 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.],
* mulALLAx, on the reading ALLAx in astronomical texts see [Neugebauer and Sachs 1967; Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11].
'''Var. designations (ALLA):'''
*1) The constellation in [[Cancer]],
*2) the zodiacal sign [[Cancer]],
*3) ''ziqpu''-asterism XX in later astronomical and astrological texts
'''Relation to Planet:''' Crab is ''Bit nişirti'' of Jupiter
[AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360-361; Gössmann 1950. 294; Gössmann 1950, 14; MSL VIII/2, 90-93; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156-158; Ungnad 1941-44, 256-7, fn. 42].

'''Philology:''' The reading of the Sumerian name mulal.lub rather than mulAL.LUL in the series Urra XXII is based on that in a school text from Susa (see CAD A/1, 351-352). mulALLA (formerly ALLAx) is a first millennium Sumerian name for the constellation written with the sign NAGAR.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts (AL.LUL)'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115].
* (2) Urra XXII: mul''al-lub'' = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103].
* (3) Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki "Crab = Sippar" [MSL XVII, 229].
'''Lexical texts (ALLA)'''

* In monolingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulALLA [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27].

|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes). --- AL.LUL'''
* Astrolabe P.
** (1) Month Simanu, stars of Enlil, 60;
** (2) the month of Ṭebetu, stars of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574-575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing a crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27); for a likely parallel see [BPO 2, III, 33-33a; Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, 181]; see also (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]].
** (2) List (3´12): [itiab ... mul''al-lu-ut-tum šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "Month Ṭebetu: ... Crab (in the path of) Anu" (C ii 10).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is Ṭebetu, sunset is Du'uzu [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]]; for a parallel see. [BPO 2, III 28a].
* BM 82923.
** Month Ṭebetu, stars of Anu: mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An "The Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014].
* BM 34713. múlalla (twice!), see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* '''"Round astrolabes."'''
** K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. The list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9: mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|"'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''" -- '''ALLA'''
*BM 34713. múlALLA (twice!):
** a) Month Šabatu, the stars of Anu, see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]] [LBAT, 1499:4, 11].
**b) The misreading ALLA in the Path of Enlil in Du'uzu has been corrected to mulMUŠ [Horowitz 2014, 126]
|[[File:Cnc Hya KAKSISA stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with additional label "KAK.SI.SA2"|thumb|The Crab, the MUŠ-Dragon and the Arrow in the Babylonian Uranography. Stellarium mapwith paintings by Jessica Gullberg. ]]
|-
|'''EAE'''
* '''AL.LUL''' See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a-b, 28a-b, 33a, 35a, XV 11-13; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5-7].
* '''ALLA''' See [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''MUL.APIN (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 7):
** mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat dA-nim''
** "Constellation Crab, the seat of Anu" (I i 7), parallel in [Beaulieu et al. 2018 40, MLC 1866 (col. ii 18)].
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme
** "On the 5th of month Du'uzu the Small Twins and Crab become visible" (I ii 41).
* (3) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6).
* (4) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon":
** mulAL.LUL, after mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, before mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]].
* (5) Astrological predictions: (II iii 25-27).
'''MUL.APIN (ALLA).'''
*Astrological predictions: U.RI.RI and ALLA (II iii 25-27), see (Kurtik u01) [[U.RI.RI]] .
|[[File:CNC Cancer Anu smh.jpg|alt=drawing of "Anu's Seat" in Cancer (star chart)|thumb|MUL.APIN lists "The Crab, The Seat of Anu" where "the seat" might be his throne or his temple. According to the reconstruction of the Anu-temple of Uruk by the German Archaeological Institute, this temple looks like a box. Here, we depict Anu sitting on his temple as his throne (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024, after Kay Elzner's drawing for Hoffmann 2021<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2021). Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart</ref>).]]
|-
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea”'''
* (1) mulal.lul = ídidigna "Crab = Tigris River";
* (2) MULmeš IGImeš ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL = ídidigna "Front stars of Crab = Tigris River";
* (3) EGIRmeš-''tum'' = ídburanunki "the rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates River";
* (4) See also Reynolds 2019: 297-298.
* (5) astrological predictions:
** (a) IGImeš KUR4meš-''ma'' SA5me-''ma'' ídIDIGNA DU-''kam''2 "(If) the front stars (of the Crab) are bright and are red: the Tigris will overflow,"
** (b) MURUB4meš SA5me-''ma'' ZI IM "(If) the middle ones (of the Crab star) are red: the wind will rise",
** (c) EGIRmeš SA5me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 NIMmeš / SI.SA2meš "(If) the rear ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the Euphrates will overflow and the early (harvest) will prosper";
* (6) 12 Amurru stars [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:145, 148, 149, 150-153, 219].
|
|-
|'''"Letters and Reports"'''
The name of the constellation occurs in 27 reports and 4 letters [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* "'''Simple Group'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''VAT 9428''', Obv. 13-15// '''NBC 7831'''. Obv. 12-14
** mulAL.LUL ''ap2-sa3-[m]a-ak-[ku'' 4] MULmeš ''ina i-tu-ti-ša2 eṣ-ru / i-na li[b3-b]i-šu2-nu'' [6 MULmeš ''a-ḫi-i]n-nu-u2'' ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir.'' . mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI''-šu2 e-ṣir''
** "The crab (has the shape of) an ''apsamakku'' (trapezoid, rectangle or square). [4] stars are depicted on its circumference; within them [6 stars side by side] straddle one another; 1 star is depicted on its head. [Ju]piter is depicted in its front." [Weidner 1927,<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref> 73-76, 80-81; Beaulieu et al. 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 22-25].
* "'''Expanded Version'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description of '''MLC 1866''' (col. ii 18-20):
** mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺-''ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2meš-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-u''ʼ ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a''-[''ḫ'']''a-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i-šu''2 mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu''
** "The crab is the seat of Anu. (It is shaped like) a quadrangle. 4 stars are drawn on its sides; 6 stars inside it side by side straddle one another. 1 star is depicted on its head. In front of it [Jupiter sta]nds." [Beaulieu et al, 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 36, 40].
** See (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
*'''BM 33878''' (Hätinen 2023)<ref>Hätinen, Aino (2023). BM 33878: A Uranology Fragment From Babylon, Journal for Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 75, 189-195, DOI</ref>
**12′. [¶ mul AL.LUL apsamakku erbet kakkabū ina i-tu-ti-šá e]ṣ-ru ina lìb-˹bi˺-[šú-nu šeššet kakkabū]
**13′. [aḫennû aḫāmeš rakbū ištēn kakkabu ina rēšīšu e-ṣi]r ˹mul˺[SAG.ME.GAR (x x x)] (rest of the obverse broken)
* See also (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB. BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL "3[⅓] mina in weight, 2/3 ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the rear Twin [Gemini] to the Crab [Cancer]",
** (b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, 2/3 ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the head of the Lion" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:9-12; TU 21 r. 9-12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL]
** "2/3 ''bēru'' to Crab" [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14].
* (3) VAT 16436: see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''...]
** "From the Greater Twins to the Cra[b...]". [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:11].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere (description, see above: Uranologies):
** a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL "⅔ miles (20°) to Crab" (rev. 19),
** b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:19, 177]; see also BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180].
** In the diagram on the Sippar Planisphere, the Crab corresponds to 10 dots, of which the 4 outermost ones form a square with 6 smaller dots inside [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001,<ref name=":0" /> 176-177, Segment 2], see also "''ziqpu''" below.
'''Lists of ziqpu-stars (ALLA).'''

* VAT 16436:
** múlALLA // 10 // 14 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Crab // 10 (stars) // 14600 cubits". [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11].
|[[File:Cnc AlRawi2001 details 300dpi.jpg|alt=illustration from paper |thumb|Drawing of AL.LUL on the Sippar Planisphere (W. Horowitz and F. N. H. Al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":0" />), highlighting by Hoffmann 2024.]]
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (D)
** mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu
** "Crab (ε Cnc) or Snake (β Cnc), Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the Arrow constellation (π Pup): rope". [Pingree-Walker 1988, 315:5-6].
* (E)
** 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu''-<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu
** "5 uš behind the Crab, or Jupiter, who stands behind the Crab before the Lion, and the constellation Arrow (ρ Pup): rope [ibid. 315:7-8];
|[[File:GU IV.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart for GU IV|thumb|star chart for GU IV (fourth GU, Kurtik GU D), published by Hoffmann (2022) in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy.]][[File:GU V (Kurtik- GU E).jpg|alt=star chart for GU V|thumb|map of the GU V in the GU-text (Kurtik GU E), published in Hoffmann (2022) in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy. ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §O. mulal.lul "Crab" (δ, θ Cnc), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
|[[File:Dalbanna O.jpg|alt=star chart for Dalbanna "O"|thumb|Dalbanna pattern "O"; for this line two versions are preserved and the patterns here distinguished with different colours (plot by Susanne M Hoffmann, 2024)]]
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
* [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB...] / [...mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 ...]
* "[On 1]5 [Ṭebetu] at sunrise, (the point) 5° east of the Cr[ab] [...] culminates(?) [...] Sir[us...]" [SpTU I, 95:15'-16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy (ALLA).'''
*ALLA is the zodiacal sign of the Crab [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; first as allax in the lunar tables of the late 5th century BCE. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989].
*(2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ''ar''2 <<ut>> ''ša''2 múlalla "Rear stars of the Crab" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11].
*(3) BM 36609+:
**a) Anaphora.
***(1) А 3427: [...''ina''] itiziz2 ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
****"[...In] the month of Šabaṭu at noon(?) of the 29th day the Crab emits a ''mišḫu'' and ascends(?)" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23].
***(2) A...] x ''a-na'' 4 ''ša''2 múl''lu-lim'' / [EN...] ''um-mu-lut'' KI ''ša''2 ALLA
****"[From ...] ... 4 stars of the Stag / [to...] the Dusky [stars]: in place of the Crab" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15-16].
**(b)
***TA ''a-si-du'' / EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL-''šu''2 KUR
***"From the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) / To (the point located) 5 UŠ behind the Dull Stars. / The Crab, from its beginning to its end, ascends." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23-25];
***rising time: 30° [ibid. 550].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts." (ALLA)'''
*The constellation and zodiacal sign of the Crab [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III, passim]; first in [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, no. -567:10];
* As a designation of the constellation included in the names of the 4 "normal stars", see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]] and (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) The Lunaries.
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 "in the vicinity of the Crab" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (2) Microzodiac. See (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (3) "Hypsomata." The Crab— Jupiter's hypsoma, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
* (4) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU [...] "[If] he is born when the Crab (culminates),." [SpTU V, 265:3']
* (5) AO 6483: [...: múlal.lul] ''e''3-''a'' uš2 gištukul [...] "[If a child is born ..., (when) the Crab] appears: death by arms" [TU 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (7) In the "calendar" ritual texts of the Crab (ŠU/ALLA) corresponds to a recipe for an ointment: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "The blood of a crab, and the crab’s fat you smear" [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; ingredients for medical treatment are derived from the animal seen in the zodiacal sign concerned, see Reiner 1995, 116f.
* (8) An extispicy including the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik a21) ALLA.

'''Late Astrology, Magic and the Calendar (ALLA).'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ALLA is the sign of the zodiac "Crab"(= Cancer) [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaries." BRM IV, 19: ALLA is the designation of the zodiacal sign Crab (=Cancer) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: g, h, m, 23; Neugebauer-Sachs 1952-53].
*(3) Microzodiac.
**The division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**4-ni!-''tum'' ḫa.la múlalla šum3-''šu''2
**"4th part, its name is the Crab" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66].
*(3) "Calendar-magical texts".
*(a) BM 34452+:**4 26 // 3 8 // ''Sin'' [''ina'' x x x] x múlALLA / [...] dNAMMU
**"Du'uzu 26 // Simanu 8 // Moon [in x x x] x Crab. / [...] Nammu."
**[LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15].
*(b) Recipe for making an ointment W 22619/9+:
**MIN(=APIN) 10 // ALLA 10 // UŠ2 ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u'' I3.UDU MIN(=''alluttu'') MIN(=''tapaššaš'')
** "Arahsamnu 10 // Cancer 10° // (with) blood of a crab and fat of a crab you anoint (the patient)"
**[SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; for a parallel (month ŠU = ALLA) see [SpTU III, 104:13, 17, 26].
*(4) Zodiacal astrology.
** KI múlALLA UŠ2 ''a-ab-bu''
** "Area of Cancer: death in the ocean."
** [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
*(5) Predicting prices of grain based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlALLA) [SpTU I, 94, passim].
*(6) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on observations of the culmination of stars and positions of the Sun relative to constellations:
** ''ki-i'' múlALLA ''a-na ziq-pi'' ''izzazu''(GUB)zu-''m''[''a''...] / mulALLA múlKAK.SI.SA2 [...] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlALLA ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.[GI6)...]
**"If the Crab culminates and the [(lunar) eclipse should begin], the Crab, the Arrow... until the Sun has reached the Crab. It means: eclipse[s ...]"
**(W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6-8].
*(7) between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:
**KAL d''Uraš''(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // ''da''-x[...] / d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a''
**"Strength of Urash; month Du'uzu; Crab, Plow; [...] Šulpae";
**perhaps ''da-p''[''i-nu''] should be an extispicy including correspondences here [SpTU IV, 159:8-9; Reiner 1995, 78].
|
|}
See also [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]].
[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
[[File:ALUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 173653.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AL.LUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Tarf]]
|HIP 40526
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.52
|-
|2
| κ Geminorum
|HIP 37740
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.57
|-
|3
|[[Asellus Australis]]
|HIP 42911
|Constellation lines
|3.94
|-
|4
|ι 1 Cancri
|HIP 43103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.018
|-
| 5
|[[Acubens]]
|HIP 44066
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.249
|-
|6
|[[Asellus Borealis]]
|HIP 42806
|Constellation lines
|4.652
|-
| 7
|[[Tegmine]]
|HIP 40167
|Inside the Hull
|4.67
|-
|8
|μ 2 Cancri
|HIP 39780
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|9
| zet01 Cnc
|HIP 40167A
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|10
|η Cancri
|HIP 41909
|Constellation lines
|5.325
|-
|11
|θ Cancri
|HIP 41822
|Constellation lines
|5.337
|-
|12
|85 Gem
|HIP 38722
|Inside the Hull
|5.365
|-
| 13
|27 Cnc
|HIP 41400
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|14
|3 Cnc
|HIP 39177
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|15
| 45 Cnc
|HIP 42795
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|16
|υ 1 Cancri
|HIP 41816
|Inside the Hull
|5.694
|-
|17
|ψ Cancri
|HIP 40023
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 40167C
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 40866
|Inside the Hull
|5.798
|-
|20
|[AKS95] 73
|[AKS95] 73
|Inside the Hull
|5.832
|-
|21
| ω 1 Cancri
|HIP 39191
|Inside the Hull
| 5.853
|-
|22
|50 Cnc
|HIP 43121
|Inside the Hull
| 5.885
|-
|23
| Piautos
|HIP 40881
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|24
|20 Cnc
|HIP 41117
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 25
|29 Cnc
|HIP 41578
|Inside the Hull
|5.948
|-
|26
|5 Cnc
|HIP 39236
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|27
|μ 1 Cancri
|HIP 39659
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 40231
| Inside the Hull
| 6.047
|-
|29
| 28 Cnc
|HIP 41574
| Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|30
| 21 Cnc
|HIP 41163
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 41319
|Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
|32
| * phi02 Cnc A
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 40167B
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|34
|[AKS95] 69
|[AKS95] 69
|Inside the Hull
|6.176
|-
|35
|* phi02 Cnc B
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 40058
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|37
|82 Gem
|HIP 38106
|Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 39535
| Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|39
| 12 Cnc
|HIP 39874
|Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 42010
|Inside the Hull
|6.247
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 39180
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|42
| [[Meleph]]
|HIP 42556
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|43
|ω 2 Cancri
|HIP 39263
|Inside the Hull
|6.297
|-
|44
| -
| HIP 39194
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 45
| -
|HIP 42187
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|46
|υ 2 Cancri
| HIP 41940
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 40354
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|48
| 54 Cnc
|HIP 43454
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|49
|39 Cnc
| HIP 42516
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 42549
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 51
| -
|HIP 40675
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|52
|ψ1 Cnc
|HIP 40007
| Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|53
| -
| HIP 43427
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 41833
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 40342
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

==== Deity. ====
The name was recorded, as a rule, without the determinative d; absent from the lists of gods. On its connection with Anu see MUL.APIN, I i 7 and BM 82923:29, and [BPO 2, III 33a]: ''dA-nim'' mulAL.LUL; see also MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. The connection with Ninurta is attested in VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) ''dnin-[g]ir2-su'' "The crab—the river of the god Ningirsu" [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, fn. 99; 1963 117, fn. 9]; for a parallel see [SpTU III, 101:5]. For the namburbi series, see [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7; Maul 1994 = Stefan M. Maul, Zukunftsbewältigung. Eine Untersuchung altorientalischen Denkens anhand der babylonisch-assyrischen Löserituale (Namburbi). Baghdader Forschungen 18, Mainz 1994]. In astrological geography, the Crab correlates (a) with Sippar, (b) the Tigris River; stars in front of the Crab—with the Tigris, the stars in the back—with the Euphrates [Weidner 1963] (see below)

==== Symbol. ====
For astral images of the crab on seals from Uruk during the time of the Seleucids, see [Wallenfels 1994, 154, 154]. See [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994-1000; Kurtik 2007, fig. 22-27, 46]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlALLA (designation of the zodiacal sign Cancer) corresponds to A.MEŠ "waters". [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

==== Previous Identifications ====
Koch's identification of the stars in this equation: mul.al.lul is ε Cnc, mul.muš is 1 Hya, or 30 Mon, or 2 Hya, mul.ban is ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 is 11 CMa, or Pulk55 1121m, or Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; see Pingree's objections. [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 90-98].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL "Lyra Asterism = Crab" [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) = Goat-Fish; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 "The Crab is so said to denote the Goat-Fish, namely, ''suḫurmāšu''." [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = Entenabarhum; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulŠU.GI) is Entenabarhum. Entenabarhum = Crab" [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Lunar halo and Crab; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the Crab stands in it: the life of the king of Akkad will last" [SAA 10, 113:6-7]; for parallels see. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1-3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) Saturn & the Crab (observations); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (gloss.: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL. LUL [xxxxxx] "Their position is stable, [(this) means that Saturn stands] in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:4-5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] "Saturn stands in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:8-r.1 ].

(6) Jupiter & the Crab (observations); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma [0] it-ta-an-ta-ḫ[a] / a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' "Later it (Jupiter) continued to move and approached the Crab" [SAA 8, 84 r. 2-3]; see also [ibid. 323: 1-3].

(7) Mars approaches the Crab; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' "If the Strange Star (= Mars) approaches the Crab: the ruler will die. / If it had become stationary (and) stopped, that would have been [a bad sign]; this (now) is an evil (sign) for Akkad." [SAA 8, 101:7-9]; observations and warnings: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u''2 ''i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 "Mars reached the Crab; [the king should] know (about it) and be careful until it goes out." [SAA 8, 380:4-r.3]; for other examples, see [SAA 8, 28:4-r.3]. [SAA 8, 80 r. 3, 452:6-r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' [...] "If Mars approaches the Crab: the Elamites will attack, and the city will be captured [...]". [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) The Goat (=Venus) approaches the Crab; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ ... mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' "[If] the Goat approaches the Crab: there will be reconciliation and peace in the country; the gods will have mercy on the country; ... (because) Goat = Venus." [SAA 8, 175: r. 1-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 247:8-r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5-11].

(9) Heliacal rising of Mercury in the Crab: DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If the Crab is dark: the spirit of a wronged man will possess the country, deaths will occur in the country". [SAA 8, 477:6-r. 1].

(10) ''Uriri'' and the Crab; DIŠ mul5.U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul5.ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme "If the star Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Crab, ḪUR AL will die" (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) The Lunar eclipse in the Crab; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ídIdigna ...] "If the Moon eclipses in the area of the front stars of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the River Tiger" [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ina KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''...] "If the Moon eclipses in the hind region of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Euphrates river..." [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; for a parallel see [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′-6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47-48] as well as the “Great Star List.”

(12) Mercury in the Crab; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 GUB-''ma'' "If the front stars of the Crab are red: rising of the wind. (It means) that Mercury is standing in it." [BPO 2, III 7-b-c].

See also [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
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! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
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!Kurtik (2022, a21)
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=== (a21) ALLA ===
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|вар. чтения: mulNAGAR, mulKUŠU2, mulalla, mulallax, mulkušu2; = «Краб»(?). О чтении alla для NAGAR в не-астрономических текстах см. [Lambert 1969, 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.], о чтении allax в астрономических текстах см. [Neugebauer–Sachs 1967; Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11]. 1) Созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующие современному Раку (Cancer), 2) = ziqpu XX в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [CAD A/1, 361b; Gössmann 1950, 294; MSL VIII/2, 90–93; Ungnad 1941–44, 256–7, Anm. 42].
I. Источники.

Лексич тексты. В одноязычных шумерских списках звезд: mulNAGAR [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27]. EAE. См. [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!): a) месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля (ошибка: д.б. múlmuš «Змея» симану, звезды Энлиля), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2; b) месяц шабату, звезды Ану, см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA [LBAT, 1499:4, 11]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: U.RI.RI и ALLA (II iii 25–27), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110–111]. MLC 1866. См. a18AL.LUL, k09KAK.BAN. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436: múlALLA // 10 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Краб // 10 (звезд) // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11]. «Дневники наблюдений». Созвездие и знак зодиака Краб [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; впервые в [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No. -567:10]; как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 4 «нормальных звезд», см. a18AL.LUL и m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. ALLA – знак зодиака Краб [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; впервые как allax в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989]. Анафора. (1) А 3427: [… ina] itiziz2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[…В] месяце шабату в полдень(?) 29-го дня Краб испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23]. (2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ar2 <<ut>> ša2 múlalla «Задние звезды Краба» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11]. (3) BM 36609+: a) [TA…] x x a-na 4 ša2 múllu-lim / [EN…] um-mu-lut KI ša2 ALLA «[От …] …4 звезд Оленя / [до…] Тусклых [звезд]: место Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15–16]. b) TA a-si-du / EN 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «От Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) / До (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых звезд. / Краб, от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23–25]; время восхода: 300 [ibid. 550]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ALLA — знак зодиака «Краб»(= Рак) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: ALLA — обозначение знака зодиака Краб (=Рак) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: g, h, m, 23; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: 4-ni!-tum ḫa.la múlalla šum3-šu2 «4-я часть, ее имя Краб» [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. (3) «Календарно-магические тексты». a) BM 34452+: 4 26 // 3 8 // Sin [ina x x x] x múlALLA / […] dNAMMU «Дуузу 26 // симану 8 // Луна [в x x x] x Крабе. / […] Намму.» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15]. b) Рецепт изготовления мази W 22619/9+: 10 MIN(=APIN) // 10 KUŠU2 // UŠ2 al-lut-tu2 u I3.UDU MIN(=alluttu) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Арахсамну 10 // Рак 100 // Кровь рака и жир рака ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; параллель (сокращение ŠU = KUŠU2) см. [SpTU III, 104]. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlALLA UŠ2 a-ab-bu «Область Рака: смерть от врага» [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlNAGAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания лунных затмений по наблюдениям кульминаций звезд и положений Солнца относительно созвездий: ki-i múlNAGAR a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-m[a…] / mulNAGAR múlGAG.SI.SA2 […] / a-di-i dŠamaš múlNAGAR ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN.[GI6)…] «Если Краб кульминирует и [(лунное) затмение должно начаться], Краб, Стрела… до тех пор пока Солнце Краба не достигнет. Его значение: затме[ние…]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6–8]. (7) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: KAL dUraš(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // da-x[…] / dŠul-pa-e3-a «‘Сила’ — Ураш; дуузу; Краб, Плуг; […] Шульпаэ»; возможно здесь должно быть da-p[i-nu] [SpTU IV, 159:8–9; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

См. также a18AL.LUL, k31KUŠU2.
|
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|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL.
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!Kurtik (2022, a18 & a22)
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==== (a18) mulAL.LUL ====
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|вар. чтения: mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB, mulALLA; = mul''alluttu'' «Краб»; 1) созвездие в Раке (Canсer), 2) ''ziqpu'' XX, группа звезд в Раке [AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360–361; Gössmann 1950, 14; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156–158]. См. также a21ALLA, k31KUŠU2.
I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Ura'' XXII: mulal-lub = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103]. '''(3)''' Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki «Краб=Сиппар» [MSL XVII, 229]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. '''(1)''' Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, 60; '''(2)''' месяц тебету, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574–575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal «Красная звезда, которая стоит на востоке поcле Близнецов, Гула, несущая корону, (это) Краб, звезда Ану, вблизи Царя» (B ii 24–27); вероятная параллель см. [BPO 2, III, 33–33a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181]; см. также u11UGA. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiab … mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Месяц тебету: … Краб (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 10). '''(3)''' Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], см. g27GU.LA; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 28a]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану: mulAL.LUL // 1,10 // ''šu-bat'' ''An'' «Краб // 70 // Сидение Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014]. BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!), см. a21ALLA. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1,10 «Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Краб, 70» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''ЕАЕ'''.'' См. [Snake 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a–b, 28a–b, 33a, 35a, XV 11–13; Verderame2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5–7]. '''''MUL.APIN'''.'' '''(1)''' Список звезд Энлиля (№ 7): mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat'' d''A-nim'' «Созвездие Краб, место Ану» (I i 7), параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18). '''(2)''' Список дат гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme «5-го дуузу Малые Близнецы и Краб становятся видны» (I ii 41). '''(3)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulAL.LUL, после mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, перед mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Астрологические предсказания: (II iii 25–27) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 20, 41, 59, 68, 110–111]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulal.lul = ídidigna «Краб = река Тигр»; '''(2)''' mul.meš igi.meš ''ša''2 mulal.lul = ídidigna «Передние звезды Краба = река Тигр»; '''(3)''' egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = река Евфрат»; '''(4)''' астрологические предсказания: a) igi.meš kur4.meš-''ma'' sa5.me-''ma'' ídidigna du-''kam''2 «(Если) передние звезды (Краба) имеют большой блеск и красные: Тигр разольется», b) murub4.meš sa5.me-''ma'' zi im «(Если) средние (звезды Краба) красные: поднимется ветер», c) egir.meš sa5.me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 nim.meš / si.sa2.meš «(Если) задние (звезды Краба) красные: Евфрат разольется и ранний (урожай) будет обильным»; '''(5)''' 12 звезд Амурру [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:145, 148, 149, 150–153, 219]. «'''''Письма''» ''и'' «''Рапорты''»''.''''' Название созвездия встречается в 27 рапортах и 4 письмах [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a]. '''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.''''' См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. См. ниже «Символ», а также k09KAK.BAN. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''.'' '''(1)''' AO 6478: a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL «3[⅓ ми]ны веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Заднего Близнеца до Рака», b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва» [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:9–12; TU, 21 r. 9–12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. '''(2)''' VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL] «200 до Краба» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14]. '''(3)''' VAT 16436: см. a21ALLA. '''(4)''' BM 38369+: TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''…] «От Больших Близнецов до Кра[ба…]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:11]. '''(5''') Sippar Planisphere: a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL «⅔ мили (200) до Краба» (rev. 19), b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:19, 177]; см. также BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(D)''' mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu «Краб (ε Cnc) или Змея (β Cnc), Лук (η CMa) и левая нога созвездия Стрела (π Pup): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 315:5–6]. '''(E)''' 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu-''<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu «5 uš позади Краба, или Юпитер, который стоит позади Краба перед Львом, и созвездие Стрела (ρ Pup): веревка [ibid. 315:7–8]; отождествление Коха звезд в этом уравнивании: mulal.lul — ε Cnc, mulmuš — 1 Hya, или 30 Mon, или 2 Hya, mulban — ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 — 11 CMa, или Pulk55 1121''m'', или Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; возражения Пингри см. [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 90–98]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''.'' '''§O'''. mulal.lul «Краб» (δ, θ Cnc), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. '''''Текст''''' '''''W22281a'''''. [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB…] / […mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 …] «[1]5-го [тебету] при восходе Солнца (точка) в 50 к востоку от Кр[аб]а […] в кульминации […] Сири[ус…]» [SpTU I, 95:15'–16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99]. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 «Область Краба» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. a21ALLA. '''(2)''' «Микрозодиак». См. a21ALLA. '''(3)''' «Гипсома». Краб — гипсома Сатурна, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. '''(4)''' W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда Краб (кульминирует), родился» [SpTU V, 265:3']. '''(5)''' AO 6483: […: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul […] «[Если ребенок родился, когда…, (когда) Краб] появляется: смерть от оружия» [TU, 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. '''(6)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], см. s20''Sîn''. '''(7)''' В «календарных» ритуальных текстах Крабу (ŠU/ALLA) соответствует рецепт мази: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') «Кровь краба, жир краба ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; что при этом конкретно имеется в виду, остается неясным. '''(8)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a21ALLA.

II. Божество.

Название записывалось, как правило, без детерминатива d; отсутствует в списках богов. О его связи с Ану см. MUL.APIN, I i 7 и BM 82923:29, а также [BPO 2, III 33a]: d''A''-''nim'' mulAL.LUL; см. также MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. Связь с Нинуртой засвидетельствована в VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) d''nin''-[''g'']''ir2''-''su'' «Краб ― река бога Нингирсу» [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, Anm. 99; 1963 117, Anm. 9]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 101:5]. В серии намбурби см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Краб соотносится: a) c Сиппаром, b) рекой Тигр; передние звезды Краба — с Тигром, задние звезды — с Евфратом [Weidner 1963] (см. ниже).

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428, Obv. 13–15: mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-''[''m'']''a-ak''-[''ku'' 4] MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ''i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru'' / ''i-na li''[''b''3''-b'']''i-šu''2''-nu'' [6 MUL.MEŠ ''a-ḫi''-''i'']''n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e''-[''ṣir''... mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir'' «Краб (имеет форму) ''apsamakku'' (трапеция, прямоугольник или квадрат) ([AHw 61; CAD A/2, 192]). [4] звезды изображены на его окружности; внутри их [6 звезд] следуют [рядом] друг за другом; 1 звезда на его голове изображена. [Ю]питер впереди его изображен» [Weidner 1927, 73–76, 80–81; CAD A/1, 361; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 22–25]. Описание в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18–20): mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺''-ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-uʼ'' ''ina'' ''lib''3-''bi''-''šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a-''[''ḫ'']a''-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+ ''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu2'' ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i''-''šu2'' mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu'' «Краб — сидение Ану. (Он имеет форму) четырехугольника. 4 звезды изображены по его сторонам, внутри его 6 звезд рядом друг за другом следуют. 1 звезда на его голове изображена. Впереди [Юпитер сто]ит» [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40]. На диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere Крабу соответствует 10 точек, из них 4 крайние образуют квадрат, внутри которого 6 более мелких точек [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 176–177, Segment 2]. Астральные изображения краба на печатях из Урука селевкидского времени см. [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994–1000; Куртик 2007, рис. 22–27, 46]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlALLA (обозначение знака зодиака Рак) соответствует A.MEŠ «воды» [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= приблизительно Cancer, в особенности ι Cancri [Gössmann 1950, 14];

= α CМi, хотя признается, что в некоторых случаях al.lu5 обозначает знак зодиака Cancer [Waerden 1949, 21, note 21; 1974, 73, 76];

= Э.Вайднер рассматривает α CMi в качестве ведущей звезды созвездия [Weidner 1957–59, 77];

= Cancer [BPO 2, 7, 10; Hunger and Steele 2019, 137; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= γ δ ε (Praesepe) + η θ ι Cancri [Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 15]; см. также [Koch 1993, 187, Anm. 10].

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

Число звезд в múlALLA = 10, согласно, VAT 16436:11 [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

= Praesepe (Ясли) in Cancer (группа звезд) [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

''='' ε Cnc + Praesepe [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Передняя звезда Краба к северу» (η Cancri);

(2) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Передняя звезда Краба к югу» (θ Cancri);

(3) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Задняя звезда Краба к северу» (γ Cancri);

(4) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Задняя звезда Краба к югу» (δ Cancri);

четыре указанные звезды входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

В «Большом списке звезд» подразделяется на три части:

(5) «Передние звезды...» (см. выше);

(6) murub4.meš «Cрединные (звезды)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:151];

(7) «Задние (звезды)» (см. выше).

В астрологии подразделяется на две части:

(9) MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Передние звезды Краба» [BPO 2, III 7b], см. также [BPO 2, XV 13 + Parallels; Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 1'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 47].

(10) MUL.MEŠ EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Задние звезды Краба» [Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 2'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 48]; cм. также: MUL2 ''ar''2me ''ša''2 ALLA «Задние звезды Краба» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -381:4].

(11) Правая и левая стороны ALLA упоминаются в MUL.APIN II iii 26–27, см. u01U.RI.RI.

(12) MUL2?MEŠ IGI?.˹MEŠ˺ ''u ar''2.MEŠ ''ša''2 ALLA «передние и задние звезды Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker, Sect. 10: rev. v 2′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL «Звезда Лжец = Краб» [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) ''= Коза-Рыба''; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 «Краб ― так говорят, чтобы обозначить Козу-Рыбу, а именно, ''suḫurmāšu''» [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = ''Энтенабархум''; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 DU-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL «Звезда, которая позади него (т.е. позади mulŠU.GI) стоит — Энтенабархум. Энтенабархум = Краб» [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

Предсказания:

(4) ''Лунное гало и Краб''; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu2'' GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' «Если Луна окружена гало, и Краб стоит в нем: жизнь царя Аккада продлится» [SAA 10, 113:6–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1–3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) ''Сатурн и Краб'' (''наблюдения''); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (глосса: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL.LUL [xxxxx] «Их положения стабильны, [(это) означает, что Сатурн стоит] в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:4–5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] «Сатурн стоит в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:8–r.1].

(6) ''Юпитер и Краб'' (''наблюдение''); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma'' [0] ''it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] / ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' «Позднее он (Юпитер) продолжил движение и приблизился к Крабу» [SAA 8, 84 r. 2–3]; см. также [ibid. 323: 1–3].

(7) ''Марс приближается к Крабу''; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma'' ''ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' «Если Странная Звезда (= Марс) приближается к Крабу: правитель умрет. / Если он останавливается (и) стоит, это [зловещий знак]; это злое (предзнаменование) для Аккада» [SAA 8, 101:7–9]; наблюдение и предупреждение: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u2 i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 «Марс достиг Краба; [царь дол]жен знать (об этом) и быть осторожным, пока он не вышел» [SAA 8, 380:4–r.3]; другие примеры см. [SAA 8, 28:4, 80 r. 3, 452:6–r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' […] «Если Марс к Крабу приближается: нападение Элама, город будет захвачен […]» [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''приближается к Крабу''; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ … mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' «[Если] Коза приближается в Крабу: в стране наступит примирение и мир; боги смилуются над страной; пустые закрома наполнятся; урожай страны будет обильным; беременные женщины будут вынашивать своих младенцев положенное время; великие боги покинут (временно) святилища страны; храмы великих богов будут восстановлены, (это произойдет, поскольку): Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175: r. 1–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 247:8–r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5–11].

(9) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в Крабе'': DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если Краб темный: дух злого человека овладеет страной, смерти будут в стране» [SAA 8, 477:6–r. 1].

(10) ''Урири и Краб''; DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme «Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Крабу, ḪUR AL умрут» (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) ''Лунное затмения в Крабе''; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Idigna'' …] «Если Луна затмилась в области передних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Тигр» [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''…] «Если Луна затмилась в области задних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Евфрат…» [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; параллель см. [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′–6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47–48], а также «Большой список звезд».

(12) ''Меркурий в Крабе''; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 DU-''ma'' «Если передние звезды Краба красные: восход ветра. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в нем» [BPO 2, III 7–b–c].

См. также [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
|
|-
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==== (a22) mul''Alluttu'' ====
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|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Cnc]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AKKIL

2026-04-02T09:11:09Z

HermannHunger:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:ASE logo.jpg|thumb|ASE Logo]]
SIG8 (𒃰𒋺𒋛) is a term equated in a lexical list (Antagal?) with the Akkadian generic name for all heavenly phenomena ''kakkabu.''

The tablet quoted below (and read in this way by CAD K 46) is not called Antagal in CAD; it is not used in the edition of Antagal in MSL 17.

AHw 421b transliterates the sign as SIG8, in agreement with the copy in CT 18 and 19 and with Borger Zeichenlexikon; it is not regarded as a specific lexical list in AHw.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
In lexical texts, the identity is:

* [x]-gi SIG8 = ''kak-ka-bu'' [CT 18, 49 ii 4; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:6]; see [AHw 421b; CAD K 45-46].
'''''??could it be a foreign term - check again??? 0 is it antagal???'''''

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a17)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|В лексическом тексте тождество: [x]-giAKKIL = ''kak-ka-bu'' [CT 18, 49 ii 4; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:6]; см. также [AHw 421b; CAD K 45–46].||
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

AḪUD

2026-04-01T19:52:34Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AḪUD}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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__FORCETOC__
[[File:Mercury, Venus and the Moon Align.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|A conjunction of Mercury and Venus, aligned above the Moon, as seen from the Paranal Observatory. CC-BY ESO/Y. Beletsky]]
dAḪUD is a Mesopotamian name for Mercury whose standard term is [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UTU]] (𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓).

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Mercury}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Philology:'''

A name for Mercury in the commentary K. 4387 = II R 47 ii 22: GIBa-ḫu-udGIB = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UTU. The sign GIB×GIB glossed with the reading ''a-ḫu-ud'' apparently comes from the sense of GIB = ''parāku,'' which has the sense of to lie laterally across the sky in astronomical contexts (CAD P 154-155); hence Mercury which stands near the horizon at sunrise or sunset. For the reading GIB see the gloss GILgi-ib ''pa-ra-ku'' (CAD P 153).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
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* Identity: UDU.IDIM.GU4.UTU = dAḪUD (gloss: ''a-ḫu-ud'') in the single text [II R, 47: 22c-d], see also [Gössmann 1950, 12; Tallqvist 1938, 258].
* In the list of the gods K.4339 the sign AḪUD is read as dMermer, “storm, wind”:
* d me.er.me.erAḪUD = dU4.GIŠGALlu = MIN 'Mermer = Ninurta'. [CT 25, 13, K. 4339 rev. iii 31; Litke 1998, 44-45; Tallqvist 1938, 375].
* Ninurta is a deity identified with Mercury and Saturn, (see Kurtik n43) d[[NIN.URTA]].
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a16)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|эпитет Меркурия.
|
|-
|I. Источники.
Тождество: udu.idim.gu4.ud = dAḪUD (глосса: a-ḫu-ud) в единственном тексте [II R, 47: 22c–d], см. также [Gössmann 1950. 12; Tallqvist 1938, 258]. В списке богов K.4339 знак AḪUD читается как dMermer «буря, ветер»; d me.er.me.erAḪUD = dU4.GIŠGAL.lu = min «Мермери = Нинурта» [CT 25, 13, K. 4339 rev. iii 31; Litke 1998, 44–45; Tallqvist 1938, 375]. Нинурта — божество, отождествлявшееся с Меркурием и Сатурном, см. n43 dNIN.URTA.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
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Aḫû

2026-04-01T19:45:22Z

HermannHunger: /* Astrology. */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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[[File:Jupiter-mars-plejaden 2024-07-08 IMG 2438 engl.gif|alt=photograph|thumb|Jupiter, Mars, and Pleiades in dawn. Photograph on July 8 2024 by Susanne M Hoffmann, animated GIF displays labels (English)]]
mul''Aḫû'' (𒀯𒀀𒄷𒌋), translated as ‘The Stranger, The Strange One’, a Mesopotamian name for Mars. A word-play with the homonym ''aḫu'', 'brother' may be suspected with the name ''aḫâtu'', sister, for Venus (see ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]'').
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Aḫû''}}

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Mars}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

{| class="wikitable"
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!Sources!!Identifications
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|'''Lexical. Texts'''.

* Series Ḫg. B VI: mulur.bar.ra = ''a-ḫu-u'' = MIN(=d''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu'']) "Wolf = Stranger = ditto(=Mars)" [MSL XI, 40:36].
* Urgud B VI: mulur.bar.ra = ''a-ḫu-u'' = MIN(=d''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu'']) "Wolf = Stranger = (Mars) (MSL XI, 40: 36).
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|'''A Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
mul''A-ḫa-ti'' [KUB IV, 43 r. 47; BPO 2, 2-3; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43], possibly related etymologically to mul''Aḫû'' [Reynolds 1998, 351]; see, however, [Lambert 1987, 95] and (Kurtik a14) ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''.
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|'''Enuma Anu Enlil (EAE).'''

See [ACh Suppl. 50:11; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 9′; Largement 1957, 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6; TU, 16:49-50].
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|'''"The Great Star List".'''
* '''(1)''' List of the names of Mars: mul''A-ḫu-u'' = dmin(d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Stranger = Mars",
* '''(2)''' 7 names of Mars (7 ''zik-ru-šu''): mul''A-ḫu-u'' [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 89, 237], see also [CAD A/1, 213].
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===Additional===

==== Astrology. ====
'''(1)''' Planet and Erua(=Venus?): DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA.EDIN: mul''a-ḫu-u''2 ''it-ten-tu-u''2 ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 ... "If a planet and Erua, or the Stranger, go close with each other: the sesame will be good" [TU, 16:49-50; Largement 1957, 246:49-50]; for a parallel see [SpTU I, 92:6].

'''(2)''' The Eagle(=Mars) and the Pleiades; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM RA mul''a-ḫu-u''2 [...] "If the Eagle comes close to the Star Cluster: Adad will devastate; (it means:) the Stranger (=Mars) [...]" [ACh Suppl., 50:11; Reynolds 1998, 351], see also [Borger 1973, 41:9′]. This prediction suggests an identification: mulA2mušen = mul''aḫû'' = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu''.
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
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! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a15)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
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|= «Странный, Чужой», «Чужак»; эпитет Марса [G. 11].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulur.bar.ra = a-ḫu-u = MIN(=dṣal-[bat-a-nu]) «Волк = Чужой = ditto(=Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:36]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. На первом месте: mula-ḫa-ti [KUB IV, 43 r. 47; BPO 2, 2–3; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43], возможно, связанное этимологически с mulaḫû [Reynolds 1998, 351]; см., однако, [Lambert 1987, 95] и a14 A-ḫa-ti. EAE. См. [ACh Suppl., 50:11; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 9′; Largement 1957, 246:49–50; SpTU I, 92:6; TU, 16:49–50]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mula-ḫu-u = dmin(dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Чужак = Марс», (2) 7 имен Марса (7 zik-ru-šu): mula-ḫu-u [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 89, 237], см. также [CAD A/1, 213].

II. Астрология.

(1) Планета(=Марс) и Эруа(=Венера?); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM u mulA.EDIN: mula-ḫu-u2 it-ten-tu-u2 ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 … «Если планета и Эруа (сблизились), (это означает:) Чужак стоит близко: сезам будет хорошим» [TU, 16:49–50; Largement 1957, 246:49–50]; параллель см. [SpTU I, 92:6].

(2) Орел(=Марс) и Плеяды; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana MUL.MUL TE dIM RA mula-ḫu-u2 […] «Если Орел к Звездам приближается: Адад пошлет наводнение; (это означает:) Чужак (=Марс) […]» [ACh Suppl., 50:11; Reynolds 1998, 351], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:9′]. Это предсказание предполагает отождествление: mulA2mušen = mulaḫû = dṣal-bat-a-nu.
|Example
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==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

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