All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

AGA A-nim

2026-05-29T19:55:56Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AGA ''A-nim''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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__FORCETOC__
[[File:Iades and Pleiades (32446251210).jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|The Pleiades (top left) and the Hyades at the bottom right. Overlapping them in the projection is Aldebaran, an orange giant clearly identifiable in the photograph near the lower right corner. Near the upper right-hand corner is the star λ Tauri. Also recognisable near the lower edge of the image is the open cluster NGC 1647 (CC0, by Giuseppe Donatiello)]]
AGA d''A-nim'' (𒂇𒀭𒀀𒉏) is a Babylonian asterism, usually identified with the Hyades star cluster in [[Taurus]].
[[File:Victory stele of Naram Sin 9062.jpg|alt=photograph |thumb|Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, CC-BY Rama 2007]]
The Crown of Anu consists of the front part of classical Taurus = Mesopotamian mulGU4.AN.NA, and includes Akkadian ''is lê'', ‘the Jaw of the Bull,’ which itself consists of α Tauri (Aldebaran) and the Hyades, and horns extending outwards from the crown. Ancient Mesopotamian royal crowns typically include a horned head-piece. See e.g. The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin (See figure Victory Stele of Naram-Sin).
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant designations:

* mulAGA.AN.NA/NE,
* mul''Anu'' AGA,
* AGA AN-''nim'',
* mulAN.NA AGA,
* mulAG2.AN.NAx(BUR2),
* mulAG2.AN.NE; = "Crown of Anu"; one of Hyades’ names [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 25], see also a10.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE'''
See [BPO 2, VI 3].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* Menology (Horowitz 2014: 61-64)
* (1) In the menologies:
** itisig4 mulgu3.an.na aga?(in the text: IL2).an.na.keˆ // itisig4 ''is le-e a-ge'' d''a-nim''
** "The month Simanu, Bull of Anu (Akk.: Jaw of the Bull), Crown of Anu"
** (Section I i 26, 32)
* (2) Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 103, Ea 3)
** MUL ''ša'' EGIR''-šu(''bi'')'' GUB''-zu'' / mul''Is le-e a-ge dA-nim'' "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind MUL.MUL), Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (Astrolabe B Section II i 7-8). Parallels: MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-''nim'' (B = HS 1897: 5), "The star (that stands behind it) is the 'Bull of Heaven' Crown of Anu; [MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul''is le'']''-e!'' AGA d[''A-nim''] (C = BM 55502: 7] "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind MUL.MUL) is the “Jaw of the Bul]l, Crown of Anu.
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|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Asterisms"</s>'''
* <s>(A) MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-''nim'',</s>
* <s>(B) [MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul''is le]-e!'' AGA d[''A-nim''] "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind MUL.MUL) is the “Bull of Heaven” (B: Bull's Jaw), the Crown of Anu." [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 3; Horowitz 2014].</s>
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|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8 68:2, 298 r. 1, 364 r. 2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of stars of Anu (no. 7): mulGU4.AN.NA ''dis le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' "Bull of Heaven, Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (I ii 1).
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|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea"'''
* mulAG2.AN.BUR2 ''ana'' BALA TIL-''lum'' ''nap-šur-tum gam-lum'' [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161]; meaning is unclear, cf. [Weidner 1959-60, 107-108, Z. 23].
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|}

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= Hyades [Gössmann 1950, 25];

= α Tauri + Hyades [BPO 2, p. 8; Hunger and Steele 2019, 134; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 271];

= α, θ12, γ, δ, ε Tauri [Koch 1989, 79].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) [mulA]G2.AN.NE ''ana'' BALA TIL.LA "Crown of Anu for (predicting) the end of a dynasty." [BPO 2, VI 3 + Parallels];

(2) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' / mul''A-nu'' AGA (gloss: ''a-gu-u) īna'' ŠA3-''bi-šu2'' GUB''-iz'' / [LUGAL] ''ša''2''-lim! kit-[tu''2 ''u mi-ša''2''-ru] ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "If a halo surrounds the moon, and the 'Crown of Anu' stands in it: [the king] is well; there will be right[eousness] and justice in the land." [SAA 8 68:1-3]; parallel [ibid. 298 r. 1-3; 364 r. 2-3].

See also (Kurtik g11) [[GI.GI]], (Kurtik g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], (Kurtik i15) ''Is lê'', (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 13.

List (12´3) = KAV 218 (Astrolab B): '''<big>not astrology! (already quoted above)</big>'''

* MUL ''ša'' EGIR''-šu''(BI) GUB''-zu /'' mul''Is le-e a-ge'' d''A-nim''
* "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind [[MUL.MUL]]), Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (Section B i 7-8)

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. обозначения: mulAGA.AN.NA/NE, mulAnu AGA, AGA AN-nim, mulAN.NA AGA, mulAG2.AN.NAx(BUR2), mulAG2.AN.NE; = «Корона Ану»; одно из наименований Гиад (Hyades) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 25], см. также a10.
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 2, VI 3]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. (1) В менологиях: itisig4 mulgu3.an.na aga?(в тексте: IL2).an.na.ke4 // itisig4 is le-e a-ge da-nim «Месяц симану, Бык Ану (акк.: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» (Section A i 26, 32); параллель [Çağirgan 403:12]; транскрипция см. [BPO 2, 151–152; CAD I, 188]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu / mulIs le-e a-ge dA-nim «Звезда, что позади него стоит (т.е. позади MUL.MUL), Челюсть Быка, Корона Ану» (Section B i 7-8) [KAV 218; Horowitz 2014]. «Каталог 30 звезд». (A) MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-nim, (B) [MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulis le]-e! AGA d[A-nim] «Звезда, которая стоит позади него (т.е. позади MUL.MUL), это “Бык Небес” (В: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 3; Horowitz 2014]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 68:2, 298 r. 1, 364 r. 2]. MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Ану (№ 7): mulGU4.AN.NA dis le-e AGA dA-nim «Бык Небес, Челюсть Быка, Корона Ану» (I ii 1). «Большой список звезд». mulag2.an.bur2 ana bala til.lum nap-šur-tum gam-lum [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161]; смысл неясен, см. [Weidner 1959–60, 107–108, Z. 23].

II. Отождествление.

= Hyades [Gössmann 1950, 25];

= α Tauri + Hyades [BPO 2, р. 8; МА, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271];

= αθ12γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 79].

III. Астрология.

(1) [mulA]G2.AN.NE ana BALA TIL.LA «Корона Ану для (предсказания) конца династии» [BPO 2, VI 3 + Parallels];

(2) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma / mulA-nu AGA (глосса: a-gu-u) inа ŠA3-bi-šu2 GUB-iz / [LUGAL] ša2-lim! kit[tu2 u mi-ša2-ru] ina KUR GAL2-ši «Если Луна окружена гало, и “Корона Ану” стоит в нем: [царь] будет благоденствовать; в стране будут прав[да и справедливость]» [SAA 8, 68:1–3]; параллель [ibid. 298 r. 1–3; 364 r. 2–3].

См. также g11 GI.GI, g33 GU4.AN.NA, i15 Is lê, z10 Zibānītum, VI 13.
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[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Tau]][[Category:Hyades]]

AGA A-nim

2026-05-29T19:54:35Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AGA ''A-nim''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
__FORCETOC__
[[File:Iades and Pleiades (32446251210).jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|The Pleiades (top left) and the Hyades at the bottom right. Overlapping them in the projection is Aldebaran, an orange giant clearly identifiable in the photograph near the lower right corner. Near the upper right-hand corner is the star λ Tauri. Also recognisable near the lower edge of the image is the open cluster NGC 1647 (CC0, by Giuseppe Donatiello)]]
AGA d''A-nim'' (𒂇𒀭𒀀𒉏) is a Babylonian asterism, usually identified with the Hyades star cluster in [[Taurus]].
[[File:Victory stele of Naram Sin 9062.jpg|alt=photograph |thumb|Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, CC-BY Rama 2007]]
The Crown of Anu consists of the front part of classical Taurus = Mesopotamian mulGU4.AN.NA, and includes Akkadian ''is lê'', ‘the Jaw of the Bull,’ which itself consists of α Tauri (Aldebaran) and the Hyades, and horns extending outwards from the crown. Ancient Mesopotamian royal crowns typically include a horned head-piece. See e.g. The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin (See figure Victory Stele of Naram-Sin).
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant designations:

* mulAGA.AN.NA/NE,
* mul''Anu'' AGA,
* AGA AN-''nim'',
* mulAN.NA AGA,
* mulAG2.AN.NAx(BUR2),
* mulAG2.AN.NE; = "Crown of Anu"; one of Hyades’ names [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 25], see also a10.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE'''
See [BPO 2, VI 3].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* Menology (Horowitz 2014: 61-64)
* (1) In the menologies:
** itisig4 mulgu3.an.na aga?(in the text: IL2).an.na.keˆ // itisig4 ''is le-e a-ge'' d''a-nim''
** "The month Simanu, Bull of Anu (Akk.: Jaw of the Bull), Crown of Anu"
** (Section I i 26, 32)
* (2) Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 103, Ea 3)
** MUL ''ša'' EGIR''-šu(''bi'')'' GUB''-zu'' / mul''Is le-e a-ge dA-nim'' "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind MUL.MUL), Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (Astrolabe B Section II i 7-8). Parallels: MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-''nim'' (B = HS 1897: 5), "The star (that stands behind it) is the 'Bull of Heaven' Crown of Anu; [MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul''is le'']''-e!'' AGA d[''A-nim''] (C = BM 55502: 7] "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind MUL.MUL) is the “Jaw of the Bul]l, Crown of Anu.
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Asterisms"</s>'''
* <s>(A) MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-''nim'',</s>
* <s>(B) [MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul''is le]-e!'' AGA d[''A-nim''] "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind MUL.MUL) is the “Bull of Heaven” (B: Bull's Jaw), the Crown of Anu." [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 3; Horowitz 2014].</s>
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8 68:2, 298 r. 1, 364 r. 2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of stars of Anu (no. 7): mulGU4.AN.NA ''dis le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' "Bull of Heaven, Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (I ii 1).
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea"'''
* mulAG2.AN.BUR2 ''ana'' BALA TIL-''lum'' ''nap-šur-tum gam-lum'' [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161]; meaning is unclear, cf. [Weidner 1959-60, 107-108, Z. 23].
|
|}

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= Hyades [Gössmann 1950, 25];

= α Tauri + Hyades [BPO 2, p. 8; Hunger and Steele 2019, 134; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 271];

= α, θ12, γ, δ, ε Tauri [Koch 1989, 79].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) [mulA]G2.AN.NE ''ana'' BALA TIL.LA "Crown of Anu for (predicting) the end of a dynasty." [BPO 2, VI 3 + Parallels];

(2) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' / mul''A-nu'' AGA (gloss: ''a-gu-u) īna'' ŠA3-''bi-šu2'' GUB''-iz'' / [LUGAL] ''ša''2''-lim! kit-[tu''2 ''u mi-ša''2''-ru] ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "If a halo surrounds the moon, and the 'Crown of Anu' stands in it: [the king] is well; there will be right[eousness] and justice in the land." [SAA 8 68:1-3]; parallel [ibid. 298 r. 1-3; 364 r. 2-3].

See also (Kurtik g11) [[GI.GI]], (Kurtik g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], (Kurtik i15) ''Is lê'', (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 13.

List (12´3) = KAV 218 (Astrolab B): '''<big>not astrology! (already quoted above)</big>'''

* mul ''ša'' egir''-šu(''bi'')'' gub''-zu /'' mul''Is le-e a-ge'' d''A-nim''
* "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind [[MUL.MUL]]), Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (Section B i 7-8)

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. обозначения: mulAGA.AN.NA/NE, mulAnu AGA, AGA AN-nim, mulAN.NA AGA, mulAG2.AN.NAx(BUR2), mulAG2.AN.NE; = «Корона Ану»; одно из наименований Гиад (Hyades) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 25], см. также a10.
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 2, VI 3]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. (1) В менологиях: itisig4 mulgu3.an.na aga?(в тексте: IL2).an.na.ke4 // itisig4 is le-e a-ge da-nim «Месяц симану, Бык Ану (акк.: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» (Section A i 26, 32); параллель [Çağirgan 403:12]; транскрипция см. [BPO 2, 151–152; CAD I, 188]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu / mulIs le-e a-ge dA-nim «Звезда, что позади него стоит (т.е. позади MUL.MUL), Челюсть Быка, Корона Ану» (Section B i 7-8) [KAV 218; Horowitz 2014]. «Каталог 30 звезд». (A) MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-nim, (B) [MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulis le]-e! AGA d[A-nim] «Звезда, которая стоит позади него (т.е. позади MUL.MUL), это “Бык Небес” (В: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 3; Horowitz 2014]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 68:2, 298 r. 1, 364 r. 2]. MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Ану (№ 7): mulGU4.AN.NA dis le-e AGA dA-nim «Бык Небес, Челюсть Быка, Корона Ану» (I ii 1). «Большой список звезд». mulag2.an.bur2 ana bala til.lum nap-šur-tum gam-lum [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161]; смысл неясен, см. [Weidner 1959–60, 107–108, Z. 23].

II. Отождествление.

= Hyades [Gössmann 1950, 25];

= α Tauri + Hyades [BPO 2, р. 8; МА, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271];

= αθ12γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 79].

III. Астрология.

(1) [mulA]G2.AN.NE ana BALA TIL.LA «Корона Ану для (предсказания) конца династии» [BPO 2, VI 3 + Parallels];

(2) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma / mulA-nu AGA (глосса: a-gu-u) inа ŠA3-bi-šu2 GUB-iz / [LUGAL] ša2-lim! kit[tu2 u mi-ša2-ru] ina KUR GAL2-ši «Если Луна окружена гало, и “Корона Ану” стоит в нем: [царь] будет благоденствовать; в стране будут прав[да и справедливость]» [SAA 8, 68:1–3]; параллель [ibid. 298 r. 1–3; 364 r. 2–3].

См. также g11 GI.GI, g33 GU4.AN.NA, i15 Is lê, z10 Zibānītum, VI 13.
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[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Tau]][[Category:Hyades]]

AB.SIN

2026-05-29T18:50:51Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AB.SIN2, ABSIN (𒀊𒉆)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
AB.SÍN2/ABSIN = '''''šerʾu,''''' 'The Furrow.' We give together 𒀊𒉆 AB.SIN2 (Kurtik a06) and 𒆠𒀸𒀸 ABSIN (Kurtik a07), the latter being a diri-compound whose reading is proved by Diri IV 276-277: ab-si-in KI.AŠ.AŠ = ''abšennu'', ''šer'u''. The constellation includes stars in classical [[Virgo]] for which an illustration is available in the set of drawings related to the Uranology Group (see the drawing on AO 6448 below). It is not certain how much of the drawing corresponds to Mesopotamian perceptions of the constellation over time, but it is clear that the Mesopotamian asterism certainly included the barley stalk that the goddess is holding.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variants'''

* mulAB.SIN2 (137)
** = ''šir'u,''
** = ''šerʾu,''
* ABSIN is a later writing of the name.
** mulKI.AŠ.AŠ,
** mulKI.DILI.DILI,
** mulKI.DIDLI,
** mulKI.ḪAL

"The Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> point out that AHw. 7 refers to CT 33, 1: 11 in favour of a reading ''absinnu'', but the correct restoration there is [''sis'']-''sin-nu''. In MUL.APIN's explanatory list, the term mulAB.SÍN occurs in the Anu-path, 15th entry (explanandum). It is associated with the goddess Šala:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>'''''Šala''.''' Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain:<ref name=":0" />
* d''Ša-la'' ''šu-bu-ul-tu''4 ,
* Šala, the stalk/ ear/ spike of grain.
</blockquote>Var. designations:

* ABSIN0(KI) = ''šer'u'' "Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 1941-44 257; Gössmann 1950, 4].
* On the probable translation of ABSIN "Barley Stalk" see [Sachs 1952a 146, note 3].
* Constellation and zodiacal sign mulAB.SIN2 "Furrow" (= Virgo) in later astronomical and astrological texts.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== AB.SIN2 ====
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra XXII 302: mulAB.SIN2 = ''ši-ir-'u'' "Furrow" (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3 B K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]
|why do we list the refs. here when we quote them anyway below under astrology?
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each” (Astrolabe Group)'''
CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and parallels

Fincke 2025: 64-65, Horowitz 2014: 245.
* CT 33, 9: A list of the 12 asterisms of Anu (no. 9): [mul]AB.SIN2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]
** Text Nv. 10: mulAB.SIN2 as an asterism of Anu in the months Kislimu and Ṭebetu (Obv. 6, 10), and as the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month Simanu (Rev. 31)ː Fincke 2025: 67-68.
** See previously [Horowitz 2014: 215-216, Donbaz and Koch 65-66].
** Parallels: Fincke 2025: 70: 10', 72: 5'.
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|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 15):
** mulAB.SIN2 ''dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu''4
** "The furrow, the goddess Šala, the ear of grain" (I ii 10).
** counting:<ref name=":0" /> Anu 15 left (AN 15l): mulAB.SIN2 | Anu 15 right: ''dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4'' (AN 15r)
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI
** "On the 25th day of the month Ululu the Furrow becomes visible" ( I ii 47).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** mulKU6 ''u'' mulŠU.GI KURmeš-''ma'' mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš
** "The Fish and the Old Man rise and the Furrow and the Wild Dog set" (I iii 33).
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
** TA KUR ''ša2'' mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4
** "From the rising of ŠU.PA 10 days to the rising of the Furrow. From the rising of the Furrow 20 days to the rising of the Scales" (I iii 36-37).
* (5) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon": mulAB.SIN2, after mulUR.GU.LA, before mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4 (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.
* (6) Astrological predictions: star U.RI.RI and AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), see (Kurtik u01)[[U.RI.RI]] [Hunger and Steele 2019, 126, 223].
|[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
|-
|'''Letters and Reports:'''

* SAA 8 295 rev. 1-2:
** AB.SIN2 and E4.RU6 in halo of the Moon.
* [SAA 8 82 r. 8, 325:2, 378:5].
* [SAA 10 224:10, 206:9]
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List" (SAG.ME.GAR = ŠUL.PA.E3)'''
* Astrological association:
** mulBAN / mulAB.SIN2,
** mulGILIM / mulMIN,
** mulTIR.AN.NA / mulMIN,
** mul''a-ri-tum'' / mulMIN,
** mulMAR.GID2.DA / mul[MIN], [...], where mulMIN apparently = mulAB.SIN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]
|this does not affect the identification, it's just an association
|-
|'''GU-text'''.

* (K) or GU XI
** mulE4-ru6 (A.EDIN) KI.MIN mulAB.SIN2 d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]AB.SIN2 ''ina'' IGI mulUGA GUB-''zu'' GU
** translation: "Erua, or the Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš (ε Cen), Mercury, who stands towards the Furrow before the Raven – a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988 (Fs. Sachs) 315 BM 78161:17-18];
* Identifications:
** ''ziqpu'' XXV (Erua): γ Com
** the Furrow is the area around α, γ, and ε Vir
** Šullat and Ḫaniš: (ε Cen according to Kurtik, according to [Koch 1992 58] it is β, α Cen); see also [ASM 92].
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|alt=the constellation as visualized in Stellarium|thumb|Furrow with Ear of Grain next to the Lion and the Mušḫuššu Dragon with Raven]][[File:GU XI.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with the GU XI|thumb|GU XI star chart (Hoffmann 2022) ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a. mulAB.SIN2 "the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §v. mulSUḪUŠ AB.SIN2 "The base of the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]].
[Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs and Hunger Diaries 54].
|[[File:Dalb a.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "a" (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]][[File:Dalb v.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "v"... sorry: cut-off (Hoffmann 2024)]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
* Related Drawings: [Beaulieu et al. 99 Bottom] AO 6448 ''bīt niṣirti'' of dGU4-UTU: /mulAB/-S[IN2] to the right of Mercury, see [Thureau-Dangin 1922 no. 12]
|[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|alt=Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|alt=The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.|thumb|The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== ABSIN, ABSIN0 (spelling variants) ====
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* ABSIN = KI.AŠ.AŠ = KI.DILI.DILI = KI.DIDLI = KI.ḪAL
* ABSIN0 = KI

All these are designations of the 6th sign of the zodiac in the ephemerides [ACT 38, 467], for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7]. However, the term was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation KI (ABSIN0) appears in lunar tables dated to the year –474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) The standard designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac; for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], but it was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation ABSIN0(KI) appears in lunar tables dated to the year – 474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
* (2) Included in the names of two "normal stars":
** a) DELE ''ša2'' IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir),
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|
|-
|'''Normal Stars'''
* Hunger and Pingree (1999, 22-23): included in the names of two "normal stars" (see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ)
** a) DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir), var.: ''e-du ša''2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs and Hunger Diaries No. -463 Obv. 6].
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
*Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.
** DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...]
** "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564], cf also earlier edition [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; [[References (Babylonian)|ASM]] 150].
|
* .
** γ Vir
** α Virginis
* .
** α Virginis
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: ... KI ''ša''2 ABSIN [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20].
|
|}
[[File:ABSIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 171538.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AB.SIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Spica]]
|HIP 65474
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|0.97
|-
|2
|[[Porrima]]
|HIP 61941
|Constellation lines
|2.74
|-
|3
|[[Vindemiatrix]]
|HIP 63608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.79
|-
|4
| [[Minelauva]]
|HIP 63090
|Constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
|5
|* gam Vir B
|HR 4826
|Inside the Hull
|3.49
|-
|6
| ν Virginis
|HIP 57380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.04
|-
|7
|θ Virginis
|HIP 64238
| Inside the Hull
|4.397
|-
|8
| π Virginis
| HIP 58590
|Inside the Hull
| 4.642
|-
|9
|16 Vir
|HIP 60172
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|10
|d2 Vir
|HIP 62267
|Inside the Hull
|5.207
|-
|11
|31 Vir
| HIP 61968
|Inside the Hull
| 5.573
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 62325
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
| 13
|FW Vir
|HIP 61658
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59309
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|15
|44 Vir
|HIP 63414
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|16
|79 G. Vir
|HIP 62103
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
|17
|37 Vir
|HIP 62757
|Inside the Hull
|6.003
|-
|18
|56 G. Vir
| HIP 61103
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|19
|* 46 Vir A
|HIP 63494
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 20
|38 Vir
|HIP 62875
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|21
|68 G. Vir
|HIP 61637
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|22
| EP Vir
|HIP 62376
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|23
|51 G. Vir
|HIP 60804
|Inside the Hull
|6.342
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 58809
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|25
|35 Vir
|HIP 62443
|Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
|26
|91 G. Vir
|HIP 62915
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|27
|17 Vir
|HIP 60353
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identifications: ====

* = the eastern section of the constellation Virgo (without β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

* = Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

* = α + other stars of Vir [BPO 2 10; ASM 272];

* = 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

* = Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].
*

===== Late astrology, magic and the calendar. =====
* (1) Lunaria [Reiner 1995 108-110]. BRM IV, 20: KI mulAB.SIN2 "in the area of the Furrow" [Ungnad 1941-44 258-259: 3, 18], see also (Kurtik a07) AB.SIN.
* (2) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Leo into 12 parts in VAT 7847: the 2nd part is mulAB.SIN2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], see also (Kurtik a07) ABSIN.
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI AB.SIN2 NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-tu''4 "in the area of the Furrow (= Virgo): wealth, grief" [SpTU II, 43:23]; parallel: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-ti'' "in the area of the Furrow: wealth, grief" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999 192].
* (4) Hypsomata. The Furrow (= Virgo) – Mercury's hypsoma, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
* (5) Predicting prices for grain based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31].
* (6) Predictions based on lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-''ma''...] "If the Moon makes an eclipse in the Furrow (= in Virgo) ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136 rev. 20], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].

See also [TCL 6 13 col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

===== Spelling variant (ABSIN, ABSIN0) =====
* (1) Horoscopes: ABSIN is the designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) “Lunaria”.
** a) BRM IV, 20, see (Kurtik a06) AB.SIN2,
** b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN is the designation of the zodiacal sign Furrow (= Virgo) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" or "calendar texts" [Ungnad 1941-44 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Van der Waerden, in Weidner 1967 50-52; Hunger 1996 WZKM 86 191-196; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 Fs. Pingree 95-125].
* (3) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 6-''i-tum'' ḪA.LA ABSIN ''šum''3-''šu''2 "6th part, its name is the Furrow." [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66],
** (b) BM 34713: 6-''tu''2 ḪA.LA ''ša''2 mul2.LU mul2.ABSIN / ''ša''2 mul2.LU "the 6th part of Aries - Furrow of Aries" [Steele Rising Time Schemes 2017, 49 BM 34713:14-15; formerly Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15].
* (4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // ABSIN 24 // ''ši-gu-šu''2 ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''a-ri-bi u kappi''(PA) ''a-ri-bi'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 12 // Virgo 24 // Flour from ''šigūšu''-barley, raven’s head and raven’s wing – you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 12, also 104:25]; parallel for the month Arahsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI ABSIN ''a-lid'' ... "In the area of the Furrow (the child) was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. See also [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. In the new edition of BM 46083: DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]

==== Deity. ====
The goddess Šala, probably of Hurrian origin, was considered the consort of Adad, the god of thunder (in other versions – Dagan). She is mentioned in texts dating to Old Babylonian times. Among the known epithets, not a single one indicates an astral meaning [Tallqvist 453]. The symbol on the kudurru – an ear, sometimes next to the symbol of Adad [Seidl 1968 138], or a ram on a plinth with an ear [ibid. 74, 147] (Fig. 48).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see Reiner 1995, 141; Walker and Dick 2001 (= SAALT 1) 72:34; see also (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.

==== Symbol. ====

* In MUL.APIN I ii 10 is given the identity: "Furrow, goddess Šala, ear".
* On the Seleucid tablet AO 6448 is depicted a standing female figure in a long garment, draped at the waist, with an ear in her hand, and next to her are symbolic images of Mercury, the Raven and the Snake [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10 (fig. 12)] . This is probably the figure of the constellation mulAB.SIN2. A similar figure is presented on one poorly preserved Seleucid seal impression [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 107 (Fig. 31)] .
* The image of the ear is also found on Seleucid seals from Uruk in combination with other astral symbols (Capricornus, bull) [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155 (fig. 38)]. The standing female figure with an ear in her hand – just like the symbol of the Virgin found on Egyptian monuments of late Hellenistic times – is probably of Mesopotamian origin [Kurtik 2002, ill. 5, 7].
* On the "Planisphere" K 8538, according to Koch's interpretation, the schematic picture of mulAB.SIN2 is given in the 5th sector in the form of a triangle, in which is the inscription BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (ill. 9).
* According to D. Foxvog, the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols; in it AB.SIN2 (sign of the zodiacal sign Virgo) is put in correspondence with ŠE.BAR "grain" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====

* (1) = Bow: /DIŠ mulKU6/ ''ana'' mulBAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN2] "If the Fish comes close to the Bow ... (it means:) Mercury (approaches) the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8, 325:4-7].

* (2) = Arrow: DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-''ma'' "If the Bow reaches the Arrow ... (it means:) Mercury stands inside the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

* (3) = The Field: [SAA 8, 82 r. 8].

See also “The Great Star List”

===== Predictions: =====

* (4) A lunar eclipse within the Furrow:
** DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' ... ''taš-nin-tu''4 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši ina'' KI MULx(AB2) AB.SIN2 ''u'' GENNA BAD.MEŠ "If on the 14th of Adar a lunar eclipse occurs, ... there will be conflict in the country. (If it occurs) in the area of the Furrow and Saturn, (there will be) deaths." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29];
** [...mulA]B.SIN2 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-''sa''3 ''i-ḫar-ra-aṣ'' SU.KU2 /ŠE ''u'' IN.NU/ "[If the Moon] is eclipsed in the Furrow: decision for the furrow; the furrow will decrease its produce, there will be hunger for barley and straw" [Verderame 2002, 54 Tablet IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

* (5) Venus and the Furrowː
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma me-ḫu-u''<nowiki/>2 ZI-''a na-ram-ti'' LUGAL [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and a hurricane wind rises: the king's beloved woman ..." [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-''ti Gu-ti''-[''i''...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the southern wind blows: fall of the Guti..." [ibid., rev. 27],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the northern wind blows: the main wife ..." [ibid., rev 28]; for a parallel see [ibid., ND 4362: 18-20].

* (6) Uriri and the Furrow: DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' AB.SIN2 KU.NU-''ma'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If (the star) Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Furrow: the same will happen (= horse pestilence)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

* (7) Mercury in the Furrow has great brilliance; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 3.

* (8) Observations for astrological purposes;
** ''mu-ši a-ga-a'' d30 TUR3 ''il-ta-mi'' / mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulA.EDIN ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi u''2-''šu-uz-zu'' "This night a halo surrounded the moon, the Furrow and Erua stood in it" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2];
** mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 0! / ''ina qaq-qar'' mulAB.SIN2 ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east in the area of the Furrow" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2];
** TUR3 ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 / ''a-na'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL / ''ina'' EN.TE.NA ''i-lap-pat'' "A halo of the Furrow foretells rain and flood in the winter season" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1];
** mul''Dil-bat a-na'' mulAB!.SIN2 / ''i-kaš-šad'' "Venus will reach the Furrow" [SAA 10 224: 10]; for observations of Mars and its approach to the Furrow, see [ibid. 206: 4-9].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a06+a07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 4)
|-
|
==== a07. mulABSIN (353), ====

вар. чтения: mulKI.AŠ.AŠ, mulKI.DILI.DILI, mulKI.DIDLI, mulKI.DAL; вар. обозначения: ABSIN0(KI); = šersu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 257; Gössmann 1950, 4]. O вероятном переводе ABSIN "Ячменный Стебель" см. [Sachs 1952а 146, note 3]. Созвездие и знак зодиака mulAB.SIN2 "Борозда" (= Дева, Virgo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. См. также a06AB.SIN2.

I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". (1) Стандартное обозначение 6-го знака зодиака; самый ранний пример см. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], но несомненно употреблялось и раньше, поскольку сокращение от ABSIN ― ABSIN0(KI) встречается уже в лунных таблицах, датируемых –474 годом [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31]. (2) Входило в название двух "нормальных звезд": a) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная (звезда) впереди Борозды" (γ Vir), b) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "(Звезда) с большим блеском Борозды" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim]. Математическая астрономия. ABSIN, ABSIN0 ― обозначения 6-го знака зодиака в эфемеридах [ACT 38, 467]. "Анафора". BM 36609+: … KI ša2 ABSIN [Roughton-Steele-Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Гороскопы: ABSIN — обозначение 6-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) "Лунарии". а) BRM IV, 20, см. a06AB.SIN2, b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN — обозначение знака зодиака Борозда (=Дева) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием "додекатемория" [Ungnad 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. (3) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: a) АО 6483: 6-i-tum Ca.la absin šum3-šu2 "6-я часть, ее имя Борозда" [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66], b) Sp II 202+: 6-tu2 Ca.la ša2 lu absin / ša2 lu "6-я часть Овна — Борозда Овна" [Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + "додекатемория"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // KIdidli 24 // ši-gu-šu2 qaqqad(SAG.DU) a-ri-bi u kappi(PA) a-ri-bi MIN(= tapaššaš) "Дуузу 12 // Дева 240 // Муку из šigūšu-ячменя, голову ворона и крыло ворона — ты намазываешь" [SpTU III, 104: 12, а также 104:25]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI KI.DAL a-lid … "В области Борозды родился…" [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. См. также [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) šur-ši absin 16 "Корень Ячменого Стебля(?):16 (Девы)" (γ Virginis). b) s[a4] ša2(?) absin(?) 28(?) "Блестящая (звезда) Ячменного Стебля (соответствует) 28(?) (Девы)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; ASM 150]. В новом издании BM 46083: šur-ši PABSINR 15 PSA4 ša2 ABSIN 24R + [x…] "Корень Борозды 15. Блестящая звезда Борозды 24 [+x]" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564].
|In den rein astron. Texten der S.Ä. wird zumeist Ki ·AS·AS ( = ABSIN), zuweilen auch bloss Ki (93 (81-7-6) Vs.7.9.; RmIV 397, 10; Epp.Astrono. S.149) geschrieben, und zwar ohne Determinativ {Sp 129, 38; Sp 128, 22; SH 272 ll 7; dagegen AO 6483 Vs16: rnul2Ki ·AŠ·AŠ).
In den früheren astron. sowie in den astrol. Texten wird AB•SiN2 (=ABSIN) geschrieben.
|-
|
==== a06. mul AB.SIN2 (137) ====

= še/irsu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4]; созвездие, соответствующее современной Деве (Virgo). См. также a07ABSIN.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mulab.sin2 = ši-ir-su "Борозда" [SpTU III, 114A v 109]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]. "Астролябии". Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): [mul]ab.sin2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]. "Письма" и "Рапорты". См. [SAA 10, 224:10, 206:9; SAA 8, 82 r. 8, 295 r. 2, 6].325:2, 378:5]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 15): mulAB.SIN2 dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4 "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос" (I ii 10). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI "25-го улулу Борозда становится видна" ( I ii 47). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulKU6 u mulŠU.GI KURmeš-ma mulAB.SIN2 u mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš "Рыба и Старик восходят, а Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят" (I iii 33). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ana KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 "10 дней от восхода Шупы до восхода Борозды. 20 дней от восхода Борозды до восхода Весов" (I iii 36-37). (5) Звезды "на пути Луны": mulAB.SIN2, после mulUR.GU.LA, перед mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Астрологические предсказания: звезда U.RI.RI и AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 33, 43, 52-54, 68, 110]. "Большой список звезд". Соответствия: mulban = mulab.sin2, mulgilim = mulmin, multir.an.na = mulmin, mula-ri-tum = mulmin, mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min], […], где mulmin, по-видимому, = mulab.sin2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]. GU-текст. (K) mulE4-Pru6R(A.EDIN) kimin mulab.sin2 dŠullat(PA) u Daniš(LUGAL) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu gu "Эруа (ziqpu XXV: γ Com) или Борозда (α Vir), Шуллат и Ханиш (ε Cen), Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит, ― веревка" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:17-18]; согласно [Koch 1992 58], dŠullat(PA) u Daniš (LUGAL) — β, α Cen; см. также [ASM 92]. Dalbanna-текст. §a. mulab.sin2 "Борозда" (α Vir), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §v. mulsuCuš ab.sin2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir), см. L07dLI9.SI4. Текст Nv. 10. mulAB.SIN2 как звезда Ану в месяцы кислиму и тебету (Obv. 6, 10), и как звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану (Rev. 31) [Donbaz-Koch 65-66]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) "Лунарии". BRM IV, 20: ki mulab.sin2, ki muSAA 10[in] "Область Борозды" [Ungnad 258-259: 3, 18], см. также a07ABSIN. (2) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей в VAT 7847: 2-я часть — mulab.sin2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], см. также a07ABSIN. (3) "Гипсома". Борозда (=Дева) — гипсома Меркурия, см. g34GU4.UD. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI AB.SIN2 ša2 edi(SIG) ni-ziq-tu4 "Область Борозды (= Дева): одиночество, гнев" [SpTU II, 43:23]; параллель: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ni-ziq-ti "Область Борозды: богатство, гнев" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ 30 ina mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-ma…] "Если Луна затмилась в Борозде (= в Деве)…" [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136: rev. 20], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [TCL 6 13: col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

II. Божество.

Богиня Шала, имеющая, вероятно, хурритское происхождение, считалась супругой бога грозы Адада (по другой версии ― Дагана). Упоминается в текстах со старовавилонского времени. Среди известных эпитетов ни один не указывает на ее астральное значение [Tallqvist 453]. Символ на кудурру ― колос, расположенный иногда рядом с символом Адада [Seidl 1968 138], или баран на цоколе с колосом [ibid. 74, 147] (илл. 48). Молитвы и ритуалы. Ритуал "омовения рта" (mīs pî) или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

III. Символ.

В MUL.APIN I ii 10 приведено тождество: "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос". На селевкидской табличке AO 6448 изображена стоящая женская фигура в длинном одеянии, перетянутая в талии, с колосом в руках, рядом ― символические изображения Меркурия, Ворона и Змеи [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (илл. 12). Вероятно, это и есть фигура созвездия mulAB.SIN2. Похожая фигура представлена на одном плохо сохранившемся селевкидском оттиске геммы [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 107] (илл. 31). Изображение колоса встречается также на селевкидских печатях из Урука в сочетании с другими астральными символами (козерог, бык, месяц) [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (илл. 38). Стоящая женская фигура с колосом в руке, как символ Девы встречается на египетских памятниках позднеэллинистического времени и имеет, по-видимому, месопотамское происхождение [Куртик 2002, илл. 5, 7]. На "Планисфере" К 8538, согласно интерпретации Коха, схематическое изображение mulAB.SIN2 приводится в 5-м секторе в виде треугольника, внутри которого надпись BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (илл. 9). Согласно Д. Фоксвогу, текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий; в нем AB.SIN2 (обозначение знака зодиака Дева) поставлено в соответствие ŠE.BAR "зерно" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

IV. Отождествление:

= восточная часть созвездия Virgo (без β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

= Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

= α + другие звезды Vir [BPO 2 10; МА 138; ASM 272];

= 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

= Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "Блестящая (звезда) Борозды" (α Vir, Спика);

(2) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная звезда впереди Борозды" (γ Vir); вар.: e-du ša2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54, No. -463 Obv. 6].

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число "нормальных звезд", см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) mulSUDUŠ AB.SIN2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir, Спика), см. Dbn-text (§v) [Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54].

(4) šur-ši absin "Корень Ячменного стебля" (γ Virginis), см. [Sachs 1952a 146; ASM 150].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Лук; PDIŠ mulKU6R ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2] "Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (это означает:) Меркурий (подходит) к Борозде" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8 325:4-7].

(2) = Стрела; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud … dGU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-ma "Если Лук достигает Стрелы … (это означает:) Меркурий стоит в пределах Борозды" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

(3) = Поле; см. [SAA 8 82 r. 8].

См. также "Большой список звезд".

Предсказания:

(4) Лунное затмение в Борозде; DIŠ ina itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-ma …taš-nin-tu4 ina KUR GAL2-ši ina KI AB.SIN2 u GENNA BAD.MEŠ "Если 14-го аддару происходит лунное затмение, … в стране будет конфликт. (Если оно происходит) в пределах Борозды и Сатурна, (будет) чума" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29]; […mulA]B.SIN2 a-dir EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-ša2 i-Car-ra-ar SU.KU2 ŠE u PIN.NUR "[Если Луна] затмилась в Борозде: решение для борозды; доход от борозды уменьшится, голод на ячмень и солому" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

(5) Венера и Борозда; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma me-Cu-u2 ZI-a na-ram-ti LUGAL […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и ураганный ветер поднимается: любимая женщина царя …" [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-ti Gu-ti-[i…] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и южный ветер дует: падение гутиев…" [ibid., rev. 27], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и северный ветер дует: главная жена …" [ibid., rev 28]; параллель см. [ibid., ND4362: 18-20].

(6) Урири и Борозда; DIŠ U.RI.RI ana AB.SIN2 KU.NU-ma ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Борозде: (произойдет) то же самое (= лошадиный мор)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(7) Меркурий в Борозде имеет большой блеск; см. u11UGA, VI 3.

(8) Наблюдения в астрологических целях; mu-ši a-ga-a d30 TUR3 il-ta-mi / mulAB.SIN2 u mulA.EDIN ina ŠA3-bi u2-šu-uz-zu "Этой ночью гало окружало Луну, Борозда и Эруа стояли в нем" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2]; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB.SIN2 it-tan-mar "Меркурий стал виден на востоке в пределах Борозды" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2]; TUR3 ša2 mulAB.SIN2 / a-na A.AN u A.KAL / ina EN.TE.NA i-lap-pat "Гало (вокруг Луны в пределах) Борозды предвещает дождь и наводнение зимой" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1]; mulDil-bat a-na mulAB!.SIN2 / i-kaš-šad "Венера достигнет (пределов) Борозды" [SAA 10 224: 10]; наблюдение Марса, приближающегося к Борозде, см. [ibid. 206: 4-9].
|Example
|}

== Transformation of the Constellations ==
<gallery>
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo MULAPIN.jpg|Babylonian pre-zodiac (MUL.APIN-based, visualisation by Jessica Gullberg, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo seleucid.jpg|Babylonian zodiac (Seleucid time, visualisation by Rober Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Zod asSufi.jpg|Classical zodiac visualized by as-Sufi (10th century CE), implemented in Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji.
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|The image of the Furrow with the Ear of Grain as painted by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|The image of the Goddess with the Ear of Grain (copied from tablet AO 6448 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|The double-goddess in Egyptian painting style as depicted in the circular zodiac in the temple of Denderah (Roman epoch). The Babylonian goddess Shala is left (east) whiie the other lady, on the lion's tail might be the Babylonian goddess Erua or the Egyptian deified queen Berenice.
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Vir]]
<references />

A2.GU2.ZI.GA

2026-05-29T16:50:16Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:A2.GU2.ZI.GA 𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Pleiades and Venus in blue dawn 2020.jpg|alt=photograph of Venus in dawn|thumb|Venus just above the mountain in dawn. ]]
MUL A2.GU2.ZI.GA (𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵) = ''kakkab šērētu'', 'star of the morning,' is a Mesopotamian term for an asterism rising at dawn. Mostly, but not necessarily for Venus as a morning-star.

__FORCETOC__

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Jupiter-mars-plejaden 2024-07-08 IMG 2438 engl.gif|alt=photograph with labels|thumb|Jupiter, Mars, and Pleiades in dawn. Photograph on July 8 2024 03:57 by Susanne M Hoffmann, animated GIF displays labels (English)]]'''Var. readings:'''

* A2.GU2.ZIG3.GA

*= ''šēru'' (Akkadian)

* "(star) of the morning"

*Most often Venus (AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1219a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956</ref> Š/2 312f., 331f.), in this case epithet of the goddess Inanna/Ištar as the morning star
*But also possible for other celestial objects, e.g. Mercury and Jupiter

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|
'''Lexical texts.'''

*Antagal III 294; Igituh I 408; Erimhuš VI 168; CT 17, 19 i 38; CT 17, 30:35; STT 173:57; Malku VI 211; Malku III 132.
*Urra XXII 327’: mula-gu-zi-ga = MIN (''kakkab'') ''še-re-e-tu'' ('''''Bloch-Horowitz ???) But check the CAD AHw entries for other attestations to put in below??'''''
*<s>Series DC XXII: mula2.gu2.zi.ga = min(''kab-kab'') ''še-re-ti'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 31, Section 11, A col. v 9]; mula2!.g[u2].zi.g[a] = min(''kak-ka-bi'') ''še-re-e-ti'' [SpTU<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> III, 114 A col. v 67].</s>
|
|}
See also: mula2-gu2-zi-ga u4-sa9-dagal-la-ke4 "The morning star, (shining even) at noon" ("Ludingira's epistle to his mother") [Civil 1964<ref>Civil M. The “Message of Lú-dingir-ra to His Mother” and a Group of Akkado-Hittite “Proverbs” // JNES. 1964. V. 23. P. 1-11.</ref> 2:23; ETCSL<ref>''Black J.A., Cunningham G., Fluckiger-Hawker E., Robson'' ''E., and Zólyomi G. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature'' (<nowiki>http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/</nowiki>), Oxford 1998-.</ref>, 5.5.1:23].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: A2.GU2.ZIG3.GA; = šēru "(звезда) утра"; эпитет богини Инанны/Иштар как утренней звезды [AHw 1219a; CAD Š/2 312f., 331f.].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mula2.gu2.zi.ga = min(kab-kab) še-re-ti [MSL XI 31, Section 11, A col. v 9]; mula2!.g[u2].zi.g[a] = min(kak-ka-bi) še-re-e-ti [SpTU III, 114 А col. v 67]. См также: mula2-gu2-zi-ga u4-sa9-dagal-la-ke4 "Утренняя звезда, (сияющая даже) в полдень" ("Послание Лудингирры к своей матери") [Civil 1964 2:23; ETCSL, 5.5.1:23].
|
|}

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Phenomenon]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
<references responsive="0" />

ERIN2

2026-05-24T18:22:33Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERIN2}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|The Babylonian Balance (Libra) in Stellarium; painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). ]]
ERIN2 (𒂟) is a first millennium Sumerian name for [[Libra]] whose usual name in Akkadian is ''Zibānītu'' (corresponding to Sumerian mul[[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]). The two bright stars of Libra may be for the cross bar connecting α and β Librae, which may have been seen to hold the other elements of the mechanism in place.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. reading:'''

*mulRIN2; short for mulGIŠ.ERIN2 '[[Libra]]';
*mulGIŠ.RIN2;
*= mul''gišrinnu'' "Libra";

The constellation and zodiacal sign [[Libra]] in later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 176].

'''See also'''

* (Kurtik z10) ''Zibānītu'', (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* (Kurtik g22) GIŠ.ERIN2 is merged here.

There are no examples of mul''gišrinnu'' as a star-name; nor clear evidence for reading RIN. A reading RIN was probably deduced from the word gišrinnu (attested syllabically as gi-iš-ri-in-nu), even if this is not attested as a star name.

=== Sources and Identifications ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
*(1) Original designations of the constellation and then of the zodiacal sign Libra [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":1">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim]; earliest example: ERIN2 in the diary for -651 [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":1" />, 42:16], later without the determinative.
*(2) Included in the names of two "normal stars":
**a) ERIN2 ''ša''2 ULU3 "Southern part of the Librae" (α Librae),
**b) ERIN2 ''ša''2 SI "Northern part of the Librae" (β Librae) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":1" />, 18].
|Example
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
*Sign of the zodiac Libra [ACT I-III<ref name=":1" />; LBAT<ref name=":2">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, passim]; used in lunar tables dating from the late 5th century BCE [Aaboe and Sachs 1969<ref>''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. Vol. 14. Р. 1-22.</ref>; Britton 1989<ref>''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus. 1989. Vol. 32. P. 1-52.</ref>, 30-31; 2010<ref>Britton, J. P. (2010). Studies in Babylonian lunar theory: part III. The introduction of the uniform zodiac. ''Archive for History of Exact Sciences'', ''64''(6), 617–663. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41134332. </ref>].
|Example
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ERIN2 is the designation of the 7th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaria." BRM IV 19: ERIN2 is the zodiacal sign of Libra in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":3">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 274-275:e, n, o, 9, 21, 32; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004, 95-125].
* (3) "Microzodiac. The subdivision of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts. Sp II 202+:16-17: 7-''tu''2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlerin2 ''ša''2 múllu "The 7th part of the Hired Man is the Libra of the Hired Man." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":4">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 245].
*(4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making healing ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 4 // ERIN2 21 // ''qi''2''-lip''2 GIR2.TAB ''tapaššaš''(ŠEŠˆ) "Du'uzu 4 // Scales 21 // you anoint (the patient) with peeled-off skin of a scorpion"(?) [SpTU III, 104:3, also 16, 29], for reading see [Wee 2016, 178 fn. 109]; for a parallel for the month Araḫsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref name=":5">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 105:9, 22].
*(5) Hypsoma. Libra — the hypsoma of Saturn, see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
*(6) Zodiacal astrology.
**a) See (Kurtik z06) [[ZI]].
**b) [K]I múlERIN2... "Area of Libra ...", KI múlERIN2 ''a-lid ki-nu la ki-num'' dUTU ''ra-gu-ug''? ''šu''2 "Born in the area of Libra: (character) faithful or unfaithful, Šamaš will treat him evilly(?)" [LBAT<ref name=":2" />, 1593: 2′, rev. 6′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(7) Predicting the prices of cereal on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlERIN2) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. See also [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 268].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
*a) múlerin2 ''ša''2 tu15-1 20 erin2 "Southern Part of Scales: 20 Libra" (α Librae).
*b) múlerin2 š''a2'' tu15-2 25 erin2 "Northern Part of Scales: 25 Libra" (β Librae) [Sachs 1952a<ref>''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.</ref>, 146:3′; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 150]; for a modern edition see [Roughton, Steele and Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 563-564].
|
|-
|'''GU-text: variant GIŠ.ERIN2'''
*(L) ''kal-lum'' mulgiš.erin2 igi-''u''2 "Front cup of Libra", udu.idim.sag.uš ''ša''2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub "Saturn that stands ahead of Libra" [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:19-20], see (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]] as well as (Kurtik z10) ''Zibānītum''.
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, variant GIŠ.ERIN2'''
*(1) The Lunaries. BRM IV, 20: ki giš.erin2 "Area of Libra". [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":3" />, 259:29; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108].
* (2) "Microzodiac. The subdivisions of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**a) AO 6483: [7-i]-''tu''4 ''zittu''(ḫa.la) múlgiš.erin2 ''šum''3-''šu''2 "7th part, its name is Libra" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:17; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66],
**b) Sp II 202+: 7-''tu''2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlerin2 ''ša''2 múllu "7th part of Aries — Libra of Aries" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":4" />, 245:16-17],
**c) subdivisions of the zodiacal sign Leo into 12 parts: VAT 7847: the 3rd part is mul[gi]š.erin2 [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6].
*(3) Libra as Saturn's hypsoma [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 176; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 146-147; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 134-136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 56].
*(4) Predictions from star climaxes, lunar eclipses and positions of the Sun relative to constellations.
**''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ''ikaššad''(KUR)-''ád'' ''pi-še''[''r''3''-ša''2 ''att'']''alû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2''-šar''-[''ra'']-''a'' "While the Sun reaches the Scales, [its interpretation: the ec]lipse will not begin." [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 102:16-17].
*(5) Predicting the prices of grains: múlGIŠ.ERIN2 [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94, passim].
|
|}

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e18 mulERIN2)
!'''Gössmann (1950)'''
|-
|вар. чтения: mulRIN2; сокращение от mulGIŠ.ERIN2 «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) в поздних астрономических, астрологических и магических текстах [Gössman 1950, 176]. См. также g22GIŠ.ERIN2, z10Zibānītu, z07ZI.BA.AN.NA.
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». (1) Обозначение первоначально созвездия, а затем знака зодиака Весы [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; самый ранний пример: ERIN2 в дневнике за –651 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 42:16], позднее без детерминатива. (2) Входило в названия двух «нормальных звезд»: a) ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 «Южная часть Весов» (α Librae), b) ERIN2 ša2 SI «Северная часть весов» (β Librae) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 18]. Математическая астрономия. Знак зодиака Весы [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах, датируемых концом V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ERIN2 — обозначение 7-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV 19: ERIN2 — знак зодиака Весы в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275:e, n, o, 9, 21, 32; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей. Sp II 202+:16–17: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlerin2 ša2 múllu «7-я часть Наемника — Весы Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 245]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления лечебной мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 4 // ERIN2 21 // KI.KAL-tim tapaššaš(ŠEŠ2) «Дуузу 4 // Becы 210 // Все что угодно намазываешь»(?) [SpTU III, 104:3, а также 16, 29], о трудностях перевода см. [ibid. 200, Bemerk. Z. 3]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:9, 22]. (5) «Гипсома». Весы — гипсома Сатурна, см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ (6) Зодиакальная астрология. a) См. z06ZI. b) [K]I múlERIN2… «Область Весов …», KI múlERIN2 a-lid ki-i-nu la ki-num dUTU ra-gu-ug?-šu2 «Родился в области Весов: (характер) верный или неверный, Шамаш будет обходиться с ним зло?» [LBAT, 1593: 2′, rev. 6′; Reiner 2000]. (7) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlERIN2) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. См. также [SpTU V, 268]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) múlerin2 ša2 tu15-1 20 erin2 «Южная Чаша Весов: 20 Весы» (α Librae). b) múlerin2 ša2 tu15-2 25 erin2 «Северная Чаша Весов: 25 Весы» (β Librae) [Sachs 1952a, 146:3′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 150]; современное издание см. [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 563–564].
|Example
|-
!g22 mulGIŠ.RIN2
!
|-
|вар. чтения: mulGIŠ.RIN2; = mulgišrinnu «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) [Gössman 1950, 176]. См. также e18ERIN2.
I. Источники.

GU-текст. (L) kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 «Передняя чаша Весов», udu.idim.sag.uš ša2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub «Сатурн, который стоит впереди Весов» [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:19–20], см. d11DINGIR.KU.Ameš, а также z10Zibānītum. Поздняя астрология. (1) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki giš.erin2 «Область Весов» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:29; Reiner 1995, 108]. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделения знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: а) AO 6483: [7-i]-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgiš.erin2 šum3-šu2 «7-я часть, ее имя Весы» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 7-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlerin2 ša2 múllu «7-я часть Овна — Весы Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:16–17], c) подразделения знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: VAT 7847: 3-я часть — mul[gi]š.erin2 [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6]. (3) Весы как гипсома Сатурна [Gössman 1950, 176; MA, 146–147; Mesop.Astrol., 134–136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 56]. (4) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд, лунным затмениям и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. a-di-i dŠamaš(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ikaššad(KUR)ád pi-še[r3-ša2 att]alû(AN.GI6) ul u2-šar-[ra]-a «Пока Солнце движется в направлении (букв. достигает) Весов, последс[твия зат]мения не наступ[ил]и» [SpTU III, 102:16–17]. (5) Предсказания цен на злаки: múlGIŠ.ERIN2 [SpTU I, 94, passim].

См. также [SpTU I, 96:7].
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lib]]

Eridu

2026-05-24T18:06:05Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Eridu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

An Akkadian name for the asterism whose name is normally written [[NUNki|mulNUNki]] (𒀯𒉣𒆠), which can also be read muleriduki, in the area of Vela. The asterism is identified with the Sumero-Akkadian god of the waters, Enki = Ea, whose city is indeed Eridu located in southernmost Mesopotamia proximate to the Persian Gulf coast.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
For the Akkadian syllabic rendering of the name see the Urra star-list from Emar, Emar VI/4 151: 162: mulNUNki = ''e-ri-du''.

This syllabic writing at Emar can support a readings muleridu or muleriduki for references given sub (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, e17)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| аккадская параллель к mulNUNki «(Звезда города) Эриду»; силлабическая запись в списке звезд из Эмара; см. n50NUNki|| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Vel]]

Ereš-ki-gal

2026-05-24T18:03:58Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ereš-ki-gal''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:British Museum Queen of the Night.jpg|thumb|"Queen of the Night". Relief. Old Babylonian (Mesopotamia). Iraq, south. 19th c BCE-18th c BCE. (public domain). ]]
''Ereškigal'' (𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲) is the Queen of the Underworld. In the Akkadian myth 'Nergal and Ereškigal' she marries the god Nergal and elevates her new husband to ultimate sovereignty in the realm of the dead.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The goddess of the underworld, identified with Mars and the constellation [[MUŠ|mulMUŠ]] ([[Hydra]]) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 128; Wiggermann 1997, 34-35]. For the goddess and 'Nergal and Ereškigal' see SAACT 8 .
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* [d''Ereš'']-''ki-gal'' = min(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'')
* "Ereškigal = Mars" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:110].
|Planet Mars.
|-
|List of stars V R 46, 1:29.

* mulmuš = d''Ereš-ki-gal''
* "Snake = Ereškigal" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:29; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg|thumb|The Babylonian constellation of the MUŠ-snake, visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg)]]
|}
See (Kurtik m43) [[MUŠ]], (Kurtik n29) [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]].

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e16)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|богиня подземного мира, отождествляемая с Марсом и созвездием Змея (mulMUŠ) [Gössmann 1950: 128; Wiggermann 1997, 34–35].
I. Источники.

«Большой список звезд». [dEreš]-ki-gal = min(=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Эрешкигаль = Марс» [Mesop. Astrol., App. B:110]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:29. mulmuš = dEreš-ki-gal «Змея = Эрешкигаль» [HBA, 52:29; Wee 2016, 162–3].

См. m43dMUŠ, n29dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Hya]]

EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ

2026-05-24T17:59:23Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:ENTENABARGUZ stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ 'The Shaggy Winter Star' = mul /d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'', 'The Mousey One', Jessica Gulberg's interpretation of a "mousey man" in the winter sky. Map in Stellarium, position rather uncertain.]]
[[File:Мышь 2.jpg|thumb|Mouse (CC BY George Shuklin)]]mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM (𒀯𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝) now to be read mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ 'The Shaggy Winter Star' = mul d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'' (𒀯𒀭𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡)'','' 'The Mousey One'.

A constellation in the area of [[Centaurus]] but not identical to the classical constellation. A partially preserved description is available in the expanded version of the Uranology Text from late-period Uruk. The Akkadian name indicates that at least some elements of the constellation had rodent-like features.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The reading needs to be changed from conventionally mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM to now read EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>Theoretically the BAR could also be read MAŠ since the two originally distinct signs merged in the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE. However, at least one Old Babylonian lexical text clearly has the old form of BAR (CBS 6074 + UM 29-16-44 + N 6069 rev. iii’ 1, Nippur forerunner to Hh XX-XXII, cf. photo cdli P229320: [mul]EN.TE.EN.NA.BAR.GUZ). The reading GUZ of the last sign LUM (= ḪUM) is confirmed by the spelling mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUŠ in a mB forerunner of the same list from Emar (Msk 47187 rev. ii’ 10’, see Arnaud 1985<ref>Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).</ref>, VI.2, 461, and Gantzert 2011<ref>Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki></ref>, I 215, II 127), where the name is translated ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-rù''. The usual form of the Akk. equivalent is, however, ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu''. Once the name is explained as uzuGU2.MURGU d''A-num'' “Back-bone of Anum”, see N. Veldhuis, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/dcclt/corpus#P393814.19 . MURGU obviously resulted from a misinterpretation of the similar sign LUM. There and elsewhere the sumerogram is interpreted as “Shaggy Winter Star” or the like. This interpretation is based on Sum. enten “winter” and barguz = Akk. ''(ḫ)apparû'' “(with) shaggy (hair)” (cf., e.g., Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 246, fn. 1620). In the dictionaries, ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' is found under ''ḫums/ṣīru'' (AHw.), ''ḫumṣiru'' (CAD), a term for a (big) “mouse”, which displays a variety of different forms. The ancient scribes understood ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' by means of folk etymology as ''*ḫabbāt-ṣēr-Anu'' “Raider of the back/steppe of Anum” according to the commentary ''iḫbut ṣēr Anu'' “he raided the back/steppe of Anu” in a star list (5R 46: 48, cf. Weidner, HbA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51–52). mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ (EA 4l). </blockquote>Var. readings:
* mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM/LUM/HUŠ;
* mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ/ḪUM/SIG4
* = mul / d''Ḫabaṣīrānu''; the meaning of the Akkadian word is not quite clear, possible connections with ''ḫumṣīru'' "(big) mouse" with the meaning: "Mouse-like". [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 355b; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Ḫ, 8; Landsberger 1934<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14.Tafel der Serie DAR-RA = Cubullu. Leipzig, 1934.</ref>, 105f.]; a constellation within [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus) [Gössmann<ref name=":4">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 179; BPO 2<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; AHw<ref name=":2" />, 303]. For discussion of the Sumerian and Akkadian names see Beaulieu et al. 2018: 54. For previous readings see below Krebernik (2023).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists: mulen.te.en.na.bar.ḫum [MSL XI<ref name=":6">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:392], mulen.te.en.bar.ḫum [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 16].
* (2) Series Urra XXII: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫuš = mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-nu'' A / mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-ru'' B [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:163; Bloch and Horowitz 2016<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 108:298ʹ], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = [''ḫa-ba-ṣ'']''i-ra-nu'' [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 31, Gap j:g], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = ˹''ḫu-mu-un''˺-''si''3-''ru'' [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 49, RS Rec. A:65], [mulen.te.na.bar. lum] = [''ḫa-ba-ṣ'']''i-ra-nu'' [Weidner 1959-60<ref name=":7">''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:33], [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' [SpTU III<ref name=":8">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 A v 41].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' = UZU.GU2.MUR7 ''da-''˹''nim''˺ "Cosmic winter asterism = Mouse-like = Main support of Anu" [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 41:45], see also [SpTU III<ref name=":8" />, 116 Rs. III 14].
|Example
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."''' '''''Problems with Albs that we need to address - how to deal w/ new Horowitz edition'''''
Astrolabe B.
* (1) List (12´3): [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum dnin.gir3.su "Entenabarḫum, Ningirsu" (Section B i 26).
* (2) List (3´12): [itidu6] ... mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum ''šu''-[''ut'' d''En-lil''2] " month Tašritu: ... Entenabarḫum (on the way of) Enlil (rising)" (C iii 7).
* (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): rise — Tašritu, set — Nisanu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 37, 40-41]; see (Kurtik n37) [[NIN.MAḪ]].
Astrolabe P. Month of Tašritu, stars Ea, 40 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

BM 82923.

* Month Tašritu, Enlil stars: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM // 40 // GIŠ.TUKUL MUL dE[N] [x] "Entenabarḫum // 40 // Weapon, star [...]". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:21].

BM 34713.

* The month of Araḫsamnu, the star of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:8], see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]].

"Circular Astrolabes".

* K.14943+: [mulen.te.na].bar.ḫum "(Stars of Enlil, month Ṭebetu), [Entena]barḫum" [CT<ref name=":9">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 12].
The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 7):
* ˹mulen.te.na.bar˺.ḫum [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].

Text Sm. 162 rev. (Parallel to The Hilprecht Text)

* rev. 8. [...mu]l''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' [Weidner 1957-58<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 154].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, III 5, 5b, 35-35a, X 18, XI 3, XIII 4, XIV 3; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 31′; BPO 3<ref name=":10">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Ea (no. 5): mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' "Entenabarḫum, Ningirsu" (I ii 22).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: "15th Tašritu" (I iii 1), see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
* (3) Simultaneous daily rising and setting: a) (I iii 23), see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]], b) (I iii 32), see (Kurtik a48) [[IKU|AŠ.GAN2.]]
* (4) Astrological predictions: MUL [TA i]mKUR ''ana'' imU18 SUR-''ma'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM DIB-''ma'' / ''ina'' imMAR ŠU2 3 MUmeš KUR ḪE2.NUN IGI "<If> a star flashes from the East towards the South, passes Entenabarḫum, and sets in the west: for three years the land will see abundance." (II iii 46-47) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":11">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 106].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":12">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 158 r. 7].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* ''Neo-Assyrian prayer:'' mulEN.<TE>.NA.BAR.ḪUM [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:14]. ''<nowiki>[[need to chek]]</nowiki>''
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' = dnin.gir2.su "The Mousey One = Ningirsu";
* (2) 12 asterisms of Elam: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum;
* (3) ''7'' ''lumāšu''-stars: mulen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:157, 204, 228; Weidner 1959-60<ref name=":7" />, 107:19].
* (2) mul''Ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' d''Nin-gir''2''-su'': ''iḫ-bu-tu''2 edin d''A-nu'' "Ḫabaṣiranu, Ningirsu, (who) plunders the field of Anu." [CAD<ref name=":3" /> Ḫ, 7; HBA<ref name=":1" />, 52:48;
|
|-
| '''List of stars VR 46, 1:24, 48.'''
* (1) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = d''Uraš''(IB)
* (2) "Entenabarḫum = Uraš"; [Gössmann<ref name=":4" /> 179; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866ː mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ˹d''Nin''˺-[''gir''2''-s'']''u''2 / ''ṣa-lam'' SAG.DU 1+EN M[UL xxxx] / ''ina'' ˹ŠU.MIN˺ [15? ]-˹''šu''2˺ xx [xxxxxx] "Entenabarḫum, Nin[girs]u, / a human figure, on its head, one s[tar ...] / in his [right] hand [...]" (col. iii 7-9) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":14">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (J) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum "Entenabarḫum's hand" (δ Cen) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:16], see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §X. mulgir3 gub3 [en.te].na.bar.ḫum mul d?PA? [...] 3 mul.meš [... 2 dal.ba.a]n.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mulgir3 g[ub3 ...]
* "Left leg of [Ente]nabarḫum (κ Cen?), Šullat [...], [..:] 3 stars. [... 2 interv]als, interval. Le[ft] leg [...] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM<ref name=":15">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107];
* According to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 47, 60]: mul d?PA? [...] = mul d?PA?[4-''šu''2] "[4] (stars) of Šullat" (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), [...] = [mul''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL)] "[Ḫaniš]" (α Cen?). "Dilbat tablet" mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — the name of Venus in the month Tašritu, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.
|
|}
See also [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42:14], [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 262, K.3384 r. 6]; mul''Ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' dUDU.[IDIM] "Habaṣiranu = Ningirsu = Planet" [ACh Sin<ref name=":16">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 19:22].
[[File:ENTENARBARGUZ CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 181343.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside EN.TE.NAR.BAR.GUZ (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|υ 4 Eridani
|HIP 20042
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.56
|-
| 2
|τ 4 Eridani
|HIP 15474
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|3
|[[Theemin]]
|HIP 21393
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.82
|-
|4
|[[Beemim]]
|HIP 20535
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.96
|-
|5
| [[Dalim]]
|HIP 14879
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.98
|-
|6
|τ 3 Eridani
|HIP 14146
|Constellation lines
|4.09
|-
|7
|τ 6 Eridani
|HIP 17651
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.2
|-
|8
|τ 5 Eridani
|HIP 16611
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.25
|-
|9
|τ 1 Eridani
|HIP 12843
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
|10
|τ 8 Eridani
|HIP 18216
| Inside the Hull
|4.623
|-
|11
|15 Eri
|HIP 15382
| Inside the Hull
|4.875
|-
|12
|τ 7 Eridani
| HIP 17717
|Inside the Hull
|5.235
|-
|13
|83 G. Eri
|HIP 15643
|Inside the Hull
| 5.496
|-
| 14
|ρ Fornacis
|HIP 17738
|Inside the Hull
|5.54
|-
|15
|174 G. Eri
|HIP 19095
|Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|16
|AI For
|HIP 15479
| Inside the Hull
|5.622
|-
| 17
|σ Fornacis
| HIP 17618
|Inside the Hull
|5.904
|-
|18
|163 G. Eri
|HIP 18723
|Inside the Hull
|5.919
|-
| 19
| -
|HIP 15357
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 16029
|Inside the Hull
|5.933
|-
|21
|τ Fornacis
| HIP 17007
|Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 15125
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 15700
| Inside the Hull
|6.353
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 16449
|Inside the Hull
|6.372
|-
| 25
|65 G. Eri
|HIP 14757
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 15585
|Inside the Hull
|6.404
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 16697
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
The name of the constellation is recorded often with the divine (DINGIR) determinative and is mentioned in the list of Gods of the Night in the Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night [Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":17">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 14]. However, in the standard lists of gods, his name is absent. He is identified with Ningirsu and Uraš, who were closely connected with Ninurta (Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":17" />, 404-405, 480; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 233, A 71). The mythological background explaining the connection between these deities with the constellation remains unresolved.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see above.
* (2) A ritual against epidemics [TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref> 163, 34:14].

==== III. Symbol. ====
Unknown. Apparently, it was a hybrid figure (Mischwesen) including human and non-human elements. The texts mention the figure's head, left leg and arm.

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Centaurus (Centaurus) [Gössmann<ref name=":4" /> 123; BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, 11; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":14" />, 72].

= most of Centaurus and probably the Cross (Centaurus, Crux) [MA<ref name=":11" />, 138].

= part of Centaurus (Centaurus) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13" />, 207, App. C].

= most of Centaurus [ASM<ref name=":15" />, 272-273].

==== V. Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum "Hand of Entenabarḫum", see GU-text, MLC 1866 (Uranology-text)

(2) mulgir3 gub3 en.te.na.bar.ḫum "Left foot of Entenabarḫum," see Dalbanna-text (§X).

(3) Head (Entenabarḫum)," see MLC 1866 (Uranology-text)

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications. =====
(1) = Venus in the month Tašritu; see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.

(2) = Mercury; mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min(=muludu.idim.gu4.ud) [CT<ref name=":9" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 5]; for a parallel see [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":16" /> 2, 66:30].

(3) = Jupiter(?), see [Bezold 1920,<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref> 123:205].

(4) = Saturn(?); the identification of Entenabarḫum with Ningirsu, a local form of Ninurta, suggests a possible connection of the constellation with Saturn, but we find no explicit confirmation in texts.

(5) = Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 3.

===== Predictions. =====
(6) General astrological meaningː mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''a-na'' IM.SAG IM.SAG: ''ḫa-ru-up-tu''2: / DIŠ MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-''[''gir''2''-su''] "Entenabarḫum for (predicting) early winds. IM.SAG = ''ḫaruptu'' "early." The asterism that stands on its side, (is) Entenabarḫum, Ningirsu" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 25:10-11; BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, III 5-5b].

(7) Heliacal risings in its own and not in its own timeː DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR. ḪUM mul''A''[''n-nu-ni-tum'' BE-''ma ina''] UD.DU[G4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-''ḫa''] / KI.ḪAL GUN-''ša''2 IL2 BE-''ma ina'' NU UD.[DUG4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-''ḫa'' KI.ḪAL] GUN-''ša''2 [NU? IL2] "In the month Tašritu Entenabarḫum, An[unitu, if it rises] at its prescribed time: the furrow will bring its harvest, if [it rises] not at its prescribed time: [the furrow will not bring] its harvest" [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, X 18].

(8) Heliacal risings in the month Tašrituː DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM IGI LUGAL UD.MEŠ-''šu''2 GID2.MEŠ "If in the month Tašritu, Entenabarḫum rises heliacally: the days of the king will be long" [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, XIII 4, XIV 3].

(9) View of the constellation during heliacal risingsː DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ ''ina'' E3''-šu''2 ''mul-lu-uḫ'' / SI.SA2 BURU14 KI.LAM GI.NA "If Entenabarguz (=Mercury) flickers(?) as it comes out: prospering of the harvest, business will be stable" [SAA 8<ref name=":12" />, 158 r. 7-8]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina'' E3-''šu''2 ''mu-lu-uḫ ina'' SAG itiŠU IGI NINDA SI.SA2 KI.LAM GI.NA / dGU4.UD ''ki-ma'' TUM3 ''ḫa-an-ṭiš'' IGI-''ma'' "If Entenabarḫum flickers(?) when it comes out, and becomes visible at the beginning of the month Du'uzu: bread will be good, business will be stable. (This means that) Mercury becomes visible quickly after its disappearance" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:47-48], see also [ACh Sin<ref name=":16" />, 19:16], MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba-᾽a-lu'' "its stars are brilliant"; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina'' E3''-šu''2 ''a-bi-il ina'' SAG itiNE IGI NINDA NU SA.SI2 KI.LAM TUR / dGU4.UD ''ki-ma'' TUM3 ''a-dan-an-šu''2 ''ina'' AN''-e'' DIB-''iq-ma'' "If Entenabarḫum is foggy(?) when it comes out, and becomes visible at the beginning of the month Abu: bread will not be good, business will decrease. (This means that) Mercury will pass its set time in the sky after it disappeared" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:49-50], see also [ACh Sin<ref name=":16" />, 19:17], where the identity ''a-bi-il'' - mul.meš-''šu''2 ''um-mu-lu'' "its stars are scintillating" is given, cf. [3. Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref>, 289].

(10) The position of the constellation during risingsː DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM SAG-''šu''2 AN-''e i-na-ṭa-la ina'' MU.B[I...] "If Entenabarḫum's head (at his appearance) looks at the sky: this year [...] [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:51]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ana'' ABZU ''šu-ur''2 ''ina'' MU.BI [...] "If Entenabarḫum (at its appearance) leans towards the Apsû: this year [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:52].

(11) The view of the constellationː DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ma-diš'' SA5 ... "If Entenabarḫum is very red..." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:53]; DIŠ EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-''šu''2 ''ḫi-i-pu'' DIŠ-''niš it-ta-na-ba-ṭu''3 [...] "If the stars of Entenabarḫum ... shine very brightly together [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:54; LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 104:6, 120:17; CAD<ref name=":3" /> N/1, 24a]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-''šu''2 ''da-᾽a-mu'' IGI-''šu''2''-nu ana'' dUTU.ŠU.A GAR-''nu'' [...] "If the stars of Entenabarḫum are dark (and) are facing the west [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:55].

(12) Sunset in the region of Ḫabaṣi; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 d''Ḫa-ba-ṣi-r''[''a-nu'' GUB ...] "If the Sun sets and Ḫabaṣir[anu] stands at its ... [...]" [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":16" />, 16:14], see van Soldt, Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil, 89f. Ca 10.

(13) The pest reaches Entenabarḫum; see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]], IV 4.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e13)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ/LUM/ḪUŠ; = mul / d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'';
возможные значения: шум. «Косматая зимняя звезда», акк. «Подобный мыши» [CAD Ḫ, 8a; Landsberger, Fauna 105f; AHw, 303a, 355b; Mesop.Astrol., App. B:157]; созвездие в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) [G. 123; BPO 2, 12]. См. также h01Ḫabaṣīrānu.
|Example
|-
|Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки: mulen.te.en.na.bar.ḫum [MSL XI, 108:392], mulen.te.en.bar.ḫum [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 16]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫuš = mulḫa-ba-ṣi-na-nu A / mulḫa-ba-ṣi-na-ru B [Emar VI/4, 151:163; Bloch–Horowitz 2016, 108:298ʹ], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = [ḫa-ba-ṣ]i-ra-nu [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:g], [mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum] = ˹ḫu-mu-un˺-si3-ru [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A:65], [mulen.te.na.bar.lum] = [ḫa-ba-ṣ]i-ra-nu [Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:33], [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu [SpTU III, 114 A v 41]. (3) Серия Ḫg. B VI: [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu = UZU.GU2.MUR7 da-˹nim˺ «Косматая зимняя звезда = Подобный мыши = Главная опора Ану» [MSL XI, 41:45], см. также [SpTU III, 116 Rs. III 14]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц ташриту, звезды Эа, 40 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum dnin.gir3.su «Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» (Section B i 26). (2) Cписок (3´12): [itidu6] … mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum šu-[ut dEn-lil2] «Месяц ташриту: … Энтенабархум (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 7). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход – ташриту, заход – нисану [KAV 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40–41]; см. n37NIN.MAḪ. BM 82923. Месяц ташриту, звезды Энлиля: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM // 40 // GIŠ.TUKUL MUL dE[N] [x] «Энтенабархум // 40 // Оружие, звезда […]» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:21]. BM 34713. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:8], см. u19UR.GI7. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: [mulen.te.na].bar.ḫum «(Звезды Энлиля, месяц тебету), [Энтена]бархум» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 7): ˹mulen.te.na.bar˺.ḫum [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg–Halton 1987b, 212]. Текст Sm. 162 rev. 8. […mu]lḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 154]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 5, 5b, 35–35a, X 18, XI 3, XIII 4, XIV 3; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 31′; BPO 3, 281]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 5): mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su «Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» (I ii 22). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го ташриту» (I iii 1), см. z10Zibānītum. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 23), см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, b) (I iii 32), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Астрологические предсказания: MUL [TA i]mKUR ana imU18 SUR-ma mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM DIB-ma / ina imMAR ŠU2 3 MUmeš KUR ḪE2.NUN IGI «(Если) звезда вспыхивает от востока по направлению к западу, проходит Энтенабархум и садится на западе: в течение трех лет страна будет наслаждаться изобилием» (II iii 46–47) [MA, 36, 43, 50, 52, 115]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 158 r. 7]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mulEN.<TE>.NA.BAR.ḪUM [Oppenheim 1959, 283:14]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu = dnin.gir2.su «Подобный Мыши = Нингирсу»; (2) 12 звезд Элама: [mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum]; (3) 7 lumāšu-звезд: mulen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:157, 204, 228; Weidner 1959–60, 107:19]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:24, 48. (1) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = dUraš(IB) «Энтенабархум = Ураш»; (2) mulḪa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu dNin-gir2-su: iḫ-bu-tu2 edin dA-nu «Хабацирану, Нингирсу, (кто) расхищает поле Ану» [CAD Ḫ, 7; HBA, 52:48; G. 179; Wee 2016, 162–3]. MLC 1866. mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ˹dNin˺-[gir2-s]u2 / ṣa-lam SAG.DU 1+EN M[UL xxxx] / ina ˹ŠU.MIN˺ [15?]-˹šu2˺ xx [xxxxxx] «Энтенабархум, Нин[гирс]у, / человеческая фигура, на голове одна зв[езда …] / в ее [правой] руке […]» (col. iii 7–9) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 37, 41]. GU-текст. (J) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum «Рука Энтенабархум» (δ Cen) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], см. также u17UR.A. Dalbanna-текст. §X. mulgir3 gub3 [en.te].na.bar.ḫum mul d?PA? […] 3 mul.meš [… 2 dal.ba.a]n.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mulgir3 g[ub3 …] «Левая нога [Энте]набархум (κ Cen?), Шуллат […], […]: 3 звезды. [… 2 интерв]ала, интервал. Ле[вая] нога […] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mul d?PA? […] = mul d?PA?[4-šu2] «[4] (звезды) Шуллата» (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), […] = [mulḪaniš(LUGAL)] «[Ханиш]» (α Cen?). «Таблица Дилбат». mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — имя Венеры в месяце ташриту, см. d06Dilbat.
См. также [SpTU II, 42:14], [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 6]; mulḪa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu dNin-gir2-su dUDU.[IDIM] «Хабацирану = Нингирсу = Планета» [ACh Sin, 19:22].

II. Божество.

Название созвездия фиксируется нередко с детерминативом d, упоминается в списке ночных богов в новоассирийской молитве к ночным богам [Tallqvist 1938, 14]. Однако в стандартных списках богов его имя отсутствует. Отождествляется с Нингирсу и Урашем, которые были тесно связаны с Нинуртой [Tallqvist 1938, 404–405, 480; Litke 1998, 233, A 71]. Мифологический сюжет, объясняющий связь этих божеств с созвездием, остается нераскрытым. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Новоассирийская молитва ночным богам, см. выше. (2) Ритуал против эпидемии [TuL 163, 34:14].

III. Символ.

Неизвестен. По-видимому, это была антропоморфная фигура. В текстах упоминаются голова, левая нога и рука фигуры.

IV. Отождествление.

= Центавр (Centaurus) [G. 123; BPO 2, 11; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

= большая часть Центавра и, вероятно, Крест (Centaurus, Crux) [MA, 138].

= часть Центавра, Центавр (Centaurus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= большая часть Центавра [ASM, 272–273].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum «Рука Энтенабархум», см. GU-текст, MLC 1866.

(2) mulgir3 gub3 en.te.na.bar.ḫum «Левая нога Энтенабархум», см. dbn-текст (§X).

(3) «Голова (Энтенабархум)», см. MLC 1866.

VI.,m Астрология.

Отождествления.

(1) = Венера в месяце ташриту; см. d06Dilbat.

(2) = Меркурий; mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min(=muludu.idim.gu4.ud) [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 5]; параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:30].

(3) = Юпитер(?), см. [Bezold 1920, 123:205].

(4) = Сатурн(?); отождествление Энтенабархум с Нингирсу, местной формой Нинурты, наводит на мысль о возможной связи созвездия с Сатурном, однако явных подтверждений в текстах мы не находим.

(5) = Краб; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 3.

Предсказания.

(6) Общее астрологическое значение; mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM a-na IM.SAG IM.SAG: ḫa-ru-up-tu2: / DIŠ MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM dNin-[gir2-su] «Энтенабархум для (предсказания) раннего ветра. IM.SAG = ḫaruptu «рано». Звезда, которая на его стороне стоит, (это) Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» [ACh Ištar, 25:10–11; BPO 2, III 5–5b].

(7) Гелиакический восход в свое и не в свое время; DIŠ ina itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulA[n-nu-ni-tum BE-ma ina] UD.DU[G4.GA-šu2 KUR-ḫa] / KI.ḪAL GUN-ša2 IL2 BE-ma ina NU UD.[DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-ḫa KI.ḪAL] GUN-ša2 [NU? IL2] «В месяце ташриту Энтенабархум, Ан[униту, если он восходит] в свое установленное время: борозда принесет свой урожай, если [он восходит] не в свое установленное время: [борозда не принесет] свой урожай» [BPO 2, X 18].

(8) Гелиакический восход в месяце ташриту; DIŠ ina itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM IGI LUGAL UD.MEŠ-šu2 GID2.MEŠ «Если в месяце ташриту Энтенабархум восходит гелиакически: дни царя будут долгими» [BPO 2, XIII 4, XIV 3].

(9) Вид созвездия при гелиакическом восходе; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 mul-lu-uḫ / SI.SA2 BURU14 KI.LAM GI.NA «Если Энтенабархум (=Меркурий) при своем появлении вспыхивает: нормальный урожай, деловая активность будет стабильной» [ARAK, 158 r. 7–8]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 mu-lu-uḫ ina SAG itiŠU IGI NINDA SI.SA2 KI.LAM GI.NA / dGU4.UD ki-ma TUM3 ḫa-an-ṭiš IGI-ma «Если Энтенабархум при своем появлении вспыхивает, в начале месяца дуузу восходит: хлеб будет хорошим, деловая активность нормальной. (Это будет иметь место, если) Меркурий после своего исчезновения быстро восходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:47–48], см. также [ACh Sin, 19:16], где дано тождество mulluC — mul.meš-šu2 ba-᾽a-lu «его звезды блестящие»; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 a-bi-il ina SAG itiNE IGI NINDA NU SA.SI2 KI.LAM TUR / dGU4.UD ki-ma TUM3 a-dan-an-šu2 ina AN-e DIB-iq-ma «Если Энтенабархум при своем появлении туманный, в начале месяца абу восходит: хлеба не будет, деловая активность уменьшится. (Это будет иметь место, если) Меркурий после (своего) исчезновения в свое установленное время на небе отсутствует» [ACh Ištar, 21:49–50], см. также [ACh Sin, 19:17], где дано тождество a-bi-il — mul.meš-šu2 um-mu-lu «его звезды туманные», cм. [3. Erg., 289].

(10) Положение созвездия при восходе; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM SAG-šu2 AN-e i-na-ṭa-la ina MU.B[I…] «Если Энтенабархум., голова его, (при его появлении) небо видит: в этом году […] [ACh Ištar, 21:51]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ana ABZU šu-ur2 ina MU.BI […] «Если Энтенабархум (при своем появлении) к Апсу обращен(?): в этом году […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:52].

(11) Вид созвездия; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ma-diš SA5 … «Если Энтенабархум очень красный…» [ACh Ištar, 21:53]; DIŠ EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-šu2 ḫi-i-pu DIŠ-niš it-ta-na-ba-ṭu3 […] «Если Энтенабархум, звезды его (оригинал поврежден) вместе очень яркие […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:54; LKU, 104:6, 120:17; CAD N/1, 24a]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-šu2 da-᾽a-mu IGI-šu2-nu ana dUTU.ŠU.A GAR-nu […] «Если Энтенабархум, звезды его, темные (и) лица их на запад обращены […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:55].

(12) Заход Солнца в области Хабаци; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 dḪa-ba-ṣi GUB […] «Если Солнце при своем заходе в области Хабаци стоит […]» [ACh Šamaš, 16:14].

(13) Вредитель достигает Энтенабархума; см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E, IV 4.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, h01)
!
|-
|вар. записи: d''Ḫa-ba-ri''; аккадская параллель к mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM/LUM/SIG4; значение аккадского слова не вполне ясно, возможна связь с ''ḫumṣīru'' «(большая) мышь» и значение: «Подобный Мыши» [AHw, 355b; CAD Ḫ, 8; Landsberger 1934, 105f.]; созвездие в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) [G. 179; BPO 2, 12; AHw, 303].
См. e13EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Cen]]

Dilbat

2026-05-24T17:15:51Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Dilbat''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / d''Dilbat'' (𒀯𒀸𒁁) is the most common star-name for the planet Venus, Another common name for Venus is that of the Venus-goddess in the Mesopotamian pantheon: Inanna = ''Ištar''. Many iterations of readings for Dilbat are listed below including Dilibad and Dilibat.

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Venus}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* muldili.bad,
* mulDilibat,
* mulDIL.BAD,
* DILΙ.BAT
* mul''dili-bad'',
* (d)''dili-pat''2,
* ''dele-bat''; = "the one that sparkles";
* from dili.bad = ''nebû'' "to shine, to sparkle".

Generally accepted name of Venus in astronomical and astrological texts of the II-I millennium BC; first in the hymn of Iddin-Dagan (XXth century BC) as mul dalla dili mul''dili-bad'' "shining/the only star, Venus". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 774; Bruschweiler 1987<ref>''Bruschweiler F''. INANNA La déesse triomphante et vaincue dans la cosmologie sumérienne. Leuven, 1987.</ref>, 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973<ref>''Reisman D.'' Iddin-Dagan’s Sacred Marriage Hymn // JCS. 1973. Vol.. 25, № 4. P. 185-202.</ref>; ETCSL<ref>''Black J.A., Cunningham G., Fluckiger-Hawker E., Robson'' ''E., and Zólyomi G. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature'' (<nowiki>http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/</nowiki>), Oxford 1998-.</ref>, Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the Babylonian name for Venus: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτης ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. "Delephate: the star of Aphrodite: from the Chaldeans." [TLG 4085-002, Δ 590], derived from Dilbat [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 109; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 282]; see Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023): <ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>In bilingual and lexical texts, Sum. dili-bad(-rá) is translated by ''na/ebītu'' “the bright one” (fem.). As a star name it is conventionally read Dil(i)bat. If Δελεφατ (delephat) in Hesychius v. 558 is correctly understood as a Greek transcription of this name, it points to a reading Dil(i)pat, which could be derived from Akk. ''dalāpu'' “to be sleepless”.

mulDILΙ.BAT (AN 20l).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Series Urra XXII: mul[''dil'']-''bat'' = ''di-il-bat'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:154].
*(2) Series Antagal (G 306): d zibZIG = d''dil-bat'' (in the list of planets) [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229].
*(3) Series AN:dAnum (IV 181): dDili.bad = min(= d''Iš''8-''tar''2 mul.<meš>) "Venus = Goddess of the stars" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 161].
|
|-
| '''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 246
*Star Catalogues Horowitz 2014 103, 106, Anu 1:
**KAV 218 ii 1-5
***mul gal ''ša'' ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu gub-''zu'' / ki.gub kur2.kur2 ½(sa9) mu ''ina'' dutu.e3 / ½(sa9) mu ''ina'' dutu.šu2.a mul.bi mul''Dil-bat'' / ''a-lik pa-ni'' mul.meš ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''
***“The great star which is above the great stars / which stands at the rising of the south wind / (and) changes position: half the year at sunrise / half the year at sunset. This star is Venus, / (which) goes in front of the stars of Anu";
**HS 1897: 14-15:
***mul''Iš8-tár'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB-s''ú mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' dUT[U.È]/ ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' dUTU.ŠÚ.A MUL ''šu-ú a-lik'' IGI.MEŠ MUL.MEŠ ''šu-ut'' AN-''ni''[''m''],
***Ištar of the stars who stands at the rising of the eastwind, whose position is half the year at su[nrise], half the year at sunset, this star is the one who goes in front of the stars of An[u];
**BM 55502: 15:
***mul''dili-bat'' ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB KÚR.KÚR ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.È.A ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.ŠÚ.A MÚL.B[I] x x [(...)],
***Venus which stands at the rising of the east wind, half the year at sunrise, changing position - half the year at sunrise, half the year at sunset, this sta[r] . . [...].
*Month-Star Lists: Horowitz 2014: 192, Anu I, BM 34713 Anu II (LBAT 1499); BM 82923ː2:
**mul''dil-bat'' 1,40 DE5 MUL.MEŠ,
**Venus, 1,40, The brightest of the stars (Horowitz 2014: 140-141).
*Rising and Setting Stars: Horowitz 2014: 160-161 (Rising Month I, Setting Month VII):
**Ea: mulIKU, Anu: mul''Dil-bat'' (rises), mul''Dil-bat'' ''ut-ta-na-kar''//KÚR.KÚR (Venus changes position).
***
*<s>Astrolabe B.</s>
**<s>(1) List (12´3): (B ii 1-5); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 1].</s>
**<s>(2) List (3´12): itibara2 ...mul''Dil-bat šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "month Nisanu: ...Venus of (the stars) of Anu" (C ii 1).</s>
** <s>(3) List (rising-setting=6months): rising - Nisanu, setting - Tašritu (C 13, 26); also about Venus it is said: mul''Dil-bat ut-ta-nak-kar'' "Venus changes (her position)". '''''<big>??? I cannot find these words in KAV 218!! ???</big>''''' [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8]; see also (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]]. </s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
**<s>Month Nisan, the stars of Anu: [mul''Dili-bat''] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ "[Venus] // 100 // The most brilliant of stars" [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 27-28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; here RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly, sparkle" as in ND 4362:26, which gives the identity: RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly" [BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 237, 241].</s>
*<s>BM 34713.</s>
**<s>Month Ayyaru, the stars of Anu: múl''Dil-bat'' [LBAT<ref name=":3">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].</s>
*<s>The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A</s>
**<s>List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 1): mul''Dil-bat'' [TCL 6<ref name=":4">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].</s>
|
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|'''EAE.'''
*For a corpus of astrological predictions related to Venus and an analysis of the terms used in them, see [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />]; see also [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10: r. 11-17, 25-29; BPO 1<ref name=":6">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. The Venus Tablet of Ammiraduqa. Malibu, Undena Publication, 1975 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part One).</ref>, 8; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 240-243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957.</ref>, 23:33; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 247; Pingree 1993<ref>''Pingree D.'' Venus Phenomena in Enūma Anu Enlil / Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrgb. von H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 259-273.</ref>; SpTU I<ref name=":8">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 91:12-14; SpTU II<ref name=":9">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 41:17; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V<ref name=":10">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:7', 9'; Babyloniaca 7<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>: Pl. XVII, 11-13].
|
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|'''<s>"Catalogue of 30 Stars".</s>'''
*<s>Anu 1. mul''Dil-bat ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A x [. ]</s>
* <s>"Venus, which stands at the rising of the east wind, changes (her) position, half a year (she) is in the east, half a year in the west [...]" (B. 15) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1" />, 177], see also (Kurtik i18) ''[[Ištar]]''.</s>
|
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
* See [SAA 10<ref name=":3" />, 378; SAA 8<ref name=":11">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 349-350].
|
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Anu: mul''Dili-bat'' KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir-ma'' AN-''e ib-bir'' "Venus keeps changing its position and crosses the sky" (I ii 13) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":19">Hunger, H., & Steele, J. (2019). ''The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL. APIN''. Routledge.</ref>: 41].
*(2) Planets "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL d''Sin'' DU-''ku'' mul''Dili-bat'' DU-''ak'' "Venus travels (the same) path as the Moon travels" (II i 3) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":19" />: 71].
*(3) List and definition of the planets: Venus is second after Jupiter, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(4) Planetary theory:
**a) [mul''Di'']''li-bat <ina>'' dUTU.E3 TUM3-''ma'' ITI ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫa-ra'' / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM ''u''4-''mi'' KIMIN 2 ITI ''uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' / dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2 "Venus disappears in the East and remains (invisible) in the sky for a month / or for 1 month and 15 days, or it remains for 2 months, and / becomes visible in the West" (II i 44-46) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":19" />: 79]
**(b) mul''Dili-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3-''ma ina u''4-''me'' TUM3 ''ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ḫa'' KIMIN 3 ''u''4-''mi'' / KI.3 7 ''u''4-''mi'' KI.4 14 ''u''4-''mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' KUR-''ḫa'' "Venus disappears in the West and rises (again) in the East on the day it disappears; or, for 3 days, thirdly, for 7 days, fourthly, for 14 days, it remains (invisible) and then rises" (II i 47-48), [Hunger & Steele 2019:<ref name=":19" /> 80]
**c) mul''Dili-bat lu ina'' dUTU.E3 ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-''ma'' / 9 ITImeš ''ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''ma i-tab-bal'' "Venus becomes visible either in the east or in the west, / stands in the sky for 9 months, and disappears" (II i 61) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":19" />: 82] [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 33, 70, 80, 81-82, 85].
*Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82-86 contain predictions for mul''Dil-bat'' for each day of the month [Labat 1965<ref>''Labat R.'' Un calendrier babylonien des travaux des signes et des mois. Paris, 1965.</ref>].
|
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|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*(1) [ddil].bat = ''ana'' si.sa2 ''bu-lim'' "Venus — for the prosperity of cattle."
*(2) [mu]lim.šu.rin.na nu.kuš2.u3 = ddil.bat "Widow's Furnace = Venus".
*(3) muldil.bat = d''iš-tar bēlet'' kur.kur "Venus — Ištar, the ruler of countries".
*(4) The 12 stars of Elam: [mul]dil.bat in the first place.
*(5) List of planets: muldil.bat in the 4th place (after the Moon, the Sun and Jupiter) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:28-30, 201, 242]. List of stars VR 46, 1:40ː mul''Dil-bat'' = ''na-ba-at kak-ka-bu'' "Venus is the brightest of star(s)", see also [HBA<ref name=":13">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:40; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:40]; parallel: d''dil-bat na-bat'' MUL.MEŠ [Parpola and Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 46, 428].
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|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866 i 9: mulSIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU2.LA2 mul''a-nun-ni-tu''4 ''man-za-za'' mul''dil-bat'' "The Swallow and the stretched out neck of Anunitu, the station of Venus [Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 35, 39, commentary 45: The station of Venus must refer to its ''bīt niṣirti'' in Pisces.
|
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| '''"The Dilbat Tablet.”'''
Each month of the Babylonian calendar has a constellation identified with Venus. The main text is LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:1-12 (= 81-7-6,102, for Pinches' publication see [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]):

*(1) mulnin.si4?.an. na mul''Dil-bat ina'' itibar2 "Ninsianna — Venus in the month Nisan",
*(2) mul''A-ri-tu''4 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itigu4 "Shield — Venus in the month Ayyaru",
*(3) mulban mul''Dil-bat ina'' itine "The bow — Venus in the month Abu" (the order of months in the text does not correspond to the standard),
*(4) mulnunki mul''Dil-bat ina'' itikin "Eridu — Venus in the month Ululu",
*(5) mulen.te.na.bar.guz mul''Dil-bat ina'' itidu6 "Entenabarguz — Venus in the month Tašritu",
* (6) mul''Rap-pu'' mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiapin "The bridle — Venus in the month Araḫsamnu",
*(7) mulgir2.an.na mul''Dil-bat ina'' itigan "Heavenly sword (=Scorpius) — Venus in the month Kislimu" (in [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 8:2] the month of Kislimu corresponds to ulgu.la "Giant"),
*(8) muluz3 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiab "Goat — Venus in the month Ṭebetu" (in ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:3, uluz3 "Goat"),
*(9) mulAŠ.GAN2 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiziz2 "Field — Venus in the month Šabaṭu" (in ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:4, ulAŠ.GAN ''Bābilī''(ka2.dingir. meš) "Field of Babylon"),
*(10) mulku6 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiše "Fish — Venus in the month Addaru" (ACh Ištar, 8: 6 - ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2-''a'' d''Dil-bat'' "In the month of Addaru the Fish, Ea, Dilbat"),
* (11) [muls]ag mul''Dil-bat ina'' itisig4 "Head — Venus in the month Simanu" (it seems to be a part of some constellation, but it is not clear),
*(12) [mulmu]š. a.sag.ga mul''Dil-bat ina'' itišu "Mušasaga — Venus in the month Du'uzu" (so in [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:12], but in [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] - [mulmu]š.min.sag.ga "the Two-Headed Serpent". [MSL VIII/2, 93]), see also [HBA<ref name=":13" />, 119; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109, I].
|
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|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
* (d)dele-bat is the standard designation for Venus in the diaries [Sachs and Hunger, Diaries I-III]. "Mathematical Astronomy." See [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT<ref name=":3" />, passim].
|
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|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) The nature of astrological influences.
**a) ˹DIŠ˺ d[''Dil-bat pa-aš''2-''ḫat at-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U4 GID2.DA] "If [Venus (appears): (this sign is) exceptionally calm; wherever he goes, (he will be accompanied by) success; (he will) live long]",
**b) DIŠ KI d''Dil-bat'' DUMU.MEŠ ''u'' DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI “If the area of Venus: sons and daughters of those people.” [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5" />, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallelsː 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>, 324-325]. Parallels: LU2.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' d''Dil-bat'' E3-''a pa-aš''2''-ḫat at-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U4.GID2.DA "If a child is born when Venus has come forward: (the sign is) exceptionally(?) calm; wherever he will go, it will be favorable; (his) days will be long" [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
*(2) Horoscopes. (d)''dele-bat'', see [BH, passim].
*(3) "Hypsoma."
**(a) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti'' KUR-''ud'' SIG5 ''ana'' mulUR.GU.LA KUR-''ma'': ''ana'' 1⅔ KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qam-ma'' "If Venus reaches the secret place: (it) is good; (it means that) she reaches Leo var.ː she rises to 1⅔ ''bēru''" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:27; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 53].
** (b) [DIŠ mu]l''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti la'' KUR-''ud-ma u it-bal'' KUR ''ut-ta''[''ḫ-ḫas''] "If Venus does not reach the secret place and disappears: the country will suffer" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:28; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54]; for a parallel see [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 250, K.3708:3-4]; for other examples of predictions referring to ''ašar''(KI) ''niṣirti'' of Venus (but without specifying its position relative to the stars), see [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:29-32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:15-16; 244, K.2346+:21-22; 250, K.3708+:5-8; 256, K.7050 ii 6'].
**c) [m]ul''Dilbat nabât kakkabāni'' / ''ina amurri'' / [''ina ḫarrān šū'']''t'' d''Ea'' / ''innamirma'' ... ''niṣirtu'' / ''ikšudamma itbal'' / mul''Ṣalbatānu pāris'' / ''pursê māt amurri'' / ''ina ḫarrān šūt'' d''Ea'' / ''ib᾽il'' "Venus, the most brilliant of stars, appeared in the west [on the path of (the stars of) Ea, ... reached the secret (place) and (then) disappeared. Mars, which passes judgment concerning Amurru, became very bright in the path of Ea" [Borger Esarh.<ref>''Borger (1956).'' Die Inschriften Asarhaddons, Königs von Assyrian, Graz 1956 (AfO, Beiheft 9).</ref>, §2 i 39 - ii 9], quoted from [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54 '''''??? quote new edition in RIMA? ???''''']. Here, according to calculations, the place of ''niṣirtu'' is in Pisces, as it was considered in Greek astrology [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54, 57; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 28, 138], see also e).
**(d) In the horoscope: ''ina'' E2 ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 / ''ša''2 ''dele-bat'' LU2.TUR ''a-lid'' "In the house of ''niṣirtu'' of Venus a child is born" [BH 46-50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2-3].
** (e) See above MLC 1866 i 8.
*(4) Predicting the prices of cereals on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (d''Dili-pat''2) [SpTU I<ref name=":8" />, 94:23, 28].
* (5) An extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars: ID2 BA3 [... i]tiŠE MUL!meš d''Dil-bat'' " ...: month Addaru, stars?, Venus" [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78].
*(6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: d''Dil-bat'', passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].
*(7) Predictions of enemy attacks from observations of the positions and visibility of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5" />, 213-214, 216].

See also [SpTU II<ref name=":9" />, 42:10; SpTU V<ref name=":10" />, 261:13'-18', 271:7'].
|Example
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In the 3rd millennium B.C. Venus was worshipped as the astral incarnation of the goddess Inanna, in the II-I millennium B.C. — the goddess Ištar. The name mul / d''Dilbat'' was also used in prayers to other goddesses, see for example [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc.<ref name=":16">''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 139:325; Linssen 2004<ref name=":17">''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 321:325]. Venus masculine and feminine: Venus as a deity changed her gender depending on her position relative to the Sun. Two opposite traditions are attested in astrological texts:

* (1) as the morning star, Venus was considered a female deity, as the evening star, a male deityː DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ma sin-ni-šat'' / DIŠ SIG5 ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-''ma zik-rat'' BAR-''tum'' "If Venus rises in the east, she is feminine, a favorable (sign); if she is seen in the west, she is male, an unfavorable (sign)". [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 218, K. 3601 r. 31-32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81-2-4,239:2; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, IV 6a, 7a + Parallels];
* (2) as the morning star, Venus was considered a male deity, as the evening star, a female oneː d''Dil-bat'': ''sin-ni-šat'': TA dUTU.SU2.A "Venus, female, from the west", d''Dil-bat'': ''zi-ka-rat'': TA dUTU.E3 "Venus, male, from the east" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:8-9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30-33].

In the list of Anum gods: d''be-el dil-bat'' "Lord Dilbat" [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 98:221]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>, p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12" />, 125-126; Reiner 1985<ref>''Reiner E.'' The Uses of Astrology // JAOS. 1985. Vol. 105, № 4. P. 589-595.</ref>, 591; 1995<ref name=":18">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 6; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>, 14-15]. As a male deity Venus was identified with Ningirsu: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.GUZ d''Nin-gir''2-''su'' d''Dil-bat'' KI.MIN''-ma'' "Entenabarguz = Ningirsu, Venus ditto" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 6]. For more about the masculine and feminine nature of Venus, see also (Kurtik s11) [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]], (Kurtik n46) [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]], (Kurtik s12) [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]].

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
* (1) In Neo-Assyrian lists of the 6 astral gods, witnesses to the treaty, mul''Dil-bat'' comes second after mulSAG.ME.GAR [Parpola and Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 6 iv 13-15], for a parallel see [Wiseman 1958<ref>''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.</ref>, 29:13, 61:428].
* (2) The hemerologies on the 16th of Simanu and the 14th of Ṭebetu: PAD-''su ana'' damar.ud / d''gu-la'' mul''dil-bat'' GAR''-ma ma-ḫir'' "he brings his offerings to Marduk(=Jupiter), Gula, Venus, and (it) is accepted". [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 178 col. v 44-45, rev, ii 53-54; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 88-87, 134-135].
* (3) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the statue-deity: Venus is mentioned twice as d''Ištar''(15) mul.meš è, as d''Dil-bat'' [Smith 1925<ref>''Smith S.'' The Babylonian Ritual for the Consecration and Induction of a Divine Statue // JRAS. 1925. P. 37-60.</ref>, BM 45749:25, 29; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 104; SAALT I<ref>''Walker, C. B. F., Dick, M. B.'' Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian ''Mīs Pî'' Ritual. Helsinki, 2001 (State Archives of Assyria, Literary Texts, Vol. I).</ref>, 71:25, 29]; cf. also (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], II.
* (4) Namburbi series of incantations: an incantation "against the evil (foreshadowed by) an eclipse of Venus." [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1954. Vol. 48, № 1. P. 1-15.</ref>, 10-11].
* (5) New Year's Day celebration in Babylon: múl''Dil-bat na-bat'' mul.<meš> "Dilbat — the most brilliant of the stars" [RAcc.<ref name=":16" /> 139:325; Linssen 2004<ref name=":17" />, 219:325].
* (6) The ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
* (7) Warning dreams: "If he ditto (in his dream rises in the sky) and Venus [...]." [Oppenheim 1956<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East. Philadelphia, 1956.</ref>, 282, 327:41]. See also [Mayer 1976<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.</ref>, 429, mulDIL.BAT + Ištar].

For the names describing Venus as a deity and as a planet, see also (Kurtik a05) [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]], (Kurtik a14) ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]'', (Kurtik a26) [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]], (Kurtik e03) [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]], (Kurtik g04) [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]], (Kurtik g16) [[GILIM.MA]], (Kurtik i10) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA|IM.ŠU.RIN.NA.NA]], (Kurtik i13) [[INANNA|dINANNA]], (Kurtik i18) [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']], (Kurtik k07) [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]], (Kurtik k16) [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]], (Kurtik m30) [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]], (Kurtik m33) [[MUL.KI.GAL]], (Kurtik n26) [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n30) [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]], (Kurtik n31) [[NIN.GUL.TI]], (Kurtik n42) [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], (Kurtik s16) [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]], (Kurtik sh01) [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]], (Kurtik t02) [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]], (Kurtik u02) [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]], (Kurtik z09) [[ZIB2|dZIB2]].

==== Symbol. ====
The standard symbol of Ištar as the planet Venus on the seals and on the ''kudurru''s is an eight-rayed star in a circle or without it [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 100-101; Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 82-85; Kurtik 1998, 20-21] (ill. 48). In the Seleucid period, the same symbol was also used in connection with Mercury and Saturn [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, VAT 7847, AO 6448].

Venus as the morning and evening star (lit. "Venus in the east, in the west").

In the east:

* (1) [mulMAR].GID2.DA mul''Dil-bat ina'' d[UTU.E3].A "Wagon - Venus in the east". [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:13] (see also [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262-263, K. 3384 rev. 1; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109 I; HBA<ref name=":13" />, 118; Reiner 1995<ref name=":18" />, 58]);
* (2) ''ina'' GIŠ.NIM ul''Dil-bat'' ulBAN... "In the east, Venus is the Bow." [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248-249, K.2346+:57];
* (3) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 dUTU "Venus in the east is Šamaš" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32],
* (4) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 d''Innin A-ka''3-''de''3ki "Venus in the east is Ištar of Akkad" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34],
* (5) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 d''Ištar''(15) MUL.MEŠ "Venus in the east is Ištar of the stars" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].

In the West:

* (1) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A dMAŠ "Venus in the West is Ninurta". [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33],
* (2) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A d''Innin'' UNUGki "Venus in the west is Ištar of Uruk" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35],
* (3) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A d''be-let'' DINGIR.MEŠ "Venus in the west is the mistress of the gods" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Eruaː see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 1.

(2) = Goatː mulUZ3 = d''Dil-bat'' "Goat = Venus." [SAA 8<ref name=":11" />, 175 r. 7], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]],

(3) = Wagonː [DIŠ ''e-le-nu'' m]ulMAR.GID2.DA AN-''u''2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-''nu'' d''Dil-bat'' dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD GUB-''ma''] "If the sky above the Wagon is dark: an eclipse will occur; (it means): Mercury stands above Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 218, K.3601 r. 33], see also [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 1].

(4) = Faithful Shepherd of Anuː [... Sipa]-zi-an-na d''Dil-bat'' "Faithful Shepherd of Anu = Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 2].

(5) = Green-yellow starː MUL SIG7 = d''Dil-bat'' [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248, K.2346+:54].

===== Predictions: =====
See [BPO 1<ref name=":6" />; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109, III] as well as numerous articles in this edition.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d06)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
====Kurtik (b02) BAL.ME.GAR (Reading corrected by Weidner 1966: (AfO 21) 46 Z. 24 = dili.bad = K 4387 = IIR 47)====
только в [II R, 47, 24 c d]: mulBAL.ME.GAR I.GAR.IM = i-gar-ri-im i-šid «Стена фундамента» (?) [Gössmann 1950 46].
|
|-
|
====Kurtik (d06) Dilbat====
|
|-
|вар. чтения: muldili.bad, ulDilibat, mulDIL.BAD, muldili-bad, (d)dili-pat2, dele-bat; = «та, что сверкает»; от dili.bad = nebû «сиять, сверкать». Общепринятое название Венеры в астрономических и астрологических текстах II–I тыс. до н.э.; впервые в гимне Иддин-Дагана (XX в. до н.э.) как mul dalla dili muldili-bad «блестящая/единственная звезда, Венера» [AHw, 774; Bruschweiler 1987, 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973; ETCSL, Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. Греческий лексикограф Гесихий приводит вавилонское название Венеры: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτος ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. «Делефат: звезда Афродиты: от халдеев» [TLG 4085–002, Δ 590], происходящее от Dilbat [Gössmann 1950, 109; Tallqvist 1938, 282].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mul[dil]-bat = di-il-bat [Emar VI/4, 151:154]. (2) Серия Antagal (G 306): d zibZIG = ddil-bat (в списке планет) [MSL XVII, 229]. (3) Серия AN:dAnum (IV 181): dDili.bad = min(= dIš8-tar2 mul.<meš>) «Венера = Богиня звезд» [Litke 1998, 161]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану, 100 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) В списке (12´3): mul gal ša ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu gub-zu / ki.gub kur2.kur2 ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.e3 / ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.šu2.a mul.bi mulDil-bat / a-lik pa-ni mul.meš šu-ut dA-nim «Великая звезда, которая выше великих звезд / при восходе южного ветра стоит, / место (свое) изменяет: половину года (она) на востоке (стоит), / половину года — на западе. (Это) звезда Венера, / (которая) первой из звезд Ану идет» (B ii 1–5); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 1]. (2) Список (3´12): itibara2 …mulDil-bat šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц нисану: … Венера (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 1). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту (С 13, 26); кроме того о Венере сказано: mulDil-bat ut-ta-nak-kar «Венера изменяет (свое положение)» [KAV 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]; см. также a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану: [mulDili-bat] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ «[Венера] // 100 // Самая блестящая из звезд» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; здесь RI = nabāṭu «сиять, сверкать», как в ND 4362:26, где дано тождество: RI = nabāṭu «to shine brightly» [BPO 3, 237, 241]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Ану: múlDil-bat [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 1): mulDil-bat [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. Корпус астрологических предсказаний, связанных с Венерой, анализ используемых в них терминов cм. [BPO 3]; см. также [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987, 10: r. 11–17, 25–29; BPO 1, 8; BPO 2, 11; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957, 240–243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957, 23:33; Verderame 2002, 247; Pingree 1993; SpTU I, 91:12–14; SpTU II, 41:17; SpTU III, 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V, 264:7', 9'; Stev. O.T: Pl. XVII, 11–13]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 1. mulDil-bat ša2 ina ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-zu KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 ½ MU ina dUTU.E3.A ½ MU ina dUTU.ŠU2.A x [...] «Венера, которая стоит при восходе восточного ветра, положение (свое) изменяет, половину года (она) на востоке, половину года на западе […]» (B. 15) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177], см. также i18Ištar. «Письма» и «Рапорты». Cм. [SAA 10, 378; SAA 8, 349–350]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 20): mulDili-bat KI.GUB-su KUR2.KUR2-ir-ma AN-e ib-bir «Венера свое положение постоянно изменяет и пересекает небо» (I ii 13). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku mulDili-bat DU-ak «Венера проходит (тот же) путь, что и Луна проходит» (II i 3). (3) Список и определение планет: Венера на втором месте после Юпитера, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (4) Планетная теория: a) [mulDi]li-bat dUTU.E3 TUM3-ma ITI ina AN-e uḫ-ḫa-ra / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM u4-mi KIMIN 2 ITI uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma / dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2 «Венера исчезает на востоке и остается (невидимой) на небе в течение месяца / или в течение месяца и 15 дней, или она остается в течение 2 месяцев, и / становится видна на западе» (II i 44–46), b) mulDili-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3-ma ina u4-me TUM3 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa KIMIN 3 u4-mi / KI.3 7 u4-mi KI.4 14 u4-mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma KUR-ḫa «Венера исчезает на западе и становится (опять) видна на востоке в день, в который она исчезает; или, (она исчезает) на 3 дня, / в-третьих, на 7 дней, в-четвертых, на 14 дней, она остается (невидимой), и затем восходит» (II i 47–48), c) mulDili-bat lu ina dUTU.E3 lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma / 9 ITImeš ina AN-e GUB-ma i-tab-bal «Венера становится видна либо на востоке, либо на западе, / стоит на небе в течение 9 месяцев и исчезает» (II i 61) [MA, 33, 70, 80, 81–82, 85]. Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82–86 содержат предсказания для mulDil-bat на каждый день месяца [Labat 1965]. «Большой список звезд». (1) [ddil].bat = ana si.sa2 bu-lim «Венера ― для процветания скота». (2) [mu]lim.šu.rin.na nu.kuš2.u3 = ddil.bat «Вдовья Печь = Венера». (3) muldil.bat = diš-tar bēlet kur.kur «Венера ― Иштар, владычица стран». (4) 12 звезд Элама: [mul]dil.bat на первом месте. (5) Список планет: muldil.bat на 4-м месте (после Луны, Солнца и Юпитера) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:28–30, 201, 242]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:40. mulDil-bat = na-ba-at kak-ka-bu «Венера ― звезда с наибольшим блеском», см. также [HBA, 52:40; Wee 2016, 162–3:40]; параллель: ddil-bat na-bat MUL.MEŠ [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 46, 428]. MLC 1866. mulSIM.MAḪ u GU2.LA2(?) mula-nu-ni-tu4 man-za-za muldil-bat «Ласточка и вытянутая шея(?) Ануниту — место Венеры» (D i 9) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 35, 39]. «Таблица Дилбат». На каждый месяц вавилонского календаря указано созвездие, отождествляемое с Венерой. Основной текст LBAT, 1564:1–12 (= 81-7-6,102, публикация Пинчеса см. [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]): (1) mulnin.si4?.an.na mulDil-bat ina itibar2 «Нинсианна ― Венера в месяце нисану», (2) mulA-ri-tu4 mulDil-bat ina itigu4 «Щит ― Венера в месяце айяру», (3) mulban mulDil-bat ina itine «Лук ― Венера в месяце абу» (порядок месяцев в тексте не соответствует стандартному), (4) mulnunki mulDil-bat ina itikin «Эриду ― Венера в месяце улулу», (5) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum mulDil-bat ina itidu6 «Энтенабархум ― Венера в месяце ташриту», (6) mulRap-pu mulDil-bat ina itiapin «Уздечка ― Венера в месяце арахсамну», (7) mulgir2.an.na mulDil-bat ina itigan «Небесный меч (=Скорпион) ― Венера в месяце кислиму» (в [ACh Ištar, 8:2] месяцу кислиму соответствует ulgu.la «Великан»), (8) muluz3 mulDil-bat ina itiab «Коза ― Венера в месяце тебету» (в ACh Ištar, 8:3 ― uluz3 «Коза»), (9) mulAŠ.GAN2 mulDil-bat ina itiziz2 «Поле ― Венера в месяце шабату» (в ACh Ištar, 8:4 ― ulAŠ.GAN Bābilī(ka2.dingir.meš) «Поле Вавилона»), (10) mulku6 mulDil-bat ina itiše «Рыба ― Венера в месяце аддару» (ACh Ištar, 8:6 ― ina itiše ulku6 dE2-a dDil-bat «В месяце аддару Рыба Эа, Дилбат»), (11) [muls]ag mulDil-bat ina itisig4 «Голова ― Венера в месяце симану» (речь идет, по-видимому, о части какого-то созвездия, но какого именно — неясно), (12) [mulmu]š.a.sag.ga mulDil-bat ina itišu «Мушaсагга ― Венера в месяце дуузу» (так в [LBAT, 1564:12], но в [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] ― [mulmu]š.min.sag.ga «Двухголовый Змей» [MSL VIII/2, 93]), см. также [HBA, 119; G. 109, I]. «Дневники наблюдений». (d)dele-bat ― стандартное обозначение Венеры в дневниках [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III]. «Математическая астрономия». См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Характер астрологического воздействия. a) ˹DIŠ˺ d[Dil-bat pa-aš2-ḫat at-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4 GID2.DA] «Если [Венера (появляется): (этот знак) очень мирный; куда бы он ни пошел, (ему будет сопутствовать) успех; (он будет) долго жить]», b) DIŠ KI dDil-bat DUMU.MEŠ u DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI «Если область Венеры: сыновья и дочери у тех людей» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b, 324–325]. Параллель: LU2.TUR a-lid-ma dDil-bat E3-a pa-aš2-ḫat at/d-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4.GID2.DA «Если ребенок родился, когда Венера вышла вперед: (его жизнь будет) в особенности(?) спокойной; куда бы он не направил свои стопы, ему будет сопутствовать удача; (его) дни будут долгими» [TCL 6, 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952, 66]. (2) «Гороскопы». (d)dele-bat, см. [BH, passim]. (3) «Гипсома». a) DIŠ mulDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti KUR-ud SIG5 GAR mulUR.GU.LA KUR-ma: ana 1⅔ KASKAL.GID2 i-šaq-qam-ma «Если Венера достигает места niṣirtu: (это) предвещает добро; (это означает, что) она достигает Льва, вар.: она поднимается? на 1⅔ bēru» [ACh Suppl., 34:27; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 53]. b) [DIŠ mu]lDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti la KUR-ud-ma u it-bal KUR ut-ta[ḫ-ḫas] «Если Венера не достигает места niṣirtu и исчезает: страна подвергнется удару» [ACh Suppl., 34:28; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]; параллель см. [BPO 3, 250, K.3708:3–4]; другие примеры предсказаний, в которых речь идет об ašar(KI) niṣirtu Венеры (однако без указания его положения относительно звезд), см. [ACh Suppl., 34:29–32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:15–16; 244, K.2346+:21–22; 250, K.3708+:5–8; 256, K.7050 ii 6']. с) [m]ulDilbat nabât kakkabāni / ina amurri / [ina ḫarrān šū]t dEa / innamirma … niṣirtu / ikšudamma itbal / mulṢalbatānu pāris / pursê māt amurri / ina ḫarrān šūt dEa / ib᾽il «Венера, самая блестящая из звезд, появилась на западе [на пут]и Эа, … достигла (места niṣirtu) и (затем) исчезла. Марс, который выносит решение, касающееся Амурру, (находился) на пути Эа и имел большой блеск» [Borger Esarh., §2 i 39 – ii 9], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]. Здесь, согласно расчетам, место niṣirtu находилось в Рыбах (Pisces), как это имело место в греческой астрологии [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54, 57; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 28, 138], см. также e). d) В гороскопе: ina E2 ni-ṣir-tu4 / ša2 dele-bat LU2.TUR a-lid «В доме niṣirtu Венеры ребенок родился» [BH 46–50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2–3]. e) см. выше MLC 1866 i 8. (4) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (dDili-pat2) [SpTU I, 94:23, 28]. (5) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: ID2 BA3 dx[… i]tiŠE MUL!meš dDil-bat «…: месяц аддару; звезды?, Венера» [SpTU IV, 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: dDil-bat, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134–136], см. s20Sîn. (7) Предсказания нападения врагов из наблюдений положений и видимости планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 216].

См. также [SpTU II, 42:10; SpTU V, 261:13'–18', 271:7'].

II. Божество.

В III тыс. до н.э. Венера почиталась как астральное воплощение богини Инанны (Inanna), во II–I тыс. до н.э. ― богини Иштар (Ištar). Имя mul / dDilbat использовалось также в молитвенных обращениях к другим богиням, см., например, [SAA 10, 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 321:325]. Венера мужская и женская. Венера как божество изменяла свой пол в зависимости от ее положения относительно Солнца. В астрологических текстах засвидетельствованы две противоположные традиции: (1) как утренняя звезда Венера считалась женским божеством, как вечерняя звезда ― мужским; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ma sin-ni-šat / DIŠ SIG5 ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-ma zik-rat BAR-tum «Если Венера восходит на востоке, она женская, благоприятный (знак); если она видна на западе, она мужская, неблагоприятный (знак)» [BPO 3, 218, K. 3601 r. 31–32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81–2–4,239:2; BPO 2, IV 6a, 7a + Parallels]; (2) как утренняя звезда Венера считалась мужским божеством, как вечерняя звезда — женским; dDil-bat: sin-ni-šat: TA dUTU.SU2.A «Венера, женская, от запада», dDil-bat: zi-ka-rat: TA dUTU.E3 «Венера, мужская, от востока» [ACh Ištar, 8:8–9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30–33]. В списке богов Anum: dbe-el dil-bat «Господин Дилбат» [Cavigneaux 1981, 98:221]; см. также [LAS 2, p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol., 125–126; Reiner 1985, 591; 1995, 6; Heimpel 1982, 14–15]. Как мужское божество Венера отождествлялась с Нингирсу: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su dDil-bat KI.MIN-ma «Энтенабархум = Нингирсу, Венера ditto» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 6]. О мужской и женской Венере см. также s11SAL.A.ŠE3, n46NITA.A.ŠE3, s12SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) В новоассирийском списке 6 астральных богов, свидетелей договора, mulDil-bat стоит на втором месте после mulSAG.ME.GAR [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 6 iv 13–15], параллель см. [Wiseman 1958, 29:13, 61:428]. (2) Гемерологии на 16-е симану и 14-е тебету: pad-su ana damar.ud / dgu-la muldil-bat gar-ma ma-ḫir «Жертвоприношение свое Мардуку(=Юпитер), Гуле, Венере, он приносит, и (оно) принято» [KAR, 178 col. v 44–45, rev, ii 53–54; Labat 1939, 88–87, 134–135]. (3) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества: Венера упоминается дважды как dIštar(15) mul.meš è как dDil-bat [Smith 1925, BM 45749:25, 29; TuL, 104; SAALT I, 71:25, 29]; см. также s09SAG.ME.GAR, II. (4) Серия заклинаний Намбурби: заклинание «против зла, (предвещаемого) затмением Венеры» [CT 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954, 10–11]. (5) Новогодний праздник в Вавилоне: múlDil-bat na-bat mul.<meš> «Дилбат — самая блестящая из звезд» [RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 219:325]. (6) Ритуал в храме Ану в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (7) Предупреждающие сны: «Если он ditto (в своем сне восходит на небе) и Венера […]» [Oppenheim 1956, 282, 327:41]. См. также [Mayer 1976, 429, mulDIL.BAT + Ištar].

Названия, характеризующие Венеру как божество и как планету, см. также a05A2.GU2.ZI.GA, a14a-ḫa-ti, a26dAMA.ME.TIL, e03dE.TA.NAM.AN, g04dGAL.A.RU.RU, g16GILIM.MA, i10IM.ŠU.RIN.NA, i13dINANNA, i18dIštar, k07dKAB.TA, k16KAR2.ŠUL, m30dMUL.AN.DIRI.A, m33MUL.KI.GAL, n26dNIN.AN.NA, n30NIN.GIRIM3, n31NIN.GUL.TI, n42NIN.SI4.AN.NA, n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, s16dSI.MU2.A, sh01ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3, t02dTI.MU2.A, u02U4.ZAL.LE, z09dZIB2.

III. Символ.

Стандартный символ Иштар как планеты Венеры на печатях и на кудурру — восьмилучевая звезды в круге или без него [Seidl 1968, 100–101; Van Buren 1945, 82–85; Куртик 1998, 20–21] (илл. 48). В селевкидский период тот же символ использовался также в связи с Меркурием и Сатурном [Weidner 1967, VAT 7847, AO 6448].

IV. Венера как утренняя и вечерняя звезда (букв. «Венера на востоке, на западе»).

На востоке: (1) [mulMAR].GID2.DA mulDil-bat ina d[UTU.E3].A «Повозка ― Венера на востоке» [LBAT, 1564:13] (см. также [BPO 3, 262–263, K. 3384 rev. 1; Gössmann 1950, 109 I; HBA, 118; Reiner 1995, 58]); (2) ina GIŠ.NIM ulDil-bat ulBAN... «На востоке Венера ― Лук» [BPO 3, 248–249, K.2346+:57]; (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dUTU «Венера на востоке ― Шамаш» [ACh Ištar, 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32], (4) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dInnin A-ka3-de3ki «Венера на востоке ― Иштар Аккада» [ACh Ištar, 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34], (5) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dIštar(15) MUL.MEŠ «Венера на востоке ― Владычица звезд» [ACh Ištar, 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].

На западе: (1) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dMAŠ «Венера на западе ― Нинурта» [ACh Ištar, 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33], (2) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dInnin UNUGki «Венера на западе ― Иштар Урукская» [ACh Ištar, 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35], (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dbe-let DINGIR.MEŠ «Венера на западе ― госпожа богов» [ACh Ištar, 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Эруа; см. a02A.EDIN, V 1.

(2) = Коза; mulUZ3 = dDil-bat «Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175 r. 7], см. также u31UZ3,

(3) = Повозка; [DIŠ e-le-nu m]ulMAR.GID2.DA AN-u2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-nu dDil-bat dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD DU-ma] «Если выше Повозки небо темное: произойдет затмение; (это означает): выше Венеры Меркурий стоит» [BPO 3, 218, K.3601 r. 33], см. также [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 1].

(4) = Праведный Пастух Ану; […Sipa]-zi-an-na dDil-bat «Праведный Пастух Ану = Венера» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 2].

(5) = Зелено-желтая звезда; MUL SIG7 = dDil-bat [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].

Предсказания:

См. [BPO 1; BPO 2; BPO 3; Gössmann 1950, 109, III], а также многочисленные статьи настоящего издания.
|Example
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==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA

2026-05-22T19:36:24Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg|thumb|God EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
Enmešarra (𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏) is one of a number of ancestor deities of Enlil, the traditional King of the Sumerian-Akkadian Pantheon. Thus it is natural for him to be identified with the constellation mulŠU.GI "Old Man."
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Lit. "Lord of all me"; Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>The last of Enlil’s primeval ancestors who were killed (in the act of creation?). d''En-me-šár-ra'' (EN 3r). For a late myth in which Enmešarra and his seven sons are defeated by Marduk, see Lambert 2013, 281-298. </blockquote>
* 1) the deity of the constellation [[ŠU.GI|mulŠU.GI]] "Old Man",
* 2) the deity of the constellation [[GIGIR|mul]] [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]] "Chariot",
* 3) the deity of the constellation [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]] "Stag". [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 122; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 304; MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 663],

See also (Kurtik g15) [[GIGIR]], (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]]. Note Enmešarra's name with the MUL determinative in examples below sub Sections III/IV.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical Texts.'''
* Series Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD = ''ša''2 mulLAGAB×BAD d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Chariot = Chariot constellation, Enmešarra" [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 197; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 353b].
|
|-
| '''EAE.'''
See [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVI 8-9, 11-12; BPO 3<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281; Weidner 1925<ref name=":2">''Weidner E.'' Ein astrologischer Kommentar aus Uruk // Studia Orientalia. 1925. Vol. 1. P. 347-358.</ref>, 352f.]
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe B.

* List (12´3): mulšu.gi / d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dmar.tu
* "Old man, Enmešarra, deity-West" (B ii 13-14) [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, col. ii 14], see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''"Catalogue of 30 Stars."'''
* Anu 5, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Enlil: mulŠU.GI d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Old man, Enmešarra" (I i 3) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 30].
|[[File:Enmesharra stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|God EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8<ref name=":3">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 503:6, 549:1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea."'''
* [...] = [den.me].šar2.ra [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:114].
|
|-
|List of stars V R 46, 1:14, 21.

* (1) mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' = d''Nusku''(PA + TUG2) "Girra, bright (star) which is in front of Enmešarra, Nusku", parallel [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95:10', see Steele 2017, 29f. ].
* (2) mullu.lim = d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' 'Stag = Enmešarra', see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51, Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|Text W22281a.
See (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Enmešarra — an ancient deity associated with the underworld; among his epithets: ''ṣābit kippat kigalli'' "He who holds the circle of the underworld" [MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 275, 361]. The name has been known since the third dynasty of Ur [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 103]. Together with Ninmešarra, he was formulated as the divine pair of Enlil's ancestors in the divine genealogies of the Old Babylonian period [Genouillac 1923<ref>''Genouillac H. de''. Grande liste de noms divins sumériens // RA. 1923. Vol. 20. P. 95-106.</ref>, AO 5376 col. i 28-29; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 34, Tablet I 136-137; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4">''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 153]. Later identified with Anu, Dumuzi, and Kingu [TU<ref name=":5">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 47 obv. 2-3, rev.; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 145, 190-191, 194,198-199]. Enmešarra was considered the father of the divine Seven: dimin.bi dumu.meš d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Seven, the sons of Enmešarra", 7 dumu.meš d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "The Seven Sons of Enmešarra" [Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 126-127:5, 176-177:29]. In the Neo-Assyrian period in the temple dedicated to Enmešarra (''bīt'' d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'') there were rituals connected with it. The description of one of them (VAT 8917 obv. 24-29) mentions a sacred chariot (gišgigir ''ša''2 kur elam.maki ''ša''2 giš''kussê-ša''2 ''ja''!-''a᾽-nu'' "A chariot of Elam, without a seat") in which the body of the deity was transported (add ''ša''2 d''En-me-šar''2''-ra'') [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 124-125, 147]. The image of this chariot with Enmešarra in it was probably regarded as a symbol of the constellation gišGIGIR, which name is already present in the early monolingual Nippur list of stars, see (Kurtik g15) [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]. The constellation Enmešarra, located in the zodiacal belt north of Taurus, was part of the constellation mulŠU.GI "Old Man" [Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352; 3. Erg., 327]. Therefore Enmešarra as a deity was identified with both mul gišGIGIR and mulŠU.GI.

==== Previous Identification. ====
= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11].

= north of Taurus [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 271-272].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) mul d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''2 "Frontal star of Enmešarra", see IV,1 below.

(2) MUL GIŠ.KAK d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL.BI IGI.BI "The frontal star of the axis (chariot) of Enmešarra," see below IV,1.

(3) ''a-si-di'' [''ša'' d]''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Heel of Enmešarra," see below IV, 2.

(4) [mulŠU].GI TA TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''2 EN ''a-si-di-šu''2: d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' ''šum''-[''šu''] "[Old m]an from his knee to his heel = [his] name is Enmesharra" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Visibility of the constellation; mul d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''2 ''ma-diš e-kil'' EN.TE.NA ''dan-nu'' G[AL2?] "If the front star of Enmešarra is very dark: there will be severe cold" [BPO 2, XVI 8], apodosis version: GU4.UD ''ina'' mulŠU.GI IGI-''ma'' "Mercury appeared in the Old Man " [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 18; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 8 + Parallels]; [DIŠ] mul''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI.BI GIM ''ka-ra-ri-e ina'' MURUB4-''šu''2 1 MUL ''ma-diš'' SA5 ''um-šum dan-nu'' [GA]L2 "If the front star of Enmešarra is like the midday sun (and) in its middle one star is very red: [there wi]ll be severe heat" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9], a variant of the apodosis: AN ''ina'' IL2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru'' KI ''Dil-bat ina'' MUL [...] "Mars in exceptional brilliance (reaches) the place of Venus within the constellation [...]". [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 16-17; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9 + Parallels]; ˹DIŠ˺ MUL GIŠ.KAK d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL.BI IGI.BI LUL.AŠ AL.SI4.SI4 A.ZI.GA DUGUD.DA KALAM.MA? [...] "If the front star of the axis (chariot) of Enmešarra is very red: a strong flood (will ...) the country." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 11 + Parallels]; DIŠ mulEN.ME.ŠAR2.[RA] / MUL-''šu''2 ''ma-a᾽-diš'' [SA5] / A.KAL ''uṣ-ṣa''-[''pa''] "If Enmešar[ra], its star is very [red]: floodings will increase" [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 549:1-3]; parallel: DIŠ d''En-me-šar''2-''ra ma-diš'' SA5 A.KAL [...] [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12], apodosis variant: GU4.UD ''ina'' ŠU.GI GUR4-''m''[''a''] "Mercury in the Old Man is very bright" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 14; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12 + Parallels].

(2) Venus and Enmešarra; [mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3] d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' DU-''iz'' ŠI.ŠI KUR.URIki GAR-''an'' / [TA ... mul]ŠU.GI EN ''a-si-di'' [''ša'' d]''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "[If Venus stands inside] Enmešarra: there will be defeat for Akkad; (it means that it stands) [from ...] the Old Man to Enmešarra’s heels " [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 53 r. 15; BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 104-105, K.3632:24]; for parallels see. [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, 218, K.3601+ r. 29; 237, ND 4362:21; 246, K.2346+:31].

(3) The Strange Star (=Mars) and Enmešarra; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], II 6.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, e11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| букв. «Господин всех ме»; 1) божество созвездия mul gišGIGIR «Колесница», 2) божество созвездия mulŠU.GI «Старик», 3) божество созвездия mulLU.LIM «Олень» [G. 122; Tallqvist 1938, 304; МНМ II, 663], см также g15GIGIR, sh16ŠU.GI, L09LU.LIM.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD = ša2 mulLAGAB´BAD dEn-me-šar2-ra «Колесница = созвездие Колесницы, Энмешарра» [MSL XIV, 197; CAD N/1, 353b]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XVI 8–9, 11–12; BPO 3, 281; Weidner 1925, 352f.]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Cписок (12´3): mulšu.gi / dEn-me-šar2-ra dmar.tu «Старик, Энмешарра, божество–Запад» (B ii 13–14) [Horowitz 2014, 38, col. ii 14], см. sh16ŠU.GI. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 5, см. sh16ŠU.GI. MUL.APIN. Звезды Энлиля (№ 3): mulŠU.GI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Старик, Энмешарра» (I i 3) [MA, 18]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 503:6, 549:1]. «Большой список звезд». […] = [den.me].šar2.ra [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:114]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:14, 21. (1) mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi dEn-me-šar2-ra = dNusku(PA + TUG2) «Гирра, (звезда) с большим блеском, что впереди Энмешарры, Нуску», параллель [SpTU I, 95:10']. (2) mullu.lim = dEn-me-šar2-ra «Олень = Энмешарра», см. также [HBA 51, Wee 2016, 162–3]. Текст W22281a. См. h12lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Божество.

Энмешарра — древнее божество, связанное с подземным миром; среди его эпитетов: ṣābit kippat kigalli «Тот, кто держит круг преисподней» [MCG, 275, 361]. Имя известно со времени III династии Ура [Sallaberger I, 103]. Вместе с Нинмешаррой составлял божественную пару предков Энлиля в божественных генеалогиях старовавилонского времени [Genouillac 1923, AO 5376 col. i 28–29; Litke 1998, 34, Tablet I 136–137; Livingstone 1986, 153]. Позднее отождествлялось с Ану, Думузи и Кингу [TU, 47 obv. 2–3, rev.; Livingstone 1986, 145, 190–191, 194,198–199]. Энмешарра считался отцом божественной Семерки: dimin.bi dumu.meš dEn-me-šar2-ra «Семерка, сыновья Энмешарры», 7 dumu.meš dEn-me-šar2-ra «Семеро сыновей Энмешарры» [Livingstone 1986, 126–127:5, 176–177:29]. В новоассирийский период в храме, посвященном Энмешарре (bīt dEn-me-šar2-ra), совершались связанные с ним ритуалы. В описании одного из них (VAT 8917 obv. 24–29) упоминается священная колесница (gišgigir ša2 kur elam.maki ša2 giškussê-ša2 ja!-a᾽-nu «Эламская колесница без сидения»), в которой перевозилось тело божества (adda ša2 dEn-me-šar2-ra) [ibid., 124–125, 147]. Изображение этой колесницы c Энмешаррой в ней рассматривалось, вероятно, как символ созвездия gišGIGIR, название которого присутствует уже в раннем одноязычном ниппурском списке звезд, см. g15gišGIGIR. Созвездие Энмешарра, расположенное в зодиакальном поясе на севере Тельца, составляло часть созвездия mulŠU.GI «Cтарик» [Weidner 1925, 352; 3. Erg., 327]. Поэтому Энмешарра как божество отождествлялось как с mul gišGIGIR, так и с mulŠU.GI.

II. Отождествление.

= ζ, ο+ Persei, возможно, с некоторыми звездами на севере Тельца [BPO 2, 11].

= северная часть Тельца [ASM, 271–272].

III. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) mul dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI-šu2 «Передняя звезда Энмешарры», см. ниже IV,1.

(2) MUL GIŠ.KAK dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL.BI IGI.BI «Передняя звезда оси (колесницы) Энмешарры», см. ниже IV,1.

(3) a-si-di [ša d]En-me-šar2-ra «Пятка Энмешарры», см. ниже IV, 2.

(4) [mulŠU].GI TA kin-ṣi-šu2 EN a-si-di-šu2: dEn-me-šar2-ra šum-[šu] «[Ста]рик от его колена до его пятки = [его] имя Энмешарра» [TU, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925, 352].

IV. Астрология.

(1) Видимость созвездия; mul dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI-šu2 ma-diš e-kil EN.TE.NA dan-nu G[AL2?] «Если передняя звезда Энмешарры очень темная: наступит суровый холод» [BPO 2, XVI 8], вариант аподосиса: GU4.UD ina mulŠU.GI IGI-ma «Меркурий в Старике появился» [TU, 18 r. 18; BPO 2, XVI 8 + Parralels]; [DIŠ] mulEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI.BI GIM ka-ra-ri-e ina MURUB4-šu2 1 MUL ma-diš SA5 um-šum dan-nu [GA]L2 «Если передняя звезда Энмешарры подобна полуденному Солнцу (и) в середине его одна звезда очень красная: [насту]пит жестокая жара» [BPO 2, XVI 9], вариант аподосиса: AN ina IL2 ša2-ru-ru KI Dil-bat ina MUL […] «Марс в возбужденном блеске (достигает) места Венеры в (пределах) созвездия […]» [TU, 18 r. 16-17; BPO 2, XVI 9 + Parallels]; ˹DIŠ˺ MUL GIŠ.KAK dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL.BI IGI.BI LUL.AŠ AL.SI4.SI4 A.ZI.GA DUGUD.DA KALAM.MA? […] «Если передняя звезда оси (колесницы) Энмешарры очень красная: сильное половодье (наступит в) стране» [BPO 2, XVI 11 + Parallels]; DIŠ mulEN.ME.ŠAR2.[RA] / MUL-šu2 ma-a᾽-diš [SA5] / A.KAL uṣ-ṣa-[pa] «Если Энмешар[ра], звезда его (при его восходе) очень [красная]: половодье усилится» [ARAK, 549:1–3]; параллель: DIŠ dEn-me-šar2-ra ma-diš SA5 A.KAL […] [BPO 2, XVI 12], вариант аподосиса: GU4.UD ina ŠU.GI GUR4-m[a] «Меркурий в Старике имеет большой блеск» [TU, 18 r. 14; BPO 2, XVI 12 + Parallels].

(2) Венера и Энмешарра; [mulDil-bat ina ŠA3] dEn-me-šar2-ra DU-iz ŠI.ŠI KUR.URIki GAR-an / [TA … mul]ŠU.GI EN a-si-di [ša d]En-me-šar2-ra «[Если Венера стоит внутри] Энмешарры: будет поражение Аккада; (это означает, что она) [от …] Старика до пятки Энмешарры (стоит)» [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15; BPO 3, 104–105, K.3632:24]; параллели см. [ibid., 218, K.3601+ r. 29; 237, ND 4362:21; 246, K.2346+:31].

(3) Странная звезда (=Марс) и Энмешарра; см. m05MAN-ma, II 6.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Per]]

EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA

2026-05-22T19:19:42Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg|thumb|God EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
Enmešarra (𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏) is one of a number of ancestor deities of Enlil, the traditional King of the Sumerian-Akkadian Pantheon. Thus it is natural for him to be identified with the constellation mulŠU.GI "Old Man."
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Lit. "Lord of all me"; Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>The last of Enlil’s primeval ancestors who were killed (in the act of creation?). d''En-me-šár-ra'' (EN 3r). For a late myth in which Enmešarra and his seven sons are defeated by Marduk, see Lambert 2013, 281-298. </blockquote>
* 1) the deity of the constellation [[ŠU.GI|mulŠU.GI]] "Old Man",
* 2) the deity of the constellation [[GIGIR|mul]] [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]] "Chariot",
* 3) the deity of the constellation [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]] "Stag". [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 122; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 304; MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 663],

See also (Kurtik g15) [[GIGIR]], (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]]. Note Enmešarra's name with the MUL determinative in examples below sub Sections III/IV.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical Texts.'''
* Series Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD = ''ša''2 mulLAGAB´BAD d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Chariot = Chariot constellation, Enmešarra" [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 197; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 353b].
|
|-
| '''EAE.'''
See [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVI 8-9, 11-12; BPO 3<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281; Weidner 1925<ref name=":2">''Weidner E.'' Ein astrologischer Kommentar aus Uruk // Studia Orientalia. 1925. Vol. 1. P. 347-358.</ref>, 352f.]
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe B.

* List (12´3): mulšu.gi / d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dmar.tu
* "Old man, Enmešarra, deity-West" (B ii 13-14) [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, col. ii 14], see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''"Catalogue of 30 Stars."'''
* Anu 5, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Enlil: mulŠU.GI d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Old man, Enmešarra" (I i 3) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 30].
|[[File:Enmesharra stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|God EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":3">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 503:6, 549:1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea."'''
* [...] = [den.me].šar2.ra [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:114].
|
|-
|List of stars V R 46, 1:14, 21.

* (1) mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' = d''Nusku''(PA + TUG2) "Girra, bright (star) which is in front of Enmešarra, Nusku", parallel [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95:10', see Steele 2017, 29f. = Steele, J. M., Rising Time Schemes in Babylonian Astronomy, Cham, Springer, 2017].
* (2) mullu.lim = d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' 'Stag = Enmešarra', see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51, Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|Text W22281a.
See (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Enmešarra — an ancient deity associated with the underworld; among his epithets: ''ṣābit kippat kigalli'' "He who holds the circle of the underworld" [MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 275, 361]. The name has been known since the third dynasty of Ur [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 103]. Together with Ninmešarra, he was formulated as the divine pair of Enlil's ancestors in the divine genealogies of the Old Babylonian period [Genouillac 1923<ref>''Genouillac H. de''. Grande liste de noms divins sumériens // RA. 1923. Vol. 20. P. 95-106.</ref>, AO 5376 col. i 28-29; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 34, Tablet I 136-137; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4">''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 153]. Later identified with Anu, Dumuzi, and Kingu [TU<ref name=":5">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 47 obv. 2-3, rev.; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 145, 190-191, 194,198-199]. Enmešarra was considered the father of the divine Seven: dimin.bi dumu.meš d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Seven, the sons of Enmešarra", 7 dumu.meš d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "The Seven Sons of Enmešarra" [Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 126-127:5, 176-177:29]. In the Neo-Assyrian period in the temple dedicated to Enmešarra (''bīt'' d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'') there were rituals connected with it. The description of one of them (VAT 8917 obv. 24-29) mentions a sacred chariot (gišgigir ''ša''2 kur elam.maki ''ša''2 giš''kussê-ša''2 ''ja''!-''a᾽-nu'' "A chariot of Elam, without a seat") in which the body of the deity was transported (add ''ša''2 d''En-me-šar''2''-ra'') [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 124-125, 147]. The image of this chariot with Enmešarra in it was probably regarded as a symbol of the constellation gišGIGIR, which name is already present in the early monolingual Nippur list of stars, see (Kurtik g15) [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]. The constellation Enmešarra, located in the zodiacal belt north of Taurus, was part of the constellation mulŠU.GI "Old Man" [Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352; 3. Erg., 327]. Therefore Enmešarra as a deity was identified with both mul gišGIGIR and mulŠU.GI.

==== Previous Identification. ====
= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11].

= north of Taurus [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 271-272].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) mul d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''2 "Frontal star of Enmešarra", see IV,1 below.

(2) MUL GIŠ.KAK d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL.BI IGI.BI "The frontal star of the axis (chariot) of Enmešarra," see below IV,1.

(3) ''a-si-di'' [''ša'' d]''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Heel of Enmešarra," see below IV, 2.

(4) [mulŠU].GI TA TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''2 EN ''a-si-di-šu''2: d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' ''šum''-[''šu''] "[Old m]an from his knee to his heel = [his] name is Enmesharra" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Visibility of the constellation; mul d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''2 ''ma-diš e-kil'' EN.TE.NA ''dan-nu'' G[AL2?] "If the front star of Enmešarra is very dark: there will be severe cold" [BPO 2, XVI 8], apodosis version: GU4.UD ''ina'' mulŠU.GI IGI-''ma'' "Mercury appeared in the Old Man " [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 18; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 8 + Parallels]; [DIŠ] mul''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI.BI GIM ''ka-ra-ri-e ina'' MURUB4-''šu''2 1 MUL ''ma-diš'' SA5 ''um-šum dan-nu'' [GA]L2 "If the front star of Enmešarra is like the midday sun (and) in its middle one star is very red: [there wi]ll be severe heat" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9], a variant of the apodosis: AN ''ina'' IL2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru'' KI ''Dil-bat ina'' MUL [...] "Mars in exceptional brilliance (reaches) the place of Venus within the constellation [...]". [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 16-17; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9 + Parallels]; ˹DIŠ˺ MUL GIŠ.KAK d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL.BI IGI.BI LUL.AŠ AL.SI4.SI4 A.ZI.GA DUGUD.DA KALAM.MA? [...] "If the front star of the axis (chariot) of Enmešarra is very red: a strong flood (will ...) the country." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 11 + Parallels]; DIŠ mulEN.ME.ŠAR2.[RA] / MUL-''šu''2 ''ma-a᾽-diš'' [SA5] / A.KAL ''uṣ-ṣa''-[''pa''] "If Enmešar[ra], its star is very [red]: floodings will increase" [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 549:1-3]; parallel: DIŠ d''En-me-šar''2-''ra ma-diš'' SA5 A.KAL [...] [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12], apodosis variant: GU4.UD ''ina'' ŠU.GI GUR4-''m''[''a''] "Mercury in the Old Man is very bright" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 14; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12 + Parallels].

(2) Venus and Enmešarra; [mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3] d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' DU-''iz'' ŠI.ŠI KUR.URIki GAR-''an'' / [TA ... mul]ŠU.GI EN ''a-si-di'' [''ša'' d]''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "[If Venus stands inside] Enmešarra: there will be defeat for Akkad; (it means that it stands) [from ...] the Old Man to Enmešarra’s heels " [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 53 r. 15; BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 104-105, K.3632:24]; for parallels see. [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, 218, K.3601+ r. 29; 237, ND 4362:21; 246, K.2346+:31].

(3) The Strange Star (=Mars) and Enmešarra; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], II 6.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, e11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| букв. «Господин всех ме»; 1) божество созвездия mul gišGIGIR «Колесница», 2) божество созвездия mulŠU.GI «Старик», 3) божество созвездия mulLU.LIM «Олень» [G. 122; Tallqvist 1938, 304; МНМ II, 663], см также g15GIGIR, sh16ŠU.GI, L09LU.LIM.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD = ša2 mulLAGAB´BAD dEn-me-šar2-ra «Колесница = созвездие Колесницы, Энмешарра» [MSL XIV, 197; CAD N/1, 353b]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XVI 8–9, 11–12; BPO 3, 281; Weidner 1925, 352f.]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Cписок (12´3): mulšu.gi / dEn-me-šar2-ra dmar.tu «Старик, Энмешарра, божество–Запад» (B ii 13–14) [Horowitz 2014, 38, col. ii 14], см. sh16ŠU.GI. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 5, см. sh16ŠU.GI. MUL.APIN. Звезды Энлиля (№ 3): mulŠU.GI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Старик, Энмешарра» (I i 3) [MA, 18]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 503:6, 549:1]. «Большой список звезд». […] = [den.me].šar2.ra [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:114]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:14, 21. (1) mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi dEn-me-šar2-ra = dNusku(PA + TUG2) «Гирра, (звезда) с большим блеском, что впереди Энмешарры, Нуску», параллель [SpTU I, 95:10']. (2) mullu.lim = dEn-me-šar2-ra «Олень = Энмешарра», см. также [HBA 51, Wee 2016, 162–3]. Текст W22281a. См. h12lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Божество.

Энмешарра — древнее божество, связанное с подземным миром; среди его эпитетов: ṣābit kippat kigalli «Тот, кто держит круг преисподней» [MCG, 275, 361]. Имя известно со времени III династии Ура [Sallaberger I, 103]. Вместе с Нинмешаррой составлял божественную пару предков Энлиля в божественных генеалогиях старовавилонского времени [Genouillac 1923, AO 5376 col. i 28–29; Litke 1998, 34, Tablet I 136–137; Livingstone 1986, 153]. Позднее отождествлялось с Ану, Думузи и Кингу [TU, 47 obv. 2–3, rev.; Livingstone 1986, 145, 190–191, 194,198–199]. Энмешарра считался отцом божественной Семерки: dimin.bi dumu.meš dEn-me-šar2-ra «Семерка, сыновья Энмешарры», 7 dumu.meš dEn-me-šar2-ra «Семеро сыновей Энмешарры» [Livingstone 1986, 126–127:5, 176–177:29]. В новоассирийский период в храме, посвященном Энмешарре (bīt dEn-me-šar2-ra), совершались связанные с ним ритуалы. В описании одного из них (VAT 8917 obv. 24–29) упоминается священная колесница (gišgigir ša2 kur elam.maki ša2 giškussê-ša2 ja!-a᾽-nu «Эламская колесница без сидения»), в которой перевозилось тело божества (adda ša2 dEn-me-šar2-ra) [ibid., 124–125, 147]. Изображение этой колесницы c Энмешаррой в ней рассматривалось, вероятно, как символ созвездия gišGIGIR, название которого присутствует уже в раннем одноязычном ниппурском списке звезд, см. g15gišGIGIR. Созвездие Энмешарра, расположенное в зодиакальном поясе на севере Тельца, составляло часть созвездия mulŠU.GI «Cтарик» [Weidner 1925, 352; 3. Erg., 327]. Поэтому Энмешарра как божество отождествлялось как с mul gišGIGIR, так и с mulŠU.GI.

II. Отождествление.

= ζ, ο+ Persei, возможно, с некоторыми звездами на севере Тельца [BPO 2, 11].

= северная часть Тельца [ASM, 271–272].

III. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) mul dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI-šu2 «Передняя звезда Энмешарры», см. ниже IV,1.

(2) MUL GIŠ.KAK dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL.BI IGI.BI «Передняя звезда оси (колесницы) Энмешарры», см. ниже IV,1.

(3) a-si-di [ša d]En-me-šar2-ra «Пятка Энмешарры», см. ниже IV, 2.

(4) [mulŠU].GI TA kin-ṣi-šu2 EN a-si-di-šu2: dEn-me-šar2-ra šum-[šu] «[Ста]рик от его колена до его пятки = [его] имя Энмешарра» [TU, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925, 352].

IV. Астрология.

(1) Видимость созвездия; mul dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI-šu2 ma-diš e-kil EN.TE.NA dan-nu G[AL2?] «Если передняя звезда Энмешарры очень темная: наступит суровый холод» [BPO 2, XVI 8], вариант аподосиса: GU4.UD ina mulŠU.GI IGI-ma «Меркурий в Старике появился» [TU, 18 r. 18; BPO 2, XVI 8 + Parralels]; [DIŠ] mulEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI.BI GIM ka-ra-ri-e ina MURUB4-šu2 1 MUL ma-diš SA5 um-šum dan-nu [GA]L2 «Если передняя звезда Энмешарры подобна полуденному Солнцу (и) в середине его одна звезда очень красная: [насту]пит жестокая жара» [BPO 2, XVI 9], вариант аподосиса: AN ina IL2 ša2-ru-ru KI Dil-bat ina MUL […] «Марс в возбужденном блеске (достигает) места Венеры в (пределах) созвездия […]» [TU, 18 r. 16-17; BPO 2, XVI 9 + Parallels]; ˹DIŠ˺ MUL GIŠ.KAK dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL.BI IGI.BI LUL.AŠ AL.SI4.SI4 A.ZI.GA DUGUD.DA KALAM.MA? […] «Если передняя звезда оси (колесницы) Энмешарры очень красная: сильное половодье (наступит в) стране» [BPO 2, XVI 11 + Parallels]; DIŠ mulEN.ME.ŠAR2.[RA] / MUL-šu2 ma-a᾽-diš [SA5] / A.KAL uṣ-ṣa-[pa] «Если Энмешар[ра], звезда его (при его восходе) очень [красная]: половодье усилится» [ARAK, 549:1–3]; параллель: DIŠ dEn-me-šar2-ra ma-diš SA5 A.KAL […] [BPO 2, XVI 12], вариант аподосиса: GU4.UD ina ŠU.GI GUR4-m[a] «Меркурий в Старике имеет большой блеск» [TU, 18 r. 14; BPO 2, XVI 12 + Parallels].

(2) Венера и Энмешарра; [mulDil-bat ina ŠA3] dEn-me-šar2-ra DU-iz ŠI.ŠI KUR.URIki GAR-an / [TA … mul]ŠU.GI EN a-si-di [ša d]En-me-šar2-ra «[Если Венера стоит внутри] Энмешарры: будет поражение Аккада; (это означает, что она) [от …] Старика до пятки Энмешарры (стоит)» [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15; BPO 3, 104–105, K.3632:24]; параллели см. [ibid., 218, K.3601+ r. 29; 237, ND 4362:21; 246, K.2346+:31].

(3) Странная звезда (=Марс) и Энмешарра; см. m05MAN-ma, II 6.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Per]]

En-lil2

2026-05-22T19:15:10Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png|thumb|Schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by SMH, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023).]]
Enlil (𒀭𒂗𒆤) is the King of the Gods, head of the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian pantheon going back into the third millennium BCE, and King of the Earth's Surface, ruling in the human realm for his holy city of Nippur. In traditional astronomy, Enlil’s stellar path is the northernmost in the sky.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''En-lil''2}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The most supreme of the three supreme gods of the Akkadian pantheon.

The '''astral aspects of Enlil''':

(1) In the division of the sky into three regions, the stars north of the equatorial zone, including the circumpolar, ''kakkabāni''(mul.meš) ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "stars of Enlil" (first in the Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see (Kurtik e04) [[E2-a|d''E''2-''a'']]) or ''ḫarrān'' (kaskal) ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "path of Enlil"; in Ee V 8: ''man-za-az'' d''En-lil''2 ''u'' d''E''2-''a'' "stations of Enlil and Ea", see (Kurtik e04) [[E2-a|d''E''2-''a'']].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>Head of the Sum. pantheon; created the present cosmos by separating heaven and earth, therefore commonly understood as “Lord Air (sum. líl)”; originally a god of agriculture (= civilization): his mother-in-law is the grain goddess Nissaba, his first-born son Ninurta/Ningirsu, whose emblem is the plough. d''En-líl'' (MUL.APIN I i 1, I ii 7) </blockquote>'''Lists of Enlil stars:'''

* a) 33 Enlil stars in MUL.APIN (I i 1-39),
* b) 12 Enlil stars in the corrupted list 82-5-22,512 [CT 33, 9 r. 1-7],
* c) 12 stars of Enlil in Astrolabe B [KAV 218, B iii 1-27, C 1-12; Horowitz 2014, 39].

[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021 (CC BY).]]
(2) In a number of cases the constellation belonging to the stars of Enlil was emphasized:

* a) mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 "Constellation Plough, Enlil" (MUL.APIN I i 1), parallel to Astrolabe B (B iii 1),
* b) mulŠU.PA d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' KUR ''i-šim-mu'' "Šupa, Enlil, who determines the fate of the country" (MUL.APIN I i 12, ii 46, iii 21), for a parallel see [VR 46,1:11; PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI],
* c) in astrological contexts, Enlil was identified with mulŠU.GI, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 4, and also [VR, 46, 1:16].

(3) The list of the "7 astral Enlils" (7 dEN.LIL2.MEŠ), the "star - Enlil - city (or temple)" correspondences:

mulšu.gi d''En-lil''2 / ''ša''2 ''Nibru''ki "Old man - Enlil of Nippur",

mulka5.a d''En-lil''2 / ''ša''2 ''E''2-''nam-ti-la'' "Fox — Enlil of Enamtila,

mulur.bar.ra d''En-lil''2 / ''ša''2 Ḫur-sag-kalam-maki "Wolf — Enlil of Ḫursagkalama,

muldar.lugal d''En-lil''2 / ''ša''2 Kul.aba4ki "The rooster — Enlil of Kulaba",

mulam.an.na d''En-lil''2 / ''ša''2 LAM´KUR.RUki "Heavenly Bull - Enlil of Šuruppak (=Aratta)",

mulḪUM.BA d''En-lil''2 / ''ša''2 ZA.MUŠ2.<UNUG>ki KUR.NIM.MAki "Ḫumba - Enlil of Zabalam, Elam",

mulšu.pa d''En-lil''2 / ''ša''2 tin.tirki "Šupa - Enlil of Babylon"

en dEN.LIL2.MEŠ damar.utu / mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'' "Lord Enlil, Marduk. Šupa, Enlil, who establishes the fate of the country." [PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI, Text 82,9-18,7292; HBA, 58-59]; for a parallel see [KAR, 142 iii 3-10].

(4) The list of the "4 Enlils": mulur.gu.la mulur.gi7 / mulur.bar.ra mulka.a5: 4 en.lil2.meš ''ša''2 tur3 dmi2.ša3.e2.gal.meš "Lion, Dog, Wolf, Fox : the '4 Enlils' from the enclosure of 'palace women'" [KAR, 142 iv 9--11].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= dBAD, d50; = Энлиль, один из трех верховных богов аккадского пантеона. Играл важную роль на месопотамском небе.
Астральные аспекты Энлиля:

(1) В подразделении неба на три региона с ним связаны звезды, расположенные к северу от экваториальной зоны, в том числе околополярные, kakkabāni(mul.meš) šu-ut dEn-lil2 «звезды Энлиля» (впервые в хеттской молитве ночным богам, см. e04dE2-a) или ḫarrān (kaskal) šu-ut dEn-lil2 «путь Энлиля»; в Ее V 8: man-za-az dEn-lil2 u dE2-a «стоянки Энлиля и Эа», см. e04dE2-a. Cписки звезд Энлиля: a) 33 звезды Энлиля в MUL.APIN (I i 1–39), b) 12 звезд Энлиля в поврежденном списке 82-5-22,512 [CT 33, 9 r. 1–7], c) 12 звезд Энлиля в Astr. B [KAV 218, B iii 1–27, C 1–12; Horowitz 2014, 39].

(2) В ряде случаев особо подчеркивалась принадлежность созвездия к звездам Энлиля: а) mul gišAPIN dEn-lil2 «Созвездие Плуг, Энлиль» (MUL.APIN I i 1), параллель Astr. B (B iii 1), b) mulŠU.PA dEn-lil2 ša2 ši-mat KUR i-šim-mu «Шупа, Энлиль, который определяет судьбу страны» (MUL.APIN I i 12, ii 46, iii 21), параллель см. [VR, 46,1:11; PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI], с) в астрологическом контексте Энлиль отождествлялся с mulŠU.GI, см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 4, а также [VR, 46, 1:16].

(3) Список «7 Энлилей» (7 dEN.LIL2.MEŠ), соответствия «звезда – Энлиль – город (или храм)»:

mulšu.gi dEn-lil2 / ša2 Nibruki «Старик ― Энлиль из Ниппура»,

mulka5.a dEn-lil2 / ša2 E2-nam-ti-la «Лиса ― Энлиль из Энамтилы»,

mulur.bar.ra dEn-lil2 / ša2 Ḫur-sag-kalam-maki «Волк ― Энлиль из Хурсагкаламмы»,

muldar.lugal dEn-lil2 / ša2 Kul.aba4ki «Петух ― Энлиль из Кулабы»,

mulam.an.na dEn-lil2 / ša2 LAM´KUR.RUki «Небесный Бык ― Энлиль из Шуруппака (=Аратта)»,

mulḪUM.BA dEn-lil2 / ša2 ZA.MUŠ2.<UNUG>ki KUR.NIM.MAki «Хумба ― Энлиль из Забалама, Элам»,

mulšu.pa dEn-lil2 / ša2 tin.tirki «Шупа ― Энлиль из Вавилона»

en dEN.LIL2.MEŠ damar.utu / mulšu.pa den-lil2 ša2 ši-mat kur i-šim-mu «Господин Энлилей, Мардук. Шупа, Энлиль, который судьбу страны устанавливает» [PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI, Text 82,9—18,7292; HBA, 58–59]; параллель см. [KAR, 142 iii 3–10].

(4) Список «4-х Энлилей»: mulur.gu.la mulur.gi7 / mulur.bar.ra mulka.a5: 4 en.lil2.meš ša2 tur3 dmi2.ša3.e2.gal.meš «Лев, Собака, Волк, Лиса: “4 Энлиля” из окружения “дворцовых женщин”«[KAR, 142 iv 9–-11].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA

2026-05-22T19:08:35Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mul (d)EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA (𒀯𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾) is a name for Jupiter.

== Visibility & Appearance ==

Jupiter is the second brightest planet after Venus, but its light is more yellowish than Venus and its motion is slower which is why Jupiter was considered more majestic and identified with the heads of pantheons, and hence Marduk in Mesopotamia.
{{Template:Jupiter}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= Sumerian "Lord of the heavenly stations" (Akk. ''bēl manzaz šamê''). As the name of Jupiter in the astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 120], most likely with reference to Marduk's star ''Nēberu'' as Jupiter and its role in keeping all the stars of heaven aligned in their positions. See discussion sub (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]].''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, (p.), D.T.51 rev. 8].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
* [DIŠ mu]lEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA ''i-ba-᾽i-il'' / A.KAL.ME ''u'' A.AN.ME [GAL2.ME] / MUL.EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA: MUL.SAG.ME.[GAR]
** "(If) Engišgalanna becomes bright: [there will be] floods and rains. Engišgalanna = Jupiter." [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 254:7-9].
|Jupiter
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* Astrological predictions: DIŠ mul4 dEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA KUR4-''ma'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL "If Jupiter is bright: rain and flood (II iii 33) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>: 104].
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Владыка небесных стоянок»; название Юпитера в астрологических текстах [G. 120].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, (стр.), D.T.51 rev. 8]. «Рапорты». [DIŠ mu]lEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA i-ba-᾽i-il / A.KAL.ME u A.AN.ME [GAL2.ME] / MUL.EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA : MUL.SAG.ME.[GAR] «(Если) Энгишгальанна сверкает: [будут] наводнения и дожди. Энгишгальанна = Юпитер» [ARAK, 254:7–9]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: DIŠ mul4 dEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA KUR4-ma A.AN u A.KAL «Если Юпитер имеет большой блеск: дождь и наводнение» (II iii 33) [MA, 112].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

Ekur

2026-05-22T19:04:24Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
The Ekur (''E2-kur''; 𒂍𒆳) is an ancient Mesopotamian super-constellation consisting of the group of the ten Standing Gods of the Ekur (mul[[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš]]) and the ensemble of the Sitting Gods of the Ekur (mul[[DINGIR.KU.A|DIĜIR.TUŠ.A]]meš), both mentioned in MUL.APIN.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
See glossary of Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023):<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively. </blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In VR 46: 15–16., the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''MUL.APIN (I i 23).'''
*(1) The stars of Enlil:
**mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut E''2-''kur''
**"Standing Gods of Ekur", [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H., & Steele, J. (2019). ''The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL. APIN''. Routledge.</ref>: 34]
**for a parallel see [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:10'].
| rowspan="2" | [[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|-
| '''MUL.APIN (I i 23).'''
*The list of the stars of Enlil:
**mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut E''2''-kur''
**"Sitting Gods of Ekur",
**see also [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|}

==== Hoffmann and Krebernik Text Edition ====

===== The path of Enlil in MUL.APIN<ref name=":0" /> =====
{| class="wikitable"
!our numbering
!DIŠ
!explanandum
!explanans
|-
|1
|1
|STAREPINNU (Plough)
|GODEnlil
|-
|2
|1
|STARBARBARU (Wolf)
|seeder of STAREPINNU
|-
|3
|1
|STARŠĪBU (Old Man)
|GODEnmešarra
|-
|4
|<1>
|STARGAMLU (Throwing-stick)
|GODGamlum(Throwing-stick)
|-
|5–6
|1
|STARTŪ’AMŪ·RABÛTU (Great Twins)
|GODLugalirra and GODMeslamtaʾea
|-
|7–8
|1
|STARTŪ’AMŪ·ṢEḪRŪTU (Little Twins)
|GODAlammuš and GODNingublaga
|-
|9
|1
|STARALLUTTU (Crab)
|seat of GODAnu
|-
|10
|1
|STARURGULÛ (Lion)
|GODLatarak
|-
|11
|1
|STAR opposite STARURGULÛ
|STAR (of the) King
|-
|12
|1
|twinkling STARs in the tail of STARURGULÛ
|‘date-palm spadix’ (jewellery?) (of) GOD<nowiki>Erua | </nowiki>GODZarpanītum
|-
|13
|1
|STARŠU.PA (The Bright?)
|GODEnlil who determines the destinies of the land
|-
|14
|1
|STAR in front of it: STARḪENGALLĀYU (Abundant)
|vizier of GODNinlil
|-
|15
|1
|STAR behind it: STARBĀŠTUM(Dignity)
|vizier of GODTišpak(<*INANNA!?)
|-
|16
|1
|STAREREQQU (Wagon)
|GODNinlil
|-
|17
|1
|STAR by the pole of STAREREQQU: STARŠĒLEBU(Fox)
|GODErra, the strong of the gods
|-
|18
|1
|STAR on the forehead of STAREREQQU: STARLAḪRU(Ewe)
|GODAya
|-
|19
|1
|STARMU.BU.KÉŠ.DA (Hitched yoke?)
|GODAnu-rabû of heaven
|-
|20
|1
|STARMAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)
|GODDamkianna
|-
|21
|1
|STAR in its bond: STARAPIL-EMAḪ (Heir of the Emaḫ-temple)
|foremost son of GODAnu
|-
!
!{1}
!STAR·STANDING·GODs of the Ekur
!The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur
|-
!
!({1})
!STAR·SITTING·GODs of the Ekur
!Sitting Gods of the Ekur (temple)
|-
|22
|1
|STARENZU (She-Goat)
|GODGula
|-
|23
|1
|STAR in front of STARENZU
|STARKALBU(Dog) (of GODGula)
|-
|24
|1
|bright STAR of STARENZU
|GOD<nowiki>Lamassatu | vizier of </nowiki>GODBaba (= GODGu-la)
|-
|25–26
|1
|2 STARs behind it
|GODNin-SAR and GODErrakal
|-
|27
|1
|STARU4.KA.DU8.A
|GODU.GUR(Nergal)
|-
|28
|1
|STAR to the right of it
|STAR<nowiki>ŠAḪÛ(Pig) | </nowiki>GODDamu
|-
|29
|1
|STAR to the left of it
|STARSSISÛ(Horse)
|-
|30
|1
|STAR behind it
|STAR<nowiki>LULIMMU | vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)</nowiki>
|-
|31
|1
|twinkling STARs opposite STARLULIMMU(Stag)
|GOD<nowiki>Ḫarriru (Field Mouse) | </nowiki>GODManzât(Rainbow)
|-
|32
|1
|red bright STAR in the kidney of STARLULIMMU
|STARPĀŠITTU (Deleter)
|-
!
!
! colspan="2" |When the STARs of GODEnlil are completed:
|}

===== Constellations of the Gods of the Ekur =====
The Standing Gods and the Sitting Gods are rubric markers (like headlines in modern texts). Then, the rest of the list can be rendered as itemized lists in modern text layout.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!explanandum
(constellations)
!explanans
(deities)
|-
!Standing Gods of the Ekur
|
* Plough
** Wolf
* Old Man
* Throwing Stick
* Great Twins
* Little Twins
* Crab
* Lion
** King
** Date-Palm Spadix
* Dignity
*Abundant One
*Šupa
|
* Enlil
** .
* Enmešarra
* Gamlu
* Lugalirra and Meslamta'ea
* Alamuš and Ningublaga
* Anu
* Latarak
** .
** Erua | Zarpanītum
* Tišpak
*the minister of Ninlil
*Enlil
|-
!Sitting Gods of the Ekur
|
*Wagon
** Fox
** Ewe
* Hitched Yoke
* Wagon of Heaven
* The Heir of the Emaḫ-temple (could be Enlil's or Anu's son)
|
*Ninlil
** Erra
** Aya
* Anu
* Damkianna
* Anu
|-
!Outside the Ekur
|
* She-Goat
** Dog
** Lamassatu
** two stars
* UD.KA.DU8.A
** Pig
** Horse
** Stag
*** Field Mouse
*** Deleter
|
* Gula
** .
** Lamassatu
** Ninsar and Erragal
* UD.KA.DU8.A
** Damu
** .
** .
*** Manzat (Rainbow God)
*** Pašittu
|}

== Historical Dictionaries ==
The historical dictionaries by Kurtik (2007) and Gössmann (1950) both don't include this term, as the discovery of the astronomical unit of The Ekur only happened in a series of papers later (Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023,<ref name=":0" /> Hoffmann and Horowitz 2023,<ref>Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023). The Standing and Sitting Asterisms of Ekur, N.A.B.U., n°3 (sept.), 141-143</ref> and Hoffmann 2024<ref name=":1">Hoffmann, S.M. (2024): Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272</ref>)

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Super-Constellation]]

Elamātum

2026-05-22T18:49:08Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Elamātum''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

(mul)''Elamāt(t)u(m)'' (𒀯𒉏𒈠𒌈) occurs as an appellation of the goddess Ištar as the planet Venus, ''<nowiki/>'Ištar'' ''Elamātum','' generally understood as 'Ištar, the Elamite one.' The earlier interpretation as a designation of an asterism is rejected. The reading is confirmed by syllabic spellings (e.g., ''E-la-ma-tum'', Astrolabe B 15). The name is usually rendered as “Elamite (Ištar)”.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>{{Template:Venus}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The asterism Elamatum appears in the Old Babylonian prayer to the Gods of the Night AO 6769. ''e-la-ma-tum'' is listed as one of 10 names of astral gods and asterisms addressed by the speaker [Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 181:17; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 827]. An Old Babylonian myth tells of the creation of the constellation Elamatum by the supreme deity Enlil:

* ''u3 elam-ma-tum ša ˹te˺-ne-ru-ši-i-ma / ˹li-ṣi˺-a-˹am-ma˺ i-na ˹qa-ab-li˺-tu ša-ma-i /'' [xxx] ''x li-iz-zi-iz-ma''
* "And let Elamatum whom you killed, / come out in the middle of heaven / [. ...] let her stand." [Walker 1983<ref>''Walker Ch.'' The Myth of Girra and Elamatum // Anatolian Studies, 1983, V. 33, p. 145-152.</ref>, BM 78962:36-38].

Earlier, this word was interpreted as a definition in the expression ''qaštum elamātum'' "Elamite Bow". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 196; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Q, 152; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73] and was identified with the constellation [[PAN|mulPAN]], considered an astral incarnation of Ištar of Elam, see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN|PAN]] as well as [Cooley 2013<ref>Cooley, J. (2013). Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Israelite Narrative.</ref>, 124-129]. Here taking ''qaštum elamātum'' as a single asterism would reduce the number of asterisms in the prayer to 9, which is unacceptable given the fact that the parallel ERM 15642 lists 10 asterisms, including ''qaštum'' on its own (Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 118-119). Further, ''Elamātum'' is not the form of the fem. adjective, which would be ''elamītum'' for 'Elamite Bow.' Therefore, the earlier interpretation of ''qaštum'' in the Prayer to the Gods of the Night can be rejected.

This does not preclude later confusion with the manifestation of Ištar (Venus) as the Elamite Bow (Kurtik q01, ''[[Qaštu]]'').

There is only one hint of a deity (perhaps the Elamite Ištar) next to the constellation PAN, the Bow, which is mentioned in the GU-text as the "left leg" at the Arrow. If this is the leg of a deity next to the double-constellation of Bow and Arrow, a deity that holds bow and arrow, it may - perhaps - be the Elamite Ištar who can be interpreted as the Egyptian Satis (also with bow and arrow), as depicted on the circular Dendera zodiac.<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin: 193-204</ref><blockquote>Note,<ref name=":0" /> however, that the Akk. word for “Elamite” is ''Elam(m)ītu'' whereas ''Elam(a)tum'' is “Elam”. Furthermore, the filiation “daughter of Enlil” contradicts Babylonian mythology where Inanna/Ištar is either the daughter of An/Anum or the daughter of the moon god Nanna/Sîn (who is a son of Enlil and Ninlil). It seems possible that the name is of a different origin, and its association with Elam based on folk etymology.</blockquote><blockquote>The Old Babylonian mythological text “Girra and Elamattum” tells us that a creature named ''Elam''(NIM)-''ma-tum'' was slain by the fire god Girra and placed in the midst of heaven. In the Old Babylonian “Prayer to the Gods of the Night”, ''E-la-ma-tum'' is mentioned after the “Bow(-star)” (AO 6769: 17). d''Iš-tar'' NIM.MA-''tu''4 (AN 12r).</blockquote>

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Женщина Элама»(?); отождествление не установлено.
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Старовавилонская молитва AO 6769 содержит e-la-ma-tum в списке имен астральных богов [Dossin 1935, 181:17; Куртик 2017, 827]. Ранее это слово интерпретировалось как определение в выражении qaštum elamātum «Эламский Лук» [AHw, 196; CAD Q, 152; Weidner 1957–59, 73] и отождествлялось с созвездием mulBAN, считавшимся астральным воплощением Иштар Эламской, см. b06BAN, а также [Cooley 2013, 124–129]. «Гирра и Эламатум». Старовавилонский миф повествует о сотворении созвездия Эламатум верховным божеством Энлилем: u3 elam-ma-tum ša ˹te˺-ne-ru-ši-i-ma / ˹li-ṣi˺-a-˹am-ma˺ i-na ˹qa-ab-li˺-tu ša-ma-i / [xxx] x li-iz-zi-iz-ma «И пусть Эламатум, которую ты убил, / восходит и в середине небес / [...] пусть она стоит» [Walker 1983, BM 78962:36–38].

Хотя миф «Гирра и Эламатум» свидетельствует как будто о том, что название «Эламатум» связано со светилом, не совпадающим с созвездием Лук, однако более ранняя интерпретация elamātum как определения при qaštum в молитве ночным богам, не может быть, по нашему мнению, безусловно отвергнута.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]
[[Category:Asterism]]

E2.TUR3

2026-05-22T18:44:41Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[3] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:E2.TUR3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG|thumb|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]
mulE2.TUR3 (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is a Babylonian name meaning "Enclosure" and designates a star or constellation in [[Leo]]. Other ideas may have been held by other ancient scholars as well: The exact sense of the various renderings of the terms with e2.tur.ra range from identifications with 'The Lion' constellation to the closest sense of what might be a full-sky constellation in cuneiform. EAE (2) equates mulE2.TUR3.RA with the entire sky, based on a view of the stars as cattle in their enclosure: this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359

https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''tarbāṣu,'' 'enclosure (for cattle)';

Variant designations:

* mulE2.TUR3.RA,
* mulE.TU.RA.ME,
* mulE.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI;
* = mul''eturammi'' 'Eturammi star' [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 130, 131].
The surviving Sumerian also allows for readings with the genitive MUL ''e''2-''tu-ra'', the Star(s) of the Enclosure, and plural MUL ''e''2-''tu-ra''-ME 'the stars of the enclosure'.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''
Series Urra XXII:

* [mul''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal d''a-nu-ni-tum''
** "Enclosure = Messenger of Anunitu", [mul''e-tu-r'']''a''?-''am-me'' = mulur.gu.la "Eturammi? = Lion."
** [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:19-20; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:313ʹ], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7].
|These restaurations of the text are not secure.
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* (1) mulE2.TUR3 NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E2.TUR3
** "The star of the Enclosure ... long(?), or ... of the enclosure" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 21; Koch 1989<ref name=":3">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 120-121].
* (2) mulE2.TUR3.RA DIM2.MA.AN.NA [DUG4.GA?] / ''a-na nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM2: ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM2 = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e i-qab-bi''
** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM2.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim2 (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim2 = ''banû'' "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].
* (3) DIŠ mulE2.TUR3.RA.ME SUKKAL mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ana'' mulŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ2 BURU14 ''nap-ša''2 KUR GU7 BURU14 ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I3 GAL2
** "If Eturame, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches Šupa, in this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will enjoy a plentyful harvest; there will be a harvest of barley and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].
|Here we are not sure how to read the text

* (1) not translated in BPO 2<ref name=":0" />

* (2) can be read as genitive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea."'''
* mul''e-tu''!-''ram-mi'' = mulmin(=ur.gu.la)
* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:137].
|In this case, the identification seems to be the constellation [[Leo]], [[UR.GU.LA]]
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the series AN : d''Anum'' (V 202): [d''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal d''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke4 "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu" [Litke 1998<ref name=":5">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 187]; dBi.ir.du (= dBinibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 277; Litke 1998<ref name=":5" />, 185, note 191].

==== Previous Identification. ====
According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats mulE2.TUR.RA and mulE2.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. muleturammi in the "Great Star List and Miscellanea" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] mulE.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3|TUR3]] also in this connection. According to Koch, mul''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, its rising point which moves throughout the year within the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E2.TUR3 [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|''= tarbāṣu'' «Загон (для скота)»; вар. обозначения: mulE2.TUR3.RA, mulE.TU.RA.ME, mulE.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI; = mul''eturammi'' «Звезда Этурамми» [BPO 2, 11; G. 130, 131].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. Серия ''Urra'' XXII: [mule-TU-r]a-am-me = sukkal d''a-nu-ni-tum'' «Загон = Посланник Ануниту», [mul''e-tu-r'']''a''?''-am-me'' = mulur.gu.la «Этурамми? = Лев» [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:19–20; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:313ʹ], см. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7]. '''''EAE'''''. '''(1)''' mulE2.TUR3 NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E2.TUR3 «Звезда Загон вдоль (движется), (что соответствует) лежащему поперек загону» [BPO 2, III 21; Koch 1989, 120–121]. '''(2)''' mulE2.TUR3.RA DIM2.MA.AN.NA [DUG4.GA?] / ''a-na'' ''nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM2 : ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM2 = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e'' ''i-qab-bi'' «Загон (относится к) DIM2.MA.AN.NA / то есть ко всему небу, (потому что) dim2 (означает) “сово[купность”, (кроме того) dim2 = ''banû'' “создавать”], (поэтому) это названо “для созданий? неба”« [BPO 2, III 22–22a; Koch 1989, 121]. '''(3)''' DIŠ mulE2.TUR3.RA.ME SUKKAL mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ana'' mulŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ2 BURU14 ''nap-ša''2 KUR GU7 BURU14 ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 GAL2 «Если Этурамме, посланник Ануниту, к Шупе приближается, в этом году (в конце года) царь умрет; страна будет есть урожай вдоволь; урожай хлеба и сезама» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mul''e-tu''!-''ram-mi'' = mulmin(=ur.gu.la) «Этурамми = Лев» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:137].

II. Божество.

В астрологических и лексических текстах Этурамми связано с богиней Ануниту. В серии AN : d''Anum'' (V 202): [d''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal d''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke4 «Этурамми — посланник Бирду» [Litke 1998, 187]; dBi.ir.du (= d''Binibu'') ''—'' одно из имен Нергала [Tallqvist 1938, 277; Litke 1998,185, note 191].

III. Отождествление.

Согласно [BPO 2, 11], приведенные варианты названия относятся к одному светилу, отождествление которого неясно. Гёсман трактует mulE2.TUR.RA и mulE2.TU.RA.ME как два разных светила, не аргументируя [G. 130, 131]. mul''eturammi'' в «Большом спиcке звезд» может обозначать часть созвездия UR.GU.LA «Лев» [Mesop.Astrol., 193, notes]. В предсказании [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7] mulE.TU.RA.ME движется относительно неподвижных звезд, что делает вероятным его отождествление с планетой (Венерой, Марсом?). См. в этой связи также t10TUR3. Согласно Коху, mul''tarbāṣu'' — это Солнце, точка восхода которого перемещается на протяжении года относительно участка горизонта, имевшего мифологическое название E2.TUR3 [Koch 1989, 123], см. также [BPO 2, III 24b].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Leo]]

Bīt sakkî

2026-05-22T18:37:57Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:E2 ''sakkî''/ ''bīt sakkî''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
E2 ''sakkî'' / ''bīt sakkî'' (𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿) is a group of 6 stars within or in the vicinity of [[Hercules]] in Mesopotamian astral science. The meaning of the name is unclear.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= "(Stars) ''Bīt Sakkî''" [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 59; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 79a; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1012b; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25, commentary p. 32]; group of stars in [[Serpens]] (The Snake) and [[Ophiuchus]] (The Snake-Carrier) near [[Hercules]](?).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications

|-
|Only in the Neo-Assyrian text VAT 9428

*r. 13: 6 MUL.MEŠ ''bit sak-ki-i i-ti'' K[ASKAL? MUL.MEŠ ''š'']''u-ut'' d''A-nim li-me-tam''
**“6 stars of Bit Sakki, located near to the p[ath(?) of the stars o]f Anu, (but) outside of it”
**[Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25, Section IX].
|Example
|}

===Additional ===

==== Previous Identification(s). ====
= possibly, stars located on the back portion of Serpens (ζ, η, θ Ser) and the northern end of Ophiuchus [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 84; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 59].

= among the stars near the constellation Hercules [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 79a].

= the stars of Bit Sakki belong to the path of Anu, but are on the border between it and the path of Enlil [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].

= six stars in the Dog constellation [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 72].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)

|-
|= «(Звезды) Бит Сакки» [Gössmann 1950: 59, CAD S, 79a; AHw, 1012b; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25, 32]; группа звезд в Змее (Serpens) и Змееносце (Ophiuchus) около Геркулеса (Herkules) (?).
I. Источники.

Только в новоассирийском тексте VAT 9428 r. 13: 6 MUL.MEŠ bit sak-ki-i i-ti K[ASKAL? MUL.MEŠ š]u-ut dA-nim li-me-tam «6 звезд Бит Сакки, расположенные рядом [со звездами на пу]ти Ану, (но) вне его» [Weidner 1927, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, Section IX].

II. Отождествление.

= возможно, звезды в задней части Змеи (ζ, η, θ Ser) и в северной части Змееносца [Weidner 1927, 84; Gössmann 1950: 59].

= среди звезд около созвездия Геркулес [CAD S, 79a].

= звезды Бит Сакки принадлежат пути Ану, но находятся на границе между ним и путем Энлиля [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32]

= шесть звезд в созвездии Пса [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].
|Example
|}

==References ==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Her]]

E2-a

2026-05-22T18:35:38Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png|alt=image of a celestial globe devided by colour into three sections|thumb|schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by Susanne M Hoffmann, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023).]]
dEnki = d''Ea'' (𒀭𒂍𒀀) is the ‘water god’ of Ancient Mesopotamia, in particular the subterranean fresh-water ocean Apsu. In traditional Mesopotamian astronomy, Ea’s stellar path is the southernmost in the sky. Thus, it is natural for him to be closely related to the southern constellation mulku6, ‘The Fish’ ([[Piscis Austrinus]]). Yet, he is also represented in a constellation next to it, the constellation of [[GU.LA|mulGU.LA]], The Great One ([[Aquarius]]), as this is a byname of the god.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''E''2-''a'' (Sumerian Enki)}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= dDIŠ; Ea, god of the subterranean ocean Apsu, god of wisdom, lord of fortune and patron of divination; played an important role in the Mesopotamian sky. Among his epithets ''ka-bi-su qe2-reb šamê rūqūti'' "He stands out in the middle of the wide heavens" [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 107]. The following astral aspects of Ea can be distinguished.

#In the subdivision of the sky into three regions, there are the "Stars (or 'paths') of Enlil, Anu and Ea", with the stars south of the equatorial zone associated with Ea. Such subdivisions are found for the first time in the Hittite prayers to the Gods of the Night [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 46-47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]. The expressions used were ''kakkabāni'' (MUL.MEŠ) ''šu-ut'' d''E''2''-a'' "Stars of Ea" and ''ḫarrān'' (KASKAL) ''šu-ut'' d''E''2''-a'' "The path (or 'road') of Ea"; in Enūma eliš (V 8): ''man-za-az'' d''En-lil''2 ''u'' d''E''2''-a'' "the (heavenly) stations of Enlil and Ea", identified with mulAPIN and mulKU6, 'The Plough' and 'The Fish' (see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 6-7). Lists of Ea stars:
##(a) 15 Ea stars in MUL.APIN I ii 19-35,
##(b) 12 Ea stars in 82-5-22,512 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 15-21],
##(c) 12 Ea stars in Astrolabe B [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, B i 1-28, C 1-12, left column; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 37],
##(d) 10 Ea stars in the "Catalog of 30 Stars" (A 1-13, B 1-14) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, 177].
#[[File:Aqr+vorlage 600dpi.jpg|thumb|Ea, (a) depicted on the Adda Seal (dating 2300 BCE) and (b) repainted for planetarium use by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster, 2016).]]A number of cases emphasize the affiliation between the luminaries and the stars of Ea, including
##(a) mulKU6 d''E''2-''a'', mulGU.LA d''E''2-''a'', mulNUNki d''E''2-''a'' in MUL.APIN I ii 19-20, and the Astrolabe tradition (Horowitz 2017: 98),
##(b) múlBIR d''E''2-''a'' in the Astrolabe tradition (Horowitz 2017: 111),
##(c) mulKU6 d''E''2-''a'' the name of Jupiter in the month Addaru in K.5990 :13 [IIIR, 53:2].
#"Ea star" as a designation for planets in astrological texts;
## DIŠ MUL d''E''2-''a a-dir'' GAN2.ZI NU SI.SA2 ...: dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 ''u''2-''tan-nat-ma''
##*"If the star of Ea is dark, crops will not prosper ... (it means): Mercury in Capricorn is dim" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 21:43-44], here "star of Ea" = Mercury in Capricorn;
##DIŠ mulMIN(=d''E''2-''a'') mulAŠ.GAN2 KUR-''ma'' [...]: d''Dil-bat ina'' mul lúḪUN.G[A2 ...]
##*"If the star of Ea reaches the Field [...] (it means): Venus is in the Hired Man [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 22:3-4] ("star of Ea" = Venus);
##[DIŠ mul d''E''2]-''a ina'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 GUB-''iz''
##* "[If the star of E]a stands inside the Field [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 23:24] (and also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, 23:25]), (star Ea = Venus?);

For other examples see. [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":1" /> 2, 51:12-13, 68 r. 11-13].

===Additional===
On the astral meaning of Ea see also [Galter 1983<ref>''Galter H.D.'' Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überliferung. Dissertationen der Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz 1983.</ref>, 116-120].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= dDIŠ; Эа, бог подземного океана Апсу, бог мудрости, господин судьбы и покровитель предсказательства; играл важную роль на месопотамском небе. Среди его эпитетов ka-bi-su qe2-reb šamê rūqūti «Выступающий посреди небес высоких» [Tallqvist 1938, 107]. Можно выделить следующие астральные аспекты Эа.
(1) В подразделении неба на три региона, «Звезды (или ‘пути’) Энлиля, Ану и Эа», с Эа связаны звезды, расположенные к югу от экваториальной зоны. Впервые такое подразделение встречается в хеттской молитве ночным богам [KUB IV, 47 r. 46–47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]. Употреблялись выражения: kakkabāni(MUL.MEŠ) šu-ut dE2-a «Звезды Эа» и ḫarrān(KASKAL) šu-ut dE2-a «Путь (или ‘дорога’) Эа»; в Enūma eliš (V 8): man-za-az dEn-lil2 u dE2-a «стоянки Энлиля и Эа» [Landsb.–Kinier Wilson 1961, 156]. Списки звезд Эа: a) 15 звезд Эа в MUL.APIN I ii 19–35, b) 12 звезд Эа в списке 82-5-22,512 [CT 33, 9 r. 15–21], c) 12 звезд Эа в Astr. B [KAV 218, B i 1–28, C 1–12, левый столбец; Horowitz 2014, 37], d) 10 звезд Эа в «Каталоге 30 звезд» (A 1–13, B 1–14) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177].

(2) В ряде случаев подчеркивается принадлежность светила к звездам Эа, в том числе: а) mulKU6 dE2-a, mulGU.LA dE2-a, mulNUNki dE2-a в MUL.APIN I ii 19–20, mulKU6 dE2-a ― имя Юпитера в месяце аддару в К.5990:13 [IIIR, 53:2], b) múlBIR dE2-a в «Каталоге 30 звезд» (Ea 8, В. 11) и, возможно, в Astr. B [KAV 218, B i 17–18; Horowitz 2014, 37], при этом название самой звезды может опускаться и записываться сокращенно как dE2-a [KAV 218, B i 19, 21, 23; Horowitz 2014, 37; Oelsner– Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 8–10].

(3) «Звезда Эа» как обозначение планет в астрологических текстах; DIŠ MUL dE2-a a-dir GAN2.ZI NU SI.SA2 …: dGU4.UD ina mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 u2-tan-nat-ma «Если звезда Эа тусклая, урожай не вырастет… (это означает): Меркурий в Козероге имеет малый блеск» [ACh Ištar, 21:43–44], здесь «звезда Эа» = Меркурий в Козероге; DIŠ mulMIN(=dE2-a) mulAŠ.GAN2 KUR-ma […] : dDil-bat ina mul lúḪUN.G[A2 …] «Если звезда Эа достигает Поля […] (это означает): Венера в Наемнике […]» [ACh Ištar, 22:3–4] («звезда Эа» = Венера); [DIŠ mul dE2]-a ina ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 GUB-iz «[Если звезда Э]а в середине Поля стоит […]» [ACh Ištar, 23:24] (а также [ibid., 23:25]), (звезда Эа = Венера?); другие примеры см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 51:12–13, 68 r. 11–13].

Об астральном значении Эа см. также [Galter 1983, 116–120].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

DUMU.ZI

2026-05-22T13:26:47Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi.png|thumb|An ancient Sumerian depiction of the marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid (public domain).'''''??? they may be a human couple as they have no horned crown ???''''']]
mul / dDUMU.ZI (𒀯𒌉𒍣) is an ancient Mesopotamian god, a shepherd and lover of the goddess of love [[Inanna]] = [[Ištar]] who is identified with Venus. The writing with both the star determinative, mulDUMU.ZI is attested in "The Great Star List," here identified with the god Ištaran of Isin, in a short three line section between names for the planets, Mercury and Mars. The god Dumuzi (dDumuzi) is most often identified with the constellation [[ḪUN.GA2|mul lu2]][[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]] , 'The Hired Man' (Kurtik, h12).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) the deity of the constellation mul [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]] "Hired worker" (see h12);
* 2) a planet, possibly Saturn.
Dumuzi/Tammuz is the mythical lover of Inanna/Ištar, imagined as a shepherd; as her substitute, he has to spend part of the year in the netherworld.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> dDUMU.ZI (AN 4r).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* In the list of planets(?) on the third place: mul dDUMU.ZI [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 129:43].
|[[File:Psc+ari+aqr+and.jpg|alt=star chart with constellation images|thumb|Dumuzi, the shepherd god, as Hired Man, as lover of Inanna who is depicted in the constellation Anunitu(m); both east of the One Field-constellation (IKU), and north of the Swallow SIM.MAH and the giant, GU.LA, the god Enki/Ea. Drawings by Robert Perdok and Susanne M Hoffmann 2016, CC-BY, mapped in Stellarium.]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of Anu stars: mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi "Hired Man, Dumuzi" (I i 43) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 30]; for a parallel see [STC 1<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 217:9; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 112].
|[[File:Dumuzi+Innana stellarium-001.jpg|alt=star chart with images|thumb|Hired Man (Dumuzi) and goddess Anunitu(m) in Stellarium (2021). Jessica Gullberg's modern interpretation of the celestial divine couple (CC BY). ]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) muldumu.[zi] = dmin(= d''ištaran'') "Dumuzi = Ištaran",
* (2) ulsig7 = ddumu.zi "Green-yellow star = Dumuzi" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:82, 171].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere" K 8538.'''
* Sector 0: along the arrow representing mulkak.si.sa2, the inscription is ddumu.zi [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 10; Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56-61; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
An extispicy involving correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

* NA // d''En-lil''2 // itiBARA2 [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / dDumu-zi ... "'The Station' - Enlil; Nisanu; [Hired Man], Dumuzi". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:1-2]; here Dumuzi appears to correspond to mul lúḪUN.GA2 [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
The mythological basis explaining the connection of Dumuzi with the constellation Hired-Worker is unclear. It is likely that the role of Dumuzi, as a shepherd of Anu, probably mattered. On the identification of Dumuzi with Ištaran see [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 137]. On Dumuzi as a reborn lunar month see [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>].

==== III. Symbol. ====
During the second half of the first millennium BC, the figure of the constellation Hired-worker was considered a ram, see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].

==== IV. Identification. ====
As a constellation:

= Hired Worker (Aries) [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 106]; for objections to the identification of mul / dDUMU.ZI with mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA see [ibid.<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>]

= Orion [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C].

As a planet:

= Saturn(?) [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 61; Lambert 1987a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Babylonian Astrological Omens and Their Stars / JAOS. 1987. V. 107. Р. 93-96.</ref>, 95-96].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d13)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) божество созвездия mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Наемный работник» (см. h12); 2) планета, возможно, Сатурн.
I. Источники.

Хеттская молитва ночным богам. В списке планет(?) на третьем месте: mul dDUMU.ZI [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43]. MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Ану: mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi «Наемник, Думузи» (I i 43) [MA, 30]; параллель см. [STC 1, 217:9; HBA, 112]. «Большой список звезд». (1) muldumu.[zi] = dmin(= dištaran) «Думузи = Иштаран», (2) ulsig7 = ddumu.zi «Зелено-желтая звезда = Думузи» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:82, 171]. «Планисфера» K 8538. Сектор 0: вдоль стрелы, представляющей mulkak.si.sa2, надпись — ddumu.zi [CT 33, 10; Koch 1989, 56–61; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствия между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: NA // dEn-lil2 // itiBARA2 [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / dDumu-zi … «‘Стоянка’ — Энлиль; Нисану; [Наемник], Думузи» [SpTU IV, 159:1–2]; здесь Думузи, по-видимому, соответствует mul lúḪUN.GA2 [Reiner 1995, 78].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа, объясняющая связь Думузи с созвездием Наемный работник, неясна. Вероятно, при этом имела значение роль Думузи как пастуха Ана. Об отождествлении Думузи с Иштараном см. [Livingstone 1986, 137]. О Думузи как возрождающемся лунном месяце см. [Foxvog 1993].

III. Символ.

Во второй половине I тыс. до н.э. фигурой созвездия Наемный работник считался баран, см. h12 lúḪUN.GA2.

IV. Отождествление.

Как созвездие:

= Наемный работник (Aries) [Foxvog 1993, 106]; возражения против отождествления mul / dDUMU.ZI с mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA см. [ibid.].

= Орион (Orion) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

Как планета:

= Сатурн(?) [HBA 61; Lambert 1987a, 95–96].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Dilbat

2026-05-22T13:12:37Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Dilbat''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / d''Dilbat'' (𒀯𒀸𒁁) is the most common star-name for the planet Venus, Another common name for Venus is that of the Venus-goddess in the Mesopotamian pantheon: Inanna = ''Ištar''. Many iterations of readings for Dilbat are listed below including Dilibad and Dilibat.

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Venus}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* muldili.bad,
* mulDilibat,
* mulDIL.BAD,
* DILΙ.BAT
* mul''dili-bad'',
* (d)''dili-pat''2,
* ''dele-bat''; = "the one that sparkles";
* from dili.bad = ''nebû'' "to shine, to sparkle".

Generally accepted name of Venus in astronomical and astrological texts of the II-I millennium BC; first in the hymn of Iddin-Dagan (XXth century BC) as mul dalla dili mul''dili-bad'' "shining/the only star, Venus". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 774; Bruschweiler 1987<ref>''Bruschweiler F''. INANNA La déesse triomphante et vaincue dans la cosmologie sumérienne. Leuven, 1987.</ref>, 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973<ref>''Reisman D.'' Iddin-Dagan’s Sacred Marriage Hymn // JCS. 1973. Vol.. 25, № 4. P. 185-202.</ref>; ETCSL<ref>''Black J.A., Cunningham G., Fluckiger-Hawker E., Robson'' ''E., and Zólyomi G. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature'' (<nowiki>http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/</nowiki>), Oxford 1998-.</ref>, Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the Babylonian name for Venus: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτης ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. "Delephate: the star of Aphrodite: from the Chaldeans." [TLG 4085-002, Δ 590], derived from Dilbat [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 109; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 282]; see Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023): <ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>In bilingual and lexical texts, Sum. dili-bad(-rá) is translated by ''na/ebītu'' “the bright one” (fem.). As a star name it is conventionally read Dil(i)bat. If Δελεφατ (delephat) in Hesychius v. 558 is correctly understood as a Greek transcription of this name, it points to a reading Dil(i)pat, which could be derived from Akk. ''dalāpu'' “to be sleepless”.

mulDILΙ.BAT (AN 20l).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Series Urra XXII: mul[''dil'']-''bat'' = ''di-il-bat'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:154].
*(2) Series Antagal (G 306): d zibZIG = d''dil-bat'' (in the list of planets) [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229].
*(3) Series AN:dAnum (IV 181): dDili.bad = min(= d''Iš''8-''tar''2 mul.<meš>) "Venus = Goddess of the stars" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 161].
|
|-
| '''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 246
*Star Catalogues Horowitz 2014 103, 106, Anu 1:
**KAV 218 ii 1-5
***mul gal ''ša'' ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu gub-''zu'' / ki.gub kur2.kur2 ½(sa9) mu ''ina'' dutu.e3 / ½(sa9) mu ''ina'' dutu.šu2.a mul.bi mul''Dil-bat'' / ''a-lik pa-ni'' mul.meš ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''
***“The great star which is above the great stars / which stands at the rising of the south wind / (and) changes position: half the year at sunrise / half the year at sunset. This star is Venus, / (which) goes in front of the stars of Anu";
**HS 1897: 14-15:
***mul''Iš8-tár'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB-s''ú mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' dUT[U.È]/ ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' dUTU.ŠÚ.A MUL ''šu-ú a-lik'' IGI.MEŠ MUL.MEŠ ''šu-ut'' AN-''ni''[''m''],
***Ištar of the stars who stands at the rising of the eastwind, whose position is half the year at su[nrise], half the year at sunset, this star is the one who goes in front of the stars of An[u];
**BM 55502: 15:
***mul''dili-bat'' ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB KÚR.KÚR ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.È.A ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.ŠÚ.A MÚL.B[I] x x [(...)],
***Venus which stands at the rising of the east wind, half the year at sunrise, changing position - half the year at sunrise, half the year at sunset, this sta[r] . . [...].
*Month-Star Lists: Horowitz 2014: 192, Anu I, BM 34713 Anu II (LBAT 1499), BM 82923 2:
**mul''dil-bat'' 1,40 DE5 MUL.MEŠ,
**Venus, 1,40, The brightest of the stars (Horowitz 2014: 140-141).
*Rising and Setting Stars: Horowitz 2014: 160-161 (Rising Month I, Setting Month VII):
**Ea: mulIKU, Anu: mul''Dil-bat'' (rises), mul''Dil-bat'' ''ut-ta-na-kar''//KÚR.KÚR (Venus changes position).
***
*<s>Astrolabe B.</s>
**<s>(1) List (12´3): (B ii 1-5); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 1].</s>
**<s>(2) List (3´12): itibara2 ...mul''Dil-bat šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "month Nisanu: ...Venus of (the stars) of Anu" (C ii 1).</s>
** <s>(3) List (rising-setting=6months): rising - Nisanu, setting - Tašritu (C 13, 26); also about Venus it is said: mul''Dil-bat ut-ta-nak-kar'' "Venus changes (her position)". '''''<big>??? I cannot find these words in KAV 218!! ???</big>''''' [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8]; see also (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]]. </s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
**<s>Month Nisan, the stars of Anu: [mul''Dili-bat''] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ "[Venus] // 100 // The most brilliant of stars" [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 27-28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; here RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly, sparkle" as in ND 4362:26, which gives the identity: RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly" [BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 237, 241].</s>
*<s>BM 34713.</s>
**<s>Month Ayyaru, the stars of Anu: múl''Dil-bat'' [LBAT<ref name=":3">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].</s>
*<s>The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A</s>
**<s>List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 1): mul''Dil-bat'' [TCL 6<ref name=":4">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
*For a corpus of astrological predictions related to Venus and an analysis of the terms used in them, see [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />]; see also [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10: r. 11-17, 25-29; BPO 1<ref name=":6">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. The Venus Tablet of Ammiraduqa. Malibu, Undena Publication, 1975 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part One).</ref>, 8; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 240-243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957.</ref>, 23:33; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 247; Pingree 1993<ref>''Pingree D.'' Venus Phenomena in Enūma Anu Enlil / Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrgb. von H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 259-273.</ref>; SpTU I<ref name=":8">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 91:12-14; SpTU II<ref name=":9">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 41:17; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V<ref name=":10">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:7', 9'; Babyloniaca 7<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>: Pl. XVII, 11-13].
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalogue of 30 Stars".</s>'''
*<s>Anu 1. mul''Dil-bat ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A x [. ]</s>
* <s>"Venus, which stands at the rising of the east wind, changes (her) position, half a year (she) is in the east, half a year in the west [...]" (B. 15) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1" />, 177], see also (Kurtik i18) ''[[Ištar]]''.</s>
|
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
* See [SAA 10<ref name=":3" />, 378; SAA 8<ref name=":11">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 349-350].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Anu: mul''Dili-bat'' KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir-ma'' AN-''e ib-bir'' "Venus keeps changing its position and crosses the sky" (I ii 13) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":19">Hunger, H., & Steele, J. (2019). ''The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL. APIN''. Routledge.</ref>: 41].
*(2) Planets "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL d''Sin'' DU-''ku'' mul''Dili-bat'' DU-''ak'' "Venus travels (the same) path as the Moon travels" (II i 3) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":19" />: 71].
*(3) List and definition of the planets: Venus is second after Jupiter, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(4) Planetary theory:
**a) [mul''Di'']''li-bat <ina>'' dUTU.E3 TUM3-''ma'' ITI ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫa-ra'' / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM ''u''4-''mi'' KIMIN 2 ITI ''uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' / dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2 "Venus disappears in the East and remains (invisible) in the sky for a month / or for 1 month and 15 days, or it remains for 2 months, and / becomes visible in the West" (II i 44-46) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":19" />: 79]
**(b) mul''Dili-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3-''ma ina u''4-''me'' TUM3 ''ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ḫa'' KIMIN 3 ''u''4-''mi'' / KI.3 7 ''u''4-''mi'' KI.4 14 ''u''4-''mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' KUR-''ḫa'' "Venus disappears in the West and rises (again) in the East on the day it disappears; or, for 3 days, thirdly, for 7 days, fourthly, for 14 days, it remains (invisible) and then rises" (II i 47-48), [Hunger & Steele 2019:<ref name=":19" /> 80]
**c) mul''Dili-bat lu ina'' dUTU.E3 ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-''ma'' / 9 ITImeš ''ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''ma i-tab-bal'' "Venus becomes visible either in the east or in the west, / stands in the sky for 9 months, and disappears" (II i 61) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":19" />: 82] [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 33, 70, 80, 81-82, 85].
*Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82-86 contain predictions for mul''Dil-bat'' for each day of the month [Labat 1965<ref>''Labat R.'' Un calendrier babylonien des travaux des signes et des mois. Paris, 1965.</ref>].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*(1) [ddil].bat = ''ana'' si.sa2 ''bu-lim'' "Venus — for the prosperity of cattle."
*(2) [mu]lim.šu.rin.na nu.kuš2.u3 = ddil.bat "Widow's Furnace = Venus".
*(3) muldil.bat = d''iš-tar bēlet'' kur.kur "Venus — Ištar, the ruler of countries".
*(4) The 12 stars of Elam: [mul]dil.bat in the first place.
*(5) List of planets: muldil.bat in the 4th place (after the Moon, the Sun and Jupiter) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:28-30, 201, 242]. List of stars VR 46, 1:40ː mul''Dil-bat'' = ''na-ba-at kak-ka-bu'' "Venus is the brightest of star(s)", see also [HBA<ref name=":13">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:40; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:40]; parallel: d''dil-bat na-bat'' MUL.MEŠ [Parpola and Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 46, 428].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866 i 9: mulSIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU2.LA2 mul''a-nun-ni-tu''4 ''man-za-za'' mul''dil-bat'' "The Swallow and the stretched out neck of Anunitu, the station of Venus [Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 35, 39, commentary 45: The station of Venus must refer to its ''bīt niṣirti'' in Pisces.
|
|-
| '''"The Dilbat Tablet.”'''
Each month of the Babylonian calendar has a constellation identified with Venus. The main text is LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:1-12 (= 81-7-6,102, for Pinches' publication see [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]):

*(1) mulnin.si4?.an. na mul''Dil-bat ina'' itibar2 "Ninsianna — Venus in the month Nisan",
*(2) mul''A-ri-tu''4 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itigu4 "Shield — Venus in the month Ayyaru",
*(3) mulban mul''Dil-bat ina'' itine "The bow — Venus in the month Abu" (the order of months in the text does not correspond to the standard),
*(4) mulnunki mul''Dil-bat ina'' itikin "Eridu — Venus in the month Ululu",
*(5) mulen.te.na.bar.guz mul''Dil-bat ina'' itidu6 "Entenabarguz — Venus in the month Tašritu",
* (6) mul''Rap-pu'' mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiapin "The bridle — Venus in the month Araḫsamnu",
*(7) mulgir2.an.na mul''Dil-bat ina'' itigan "Heavenly sword (=Scorpius) — Venus in the month Kislimu" (in [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 8:2] the month of Kislimu corresponds to ulgu.la "Giant"),
*(8) muluz3 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiab "Goat — Venus in the month Ṭebetu" (in ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:3, uluz3 "Goat"),
*(9) mulAŠ.GAN2 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiziz2 "Field — Venus in the month Šabaṭu" (in ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:4, ulAŠ.GAN ''Bābilī''(ka2.dingir. meš) "Field of Babylon"),
*(10) mulku6 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiše "Fish — Venus in the month Addaru" (ACh Ištar, 8: 6 - ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2-''a'' d''Dil-bat'' "In the month of Addaru the Fish, Ea, Dilbat"),
* (11) [muls]ag mul''Dil-bat ina'' itisig4 "Head — Venus in the month Simanu" (it seems to be a part of some constellation, but it is not clear),
*(12) [mulmu]š. a.sag.ga mul''Dil-bat ina'' itišu "Mušasaga — Venus in the month Du'uzu" (so in [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:12], but in [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] - [mulmu]š.min.sag.ga "the Two-Headed Serpent". [MSL VIII/2, 93]), see also [HBA<ref name=":13" />, 119; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109, I].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
* (d)dele-bat is the standard designation for Venus in the diaries [Sachs and Hunger, Diaries I-III]. "Mathematical Astronomy." See [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT<ref name=":3" />, passim].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) The nature of astrological influences.
**a) ˹DIŠ˺ d[''Dil-bat pa-aš''2-''ḫat at-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U4 GID2.DA] "If [Venus (appears): (this sign is) exceptionally calm; wherever he goes, (he will be accompanied by) success; (he will) live long]",
**b) DIŠ KI d''Dil-bat'' DUMU.MEŠ ''u'' DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI “If the area of Venus: sons and daughters of those people.” [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5" />, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>, 324-325]. Parallels: LU2.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' d''Dil-bat'' E3-''a pa-aš''2''-ḫat at-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U4.GID2.DA "If a child is born when Venus has come forward: (the sign is) exceptionally(?) calm; wherever he will go, it will be favorable; (his) days will be long" [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
*(2) Horoscopes. (d)''dele-bat'', see [BH, passim].
*(3) "Hypsoma."
**(a) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti'' KUR-''ud'' SIG5 ''ana'' mulUR.GU.LA KUR-''ma'': ''ana'' 1⅔ KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qam-ma'' "If Venus reaches the secret place: (it) is good; (it means that) she reaches Leo var.ː she rises to 1⅔ ''bēru''" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:27; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 53].
** (b) [DIŠ mu]l''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti la'' KUR-''ud-ma u it-bal'' KUR ''ut-ta''[''ḫ-ḫas''] "If Venus does not reach the secret place and disappears: the country will suffer" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:28; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54]; for a parallel see [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 250, K.3708:3-4]; for other examples of predictions referring to ''ašar''(KI) ''niṣirti'' of Venus (but without specifying its position relative to the stars), see [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:29-32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:15-16; 244, K.2346+:21-22; 250, K.3708+:5-8; 256, K.7050 ii 6'].
**c) [m]ul''Dilbat nabât kakkabāni'' / ''ina amurri'' / [''ina ḫarrān šū'']''t'' d''Ea'' / ''innamirma'' ... ''niṣirtu'' / ''ikšudamma itbal'' / mul''Ṣalbatānu pāris'' / ''pursê māt amurri'' / ''ina ḫarrān šūt'' d''Ea'' / ''ib᾽il'' "Venus, the most brilliant of stars, appeared in the west [on the path of (the stars of) Ea, ... reached the secret (place) and (then) disappeared. Mars, which passes judgment concerning Amurru, became very bright in the path of Ea" [Borger Esarh.<ref>''Borger (1956).'' Die Inschriften Asarhaddons, Königs von Assyrian, Graz 1956 (AfO, Beiheft 9).</ref>, §2 i 39 - ii 9], quoted from [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54 '''''??? quote new edition in RIMA? ???''''']. Here, according to calculations, the place of ''niṣirtu'' is in Pisces, as it was considered in Greek astrology [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54, 57; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 28, 138], see also e).
**(d) In the horoscope: ''ina'' E2 ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 / ''ša''2 ''dele-bat'' LU2.TUR ''a-lid'' "In the house of ''niṣirtu'' of Venus a child is born" [BH 46-50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2-3].
** (e) See above MLC 1866 i 8.
*(4) Predicting the prices of cereals on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (d''Dili-pat''2) [SpTU I<ref name=":8" />, 94:23, 28].
* (5) An extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars: ID2 BA3 [... i]tiŠE MUL!meš d''Dil-bat'' " ...: month Addaru, stars?, Venus" [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78].
*(6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: d''Dil-bat'', passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].
*(7) Predictions of enemy attacks from observations of the positions and visibility of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5" />, 213-214, 216].

See also [SpTU II<ref name=":9" />, 42:10; SpTU V<ref name=":10" />, 261:13'-18', 271:7'].
|Example
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In the 3rd millennium B.C. Venus was worshipped as the astral incarnation of the goddess Inanna, in the II-I millennium B.C. — the goddess Ištar. The name mul / d''Dilbat'' was also used in prayers to other goddesses, see for example [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc.<ref name=":16">''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 139:325; Linssen 2004<ref name=":17">''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 321:325]. Venus masculine and feminine: Venus as a deity changed her gender depending on her position relative to the Sun. Two opposite traditions are attested in astrological texts:

* (1) as the morning star, Venus was considered a female deity, as the evening star, a male deityː DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ma sin-ni-šat'' / DIŠ SIG5 ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-''ma zik-rat'' BAR-''tum'' "If Venus rises in the east, she is feminine, a favorable (sign); if she is seen in the west, she is male, an unfavorable (sign)". [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 218, K. 3601 r. 31-32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81-2-4,239:2; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, IV 6a, 7a + Parallels];
* (2) as the morning star, Venus was considered a male deity, as the evening star, a female oneː d''Dil-bat'': ''sin-ni-šat'': TA dUTU.SU2.A "Venus, female, from the west", d''Dil-bat'': ''zi-ka-rat'': TA dUTU.E3 "Venus, male, from the east" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:8-9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30-33].

In the list of Anum gods: d''be-el dil-bat'' "Lord Dilbat" [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 98:221]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>, p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12" />, 125-126; Reiner 1985<ref>''Reiner E.'' The Uses of Astrology // JAOS. 1985. Vol. 105, № 4. P. 589-595.</ref>, 591; 1995<ref name=":18">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 6; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>, 14-15]. As a male deity Venus was identified with Ningirsu: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.GUZ d''Nin-gir''2-''su'' d''Dil-bat'' KI.MIN''-ma'' "Entenabarguz = Ningirsu, Venus ditto" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 6]. For more about the masculine and feminine nature of Venus, see also (Kurtik s11) [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]], (Kurtik n46) [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]], (Kurtik s12) [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]].

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
* (1) In Neo-Assyrian lists of the 6 astral gods, witnesses to the treaty, mul''Dil-bat'' comes second after mulSAG.ME.GAR [Parpola and Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 6 iv 13-15], for a parallel see [Wiseman 1958<ref>''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.</ref>, 29:13, 61:428].
* (2) The hemerologies on the 16th of Simanu and the 14th of Ṭebetu: PAD-''su ana'' damar.ud / d''gu-la'' mul''dil-bat'' GAR''-ma ma-ḫir'' "he brings his offerings to Marduk(=Jupiter), Gula, Venus, and (it) is accepted". [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 178 col. v 44-45, rev, ii 53-54; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 88-87, 134-135].
* (3) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the statue-deity: Venus is mentioned twice as d''Ištar''(15) mul.meš è, as d''Dil-bat'' [Smith 1925<ref>''Smith S.'' The Babylonian Ritual for the Consecration and Induction of a Divine Statue // JRAS. 1925. P. 37-60.</ref>, BM 45749:25, 29; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 104; SAALT I<ref>''Walker, C. B. F., Dick, M. B.'' Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian ''Mīs Pî'' Ritual. Helsinki, 2001 (State Archives of Assyria, Literary Texts, Vol. I).</ref>, 71:25, 29]; cf. also (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], II.
* (4) Namburbi series of incantations: an incantation "against the evil (foreshadowed by) an eclipse of Venus." [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1954. Vol. 48, № 1. P. 1-15.</ref>, 10-11].
* (5) New Year's Day celebration in Babylon: múl''Dil-bat na-bat'' mul.<meš> "Dilbat — the most brilliant of the stars" [RAcc.<ref name=":16" /> 139:325; Linssen 2004<ref name=":17" />, 219:325].
* (6) The ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
* (7) Warning dreams: "If he ditto (in his dream rises in the sky) and Venus [...]." [Oppenheim 1956<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East. Philadelphia, 1956.</ref>, 282, 327:41]. See also [Mayer 1976<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.</ref>, 429, mulDIL.BAT + Ištar].

For the names describing Venus as a deity and as a planet, see also (Kurtik a05) [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]], (Kurtik a14) ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]'', (Kurtik a26) [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]], (Kurtik e03) [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]], (Kurtik g04) [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]], (Kurtik g16) [[GILIM.MA]], (Kurtik i10) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA|IM.ŠU.RIN.NA.NA]], (Kurtik i13) [[INANNA|dINANNA]], (Kurtik i18) [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']], (Kurtik k07) [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]], (Kurtik k16) [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]], (Kurtik m30) [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]], (Kurtik m33) [[MUL.KI.GAL]], (Kurtik n26) [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n30) [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]], (Kurtik n31) [[NIN.GUL.TI]], (Kurtik n42) [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], (Kurtik s16) [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]], (Kurtik sh01) [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]], (Kurtik t02) [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]], (Kurtik u02) [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]], (Kurtik z09) [[ZIB2|dZIB2]].

==== Symbol. ====
The standard symbol of Ištar as the planet Venus on the seals and on the ''kudurru''s is an eight-rayed star in a circle or without it [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 100-101; Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 82-85; Kurtik 1998, 20-21] (ill. 48). In the Seleucid period, the same symbol was also used in connection with Mercury and Saturn [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, VAT 7847, AO 6448].

Venus as the morning and evening star (lit. "Venus in the east, in the west").

In the east:

* (1) [mulMAR].GID2.DA mul''Dil-bat ina'' d[UTU.E3].A "Wagon - Venus in the east". [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:13] (see also [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262-263, K. 3384 rev. 1; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109 I; HBA<ref name=":13" />, 118; Reiner 1995<ref name=":18" />, 58]);
* (2) ''ina'' GIŠ.NIM ul''Dil-bat'' ulBAN... "In the east, Venus is the Bow." [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248-249, K.2346+:57];
* (3) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 dUTU "Venus in the east is Šamaš" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32],
* (4) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 d''Innin A-ka''3-''de''3ki "Venus in the east is Ištar of Akkad" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34],
* (5) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 d''Ištar''(15) MUL.MEŠ "Venus in the east is Ištar of the stars" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].

In the West:

* (1) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A dMAŠ "Venus in the West is Ninurta". [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33],
* (2) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A d''Innin'' UNUGki "Venus in the west is Ištar of Uruk" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35],
* (3) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A d''be-let'' DINGIR.MEŠ "Venus in the west is the mistress of the gods" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Eruaː see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 1.

(2) = Goatː mulUZ3 = d''Dil-bat'' "Goat = Venus." [SAA 8<ref name=":11" />, 175 r. 7], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]],

(3) = Wagonː [DIŠ ''e-le-nu'' m]ulMAR.GID2.DA AN-''u''2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-''nu'' d''Dil-bat'' dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD GUB-''ma''] "If the sky above the Wagon is dark: an eclipse will occur; (it means): Mercury stands above Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 218, K.3601 r. 33], see also [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 1].

(4) = Faithful Shepherd of Anuː [... Sipa]-zi-an-na d''Dil-bat'' "Faithful Shepherd of Anu = Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 2].

(5) = Green-yellow starː MUL SIG7 = d''Dil-bat'' [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248, K.2346+:54].

===== Predictions: =====
See [BPO 1<ref name=":6" />; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109, III] as well as numerous articles in this edition.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d06)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
====Kurtik (b02) BAL.ME.GAR (Reading corrected by Weidner 1966: (AfO 21) 46 Z. 24 = dili.bad = K 4387 = IIR 47)====
только в [II R, 47, 24 c d]: mulBAL.ME.GAR I.GAR.IM = i-gar-ri-im i-šid «Стена фундамента» (?) [Gössmann 1950 46].
|
|-
|
====Kurtik (d06) Dilbat====
|
|-
|вар. чтения: muldili.bad, ulDilibat, mulDIL.BAD, muldili-bad, (d)dili-pat2, dele-bat; = «та, что сверкает»; от dili.bad = nebû «сиять, сверкать». Общепринятое название Венеры в астрономических и астрологических текстах II–I тыс. до н.э.; впервые в гимне Иддин-Дагана (XX в. до н.э.) как mul dalla dili muldili-bad «блестящая/единственная звезда, Венера» [AHw, 774; Bruschweiler 1987, 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973; ETCSL, Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. Греческий лексикограф Гесихий приводит вавилонское название Венеры: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτος ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. «Делефат: звезда Афродиты: от халдеев» [TLG 4085–002, Δ 590], происходящее от Dilbat [Gössmann 1950, 109; Tallqvist 1938, 282].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mul[dil]-bat = di-il-bat [Emar VI/4, 151:154]. (2) Серия Antagal (G 306): d zibZIG = ddil-bat (в списке планет) [MSL XVII, 229]. (3) Серия AN:dAnum (IV 181): dDili.bad = min(= dIš8-tar2 mul.<meš>) «Венера = Богиня звезд» [Litke 1998, 161]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану, 100 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) В списке (12´3): mul gal ša ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu gub-zu / ki.gub kur2.kur2 ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.e3 / ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.šu2.a mul.bi mulDil-bat / a-lik pa-ni mul.meš šu-ut dA-nim «Великая звезда, которая выше великих звезд / при восходе южного ветра стоит, / место (свое) изменяет: половину года (она) на востоке (стоит), / половину года — на западе. (Это) звезда Венера, / (которая) первой из звезд Ану идет» (B ii 1–5); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 1]. (2) Список (3´12): itibara2 …mulDil-bat šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц нисану: … Венера (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 1). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту (С 13, 26); кроме того о Венере сказано: mulDil-bat ut-ta-nak-kar «Венера изменяет (свое положение)» [KAV 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]; см. также a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану: [mulDili-bat] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ «[Венера] // 100 // Самая блестящая из звезд» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; здесь RI = nabāṭu «сиять, сверкать», как в ND 4362:26, где дано тождество: RI = nabāṭu «to shine brightly» [BPO 3, 237, 241]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Ану: múlDil-bat [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 1): mulDil-bat [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. Корпус астрологических предсказаний, связанных с Венерой, анализ используемых в них терминов cм. [BPO 3]; см. также [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987, 10: r. 11–17, 25–29; BPO 1, 8; BPO 2, 11; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957, 240–243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957, 23:33; Verderame 2002, 247; Pingree 1993; SpTU I, 91:12–14; SpTU II, 41:17; SpTU III, 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V, 264:7', 9'; Stev. O.T: Pl. XVII, 11–13]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 1. mulDil-bat ša2 ina ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-zu KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 ½ MU ina dUTU.E3.A ½ MU ina dUTU.ŠU2.A x [...] «Венера, которая стоит при восходе восточного ветра, положение (свое) изменяет, половину года (она) на востоке, половину года на западе […]» (B. 15) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177], см. также i18Ištar. «Письма» и «Рапорты». Cм. [SAA 10, 378; SAA 8, 349–350]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 20): mulDili-bat KI.GUB-su KUR2.KUR2-ir-ma AN-e ib-bir «Венера свое положение постоянно изменяет и пересекает небо» (I ii 13). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku mulDili-bat DU-ak «Венера проходит (тот же) путь, что и Луна проходит» (II i 3). (3) Список и определение планет: Венера на втором месте после Юпитера, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (4) Планетная теория: a) [mulDi]li-bat dUTU.E3 TUM3-ma ITI ina AN-e uḫ-ḫa-ra / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM u4-mi KIMIN 2 ITI uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma / dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2 «Венера исчезает на востоке и остается (невидимой) на небе в течение месяца / или в течение месяца и 15 дней, или она остается в течение 2 месяцев, и / становится видна на западе» (II i 44–46), b) mulDili-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3-ma ina u4-me TUM3 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa KIMIN 3 u4-mi / KI.3 7 u4-mi KI.4 14 u4-mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma KUR-ḫa «Венера исчезает на западе и становится (опять) видна на востоке в день, в который она исчезает; или, (она исчезает) на 3 дня, / в-третьих, на 7 дней, в-четвертых, на 14 дней, она остается (невидимой), и затем восходит» (II i 47–48), c) mulDili-bat lu ina dUTU.E3 lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma / 9 ITImeš ina AN-e GUB-ma i-tab-bal «Венера становится видна либо на востоке, либо на западе, / стоит на небе в течение 9 месяцев и исчезает» (II i 61) [MA, 33, 70, 80, 81–82, 85]. Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82–86 содержат предсказания для mulDil-bat на каждый день месяца [Labat 1965]. «Большой список звезд». (1) [ddil].bat = ana si.sa2 bu-lim «Венера ― для процветания скота». (2) [mu]lim.šu.rin.na nu.kuš2.u3 = ddil.bat «Вдовья Печь = Венера». (3) muldil.bat = diš-tar bēlet kur.kur «Венера ― Иштар, владычица стран». (4) 12 звезд Элама: [mul]dil.bat на первом месте. (5) Список планет: muldil.bat на 4-м месте (после Луны, Солнца и Юпитера) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:28–30, 201, 242]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:40. mulDil-bat = na-ba-at kak-ka-bu «Венера ― звезда с наибольшим блеском», см. также [HBA, 52:40; Wee 2016, 162–3:40]; параллель: ddil-bat na-bat MUL.MEŠ [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 46, 428]. MLC 1866. mulSIM.MAḪ u GU2.LA2(?) mula-nu-ni-tu4 man-za-za muldil-bat «Ласточка и вытянутая шея(?) Ануниту — место Венеры» (D i 9) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 35, 39]. «Таблица Дилбат». На каждый месяц вавилонского календаря указано созвездие, отождествляемое с Венерой. Основной текст LBAT, 1564:1–12 (= 81-7-6,102, публикация Пинчеса см. [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]): (1) mulnin.si4?.an.na mulDil-bat ina itibar2 «Нинсианна ― Венера в месяце нисану», (2) mulA-ri-tu4 mulDil-bat ina itigu4 «Щит ― Венера в месяце айяру», (3) mulban mulDil-bat ina itine «Лук ― Венера в месяце абу» (порядок месяцев в тексте не соответствует стандартному), (4) mulnunki mulDil-bat ina itikin «Эриду ― Венера в месяце улулу», (5) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum mulDil-bat ina itidu6 «Энтенабархум ― Венера в месяце ташриту», (6) mulRap-pu mulDil-bat ina itiapin «Уздечка ― Венера в месяце арахсамну», (7) mulgir2.an.na mulDil-bat ina itigan «Небесный меч (=Скорпион) ― Венера в месяце кислиму» (в [ACh Ištar, 8:2] месяцу кислиму соответствует ulgu.la «Великан»), (8) muluz3 mulDil-bat ina itiab «Коза ― Венера в месяце тебету» (в ACh Ištar, 8:3 ― uluz3 «Коза»), (9) mulAŠ.GAN2 mulDil-bat ina itiziz2 «Поле ― Венера в месяце шабату» (в ACh Ištar, 8:4 ― ulAŠ.GAN Bābilī(ka2.dingir.meš) «Поле Вавилона»), (10) mulku6 mulDil-bat ina itiše «Рыба ― Венера в месяце аддару» (ACh Ištar, 8:6 ― ina itiše ulku6 dE2-a dDil-bat «В месяце аддару Рыба Эа, Дилбат»), (11) [muls]ag mulDil-bat ina itisig4 «Голова ― Венера в месяце симану» (речь идет, по-видимому, о части какого-то созвездия, но какого именно — неясно), (12) [mulmu]š.a.sag.ga mulDil-bat ina itišu «Мушaсагга ― Венера в месяце дуузу» (так в [LBAT, 1564:12], но в [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] ― [mulmu]š.min.sag.ga «Двухголовый Змей» [MSL VIII/2, 93]), см. также [HBA, 119; G. 109, I]. «Дневники наблюдений». (d)dele-bat ― стандартное обозначение Венеры в дневниках [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III]. «Математическая астрономия». См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Характер астрологического воздействия. a) ˹DIŠ˺ d[Dil-bat pa-aš2-ḫat at-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4 GID2.DA] «Если [Венера (появляется): (этот знак) очень мирный; куда бы он ни пошел, (ему будет сопутствовать) успех; (он будет) долго жить]», b) DIŠ KI dDil-bat DUMU.MEŠ u DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI «Если область Венеры: сыновья и дочери у тех людей» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b, 324–325]. Параллель: LU2.TUR a-lid-ma dDil-bat E3-a pa-aš2-ḫat at/d-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4.GID2.DA «Если ребенок родился, когда Венера вышла вперед: (его жизнь будет) в особенности(?) спокойной; куда бы он не направил свои стопы, ему будет сопутствовать удача; (его) дни будут долгими» [TCL 6, 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952, 66]. (2) «Гороскопы». (d)dele-bat, см. [BH, passim]. (3) «Гипсома». a) DIŠ mulDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti KUR-ud SIG5 GAR mulUR.GU.LA KUR-ma: ana 1⅔ KASKAL.GID2 i-šaq-qam-ma «Если Венера достигает места niṣirtu: (это) предвещает добро; (это означает, что) она достигает Льва, вар.: она поднимается? на 1⅔ bēru» [ACh Suppl., 34:27; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 53]. b) [DIŠ mu]lDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti la KUR-ud-ma u it-bal KUR ut-ta[ḫ-ḫas] «Если Венера не достигает места niṣirtu и исчезает: страна подвергнется удару» [ACh Suppl., 34:28; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]; параллель см. [BPO 3, 250, K.3708:3–4]; другие примеры предсказаний, в которых речь идет об ašar(KI) niṣirtu Венеры (однако без указания его положения относительно звезд), см. [ACh Suppl., 34:29–32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:15–16; 244, K.2346+:21–22; 250, K.3708+:5–8; 256, K.7050 ii 6']. с) [m]ulDilbat nabât kakkabāni / ina amurri / [ina ḫarrān šū]t dEa / innamirma … niṣirtu / ikšudamma itbal / mulṢalbatānu pāris / pursê māt amurri / ina ḫarrān šūt dEa / ib᾽il «Венера, самая блестящая из звезд, появилась на западе [на пут]и Эа, … достигла (места niṣirtu) и (затем) исчезла. Марс, который выносит решение, касающееся Амурру, (находился) на пути Эа и имел большой блеск» [Borger Esarh., §2 i 39 – ii 9], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]. Здесь, согласно расчетам, место niṣirtu находилось в Рыбах (Pisces), как это имело место в греческой астрологии [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54, 57; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 28, 138], см. также e). d) В гороскопе: ina E2 ni-ṣir-tu4 / ša2 dele-bat LU2.TUR a-lid «В доме niṣirtu Венеры ребенок родился» [BH 46–50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2–3]. e) см. выше MLC 1866 i 8. (4) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (dDili-pat2) [SpTU I, 94:23, 28]. (5) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: ID2 BA3 dx[… i]tiŠE MUL!meš dDil-bat «…: месяц аддару; звезды?, Венера» [SpTU IV, 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: dDil-bat, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134–136], см. s20Sîn. (7) Предсказания нападения врагов из наблюдений положений и видимости планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 216].

См. также [SpTU II, 42:10; SpTU V, 261:13'–18', 271:7'].

II. Божество.

В III тыс. до н.э. Венера почиталась как астральное воплощение богини Инанны (Inanna), во II–I тыс. до н.э. ― богини Иштар (Ištar). Имя mul / dDilbat использовалось также в молитвенных обращениях к другим богиням, см., например, [SAA 10, 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 321:325]. Венера мужская и женская. Венера как божество изменяла свой пол в зависимости от ее положения относительно Солнца. В астрологических текстах засвидетельствованы две противоположные традиции: (1) как утренняя звезда Венера считалась женским божеством, как вечерняя звезда ― мужским; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ma sin-ni-šat / DIŠ SIG5 ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-ma zik-rat BAR-tum «Если Венера восходит на востоке, она женская, благоприятный (знак); если она видна на западе, она мужская, неблагоприятный (знак)» [BPO 3, 218, K. 3601 r. 31–32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81–2–4,239:2; BPO 2, IV 6a, 7a + Parallels]; (2) как утренняя звезда Венера считалась мужским божеством, как вечерняя звезда — женским; dDil-bat: sin-ni-šat: TA dUTU.SU2.A «Венера, женская, от запада», dDil-bat: zi-ka-rat: TA dUTU.E3 «Венера, мужская, от востока» [ACh Ištar, 8:8–9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30–33]. В списке богов Anum: dbe-el dil-bat «Господин Дилбат» [Cavigneaux 1981, 98:221]; см. также [LAS 2, p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol., 125–126; Reiner 1985, 591; 1995, 6; Heimpel 1982, 14–15]. Как мужское божество Венера отождествлялась с Нингирсу: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su dDil-bat KI.MIN-ma «Энтенабархум = Нингирсу, Венера ditto» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 6]. О мужской и женской Венере см. также s11SAL.A.ŠE3, n46NITA.A.ŠE3, s12SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) В новоассирийском списке 6 астральных богов, свидетелей договора, mulDil-bat стоит на втором месте после mulSAG.ME.GAR [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 6 iv 13–15], параллель см. [Wiseman 1958, 29:13, 61:428]. (2) Гемерологии на 16-е симану и 14-е тебету: pad-su ana damar.ud / dgu-la muldil-bat gar-ma ma-ḫir «Жертвоприношение свое Мардуку(=Юпитер), Гуле, Венере, он приносит, и (оно) принято» [KAR, 178 col. v 44–45, rev, ii 53–54; Labat 1939, 88–87, 134–135]. (3) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества: Венера упоминается дважды как dIštar(15) mul.meš è как dDil-bat [Smith 1925, BM 45749:25, 29; TuL, 104; SAALT I, 71:25, 29]; см. также s09SAG.ME.GAR, II. (4) Серия заклинаний Намбурби: заклинание «против зла, (предвещаемого) затмением Венеры» [CT 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954, 10–11]. (5) Новогодний праздник в Вавилоне: múlDil-bat na-bat mul.<meš> «Дилбат — самая блестящая из звезд» [RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 219:325]. (6) Ритуал в храме Ану в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (7) Предупреждающие сны: «Если он ditto (в своем сне восходит на небе) и Венера […]» [Oppenheim 1956, 282, 327:41]. См. также [Mayer 1976, 429, mulDIL.BAT + Ištar].

Названия, характеризующие Венеру как божество и как планету, см. также a05A2.GU2.ZI.GA, a14a-ḫa-ti, a26dAMA.ME.TIL, e03dE.TA.NAM.AN, g04dGAL.A.RU.RU, g16GILIM.MA, i10IM.ŠU.RIN.NA, i13dINANNA, i18dIštar, k07dKAB.TA, k16KAR2.ŠUL, m30dMUL.AN.DIRI.A, m33MUL.KI.GAL, n26dNIN.AN.NA, n30NIN.GIRIM3, n31NIN.GUL.TI, n42NIN.SI4.AN.NA, n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, s16dSI.MU2.A, sh01ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3, t02dTI.MU2.A, u02U4.ZAL.LE, z09dZIB2.

III. Символ.

Стандартный символ Иштар как планеты Венеры на печатях и на кудурру — восьмилучевая звезды в круге или без него [Seidl 1968, 100–101; Van Buren 1945, 82–85; Куртик 1998, 20–21] (илл. 48). В селевкидский период тот же символ использовался также в связи с Меркурием и Сатурном [Weidner 1967, VAT 7847, AO 6448].

IV. Венера как утренняя и вечерняя звезда (букв. «Венера на востоке, на западе»).

На востоке: (1) [mulMAR].GID2.DA mulDil-bat ina d[UTU.E3].A «Повозка ― Венера на востоке» [LBAT, 1564:13] (см. также [BPO 3, 262–263, K. 3384 rev. 1; Gössmann 1950, 109 I; HBA, 118; Reiner 1995, 58]); (2) ina GIŠ.NIM ulDil-bat ulBAN... «На востоке Венера ― Лук» [BPO 3, 248–249, K.2346+:57]; (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dUTU «Венера на востоке ― Шамаш» [ACh Ištar, 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32], (4) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dInnin A-ka3-de3ki «Венера на востоке ― Иштар Аккада» [ACh Ištar, 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34], (5) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dIštar(15) MUL.MEŠ «Венера на востоке ― Владычица звезд» [ACh Ištar, 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].

На западе: (1) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dMAŠ «Венера на западе ― Нинурта» [ACh Ištar, 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33], (2) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dInnin UNUGki «Венера на западе ― Иштар Урукская» [ACh Ištar, 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35], (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dbe-let DINGIR.MEŠ «Венера на западе ― госпожа богов» [ACh Ištar, 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Эруа; см. a02A.EDIN, V 1.

(2) = Коза; mulUZ3 = dDil-bat «Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175 r. 7], см. также u31UZ3,

(3) = Повозка; [DIŠ e-le-nu m]ulMAR.GID2.DA AN-u2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-nu dDil-bat dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD DU-ma] «Если выше Повозки небо темное: произойдет затмение; (это означает): выше Венеры Меркурий стоит» [BPO 3, 218, K.3601 r. 33], см. также [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 1].

(4) = Праведный Пастух Ану; […Sipa]-zi-an-na dDil-bat «Праведный Пастух Ану = Венера» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 2].

(5) = Зелено-желтая звезда; MUL SIG7 = dDil-bat [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].

Предсказания:

См. [BPO 1; BPO 2; BPO 3; Gössmann 1950, 109, III], а также многочисленные статьи настоящего издания.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

DAMU

2026-05-22T08:23:16Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dDAMU}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / d''Da-mu'' (𒀯𒁕𒈬), when written with the star-determinative MUL, is a name for the star ‘The Pig,’ [[ŠAḪ|(mulŠAḪ = ''šaḫû'').]] Damu is a healing goddess synchronized with the great healing goddess of Ancient Mesopotamia, Gula of the city Isin. Outside of astronomical texts, the divine name can also be used as a name (short writing) for the god Dumuzi.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Deity (goddess?) of the constellation ŠAḪ "Pig", whose name was sometimes used as the name of the constellation [Gössmann<ref>Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 97].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) note:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>Son of the healing goddess Gula/Ninisina/ Ninkarrak. Also a hypocoristic form of “Dumuzi”. d''Da-mu'' (EN 28r).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''
* Series Urra XXII: mulšaḫ = d''Da-mu'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114, Rs. IV 114; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:307′].
|Example
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes Group)'''
Star Catalogues: (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 9 mul sa5 ''ša'' [xxx] / mul.bi d''Da''-[''mu'']..." The red star [...] / This star (is) the goddess Damu" (KAV 218 rev. iii 1-2)

Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 195, Ea XI); BM 34713, Enlil XII (LBAT 1499); BM 82923: 33 mul''Da-m''[''u'' 40] ''be-let'' TIN, Dam[u 40] The Lady of Life (Horowitz 2014: 141-142, [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:33].

Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 161-162: 10, 21): (Rising Month XI, Setting Month V): Ea: mulNU.MUŠ.DA, Anu: mulSim.maḫ, Enlil: mul''Da-mu''

A<s>strolabe B.</s>

* <s>(1) List (12´3): (B iii 19-20).</s>
* <s>(2) List (3´12): [itiziz2] ... mul''Da-mu šu''-[''ut'' d''En-lil''2] "[month Šabaṭu : ... Damu (the path of) Enlil " (C iii 11).</s>
* <s>(3) List (rise-set=6months): rise in Šabaṭu, set in Abu [KAV 218, C 22, 33; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5-8], see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]].</s>

<s>BM 82923.</s>

* <s>Month Šabaṭu, stars of Enlil: mul''Da-mu'' // [40] // ''bēlet'' TIN "Damu // [40] // Lady of life."</s>

*
|
|-
|'''T<s>he stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil</s>'''
* <s>A list of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 11): mul''Da-mu'' [TCL 6<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].</s>
|Example
|-
|'''EAE'''
* See [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVII 5; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 199, VIo: v. 3′-5′].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''
* List of the stars of Enlil: MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulŠAḪ d''Da-mu'' "The star which stands on its (i.e. mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A) right side: the Pig, Damu" (I i 29) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 26, 126].
|
|-
|'''Uranology'''
See mul[[ŠAḪ|ŠAH]].

'''"The Great Star List"'''
* (1) mul''da-mu'' = d''gu-la'' "Damu = Gula";
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: mul''da-mu'' [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:158, 213].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1ː19.'''
* mulšaḫ d''Da-mu'' = d''A-nu'', see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:19; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:19]. See also: mulšah = d''Da''-[''mu''] = d''Gu-la'' [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 49:6].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
Damu — deity of health, with the ability to drive away demons and heal diseases. Worshiped in Isin, and also in Larsa and Ur. Believed to be the son of the healer goddess Ninisina (Lady of Isin), who passed on to him the ability to heal. In some Akkadian texts, including astronomical texts (see above) he is considered a goddess and is identified with Gula. It is likely that Damu had both masculine and feminine features [MNM 1<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 349; Black and Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 57; Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 80-81; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 279]. In astronomical texts, Damu always seems to be a goddess. The separation of the constellation ŠAḪ "Pig" and its identification with d''Da-mu'' seems to have occurred rather late; this name does not appear in early lexical texts.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Red Damuː DIŠ mul''Da-mu'' SA5 GIG.AN.TI.LA ''ina'' [...]" If the Damu constellation is red: the sick will be cured; in [...]" [BPO 2<ref>Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVII 5].

(2) Damu and the Moonː DIŠ mul''Da-mu ana'' IGI d30 TE-''ma'' [...] "If Damu comes close to the front portion of the Moon [...]", DIŠ MUL MIN ''ana'' UGU d30 SI4-''ma'' GUB [...] "If that same star (= Damu) approaches the upper portion of the Moon(?) and stands there [...]" [Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 199, VIo: v. 3′-5′]; for a discussion of the meaning of SI4-''ma'' see [ibid.<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 192]. The last two predictions suggest correlations between Damu with some planet, possibly Mars, see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d02)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|божество (богиня?) созвездия ŠAḪ «Свинья», имя которого иногда использовалось как название созвездия [Gössmann 1950, 97].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mulšaḫ = dDa-mu [SpTU III, 114, Rs. IV 114; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:307′]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля, 40 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul sa5 ša [xxx] / mul.bi dDa-[mu]...» Красная звезда [...] / Звезда эта, богиня Даму» (B iii 19–20). (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiziz2] … mulDa-mu šu-[ut dEn-lil2] «Месяц шабату: …Даму (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 11). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — шабату, заход — абу [KAV 218, C 22, 33; Horowiz 2014, Ch. 5–8], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA. BM 82923. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля: mulDa-mu // [40] // bēlet TIN «Даму // [40] // Владычица жизни» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:33]. BM 34713. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:12], см. k24KU6. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 11): mulDa-mu [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XVII 5; Verderame 2002, 199, VIo: v. 3′–5′]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 28): MUL ša2 ina ZAG-šu2 GUB-zu mulŠAḪ dDa-mu «Звезда, которая стоит с его (т.е. mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A) правой стороны: Свинья, Даму» (I i 29) [MA 26, 126]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulda-mu = dgu-la «Даму = Гула»; (2) 12 звезд Аккада: mulda-mu [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:158, 213]. Список звезд VR 46, 1. mulšaḫ dDa-mu = dA-nu, см. также [HBA 51:19; Wee 2016, 162–3:19]. См. также: mulšul = dDa-[mu] = dGu-la [SpTU I, 49:6].

II. Божество.

Даму — божество здоровья, обладавшее способностью прогонять демонов и целить болезни. Почиталось в Исине, а также в Ларсе и Уре. Считалось сыном богини-целительницы Нинисины (Госпожи Исина), которая передала ему способность к врачеванию. В некоторых аккадских текстах, в том числе астрономических (см. выше), считается богиней и отождествляется с Гулой. Вероятно, Даму обладало как мужскими, так и женскими чертами [МНМ 1, 349; Black–Green 1992, 57; Kraus 1951, 80–81; Tallqvist 1938, 279]. В астрономических текстах Даму, по-видимому, всегда богиня. Выделение созвездия ŠAḪ «Свинья» и его отождествление с dDa-mu произошло, по-видимому, достаточно поздно; в ранних лексических текстах это имя не встречается.

III. Астрология.

(1) Даму красное; DIŠ mulDa-mu SA5 GIG.AN.TI.LA ina [...]» Если созвездие Даму красное: лечение больного (будет) в [...]» [BPO 2, XVII 5].

(2) Даму и Луна; DIŠ mulDa-mu ana IGI d30 TE-ma […] «Если Даму к передней части Луны приближается […]», DIŠ MUL MIN ana UGU d30 SI4-ma […] «Если эта же звезда (= Даму) к верхней части Луны подходит? […]» DIŠ MUL MIN ana UGU d30 SI4-ma GUB […] «Если эта же звезда (= Даму) к верхней части Луны подходит? и стоит там […]» [Verderame 2002, 199, VIo: v. 3′–5′]; обсуждение значения SI4-ma см. [ibid., 192]. В двух последних предсказаниях предполагается отождествление Даму с какой-то планетой, возможно, Марсом, см. sh02ŠAḪ.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Del]]

DA

2026-05-22T08:14:45Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:múl gišDA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Hyaden+plejaden smh2025 isle.JPG|alt=photograph-map|thumb|The Babylonian constellation "Jaw of the Bull", Sumerian DA, Akkadian ''is lê,'' typically identified with the Hyades. (Map: Susanne M Hoffmann 2025, with own photography of the star clusters and Jupiter).]]
múl gišDA (𒋼𒄑𒁕) = ''is lê,'' is a name for the ‘Bull's Jaw’ asterism in the constellation [[Taurus]]. Here, Sumerian gišDA, a standard term for a type of cuneiform tablet and writing board (giš''lēʼu''), is used to create a sort of pseudo-homonym by way of reading Sumerian GIŠ, the determinative for trees, woods and wooden implements = Akkadian ''iṣu'', as /iṣ/.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''is le''10ː a pseudo-Sumerogram for the constellation mul''Is lê'' "Bull's Jaw" (= [[Hyades]] + [[Aldebaran]]).

Standard meaning gišDA = giš''lēʼu'' "tablet (for writing)" [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 546-547]. The use of gišDA for ''is lê'' is explained by two coincidences:

* 1) ''is'' and giš are graphically the same sign,
* 2) ''lê'' (from ''lû, līʼu'' "bull" [AHw, 560]) is phonetically close to ''lēʼu'' "tablet" [3 Erg.<ref>3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 336; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 77, 96].
{| class="wikitable"
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''“Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts”'''
The name was used (usually without the determinative) to refer to α Tauri (= Aldebaran) as a normal star (see Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]; for the earliest examples see [ADRT I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, -384 Rev. 9, -378 Obv. 6', -372 A Col. I 6, 10 and passim]. See also [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1564 r. 7, 1567:4], in the latter case the name is given with the determinative mul2. See also (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|Is le10]].
|Example
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, d01)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= ''is'' le10; псевдошумерограмма для обозначения созвездия mulIs lê «Челюсть Быка» (= Гиады + Альдебаран).
Стандартное значение gišDA = gišlēʼu «табличка (для письма)» [AHw, 546–547]. Использование gišDA для обозначения is lê объясняется двумя совпадениями: 1) is и giš графически один и тот же знак, 2) lê (от lû, līʼu «бык» [AHw, 560]) фонетически близко lēʼu «табличка» [3 Erg. 336; G. 77, 96].

Название использовалось в «Дневниках наблюдений» (как правило, без детерминатива) для обозначения α Tauri (= Альдебаран) как нормальной звезды (см. m39 MÚL.ŠID.MEŠ); самые ранние примеры см. [ADRT I, -384 Rev. 9, -378 Obv. 6', -372 A Col. I 6, 10 and passim]. См. также [LBAT, 1564 r. 7, 1567:4], в последнем случае название дано с детерминативом múl. См. также i15Is lê.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Tau]]

AŠ.ME

2026-05-14T13:47:40Z

HermannHunger:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:084 Sun setting in the Namib desert Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|thumb|sun above the desert (CC BY Giles Laurent)]]
AŠ.ME (𒀸𒈨) is a name for the Sun as the solar disk, and in the context of daytime halo phenomena such as sundogs and nightime halo phenomena such as moondogs, or perhaps even observed examples of the countersun.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''šamšatu,''

* 1) solar disk, the Sun,
* 2) Sundog (parhelion),
* 3) Moondog (paraselene),
* 4) Saturn, which was considered the Star of the Sun.

The term was used mainly in the EAE series texts. When the solar disk was meant directly, the expression AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ = ''šamšatu kajamāntu'' (or ''kajāntu'') or AŠ.ME ''ša''2 ''ginâ'' was used, probably meaning "normal solar disk". [AHw, 1158b; CAD Š/1, 332-334].
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Verderame 2002, 239; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 24 I-III, passim; 25 I 18-19].
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8, 337b].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== Astrology. ====
(1) The solar diskː DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ša''2 ''gi-na-a'' IGI.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''kat''3-''mu-ma'' IM.ULU3.LU ''rak-bat'' ... "If the eyes of the normal solar disk are closed and it rides the south wind: locusts will devastate the country, variant: the country will commit sin" [van Soldt 1995, 18, Tablet 24 I 2]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ša''2 ''gi-na-a'' ŠE.ER.ZI-''ša''2 ''ma-aq-tu''4 ... "If the shining of the normal solar disk is diminished [van Soldt 1995, 20-21, Tablet 24 I 14].

(2) Parhelion: DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-''ma'' 1 AŠ.ME ''ina'' ZAG 1 AŠ.ME ''ina'' GUB3 GUB ... "If a normal sun disk is present and one disk stands to the right (and) one disk to the left ... [van Soldt 1995, 29, Tablet 24 III 29]; DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-''ma'' 1 AŠ. ME ''ina'' GUB3 GUB ... 'If a normal sun disk is present and one disk stands on the left side [van Soldt 1995, 29, Tablet 24 III 31]; DIŠ 2 AŠ.ME KUR.MEŠ-''nim-ma uš-tab-ra-a u'' GUB.MEŠ-''za'' ... "If two disks rise, and they linger, standing for some time ... [van Soldt 1995, 30, Tablet 24 III 37]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD.1.KAM 2 AŠ.ME-''tum'' E3.MEŠ-''ni'' LUGAL URI.KI BE "If on the 1st of Nisan, 2 sun disks come up: the king of Akkad will die" [van Soldt 1995, 32, Tablet 24 III 45].

(3) Paraselene: DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ina'' GE6 KUR-''ma'' GUB SAG.DU 20 ''i-qal-lil'' KI.MIN KUR ''i-ḫa''[''d-du''] .... "If the disk of the sun rises during the night and stands: the king will be despised, alternatively: the country will become joyous ..." [ACh Šamaš, 4:13; CAD Š/1, 334a]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ina'' KUR-''šu''2 ''ina'' A2 30 GUB... "If a solar disk, during its rising, stands at the side of the moon ..." [ACh Suppl.2, 33:2; CAD Š/1, 334b]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 297:3-7, 426 r. 6-7, 431: 1-5; 501:4′-6′, 521:4-5; van Soldt 1995, 22, Tablet 24 II b]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ''u'' 30 ''šu-ta-tu-u'' / LUGAL KUR ''uz-nu u''2-''rap-pa-aš''2 "If a solar disk and the moon (are) in opposition: the king of the country will expand his understanding" [SAA 8, 95:6-7; van Soldt 1995, 22, Tablet 24 II d]; DIŠ AGA AŠ.ME ''a-pir ina'' ITI BI SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''3 ŠA3-''ši-na'' NITA.MEŠ U3.[TU.MEŠ] "If (the moon) wears the sun's crown: in this month pregnant women will give birth to boys." [Verderame 2002, 83, III c:ver. 15′]; ˹DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ina'' EN.˺NUN dUSAN KUR-''ma ana'' IGI-''ša''2 dNIN.URTA GUB... "If a disk ascends during the evening watch and Ninurta (=Mercury) stands before it" [van Soldt 1995, 26, Tablet 24 III 21]; [DIŠ AŠ.ME ''i'']''na'' KUR-˹''ša''2˺ ''ina'' Š[A3-''š'']''a''2 mul''Dil-bat'' ˹GUB˺ ... "[If a disk] rises (and) Venus stands in[side i]t [van Soldt 1995, 23, Tablet 24 III 5].

(4) Saturnː DIŠ AŠ.ME AN.TA-''nu'' 30 KI.TA-''nu'' 30 GUB-''iz'' / SUḪUŠ gišGU.ZA ''i-ka-na'' / LUGAL KUR ''ina kit-ti-šu''2 GUB-''az'' "If a solar disk (=Saturn) stands above the moon (or) below the moon: the foundations of the throne will become stable; the king of the country will be committed to truth" [SAA 8, 95:3-5; 297:3-7], it is clear from the context of the report that AŠ.ME in this case denotes Saturn, see also [Brown 2000, 58].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a49)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= šamšatu, 1) солнечный диск, Солнце, 2) ложное Солнце (парагелий, parhelion), 3) ложная Луна (параселена, paraselene), 4) Сатурн, который считался Звездой Солнца. Термин использовался главным образом в текстах серии ЕАЕ. Когда имелся в виду солнечный диск непосредственно, употреблялось выражение AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ = šamšatu kajamātu (или kajāntu) или AŠ.ME ša2 ginâ, вероятное значение «нормальный солнечный диск» [AHw, 1158b; CAD Š/1, 332–334].||Example
|-
|ЕАЕ. См. [Verderame 2002, 239; van Soldt 1995, Table 24 I–III, passim; 25 I 18–19]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 337b].
II. Астрология.

(1) Солнечный диск; DIŠ AŠ.ME ša2 gi-na-a IGI.MEŠ-šu2 kat3-mu-ma IM.Ux.LU rak-bat … «Если глаза нормального солнечного диска закрыты и южный ветер дует: саранча опустошит страну, вариант: страна совершит грех» [van Soldt 1995, 18, Table 24 I 2]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ša2 gi-na-a ŠE.ER.ZI-ša2 ma-aq-tu4 … «Если сияние нормального солнечного диска уменьшилось: зловещие предзнаменования будут в стране и боги прогневаются; в стране будет голод, вариант: в стране будет эпидемия» [van Soldt 1995, 20–21, Table 24 I 14].

(2) Парагелий; DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-ma 1 AŠ.ME ina ZAG 1 AŠ.ME ina GUB3 GUB … «Если нормальный солнечный диск присутствует и один диск справа (и) один диск слева (от него) стоят … [van Soldt 1995, 29, Table 24 III 29]; DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-ma 1 AŠ.ME ina GUB3 GUB … «Если нормальный солнечный диск присутствует и один диск слева (от него) стоит: с престола своими верными войсками царь Амурру будет низвергнут, вариант: он возьмет трон» [van Soldt 1995, 29, Table 24 III 31]; DIŠ 2 AŠ.ME KUR.MEŠ-nim-ma uš-tab-ra-a u GUB.MEŠ-za BAD3.MEŠ… «Eсли два диска восходят, задерживаются и стоят некоторое время: стены заброшенного города будут восстановлены, рассеянные люди соберутся вместе» [van Soldt 1995, 30, Table 24 III 37]; DIŠ ina itiBAR2 UD.1.KAM 2 AŠ.ME-tum E3.MEŠ-ni LUGAL URI.KI BE «Если 1-го нисану 2 диска появляются: царь Аккада умрет» [van Soldt 1995, 32, Table 24 III 45].

(3) Параселена; DIŠ AŠ.ME ina GE6 KUR-ma GUB SAG.DU 20 i-qal-lil u3 KUR i-ḫa[d-du] …. «Если солнечный диск в ночи вспыхивает (и) стоит: царская голова умалится и страна испытает голод…» [ACh Šamaš, 4:13; CAD Š/1, 334a]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ina KUR-šu2 ina A2 30 GUB… «Если солнечный диск при восходе своем на стороне Луны стоит…» [ACh Suppl.2, 33:2; CAD Š/1, 334b]; [DIŠ] AŠ.ME AN.TA-nu 30 KI.TA-nu 30 GUB-iz / SUḪUŠ GIŠ.GU.ZA i-ka-na / LIGAL KUR ina kit-ti-šu2 GUB-az «[Если] солнечный диск стоит выше Луны, вариант: ниже Луны: основание трона укрепится; царь страны в своей правде пребудет» [SAA 8, 95:3-5]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 297:3–7, 426 r. 6–7, 431: 1–5; 501:4′–6′, 521:4–5; van Soldt 1995, 22, Table 24 II b1]; DIŠ AŠ.ME u 30 šu-ta-tu-u / LUGAL KUR uz-nu u2-rap-pa-aš2 «Если солнечный диск и Луна (находятся) в оппозиции: царь страны понимание свое расширит» [SAA 8, 95:6–7; van Soldt 1995, 22, Table 24 II d3]; DIŠ AGA AŠ.ME a-pir ina ITI BI SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša3 ŠA3-ši-na NITA.MEŠ U3.[TU.MEŠ] «Если (Луна) корону Солнца одевает: в этом месяце беременные женщины мальчиков будут рожать» [Verderame 2002, 83, III c:ver. 15′]; ˹DIŠ AŠ.ME ina EN.˺NUN dUSAN KUR-ma ana IGI-ša2 dNIN.URTA GUB… «Если диск в вечернюю стражу восходит и Нинурта (=Меркурий) стоит перед ним: растительность высохнет, страну постигнет горе» [van Soldt 1995, 26, Table 24 III 21]. [DIŠ AŠ.ME i]na KUR-˹ša2˺ ina Š[A3-š]a2 mulDil-bat ˹GUB˺ … «[Если диск] восходит (и) вну[три не]го Венера стоит: царь призовет (своих подданных) к ответу в борьбе» [van Soldt 1995, 23, Table 24 III 5].

(4) Сатурн; DIŠ AŠ.ME AN.TA-nu 30 KI.TA-nu 30 GUB-iz / SUḪUŠ gišGU.ZA i-ka-na / LUGAL KUR ina kit-ti-šu2 GUB-az «Если солнечный диск (=Сатурн) стоит выше Луны (или) ниже Луны: основания трона будут прочными; царь страны будет привержен правде (и справедливости)» [SAA 8, 95:3–5; 297:3–7], из контекста рапорта ясно, что AŠ.ME в данном случае обозначает Сатурн, см. также [Brown 2000, 58].

Другие примеры см. [CAD Š/2, šamšatu].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Phenomenon]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:Phenomenon]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:Sun]]

References (Babylonian)

2026-05-14T13:26:51Z

HermannHunger:

* Kurtik (2007), updated by himself until his death in early 2022
* Gössmann (1950)
===Acknowledgements===
We additionally thank our students and colleagues, namely:

David Hilder, Youngjae Lee, Asterios Kechagias, Jan Safford, David Perugia.

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==Kurtik ==

===Kurtik's References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! citation form!!bibliography
|-
|IR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).
|-
|IIR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).
|-
|IIIR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''
|-
|IVR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''
|-
|VR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''
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===Publications in Russian===

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|Емельянов 2002.
|''Емельянов В.В.'' Шумерский космогонический миф "Энки и устройство мироздания" // Петербургское востоковедение. 2002. Вып. 10. С. 94-122.
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|Куртик 1990.
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|Куртик, 1995.
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|Куртик, 1998.
|''Куртик Г.Е. ''Астральная символика в древней Месопотамии III тыс. до н.э. // Вопросы истории естествознания и техники. 1998. Вып. 2. С. 20-44.
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|Куртик, 1999.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Космология древней Месопотамии // Исследования по истории физики и механики (1995- 1997). М.: Наука, 1999. С. 60-75.
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|Куртик, 2000a.
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|Kуртик, 2000b.
|''Куртик Г.Е''. Отождествление Инанны с планетой Венера как критерий для определения времени выделения созвездий в древней Месопотамии // ВДИ. 2000. Вып. 1. С. 89-98.
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|Куртик 2002.
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|Куртик 2002a.
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|Саркисян 1955.
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|Свят.-Четв. 1998.||''Святополк-Четвертынский И.А''. Корни Зодиака в космологической доктрине Шумера и Вавилона / Древняя астрономия: небо и человек. Труды конференции. Москва, 1998.
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|Шилейко 1924.||''Шилейко В.К''. Таблетка с молитвой ночным богам в собрании Лихачева //ИРАИМК. 1924, Т. 3, Ленинград, с. 144-152.
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|Я открою тебе.||''Я открою тебе сокровенное слово '' (Литература Вавилонии и Ассирии) / Пер. с аккадского. Сост. В.К.Афанасьевой и И.М.Дьяконова. М.: Художественная литература, 1981.
|}

== Krebernik (2023) ==

===Krebernik 's References ===
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!Citation Form!!Bibliography
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| Emar VI/1-2;
Arnaud 1985
|Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).
|-
|Ganzert 2011
|Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki>
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[[category:References]]
[[Category:Service]]

References (Babylonian)

2026-05-14T13:22:35Z

HermannHunger:

* Kurtik (2007), updated by himself until his death in early 2022
* Gössmann (1950)
===Acknowledgements===
We additionally thank our students and colleagues, namely:

David Hilder, Youngjae Lee, Asterios Kechagias, Jan Safford, David Perugia.

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|Bloch and Horowitz (2015)
|Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.
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|???????????????????????
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|???????????????????????
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== Krebernik (2023) ==

===Krebernik 's References ===
{| class="wikitable"
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| Emar VI/1-2;
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|Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).
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[[category:References]]
[[Category:Service]]

Anunitu

2026-05-13T19:36:40Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Anunītu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr_grp-GIF_engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|right|366x366px]]
''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is an asterism in human form bearing the name of the goddess Anunitu, this being an aspect or by-name for Inanna = Ištar. The stars comprising this asterism are now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. Together, astral ''Anunītu'' and mul[[SIM.MAḪ]], a huge 'Swallow,' were transformed into the images of Andromeda and Pisces with the step in between of fish and a (small) swallow connected with a ribbon, as known in Mesopotamian uranology, normal star text and seals in Uruk. The multi-step transformation is visualised in the animated GIF.
== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
mul / d''An(n)unītu(m)'' (436), = "''Anunītu''" (constellation): a constellation corresponding to the eastern fish in [[Pisces]] (Pisces) [Gössmann 27].
Goddess:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>Anunītu(m). By-name of the goddess Ištar, originally a local hypostasis of particular importance to the dynasty of Akkad. The association with ‘fish’ (cf. SpTU III 114A v 46, mul''Nu-nu'' ‘fish’ = d''A-nu-ni-tú/ti'') seems to be based on the partial homophony with Akk. ''nūnu'' ‘fish’, cf. the association of ''Anunītu(m)'' with the ‘Tigris-star’ in Hg: mul.ídIdigna = d''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (MSL 11, 40: 229). mu''l''''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (AN 3r).</blockquote>Introduced in MUL.APIN I i 42 (Hunger & Steele 2019):
* Transliteration: DIŠ MUL ''ša'' EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB''-zu'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4
* Akkadian: ''kakkabu ša arki Ikî izzazzu Anunītu''
* English: The asterism which stands behind the Field: Anunitu.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Urra XXII: mul dnu.nu = d''A-nu-ni-ti''/''tu''2 "Fish = Anunitu" [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 109:303]; see also [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]].
Variant MUL NU.NU without the divine determinative also in Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29'.
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabes Group)'''
See Horowitz 2014, 105-106 (= Enlil 2): mul ''ša''2 igi-''it'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' zi im.[ULU.lu gub] / mul.bi d''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= mulapin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (KAV 218 II iii 4-5).

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 195, Anu II), BM 34713 (LBAT 1499, Anu 3); BM 82923 mul''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // dINNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''2-''tim'' d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "[Anunit]u // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Horowitz 2014: 140-141,Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].

Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 161-162): Rising in Month II, Setting in Month VIII.

CT 39, Nv. 10, and parallels:

Nv. 10 rev. 29': mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 for Month II (Simanu), Fincke 2025, 68 [see previously Horowitz 2014: 216, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 65-66]

Parallels: Fincke 2025 70: 11', 72: 4'.

**
** <s>(3) List (rise-set=6months): rise–Month Ayyaru, set– Month Araḫsamnu [KAV 218, C 15, 28 '''??where is C 15, 28 in Horowitz 2014???'''; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4-5, 40-41 '''??cannot find 40-41 in Horowitz 2014, 39??''']; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].</s>
* <s>BM 82923. Month Ayyaru, stars of Enlil: [</s>
** <s>a) Month Simanu, stars of Enlil, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]];</s>
** <s>b) Month Araḫsamnu, stars of Anu, see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8].</s>
* <s>The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>
** <s>a) A list of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): [mul''A-nu'']-''ni-tu''4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176].</s>
** <s>b) A list of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 2): mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219 BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120].
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month Simanu, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
|
|-
|'''<s>LBAT 1502</s>'''
* <s>[múl''A-nu-ni-t'']''u''4 is the star of Antašurra, see (Kurtik m14) [[Maš-a-ti|''maš-a-ti'']].</s>
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 3): MUL ''ša''2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' ''A-nu-ni-tu''4 "The star which stands behind the Field: Anunītu" (I i 42); parallel in MLC 1866 i 6 [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35].
* (2) Dates of heliacal rising: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 IGI.LA2 "On the 25th of Šabaṭu, Anunītu becomes visible" (I iii 11).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-''ma'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ŠU2-''bi'' "Ninmaḫ rises and Anunītu sets" (I iii 22).
* (4) Stars "in the path of the moon": mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4, after mulSIM.MAḪ, before mul lúḪUN.GA2
** "the Tails of the Swallow, Anunitu, and the Hired Man."(I iv 37), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger and Steele (2019) 30, 46, 49, 69].
Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
* (1) mul''a-nu-ni-tum'' = dištar min(= ''bēlet'' kur.kur) "Anunītum = Ištar, ruler of countries";
* (2) mul ídidigna = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Tigris River = Anunītum";
* (3) multul-''tum'' = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Worm = Anunītum", the next line probably contains a commentary: ku6.meš ''tu-la-a-tum'' ''u'' mušen.meš ''ḫu-u''8-''u''2 "Fishes–worms, and birds..." whose meaning is unclear, cf. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b];
* (4) the 12 stars of Akkad [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; see also [Weidner 1959-60, 107ff].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere" K 8538.'''
* In sector 1, the inscription on the outer circle: mul''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] [Koch 1989, 56].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §D.
** [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i'' mul ...-''ḫu''?-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3]
*** "Left [star]. New [da]mage. A star with great brilliance of Anuni[tu] (γ Peg) ... ri]ght of the Field (α Peg). 3 stars, a triangle.";
** According to [Koch 1995, 44, 57],
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 (= [''ša''2 zag AŠ-''iku'']) "The left star of the right side of the Field,"
*** muldil-bat ''ša''2 ''A-nu-ni-t''[''i'' mul ''a-ḫu''?-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ-''iku'' "the first star of Anunitu (and) the side star of the right side of the Field."
* §E. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ˹''a''˺-[''nu-ni-ti''] "star with great brilliance of Anu[nitu]" (γ Peg), see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §F. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i''], mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r''[''u''], see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].
* §J. m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §K.
** [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]
*** [mu]l ka x x x [...] x-''ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti'' 3 mul.meš maš ''šar''2 "mulKA[...],
*** fin of Anunitu (υ Psc): 3 stars, maš šar2";
** according to [Koch 1995, 45, 58]ː
*** [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? "Deer's mouth"(ε Cas), m[ul ''giš-ši'' lu.lim] "[Deer's thigh]" (γ Cas),
*** ˹mul˺''ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti'' "Fin of Anunitu".
* §L. [muldil.bat ''ša''2] ''A-''[''nu-ni-ti'']? "[Star with great brilliance of Anunitu]" (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58].
* §T. muldil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §x. muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:34.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 = ídIDIGNA ''u'' ídBURANUN "Anunitu and Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates", see [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts"'''
* DUR ''ša''2 ''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] "Ribbon of Anunitu" [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20].
|
|-
|<s>'''MLC 1866''' See (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].</s>
'''Uranologiesː'''

MLC 1866 i 6-9: MUL ''ša''2 EGIR.MEŠ mulIKU GUB-''zu'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''na-a-ru'' / [mu]l''Si''2''-nu-nu-tu''4 ''u''3 mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ina'' KUN.MEŠ-''šu''2-''nu it-gu-ru-u''2-''ma'' / ˹MUL˺.MEŠ ídIDIGNA ''u'' ídBURANUNki ''ina ṣip-ri'' mulZIB / ˹''ṣab-tu''4˺ mulSIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU2.LA2 mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''man-za-za'' mul''dil-bat''

* The star that stands behind the Field is Anunitu, the river. / The [Swa]llow and Anunitu have their tails crossing each other, / the stars of the Tigris and Euphrates, by the crest of "The Tail" they are held together. The swallow and the elongated neck of Anunitu — the station of Venus" [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ''qaran''(SI) mul''lu-lim'' mul''A-nu-ni-tum u'' MURUB4 mulKU6 ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d (UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3

"On the 15th of Du'uzu with the rise of the Sun, the Horn of the Stag, Anunitu and the middle of the Fish are in equilibrium; on the 15th of Ṭebetu in the evening with sunset the same thing takes place." [SpTU I, 95:7′-8′; ASM, 99; Steele (2017) 29f. = J. M. Steele, ''Rising Time Schemes in Babylonian Astronomy'', Springer 2017].
|
|}
[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
[[File:Anuniti CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 150855.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Anunitu (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Mirach
| HIP 5447
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.05
|-
|2
|δ Andromedae
|HIP 3092
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.28
|-
| 3
|μ Andromedae
|HIP 4436
|Constellation lines
|3.87
|-
|4
| Shimu
|HIP 3693
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.06
|-
|5
|π Andromedae
|HIP 2912
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.36
|-
| 6
|τ Piscium
|HIP 5586
| Constellation lines
|4.511
|-
|7
|ν Andromedae
|HIP 3881
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.53
|-
|8
|υ Piscium
|HIP 6193
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.748
|-
|9
|82 Psc
|HIP 5544
|Inside the Hull
|5.152
|-
|10
|32 And
|HIP 3231
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.33
|-
|11
|68 Psc
|HIP 4510
|Inside the Hull
|5.438
|-
|12
|σ Piscium
|HIP 4889
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 4552
|Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 4185
|Inside the Hull
|6.057
|-
|15
|67 Psc
|HIP 4366
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 5034
|Inside the Hull
| 6.202
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5679
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
| 18
|76 Psc
|HIP 5175
|Inside the Hull
| 6.26
|-
|19
|* 65 Psc B
|HIP 3885
| Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|20
|* 65 Psc A
|HIP 3885
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|21
|BD+26 128
|BD+26 128
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|22
|DT Psc
|HIP 5772
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|}

== Transformation of the constellation ==
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|thumb|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]Originally, "Anunītu" was a by-name of the goddess Ištar of particular importance to the Old Akkadian dynasty of the third millennium BCE. The name first appears as a name for a constellation in Astrolabe B ca. 1200 BCE (Horowitz 2014: 115) but is not in any way associated with fish. In contrast, the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian fish constellation is mul[[KU6|KU6]] = ''[[Nūnu]]'', ‘The Fish’ = [[Piscis Austrinus]], south of Aquarius and separated from this region by the Babylonian constellation of The Swallow.

Later in the first millennium, the northern parts of the constellation ''Anunītu'' were changed into the Syrian image of the goddess Derketo (from Bambyke, depicted with accompanying fish), the goddess of Ashkelon (which was a syncretism of Babylonian Ištar and Egyptian Isis, depicted with fish-tail), and the chained maiden Andromeda honoured with a rock in Jaffa (Tel Aviv). The southern parts of the region of ''Anunītu'' and the constellation mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'' were transformed into the two fish of classical Pisces. An intermediate step between the original image of "a giant swallow and a goddess" and the later (Greco-Egyptian) "two fish connected with a ribbon", there was a Mesopotamian constellation called "Swallow-Fish". This connects most commonly Anunītu as a fish and mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'', ‘The Swallow,’ as a bird (see fig. 44-46 = Kurtik’s plates, p. 738-739). The outline of the two figures held together by a V-shaped ribbon with a star called mulZIB at its tip. mulZIB means ‘The Tail' and was later translated to Al-Risha, The Cord, in Arabic. The V-shaped cord apparently reminded Ancient Mesopotamians of the courses of the middle Tigris and Euphrates, which nearly touched in the vicinity of Babylon (Beaulieu et al. 2018: 44-45).
[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg|alt=geo map|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
A related philological link between the two constellations and fish is that the Akkadian word for ‘fish,’ ''Nūnu'', forms part of both Akkadian constellation names, ''A'''nun'''ītu'' and ''Ši'''nūnū'''tu,'' making classical Pisces in Babylonian terms a super-constellation.

The lexical text Urra XXII 303: mul dNU-NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum'', makes use of a pseudo-Sumerian name for the constellation in the left Sumerian column that is meant to be understood as a loan-word from Akkadian ''Nūnu, s''o too Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29' mulNU.NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum.''

There is yet no native Sumerian name for the group of stars that are later seen as the goddess Anunitu from at least the end of the second millennium onwards. One might guess that an original Sumerian name for an asterism in this area of the sky was forgotten when it became associated with the Akkadian goddess Anunitum, perhaps even as early as the Old Akkadian period when the goddess Anunitum first became important. <gallery>
File:Ishtar Eshnunna Louvre AO12456.jpg|Ištar holding her symbol. Terracotta relief, early 2nd millennium BC. From Ešnunna (figurine AO 12456, Louvre, dating between 2004 and 1595 BCE)
File:Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ishtar. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum.jpg|Ištar as naked beauty. Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ištar (Inanna), wearing the horned headdress and a necklace. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany (CC By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin).
File:And-rock2023.png|Andromeda's Rock in front of the skyline of modern Tel Aviv. (Susanne M Hoffmann, 2023)
File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail.
File:Andromeda-pisces.jpg|Andromeda on the marble globe of the Atlas Farnese (2nd c. CE) with one of the fish of Pisces next to her. Engraving of the Farnese globe by Louis-Philippe Boitard (fl. 1733–58).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Andromeda in as-Sufi's illustrated book (10th century) depicted as Syrian Derketo with two fish as attribute
</gallery>
=== Addition (Kurtik and Horowitz) ===

==== Deity. ====
Anunitu—goddess, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, perhaps to be connected with Akkadian '''anantu'',' a poetic term for 'battle, strife,' with reference to Inanna's role as a goddess of war. She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BCE in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (gašan me3 ''na-ša''2-''ta'' gišpan ''u''3 ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of Anunitu see [Gelb 1987: 130-132]. [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].

Exactly when Anunitu acquired astral significance is unknown. The earliest text in which Anunitu is mentioned as a constellation is Astrolabe B (Horowitz 2014, 115).

==== Symbol. ====
Anunitu as a deity originally had no attributes of water. However, in the astronomical texts she is closely connected with water. In the 1st millennium BCE her symbol in the sky was considered to be a fish. In the only lexical text where we meet the name Anunitu, it corresponds to mul.nu.nu "fish" in the column of Sumerian (?!) names. For Seleucid depictions of fish in various combinations and especially of the astral pair "fish (=Anunitu) and bird (= flying fish or Swallow)" on the seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, 128-12]. [AUWE 19, 128-129, 156; Kurtik 2007, Figures 25-27, 44-46)]. See also the astrological prediction in which two fish are mentioned when describing Mercury's position in the constellation Tails, (Kurtik k27) [[KUNmeš|KUNmeš]], III 2.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Eclipse of the Moon in Anunitu: [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] KI mul''A-nu-ni-tum a-d''[''ir'' EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA ''u'' EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] "[If the Moon] is dark in the area of Anunitu: decision for the Tigris River and for Akkad" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; for a parallel see [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Kurtik 2010]; apodosis variant: ... EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA ''u'' A-ga-de3ki ''u''3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki "...: decision for the Tigris River and Akkad and decision for the sea country and Dilmun" [Verderame 2002, 54 Tablet IIa:7′].

(2) Venus and Anunitu: DIŠ ''mu''[''l t'']''ul''!-''tum gup-pu''!-''šat'' / ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / mul''dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 mul''A-nu-ni-tum'' GUB-''ma'' "If the Worm is extremely massive: / in the country there will be welfare and peace. / (This means:) Venus stands within Anunitu" [SAA 8, 357:3-5]; for parallels see [ibid. 538:3-5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Saturn stands within the Swallow or Anunitu; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

See also (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]], IV 1.

=== Historical Dictionaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a42)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950) in German
|-
| «Ануниту»; созвездие, соответствующее восточной рыбе в Рыбах (Pisces) [Gössmann 1950 27].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul dnu.nu = dA-nu-ni-ti/tu2 «Рыба = Ануниту» [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:303′]; cм. также E2.TUR3. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B: (1) Cписок (12´3): mul ša2 igi-it dEn-lil2 ina zi im.[kur.ra] <gub-zu> / mul.bi dA-nu-ni-[tum] «Звезда, которая впереди Энлиля (= mulapin «Плуг») при восходе восточного ветра [стоит], / Звезда эта Ануниту» (B iii 4–5). (2) Список (3´12): itigu4 … mulA-nu-ni-tum šu-ut dEn-[lil2] «Месяц айяру: … Ануниту (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 2). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — айяру, заход — арахсамну [KAV 218, С 15, 28; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4–5, 40–41]; см. m35MUL.MUL. BM 82923. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: [mula-nu-ni-tu]m // 45 // dINNIN be-let mat nu-kur2-tim dI2-gi3-gi3 «Ануниту // 45 // Иштар, госпожа враждебной страны, Игиги» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:6]. BM 34713. múlA-nu-ni-tu2 (дважды!): a) месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA; b) месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, см. u19UR.GI7 [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 3): [mulA-nu]-ni-tu4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 2): mulA-nu-ni-tu4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. Cм. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 3): MUL ša2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-zu A-nu-ni-tu4 «Звезда, которая позади Поля стоит: Ануниту» (I i 42); параллель в MLC 1866 (i 6) [Beaulieu et al. 2018]. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mulA-nu-ni-tu4 IGI.LA2 «25-го шабату Ануниту становится видна» (I iii 11). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-ma mulA-nu-ni-tu4 ŠU2-bi «Нинмах восходит, Ануниту заходит» (I iii 22). (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulA-nu-ni-tu4, после mulSIM.MAḪ, перед mul lúḪUN.GA2 (I iv 37), см. s20Sîn [Hunger and Steele (2019), 30, 46, 49, 69]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5]. Текст BM 77054. См. u31UZ3. «Большой список звезд». (1) mula-nu-ni-tum = dištar min(= bēlet kur.kur) «Анунитум = Иштар, владычица стран»; (2) mul ídidigna = da-nu-ni-tum «Река Тигр = Анунитум»; (3) multul-tum = da-nu-ni-tum «Червь = Анунитум», следующая строка, возможно, содержит комментарий: ku6.meš tu-la-a-tum u mušen.meš ḫu-u8-u2 «Рыбы — черви, птицы — …», смысл которого неясен, см. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b]; (4) 12 звезд Аккада [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; см. также [Weidner 1959–60, 107ff]. «Планисфера» К 8538. В секторе 1 надпись по внешнему кругу: mulA-nu-n[i-tu4] [Koch 1989, 56]. Dalbanna-текст. §D. [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3] «Левая [звезда]. Новое [пов]реждение. Звезда с большим блеском Анунит[у (γ Peg) … пр]авая Поля (α Peg). 3 звезды. Треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 44, 57], [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 = [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ša2 zag AŠ-iku] «Левая звезда правой стороны Поля», [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku = [mul a-ḫu2-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku «боковая звезда с правой стороны Поля». §E. mul dil.bat ša2 ˹a˺-[nu-ni-ti] «Звезда с большим блеском Ану[ниту]» (γ Peg), см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §F. mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i], mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r[u], см. sh02ŠAD. §J. m[ul dil.bat ša2] ˹a˺-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. §K. [mu]l ka x x x […] x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti 3 mul.meš maš šar2 «mulKA[…], плавник Ануниту (υ Psc): 3 звезды, maš šar2» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 58], [mu]l ka x x x = [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? «Рот Оленя»(ε Cas), […] = [mul giš-ši lu.lim]? «[бедро Оленя]» (γ Cas), x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti = ˹mul˺ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту». §L. [mul …] x […] = [muldil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti]? «[Звезда с большим блеском Ануниту]» (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58]. §T. muldil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti, см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §x. muldil.bat a-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. Список звезд VR 46, 1:34. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mulŠi-nu-nu-tu4 = ídidigna u ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34]. Текст Nv. 10. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA. LBAT 1502. [múlA-nu-ni-t]u4 — звезда Анташурра, см. m14maš-a-ti. «Дневники наблюдений». DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту» [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20]. MLC 1866. См. s19SIM.MAḪ. Текст W. 22281a. ina itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) qaran(SI) mulLU.LIM mulA-nu-ni-tum u MURUB4 mulKU6 šit-qu-lu ina itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ina li-la-a-ti KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го дуузу при восходе Солнца Рог Оленя, Ануниту и середина Рыбы в равновесии (=кульминируют). 15-го тебету вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое.» [SpTU I, 95:7′–8′; ASM, 99].

II. Божество.

Ануниту ― богиня, вероятно, западно-семитского происхождения, имевшая воинственный характер. Ее имя, первоначально употреблявшееся как эпитет Инанны, означает букв. «Относящаяся к схватке». Почиталась в Месопотамии как самостоятельная богиня уже в эпоху III династии Ура и далее до конца I тыс. до н.э., сохраняла признаки воинственности. Согласно Набониду, она «госпожа битвы, та, кто несет лук и колчан» (gašan me3 na-ša2-ta gišpan u3 iš-pa-ti) [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. О ранней истории Ануниту см. [Gelb 1987, 130–132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34–35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

Когда именно Ануниту приобрела астральное значение, неизвестно. Самые ранние тексты, в которых Ануниту упоминается как созвездие, это «Астролябии».

III. Символ.

Ануниту как божество первоначально не имела никаких водных признаков. Однако в астрономических текстах она тесно связана с водой. В I тыс. до н.э. ее символом на небе считалась рыба. В единственном лексическом тексте, где мы встречаем имя Ануниту, ей в соответствие в колонке шумерских(?!) названий поставлено mulnu.nu «Рыба». Изображения селевкидского времени на печатях из Урука рыбы в различных сочетаниях и в особенности астральной пары “рыба (=Ануниту) и птица (= летающая рыба или Ласточка)” см. [AUWE 19, 128–129, 156; Куртик 2007, рис. 25–27, 44–46). См. также астрологическое предсказание, в котором при описании положения Меркурия в созвездии Хвосты упомянуты две рыбы, k27KUNmeš, III 2.

IV. Отождествление.

= северо-восточная часть Рыб [Gössmann 1950 27];

= северо-восточная часть Рыб + средняя часть Андромеды [Waerden 1952–53, 219; 197, 72];

= восточная рыба в созвездии Pisces до ν Andromedae [Weidner 1957–59, 76, 78];

= восточная рыба в Pisces [BPO 2, 10; Mesop. Astrol., 207; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= восточная рыба и часть ленты Рыб [Hunger and Steele (2019), 138; ASM, 270];

= τυφχψ64 Piscium + γ Pegasi [Koch 1989, 108–111].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 KUR ša2 DUR nu-nu «Звезда с большим блеском ленты Рыб» (= η Piscium) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, 17]; звезда входила в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Возможно, здесь nu-nu «рыба» (единственное число) — символ созвездия Ануниту.

(2) DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту», см. «Дневники».

(3) Хвост Ануниту, см. MLC 1866.

(4) ˹mul˺abri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту» (= υ Piscium), см. dbn-текст.

(5) mul dil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti «Блестящая звезда Ануниту» (γ Peg), см. dbn-текст.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Затмение Луны в Ануниту; [DIŠ 30 ina] KI mulA-nu-ni-tum a-d[ir EŠ.BAR ídIdigna u EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] «[Если Луна] затмилась в пределах Ануниту: решение для реки Тигр и для Аккада» [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; параллель см. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Куртик 2010]; вариант аподосиса: …EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA u A-ga-de3ki u3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki «…: решение для реки Тигр и Аккада и решение для приморской страны и Дильмуна» [Verderame 2002, Table IIa:7′].

(2) Венера и Ануниту; DIŠ mu[l t]ul!-tum gup-pu!-šat / ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu ina KUR GAL2-ši / muldil-bat ina ŠA3 mulA-nu-ni-tum GUB-ma «Если Червь очень массивный: / в стране будет благополучие и мир. / (Это означает:) Венера стоит внутри Ануниту» [SAA 8, 357:3–5]; параллели см. [ibid. 538:3–5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Сатурн стоит внутри Ласточки или Ануниту; см. k24KU6, V 10.

См. также k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E, IV 1.
| I. Gewöhnliche Schreibung: A-nu-ni-tum (Panth. 91); Bedeutung "Himmelsbewohnerin" (asibat [samê], Hinke, A new boundary stone, 53). Sachlich ist nach K250 IV 4: ilA-nu-ni-tum = multul-tum, "Wurmstern", Weid. Hdb. S.13; Bab.VI S. 162.
Identifizierungen:

* Pisces W (Bez. Kopff ZÄF S.17).
* südwestl. Fisch + omega to xi Piscium (Kugl. SSB Erg. S. 14).
* beta, gamma, theta, iota, kappa, lambda Piscium (Weid. Hbd. S. 144; Bab. VI 153; AfOF 2 S. 129; OLZ 16 Sp. 151).
* Piscis NE (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309; 3. Erg. S. 330; KAO 4 S. 43 f; Bez. Farb. S. 127).

Ergebnis: mulAnunîtum ist die nordöstliche Fischellipse , mulSIM2.MAH die südwestliche.

mulAnunîtum ist:

# Monatsfixstern des Aiaru, Astrol. Rnch.
# unter den Anu-Sternen, 82-5-22 512 Rs 9; Astrol. B III 2 (unter den Enlil-Sternen, 3. Erg. S. 326)
# unter den Sternen Akkads, K 8067 II x; K 250 IV 5.

II Astronomische Angaben:

# Über die Stellung des A. am Fixsternhimmel, Astrol. B (K) III4; Br.M. 86378 I 42 (hinter IKU).
# Hel. Aufgang des Anunîtu: am 25. Shabâtu nach Br.M.86378 III 11; dagegen Astrol. B III 15: im Aiaru.
# Gleichzeitige Auf- und Untergänge: im Aiaru geht Anunîtum hel. auf und mulLUGAL unter, Astrol. B III 15; im SAA 8hsammu umgekehrt; ib. Z. 27: wenn mulNIN.MAH (Puppis) im Osten erscheint, geht Anunîtum im Westen unter, Br.M. 86378 III 23; Erg. S. 27 f; 3. Erg. S. 334.

III Astrologische Angaben

Im astrologischen Sprachgebrauch stellt Anunîtum den himmlischen Tigris dar, wie Sinunutu den Eufrat: VR 46 Vs 34 (vgl. auch AL.LUL!). Ein diesbezügliches Omen bietet VACh 1. Sup. I 7: Wenn Anunîtum dunkel ist, so ist das ein Omen für den Tigris und für Akkad desgl. ein Omen..; vgl. AfOF 2 S.130; 14 S. 194102; Bab. VI S. 160.

Des weiteren ist Anunîtum Deckname für folgende Planeten:

# Venus: K250 I 3; K11283+79-7-8, 352,9; Bez.Farb. S. 104, 36.
# Jupiter(?): Bez.Farb. S. 122, 156.
|}
== Transformation from Anunitu to Andromeda ==
[[File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|alt=Coin dating around 100 BCE showing Derketo with fish-tail|thumb|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail. ]]
Ištar is a Babylonian goddess of love (and war), so she has analogies in all other cultures. The ''Dea Syria'' was also a goddess of love. She was worshipped as Derketo or Goddess of Ashkelon in the area of present day Israel, and as Atargatis further north in Manbij (Bambyke) in present day Syria. The Goddess of Ashkelon is a syncretism of the Babylonian Ištar and the Egyptian Isis for the area of Ashkelon belonging occasionally to one or the other kingdom.

The ancient lore of Andromeda is said to originate from Jaffa (Joppa/ Yafo, modern day Tel Aviv) by the ancient historians (Strabo, Flavius Josephus), and the city of Ashkelon is only 40 km south along the Mediterranean coastline.

Derketo, the goddess of love from Ashkelon is depicted with fish around her or even with a fish-tail. This way, she is depicted on Greek coins. So, Derketo is half-fish.

The Babylonian name "Anunitu" is homophon with the Akkadian term "''nūnu''" for fish, so the name contains a reference to the fish-like goddess (who is known as a syncretism anyway). <gallery>
File:Farnese atlas détaillé smh-and.jpg|detail of the drawing of the Farnese Atlas (marble, 2nd century CE), showcasing Andromeda and adjacent figures
File:And+cet area.png|Andromeda and Cetus on the Farnese Globe - with highlighted lines by Susanne M Hoffmann (zodiac conference Berlin 2022).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Latin copy of the Al-Sufi manuscript (so-called Sufi Latinus text). Andromeda is depicted with two fish, a remainder of the Derketo-tradition. This specific manuscript was produced in 1428 in northern Italy (Gotha, Forschungsbibliothek, MS. Memb. II 141).
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

* [https://scilogs.spektrum.de/uhura-uraniae/andromeda-engl/ Blog entry by Susanne M Hoffmann on Andromeda's rock]

== Reference ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]
* Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:And]][[Category:Psc]]

DINGIR

2026-05-10T19:23:01Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
DINGIR (𒀭) is the ancient Sumerian term for "god"; the Akkadian equivalent is ''ilu(m)'' (𒄿𒇻𒌝).

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
= ''ilu''(''m'') "God";
the generic term for deities in Sumerian and Akkadian. The term is used a few times with reference to the Moon or the Sun within astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 194].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"The Shileiko Tablet."'''
Old Babylonian predictions on the observations of the Moon:

* DIŠ ''i-na ša-me-e i-lu-um i-na u''4-''mi bi-bu-li-im'' / ''ar-ḫi-iš la it-ba-al'' / ''a-ru-ur''2-''tum i-na ma-a-tim iš-ša-ka-an''
** "If the god(= Moon) does not disappear quickly from the sky on the day of disappearance: there will be drought in the country". [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref>, 204-205: 8-10], see also [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref> 204-205: 11-12, 15].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 179-227 passim; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 221-222].
|
|-
|'''"Reports" and "Letters."'''
See [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 320a; SAA 10, 337a].
|
|-
|'''Neo-Assyrian Texts'''
In Neo-Assyrian texts we find standard expressions concerning the opposition of the Sun and the Moon:
* UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-''ma''
** "On the 14th day (of the month) the god will be seen with the (other) god" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 294 r. 2];
* UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR ''la in''- / [''nam-mar-ma'']
** "On the 14th day the god is not seen with the (other) god" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 295:3];
* DIŠ 30 ''u'' dUTU ''šu-ta-ta-u''2 / LUGAL KUR ''uz-nu u''2-''rap-pa-aš''2 / UD-14-KAM2 ITI-''us-su'' DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-''ma''
** "If the Moon and the Sun are in opposition, the king of the country will expand his understanding: on the 14th day of each month one god will be seen with the (other) god" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 371: 1-3];
* ''ina'' UD-15-KAM2 / DINGIR KI DINGIR / ''it-ta-mar''
** "On the 15th day the god appeared with the (other) god" (report of observations made) [SAA 10, 135 r. 3-5], see also [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 157].

These reports and letters refer to the observation of the Sun and the Moon when they stand in opposition to each other during mid-lunar month, and are observed simultaneously on opposite sides of the horizon at sunrise and sunset.
|Example
|}
===Additional===
See also: DINGIR KUR-''ma'' KU NU ZAḪ3 "a god (=Mars) will rise and will not cause destruction [...]". [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 125, D ii 5 + note 7].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d09)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= ilu(m) «Бог»; не часто используемое название Луны и Солнца в астрологических текстах [G. 194].
I. Источники.

«Табличка Шилейко». Старовавилонские предсказания по наблюдениям Луны: DIŠ i-na ša-me-e i-lu-um i-na u4-mi bi-bu-li-im / ar-ḫi-iš la it-ba-al / a-ru-ur2-tum i-na ma-a-tim iš-ša-ka-an «Если Бог(=Луна) на небе в день (своего) появления не исчезает быстро: в стране будет засуха» [Horowitz 2000, 204–205: 8–10], см. также [ibid. 204–205: 11–12, 15]. EAE. См.[ABCD, 179–227 passim; NSAM 2, 221–222]. «Рапорты» и «Письма». См. [ARAK, 320a; LBAT, 333a].

В новоассирийских текстах встречаем стандартные выражения, касающиеся оппозиции Солнца и Луны: UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-ma «В 14-й день (месяца) бог увидит (другого) бога « [ARAK, 294 r. 2]; UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR la in- / [nam-mar-ma] «В 14-й день бог не увидел (другого) бога» [ARAK, 295:3]; DIŠ 30 u dUTU šu-ta-ta-u2 / LUGAL KUR uz-nu u2-rap-pa-aš2 / UD-14-KAM2 ITI-us-su DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-ma «Если Луна и Солнце находятся в оппозиции, царь страны пусть расширит свое понимание: в 14-й день каждого месяца один бог увидится с (другим) богом» [ARAK, 371: 1–3]; ina UD-15-KAM2 / DINGIR KI DINGIR / it-ta-mar «В 15-й день бог с (другим богом) появились (вместе)» (сообщение о проведенном наблюдении) [LABS, 135 r. 3–5], см. также [Koch–Westenholz 1999, 157]. В этих рапортах и письмах речь идет о наблюдении Солнца и Луны в момент, когда они находятся в оппозиции в середине лунного месяца и могут наблюдаться одновременно в противоположных сторонах горизонта.

См. также: DINGIR KUR-ma KU NU ZAḪ3 «Бог (=Марс) взойдет и не станет причиной разрушения […]» [ABCD, 125, D ii 5 + note 7].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, i05)
|
|-
|«Бог», обозначение Луны в старовавилонском предсказательном тексте, так называемой «Табличке Шилейко»; см. d09DINGIR.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

DAR.LUGAL

2026-05-10T19:20:18Z

HermannHunger: /* References */

{{distinguish|Darlugal}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
mulDAR.LUGALmušen (𒀯𒁯𒈗𒄷) is a Sumerian constellation in [[Lepus]], equalling the Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu''. The determinative mušen indicates that it is a bird whose identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is ''taḫtaṭâ ana tutu'' - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.”
[[File:Ori+umgebung planiJena2020 smh 2014.jpg|thumb|Rooster south of The True Shepherd of Anu in Old Babylonian drawing style (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2017). History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry, in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (ed.). Nuncius Hamburgensis Bd. 41, tredition Verlag, 135-157</ref> as a shepherd, mapped to the planetarium sky (photo by SMH in Planetarium Jena). ]]
The constellation is listed in MUL.APIN (typically dated around 1000 BCE). Roosters were only domesticated in the middle of the -2nd millennium. They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on, so that it is reasonable to assume that they were also kept in the Near East around this time. It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century). Domesticated roosters (actually francolins) therefore date to the same period as the astronomical dating of MUL.APIN. Compared to other Mesopotamian constellations, which can be traced back to the Sumerian culture at the beginning of the -2nd millennium, the constellation of the Rooster is likely to have been one of the more recent figures. Given all this, the Sumerian DAR.LUGAL-bird, literally, 'the royal deer'-bird, is most likely a back-formation form into Sumerian from the same foreign language(s) that yielded Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu'', and other Semitic cognates including Hebrew and Aramaic ''tarnegol''/''tarnagol''.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variant readings:'''

= mulTAR2.LUGALmušen;

= ''tarlugallu'' "Rooster";

= ''tarnugallu'' “rooster”.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

'''Var. designations:'''

* 1) the constellation,
* 2) a name of Mars (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* Late commentaries [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 289; NSAM<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tavole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref> 2, 249].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 6): muld[ar].lugalmušen [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 17; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Anu (No. 10):
** MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulDAR.LUGAL
** "The star that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA), (is) the Rooster" (I ii 5)
[MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 31], for a parallel see MLC 1866.
|[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
|-
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:27.'''
* muldar.lugal d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 kul.aba4ki dLugal-ban3-da
* "The Rooster, Enlil of Kulaba, Lugalbanda", see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:27].
|
|-
|'''Text LBAT 1502 obv.'''
* (mul)DAR.LUGAL — asterism of Antagubba, see (Kurtik d08) [[DILI|DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]].
The list of the "7 Enlils". The cock correlates with Enlil of Kulaba, see (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (A)
** mulsipa.[z]i.an.na muldar.˹lugal˺ gu
** "True Shepherd of Anu (β Ori), Rooster (μ Lep), GU" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 91],
* the initial star in this equation may have been "Handle on the Crook" (=''ziqpu'' XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree and Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; according to J. Koch, here mulsipa.zi.an.na is γ Ori, muldar.lugal is ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 54].
* (B)
** ˹gir3II.meš˺ ''u''3 ˹šu˺II.meš ''ša''2 mulmaš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-''u''2 šu ''imitti''(15) ''u a-si-du'' / ˹egir˺-''u''2 ''ša''2 mulsipa.zi.an.na ''u'' murub4 mul?dar.lugal gu
** "The feet and hands of the front Great Twin (θ Gem - hand, ν Gem - foot), the right hand and back heel of the True Shepherd of Anu (ξ Ori, κ Ori) and the middle of the Rooster (α Lep) - a string"
* [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 91]; according to Koch, gir3II.meš is η Gem, μ Gem, šuII.meš is θ Gem, μ Gem, šu ''imitti'' is ν Ori, ''a-si-du'' egir-''u''2 is λ Eri, murub4 muldar.lugal is 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 55].
|[[File:GU II.jpg|alt=star chart for GU II with Babylonian constellations|thumb|The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration by Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.]]
|-
|'''Uranology'''
'''MLC 1866.'''
* ˹MUL˺ ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šap-li'' / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' mulDAR.LUGAL
* "The constellation that stands below the True Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40].
|
|}
[[File:DARLUGAL CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 165054.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside DAR.LUGAL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Arneb
|HIP 25985
|Constellation lines
|2.57
|-
|2
|Nihal
|HIP 25606
| Constellation lines
|2.84
|-
|3
|ϵ Leporis
|HIP 23685
|Constellation lines
| 3.18
|-
|4
|μ Leporis
|HIP 24305
|Constellation lines
|3.29
|-
|5
|ζ Leporis
|HIP 27288
|Constellation lines
|3.525
|-
|6
|γ Leporis
|HIP 27072
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.6
|-
|7
|η Leporis
| HIP 28103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.72
|-
| 8
|δ Leporis
|HIP 27654
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.85
|-
|9
|λ Leporis
|HIP 24845
|Constellation lines
| 4.29
|-
|10
| κ Leporis
| HIP 24327
| Constellation lines
|4.44
|-
|11
|ι Leporis
|HIP 24244
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.45
|-
|12
| θ Leporis
|HIP 28910
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.663
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 24927
|Inside the Hull
|4.729
|-
|14
|17 Lep
|HIP 28816
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.93
|-
|15
| -
| HIP 23430
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.002
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 25045
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.06
|-
|17
|8 Lep
|HIP 25202
|Constellation lines
|5.229
|-
| 18
|ν Leporis
|HIP 24873
|Constellation lines
| 5.284
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 25045
|Constellation lines
| 5.34
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 24679
|Inside the Hull
|5.488
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 27517
|Inside the Hull
|5.49
|-
|22
|10 Lep
|HIP 25853
|Inside the Hull
|5.525
|-
|23
| -
|HR 2021
|Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 23554
|Inside the Hull
|5.582
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 25280
| Inside the Hull
|5.636
|-
| 26
| -
|HIP 26966
|Inside the Hull
|5.727
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 25397
| Inside the Hull
| 5.817
|-
| 28
|12 Lep
|HIP 26865
|Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 24786
|Inside the Hull
|5.96
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 25532
|Inside the Hull
|6.065
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 26866
|Inside the Hull
|6.144
|-
| 32
| V* AK Lep
|HR 1982
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 27308
|Inside the Hull
| 6.157
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 26821
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 24394
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 27075
|Inside the Hull
|6.341
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 24825
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 23818
| Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 25059
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}
===Mythology/ Religion ===

==== Deity. ====
In astronomical contexts mulDAR.LUGALmušen is associated only with Lugalbanda (see above), the legendary hero and ruler of Uruk, a character that appears in a number of Sumerian myths [MHM II, 75]. In the so-called "Birdcall texts," DAR.LUGALmušen is associated with d˹En˺-[me-šar2]-ra and dNusku [Lambert 1970<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.</ref>, 112-113, STT 341+:2; 114-115; KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref>, 155]. The absence of the name in the lexical texts and in the prediction texts indicates its late origin.

==== Symbol. ====
There are no known images that could be associated with the figure of the constellation Rooster.

==== Previous Identifications. ====
(1) Constellation:

= stars east of [[Orion]] to [[Procyon]] (α CMi) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396];

= [[Lepus]] (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79];

= [[Canis Minor]] (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11];

= [[Lepus]] [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 275; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245].

(2) [[:Category:Mars|Mars]]; cf. [ACh Suppl. 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396];

==== Parts of the constellation. ====
murub4 ˹mul?˺dar.lugal "Middle of the Rooster," see GU-text above.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Orion and the Rooster; late astrological commentary on EAE: AN.MI ''ina'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana tar-ṣi'' DAR.LUGAL "Eclipse (of the Moon) in the True Shepherd of Anu opposite the Rooster" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 289; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 17:9].

(2) Eclipse of the Moon and the Rooster; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA5 mulDAR.LUGAL KI 30 [...] "[If] (the Moon carries) a [crown] (and) scepter, (and) (its) eclipse is red, (it means): The rooster [...] with the moon" [ACh Suppl<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Šamaš; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>. 6:3; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tavole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 87, Text IIIg ii 4′]. Perhaps the identity is implied here: mulDAR.LUGAL = d''Ṣalbatānu'' "Rooster = Mars" because Mars is mentioned in the previous line.
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d04)!!Gössmann (1950, 396)
|-
|вар. чтения: = mulTAR2.LUGALmušen; = tarlugallu «Петух»; 1) созвездие в Малом Псе (Canis Minor) (?), 2) название Марса (?) [G. 396].
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. Поздний комментарий [Rochberg-Halton 1988 289; Verderame 2002, 249]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 6): muld[ar].lugalmušen [CT 33, 9 r. 17; HBA, 104; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Ану (№ 10): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL «Звезда, что стоит позади него (т.е. позади mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA), Петух» (I ii 5) [MA, 31], параллель см. MLC 1866. Cписок звезд V R 46, 1:27. muldar.lugal dEn-lil2 ša2 kul.aba4ki dLugal-ban3-da «Петух, Энлиль из Кулабы, Лугальбанда», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162–3:27]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. (mul)DAR.LUGAL — звезда Антагубба, см. d08 DILI ša2 KUN-šu2. Список «7 Энлилей». Петух соотносится с Энлилем из Кулабы, см. e10dEn-lil2. GU-текст. (A) mulsipa.[z]i.an.na muldar.˹lugal˺ gu «Праведный Пастух Ану (β Ori), Петух (μ Lep), веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91], начальной звездой в этом уравнивании, возможно, была «Рука на Посохе» (=ziqpu XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree-Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; согласно Й.Коху, здесь mulsipa.zi.an.na ― γ Ori, muldar.lugal ― ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992, 54]. (B) ˹gir3II.meš˺ u3 ˹šu˺II.meš ša2 mulmaš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-u2 šu imittu(15) u a-si-du / ˹egir˺-u2 ša2 mulsipa.zi.an.na u murub4 mul?dar.lugal gu «Передние ноги и руки Великих Близнецов (θ Gem — рука, ν Gem — нога), правая рука и задняя пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану (ξ Ori, κ Ori) и середина Петуха (α Lep) ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91]; согласно Коху, gir3II.meš ― η Gem, μ Gem, šuII.meš ― θ Gem, μ Gem, šu imittu(15) ― n Ori, a-si-du egir-u2 ― λ Eri, murub4 muldar.lugal ― 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992, 55]. MLC 1866. ˹MUL˺ ša2 ina šap-li / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL «Созвездие, которое стоит ниже Праведного Пастуха Ану, Петух» (col. ii 16–17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40].

II. Божество.

В астрономическом контексте mulDAR.LUGALmušen связан только с Лугальбандой (см. выше), легендарным героем и правителем Урука, персонажем ряда шумерских мифов [MHM II, 75]. В так называемых «The birdcall texts» DAR.LUGALmušen связан с d˹En˺-[me-šar2]-ra и dNusku [Lambert 1970, 112–113, STT 341+:2; 114–115, KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973, 155]. Отсутствие названия в лексических текстах и в текстах предсказаний свидетельствует о его позднем происхождении.

III. Символ.

Неизвестны изображения, которые можно было бы связать с фигурой созвездия Петух.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Созвездие:

= звезды к востоку от Ориона до Проциона (α CMi) [Gössmann 1950, 396];

= Lepus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

= Canis Minor (?) [BPO 2, 11];

= Lepus [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 275; Horowitz 2014, 245].

(2) Марс; см. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann 1950, 396];

V. Части созвездия.

murub4 ˹mul?˺dar.lugal «Середина Петуха», см. выше GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Орион и Петух; поздний астрологический комментарий к ЕАЕ: AN.MI ina SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ana tar-ṣi DAR.LUGAL «Затмение (Луны) в Праведном Пастухе Ану напротив Петуха» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 289; TU, 17:9].

(2) Затмение Луны и Петух; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA5 mulDAR.LUGAL KI 30 […] «[Eсли] (Луна несет) [коро]ну (и) скипетр, (и) при (своем) затмении красная, (это означает): Петух [достиг?…] области Луны» [ACh Suppl. 6:3; Verderame 2002, 87, Text IIIg ii 3′]. Возможно, здесь подразумевается тождество: mulDAR.LUGAL = dṢalbatānu «Петух = Марс», поскольку Марс упоминается в предыдущей строке.
|mulTAR2 · LUGAL mušen (106)
Das Hahnengestirn, akk.wohl tarlugallu; 82--5-22, 512, 17 (Hommel, A A 469 zu berichtigen); Bez. Farb. S. 136k. Nach Br.Mm. 86378 II 5 steht dieses Gestirn hinter dem Orion; ebeso 2. Sup. LXVII 13. "Es kommen also die Sterne östlich von Orion bis Prokyon in Betracht" (3. Erg. S. 324; vgl. Bez. Farb. S. 132, 20).

Identifizierungen:

* = Rigel (Bez. ZÄF S. 10. 48).
* = Prokyon (Kugl. Erg. S. 155 f. 218). mulTAR2 · LUGAL ist

# Unter den Ea-Gestirnen , 82-5-22, 512, Rs. 17.
# Unter den 7 Enlillen: VR 46 Vs. 27 (Enlil von Kullab); VAT 9418 III 8.
# Deckname für Mars (??); VACh Sup. VI 3 f. Bez. Farb.S. 110, 79; 123, 194.
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

BIR

2026-05-10T19:11:13Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[2] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mulBIR (𒀯𒄵), mul''Kalītu(m)'' (𒀯𒅗𒇷𒌅)'','' 'The Kidney,' is the name of an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Puppis]]. A kidney-shaped asterism also occurs in the constellation [[LU.LIM]] = ''lulīmu'', 'The Stag.' Numerous Ancient Mesopotamian clay models of kidneys of sacrifical animals used for divination by diviner-priests (''bārû'') find their place in cuneiform collections around the world.<ref>British Museum: The Liver Tablet (BM 92668) https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1889-0426-238</ref> These provide what must be a view of how the ‘Kidney’-constellation appeared to Ancient Mesopotamain astronomers. Further insight into the shape of the constellation can be gleaned from the identification of the Moon’s phase from the 6th to the 10th of the lunar month as a kidney (''kalītu'').
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Sign-lists demonstrate the reading 'ellag' for BIR (CAD K 74).

* mulellag2 = mulBIR (ELLAG2), "Kidney" in lexical texts and Astrolabes; constellation or star within Poop-Deck ([[Puppis]])
* mulellagx;
* = (mul)''kalītu'' "Kidney" (CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 74-75, [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux?q=kidney ePSD ellag]);

The term is also equated with MUL.MUL in lexical texts, see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], although MUL.MUL is the standard Sumerian name for the Pleiades. Apparently, some ancient Mesopotamian star-gazers saw a similar cluster in ''lulimmu'', ('The Stag'). A related omen is to be found [[MUL.MUL#Astrology.|sub MUL.MUL (3)]].
* 1) a constellation or star within Puppis (stern, poop deck),
* 2) a star in the constellation LU.LIM "Stag" (Cassiopeia /Andromeda) [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann 1950,<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 56].

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Urra XXII: mulbir = ''ka-li-tu'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:269′]; for parallels see [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 54:11′; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18 (early Neo-Assyrian parallel to Urra from Assur).
|
|-
| '''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 245
Star Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 104, 106, Ea 7) mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-''it'' mulšudun gub-''zu'' mulbir d''E''2-''a'' "The red star, which at the rising of the south wind, stands before the Yoke (is) The Kidney, Ea" (KAV 218 II i 17-18, restored from HS 1897, BM 55502).

Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 192, Ea VI); BM 82923: 16: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-''nu, "''The [Kidney], "[Kidney] // 180 // Anu, Enlil, Ea, all three(?)" [Horowitz 2014: 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977<ref name=":15" />, 28, 30:16].

Rising and Setting Stars: Horowitz 2014: 161-162 (Rising Month VI, Setting Month XII): Ea: mulBIR/l''Kalītu,'' Anu: mulUGAmušen, Enlil: mulŠU.PA/ mulŠUDUN.
** <s>(2) List (3´12)</s>: iti<s>kin mul''ka-li-tum šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "Month Ululu: The Kidney (in the path of) Ea … " (C i 6); for a parallel see [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27].</s>
** <s>(3) List (rising-setting=6months):</s>
*** <s>a) [itiki]n mul''ka-li-tum'' muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ "[Month Ulul]u: Kidney, Raven, Šupa rise" (C 23),</s>
*** <s>b) mul''ka-li-tum'' mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 "(Month Addaru): Kidney, Raven, Šupa set." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Month Ululu, stars of Ea: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-''nu''</s>
** <s>"[Kidney] // 180 // Anu, Enlil, Ea, all three(?)". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref name=":15">''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:16].</s>
* <s>BM 34713.</s>
** <s>[it]ikin // 3,[...] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // [...múlmar].gid2.da</s>
** <s>"Month Ululu: // 180? [...] Kidney // 100 Great Twins // [...Wa]gon." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:6].</s>
| no. (1)
|-
|"<s>'''Catalog of 30 stars.'''"</s>
* <s>Ea 7:</s>
** <s>MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ - error) ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.ULU3 ''.''LU ''a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it'' mul''ni-ri''(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-''zu'' MUL ''šu-u''2 mul[lBIR d''E''2-''a'']</s>
** <s>"The red star which stands where the south wind rises, before the Yoke, this star is ['The Kidney', Ea"] (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, 177].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27-27a, 31-31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. </ref>, 246:51a; SpTU III<ref name=":6">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101: 15, 33].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* MUL SA5 ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' BIR mul''lu-lim'' GUB-''zu'' mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E
* "The bright red star which stands in the kidney of the Stag: The Deleter" (I i 34-35) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 28].
|no. (2)
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8<ref name=":8">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 325 r. 3, 5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: mulbir = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Kidney = Mars"; parallel [Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 337:21; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 60];
* (2) 12 stars of Amurru: mulbir;
* (3) description of the phases of the moon:
** 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 ... ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-''mi ka-li-tu''2 d''e''2-''a'' "The Moon at its appearance ... from the 6th day to the 10th day, 5 days, (is like) the Kidney, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283-4].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427: ''ina'' itikin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 múlbir ki.min(= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month Ululu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Kidney emits ''mišḫu'' and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":11">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:13],
* parallel in BM 34713: ''ina'' kin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28.kam múlbir ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":11" /> 245:15]. see now [Steele 2017, 50 rev. i 15].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The mythological basis for the name “Kidney” is unclear. On the probable connection of the constellation with the god Ea, see [Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Ritual against an epidemic: mulBIR [CAD<ref name=":0" /> K, 76b; OECT<ref>''Oxford Edition of Cuneiform Texts''.</ref> 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 158, note 16; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 163, 34:14].
* (2) The spell E2.NU.RU against mistakes before committing to temple services: MUL.MUL ''ina'' ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ''ina'' GUB3.MU ''i-zi-za'' "O Star Cluster (=Pleiades), stand to my right, O Kidney, stand to my left" [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12">''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 1970. Vol. 39, Fasc. 1. P. 111-151.</ref>, 124:14; Ebeling 1955<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.</ref>, 184; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 16].
* (3) Ritual against evil, foreshadowed by "urban cults and sanctuaries": GI.DU8 ''ana'' IGI mulBIR DU "You erect a reed altar before (the constellation) Kidney", LUGAL ŠU-''su ana'' IGI mulBIR "The king (raises) his hand before (the constellation) Kidney " [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12" />, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].
* (4) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mulBIR d''E''2-''a uz-na p'']''al-ka-a'' <''ina''>! ''nap-ḫar ru-be''2-''e lu-ša''2-''ter''-[''k'']''a'' [...] "[may the 'Kidney', Ea,] provide you with surpassing wide understanding among the rulers [...]." [Watanabe 1991<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13. P. 347-387.</ref>, 362; 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

==== Symbol. ====
The identification of the Kidney with the convex moon, which did not reach the full moon, suggests that the figure of the constellation resembled the moon in the corresponding phase.

==== Previous Identification. ====
(1) Star in the Stag constellation: BIR mulLU.LIM "Kidney of the Stag" (MUL.APIN I i 34), see also (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA<ref name=":7" />, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 207];

= not defined [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

(2) Constellation:

= Vela [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36-37, Anm. 164]; for a discussion on the difficult problem of the relation between mulELLAG2, mulNUNki and mulŠUDUN see [Koch 1989<ref name=":13">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 36-37, Anm.]; see [ibid.<ref name=":13" />]; see also (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]];

= part of the constellation Korma [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245]. '''''<big>??cannot find this constellation???</big>'''''

(3) Moon between the 6th and 10th day of the month, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellanea.”

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; see "The Great Star List and Miscellanea" above.

(2) = Mercuryː mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r. 5], see also (8)-(12).

(3) = Mercury in Aquariusː see (8)-(11) below.

(4) = the asterism of Eriduː mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27a].

(5) = Yokeː MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.ULU3.LU DU-''zu'' mulBIR d''Ni-ru'' d''E''2-''a'' [...] "The star which stands at the rising of the south wind, (is) The Kidney, the Yoke of Ea". [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6].

(6) = Goat-Fishː see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

(7) = Star Clusterː MUL.MUL = ''ka-li-tum'' [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 7-9].

===== Predictions: =====
(8) Visibility of the Kidney (=Mercury)ː DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-''ma''>> ''a-dir'' d''E''2-''a'' / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' GI6 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''u''2-''tan-na-at-ma'' "If the Kidney, its stars are dark, Ea [...] / If the Kidney is very greenish-yellow, / If the Kidney is very dark, (it means): Mercury is dim in the Giant." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 21:31-34].

(9) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn)ː mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "The Kidney comes close to a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means:) Mercury in the Giant, is coming close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(10) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn)ː DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney comes close to a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means): Mercury in the Giant comes close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(11) Kidney (= Mercury) and Raven (= Saturn)ː ''šumma'' mulELLAG2 ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-z''[''iz''...] "If the Kidney stands(?) ... towards the Raven." [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:33]; DIŠ ul''ellag''(BIR) ''ana'' ulug5.ga ''i-mid'' še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI [...] "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good, eclipse [...]" [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' dGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good. (This means): Mercury in the Giant comes close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:39-40].

(12) Planet and Kidney (=Mercury?): DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-''šu'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 "If a planet - the Kidney comes close to it: sesame will prosper" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:51a].

(13) Heliacal rising in the month Ululuː DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN mulBIR (in [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 395] erroneously mulTAḪ) IGI-''ir'' GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 "If in the month Ululu the Kidney becomes visible: the plough of the country will prosper." [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r.3-4]; for parallels see [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Heliacal risings earlier and later than the set timeː BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' KUR SI.SA2] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' NU SI.SA2] "If this star rises early: [the irrigated cultivated] land [of the country will prosper]; if this star rises late: [the irrigated cultivated] land [of the country will not prosper]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, X 17].

(15) The Moon and the Kidneyː [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulBIR ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If in month Nisan the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Kidney (= Mercury or Mars) stands in it..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" /> 2, 16:33; CAD<ref name=":0" /> K 76]; see also (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].

(16) Pleiades and the Kidneyː DIŠ MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ''ikšud''(KUR-''ud'') ''ina šatti''(MU) ''šiāti''(BI) ''um-mu'' [...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the Kidney: in this year will be heat [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:15], for a parallel see [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] "If the Kidney comes close to the Star Cluster: Adad [will devastate]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:38].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, k14)
!
|-
|1) = mulBIR (ELLAG2) «Почка» в лексических текстах и «Астролябиях»; созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), см. b11BIR; 2) = MUL.MUL в лексических текстах, см. m35MUL.MUL.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, b11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulELLAG2, mulELLAGx; = (mul)kalītu «Почка»; 1) созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), 2) звезда в созвездии LU.LIM «Олень» (β Andromedae) [BPO 2, 11; Gössmann 1950, 56].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Urra XXII: mulbir = ka-li-tu [MSL XI, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:269′]; параллели см. [SpTU I, 54:11′; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа, 180 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): табличка повреждена (B i 17–18); вероятный текст: mul sa5 ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-it mulšudun gub-zu mulbir dE2-a «Красная звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра перед Ярмом стоит, Почка, Эа», см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 7, B], а также [BPO 2, III 31, IX 6]. (2) Cписок (3´12): itikin mulka-li-tum šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц улулу: Почка (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 6); параллель см. [BPO 2, III 27]. (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiki]n mulka-li-tum muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ «[Улул]у: Почка, Ворон, Шупа восходят» (С 23), b) mulka-li-tum mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 «(Аддару): Почка, Ворон, Шупа заходят» [KAV 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]. BM 82923. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-nu «[Почка] // 180 // Ану, Энлиль, Эа, все трое(?)» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:16]. BM 34713. [it]ikin // 3,[…] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // […múlmar].gid2.da «Улулу: // 180? Почка // 100 Большие Близнецы // […Ко]лесница» [LBAT, 1499:6]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 7. MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ — oшибка) ša i-na ZI IM.ULU3lu a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it mulni-ri(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-zu MUL šu-u2 mu[lBIR dE2-a] «Красная звезда, которая там, где восходит южный ветер, перед Ярмом стоит, эта звезда ‘Почка’, Эа» (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 27–27a, 31–31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957, 246:51a; SpTU III, 101: 15, 33]. MUL.APIN. MUL SA5 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ina BIR mullu-lim GUB-zu mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E «Красная звезда с большим блеском, которая стоит в почке Оленя: Вредитель» (I i 34–35) [MA 28]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 325 r. 3, 5]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulbir = dmin (=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Почка = Марс»; параллель [Civil 1974, 337:21; Reiner 1995, 60]; (2) 12 звезд Амурру: mulbir; (3) описание фаз Луны: 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 … ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a «Луна при своем появлении … от 6-го дня до 10-го дня, 5 дней, Почка, Эа» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283–4]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itikin ina še-rim ud 28 múlbir ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце улулу утром 28-го дня Почка испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:13], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina kin ina še-rim ud 28.kam bir meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 245:15].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа названия «Почка» неясна. О вероятной связи созвездия с богом Эа см. [Reiner 1995, 88]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал против эпидемии: mulBIR [CAD K, 76b; OECT 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993, 158, note 16; TuL, 163, 34:14]. (2) Заклинание E2.NU.RU против ошибок при совершении храмовых служб: MUL.MUL ina ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ina GUB3.MU i-zi-za «Звезды (=Плеяды) стоят справа от меня, Почка стоит слева от меня» [Caplice 1970, 124:14; Ebeling 1955, 184; Reiner 1995, 16]. (3) Ритуал против зла, предвещаемого «городским культом и святилищем»: GI.DU8 ana IGI mulBIR DU «Ты воздвигаешь тростниковый алтарь перед (созвездием) Почка», LUGAL ŠU-su ana IGI mulBIR «Царь руку свою перед (созвездием) Почка (воздевает)» [Caplice 1970, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995, 88]. (4) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulBIR dE2-a uz-na p]al-ka-a <ina>! nap-ḫar ru-be2-e lu-ša2-ter-[k]a […] «[‘Почка’, Эа, да превзойдет разум об]ширный (твой) всех правителей […]» [Watanabe 1991, 362; 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

III. Символ.

Отождествление Почки с выпуклой Луной, не достигшей полнолуния, позволяет предположить, что фигура созвездия напоминала Луну в соответствующей фазе.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Звезда в созвездии Олень: BIR mulLU.LIM «Почка Оленя» (MUL.APIN I i 34), см. также L09LU.LIM.

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol., 207];

= не определено [ASM, 273].

(2) Созвездие:

= Vela [Gössmann 1950, 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36–37, Anm. 164]; обсуждение сложной проблемы о соотношении mulELLAG2, mulNUNki и mulŠUDUN см. [ibid.], см. также n50NUNki;

= часть созвездия Корма [Horowitz 2014, 245].

(3) Луна в промежутке от 6-го до 10-го дня месяца, см. «Большой список звезд».

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. выше «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Меркурий; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [SAA 8, 325 r. 5], см. также (8)–(12).

(3) = Меркурий в Водолее; см. ниже (8)–(11).

(4) = звезда Эриду; mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2, III 27a].

(5) = Ярмо; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM.Ux.LU DU-zu mulBIR dNi-ru dE2-a […] «Звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра стоит, Почка, Ярмо Эа» [BPO 2, IX 6].

(6) = Коза-Рыба; см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

(7) = Звезды; MUL.MUL = ka-li-tum [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 7–9].

Предсказания:

(8) Видимость Почки (=Меркурий); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-ma>> a-dir dE2-a / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš GI6 / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA u2-tan-na-at-ma «Если Почка, звезда эта стала темной, Эа […] / Если Почка очень зеленовато-желтая, / Если Почка очень темная, (это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, тусклый» [ACh Ištar, 21:31–34].

(9) Почка(=Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(10) Почка (= Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий в Великане к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(11) Почка (= Меркурий) и Ворон (= Сатурн); šumma mulELLAG2 ana mulUGAmušen i-z[iz…] «Если Почка у Ворона стоит(?)…» [SpTU III, 101:33]; DIŠ ulellagx(BIR) ana ulug5.ga i-mid še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI […] «Если Почка останавливается близко от Ворона: сезам будет хорошим, затмение […]» [Borger 1973, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ina dGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка стоит вблизи Ворона: сезам будет хорошим. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане к Сатурну подходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:39–40].

(12) Планета и Почка(=Меркурий?); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-šu ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 «Если планета приближается к Почке: сезам будет нормальным» [Largement 1957, 246:51a].

(13) Гелиакический восход в месяце улулу; DIŠ ina itiKIN mulBIR (в [Gössmann 1950, 395] ошибочно mulTAḪ) IGI-ir GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 «Если в месяце улулу Почка становится видна: плуг страны будет благоденствовать» [SAA 8, 325 r.3–4]; параллели см. [BPO 2, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже установленного времени; BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš KUR SI.SA2] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš NU SI.SA2] «Если эта звезда восходит рано: [обработанная] земля [страны будет процветать]; если эта звезда восходит поздно: [обработанная] земля [страны не будет процветать]» [BPO 2, IX 6], см. также [ibid,. X 17].

(15) Луна и Почка; [DIŠ] 30 ina itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulBIR ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если в месяце нисану Луна окружена гало и Почка (= Меркурий или Марс) в нем стоит…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 16:33; CAD K 76]; cм. также m35MUL.MUL.

(16) Плеяды и Почка; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ikšud(KUR)ud ina šatti(MU) šiāti(BI) um-mu […] «Если Звезды достигают Почки: в этом году будет зной […]» [SpTU III, 101:15], параллель см. [Borger 1973, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] «Если Почка к Звездам приближается: Адад [пожрет]» [ACh Ištar, 21:38].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

Asidu

2026-05-10T18:52:22Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Asīdu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Heel of UKADUA.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Heel of the "Demon with the Gaping Mouth" in Mesopotamian astral science, typically identified with lambda Andromedae (in the first millennium). Depiction in Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
The body part ''asīdu'' (𒀀𒋛𒁺) is the heel of human figures and parallel part in composites. For the ''asīdu'' as part of any constellation see those entries.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul''Asīdu'' "Heel" is used as designation for a body part of constellations [Gössmann 1950, 38; AHw 73-74; CAD A/2, 330], including:

# Heel of mul[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]] (The Demon with the Gaping Mouth): '''λ And'''
# Heel of Enmešarra, see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]], V 2 ('''ζ Per'''?, ι Aur would also be possible - within Mesopotamian uranography, there is no argument against it, except for the proposed identification of The Old Man with Greek Perseus).
# Heel of the Old Man, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]], III 4 ('''ζ Per'''?).
# The Rear Heel of the True Shepherd of Anu, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]], V 1 (GU-text: '''η Lep''')<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>.

The "heel of UD.KA.DU8.A" is a ''ziqpu''-star (= ''ziqpu'' XI, in the constellation of Andromeda) and has, thus, a metrical significance.
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 70%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / IGI''-it'' GABA''-ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ḫa''
** "On the 10th of Simanu the Heel of the Panther stands in the middle of the sky / opposite your chest, and the True Shepherd of Anu rises" (I iv 19-20) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 63].
|
* .
** λ And
** λ And
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** [3 ⅓] MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN (= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' [KI. MIN] (= ''ina šamê'') / TA mul''kin-ṣi'' EN mul''a-si''-[''di'']
*** "[3⅓] mina weight, ⅔ ''bēru'' on the ground, 36000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Knee to the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth)",
** b)
*** [1⅔ M]A.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''i''[''na'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') / TA mul''a-si-di'' EN 4 ''ša''2 mulLU.[LIM]
*** "[1⅔ mi]na weight, 10° on the ground, 18000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Heel to the 4 (stars) of the Sta[g]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:23-26; TU, 21:23-26; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229]; for a parallel see [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:14-15].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''a-si-''[''du'']
** "⅔ ''bēru'' to the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth)" [Schaumberger 1952, 224-225:6].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** múl''a-si-du'' // 1 // 8 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Heel // 1 (star) // 8200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952, 226-227:3].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA d''ki-in-ṣi-šu'' EN ''a-si-di-šu''2 ˹⅔˺ [DANNA] "From its Knee to its Heel ⅔ [''bēru''],"
** b) TA d''a-si-di-šu'' EN SI ''ša'' mulLU.[LIM ...] "From its Heel to the Horns of the Sta[g]..." [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:5-7].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mul''a-si-du''
** "⅔ ''bēru'' (200) to the Heel" [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:11].
|
* (1)
** (a) λ And
** (b) λ And
* (2) λ And
* (3) λ And
* (4)
** (a) λ And
** (b) λ And
* (5)
** λ And
** λ And
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+:
** EN ''a-si-du'', see (Kurtik m15) [[MAŠ.MAŠ]];
** TA ''a-si-du'', see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
|
* λ And
* λ And
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.”'''
* múl''a-si-du ziq-pi sin'' AN.KU10 "(When) the Heel culminated, an eclipse of the Moon (took place)." [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III, no.-90 obv. 6]. For a Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ''ziqpu''-stars, see [Schaumberger 1955, 247-251].
|λ And
|}
See also:

* TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''2 EN ''a-si-di-šu''2
** "From its (the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) knee to its heel" [TCL 6, 18 r. 15];
* ''a-na a-si-du'' [LBAT, 1501:10];
* EN ''a-si-di'' [mul]''En-me-šar''2-''ra''
** "to the heel of Enmešarra" [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15];
* múl''a''-[''si-du''] [Sachs 1952, 75, U. 197:9′].

===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
Ziqpu XI:

= α Andromedae [Gössmann 1950, 38];

= múl''a-si-du'' includes 1 star, according to VAT 16436:3; = σ Andromedae(?) [Schaumberger 1952, 227-227, 229];

= α Cassiopeiae [Hunger and Steele 2019,143];

= λ Andromedae [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 86, 275].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a47)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Пятка (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)»; 1) = ziqpu XI, звезда в созвездии Андромеды (Andromeda), 2) элемент фигуры ряда созвездий [Gössmann 1950, 38; AHw 73–74; CAD A/2, 330].||Example
|-
|MUL.APIN. В списке кульминаций и одновременных гелиакических восходов: ina itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM a-si-du ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mul<nowiki>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-ḫa «10-го симану Пятка Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 63]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [3 ⅓] MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN (= ina qaqqari) | 36 IGI DANNA ina [KI.MIN] (= ina šamê) / TA </nowiki>mulkin-ṣi EN mula-si-[di] «[3⅓] мины веса, 200<nowiki> на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Колена до Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)», b) [1⅔ M]A.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA i[na KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) / TA </nowiki>mula-si-di EN IV ša2 mulLU.[LIM] «[1⅔ ми]ны веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Пятки до 4 звезд Оле[ня]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:23–26; TU, 21:23–26; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:14–15]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA a-na mula-si-[du] «200 до Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:6]. (3) VAT 16436: múla-si-du // 1 // 8 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Пятка // 1 (звезда) // 8200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:3]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA dki-in-ṣi-šu EN a-si-di-šu2 ˹⅔˺ [DANNA] «От его Колена до его Пятки ⅔ [мили]», b) TA da-si-di-šu EN SI ša mulLU.[LIM …] «От его Пятки до Рога Оле[ня]…» [Horowitz 1994а, 91–92:5–7]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ⅔ DANNA ana mula-si-du «⅔ мили (200) до (его) Пятки» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:11]. Анафора. BM 36609+: EN a-si-du, см. m15MAŠ.MAŠ; TA a-si-du, см. a21ALLA. «Дневники наблюдений». múla-si-du ziq-pi sin AN.KU10 «(Когда) Пятка кульминировала, затмение Луны (имело место)» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III, No.-90 obv. 6]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251].
Cм. также: TA kin-ṣi-šu2 EN a-si-di-šu2 «От его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) колена до его пятки» [TCL 6, 18 r. 15]; a-na a-si-du [LBAT, 1501:10]; EN a-si-di [mul]En-me-šar2-ra «до пятки Энмешарры» [AСh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15]; múla-[si-du] [Sachs 1952, 75, U. 197:9′].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XI:

= α Andromedae [Gössmann 1950, 38];

= múla-si-du включало 1 звезду, согласно VAT 16436:3; = σ Andromedae(?) [Schaumberger 1952, 227–227, 229];

= α Cassiopeiae [Hunger and Steele 2019, 143];

= λ Andromedae [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86, 275].

Как элемент фигуры созвездия:

(1) Пятка Энмешарры, см. e11EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, V 2.

(2) Задняя пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, V 1.

(3) Пятка Старика, см. sh16ŠU.GI, e11EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, III 4.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

APIN

2026-05-10T16:48:09Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAPIN}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]
[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]
mulAPIN (𒀯𒀳; or mul gišAPIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]]. 'The Plough' is traditionally identified with the Sumerian-Akkadian King of the Gods, Enlil. A variation of this idea is found in VR 46 1 and duplicate where the asterism is identified with Assur, the Assyrian King of the Gods. <nowiki>[[Is the 2023 article before or after our article on MUL.APIN??]]</nowiki>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Hoffmann Krebernik2023 Fig1 plough.jpeg|thumb|Cassiopeia (map from Stellarium software: right) and a drawing of a seeder plough as depicted on the kudurru Sb 22 (Louvre; detail: left). Fig.1 in Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023).<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023): What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> ]]
'''Var.:'''

*mulAPIN
*mul gišAPIN (The double determinative MUL.GIŠ indicates that the asterism is an astral manifestation of the wooden instrument the plough.)
*= ''epinnu'' "Plough"
The Mesopotamian constellation has a sub-constellation/ asterism gišNÍNDA ''šá'' mulAPIN “seed funnel of the plough” which might refer to a single star or a group of three.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].
*'''(2)''' Series Urra XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group)'''
*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''i''[''t''] / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' MUL /BI/ d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 II iii 103).
*
*<s>Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [mulapin // 50 // d''En-lil''2, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).</s>
*
*<s>Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 106-161 (Rising in Month I, Nisanu, Month VII, Adaru: mulapin ''kal šat-te iz-za-a''[''z''], 'The Plough stand[s] all year (circumpolar).</s>
*
*
**<s>Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].</s>
*<s>Astrolabe B.</s>
** <s>'''(1)''' List (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''i''[''t''] / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' MUL /BI/ d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plow' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country"Enlil 1].</s>
**<s>'''(2)''' List (3´12): itibara2 ...mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The month Nisanu ...the Plough (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 1).</s>
**<s>'''(3)''' List (rising-setting=6months): rising—Nisanu, no setting in Tešritu, the Plough is circumpolarǃ [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014, 40-41], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].</s>
* <s>BM 82923:3. The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].</s>
*<s>BM 34713.</s>
**<s>The month Ayyaru, the stars of Enlil: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].</s>
**<s>A list of 12 asterisms of Enlil (no. 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The plough, Enlil, who goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).
*'''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN "The Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).
|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*'''(1)''' List of names of Mars: mulapin = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Plough = Mars";
* '''(2)''' 12 stars of Akkad: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:1.'''
*mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) "Plough = Aššur", (Horowitz 2014, 145-146).
*mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 "Plough = Anšar (lit. Heaven in all its entirety)", [Wee 2016, 162-3:1]
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere."'''
In sector 1 of the inscription:

*mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> [''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2]
*"Plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of [Enlil]." [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology'''.
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars, see (Kurtik a20) [[ALLA]].

See also (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|gišGAN2.UR3]].
|
|}
[[File:APIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 170005.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside APIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Schedar]]
|HIP 3179
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.23
|-
| 2
|[[Caph]]
|HIP 746
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.27
|-
|3
|γ Cassiopeiae ([[Tiansi]])
|HIP 4427
|Constellation lines
|2.39
|-
|4
|[[Ruchbah]]
|HIP 6686
|Constellation lines
| 2.68
|-
|5
|[[Segin]]
|HIP 8886
|Constellation lines
|3.37
|-
|6
|[[Achird]]
|HIP 3821
|Inside the Hull
|3.44
|-
| 7
|κ Cassiopeiae ([[Cexing]])
|HIP 2599
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.16
|-
|8
|θ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 5542
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.33
|-
|9
|* iot Cas A
|HIP 11569
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|10
|[[Castula]]
|HIP 4422
|Inside the Hull
|4.622
|-
|11
|χ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 7294
|Inside the Hull
|4.681
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 4151
|Constellation lines
|4.8
|-
| 13
|υ 1 Cassiopeiae
|HIP 4292
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|14
|ϕ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 6242
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 9312
| Inside the Hull
|5.278
|-
|16
| -
| HIP 3951
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.362
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5566
|Inside the Hull
|5.548
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 4440
|Inside the Hull
|5.566
|-
|19
|53 Cas
|HIP 9573
|Inside the Hull
|5.614
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 8362
|Inside the Hull
|5.63
|-
| 21
|44 Cas
|HIP 8046
|Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 5361
|Inside the Hull
|5.767
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 2876
|Inside the Hull
|5.792
|-
| 24
| -
|HIP 5021
|Inside the Hull
| 5.833
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 2377
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|26
|52 Cas
|HIP 9564
|Inside the Hull
|5.986
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 4962
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|28
|55 Cas
|HIP 10438
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 3334
|Inside the Hull
|6.171
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 3988
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 4383
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
| 32
| 35 Cas
|HIP 6312
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 8020
|Inside the Hull
|6.323
|-
|34
| -
| HIP 6486
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|35
|NGC 457
|NGC 457
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 5240
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 3649
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 4475
|Inside the Hull
|6.437
|-
|39
|NGC 129
| NGC 129
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|40
|NGC 654
|NGC 654
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

====Deity. ====
 The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On seals of the 3rd millennium BCE it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30 with Ninurta (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
 (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', II.

 (2) The prayer of the flour-miller over the millstone: mulAPIN ''ina ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' "O Plough-Star, they have harnessed (oxen) to the seeder-plough in the field" (beginning of the prayer) [CAD E, 236-237; RAcc. 63:44].

====Symbol.====
Plough. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plough see [Salonen 1968; Black and Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plough constellation corresponds probably to the images of plough-sowing (found on seals and ''kudurru''s), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].

====Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
 (1) = Marsː [...mul]APIN d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).

(2) = Mercuryː [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' "[If the Yo]ke comes close to the Plough, (it means:) Venus comes close to Mercury" [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

 (3) = Saturnː see above for identifications with Ninurta.

 (4) = Jupiter(?)ː the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.

=====Predictions:=====
(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šur-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars)ː DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE ... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) Plough (= Mars) and Saturn: DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' ... mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2-''ad-ma'' "If the Plough constellation reaches the path of the Sun (= Saturn): ... Mars reaches Saturn" [SAA 8, 49 r. 4-6]; for parallels see [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. This prediction assumes identities: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Plough = Mars", KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Path of the Sun = Saturn", see (Kurtik k17) [[KASKAL.UTU]].

 (8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE ... d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].

(9) Crab and Ploughː DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] ... "If the Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." [SAA 8, 452:1-3].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
===Kurtik (2022)===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
===Gössmann (1950, 39)===
|-
|вар.: mulAPIN; = ''epinnu'' «Плуг»; созвездие в пределах Северного Треугольника и Андромеды (Triangulum Borealе + Andromeda), по другой версии, только Андромеды (Andromeda) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 39; Koch 1989, 104–110].||mul gišAPIN (44)
|-
|
====I. Источники.====
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar IV/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu''/''ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:299′]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Нисану, звезды Энлиля, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' mul ''šu''(bi) (в тексте: ''dil-bat'', см. примечание Хунгера в [Koch 1989, 104, Anm. 344]) / d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šеm-''[''mu''] «Плуг, который при восходе восточного ветра напротив Колесницы стоит, звезда эта(?) ― Энлиль, который судьбу страны определяет» (B iii 1–3); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Enlil'' 1]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): itibara2 …mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Месяц нисану …Плуг (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 1). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту [KAV 218, С 13, 26; Horowitz 2014], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923:3. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 «Плуг // 50 // Энлиль» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:3]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд Энлиля» (I 1). '''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Волк, приспособление Плуга (для сева) » (I i 2) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 18]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1]. «'''''Письма'''''». Упоминание трактата MUL.APIN: [GIŠ].DA ''ša'' MUL.APIN / [''ki'']-''i an-ni-i-e'' / [''iq-ṭ'']''i-bi ma-a ina'' itiBARAG / [UD-1-K]AM2 mulḪUN.GA2 IGI-''m''[''ar''] / [''ina'' iti]BARAG UD-20-KAM2 / [mulZ]UBI IGI-''mar'' «В [таб]лице MUL.APIN об этом сказано следующее: «[1-г]о нисана Наемник появляет[ся]; 20-го нисана Посох появляется» [SAA 10, 62:13–18]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulapin = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Плуг = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Аккада: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208]. '''''Список звезд V R 46'', ''1:1'''''. mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) «Плуг = Ашшур», согласно [HBA, 51], mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 «Плуг = Аншар (букв. Небо во всей полноте)», согласно [Wee 2016, 162–3:1]. «'''''Планисфера'''''». В секторе 1 надпись: mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> ''šu-ut'' [d''En-lil''2] «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд [Энлиля]» [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. '''''Поздняя астрология.''''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a20ALLA.

См. также g08gišGAN2.UR3.

====II. Божество.====
Как религиозный символ плуг известен с раннединастического периода. На печатях III тыс. до н.э. он изображался как атрибут «божества в лодке», как атрибут богини или божества, в сценах религиозных процессий, в сценах пахоты и т.д. [Amier 1961; Boеhmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125–128]. С каким именно божеством связано созвездие Плуг, неизвестно. На кудурру плуг отождествляется с богом Нингирсу [Seidl 1968, 127], в списке богов K.4339 rev. iii 30 — c Нинуртой (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), однако неясно, имеют ли эти отождествления астральное значение. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Ритуал «омовения рта» (''mīs pî'') или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.'' '''(2)''' Молитва мукомола над жерновом: mulAPIN ''ina'' ''ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' «О, Звезда-Плуг, они в поле запрягли (пару быков) в плуг-сеялку» (начало молитвы) [CAD E, 236–237; i 91а; RAcc., 63:44].

====III. Символ.====
Плуг. Описание и изображения в глиптике различных моделей месопотамского плуга см. [Salonen 1968; Black–Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38–40]. Фигура созвездия Плуг, соответствовала, вероятно, изображениям плуга-сеялки (встречающимся на печатях и кудурру), который включал приспособление для сева семян [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI–VII; Куртик 2007, рис. 47, 48].

====IV. Отождествление.====
= Andromeda или Triangulum Boreale [Gössmann 1950, 39];

= вероятно, Triangulum + γ Andromeda [Waerden 1949 13; Waerden 1974 72; Weidner 1957–59, 78; BPO 2, 10];

= α, β Trianguli и γ Andromedae [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 275];

= Треугольник и часть Андромеды [Horowitz 2014, 245];

= треугольник, включающий 41χβγ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 104–110];

= часть Андромеды (Andromeda) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

====V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.====
(1) mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Звезда Волк, Сеятель (= конструктивный элемент для высева семян) Плуга» (MUL.APIN I 2); = α Trianguli [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 286]; = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 106, Anm. 347].

==== VI. Астрология.====
Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; […mul]APIN d''ial-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], параллель [ibid., 102, K.35:24]; см. также «Большой список звезд» и ниже (6)–(8).

(2) = ''Меркурий''; [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' «[Если Ярм]о к Плугу приближается, (это означает:) Венера к Меркурию приближается» [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

(3) = ''Сатурн''; отождествления с Нинуртой см. выше.

(4) ''= Юпитер''(?); предполагаемое в [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] отождествление с Юпитером, насколько нам известно, не имеет текстового подтверждения.

Предсказания:

(5) ''Плуг и начало пахоты'': mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šu-ri-i'' «Плуг для начала борозды» [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) ''Венера и Плуг''(= ''Марс''); DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE… «Если Венера подходит близко к Плугу: жены будут нарушать супружескую верность, прелюбодеяние распространится в стране, женщины не будут жить со своими мужьями, мужчины не будут жить со своими женами» [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; параллель [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс'') и ''Сатурн''; DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' … mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2''-ad-ma'' «Если звезда Плуг достигает Пути Солнца (= Сатурн): голод скота; будет голод. Марс достигает Сатурна» [SAA 8, 49 r. 4–6]; параллели см. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. Данное предсказание предполагает тождества: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Плуг = Марс», KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «Путь Солнца = Сатурн», см. k17KASKAL.UD.

(8) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс) и Скорпион''; DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE… d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' «Если звезда Плуг подходит близко к Скорпиону: правитель умрет от жала скорпиона, вариант: он будет схвачен в своем дворце; [после него] его [сын] не наследует трон; разум страны изменится, страна получит другого господина и жизнь страны не будет стабильной; плач великих богов о стране. (Это означает): Марс стоит в Скорпионе» [SAA 8, 502 r. 1–3]; параллель [ibid., 219].

(9) ''Краб и Плуг''; DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] … «Если Ра[к подходит близко к звезде Плуг]: плуг страны [будет (праздно) висеть на колышке], наводнение [будет] в стране…» [SAA 8, 452:1–3].
|
====I kakkabepinnu, das "Pflug-Gestirn", ====
Katasterismus des Pfluges: AO 6451 Vs 44: "Der Ackerbaustern hat auf dem Felde den Pflug des Saatgetreides angeschirrt" (Meiss. B.u.A. II 151 Racc p. 82).
Identifizierungen:

*- Cassiopeia (Weid. Hdb. S.109; 144f; AfOF 2 S.129; dagegen Hdb. S. 69.72; Bab. VI p. 157)
*- Andromeda (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309)
*- Triangulum Boreale (ZÄF S. 38f; Ungn. ZDMG 77, S. 84).

Bemerkung: "Es ist auch möglich, dass APIN weiter nach Norden reichte, als unser Triangulum, etwa bis zum Nachbarstern γ Andromedae, der nie ganz verschwand." 3. Erg. S. 328

mulAPIN ist

#Monatsfixstern des Nisannu, Astrol. Pinch. Astrol. B III 1
# unter den Enlil-Sternen, Br.M. 86378 I 1 (ZA N.F. 9. S.143).
#unter den Akkad-Sternen, K8067 II 7; K 250 IV 5
#zu den Gottheiten des Nergal (K 250 II 23), Aššur (VR 46,1) und Ninib (K 4339 III 30) in Beziehung gebracht.

====II Astronomische Angaben: ====

#Über die Lage des APIN am Fixsternhimmel: Astrol. B (K) III 1 ff (gegenüber dem Großen Wagen)
# Hel. Aufgang: im Nisannu, Astrol.B. III 1; dagegen ib. 26: der mulAPIN steht das ganze Jahr da (= ist zirkumpolar); vgl. 3. Erg. S. 328.
#ein Teil des Pflug-Gestirns ist mulUR.BAR.RA als Sterz (gišNINDA2) desselben, Br.M. 86378 I2.

====III Astrologische Angaben:====

*A. Allgemeines: mulAPIN ist Deckname für folgende Planeten:

#Mars (Gottheit Nergal, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 104, 27; 106, 58; 122,186; vgl. VACh Jšt. V16.
#Saturn (Gottheit Ninib, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 103, 8
#Merkur, VACh Jšt. XXX 17; Bez. Farb. ". 113, 115 e.
# Jupiter (?) Bez. Farb. S. 122, 185.

*B. APIN-Omina

#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn den Sonnenweg (=Saturn) erreicht, wird Mangel an Vieh, Not sein (Mars-Saturn), Rep. 103 Rs 1 f; VACh 1. Sup. I 28; LV 27; XLIX 9; Bez. Farb. S. 106; RA VII 1657.
#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn (=Mars) sich Scorpius naht, wird ein Fürst durch einen Skorpionstich sterben usw. Rep. 239, 1ff; Rep. 272 Rs 1ff; Bez. Farb., S. 106.

Weitere Belege: R III 53, 2a (VACh Jšt. XXV 2f); 1. Su LV 31 (sehr gelb, Bez. Farb. S. 145); Br. M. 45749 Vs. 32 (JRAS 1925, 37ff.)

|-
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== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cas]]

Anunitu

2026-05-07T20:10:15Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Anunītu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr_grp-GIF_engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|right|366x366px]]
''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is an asterism in human form bearing the name of the goddess Anunitu, this being an aspect or by-name for Inanna = Ištar. The stars comprising this asterism are now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. Together, astral ''Anunītu'' and mul[[SIM.MAḪ]], a huge 'Swallow,' were transformed into the images of Andromeda and Pisces with the step in between of fish and a (small) swallow connected with a ribbon, as known in Mesopotamian uranology, normal star text and seals in Uruk. The multi-step transformation is visualised in the animated GIF.
== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
mul / d''An(n)unītu(m)'' (436), = "''Anunītu''" (constellation): a constellation corresponding to the eastern fish in [[Pisces]] (Pisces) [Gössmann 27].
Goddess:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>Anunītu(m). By-name of the goddess Ištar, originally a local hypostasis of particular importance to the dynasty of Akkad. The association with ‘fish’ (cf. SpTU III 114A v 46, mul''Nu-nu'' ‘fish’ = d''A-nu-ni-tú/ti'') seems to be based on the partial homophony with Akk. ''nūnu'' ‘fish’, cf. the association of ''Anunītu(m)'' with the ‘Tigris-star’ in Hg: mul.ídIdigna = d''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (MSL 11, 40: 229). mu''l''''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (AN 3r).</blockquote>Introduced in MUL.APIN I i 42 (Hunger & Steele 2019):
* Transliteration: DIŠ MUL ''ša'' EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB''-zu'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4
* Akkadian: ''kakkabu ša arki Ikî izzazzu Anunītu''
* English: The asterism which stands behind the Field: Anunitu.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Urra XXII: mul dnu.nu = d''A-nu-ni-ti''/''tu''2 "Fish = Anunitu" [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 109:303]; see also [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]].
Variant MUL NU.NU without the divine determinative also in Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29'.
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabes Group)'''
See Horowitz 2014, 105-106 (= Enlil 2): mul ''ša''2 igi-''it'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' zi im.[ULU.lu gub] / mul.bi d''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= mulapin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (KAV 218 II iii 4-5).

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 195, Anu II), BM 34713 (LBAT 1499, Anu 3); BM 82923 mul''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // dINNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''2-''tim'' d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "[Anunit]u // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Horowitz 2014: 140-141,Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].

Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 161-162): Rising in Month II, Setting in Month VIII.

CT 39, Nv. 10, and parallels:

Nv. 10 rev. 29': mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 for Month II (Simanu), Fincke 2025, 68 [see previously Horowitz 2014: 216, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 65-66]

Parallels: Fincke 2025 70: 11', 72: 4'.

**
** <s>(3) List (rise-set=6months): rise–Month Ayyaru, set– Month Araḫsamnu [KAV 218, C 15, 28 '''??where is C 15, 28 in Horowitz 2014???'''; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4-5, 40-41 '''??cannot find 40-41 in Horowitz 2014, 39??''']; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].</s>
* <s>BM 82923. Month Ayyaru, stars of Enlil: [</s>
** <s>a) Month Simanu, stars of Enlil, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]];</s>
** <s>b) Month Araḫsamnu, stars of Anu, see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8].</s>
* <s>The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>
** <s>a) A list of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): [mul''A-nu'']-''ni-tu''4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176].</s>
** <s>b) A list of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 2): mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219 BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120].
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month Simanu, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
|
|-
|'''<s>LBAT 1502</s>'''
* <s>[múl''A-nu-ni-t'']''u''4 is the star of Antašurra, see (Kurtik m14) [[Maš-a-ti|''maš-a-ti'']].</s>
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 3): MUL ''ša''2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' ''A-nu-ni-tu''4 "The star which stands behind the Field: Anunītu" (I i 42); parallel in MLC 1866 i 6 [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35].
* (2) Dates of heliacal rising: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 IGI.LA2 "On the 25th of Šabaṭu, Anunītu becomes visible" (I iii 11).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-''ma'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ŠU2-''bi'' "Ninmaḫ rises and Anunītu sets" (I iii 22).
* (4) Stars "in the path of the moon": mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4, after mulSIM.MAḪ, before mul lúḪUN.GA2
** "the Tails of the Swallow, Anunitu, and the Hired Man."(I iv 37), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger and Steele (2019) 30, 46, 49, 69].
Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
* (1) mul''a-nu-ni-tum'' = dištar min(= ''bēlet'' kur.kur) "Anunītum = Ištar, ruler of countries";
* (2) mul ídidigna = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Tigris River = Anunītum";
* (3) multul-''tum'' = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Worm = Anunītum", the next line probably contains a commentary: ku6.meš ''tu-la-a-tum'' ''u'' mušen.meš ''ḫu-u''8-''u''2 "Fishes–worms, and birds..." whose meaning is unclear, cf. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b];
* (4) the 12 stars of Akkad [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; see also [Weidner 1959-60, 107ff].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere" K 8538.'''
* In sector 1, the inscription on the outer circle: mul''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] [Koch 1989, 56].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §D.
** [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i'' mul ...-''ḫu''?-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3]
*** "Left [star]. New [da]mage. A star with great brilliance of Anuni[tu] (γ Peg) ... ri]ght of the Field (α Peg). 3 stars, a triangle.";
** According to [Koch 1995, 44, 57],
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 (= [''ša''2 zag AŠ-''iku'']) "The left star of the right side of the Field,"
*** muldil-bat ''ša''2 ''A-nu-ni-t''[''i'' mul ''a-ḫu''?-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ-''iku'' "the first star of Anunitu (and) the side star of the right side of the Field."
* §E. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ˹''a''˺-[''nu-ni-ti''] "star with great brilliance of Anu[nitu]" (γ Peg), see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §F. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i''], mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r''[''u''], see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].
* §J. m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §K.
** [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]
*** [mu]l ka x x x [...] x-''ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti'' 3 mul.meš maš ''šar''2 "mulKA[...],
*** fin of Anunitu (υ Psc): 3 stars, maš šar2";
** according to [Koch 1995, 45, 58]ː
*** [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? "Deer's mouth"(ε Cas), m[ul ''giš-ši'' lu.lim] "[Deer's thigh]" (γ Cas),
*** ˹mul˺''ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti'' "Fin of Anunitu".
* §L. [muldil.bat ''ša''2] ''A-''[''nu-ni-ti'']? "[Star with great brilliance of Anunitu]" (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58].
* §T. muldil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §x. muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:34.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 = ídIDIGNA ''u'' ídBURANUN "Anunitu and Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates", see [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts"'''
* DUR ''ša''2 ''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] "Ribbon of Anunitu" [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20].
|
|-
|<s>'''MLC 1866''' See (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].</s>
Uranologies

MLC 1866 i 6-9: MUL ''ša''2 EGIR.MEŠ mulIKU GUB-''zu'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''na-a-ru'' / [mu]l''Si''2''-nu-nu-tu''4 ''u''3 mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ina'' KUN.MEŠ-''šu''2-''nu it-gu-ru-u''2-''ma'' / ˹MUL˺.MEŠ ídIDIGNA ''u'' ídBURANUNki ''ina ṣip-ri'' mulZIB / ˹''ṣab-tu''4˺ mulSIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU2.LA2 mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''man-za-za'' mul''dil-bat''

* The star that stands behind the Field, Anunitu, the river. / The [Swa]llow and Anunitu that have their tails crossing each other, / the stars of the Tigris and Euphrates, the points of their tails are placed together. The swallow and the elongated neck of Anunitu — anchor point of Venus" [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ''qaran''(SI) mul''lu-lim'' mul''A-nu-ni-tum u'' MURUB4 mulKU6 ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d (UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3

"On the 15th of Du'uzu with the rise of the Sun, the Horn of the Stag, Anunitu and the middle of the Fish are in equilibrium; on the 15th of Ṭebetu in the evening with sunset the same thing takes place." [SpTU I, 95:7′-8′; ASM, 99; Steele (2017) 29f. = J. M. Steele, ''Rising Time Schemes in Babylonian Astronomy'', Springer 2017].
|
|}
[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
[[File:Anuniti CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 150855.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Anunitu (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Mirach
| HIP 5447
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.05
|-
|2
|δ Andromedae
|HIP 3092
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.28
|-
| 3
|μ Andromedae
|HIP 4436
|Constellation lines
|3.87
|-
|4
| Shimu
|HIP 3693
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.06
|-
|5
|π Andromedae
|HIP 2912
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.36
|-
| 6
|τ Piscium
|HIP 5586
| Constellation lines
|4.511
|-
|7
|ν Andromedae
|HIP 3881
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.53
|-
|8
|υ Piscium
|HIP 6193
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.748
|-
|9
|82 Psc
|HIP 5544
|Inside the Hull
|5.152
|-
|10
|32 And
|HIP 3231
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.33
|-
|11
|68 Psc
|HIP 4510
|Inside the Hull
|5.438
|-
|12
|σ Piscium
|HIP 4889
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 4552
|Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 4185
|Inside the Hull
|6.057
|-
|15
|67 Psc
|HIP 4366
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 5034
|Inside the Hull
| 6.202
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5679
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
| 18
|76 Psc
|HIP 5175
|Inside the Hull
| 6.26
|-
|19
|* 65 Psc B
|HIP 3885
| Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|20
|* 65 Psc A
|HIP 3885
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|21
|BD+26 128
|BD+26 128
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|22
|DT Psc
|HIP 5772
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|}

== Transformation of the constellation ==
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|thumb|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]Originally, "Anunītu" was a by-name of the goddess Ištar of particular importance to the Old Akkadian dynasty of the third millennium BCE. The name first appears as a name for a constellation in Astrolabe B ca. 1200 BCE (Horowitz 2014: 115) but is not in any way associated with fish. In contrast, the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian fish constellation is mul[[KU6|KU6]] = ''[[Nūnu]]'', ‘The Fish’ = [[Piscis Austrinus]], south of Aquarius and separated from this region by the Babylonian constellation of The Swallow.

Later in the first millennium, the northern parts of the constellation ''Anunītu'' were changed into the Syrian image of the goddess Derketo (from Bambyke, depicted with accompanying fish), the goddess of Ashkelon (which was a syncretism of Babylonian Ištar and Egyptian Isis, depicted with fish-tail), and the chained maiden Andromeda honoured with a rock in Jaffa (Tel Aviv). The southern parts of the region of ''Anunītu'' and the constellation mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'' were transformed into the two fish of classical Pisces. An intermediate step between the original image of "a giant swallow and a goddess" and the later (Greco-Egyptian) "two fish connected with a ribbon", there was a Mesopotamian constellation called "Swallow-Fish". This connects most commonly Anunītu as a fish and mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'', ‘The Swallow,’ as a bird (see fig. 44-46 = Kurtik’s plates, p. 738-739). The outline of the two figures held together by a V-shaped ribbon with a star called mulZIB at its tip. mulZIB means ‘The Tails' and was later translated to Al-Risha, The Cord, in Arabic. The V-shaped cord apparently reminded Ancient Mesopotamians of the courses of the middle Tigris and Euphrates, which nearly touched in the vicinity of Babylon (Beaulieu et al. 2018: 44-45).
[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg|alt=geo map|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
A related philological link between the two constellations and fish is that the Akkadian word for ‘fish,’ ''Nūnu'', forms part of both Akkadian constellation names, ''A'''nun'''ītu'' and ''Ši'''nūnū'''tu,'' making classical Pisces in Babylonian terms a super-constellation.

The lexical text Urra XXII 303: mul dNU-NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum'', makes use of a pseudo-Sumerian name for the constellation in the left Sumerian column that is meant to be understood as a loan-word from Akkadian ''Nūnu, s''o too Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29' mulNU.NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum.''

There is yet no native Sumerian name for the group of stars that are later seen as the goddess Anunitu from at least the end of the second millennium onwards. One might guess that an original Sumerian name for an asterism in this area of the sky was forgotten when it became associated with the Akkadian goddess Anunitum, perhaps even as early as the Old Akkadian period when the goddess Anunitum first became important. <gallery>
File:Ishtar Eshnunna Louvre AO12456.jpg|Ištar holding her symbol. Terracotta relief, early 2nd millennium BC. From Ešnunna (figurine AO 12456, Louvre, dating between 2004 and 1595 BCE)
File:Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ishtar. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum.jpg|Ištar as naked beauty. Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ištar (Inanna), wearing the horned headdress and a necklace. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany (CC By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin).
File:And-rock2023.png|Andromeda's Rock in front of the skyline of modern Tel Aviv. (Susanne M Hoffmann, 2023)
File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail.
File:Andromeda-pisces.jpg|Andromeda on the marble globe of the Atlas Farnese (2nd c. CE) with one of the fish of Pisces next to her. Engraving of the Farnese globe by Louis-Philippe Boitard (fl. 1733–58).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Andromeda in as-Sufi's illustrated book (10th century) depicted as Syrian Derketo with two fish as attribute
</gallery>
=== Addition (Kurtik and Horowitz) ===

==== Deity. ====
Anunitu—goddess, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, perhaps to be connected with Akkadian '''anantu'',' a poetic term for 'battle, strife,' with reference to Inanna's role as a goddess of war. She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BCE in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (gašan me3 ''na-ša''2-''ta'' gišpan ''u''3 ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of Anunitu see [Gelb 1987: 130-132]. [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].

Exactly when Anunitu acquired astral significance is unknown. The earliest text in which Anunitu is mentioned as a constellation is Astrolabe B (Horowitz 2014, 115).

==== Symbol. ====
Anunitu as a deity originally had no attributes of water. However, in the astronomical texts she is closely connected with water. In the 1st millennium BCE her symbol in the sky was considered to be a fish. In the only lexical text where we meet the name Anunitu, it corresponds to mul.nu.nu "fish" in the column of Sumerian (?!) names. For Seleucid depictions of fish in various combinations and especially of the astral pair "fish (=Anunitu) and bird (= flying fish or Swallow)" on the seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, 128-12]. [AUWE 19, 128-129, 156; Kurtik 2007, Figures 25-27, 44-46)]. See also the astrological prediction in which two fish are mentioned when describing Mercury's position in the constellation Tails, (Kurtik k27) [[KUNmeš|KUNmeš]], III 2.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Eclipse of the Moon in Anunitu: [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] KI mul''A-nu-ni-tum a-d''[''ir'' EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA ''u'' EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] "[If the Moon] is dark in the area of Anunitu: decision for the Tigris River and for Akkad" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; for a parallel see [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Kurtik 2010]; apodosis variant: ... EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA ''u'' A-ga-de3ki ''u''3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki "...: decision for the Tigris River and Akkad and decision for the sea country and Dilmun" [Verderame 2002, 54 Tablet IIa:7′].

(2) Venus and Anunitu: DIŠ ''mu''[''l t'']''ul''!-''tum gup-pu''!-''šat'' / ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / mul''dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 mul''A-nu-ni-tum'' GUB-''ma'' "If the Worm is extremely massive: / in the country there will be welfare and peace. / (This means:) Venus stands within Anunitu" [SAA 8, 357:3-5]; for parallels see [ibid. 538:3-5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Saturn stands within the Swallow or Anunitu; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

See also (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]], IV 1.

=== Historical Dictionaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a42)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950) in German
|-
| «Ануниту»; созвездие, соответствующее восточной рыбе в Рыбах (Pisces) [Gössmann 1950 27].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul dnu.nu = dA-nu-ni-ti/tu2 «Рыба = Ануниту» [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:303′]; cм. также E2.TUR3. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B: (1) Cписок (12´3): mul ša2 igi-it dEn-lil2 ina zi im.[kur.ra] <gub-zu> / mul.bi dA-nu-ni-[tum] «Звезда, которая впереди Энлиля (= mulapin «Плуг») при восходе восточного ветра [стоит], / Звезда эта Ануниту» (B iii 4–5). (2) Список (3´12): itigu4 … mulA-nu-ni-tum šu-ut dEn-[lil2] «Месяц айяру: … Ануниту (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 2). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — айяру, заход — арахсамну [KAV 218, С 15, 28; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4–5, 40–41]; см. m35MUL.MUL. BM 82923. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: [mula-nu-ni-tu]m // 45 // dINNIN be-let mat nu-kur2-tim dI2-gi3-gi3 «Ануниту // 45 // Иштар, госпожа враждебной страны, Игиги» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:6]. BM 34713. múlA-nu-ni-tu2 (дважды!): a) месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA; b) месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, см. u19UR.GI7 [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 3): [mulA-nu]-ni-tu4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 2): mulA-nu-ni-tu4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. Cм. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 3): MUL ša2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-zu A-nu-ni-tu4 «Звезда, которая позади Поля стоит: Ануниту» (I i 42); параллель в MLC 1866 (i 6) [Beaulieu et al. 2018]. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mulA-nu-ni-tu4 IGI.LA2 «25-го шабату Ануниту становится видна» (I iii 11). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-ma mulA-nu-ni-tu4 ŠU2-bi «Нинмах восходит, Ануниту заходит» (I iii 22). (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulA-nu-ni-tu4, после mulSIM.MAḪ, перед mul lúḪUN.GA2 (I iv 37), см. s20Sîn [Hunger and Steele (2019), 30, 46, 49, 69]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5]. Текст BM 77054. См. u31UZ3. «Большой список звезд». (1) mula-nu-ni-tum = dištar min(= bēlet kur.kur) «Анунитум = Иштар, владычица стран»; (2) mul ídidigna = da-nu-ni-tum «Река Тигр = Анунитум»; (3) multul-tum = da-nu-ni-tum «Червь = Анунитум», следующая строка, возможно, содержит комментарий: ku6.meš tu-la-a-tum u mušen.meš ḫu-u8-u2 «Рыбы — черви, птицы — …», смысл которого неясен, см. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b]; (4) 12 звезд Аккада [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; см. также [Weidner 1959–60, 107ff]. «Планисфера» К 8538. В секторе 1 надпись по внешнему кругу: mulA-nu-n[i-tu4] [Koch 1989, 56]. Dalbanna-текст. §D. [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3] «Левая [звезда]. Новое [пов]реждение. Звезда с большим блеском Анунит[у (γ Peg) … пр]авая Поля (α Peg). 3 звезды. Треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 44, 57], [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 = [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ša2 zag AŠ-iku] «Левая звезда правой стороны Поля», [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku = [mul a-ḫu2-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku «боковая звезда с правой стороны Поля». §E. mul dil.bat ša2 ˹a˺-[nu-ni-ti] «Звезда с большим блеском Ану[ниту]» (γ Peg), см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §F. mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i], mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r[u], см. sh02ŠAD. §J. m[ul dil.bat ša2] ˹a˺-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. §K. [mu]l ka x x x […] x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti 3 mul.meš maš šar2 «mulKA[…], плавник Ануниту (υ Psc): 3 звезды, maš šar2» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 58], [mu]l ka x x x = [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? «Рот Оленя»(ε Cas), […] = [mul giš-ši lu.lim]? «[бедро Оленя]» (γ Cas), x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti = ˹mul˺ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту». §L. [mul …] x […] = [muldil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti]? «[Звезда с большим блеском Ануниту]» (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58]. §T. muldil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti, см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §x. muldil.bat a-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. Список звезд VR 46, 1:34. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mulŠi-nu-nu-tu4 = ídidigna u ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34]. Текст Nv. 10. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA. LBAT 1502. [múlA-nu-ni-t]u4 — звезда Анташурра, см. m14maš-a-ti. «Дневники наблюдений». DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту» [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20]. MLC 1866. См. s19SIM.MAḪ. Текст W. 22281a. ina itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) qaran(SI) mulLU.LIM mulA-nu-ni-tum u MURUB4 mulKU6 šit-qu-lu ina itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ina li-la-a-ti KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го дуузу при восходе Солнца Рог Оленя, Ануниту и середина Рыбы в равновесии (=кульминируют). 15-го тебету вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое.» [SpTU I, 95:7′–8′; ASM, 99].

II. Божество.

Ануниту ― богиня, вероятно, западно-семитского происхождения, имевшая воинственный характер. Ее имя, первоначально употреблявшееся как эпитет Инанны, означает букв. «Относящаяся к схватке». Почиталась в Месопотамии как самостоятельная богиня уже в эпоху III династии Ура и далее до конца I тыс. до н.э., сохраняла признаки воинственности. Согласно Набониду, она «госпожа битвы, та, кто несет лук и колчан» (gašan me3 na-ša2-ta gišpan u3 iš-pa-ti) [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. О ранней истории Ануниту см. [Gelb 1987, 130–132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34–35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

Когда именно Ануниту приобрела астральное значение, неизвестно. Самые ранние тексты, в которых Ануниту упоминается как созвездие, это «Астролябии».

III. Символ.

Ануниту как божество первоначально не имела никаких водных признаков. Однако в астрономических текстах она тесно связана с водой. В I тыс. до н.э. ее символом на небе считалась рыба. В единственном лексическом тексте, где мы встречаем имя Ануниту, ей в соответствие в колонке шумерских(?!) названий поставлено mulnu.nu «Рыба». Изображения селевкидского времени на печатях из Урука рыбы в различных сочетаниях и в особенности астральной пары “рыба (=Ануниту) и птица (= летающая рыба или Ласточка)” см. [AUWE 19, 128–129, 156; Куртик 2007, рис. 25–27, 44–46). См. также астрологическое предсказание, в котором при описании положения Меркурия в созвездии Хвосты упомянуты две рыбы, k27KUNmeš, III 2.

IV. Отождествление.

= северо-восточная часть Рыб [Gössmann 1950 27];

= северо-восточная часть Рыб + средняя часть Андромеды [Waerden 1952–53, 219; 197, 72];

= восточная рыба в созвездии Pisces до ν Andromedae [Weidner 1957–59, 76, 78];

= восточная рыба в Pisces [BPO 2, 10; Mesop. Astrol., 207; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= восточная рыба и часть ленты Рыб [Hunger and Steele (2019), 138; ASM, 270];

= τυφχψ64 Piscium + γ Pegasi [Koch 1989, 108–111].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 KUR ša2 DUR nu-nu «Звезда с большим блеском ленты Рыб» (= η Piscium) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, 17]; звезда входила в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Возможно, здесь nu-nu «рыба» (единственное число) — символ созвездия Ануниту.

(2) DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту», см. «Дневники».

(3) Хвост Ануниту, см. MLC 1866.

(4) ˹mul˺abri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту» (= υ Piscium), см. dbn-текст.

(5) mul dil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti «Блестящая звезда Ануниту» (γ Peg), см. dbn-текст.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Затмение Луны в Ануниту; [DIŠ 30 ina] KI mulA-nu-ni-tum a-d[ir EŠ.BAR ídIdigna u EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] «[Если Луна] затмилась в пределах Ануниту: решение для реки Тигр и для Аккада» [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; параллель см. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Куртик 2010]; вариант аподосиса: …EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA u A-ga-de3ki u3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki «…: решение для реки Тигр и Аккада и решение для приморской страны и Дильмуна» [Verderame 2002, Table IIa:7′].

(2) Венера и Ануниту; DIŠ mu[l t]ul!-tum gup-pu!-šat / ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu ina KUR GAL2-ši / muldil-bat ina ŠA3 mulA-nu-ni-tum GUB-ma «Если Червь очень массивный: / в стране будет благополучие и мир. / (Это означает:) Венера стоит внутри Ануниту» [SAA 8, 357:3–5]; параллели см. [ibid. 538:3–5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Сатурн стоит внутри Ласточки или Ануниту; см. k24KU6, V 10.

См. также k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E, IV 1.
| I. Gewöhnliche Schreibung: A-nu-ni-tum (Panth. 91); Bedeutung "Himmelsbewohnerin" (asibat [samê], Hinke, A new boundary stone, 53). Sachlich ist nach K250 IV 4: ilA-nu-ni-tum = multul-tum, "Wurmstern", Weid. Hdb. S.13; Bab.VI S. 162.
Identifizierungen:

* Pisces W (Bez. Kopff ZÄF S.17).
* südwestl. Fisch + omega to xi Piscium (Kugl. SSB Erg. S. 14).
* beta, gamma, theta, iota, kappa, lambda Piscium (Weid. Hbd. S. 144; Bab. VI 153; AfOF 2 S. 129; OLZ 16 Sp. 151).
* Piscis NE (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309; 3. Erg. S. 330; KAO 4 S. 43 f; Bez. Farb. S. 127).

Ergebnis: mulAnunîtum ist die nordöstliche Fischellipse , mulSIM2.MAH die südwestliche.

mulAnunîtum ist:

# Monatsfixstern des Aiaru, Astrol. Rnch.
# unter den Anu-Sternen, 82-5-22 512 Rs 9; Astrol. B III 2 (unter den Enlil-Sternen, 3. Erg. S. 326)
# unter den Sternen Akkads, K 8067 II x; K 250 IV 5.

II Astronomische Angaben:

# Über die Stellung des A. am Fixsternhimmel, Astrol. B (K) III4; Br.M. 86378 I 42 (hinter IKU).
# Hel. Aufgang des Anunîtu: am 25. Shabâtu nach Br.M.86378 III 11; dagegen Astrol. B III 15: im Aiaru.
# Gleichzeitige Auf- und Untergänge: im Aiaru geht Anunîtum hel. auf und mulLUGAL unter, Astrol. B III 15; im SAA 8hsammu umgekehrt; ib. Z. 27: wenn mulNIN.MAH (Puppis) im Osten erscheint, geht Anunîtum im Westen unter, Br.M. 86378 III 23; Erg. S. 27 f; 3. Erg. S. 334.

III Astrologische Angaben

Im astrologischen Sprachgebrauch stellt Anunîtum den himmlischen Tigris dar, wie Sinunutu den Eufrat: VR 46 Vs 34 (vgl. auch AL.LUL!). Ein diesbezügliches Omen bietet VACh 1. Sup. I 7: Wenn Anunîtum dunkel ist, so ist das ein Omen für den Tigris und für Akkad desgl. ein Omen..; vgl. AfOF 2 S.130; 14 S. 194102; Bab. VI S. 160.

Des weiteren ist Anunîtum Deckname für folgende Planeten:

# Venus: K250 I 3; K11283+79-7-8, 352,9; Bez.Farb. S. 104, 36.
# Jupiter(?): Bez.Farb. S. 122, 156.
|}
== Transformation from Anunitu to Andromeda ==
[[File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|alt=Coin dating around 100 BCE showing Derketo with fish-tail|thumb|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail. ]]
Ištar is a Babylonian goddess of love (and war), so she has analogies in all other cultures. The ''Dea Syria'' was also a goddess of love. She was worshipped as Derketo or Goddess of Ashkelon in the area of present day Israel, and as Atargatis further north in Manbij (Bambyke) in present day Syria. The Goddess of Ashkelon is a syncretism of the Babylonian Ištar and the Egyptian Isis for the area of Ashkelon belonging occasionally to one or the other kingdom.

The ancient lore of Andromeda is said to originate from Jaffa (Joppa/ Yafo, modern day Tel Aviv) by the ancient historians (Strabo, Flavius Josephus), and the city of Ashkelon is only 40 km south along the Mediterranean coastline.

Derketo, the goddess of love from Ashkelon is depicted with fish around her or even with a fish-tail. This way, she is depicted on Greek coins. So, Derketo is half-fish.

The Babylonian name "Anunitu" is homophon with the Akkadian term "''nūnu''" for fish, so the name contains a reference to the fish-like goddess (who is known as a syncretism anyway). <gallery>
File:Farnese atlas détaillé smh-and.jpg|detail of the drawing of the Farnese Atlas (marble, 2nd century CE), showcasing Andromeda and adjacent figures
File:And+cet area.png|Andromeda and Cetus on the Farnese Globe - with highlighted lines by Susanne M Hoffmann (zodiac conference Berlin 2022).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Latin copy of the Al-Sufi manuscript (so-called Sufi Latinus text). Andromeda is depicted with two fish, a remainder of the Derketo-tradition. This specific manuscript was produced in 1428 in northern Italy (Gotha, Forschungsbibliothek, MS. Memb. II 141).
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

* [https://scilogs.spektrum.de/uhura-uraniae/andromeda-engl/ Blog entry by Susanne M Hoffmann on Andromeda's rock]

== Reference ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]
* Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:And]][[Category:Psc]]

AN.TA.GUB

2026-05-07T19:41:46Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAN.TA.GUB}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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Mesopotamian term: MUL AN.TA.GUB.BA 'The standing star' or 'the star standing aloft' [formerly Hunger and Pingree 1999 55; Donbaz and Koch 1995; Gössmann 1950 34] is now studied in detail in Fincke (2025). The term appears one time as a star-name, this being the 7th and last star in 'The Hilprecht Text' (HSS 245, Horowitz 2014, 224-238).

Horowitz (20xx) suggests that mulAN.TA.GUB (𒀯𒀭𒋫𒁺; AN.TA.RE6) refers to an asterism in The Scorpion ([[Scorpius]], see also [[Antares|Antares)]]. AN.TA.GUB.BA (𒀯𒀭𒋫𒁺𒁀) refers to an asterism or (larger) group of stars, whereas AN.TA.GUB refers to a single star or small asterism of two or three stars within Scorpius. <nowiki>[[should we quote WH's references here]]</nowiki>??

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
MUL AN.TA.GUB.BA 'The standing star' or 'the star standing aloft' [formerly Hunger and Pingree 1999 55; Donbaz and Koch 1995; Gössmann 1950 34] is now studied in detail in Fincke 2025.??
{| class="wikitable"
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!Sources!!Identifications
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|'''Text HS 245 (earlier HS 229, the Hilprecht Text).'''
A Middle-Babylonian text from Nippur, probably a copy of the Old Babylonian original. Content-wise it is a procedural mathematical text in which the distances between eight luminaries are determined, of which the first is the moon, and the others constellations:

* 19 ad dsin mul.mul 17 ad mul.[mul] / mulsipa.an.na 14 ad mulsipa.an.na / mulkak.tag.ga 11 ad mulkak.tag.ga / mulban 9 ad mulban mulšu.pa / 7 ad mulšu.pa mulgir2.tab / 4 ad mulgir2.tab mulan.ta. gub "19 from the Moon to the Star Cluster, 17 from the Star Cluster / to the Faithful Shepherd of Anu, 14 from the Faithful Shepherd of Anu to / the Arrow, 11 from the Arrow / to the Bow, 9 from the Bow to šu.pa / 7 from ŠU.PA to the Scorpion, / 4 from Scorpion to AN.TA.GUB" (Horowitz 2014, 228-229, with previous bibliography 225-226.)

This star-name occurs only one time in ‘The Hilprecht Text’, HS 245, as the 7th and last star in the sequence beginning with the Moon and mul.mul (Pleiades) (Horowitz 2014: 234-235): 4 ad mulGIR2.TAB mulAN.TA.GUB, ‘4 (units) from ‘The Scorpion’ to AN.TA.GUB. This is the smallest distance between asterisms in ‘The Hilprecht Text’ allowing for mulAN.TA.GUB to be an asterism within the ‘The Scorpion Constellation.’ The meaning of the signs AN.TA.GUB in Sumerian is something akin to ‘it stands above’ suggesting a connection with the stinger of a scorpion.

Horowitz 2017 suggested a different reading of the GUB-sign yielding a star-name, mulAN.TA.RE6, with the sense of it moves up and down, referring to the up-down movement of the stinger of the scorpion as it moves its stinger from an at rest position to attack mode. Horowitz speculates that this may be the ultimate origin of the classical Greek star name Antares in Scorpius. Later parallels to the Hilprecht Text remove this star-name (Horowitz 2014: 236). In any case, there is no clear connection between the star-name and the groups of stars known as AN.GUB.BA = ''angubbû''- or [[DINGIR.GUB.BA]]-stars or AN.TA.GUB.BA in Nv 10.
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
Neo-Assyrian text from Nineveh, which gives for each month the constellations belonging to the category AN.TA.GUB.BA and AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA [Donbaz and Koch 1995].
|Example
|-
|'''LBAT 1502'''
Obv. List of stars

* AN.TA.GUB.BA and AN.TA.ŠUR.RA, to which the culminations of the ''ziqpu'' stars are assigned. The category AN.TA.GUB.BA in the preserved part of the tablet belongs to: [[DAR.LUGAL|mulDAR.LUGAL]], mulNUN.KI, mulNIN.MAḪ, dPA and dLUGAL, mulPa-bil-sag, mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 [Donbaz and Koch 1995, 75-77].
|
|}

==== Identifications ====
(1) The meaning of mulan.ta.gub in HS 245 remains unclear; the suggestion that it is a variant spelling of mulDINGIR.GUB.BA.MEŠ (Akkadian ''angubbû'' [CAD A/2, 118; AHw 51]) ‘Standing Gods’ [Rochberg-Halton 1983, 213, note 18; Horowitz 1993, 157] is hardly true; see in this connection [Koch 1995, 71, Anm. 24-25].

(2) In the texts Nv. 10 and LBAT 1502, according to Koch's interpretation, the term mulAN.TA.GUB.BA = ‘(der) oben stehende(r) Stern’ refers to the stars that marked the end of the night; they rose after sunset, were still visible in the west at morning dawn, and set after sunrise, in the corresponding month [Koch 1995, 71, 76]; see also [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 55-57].

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a33)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: MUL AN.TA.GUB.BA «Стоящая звезда», или «Звезда, стоящая наверху» [Hunger and Pingree 1999 55; Donbaz-Koch 1995; Gössmann 1950 34].
I. Источники.

Текст HS 245 (ранее HS 229, The Hilprecht Text). Средневавилонский текст из Ниппура, возможно, копия старовавилонского оригинала. По своему содержанию это процедурный математический текст, в котором определяются расстояния между восемью светилами, из которых первое ― Луна, остальные ― созвездия: 19 ad dsin mul.mul 17 ad mul.[mul] / mulsipa.an.na 14 ad mulsipa.an.na / mulkak.tag.ga 11 ad mulkak.tag.ga / mulban 9 ad mulban mulšu.pa / 7 ad mulšu.pa mulgir2.tab / 4 ad mulgir2.tab mulan.ta.gub «19 от Луны до Звезд, 17 от Звезд / до Праведного Пастуха Ану, 14 от Праведного Пастуха Ану до / Стрелы, 11 от Стрелы / до Лука, 9 от Лука до šu.pa / 7 от šu.pa до Скорпиона, / 4 от Скорпиона до an.ta.gub», цит. по [Horowitz 1993, 150–151], см. также [Hunger and Pingree 1999 53–54; Horowitz 1998, 179–180; Koch 2001; RLA 7, 536; Rochberg-Halton 1983, 209, note 1; Waerden 1974, 62–64; Weidner 1957–58], на русском языке см. [Ван дер Варден 1991, 71–73]; частичная параллель в Sm. 1113 и Sm. 162 rev. см. [Horowitz 1993]. Текст Nv. 10. Новоассирийский текст из Ниневии, в котором приведены на каждый месяц созвездия, относящиеся к категории AN.TA.GUB.BA и AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA [Donbaz–Koch 1995]. LBAT 1502 obv. Список звезд AN.TA.GUB.BA и AN.TA.ŠUR.RA, которым поставлены в соответствие кульминации ziqpu-звезд. К категории AN.TA.GUB.BA в сохранившейся части таблички отнесены: muldar.lugal, mulnunki, mulnin.maḫ, dPA и dLUGAL, mulPa-bil-sag, mulsuḫur.maš [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 75–77].

II. Отождествление.

(1) Значение mulan.ta.gub в HS 245 остается невыясненным; предположение о том, что это вариант написания mulDINGIR.GUB.BA.MEŠ (аккадское angubbû [CAD A/2, 118; AHw 51]) «Стоящие Боги» [Rochberg-Halton 1983, 213, note 18; Horowitz 1993, 157], едва ли соответствует действительности; см. в связи с этим [Koch 1995, 71, Anm. 24–25].

(2) В текстах Nv. 10 и LBAT 1502, согласно интерпретации Коха, термин mulAN.TA.GUB.BA = «(der) oben stehende(r) Stern» относится к звездам, которые отмечали конец ночи; они восходили после захода Солнца, были еще видны на западе при наступлении утренней зари и заходили после восхода Солнца, в соответствующий месяц [Koch 1995, 71, 76]; см. также [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 55–57].
|Example
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==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sco]]

AMAR.UTU

2026-05-07T19:28:12Z

HermannHunger:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Marduk and pet.svg|thumb|The Statue of Marduk depicted on a cylinder seal of the 9th century BCE.]]
AMAR.UTU (𒀫𒌓) is the Sumerian writing for the name of the Babylonian King of the Gods, [[Marduk]]. Marduk's in the sky is primarily identified with Mercury and Jupiter, often by way of his identification with mul[[Nēberu]], <nowiki>[[translation needed]]</nowiki>.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The name AMAR.UD, to be read AMAR.UTU is the standard Sumerian writing for Marduk, the city god of Babylon. The name is traditionally interpreted as 'The Calf of the Sun' and reflects the identification of Marduk with Mercury that goes back to the Second Millennium BCE. Marduk's name can be written as a star name with the MUL-determinative, a divine name with determinative DINGIR, or both indicating the deification of Marduk's asterism(s). The issue of Marduk and his asterisms, which include identifications with Mercury, Jupiter (as in MUL.APIN) and others, is considered sub [[Nēberu]].

'''Var. readings:'''

* MUL dAMAR.UD,
* mul dAMAR.UTU;
* = mul d''Marduk'' "(Asterism) of Marduk" (AMAR.UTU), lit. "The calf of the Sun" — a standard epithet of Marduk, the supreme deity of Babylon [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 362f.]); a name of Jupiter or Mercury [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 260].

{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''.

* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list from Emar: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:109].
* (2) Series Urra XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 112:324′]; parallels [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 228:128; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:25].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru''6 = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 40:25].
|
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|'''"Prayers to the gods of the night"'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3">''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:19].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See [Rochberg-Halton 1988,<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 29-29a; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973<ref name=":6">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:14]. See (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]''.
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group).'''
See Horowitz (2014) 247, mul/dMarduk, mul/d''Nēberu''
* Star Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 104, 106, Anu 12). List (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = dAMAR.UTU: mul ''sa''5 ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu / egir dingir.meš ''gi''6''-ti'' ''ug-da-me''2-''ru-nim-ma'' / an-''e'' bar-''ma'' gub-''iz'' mul.bi / d''Ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' damar.utu "The red star that stands at the rising of the south wind after the Gods of the Night have completed (their movements) and divides the sky (in two), this star is Neberu, Marduk" (KAV 218 ii rev. 10-13).
*Month-Star Lists, Anu-star for Addaru (Anu XII), LBAT 1499 (Enlil I), [Horowitz 2014: 196]; BM 82923: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Marduk // 45 // King of the Igigi deities". [Horowitz 2014 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:36].
*Rising and Setting Stars: BM 34713 (LBAT 1499): Setting in Month VI, Ululu, Rising in Month XII, Addaru (Horowitz 2014 161-162).
** (3) '''''<s>, I repeat my problems with Astrolabe B: What are lists 12'3 and 3'12? These abbreviations are nowhere explained and cannot be found in Horowitz 2014. What means "sunrise-sunset=6m"? It probably means the list of risings and settings of stars six months apart. The use of sunrise and sunset is wrong. Moreover, the line numbers given for KAV 218 cannot be found in Horowitz 2014. To use line numbers that start from 1 three times on the same tablet produces an unneccesary confusion.</s>'''''
** '''''<s>This whole problem needs to be fixed everywhere in Astrolabe B. !!! ???</s>'''''
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
**
* <s>BM 34713.</s>
** <s>The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil:</s>
** <s>múl dAMAR.UTU [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN]].</s>
** <s>A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 12): mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 33):
** ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''ʼ''-mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2-''bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN''-e ib-bir''
** "When the stars of Enlil have finished (their movements), one big star – (although) its light is dim – divides the sky in half and stands there: (that is) the star of Marduk, the Ford." (I i 36-38).
* '''(2)''' Astrological part: 6 predictions concerning mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1-6) [Hunger and Steele 2019<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 28-29, 117-118].
|
|-
|"'''''Letters'''''" and "'''''Reports'''''."
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 67 r. 1; SAA 8<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1].
|
|-
|"'''The Great Star List'''".

* mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu "Numušda = Marduk"; this here is probably Numušda = Mercury [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:132].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26.'''
* '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "The staff—a weapon in the hand of Marduk.” [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> G 35];
* '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu "King = Marduk";
* '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu "Šupa, Enlil, who sets the fate of the country: the great one among the Enlil deities, Marduk";
* '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "Arrow = a weapon in the hand of Marduk," see also [HBA<ref name=":10">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''List of 12 names of Marduk'''
A list of the names of Marduk in different months of the Babylonian calendar [HBA<ref name=":10" /> 24-25]:

* '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu,
* '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu,
* '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu,
* '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu,
* '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu,
* '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu,
* '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigam3 = damar.utu,
* '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu,
* '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu,
* '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2-''a'' = damar.utu IIIR 53,2:2-13 (K.5990:2-13 in ACh Ištar 8); parallel CT<ref name=":11">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49 Sm. 777:1-13]. See also [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3" />, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].
| Example
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=== Additional ===

==== Deity ====
 The name of Marduk, as the patron of Babylon, has been mentioned since the third dynasty of Ur (21st century BCE). Among his epithets: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina šamê''(ANe) "The star of all that is in the sky" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) "[Star of] abundance" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. It is not known when this deity acquired astral significance. The earliest evidence is from the 13th century BCE (list from Emar). The name of Jupiter in Old Babylonian texts—dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963<ref>''Falkenstein A.'' Sumerische religiöse Texte // ZA. 1963. Bd. XXI. S. 11-67.</ref>, 33]; see also (Kurtik a27) AMAR.GIR2.

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= Jupiter; the identity follows from MUL.APIN, and from a number of other texts, see also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12">''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 57].

= Mercury; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Star of Marduk = Mercury" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGU4.UD ''i-qab-bi'' "The star of Marduk is said so referring to Mercury" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; perhaps this is the name of Mercury when its heliacal rising occurs at the beginning of the year in the month of Nisanu. For a prayer to Marduk as Mercury see [Lambert 1957-58<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Two Texts from the Early Part of the Reign of Ashurbanipal // AfO. 1957-59. Bd. 18. S. 382-387.</ref>, 386]. See also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12" />, 57]. See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 19.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
* (1) = ''Staff''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The Star of Marduk—so it is said (when referring) to the Staff" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a + Parallels].

===== Predictions: =====
* (2) Jupiter and the Pleiades: DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI dIM RA "If Marduk's star reaches the Star Cluster, this year Adad will bring devastation" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [Hunger and Steele 2019<ref name=":7" />, 117]; for a parallel see [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 326:7].
* (3) Pleiades and Jupiter: DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the star of Marduk: there will be fever this year and summer he[at...] [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, Nr. 101:14].
* (4) Jupiter and Raven (= Mercury?): DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM GIŠ "If Marduk's star reaches the Raven: the early sesame will prosper" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 117], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41:24′; ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 88:22-23].
* (5) The heliacal rising of Mercury at the beginning of the year: DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBARA2 IGI-''ma'' "If the Marduk star becomes visible at the beginning of the year: this year’s harvest will prosper. (It means) Mercury becomes visible in Nisan." [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; for a parallel see MUL.APIN II Gap B 1 [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" />, 117].
* (6) Connection between Jupiter and Mercury during heliacal risings: DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (gloss: ''ṣa-li-im-''˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (gloss: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) "If Marduk’s star is dark and is seen again and again: in this year [there will be ''as''[''akku''] (disease) [SAA 10<ref name=":8" />, 67 r. 1-3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' "If Marduk's star is dark when it becomes visible: this year, there will be ''asakku'' (disease)" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 118].
* (7) Magical prohibition. DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' "If the star of Marduk sees a man's body: epilepsy(?) will seize him" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' "If a man bathes before the star of Marduk: there will be guilt" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 118-9].
* (8) The name of Jupiter depending on its position relative to the horizon; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' "The star of Marduk, when it appears, (is called) Šulpae; when it rises 1 "double hour" - Sagmegar; when it stands in the middle of the sky - Crossing." [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 147:7-r.1], for a parallel to the reference to d''Da-pi-nu'' see [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, K.3124:5′-6′] (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]).

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a28)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 260)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL dAMAR.UD, mul dAMAR.UTU; = mul d''Marduk'' «(Звезда) Мардука» (AMAR.UTU, букв. «Теленок Солнца» ― стандартный эпитет Мардука, верховного божества Вавилона [МНМ II, 110; Tallqvist 1938, 362f.]); название Юпитера или Меркурия [Gössmann 1950, 260].

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычный шумерский список из Эмара: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4, 154:109]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 112:324′]; параллели [SpTU III, 228:128; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:25]. '''(3)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru6'' = […] [MSL XI, 40:25]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». Новоассирийская молитва: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2, III 29–29a; BPO 3, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III, 101:14]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля, 45 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Cписок (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu в конце списка 12 звезд Ану (B ii 32), см. n15''Nēberu''. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiše] … mulamar.utu ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[(Месяц) аддару]: …Мардук (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 12). '''(3)''' Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход – аддару, заход – улулу [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], см. k24KU6; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 29]. BM 82923. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2''-gi''3''-gi''3 «Мардук // 45 // Царь божеств Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:36]. BM 34713. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: múl damar.utu [LBAT, 1499:1], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 12): mul d''Marduk''(amar.utu) [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 33): ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ-''mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2''-bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN-''e'' ''ib-bir'' «Когда звезды Энлиля завершили (свои движения), одна большая звезда ― (хотя) ее свет тусклый ― делит небо пополам и стоит там: (это) звезда Мардука, Паром, Юпитер; он постоянно изменяет свое положение и пересекает небо» (I i 36–38). '''(2)''' Астрологическая часть: 6 предсказаний, касающихся mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1–6) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 28–29, 117–118]. «'''''Письма'''''» и «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 67 r. 1; SAA 8, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu «Нумушда = Мардук»; здесь, вероятно, Нумушда = Меркурий [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:132]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26'''''. '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руке Мардука» [CAD G 35]; '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu «Царь = Мардук»; '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны: великий среди Энлилей, Мардук»; '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Блистание = оружие в руках Мардука», см. также [HBA 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''Список 12 имен Мардука'' (IIIR''' '''53''','''2)'''. Список имен Мардука в различные месяцы вавилонского календаря: '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu, '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu, '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu, '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu, '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu, '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu, '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu, '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu, '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigan ulNA2 (так в автографии, но должно быть, по-видимому, ulgam3, см. [Gössmann 1950, 260] и n01NA2) = damar.utu, '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu, '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu, '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2''-a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2–13) [IIIR 53,2:2–13]; параллель в S. 777 [CT 26, 49:1–13; HBA 24–25]. См. также [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].

II. Божество.

Имя Мардука, как покровителя Вавилона, упоминается со времени III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Среди его эпитетов: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šamê''(AN)e «Звезда всего, что на небе» [CT 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) «[Звезда] изобилия» [CT 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. Неизвестно, когда это божество приобрело астральное значение. Самое раннее свидетельство относится к XIII в. до н.э. (список из Эмара). Название Юпитера в старовавилонских текстах ― dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963, 33]; см. также a27AMAR.GIR2.

III. Отождествление.

= ''Юпитер''; тождество следует из MUL.APIN, и из ряда других текстов, см. также [Brown 2000, 57].

= ''Меркурий''; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Юпитер = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGUD.UD ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Меркурий» [BPO 2, III 29а], см. также [SAA 8, 503:1–3]; возможно, это название Меркурия, когда его гелиакический восход происходит в начале года в месяце нисану. Молитва к Мардуку как Меркурию см. [Lambert 1957–58, 386]. См. также [Brown 2000, 57]. См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 19.

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Посох''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Посох» [BPO 2, III 29а + Parallels].

Предсказания:

(2) ''Юпитер и Плеяды''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI dIM RA «Если звезда Мардука достигает Звезд, в этом году Адад принесет опустошение» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 117]; параллель см. [SAA 8, 326:7].

(3) ''Плеяды и Юпитер''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2…] «Если Звезды достигают звезды Мардука: в этом году лихорадка и летняя жа[ра…] [SpTU III, Nr. 101:14].

(4) ''Юпитер и Ворон'' (= ''Меркурий''?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM.GIŠ «Если звезда Мардука достигает Ворона: ранний сезам будет обильным» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 117], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:24′; ACh Suppl. 2, 88:22–23].

(5) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в начале года''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' «Если звезда Мардука становится видна в начале года: в этом году урожай будет обильным. ― Меркурий становится виден в нисане» [SAA 8, 503:1–3]; параллель см. (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 117].

(6) ''Соединение Юпитера и Меркурия'' ''при гелиакическом восходе''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (глосса: ''ṣa-li-im''-˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (глосса: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''as''[''akku''] [SAA 10, 67 r. 1–3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''asakku''» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 118].

(7) ''Магическое запрещение''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' «Если звезда Мардука увидит тело человека: эпилепсия(?) поразит его» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' «Если человек купается перед звездой Мардука: будет вина» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 118–9].

(8) ''Названия Юпитера'' ''в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта''; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' «Звезда Мардука, когда она появляется, (называется) Шульпаэ; когда проходит 1 «двойной час» после восхода, ― Сагмегар; когда она стоит в середине неба, ― Паром» [SAA 8, 147:7–r.1], параллель с упоминанием d''Da-pi-nu'' см. [BPO 3, K.3124:5′–6′] (d03d''Dāpinu'').
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

<references />

AL.LUL

2026-05-07T10:03:38Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AL.LUL}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Liocarcinus vernalis.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Vernal crab from the Belgian coastal waters on board of RV Belgica. CC BY-SA 4.0]]
The Mesopotamian term mulAL.LUL (𒀯𒀠𒈜) = ''Alluttu'' means "Crab" and in astronomy refers to the constellation [[Cancer]], The Crab. ALLA is a later Mesopotamian term, alternatively used for mulAL.LUL.
A schematic drawing of the ‘The Crab’ constellation is available on the Sippar Planisphere,<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> Sector 2: 4. It shows a quadrilateral with six dots inside representing the central star cluster M44. It may also be interpreted as a tiny crab formed of the four corner stars for the crab's 2 front claws and 2 swimming legs, and 6 other smaller stars inside the square for the main part of its body. The small smudge at the top of the drawing might just be a partially erased 11th dot for ‘The Crab’s’ head as described in the Uranology text D (MLC 1866) [Beaulieu et. al 2018:<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 36, 40]:<blockquote>''The Crab is the seat of Anu, (It is shaped like) a quadrilateral 4 stars are depicted on its sides, with 6 stars next to each other inside it. 1 star is depicted on its head.'' </blockquote>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
In Kurtik (2007), the terms (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik a21), mulALLA and (Kurtik k31), [[KUŠU2|mulKUŠU2]] have been separate lemmas. The Akkadian equivalent for mulAL.LUL "Crab" is mul''Alluttu.'' Syllabic writings occur mostly in lexical texts and 'Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'-group. Here we merge them as Sumerian mulAL.LUL or AL.LUL = ''alluttu'' (Akkadian) “crab”,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> and mul[[ALLA]]<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> = mul''alluttu'' (Akkadian) "Crab". In the sky, they all refer to the same asterism and zodiacal sign in [[Cancer]].

'''Variant readings:'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="4" |cuneiform
!transliteration(s)
|-
!
!Borger #
(1981)
!Unicode
(codepoint)
!NA sign
!
|-
|
| rowspan="2" |560
| rowspan="2" |U+...
| rowspan="2" |
|ALLA , ALLAx
|-
|
|NAGAR
|-
|
|562
|
|
|KUŠU2
|-
|
|298, 355
|U+..., U+...
|
|AL.LU5
|}
* mulALLA , mulALLAx ,
* mulAL.LU5 ,mulAL.LUL, mulAL.LUB

*mulNAGAR,
*mulKUŠU2 (ePSD2:<ref>ePSD2 [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux/o0032779 kušu]
</ref> a creature, crab or snapping turtle)
*mulALLA, on the reading ALLA for NAGAR in non-astronomical texts see: [Lambert 1969,<ref>''Lambert W.G. '' Review of Limet H. L'anthroponymie sumérienne dans les document de la 3edynastie ďUr. 1968 // BSOAS. 1969. V. 32, Pt. 3. P. 594-595.</ref> 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.],
* mulALLAx, on the reading ALLAx in astronomical texts see [Neugebauer and Sachs 1967; Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11].
'''Var. designations (ALLA):'''
*1) The constellation in [[Cancer]],
*2) the zodiacal sign [[Cancer]],
*3) ''ziqpu''-asterism XX in later astronomical and astrological texts
'''Relation to Planet:''' Crab is ''Bit niṣirti'' of Jupiter
[AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360-361; Gössmann 1950, 14. 294; MSL VIII/2, 90-93; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156-158; Ungnad 1941-44, 256-7, fn. 42].

'''Philology:''' The reading of the Sumerian name mulal.lub rather than mulAL.LUL in the series Urra XXII is based on that in a school text from Susa (see CAD A/1, 351-352). mulALLA (formerly ALLAx) is a first millennium Sumerian name for the constellation written with the sign NAGAR.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts (AL.LUL)'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulal.lu5 [Emar VI/4, 154:115].
* (2) Urra XXII:
** mul''al-lub'' = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:296′];
** [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103].
* (3) Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki "Crab = Sippar" [MSL XVII, 229].
'''Lexical texts (ALLA)'''

* In monolingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulALLA [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27].

|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014, 245

* Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014, 104, 106ː Anu 10):
** mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal
** "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing a crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27)

* Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 245, Anu X, LBAT 1499 Anu XI). BM 82923:
** mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An
** "The Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:29].
* Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014, 161: 8 (setting in Month IV, Du'uzu), 19 (rising in Month X, Ṭebetu).
* '''"Round astrolabesː"'''
** K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. (list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9).
**
**'''CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and parallels'''
** Fincke 2025: 70 (mulAL.LUL restored as first AN.TA.GUB.BA-star for ituDU6 (Month VII), corresponding to Enlil 7).
**
** : <s>mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; see Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
*
*
* <s>Astrolabe B.</s>
** <s>(1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing a crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27); for a likely parallel see [BPO 2, III, 33-33a; Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, 181]; see also (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]]. </s>
** <s>(2) List (3´12): [itiab ... mul''al-lu-ut-tum šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "Month Ṭebetu: ... Crab (in the path of) Anu" (C ii 10).</s>
** <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is in month Ṭebetu, sunset is in month Du'uzu [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014 40, 42], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2, III 28a].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Month Ṭebetu, stars of Anu: mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An "The Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014, 139].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. múlalla (twice!), see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].</s>
* '''<s>"Round astrolabes."</s>'''
** <s>K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. The list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9: mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; see Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|"
|[[File:Cnc Hya KAKSISA stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with additional label "KAK.SI.SA2"|thumb|The Crab, the MUŠ-Dragon and the Arrow in the Babylonian Uranography. Stellarium mapwith paintings by Jessica Gullberg. ]]
|-
|'''EAE'''
* '''AL.LUL''' See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a-b, 28a-b, 33a, 35a, XV 11-13; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5-7].
* '''ALLA''' See [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''MUL.APIN (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) List of the stars of Enlil:
** mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat dA-nim''
** "The Crab, the seat of Anu" (I i 7), parallel in [Beaulieu et al. 2018 40, MLC 1866 col. ii 18].
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme
** "On the 5th of month Du'uzu the Small Twins and the Crab become visible" (I ii 41).
* (3) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6).
* (4) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon":
** mulAL.LUL, after mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, before mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]].
*
'''MUL.APIN (ALLA).'''
*Astrological predictions: U.RI.RI and ALLA (II iii 25-27), see (Kurtik u01) [[U.RI.RI]] .
|[[File:CNC Cancer Anu smh.jpg|alt=drawing of "Anu's Seat" in Cancer (star chart)|thumb|MUL.APIN lists "The Crab, The Seat of Anu" where "the seat" might be his throne or his temple. According to the reconstruction of the Anu-temple of Uruk by the German Archaeological Institute, this temple looks like a box. Here, we depict Anu sitting on his temple as his throne (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024, after Kay Elzner's drawing for Hoffmann 2021<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2021). Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart</ref>).]]
|-
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea”'''
* (1) mulal.lul = ídidigna "The Crab = Tigris River";
* (2) MULmeš IGImeš ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL = ídidigna "Front stars of the Crab = Tigris River";
* (3) EGIRmeš-''tum'' = ídBURANUNki "the rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates River";
* (4) See also Reynolds 2019: 297-298.
* (5) astrological predictions:
** (a) IGImeš KUR4meš-''ma'' SA5me-''ma'' ídIDIGNA DU-''kam''2 "(If) the front stars (of the Crab) are bright and are red: the Tigris will overflow,"
** (b) MURUB4meš SA5me-''ma'' ZI IM "(If) the middle ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the wind will rise",
** (c) EGIRmeš SA5me-''ma'' ídBURANUNki DU-''kam''2 NIMmeš / SI.SA2meš "(If) the rear ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the Euphrates will overflow and the early (harvest) will prosper";
* (6) 12 Amurru stars [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:145, 148, 149, 150-153, 219]. See also BM 34387: 7' (Horowitz 2014, 206).
|
|-
|'''"Letters and Reports"'''
The name of the constellation occurs in 27 reports and 4 letters [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* "'''Simple Group'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''VAT 9428''', Obv. 13-15// '''NBC 7831''', Obv. 12-14//'''BM 33878''' obv. 12'-13' (restored from duplicates, see [Hätinen 2023)<ref>Hätinen, Aino (2023). BM 33878: A Uranology Fragment From Babylon, Journal for Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 75, 189-195, DOI</ref>]:
** mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-[m]a-ak-[ku'' 4] MULmeš ''ina i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru / i-na li[b''3''-b]i-šu2-nu'' [6 MULmeš ''a-ḫi-i]n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e-[ṣir.'' . mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI''-šu''2 ''e-ṣir''
** "The Crab (has the shape of) an ''apsamakku'' (trapezoid, rectangle or square). [4] stars are depicted on its circumference; within them [6 stars side by side] straddle one another; 1 star is depicted on its head. [Ju]piter is depicted in its front." [Weidner 1927,<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref> 73-76, 80-81; Beaulieu et al. 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 22-25].
* "'''Expanded Version'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''MLC 1866''' (col. ii 18-20):
** mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺-''ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2meš-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-u''ʼ ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a''-[''ḫ'']''a-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i-šu''2 mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu''
** "The Crab is the seat of Anu. (It is shaped like) a quadrangle. 4 stars are drawn on its sides; 6 stars inside it side by side straddle one another. 1 star is depicted on its head. In front of it [Jupiter sta]nds."
** See (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
* See also (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL "3[⅓] mina in weight, ⅔ ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the rear Twin [Gemini] to the Crab [Cancer]",
** (b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, ⅔ ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the head of the Lion" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:9-12; TU 21 r. 9-12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL]
** "⅔ ''bēru'' to the Crab" [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14].
* (3) VAT 16436: see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''...]
** "From the Greater Twins until the Cra[b...]". [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:11].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere (description see above: Uranologies):
** a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL "⅔ miles (20°) to the Crab" (rev. 19),
** b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:19, 177]; see also BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180].
** In the diagram on the Sippar Planisphere, the Crab corresponds to 10 dots, of which the 4 outermost ones form a square with 6 smaller dots inside [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001,<ref name=":0" /> 176-177, Segment 2], see also "''ziqpu''" below.
'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (ALLA).'''

* VAT 16436:
** múlALLA // 10 // 14 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Crab // 10 (stars) // 14600 cubits". [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11].
|[[File:Cnc AlRawi2001 details 300dpi.jpg|alt=illustration from paper |thumb|Drawing of AL.LUL on the Sippar Planisphere (W. Horowitz and F. N. H. Al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":0" />), highlighting by Hoffmann 2024.]]
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (D)
** mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu
** "The Crab (ε Cnc) or the Snake (β Cnc), the Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the constellation of the Arrow (π Pup): a string". [Pingree and Walker 1988, 315:5-6].
* (E)
** 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu''-<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu
** "5° behind the Crab, or Jupiter, which stands behind the Crab in front of the Lion, and the constellation of the Arrow (ρ Pup): a string [ibid. 315:7-8];
|[[File:GU IV.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart for GU IV|thumb|star chart for GU IV (fourth GU, Kurtik GU D), published by Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":2">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann, Susanne M and Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021; Nuncius Hamburgensis 57, (Ahrensburg: tredition & Berlin:OpenScienceTechnology, 2022)</ref> in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy.]][[File:GU V (Kurtik- GU E).jpg|alt=star chart for GU V|thumb|map of the GU V in the GU-text (Kurtik GU E), published in Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":2" /> in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy. ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §O. mulal.lul "Crab" (δ, θ Cnc), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
|[[File:Dalbanna O.jpg|alt=star chart for Dalbanna "O"|thumb|Dalbanna pattern "O"; for this line two versions are preserved and the patterns here distinguished with different colours (plot by Susanne M Hoffmann, 2024)]]
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
* [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB...] / [...mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 ...]
* "[On the 1]5th [of month Ṭebetu] at sunrise, (the point) 5° behind the Cr[ab] [...] culminates(?) [...] Sir[ius...]" [SpTU I, 95:15'-16'; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 99].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy (ALLA).'''
*(1) ALLA is the zodiacal sign of the Crab [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; first as allax in the lunar tables of the late 5th century BCE [Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989].
*(2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ''ar''2 <<ut>> ''ša''2 múlalla "Rear stars of the Crab" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11].
*(3) Anaphora.
**a) А 3427: [...''ina''] itiziz2 ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlALLA ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
***"[...In] the month Šabaṭu at noon(?) of the 29th day the Crab emits a ''mišḫu'' and ascends(?)" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23].
****
**b) BM 36609+: [TA ...] x ''a-na'' 4 ''ša''2 múl''lu-lim'' / [EN...] ''um-mu-lut'' KI ''ša''2 ALLA
***"[From ...] ... 4 stars of the Stag / [to...] the Dusky [stars]: in place of the Crab" [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15-16].
***TA ''a-si-du'' / EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL- ''šu''2 KUR
***"From the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) / to (the point located) 5° behind the Dull Stars. / The Crab, from its beginning to its end, ascends." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23-25];
***rising time: 30° [ibid. 550].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts" (ALLA).'''
*The constellation and zodiacal sign of the Crab [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I-III, passim]; first in [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, no. -567:10];
* As a designation of the constellation included in the names of 4 "normal stars", see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]] and (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) "Lunaria":
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 "in the area of the Crab" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (2) Microzodiac. See (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (3) Hypsomata: The Crab — Jupiter's hypsoma, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
* (4) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU [...] "[If] he is born where the Crab (culminates)" [SpTU V, 265:3'].
* (5) AO 6483: [...: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul [...] "[If a child is born ..., (when) the Crab] appears: death by arms" [TU 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (7) An extispicy including the correspondence between liver parts, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik a21) ALLA.

'''Late Astrology, Magic and the Calendar (ALLA).'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ALLA is the sign of the zodiac "Crab"(= Cancer) [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaria." BRM IV, 19: ALLA is the designation of the zodiacal sign Crab (=Cancer) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: g, h, m, 23; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004, 95-125].
*(3) Microzodiac.
**The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**4-''ni''!-''tum'' ḪA.LA múlALLA ''šum''3-''šu''2
**"4th part, its name is the Crab" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66].
*(4) "Calendar-magical texts".
*(a) BM 34452+:**4 26 // 3 8 // ''Sin'' [''ina'' x x x] x múlALLA / [...] dNAMMU
**"Du'uzu 26 // Simanu 8 // Moon [in x x x] x Crab. / [...] Nammu."
**[LBAT, 1586 + 1587; Hunger 1975, 41:15].
*(b) In the "calendar" ritual texts, the Crab (ŠU/ALLA) corresponds to a recipe for an ointment (W 22619/9+): ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "MIN(=APIN) 10 // ALLA 10 // (with) the blood of a crab, and a crab’s fat you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; ingredients for medical treatment are derived from the animal seen in the zodiacal sign concerned, see Reiner 1995, 116f.
*(5) Zodiacal astrology.
** KI múlALLA UŠ2 ''a-ab-bu''
** "Area of Cancer: death in the ocean."
** [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
*(6) Predicting prices of grain based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlALLA) [SpTU I, 94, passim].
*(7) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on observations of the culmination of stars and positions of the Sun relative to constellations:
** ''ki-i'' múlALLA ''a-na ziq-pi'' ''izzazu''(GUB)zu-''m''[''a''...] / mulALLA múlKAK.SI.SA2 [...] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlALLA ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.[GI6)...]
**"If the Crab culminates and the [(lunar) eclipse should begin], the Crab, the Arrow [...] until the Sun has reached the Crab. It means: eclipse[s ...]" [SpTU III, 102:6-8 (W 22554/2)].
*(8) between liver parts, deities, months and stars:
**KAL d''Uraš''(IB) itiŠU mulALLA mulAPIN // ''da''-x[...] / d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a''
**"The 'Strength' is Uraš; month Du'uzu; Crab, Plow; [...] Šulpae";
**perhaps ''da-p''[''i-nu''] should be restored here for an extispicy and its correspondences [SpTU IV, 159:8-9; Reiner 1995, 78].
|
|}
See also [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]].
[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
[[File:ALUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 173653.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AL.LUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Tarf]]
|HIP 40526
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.52
|-
|2
| κ Geminorum
|HIP 37740
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.57
|-
|3
|[[Asellus Australis]]
|HIP 42911
|Constellation lines
|3.94
|-
|4
|ι 1 Cancri
|HIP 43103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.018
|-
| 5
|[[Acubens]]
|HIP 44066
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.249
|-
|6
|[[Asellus Borealis]]
|HIP 42806
|Constellation lines
|4.652
|-
| 7
|[[Tegmine]]
|HIP 40167
|Inside the Hull
|4.67
|-
|8
|μ 2 Cancri
|HIP 39780
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|9
| zet01 Cnc
|HIP 40167A
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|10
|η Cancri
|HIP 41909
|Constellation lines
|5.325
|-
|11
|θ Cancri
|HIP 41822
|Constellation lines
|5.337
|-
|12
|85 Gem
|HIP 38722
|Inside the Hull
|5.365
|-
| 13
|27 Cnc
|HIP 41400
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|14
|3 Cnc
|HIP 39177
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|15
| 45 Cnc
|HIP 42795
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|16
|υ 1 Cancri
|HIP 41816
|Inside the Hull
|5.694
|-
|17
|ψ Cancri
|HIP 40023
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 40167C
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 40866
|Inside the Hull
|5.798
|-
|20
|[AKS95] 73
|[AKS95] 73
|Inside the Hull
|5.832
|-
|21
| ω 1 Cancri
|HIP 39191
|Inside the Hull
| 5.853
|-
|22
|50 Cnc
|HIP 43121
|Inside the Hull
| 5.885
|-
|23
| Piautos
|HIP 40881
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|24
|20 Cnc
|HIP 41117
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 25
|29 Cnc
|HIP 41578
|Inside the Hull
|5.948
|-
|26
|5 Cnc
|HIP 39236
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|27
|μ 1 Cancri
|HIP 39659
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 40231
| Inside the Hull
| 6.047
|-
|29
| 28 Cnc
|HIP 41574
| Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|30
| 21 Cnc
|HIP 41163
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 41319
|Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
|32
| * phi02 Cnc A
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 40167B
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|34
|[AKS95] 69
|[AKS95] 69
|Inside the Hull
|6.176
|-
|35
|* phi02 Cnc B
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 40058
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|37
|82 Gem
|HIP 38106
|Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 39535
| Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|39
| 12 Cnc
|HIP 39874
|Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 42010
|Inside the Hull
|6.247
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 39180
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|42
| [[Meleph]]
|HIP 42556
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|43
|ω 2 Cancri
|HIP 39263
|Inside the Hull
|6.297
|-
|44
| -
| HIP 39194
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 45
| -
|HIP 42187
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|46
|υ 2 Cancri
| HIP 41940
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 40354
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|48
| 54 Cnc
|HIP 43454
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|49
|39 Cnc
| HIP 42516
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 42549
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 51
| -
|HIP 40675
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|52
|ψ1 Cnc
|HIP 40007
| Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|53
| -
| HIP 43427
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 41833
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 40342
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

==== Deity ====
The name was recorded, as a rule, without the determinative d; it is absent from the lists of gods. On its connection with Anu see MUL.APIN I i 7 and BM 82923:29, and [BPO 2, III 33a]: ''dA-nim'' mulAL.LUL; see also MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36]. The connection with Ninurta is attested in VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) dNin-[g]ir2-su "The crab—the river of the god Ningirsu" [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, fn. 99; 1963 117, fn. 9]; for a parallel see [SpTU III, 101:5]. For the namburbi series, see [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7; Maul 1994 = Stefan M. Maul, Zukunftsbewältigung. Eine Untersuchung altorientalischen Denkens anhand der babylonisch-assyrischen Löserituale (Namburbi). Baghdader Forschungen 18, Mainz 1994]. In astrological geography, the Crab correlates (a) with Sippar, (b) the Tigris River; stars in front of the Crab—with the Tigris, stars in the back—with the Euphrates [Weidner 1963] (see below).

==== Symbol ====
For astral images of the crab on seals from Uruk during the time of the Seleucids, see [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994-1000; Kurtik 2007, fig. 22-27, 46]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlALLA (designation of the zodiacal sign Cancer) corresponds to A.MEŠ "waters" [SpTU II, 43:4].

==== Previous Identifications ====
Koch's identification of the stars in the GU text [Pingree and Walker 313-322]: mul.al.lul is ε Cnc, mul.muš is 1 Hya, or 30 Mon, or 2 Hya, mul.ban is ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 is 11 CMa, or Pulk55 1121m, or Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; see Pingree's objections [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 90-98].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars: mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL "The False Star = Crab" [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) = Goat-Fish: mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 "The Crab is so said to denote the Goat-Fish, namely, ''suḫurmāšu''." [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = Entenabarguz: MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ mulAL.LUL "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulŠU.GI) is Entenabarguz. Entenabarguz = The Crab" [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Lunar halo and Crab: DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the Crab stands in it: the life of the king of Akkad will last" [SAA 10, 113:6-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1-3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) Saturn & the Crab (observations)ː KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (gloss.: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL. LUL [xxxxxx] "Their (the Scales') position is stable, [(this) means that Saturn stands] in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:4-5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] "Saturn stands in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:8-r.1 ].

(6) Jupiter & the Crab (observations)ː ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] ''/ a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' "Later once it (Jupiter) continued to move and approached the Crab" [SAA 8, 84 r. 2-3]; see also [ibid. 323: 1-3].

(7) Mars approaches the Crabː DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' "If the Strange Star (= Mars) comes close to the Crab: the ruler will die. / If it had become stationary (and) stopped, that would have been [a bad sign]; this (now) is an evil (sign) for Akkad." [SAA 8, 101:7-9]; observations and warnings: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u''2 ''i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 "Mars reached the Crab; [the king should] know (about it) and be careful until it goes out" [SAA 8, 380:4-r.3]; for other examples, see [SAA 8, 28:4-r.3, 80 r. 3, 452:6-r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' [...] "If Mars comes close to the Crab: the Elamites will attack, and the city will be captured [...]". [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) The Goat (=Venus) approaches the Crabː [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ ... mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' "[If] the Goat comes close to the Crab: there will be reconciliation and peace in the country; the gods will have mercy on the country; ... (because) Goat = Venus." [SAA 8, 175: r. 1-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 247:8-r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5-11].

(9) Heliacal rising of Mercury in the Crab: DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If the Crab is dark: the spirit of a wronged man will possess the country, deaths will occur in the country". [SAA 8, 477:6-r. 1].

(10) ''Uriri'' and the Crab: DIŠ mul5.U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul5.ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme "If the star Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Crab, omen for an important person: he will die" (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

(11) Lunar eclipse in the Crab: [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ídIdigna ...] "If the Moon eclipses in the area of the front stars of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Tigris River" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219 BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''...] "If the Moon eclipses in the hind region of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Euphrates river..." [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219 BM 38164:2]; for a parallel see [Verderame 2002, Texts IIa:4′-6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963, 118 MNB 1848:47-48] as well as the “Great Star List.”

(12) Mercury in the Crabː DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 GUB-''ma'' "If the front stars of the Crab are red: rising of the wind. (It means) that Mercury stands in it." [BPO 2, III 7-b-c].

See also [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a21)
|
|-
|
=== (a21) ALLA ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulNAGAR, mulKUŠU2, mulalla, mulallax, mulkušu2; = «Краб»(?). О чтении alla для NAGAR в не-астрономических текстах см. [Lambert 1969, 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.], о чтении allax в астрономических текстах см. [Neugebauer–Sachs 1967; Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11]. 1) Созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующие современному Раку (Cancer), 2) = ziqpu XX в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [CAD A/1, 361b; Gössmann 1950, 294; MSL VIII/2, 90–93; Ungnad 1941–44, 256–7, Anm. 42].
I. Источники.

Лексич тексты. В одноязычных шумерских списках звезд: mulNAGAR [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27]. EAE. См. [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!): a) месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля (ошибка: д.б. múlmuš «Змея» симану, звезды Энлиля), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2; b) месяц шабату, звезды Ану, см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA [LBAT, 1499:4, 11]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: U.RI.RI и ALLA (II iii 25–27), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110–111]. MLC 1866. См. a18AL.LUL, k09KAK.BAN. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436: múlALLA // 10 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Краб // 10 (звезд) // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11]. «Дневники наблюдений». Созвездие и знак зодиака Краб [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; впервые в [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No. -567:10]; как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 4 «нормальных звезд», см. a18AL.LUL и m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. ALLA – знак зодиака Краб [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; впервые как allax в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989]. Анафора. (1) А 3427: [… ina] itiziz2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[…В] месяце шабату в полдень(?) 29-го дня Краб испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23]. (2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ar2 <<ut>> ša2 múlalla «Задние звезды Краба» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11]. (3) BM 36609+: a) [TA…] x x a-na 4 ša2 múllu-lim / [EN…] um-mu-lut KI ša2 ALLA «[От …] …4 звезд Оленя / [до…] Тусклых [звезд]: место Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15–16]. b) TA a-si-du / EN 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «От Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) / До (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых звезд. / Краб, от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23–25]; время восхода: 300 [ibid. 550]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ALLA — знак зодиака «Краб»(= Рак) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: ALLA — обозначение знака зодиака Краб (=Рак) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: g, h, m, 23; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: 4-ni!-tum ḫa.la múlalla šum3-šu2 «4-я часть, ее имя Краб» [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. (3) «Календарно-магические тексты». a) BM 34452+: 4 26 // 3 8 // Sin [ina x x x] x múlALLA / […] dNAMMU «Дуузу 26 // симану 8 // Луна [в x x x] x Крабе. / […] Намму.» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15]. b) Рецепт изготовления мази W 22619/9+: 10 MIN(=APIN) // 10 KUŠU2 // UŠ2 al-lut-tu2 u I3.UDU MIN(=alluttu) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Арахсамну 10 // Рак 100 // Кровь рака и жир рака ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; параллель (сокращение ŠU = KUŠU2) см. [SpTU III, 104]. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlALLA UŠ2 a-ab-bu «Область Рака: смерть от врага» [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlNAGAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания лунных затмений по наблюдениям кульминаций звезд и положений Солнца относительно созвездий: ki-i múlNAGAR a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-m[a…] / mulNAGAR múlGAG.SI.SA2 […] / a-di-i dŠamaš múlNAGAR ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN.[GI6)…] «Если Краб кульминирует и [(лунное) затмение должно начаться], Краб, Стрела… до тех пор пока Солнце Краба не достигнет. Его значение: затме[ние…]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6–8]. (7) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: KAL dUraš(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // da-x[…] / dŠul-pa-e3-a «‘Сила’ — Ураш; дуузу; Краб, Плуг; […] Шульпаэ»; возможно здесь должно быть da-p[i-nu] [SpTU IV, 159:8–9; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

См. также a18AL.LUL, k31KUŠU2.
|
|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL.
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a18 & a22)
!
|-
|
==== (a18) mulAL.LUL ====
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB, mulALLA; = mul''alluttu'' «Краб»; 1) созвездие в Раке (Canсer), 2) ''ziqpu'' XX, группа звезд в Раке [AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360–361; Gössmann 1950, 14; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156–158]. См. также a21ALLA, k31KUŠU2.
I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Ura'' XXII: mulal-lub = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103]. '''(3)''' Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki «Краб=Сиппар» [MSL XVII, 229]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. '''(1)''' Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, 60; '''(2)''' месяц тебету, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574–575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal «Красная звезда, которая стоит на востоке поcле Близнецов, Гула, несущая корону, (это) Краб, звезда Ану, вблизи Царя» (B ii 24–27); вероятная параллель см. [BPO 2, III, 33–33a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181]; см. также u11UGA. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiab … mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Месяц тебету: … Краб (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 10). '''(3)''' Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], см. g27GU.LA; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 28a]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану: mulAL.LUL // 1,10 // ''šu-bat'' ''An'' «Краб // 70 // Сидение Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014]. BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!), см. a21ALLA. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1,10 «Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Краб, 70» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''ЕАЕ'''.'' См. [Snake 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a–b, 28a–b, 33a, 35a, XV 11–13; Verderame2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5–7]. '''''MUL.APIN'''.'' '''(1)''' Список звезд Энлиля (№ 7): mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat'' d''A-nim'' «Созвездие Краб, место Ану» (I i 7), параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18). '''(2)''' Список дат гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme «5-го дуузу Малые Близнецы и Краб становятся видны» (I ii 41). '''(3)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulAL.LUL, после mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, перед mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Астрологические предсказания: (II iii 25–27) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 20, 41, 59, 68, 110–111]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulal.lul = ídidigna «Краб = река Тигр»; '''(2)''' mul.meš igi.meš ''ša''2 mulal.lul = ídidigna «Передние звезды Краба = река Тигр»; '''(3)''' egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = река Евфрат»; '''(4)''' астрологические предсказания: a) igi.meš kur4.meš-''ma'' sa5.me-''ma'' ídidigna du-''kam''2 «(Если) передние звезды (Краба) имеют большой блеск и красные: Тигр разольется», b) murub4.meš sa5.me-''ma'' zi im «(Если) средние (звезды Краба) красные: поднимется ветер», c) egir.meš sa5.me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 nim.meš / si.sa2.meš «(Если) задние (звезды Краба) красные: Евфрат разольется и ранний (урожай) будет обильным»; '''(5)''' 12 звезд Амурру [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:145, 148, 149, 150–153, 219]. «'''''Письма''» ''и'' «''Рапорты''»''.''''' Название созвездия встречается в 27 рапортах и 4 письмах [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a]. '''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.''''' См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. См. ниже «Символ», а также k09KAK.BAN. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''.'' '''(1)''' AO 6478: a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL «3[⅓ ми]ны веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Заднего Близнеца до Рака», b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва» [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:9–12; TU, 21 r. 9–12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. '''(2)''' VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL] «200 до Краба» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14]. '''(3)''' VAT 16436: см. a21ALLA. '''(4)''' BM 38369+: TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''…] «От Больших Близнецов до Кра[ба…]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:11]. '''(5''') Sippar Planisphere: a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL «⅔ мили (200) до Краба» (rev. 19), b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:19, 177]; см. также BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(D)''' mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu «Краб (ε Cnc) или Змея (β Cnc), Лук (η CMa) и левая нога созвездия Стрела (π Pup): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 315:5–6]. '''(E)''' 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu-''<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu «5 uš позади Краба, или Юпитер, который стоит позади Краба перед Львом, и созвездие Стрела (ρ Pup): веревка [ibid. 315:7–8]; отождествление Коха звезд в этом уравнивании: mulal.lul — ε Cnc, mulmuš — 1 Hya, или 30 Mon, или 2 Hya, mulban — ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 — 11 CMa, или Pulk55 1121''m'', или Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; возражения Пингри см. [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 90–98]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''.'' '''§O'''. mulal.lul «Краб» (δ, θ Cnc), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. '''''Текст''''' '''''W22281a'''''. [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB…] / […mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 …] «[1]5-го [тебету] при восходе Солнца (точка) в 50 к востоку от Кр[аб]а […] в кульминации […] Сири[ус…]» [SpTU I, 95:15'–16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99]. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 «Область Краба» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. a21ALLA. '''(2)''' «Микрозодиак». См. a21ALLA. '''(3)''' «Гипсома». Краб — гипсома Сатурна, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. '''(4)''' W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда Краб (кульминирует), родился» [SpTU V, 265:3']. '''(5)''' AO 6483: […: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul […] «[Если ребенок родился, когда…, (когда) Краб] появляется: смерть от оружия» [TU, 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. '''(6)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], см. s20''Sîn''. '''(7)''' В «календарных» ритуальных текстах Крабу (ŠU/ALLA) соответствует рецепт мази: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') «Кровь краба, жир краба ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; что при этом конкретно имеется в виду, остается неясным. '''(8)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a21ALLA.

II. Божество.

Название записывалось, как правило, без детерминатива d; отсутствует в списках богов. О его связи с Ану см. MUL.APIN, I i 7 и BM 82923:29, а также [BPO 2, III 33a]: d''A''-''nim'' mulAL.LUL; см. также MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. Связь с Нинуртой засвидетельствована в VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) d''nin''-[''g'']''ir2''-''su'' «Краб ― река бога Нингирсу» [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, Anm. 99; 1963 117, Anm. 9]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 101:5]. В серии намбурби см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Краб соотносится: a) c Сиппаром, b) рекой Тигр; передние звезды Краба — с Тигром, задние звезды — с Евфратом [Weidner 1963] (см. ниже).

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428, Obv. 13–15: mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-''[''m'']''a-ak''-[''ku'' 4] MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ''i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru'' / ''i-na li''[''b''3''-b'']''i-šu''2''-nu'' [6 MUL.MEŠ ''a-ḫi''-''i'']''n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e''-[''ṣir''... mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir'' «Краб (имеет форму) ''apsamakku'' (трапеция, прямоугольник или квадрат) ([AHw 61; CAD A/2, 192]). [4] звезды изображены на его окружности; внутри их [6 звезд] следуют [рядом] друг за другом; 1 звезда на его голове изображена. [Ю]питер впереди его изображен» [Weidner 1927, 73–76, 80–81; CAD A/1, 361; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 22–25]. Описание в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18–20): mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺''-ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-uʼ'' ''ina'' ''lib''3-''bi''-''šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a-''[''ḫ'']a''-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+ ''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu2'' ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i''-''šu2'' mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu'' «Краб — сидение Ану. (Он имеет форму) четырехугольника. 4 звезды изображены по его сторонам, внутри его 6 звезд рядом друг за другом следуют. 1 звезда на его голове изображена. Впереди [Юпитер сто]ит» [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40]. На диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere Крабу соответствует 10 точек, из них 4 крайние образуют квадрат, внутри которого 6 более мелких точек [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 176–177, Segment 2]. Астральные изображения краба на печатях из Урука селевкидского времени см. [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994–1000; Куртик 2007, рис. 22–27, 46]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlALLA (обозначение знака зодиака Рак) соответствует A.MEŠ «воды» [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= приблизительно Cancer, в особенности ι Cancri [Gössmann 1950, 14];

= α CМi, хотя признается, что в некоторых случаях al.lu5 обозначает знак зодиака Cancer [Waerden 1949, 21, note 21; 1974, 73, 76];

= Э.Вайднер рассматривает α CMi в качестве ведущей звезды созвездия [Weidner 1957–59, 77];

= Cancer [BPO 2, 7, 10; Hunger and Steele 2019, 137; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= γ δ ε (Praesepe) + η θ ι Cancri [Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 15]; см. также [Koch 1993, 187, Anm. 10].

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

Число звезд в múlALLA = 10, согласно, VAT 16436:11 [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

= Praesepe (Ясли) in Cancer (группа звезд) [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

''='' ε Cnc + Praesepe [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Передняя звезда Краба к северу» (η Cancri);

(2) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Передняя звезда Краба к югу» (θ Cancri);

(3) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Задняя звезда Краба к северу» (γ Cancri);

(4) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Задняя звезда Краба к югу» (δ Cancri);

четыре указанные звезды входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

В «Большом списке звезд» подразделяется на три части:

(5) «Передние звезды...» (см. выше);

(6) murub4.meš «Cрединные (звезды)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:151];

(7) «Задние (звезды)» (см. выше).

В астрологии подразделяется на две части:

(9) MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Передние звезды Краба» [BPO 2, III 7b], см. также [BPO 2, XV 13 + Parallels; Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 1'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 47].

(10) MUL.MEŠ EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Задние звезды Краба» [Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 2'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 48]; cм. также: MUL2 ''ar''2me ''ša''2 ALLA «Задние звезды Краба» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -381:4].

(11) Правая и левая стороны ALLA упоминаются в MUL.APIN II iii 26–27, см. u01U.RI.RI.

(12) MUL2?MEŠ IGI?.˹MEŠ˺ ''u ar''2.MEŠ ''ša''2 ALLA «передние и задние звезды Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker, Sect. 10: rev. v 2′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL «Звезда Лжец = Краб» [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) ''= Коза-Рыба''; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 «Краб ― так говорят, чтобы обозначить Козу-Рыбу, а именно, ''suḫurmāšu''» [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = ''Энтенабархум''; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 DU-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL «Звезда, которая позади него (т.е. позади mulŠU.GI) стоит — Энтенабархум. Энтенабархум = Краб» [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

Предсказания:

(4) ''Лунное гало и Краб''; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu2'' GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' «Если Луна окружена гало, и Краб стоит в нем: жизнь царя Аккада продлится» [SAA 10, 113:6–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1–3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) ''Сатурн и Краб'' (''наблюдения''); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (глосса: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL.LUL [xxxxx] «Их положения стабильны, [(это) означает, что Сатурн стоит] в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:4–5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] «Сатурн стоит в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:8–r.1].

(6) ''Юпитер и Краб'' (''наблюдение''); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma'' [0] ''it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] / ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' «Позднее он (Юпитер) продолжил движение и приблизился к Крабу» [SAA 8, 84 r. 2–3]; см. также [ibid. 323: 1–3].

(7) ''Марс приближается к Крабу''; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma'' ''ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' «Если Странная Звезда (= Марс) приближается к Крабу: правитель умрет. / Если он останавливается (и) стоит, это [зловещий знак]; это злое (предзнаменование) для Аккада» [SAA 8, 101:7–9]; наблюдение и предупреждение: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u2 i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 «Марс достиг Краба; [царь дол]жен знать (об этом) и быть осторожным, пока он не вышел» [SAA 8, 380:4–r.3]; другие примеры см. [SAA 8, 28:4, 80 r. 3, 452:6–r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' […] «Если Марс к Крабу приближается: нападение Элама, город будет захвачен […]» [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''приближается к Крабу''; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ … mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' «[Если] Коза приближается в Крабу: в стране наступит примирение и мир; боги смилуются над страной; пустые закрома наполнятся; урожай страны будет обильным; беременные женщины будут вынашивать своих младенцев положенное время; великие боги покинут (временно) святилища страны; храмы великих богов будут восстановлены, (это произойдет, поскольку): Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175: r. 1–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 247:8–r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5–11].

(9) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в Крабе'': DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если Краб темный: дух злого человека овладеет страной, смерти будут в стране» [SAA 8, 477:6–r. 1].

(10) ''Урири и Краб''; DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme «Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Крабу, ḪUR AL умрут» (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) ''Лунное затмения в Крабе''; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Idigna'' …] «Если Луна затмилась в области передних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Тигр» [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''…] «Если Луна затмилась в области задних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Евфрат…» [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; параллель см. [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′–6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47–48], а также «Большой список звезд».

(12) ''Меркурий в Крабе''; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 DU-''ma'' «Если передние звезды Краба красные: восход ветра. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в нем» [BPO 2, III 7–b–c].

См. также [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
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==== (a22) mul''Alluttu'' ====
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|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Cnc]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AL.LUL

2026-05-07T07:53:57Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[3] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AL.LUL}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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[[File:Liocarcinus vernalis.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Vernal crab from the Belgian coastal waters on board of RV Belgica. CC BY-SA 4.0]]
The Mesopotamian term mulAL.LUL (𒀯𒀠𒈜) = ''Alluttu'' means "Crab" and in astronomy refers to the constellation [[Cancer]], The Crab. ALLA is a later Mesopotamian term, alternatively used for mulAL.LUL.
A schematic drawing of the ‘The Crab’ constellation is available on the Sippar Planisphere,<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> Sector 2: 4. It shows a quadrilateral with six dots inside representing the central star cluster M44. It may also be interpreted as a tiny crab formed of the four corner stars for the crab's 2 front claws and 2 swimming legs, and 6 other smaller stars inside the square for the main part of its body. The small smudge at the top of the drawing might just be a partially erased 11th dot for ‘The Crab’s’ head as described in the Uranology text D (MLC 1866) [Beaulieu et. al 2018:<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 36, 40]:<blockquote>''The Crab is the seat of Anu, (It is shaped like) a quadrilateral 4 stars are depicted on its sides, with 6 stars next to each other inside it. 1 star is depicted on its head.'' </blockquote>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
In Kurtik (2007), the terms (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik a21), mulALLA and (Kurtik k31), [[KUŠU2|mulKUŠU2]] have been separate lemmas. The Akkadian equivalent for mulAL.LUL "Crab" is mul''Alluttu.'' Syllabic writings occur mostly in lexical texts and 'Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'-group. Here we merge them as Sumerian mulAL.LUL or AL.LUL = ''alluttu'' (Akkadian) “crab”,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> and mul[[ALLA]]<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> = mul''alluttu'' (Akkadian) "Crab". In the sky, they all refer to the same asterism and zodiacal sign in [[Cancer]].

'''Variant readings:'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="4" |cuneiform
!transliteration(s)
|-
!
!Borger #
(1981)
!Unicode
(codepoint)
!NA sign
!
|-
|
| rowspan="2" |560
| rowspan="2" |U+...
| rowspan="2" |
|ALLA , ALLAx
|-
|
|NAGAR
|-
|
|562
|
|
|KUŠU2
|-
|
|298, 355
|U+..., U+...
|
|AL.LU5
|}
* mulALLA , mulALLAx ,
* mulAL.LU5 ,mulAL.LUL, mulAL.LUB

*mulNAGAR,
*mulKUŠU2 (ePSD2:<ref>ePSD2 [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux/o0032779 kušu]
</ref> a creature, crab or snapping turtle)
*mulALLA, on the reading ALLA for NAGAR in non-astronomical texts see: [Lambert 1969,<ref>''Lambert W.G. '' Review of Limet H. L'anthroponymie sumérienne dans les document de la 3edynastie ďUr. 1968 // BSOAS. 1969. V. 32, Pt. 3. P. 594-595.</ref> 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.],
* mulALLAx, on the reading ALLAx in astronomical texts see [Neugebauer and Sachs 1967; Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11].
'''Var. designations (ALLA):'''
*1) The constellation in [[Cancer]],
*2) the zodiacal sign [[Cancer]],
*3) ''ziqpu''-asterism XX in later astronomical and astrological texts
'''Relation to Planet:''' Crab is ''Bit niṣirti'' of Jupiter
[AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360-361; Gössmann 1950, 14. 294; MSL VIII/2, 90-93; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156-158; Ungnad 1941-44, 256-7, fn. 42].

'''Philology:''' The reading of the Sumerian name mulal.lub rather than mulAL.LUL in the series Urra XXII is based on that in a school text from Susa (see CAD A/1, 351-352). mulALLA (formerly ALLAx) is a first millennium Sumerian name for the constellation written with the sign NAGAR.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts (AL.LUL)'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulal.lu5 [Emar VI/4, 154:115].
* (2) Urra XXII:
** mul''al-lub'' = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:296′];
** [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103].
* (3) Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki "Crab = Sippar" [MSL XVII, 229].
'''Lexical texts (ALLA)'''

* In monolingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulALLA [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27].

|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014, 245

* Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014, 104, 106ː Anu 10):
** mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal
** "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing a crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27)

* Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 245, Anu X, LBAT 1499 Anu XI). BM 82923:
** mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An
** "The Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:29].
* Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014, 161: 8 (setting in Month IV, Du'uzu), 19 (rising in Month X, Ṭebetu).
* '''"Round astrolabesː"'''
** K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. (list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9).
**
**'''CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and parallels'''
** Fincke 2025: 70 (mulAL.LUL restored as first AN.TA.GUB.BA-star for ituDU6 (Month VII), corresponding to Enlil 7).
**
** : <s>mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; see Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
*
*
* <s>Astrolabe B.</s>
** <s>(1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing a crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27); for a likely parallel see [BPO 2, III, 33-33a; Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, 181]; see also (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]]. </s>
** <s>(2) List (3´12): [itiab ... mul''al-lu-ut-tum šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "Month Ṭebetu: ... Crab (in the path of) Anu" (C ii 10).</s>
** <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is in month Ṭebetu, sunset is in month Du'uzu [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014 40, 42], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2, III 28a].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Month Ṭebetu, stars of Anu: mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An "The Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014, 139].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. múlalla (twice!), see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].</s>
* '''<s>"Round astrolabes."</s>'''
** <s>K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. The list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9: mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; see Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|"
|[[File:Cnc Hya KAKSISA stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with additional label "KAK.SI.SA2"|thumb|The Crab, the MUŠ-Dragon and the Arrow in the Babylonian Uranography. Stellarium mapwith paintings by Jessica Gullberg. ]]
|-
|'''EAE'''
* '''AL.LUL''' See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a-b, 28a-b, 33a, 35a, XV 11-13; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5-7].
* '''ALLA''' See [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''MUL.APIN (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) List of the stars of Enlil:
** mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat dA-nim''
** "The Crab, the seat of Anu" (I i 7), parallel in [Beaulieu et al. 2018 40, MLC 1866 col. ii 18].
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme
** "On the 5th of month Du'uzu the Small Twins and the Crab become visible" (I ii 41).
* (3) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6).
* (4) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon":
** mulAL.LUL, after mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, before mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]].
*
'''MUL.APIN (ALLA).'''
*Astrological predictions: U.RI.RI and ALLA (II iii 25-27), see (Kurtik u01) [[U.RI.RI]] .
|[[File:CNC Cancer Anu smh.jpg|alt=drawing of "Anu's Seat" in Cancer (star chart)|thumb|MUL.APIN lists "The Crab, The Seat of Anu" where "the seat" might be his throne or his temple. According to the reconstruction of the Anu-temple of Uruk by the German Archaeological Institute, this temple looks like a box. Here, we depict Anu sitting on his temple as his throne (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024, after Kay Elzner's drawing for Hoffmann 2021<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2021). Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart</ref>).]]
|-
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea”'''
* (1) mulal.lul = ídidigna "The Crab = Tigris River";
* (2) MULmeš IGImeš ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL = ídidigna "Front stars of the Crab = Tigris River";
* (3) EGIRmeš-''tum'' = ídBURANUNki "the rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates River";
* (4) See also Reynolds 2019: 297-298.
* (5) astrological predictions:
** (a) IGImeš KUR4meš-''ma'' SA5me-''ma'' ídIDIGNA DU-''kam''2 "(If) the front stars (of the Crab) are bright and are red: the Tigris will overflow,"
** (b) MURUB4meš SA5me-''ma'' ZI IM "(If) the middle ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the wind will rise",
** (c) EGIRmeš SA5me-''ma'' ídBURANUNki DU-''kam''2 NIMmeš / SI.SA2meš "(If) the rear ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the Euphrates will overflow and the early (harvest) will prosper";
* (6) 12 Amurru stars [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:145, 148, 149, 150-153, 219]. See also BM 34387: 7' (Horowitz 2014, 206).
|
|-
|'''"Letters and Reports"'''
The name of the constellation occurs in 27 reports and 4 letters [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* "'''Simple Group'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''VAT 9428''', Obv. 13-15// '''NBC 7831''', Obv. 12-14//'''BM 33878''' obv. 12'-13' (restored from duplicates, see [Hätinen 2023)<ref>Hätinen, Aino (2023). BM 33878: A Uranology Fragment From Babylon, Journal for Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 75, 189-195, DOI</ref>]:
** mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-[m]a-ak-[ku'' 4] MULmeš ''ina i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru / i-na li[b''3''-b]i-šu2-nu'' [6 MULmeš ''a-ḫi-i]n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e-[ṣir.'' . mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI''-šu''2 ''e-ṣir''
** "The Crab (has the shape of) an ''apsamakku'' (trapezoid, rectangle or square). [4] stars are depicted on its circumference; within them [6 stars side by side] straddle one another; 1 star is depicted on its head. [Ju]piter is depicted in its front." [Weidner 1927,<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref> 73-76, 80-81; Beaulieu et al. 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 22-25].
* "'''Expanded Version'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''MLC 1866''' (col. ii 18-20):
** mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺-''ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2meš-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-u''ʼ ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a''-[''ḫ'']''a-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i-šu''2 mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu''
** "The Crab is the seat of Anu. (It is shaped like) a quadrangle. 4 stars are drawn on its sides; 6 stars inside it side by side straddle one another. 1 star is depicted on its head. In front of it [Jupiter sta]nds."
** See (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
* See also (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL "3[⅓] mina in weight, ⅔ ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the rear Twin [Gemini] to the Crab [Cancer]",
** (b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, ⅔ ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the head of the Lion" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:9-12; TU 21 r. 9-12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL]
** "⅔ ''bēru'' to the Crab" [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14].
* (3) VAT 16436: see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''...]
** "From the Greater Twins until the Cra[b...]". [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:11].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere (description see above: Uranologies):
** a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL "⅔ miles (20°) to the Crab" (rev. 19),
** b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:19, 177]; see also BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180].
** In the diagram on the Sippar Planisphere, the Crab corresponds to 10 dots, of which the 4 outermost ones form a square with 6 smaller dots inside [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001,<ref name=":0" /> 176-177, Segment 2], see also "''ziqpu''" below.
'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (ALLA).'''

* VAT 16436:
** múlALLA // 10 // 14 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Crab // 10 (stars) // 14600 cubits". [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11].
|[[File:Cnc AlRawi2001 details 300dpi.jpg|alt=illustration from paper |thumb|Drawing of AL.LUL on the Sippar Planisphere (W. Horowitz and F. N. H. Al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":0" />), highlighting by Hoffmann 2024.]]
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (D)
** mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu
** "The Crab (ε Cnc) or the Snake (β Cnc), the Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the constellation of the Arrow (π Pup): a string". [Pingree and Walker 1988, 315:5-6].
* (E)
** 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu''-<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu
** "5° behind the Crab, or Jupiter, which stands behind the Crab in front of the Lion, and the constellation of the Arrow (ρ Pup): a string [ibid. 315:7-8];
|[[File:GU IV.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart for GU IV|thumb|star chart for GU IV (fourth GU, Kurtik GU D), published by Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":2">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann, Susanne M and Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021; Nuncius Hamburgensis 57, (Ahrensburg: tredition & Berlin:OpenScienceTechnology, 2022)</ref> in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy.]][[File:GU V (Kurtik- GU E).jpg|alt=star chart for GU V|thumb|map of the GU V in the GU-text (Kurtik GU E), published in Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":2" /> in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy. ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §O. mulal.lul "Crab" (δ, θ Cnc), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
|[[File:Dalbanna O.jpg|alt=star chart for Dalbanna "O"|thumb|Dalbanna pattern "O"; for this line two versions are preserved and the patterns here distinguished with different colours (plot by Susanne M Hoffmann, 2024)]]
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
* [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB...] / [...mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 ...]
* "[On the 1]5th [of month Ṭebetu] at sunrise, (the point) 5° behind the Cr[ab] [...] culminates(?) [...] Sir[ius...]" [SpTU I, 95:15'-16'; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 99].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy (ALLA).'''
*(1) ALLA is the zodiacal sign of the Crab [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; first as allax in the lunar tables of the late 5th century BCE [Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989].
*(2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ''ar''2 <<ut>> ''ša''2 múlalla "Rear stars of the Crab" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11].
*(3) Anaphora.
**a) А 3427: [...''ina''] itiziz2 ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlALLA ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
***"[...In] the month Šabaṭu at noon(?) of the 29th day the Crab emits a ''mišḫu'' and ascends(?)" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23].
****
**b) BM 36609+: [TA ...] x ''a-na'' 4 ''ša''2 múl''lu-lim'' / [EN...] ''um-mu-lut'' KI ''ša''2 ALLA
***"[From ...] ... 4 stars of the Stag / [to...] the Dusky [stars]: in place of the Crab" [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15-16].
***TA ''a-si-du'' / EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL- ''šu''2 KUR
***"From the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) / to (the point located) 5° behind the Dull Stars. / The Crab, from its beginning to its end, ascends." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23-25];
***rising time: 30° [ibid. 550].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts" (ALLA).'''
*The constellation and zodiacal sign of the Crab [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I-III, passim]; first in [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, no. -567:10];
* As a designation of the constellation included in the names of 4 "normal stars", see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]] and (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) The Lunaria:
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 "in the area of the Crab" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (2) Microzodiac. See (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (3) Hypsomata: The Crab— Jupiter's hypsoma, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
* (4) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU [...] "[If] he is born where the Crab (culminates)" [SpTU V, 265:3'].
* (5) AO 6483: [...: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul [...] "[If a child is born ..., (when) the Crab] appears: death by arms" [TU 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (7) An extispicy including the correspondence between liver parts, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik a21) ALLA.

'''Late Astrology, Magic and the Calendar (ALLA).'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ALLA is the sign of the zodiac "Crab"(= Cancer) [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaria." BRM IV, 19: ALLA is the designation of the zodiacal sign Crab (=Cancer) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: g, h, m, 23; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 95-125].
*(3) Microzodiac.
**The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**4-''ni''!-''tum'' ḪA.LA múlALLA ''šum''3-''šu''2
**"4th part, its name is the Crab" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66].
*(4) "Calendar-magical texts".
*(a) BM 34452+:**4 26 // 3 8 // ''Sin'' [''ina'' x x x] x múlALLA / [...] dNAMMU
**"Du'uzu 26 // Simanu 8 // Moon [in x x x] x Crab. / [...] Nammu."
**[LBAT, 1586 + 1587; Hunger 1975, 41:15].
*(b) In the "calendar" ritual texts, the Crab (ŠU/ALLA) corresponds to a recipe for an ointment (W 22619/9+): ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "MIN(=APIN) 10 // ALLA 10 // (with) the blood of a crab, and the crab’s fat you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; ingredients for medical treatment are derived from the animal seen in the zodiacal sign concerned, see Reiner 1995, 116f.
*(5) Zodiacal astrology.
** KI múlALLA UŠ2 ''a-ab-bu''
** "Area of Cancer: death in the ocean."
** [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
*(6) Predicting prices of grain based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlALLA) [SpTU I, 94, passim].
*(7) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on observations of the culmination of stars and positions of the Sun relative to constellations:
** ''ki-i'' múlALLA ''a-na ziq-pi'' ''izzazu''(GUB)zu-''m''[''a''...] / mulALLA múlKAK.SI.SA2 [...] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlALLA ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.[GI6)...]
**"If the Crab culminates and the [(lunar) eclipse should begin], the Crab, the Arrow [...] until the Sun has reached the Crab. It means: eclipse[s ...]" [SpTU III, 102:6-8 (W 22554/2)].
*(8) between liver parts, deities, months and stars:
**KAL d''Uraš''(IB) itiŠU mulALLA mulAPIN // ''da''-x[...] / d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a''
**"The 'Strength' is Uraš; month Du'uzu; Crab, Plow; [...] Šulpae";
**perhaps ''da-p''[''i-nu''] should be restored here for an extispicy and its correspondences [SpTU IV, 159:8-9; Reiner 1995, 78].
|
|}
See also [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]].
[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
[[File:ALUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 173653.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AL.LUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Tarf]]
|HIP 40526
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.52
|-
|2
| κ Geminorum
|HIP 37740
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.57
|-
|3
|[[Asellus Australis]]
|HIP 42911
|Constellation lines
|3.94
|-
|4
|ι 1 Cancri
|HIP 43103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.018
|-
| 5
|[[Acubens]]
|HIP 44066
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.249
|-
|6
|[[Asellus Borealis]]
|HIP 42806
|Constellation lines
|4.652
|-
| 7
|[[Tegmine]]
|HIP 40167
|Inside the Hull
|4.67
|-
|8
|μ 2 Cancri
|HIP 39780
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|9
| zet01 Cnc
|HIP 40167A
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|10
|η Cancri
|HIP 41909
|Constellation lines
|5.325
|-
|11
|θ Cancri
|HIP 41822
|Constellation lines
|5.337
|-
|12
|85 Gem
|HIP 38722
|Inside the Hull
|5.365
|-
| 13
|27 Cnc
|HIP 41400
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|14
|3 Cnc
|HIP 39177
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|15
| 45 Cnc
|HIP 42795
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|16
|υ 1 Cancri
|HIP 41816
|Inside the Hull
|5.694
|-
|17
|ψ Cancri
|HIP 40023
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 40167C
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 40866
|Inside the Hull
|5.798
|-
|20
|[AKS95] 73
|[AKS95] 73
|Inside the Hull
|5.832
|-
|21
| ω 1 Cancri
|HIP 39191
|Inside the Hull
| 5.853
|-
|22
|50 Cnc
|HIP 43121
|Inside the Hull
| 5.885
|-
|23
| Piautos
|HIP 40881
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|24
|20 Cnc
|HIP 41117
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 25
|29 Cnc
|HIP 41578
|Inside the Hull
|5.948
|-
|26
|5 Cnc
|HIP 39236
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|27
|μ 1 Cancri
|HIP 39659
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 40231
| Inside the Hull
| 6.047
|-
|29
| 28 Cnc
|HIP 41574
| Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|30
| 21 Cnc
|HIP 41163
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 41319
|Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
|32
| * phi02 Cnc A
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 40167B
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|34
|[AKS95] 69
|[AKS95] 69
|Inside the Hull
|6.176
|-
|35
|* phi02 Cnc B
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 40058
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|37
|82 Gem
|HIP 38106
|Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 39535
| Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|39
| 12 Cnc
|HIP 39874
|Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 42010
|Inside the Hull
|6.247
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 39180
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|42
| [[Meleph]]
|HIP 42556
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|43
|ω 2 Cancri
|HIP 39263
|Inside the Hull
|6.297
|-
|44
| -
| HIP 39194
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 45
| -
|HIP 42187
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|46
|υ 2 Cancri
| HIP 41940
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 40354
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|48
| 54 Cnc
|HIP 43454
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|49
|39 Cnc
| HIP 42516
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 42549
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 51
| -
|HIP 40675
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|52
|ψ1 Cnc
|HIP 40007
| Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|53
| -
| HIP 43427
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 41833
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 40342
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

==== Deity ====
The name was recorded, as a rule, without the determinative d; it is absent from the lists of gods. On its connection with Anu see MUL.APIN I i 7 and BM 82923:29, and [BPO 2, III 33a]: ''dA-nim'' mulAL.LUL; see also MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36]. The connection with Ninurta is attested in VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) dNin-[g]ir2-su "The crab—the river of the god Ningirsu" [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, fn. 99; 1963 117, fn. 9]; for a parallel see [SpTU III, 101:5]. For the namburbi series, see [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7; Maul 1994 = Stefan M. Maul, Zukunftsbewältigung. Eine Untersuchung altorientalischen Denkens anhand der babylonisch-assyrischen Löserituale (Namburbi). Baghdader Forschungen 18, Mainz 1994]. In astrological geography, the Crab correlates (a) with Sippar, (b) the Tigris River; stars in front of the Crab—with the Tigris, the stars in the back—with the Euphrates [Weidner 1963] (see below).

==== Symbol ====
For astral images of the crab on seals from Uruk during the time of the Seleucids, see [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994-1000; Kurtik 2007, fig. 22-27, 46]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlALLA (designation of the zodiacal sign Cancer) corresponds to A.MEŠ "waters" [SpTU II, 43:4].

==== Previous Identifications ====
Koch's identification of the stars in the GU text [Pingree and Walker 313-322]: mul.al.lul is ε Cnc, mul.muš is 1 Hya, or 30 Mon, or 2 Hya, mul.ban is ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 is 11 CMa, or Pulk55 1121m, or Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; see Pingree's objections [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 90-98].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars: mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL "The False Star = Crab" [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) = Goat-Fish: mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 "The Crab is so said to denote the Goat-Fish, namely, ''suḫurmāšu''." [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = Entenabarguz: MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ mulAL.LUL "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulŠU.GI) is Entenabarguz. Entenabarguz = The Crab" [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Lunar halo and Crab: DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the Crab stands in it: the life of the king of Akkad will last" [SAA 10, 113:6-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1-3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) Saturn & the Crab (observations)ː KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (gloss.: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL. LUL [xxxxxx] "Their (the Scales') position is stable, [(this) means that Saturn stands] in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:4-5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] "Saturn stands in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:8-r.1 ].

(6) Jupiter & the Crab (observations)ː ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] ''/ a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' "Later once it (Jupiter) continued to move and approached the Crab" [SAA 8, 84 r. 2-3]; see also [ibid. 323: 1-3].

(7) Mars approaches the Crabː DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' "If the Strange Star (= Mars) comes close to the Crab: the ruler will die. / If it had become stationary (and) stopped, that would have been [a bad sign]; this (now) is an evil (sign) for Akkad." [SAA 8, 101:7-9]; observations and warnings: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u''2 ''i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 "Mars reached the Crab; [the king should] know (about it) and be careful until it goes out" [SAA 8, 380:4-r.3]; for other examples, see [SAA 8, 28:4-r.3, 80 r. 3, 452:6-r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' [...] "If Mars comes close to the Crab: the Elamites will attack, and the city will be captured [...]". [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) The Goat (=Venus) approaches the Crabː [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ ... mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' "[If] the Goat comes close to the Crab: there will be reconciliation and peace in the country; the gods will have mercy on the country; ... (because) Goat = Venus." [SAA 8, 175: r. 1-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 247:8-r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5-11].

(9) Heliacal rising of Mercury in the Crab: DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If the Crab is dark: the spirit of a wronged man will possess the country, deaths will occur in the country". [SAA 8, 477:6-r. 1].

(10) ''Uriri'' and the Crab: DIŠ mul5.U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul5.ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme "If the star Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Crab, omen for an important person: he will die" (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

(11) Lunar eclipse in the Crab: [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ídIdigna ...] "If the Moon eclipses in the area of the front stars of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Tigris River" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''...] "If the Moon eclipses in the hind region of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Euphrates river..." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 219, BM 38164:2]; for a parallel see [Verderame 2002, Texts IIa:4′-6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47-48] as well as the “Great Star List.”

(12) Mercury in the Crabː DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 GUB-''ma'' "If the front stars of the Crab are red: rising of the wind. (It means) that Mercury stands in it." [BPO 2, III 7-b-c].

See also [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a21)
|
|-
|
=== (a21) ALLA ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulNAGAR, mulKUŠU2, mulalla, mulallax, mulkušu2; = «Краб»(?). О чтении alla для NAGAR в не-астрономических текстах см. [Lambert 1969, 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.], о чтении allax в астрономических текстах см. [Neugebauer–Sachs 1967; Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11]. 1) Созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующие современному Раку (Cancer), 2) = ziqpu XX в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [CAD A/1, 361b; Gössmann 1950, 294; MSL VIII/2, 90–93; Ungnad 1941–44, 256–7, Anm. 42].
I. Источники.

Лексич тексты. В одноязычных шумерских списках звезд: mulNAGAR [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27]. EAE. См. [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!): a) месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля (ошибка: д.б. múlmuš «Змея» симану, звезды Энлиля), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2; b) месяц шабату, звезды Ану, см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA [LBAT, 1499:4, 11]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: U.RI.RI и ALLA (II iii 25–27), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110–111]. MLC 1866. См. a18AL.LUL, k09KAK.BAN. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436: múlALLA // 10 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Краб // 10 (звезд) // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11]. «Дневники наблюдений». Созвездие и знак зодиака Краб [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; впервые в [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No. -567:10]; как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 4 «нормальных звезд», см. a18AL.LUL и m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. ALLA – знак зодиака Краб [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; впервые как allax в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989]. Анафора. (1) А 3427: [… ina] itiziz2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[…В] месяце шабату в полдень(?) 29-го дня Краб испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23]. (2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ar2 <<ut>> ša2 múlalla «Задние звезды Краба» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11]. (3) BM 36609+: a) [TA…] x x a-na 4 ša2 múllu-lim / [EN…] um-mu-lut KI ša2 ALLA «[От …] …4 звезд Оленя / [до…] Тусклых [звезд]: место Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15–16]. b) TA a-si-du / EN 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «От Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) / До (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых звезд. / Краб, от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23–25]; время восхода: 300 [ibid. 550]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ALLA — знак зодиака «Краб»(= Рак) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: ALLA — обозначение знака зодиака Краб (=Рак) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: g, h, m, 23; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: 4-ni!-tum ḫa.la múlalla šum3-šu2 «4-я часть, ее имя Краб» [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. (3) «Календарно-магические тексты». a) BM 34452+: 4 26 // 3 8 // Sin [ina x x x] x múlALLA / […] dNAMMU «Дуузу 26 // симану 8 // Луна [в x x x] x Крабе. / […] Намму.» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15]. b) Рецепт изготовления мази W 22619/9+: 10 MIN(=APIN) // 10 KUŠU2 // UŠ2 al-lut-tu2 u I3.UDU MIN(=alluttu) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Арахсамну 10 // Рак 100 // Кровь рака и жир рака ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; параллель (сокращение ŠU = KUŠU2) см. [SpTU III, 104]. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlALLA UŠ2 a-ab-bu «Область Рака: смерть от врага» [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlNAGAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания лунных затмений по наблюдениям кульминаций звезд и положений Солнца относительно созвездий: ki-i múlNAGAR a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-m[a…] / mulNAGAR múlGAG.SI.SA2 […] / a-di-i dŠamaš múlNAGAR ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN.[GI6)…] «Если Краб кульминирует и [(лунное) затмение должно начаться], Краб, Стрела… до тех пор пока Солнце Краба не достигнет. Его значение: затме[ние…]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6–8]. (7) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: KAL dUraš(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // da-x[…] / dŠul-pa-e3-a «‘Сила’ — Ураш; дуузу; Краб, Плуг; […] Шульпаэ»; возможно здесь должно быть da-p[i-nu] [SpTU IV, 159:8–9; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

См. также a18AL.LUL, k31KUŠU2.
|
|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL.
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a18 & a22)
!
|-
|
==== (a18) mulAL.LUL ====
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB, mulALLA; = mul''alluttu'' «Краб»; 1) созвездие в Раке (Canсer), 2) ''ziqpu'' XX, группа звезд в Раке [AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360–361; Gössmann 1950, 14; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156–158]. См. также a21ALLA, k31KUŠU2.
I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Ura'' XXII: mulal-lub = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103]. '''(3)''' Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki «Краб=Сиппар» [MSL XVII, 229]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. '''(1)''' Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, 60; '''(2)''' месяц тебету, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574–575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal «Красная звезда, которая стоит на востоке поcле Близнецов, Гула, несущая корону, (это) Краб, звезда Ану, вблизи Царя» (B ii 24–27); вероятная параллель см. [BPO 2, III, 33–33a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181]; см. также u11UGA. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiab … mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Месяц тебету: … Краб (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 10). '''(3)''' Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], см. g27GU.LA; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 28a]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану: mulAL.LUL // 1,10 // ''šu-bat'' ''An'' «Краб // 70 // Сидение Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014]. BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!), см. a21ALLA. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1,10 «Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Краб, 70» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''ЕАЕ'''.'' См. [Snake 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a–b, 28a–b, 33a, 35a, XV 11–13; Verderame2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5–7]. '''''MUL.APIN'''.'' '''(1)''' Список звезд Энлиля (№ 7): mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat'' d''A-nim'' «Созвездие Краб, место Ану» (I i 7), параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18). '''(2)''' Список дат гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme «5-го дуузу Малые Близнецы и Краб становятся видны» (I ii 41). '''(3)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulAL.LUL, после mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, перед mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Астрологические предсказания: (II iii 25–27) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 20, 41, 59, 68, 110–111]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulal.lul = ídidigna «Краб = река Тигр»; '''(2)''' mul.meš igi.meš ''ša''2 mulal.lul = ídidigna «Передние звезды Краба = река Тигр»; '''(3)''' egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = река Евфрат»; '''(4)''' астрологические предсказания: a) igi.meš kur4.meš-''ma'' sa5.me-''ma'' ídidigna du-''kam''2 «(Если) передние звезды (Краба) имеют большой блеск и красные: Тигр разольется», b) murub4.meš sa5.me-''ma'' zi im «(Если) средние (звезды Краба) красные: поднимется ветер», c) egir.meš sa5.me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 nim.meš / si.sa2.meš «(Если) задние (звезды Краба) красные: Евфрат разольется и ранний (урожай) будет обильным»; '''(5)''' 12 звезд Амурру [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:145, 148, 149, 150–153, 219]. «'''''Письма''» ''и'' «''Рапорты''»''.''''' Название созвездия встречается в 27 рапортах и 4 письмах [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a]. '''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.''''' См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. См. ниже «Символ», а также k09KAK.BAN. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''.'' '''(1)''' AO 6478: a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL «3[⅓ ми]ны веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Заднего Близнеца до Рака», b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва» [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:9–12; TU, 21 r. 9–12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. '''(2)''' VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL] «200 до Краба» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14]. '''(3)''' VAT 16436: см. a21ALLA. '''(4)''' BM 38369+: TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''…] «От Больших Близнецов до Кра[ба…]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:11]. '''(5''') Sippar Planisphere: a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL «⅔ мили (200) до Краба» (rev. 19), b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:19, 177]; см. также BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(D)''' mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu «Краб (ε Cnc) или Змея (β Cnc), Лук (η CMa) и левая нога созвездия Стрела (π Pup): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 315:5–6]. '''(E)''' 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu-''<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu «5 uš позади Краба, или Юпитер, который стоит позади Краба перед Львом, и созвездие Стрела (ρ Pup): веревка [ibid. 315:7–8]; отождествление Коха звезд в этом уравнивании: mulal.lul — ε Cnc, mulmuš — 1 Hya, или 30 Mon, или 2 Hya, mulban — ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 — 11 CMa, или Pulk55 1121''m'', или Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; возражения Пингри см. [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 90–98]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''.'' '''§O'''. mulal.lul «Краб» (δ, θ Cnc), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. '''''Текст''''' '''''W22281a'''''. [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB…] / […mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 …] «[1]5-го [тебету] при восходе Солнца (точка) в 50 к востоку от Кр[аб]а […] в кульминации […] Сири[ус…]» [SpTU I, 95:15'–16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99]. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 «Область Краба» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. a21ALLA. '''(2)''' «Микрозодиак». См. a21ALLA. '''(3)''' «Гипсома». Краб — гипсома Сатурна, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. '''(4)''' W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда Краб (кульминирует), родился» [SpTU V, 265:3']. '''(5)''' AO 6483: […: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul […] «[Если ребенок родился, когда…, (когда) Краб] появляется: смерть от оружия» [TU, 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. '''(6)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], см. s20''Sîn''. '''(7)''' В «календарных» ритуальных текстах Крабу (ŠU/ALLA) соответствует рецепт мази: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') «Кровь краба, жир краба ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; что при этом конкретно имеется в виду, остается неясным. '''(8)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a21ALLA.

II. Божество.

Название записывалось, как правило, без детерминатива d; отсутствует в списках богов. О его связи с Ану см. MUL.APIN, I i 7 и BM 82923:29, а также [BPO 2, III 33a]: d''A''-''nim'' mulAL.LUL; см. также MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. Связь с Нинуртой засвидетельствована в VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) d''nin''-[''g'']''ir2''-''su'' «Краб ― река бога Нингирсу» [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, Anm. 99; 1963 117, Anm. 9]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 101:5]. В серии намбурби см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Краб соотносится: a) c Сиппаром, b) рекой Тигр; передние звезды Краба — с Тигром, задние звезды — с Евфратом [Weidner 1963] (см. ниже).

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428, Obv. 13–15: mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-''[''m'']''a-ak''-[''ku'' 4] MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ''i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru'' / ''i-na li''[''b''3''-b'']''i-šu''2''-nu'' [6 MUL.MEŠ ''a-ḫi''-''i'']''n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e''-[''ṣir''... mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir'' «Краб (имеет форму) ''apsamakku'' (трапеция, прямоугольник или квадрат) ([AHw 61; CAD A/2, 192]). [4] звезды изображены на его окружности; внутри их [6 звезд] следуют [рядом] друг за другом; 1 звезда на его голове изображена. [Ю]питер впереди его изображен» [Weidner 1927, 73–76, 80–81; CAD A/1, 361; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 22–25]. Описание в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18–20): mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺''-ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-uʼ'' ''ina'' ''lib''3-''bi''-''šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a-''[''ḫ'']a''-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+ ''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu2'' ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i''-''šu2'' mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu'' «Краб — сидение Ану. (Он имеет форму) четырехугольника. 4 звезды изображены по его сторонам, внутри его 6 звезд рядом друг за другом следуют. 1 звезда на его голове изображена. Впереди [Юпитер сто]ит» [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40]. На диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere Крабу соответствует 10 точек, из них 4 крайние образуют квадрат, внутри которого 6 более мелких точек [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 176–177, Segment 2]. Астральные изображения краба на печатях из Урука селевкидского времени см. [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994–1000; Куртик 2007, рис. 22–27, 46]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlALLA (обозначение знака зодиака Рак) соответствует A.MEŠ «воды» [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= приблизительно Cancer, в особенности ι Cancri [Gössmann 1950, 14];

= α CМi, хотя признается, что в некоторых случаях al.lu5 обозначает знак зодиака Cancer [Waerden 1949, 21, note 21; 1974, 73, 76];

= Э.Вайднер рассматривает α CMi в качестве ведущей звезды созвездия [Weidner 1957–59, 77];

= Cancer [BPO 2, 7, 10; Hunger and Steele 2019, 137; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= γ δ ε (Praesepe) + η θ ι Cancri [Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 15]; см. также [Koch 1993, 187, Anm. 10].

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

Число звезд в múlALLA = 10, согласно, VAT 16436:11 [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

= Praesepe (Ясли) in Cancer (группа звезд) [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

''='' ε Cnc + Praesepe [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Передняя звезда Краба к северу» (η Cancri);

(2) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Передняя звезда Краба к югу» (θ Cancri);

(3) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Задняя звезда Краба к северу» (γ Cancri);

(4) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Задняя звезда Краба к югу» (δ Cancri);

четыре указанные звезды входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

В «Большом списке звезд» подразделяется на три части:

(5) «Передние звезды...» (см. выше);

(6) murub4.meš «Cрединные (звезды)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:151];

(7) «Задние (звезды)» (см. выше).

В астрологии подразделяется на две части:

(9) MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Передние звезды Краба» [BPO 2, III 7b], см. также [BPO 2, XV 13 + Parallels; Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 1'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 47].

(10) MUL.MEŠ EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Задние звезды Краба» [Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 2'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 48]; cм. также: MUL2 ''ar''2me ''ša''2 ALLA «Задние звезды Краба» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -381:4].

(11) Правая и левая стороны ALLA упоминаются в MUL.APIN II iii 26–27, см. u01U.RI.RI.

(12) MUL2?MEŠ IGI?.˹MEŠ˺ ''u ar''2.MEŠ ''ša''2 ALLA «передние и задние звезды Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker, Sect. 10: rev. v 2′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL «Звезда Лжец = Краб» [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) ''= Коза-Рыба''; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 «Краб ― так говорят, чтобы обозначить Козу-Рыбу, а именно, ''suḫurmāšu''» [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = ''Энтенабархум''; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 DU-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL «Звезда, которая позади него (т.е. позади mulŠU.GI) стоит — Энтенабархум. Энтенабархум = Краб» [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

Предсказания:

(4) ''Лунное гало и Краб''; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu2'' GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' «Если Луна окружена гало, и Краб стоит в нем: жизнь царя Аккада продлится» [SAA 10, 113:6–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1–3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) ''Сатурн и Краб'' (''наблюдения''); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (глосса: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL.LUL [xxxxx] «Их положения стабильны, [(это) означает, что Сатурн стоит] в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:4–5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] «Сатурн стоит в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:8–r.1].

(6) ''Юпитер и Краб'' (''наблюдение''); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma'' [0] ''it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] / ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' «Позднее он (Юпитер) продолжил движение и приблизился к Крабу» [SAA 8, 84 r. 2–3]; см. также [ibid. 323: 1–3].

(7) ''Марс приближается к Крабу''; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma'' ''ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' «Если Странная Звезда (= Марс) приближается к Крабу: правитель умрет. / Если он останавливается (и) стоит, это [зловещий знак]; это злое (предзнаменование) для Аккада» [SAA 8, 101:7–9]; наблюдение и предупреждение: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u2 i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 «Марс достиг Краба; [царь дол]жен знать (об этом) и быть осторожным, пока он не вышел» [SAA 8, 380:4–r.3]; другие примеры см. [SAA 8, 28:4, 80 r. 3, 452:6–r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' […] «Если Марс к Крабу приближается: нападение Элама, город будет захвачен […]» [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''приближается к Крабу''; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ … mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' «[Если] Коза приближается в Крабу: в стране наступит примирение и мир; боги смилуются над страной; пустые закрома наполнятся; урожай страны будет обильным; беременные женщины будут вынашивать своих младенцев положенное время; великие боги покинут (временно) святилища страны; храмы великих богов будут восстановлены, (это произойдет, поскольку): Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175: r. 1–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 247:8–r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5–11].

(9) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в Крабе'': DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если Краб темный: дух злого человека овладеет страной, смерти будут в стране» [SAA 8, 477:6–r. 1].

(10) ''Урири и Краб''; DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme «Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Крабу, ḪUR AL умрут» (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) ''Лунное затмения в Крабе''; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Idigna'' …] «Если Луна затмилась в области передних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Тигр» [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''…] «Если Луна затмилась в области задних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Евфрат…» [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; параллель см. [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′–6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47–48], а также «Большой список звезд».

(12) ''Меркурий в Крабе''; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 DU-''ma'' «Если передние звезды Краба красные: восход ветра. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в нем» [BPO 2, III 7–b–c].

См. также [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
|
|-
|
==== (a22) mul''Alluttu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Cnc]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AL.LUL

2026-05-06T20:18:13Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AL.LUL}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Liocarcinus vernalis.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Vernal crab from the Belgian coastal waters on board of RV Belgica. CC BY-SA 4.0]]
The Mesopotamian term mulAL.LUL (𒀯𒀠𒈜) = ''Alluttu'' means "Crab" and in astronomy refers to the constellation [[Cancer]], The Crab. ALLA is a later Mesopotamian term, alternatively used for mulAL.LUL.
A schematic drawing of the ‘The Crab’ constellation is available on the Sippar Planisphere,<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> Sector 2: 4. It shows a quadrilateral with six dots inside representing the central star cluster M44. It may also be interpreted as a tiny crab formed of the four corner stars for the crab's 2 front claws and 2 swimming legs, and 6 other smaller stars inside the square for the main part of its body. The small smudge at the top of the drawing might just be a partially erased 11th dot for ‘The Crab’s’ head as described in the Uranology text D (MLC 1866) [Beaulieu et. al 2018:<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 36, 40]:<blockquote>''The Crab is the seat of Anu, (It is shaped like) a quadrilateral 4 stars are depicted on its sides, with 6 stars next to each other inside it. 1 star is depicted on its head.'' </blockquote>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
In Kurtik (2007), the terms (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik a21), mulALLA and (Kurtik k31), [[KUŠU2|mulKUŠU2]] have been separate lemmas. The Akkadian equivalent for mulAL.LUL "Crab" is mul''Alluttu.'' Syllabic writings occur mostly in lexical texts and 'Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'-group. Here we merge them as Sumerian mulAL.LUL or AL.LUL = ''alluttu'' (Akkadian) “crab”,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> and mul[[ALLA]]<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> = mul''alluttu'' (Akkadian) "Crab". In the sky, they all refer to the same asterism and zodiacal sign in [[Cancer]].

'''Variant readings:'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="4" |cuneiform
!transliteration(s)
|-
!
!Borger #
(1981)
!Unicode
(codepoint)
!NA sign
!
|-
|
| rowspan="2" |560
| rowspan="2" |U+...
| rowspan="2" |
|ALLA , ALLAx
|-
|
|NAGAR
|-
|
|562
|
|
|KUŠU2
|-
|
|298, 355
|U+..., U+...
|
|AL.LU5
|}
* mulALLA , mulALLAx ,
* mulAL.LU5 ,mulAL.LUL, mulAL.LUB

*mulNAGAR,
*mulKUŠU2 (ePSD2:<ref>ePSD2 [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux/o0032779 kušu]
</ref> a creature, crab or snapping turtle)
*mulALLA, on the reading ALLA for NAGAR in non-astronomical texts see: [Lambert 1969,<ref>''Lambert W.G. '' Review of Limet H. L'anthroponymie sumérienne dans les document de la 3edynastie ďUr. 1968 // BSOAS. 1969. V. 32, Pt. 3. P. 594-595.</ref> 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.],
* mulALLAx, on the reading ALLAx in astronomical texts see [Neugebauer and Sachs 1967; Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11].
'''Var. designations (ALLA):'''
*1) The constellation in [[Cancer]],
*2) the zodiacal sign [[Cancer]],
*3) ''ziqpu''-asterism XX in later astronomical and astrological texts
'''Relation to Planet:''' Crab is ''Bit niṣirti'' of Jupiter
[AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360-361; Gössmann 1950. 294; Gössmann 1950, 14; MSL VIII/2, 90-93; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156-158; Ungnad 1941-44, 256-7, fn. 42].

'''Philology:''' The reading of the Sumerian name mulal.lub rather than mulAL.LUL in the series Urra XXII is based on that in a school text from Susa (see CAD A/1, 351-352). mulALLA (formerly ALLAx) is a first millennium Sumerian name for the constellation written with the sign NAGAR.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts (AL.LUL)'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulal.lu5 [Emar VI/4, 154:115].
* (2) Urra XXII:
** mul''al-lub'' = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:296′];
** [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103].
* (3) Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki "Crab = Sippar" [MSL XVII, 229].
'''Lexical texts (ALLA)'''

* In monolingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulALLA [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27].

|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 245

* Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 104, 106, Anu 10):
** mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal
** "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing a crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27)

* Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 245, Anu X, LBAT 1499 Anu XI). BM 82923:
** mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An
** "The Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Horowitz 2014: Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:29].
* Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 161: 8 (setting in Month IV, Du'uzu), 19 (Rising in Month X, Ṭebetu).
* '''"Round astrolabesː"'''
** K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. The list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9.
**
**'''CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and parallels'''
** Fincke 2025: 70 (mulAL.LUL restored as first AN.TA.GUB.BA-star for ituDU6 (Month VII), corresponding to Enlil 7).
**
** : <s>mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; see Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
*
*
* <s>Astrolabe B.</s>
** <s>(1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing a crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27); for a likely parallel see [BPO 2, III, 33-33a; Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, 181]; see also (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]]. </s>
** <s>(2) List (3´12): [itiab ... mul''al-lu-ut-tum šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "Month Ṭebetu: ... Crab (in the path of) Anu" (C ii 10).</s>
** <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is in month Ṭebetu, sunset is in month Du'uzu [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014 40, 42], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2, III 28a].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Month Ṭebetu, stars of Anu: mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An "The Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014, 139].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. múlalla (twice!), see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].</s>
* '''<s>"Round astrolabes."</s>'''
** <s>K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. The list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9: mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; see Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|"
|[[File:Cnc Hya KAKSISA stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with additional label "KAK.SI.SA2"|thumb|The Crab, the MUŠ-Dragon and the Arrow in the Babylonian Uranography. Stellarium mapwith paintings by Jessica Gullberg. ]]
|-
|'''EAE'''
* '''AL.LUL''' See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a-b, 28a-b, 33a, 35a, XV 11-13; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5-7].
* '''ALLA''' See [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''MUL.APIN (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 7):
** mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat dA-nim''
** "The Crab, the seat of Anu" (I i 7), parallel in [Beaulieu et al. 2018 40, MLC 1866 (col. ii 18)].
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme
** "On the 5th of month Du'uzu the Small Twins and the Crab become visible" (I ii 41).
* (3) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6).
* (4) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon":
** mulAL.LUL, after mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, before mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]].
*
'''MUL.APIN (ALLA).'''
*Astrological predictions: U.RI.RI and ALLA (II iii 25-27), see (Kurtik u01) [[U.RI.RI]] .
|[[File:CNC Cancer Anu smh.jpg|alt=drawing of "Anu's Seat" in Cancer (star chart)|thumb|MUL.APIN lists "The Crab, The Seat of Anu" where "the seat" might be his throne or his temple. According to the reconstruction of the Anu-temple of Uruk by the German Archaeological Institute, this temple looks like a box. Here, we depict Anu sitting on his temple as his throne (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024, after Kay Elzner's drawing for Hoffmann 2021<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2021). Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart</ref>).]]
|-
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea”'''
* (1) mulal.lul = ídidigna "The Crab = Tigris River";
* (2) MULmeš IGImeš ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL = ídidigna "Front stars of the Crab = Tigris River";
* (3) EGIRmeš-''tum'' = ídBURANUNki "the rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates River";
* (4) See also Reynolds 2019: 297-298.
* (5) astrological predictions:
** (a) IGImeš KUR4meš-''ma'' SA5me-''ma'' ídIDIGNA DU-''kam''2 "(If) the front stars (of the Crab) are bright and are red: the Tigris will overflow,"
** (b) MURUB4meš SA5me-''ma'' ZI IM "(If) the middle ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the wind will rise",
** (c) EGIRmeš SA5me-''ma'' ídBURANUNki DU-''kam''2 NIMmeš / SI.SA2meš "(If) the rear ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the Euphrates will overflow and the early (harvest) will prosper";
* (6) 12 Amurru stars [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:145, 148, 149, 150-153, 219]. See also BM 34387: 5' (Horowitz 2014: 206).
|
|-
|'''"Letters and Reports"'''
The name of the constellation occurs in 27 reports and 4 letters [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* "'''Simple Group'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''VAT 9428''', Obv. 13-15// '''NBC 7831''', Obv. 12-14//'''BM 33878''' obv. 12'-13' (restored from duplicates, see [Hätinen 2023)<ref>Hätinen, Aino (2023). BM 33878: A Uranology Fragment From Babylon, Journal for Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 75, 189-195, DOI</ref>]:
** mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-[m]a-ak-[ku'' 4] MULmeš ''ina i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru / i-na li[b''3''-b]i-šu2-nu'' [6 MULmeš ''a-ḫi-i]n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e-[ṣir.'' . mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI''-šu''2 ''e-ṣir''
** "The Crab (has the shape of) an ''apsamakku'' (trapezoid, rectangle or square). [4] stars are depicted on its circumference; within them [6 stars side by side] straddle one another; 1 star is depicted on its head. [Ju]piter is depicted in its front." [Weidner 1927,<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref> 73-76, 80-81; Beaulieu et al. 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 22-25].
* "'''Expanded Version'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''MLC 1866''' (col. ii 18-20):
** mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺-''ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2meš-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-u''ʼ ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a''-[''ḫ'']''a-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i-šu''2 mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu''
** "The Crab is the seat of Anu. (It is shaped like) a quadrangle. 4 stars are drawn on its sides; 6 stars inside it side by side straddle one another. 1 star is depicted on its head. In front of it [Jupiter sta]nds."
** See (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
* See also (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL "3[⅓] mina in weight, ⅔ ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the rear Twin [Gemini] to the Crab [Cancer]",
** (b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, ⅔ ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the head of the Lion" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:9-12; TU 21 r. 9-12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL]
** "⅔ ''bēru'' to the Crab" [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14].
* (3) VAT 16436: see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''...]
** "From the Greater Twins until the Cra[b...]". [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:11].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere (description, see above: Uranologies):
** a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL "⅔ miles (20°) to the Crab" (rev. 19),
** b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:19, 177]; see also BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180].
** In the diagram on the Sippar Planisphere, the Crab corresponds to 10 dots, of which the 4 outermost ones form a square with 6 smaller dots inside [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001,<ref name=":0" /> 176-177, Segment 2], see also "''ziqpu''" below.
'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (ALLA).'''

* VAT 16436:
** múlALLA // 10 // 14 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Crab // 10 (stars) // 14600 cubits". [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11].
|[[File:Cnc AlRawi2001 details 300dpi.jpg|alt=illustration from paper |thumb|Drawing of AL.LUL on the Sippar Planisphere (W. Horowitz and F. N. H. Al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":0" />), highlighting by Hoffmann 2024.]]
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (D)
** mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu
** "The Crab (ε Cnc) or the Snake (β Cnc), the Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the constellation of the Arrow (π Pup): a string". [Pingree and Walker 1988, 315:5-6].
* (E)
** 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu''-<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu
** "5° behind the Crab, or Jupiter, which stands behind the Crab in front of the Lion, and the constellation of the Arrow (ρ Pup): a string [ibid. 315:7-8];
|[[File:GU IV.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart for GU IV|thumb|star chart for GU IV (fourth GU, Kurtik GU D), published by Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":2">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann, Susanne M and Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021; Nuncius Hamburgensis 57, (Ahrensburg: tredition & Berlin:OpenScienceTechnology, 2022)</ref> in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy.]][[File:GU V (Kurtik- GU E).jpg|alt=star chart for GU V|thumb|map of the GU V in the GU-text (Kurtik GU E), published in Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":2" /> in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy. ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §O. mulal.lul "Crab" (δ, θ Cnc), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
|[[File:Dalbanna O.jpg|alt=star chart for Dalbanna "O"|thumb|Dalbanna pattern "O"; for this line two versions are preserved and the patterns here distinguished with different colours (plot by Susanne M Hoffmann, 2024)]]
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
* [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB...] / [...mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 ...]
* "[On the 1]5th [of month Ṭebetu] at sunrise, (the point) 5° behind the Cr[ab] [...] culminates(?) [...] Sir[us...]" [SpTU I, 95:15'-16'; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 99].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy (ALLA).'''
*(1) ALLA is the zodiacal sign of the Crab [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; first as allax in the lunar tables of the late 5th century BCE [Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989].
*(2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ''ar''2 <<ut>> ''ša''2 múlalla "Rear stars of the Crab" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11].
*(3) BM 36609+:
**a) Anaphora.
***(1) А 3427: [...''ina''] itiziz2 ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlALLA ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
****"[...In] the month Šabaṭu at noon(?) of the 29th day the Crab emits a ''mišḫu'' and ascends(?)" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23].
***(2) A...] x ''a-na'' 4 ''ša''2 múl''lu-lim'' / [EN...] ''um-mu-lut'' KI ''ša''2 ALLA
****"[From ...] ... 4 stars of the Stag / [to...] the Dusky [stars]: in place of the Crab" [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15-16].
**(b)
***TA ''a-si-du'' / EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL-''šu''2 KUR
***"From the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) / to (the point located) 5° behind the Dull Stars. / The Crab, from its beginning to its end, ascends." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23-25];
***rising time: 30° [ibid. 550].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts" (ALLA).'''
*The constellation and zodiacal sign of the Crab [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I-III, passim]; first in [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, no. -567:10];
* As a designation of the constellation included in the names of 4 "normal stars", see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]] and (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) The Lunaria:
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 "in the area of the Crab" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (2) Microzodiac. See (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (3) Hypsomata: The Crab— Jupiter's hypsoma, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
* (4) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU [...] "[If] he is born where the Crab (culminates)" [SpTU V, 265:3'].
* (5) AO 6483: [...: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul [...] "[If a child is born ..., (when) the Crab] appears: death by arms" [TU 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (7) An extispicy including the correspondence between liver parts, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik a21) ALLA.

'''Late Astrology, Magic and the Calendar (ALLA).'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ALLA is the sign of the zodiac "Crab"(= Cancer) [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaria." BRM IV, 19: ALLA is the designation of the zodiacal sign Crab (=Cancer) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: g, h, m, 23; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 95-125].
*(3) Microzodiac.
**The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**4-''ni''!-''tum'' ḪA.LA múlALLA ''šum''3-''šu''2
**"4th part, its name is the Crab" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66].
*(4) "Calendar-magical texts".
*(a) BM 34452+:**4 26 // 3 8 // ''Sin'' [''ina'' x x x] x múlALLA / [...] dNAMMU
**"Du'uzu 26 // Simanu 8 // Moon [in x x x] x Crab. / [...] Nammu."
**[LBAT, 1586 + 1587; Hunger 1975, 41:15].
*(b) In the "calendar" ritual texts, the Crab (ŠU/ALLA) corresponds to a recipe for an ointment (W 22619/9+): ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "MIN(=APIN) 10 // ALLA 10 // (with) the blood of a crab, and the crab’s fat you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; ingredients for medical treatment are derived from the animal seen in the zodiacal sign concerned, see Reiner 1995, 116f.
*(5) Zodiacal astrology.
** KI múlALLA UŠ2 ''a-ab-bu''
** "Area of Cancer: death in the ocean."
** [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
*(6) Predicting prices of grain based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlALLA) [SpTU I, 94, passim].
*(7) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on observations of the culmination of stars and positions of the Sun relative to constellations:
** ''ki-i'' múlALLA ''a-na ziq-pi'' ''izzazu''(GUB)zu-''m''[''a''...] / mulALLA múlKAK.SI.SA2 [...] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlALLA ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.[GI6)...]
**"If the Crab culminates and the [(lunar) eclipse should begin], the Crab, the Arrow [...] until the Sun has reached the Crab. It means: eclipse[s ...]" [SpTU III, 102:6-8 (W 22554/2)].
*(8) between liver parts, deities, months and stars:
**KAL d''Uraš''(IB) itiŠU mulALLA mulAPIN // ''da''-x[...] / d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a''
**"The 'Strength' is Uraš; month Du'uzu; Crab, Plow; [...] Šulpae";
**perhaps ''da-p''[''i-nu''] should be restored here for an extispicy and its correspondences [SpTU IV, 159:8-9; Reiner 1995, 78].
|
|}
See also [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]].
[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
[[File:ALUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 173653.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AL.LUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Tarf]]
|HIP 40526
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.52
|-
|2
| κ Geminorum
|HIP 37740
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.57
|-
|3
|[[Asellus Australis]]
|HIP 42911
|Constellation lines
|3.94
|-
|4
|ι 1 Cancri
|HIP 43103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.018
|-
| 5
|[[Acubens]]
|HIP 44066
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.249
|-
|6
|[[Asellus Borealis]]
|HIP 42806
|Constellation lines
|4.652
|-
| 7
|[[Tegmine]]
|HIP 40167
|Inside the Hull
|4.67
|-
|8
|μ 2 Cancri
|HIP 39780
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|9
| zet01 Cnc
|HIP 40167A
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|10
|η Cancri
|HIP 41909
|Constellation lines
|5.325
|-
|11
|θ Cancri
|HIP 41822
|Constellation lines
|5.337
|-
|12
|85 Gem
|HIP 38722
|Inside the Hull
|5.365
|-
| 13
|27 Cnc
|HIP 41400
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|14
|3 Cnc
|HIP 39177
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|15
| 45 Cnc
|HIP 42795
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|16
|υ 1 Cancri
|HIP 41816
|Inside the Hull
|5.694
|-
|17
|ψ Cancri
|HIP 40023
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 40167C
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 40866
|Inside the Hull
|5.798
|-
|20
|[AKS95] 73
|[AKS95] 73
|Inside the Hull
|5.832
|-
|21
| ω 1 Cancri
|HIP 39191
|Inside the Hull
| 5.853
|-
|22
|50 Cnc
|HIP 43121
|Inside the Hull
| 5.885
|-
|23
| Piautos
|HIP 40881
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|24
|20 Cnc
|HIP 41117
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 25
|29 Cnc
|HIP 41578
|Inside the Hull
|5.948
|-
|26
|5 Cnc
|HIP 39236
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|27
|μ 1 Cancri
|HIP 39659
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 40231
| Inside the Hull
| 6.047
|-
|29
| 28 Cnc
|HIP 41574
| Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|30
| 21 Cnc
|HIP 41163
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 41319
|Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
|32
| * phi02 Cnc A
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 40167B
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|34
|[AKS95] 69
|[AKS95] 69
|Inside the Hull
|6.176
|-
|35
|* phi02 Cnc B
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 40058
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|37
|82 Gem
|HIP 38106
|Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 39535
| Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|39
| 12 Cnc
|HIP 39874
|Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 42010
|Inside the Hull
|6.247
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 39180
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|42
| [[Meleph]]
|HIP 42556
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|43
|ω 2 Cancri
|HIP 39263
|Inside the Hull
|6.297
|-
|44
| -
| HIP 39194
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 45
| -
|HIP 42187
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|46
|υ 2 Cancri
| HIP 41940
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 40354
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|48
| 54 Cnc
|HIP 43454
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|49
|39 Cnc
| HIP 42516
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 42549
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 51
| -
|HIP 40675
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|52
|ψ1 Cnc
|HIP 40007
| Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|53
| -
| HIP 43427
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 41833
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 40342
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

==== Deity ====
The name was recorded, as a rule, without the determinative d; it is absent from the lists of gods. On its connection with Anu see MUL.APIN I i 7 and BM 82923:29, and [BPO 2, III 33a]: ''dA-nim'' mulAL.LUL; see also MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36]. The connection with Ninurta is attested in VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) dNin-[g]ir2-su "The crab—the river of the god Ningirsu" [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, fn. 99; 1963 117, fn. 9]; for a parallel see [SpTU III, 101:5]. For the namburbi series, see [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7; Maul 1994 = Stefan M. Maul, Zukunftsbewältigung. Eine Untersuchung altorientalischen Denkens anhand der babylonisch-assyrischen Löserituale (Namburbi). Baghdader Forschungen 18, Mainz 1994]. In astrological geography, the Crab correlates (a) with Sippar, (b) the Tigris River; stars in front of the Crab—with the Tigris, the stars in the back—with the Euphrates [Weidner 1963] (see below).

==== Symbol ====
For astral images of the crab on seals from Uruk during the time of the Seleucids, see [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994-1000; Kurtik 2007, fig. 22-27, 46]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlALLA (designation of the zodiacal sign Cancer) corresponds to A.MEŠ "waters" [SpTU II, 43:4].

==== Previous Identifications ====
Koch's identification of the stars in the GU text [Pingree and Walker 313-322]: mul.al.lul is ε Cnc, mul.muš is 1 Hya, or 30 Mon, or 2 Hya, mul.ban is ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 is 11 CMa, or Pulk55 1121m, or Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; see Pingree's objections [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 90-98].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars: mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL "The False Star = Crab" [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) = Goat-Fish: mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 "The Crab is so said to denote the Goat-Fish, namely, ''suḫurmāšu''." [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = Entenabarguz: MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ mulAL.LUL "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulŠU.GI) is Entenabarguz. Entenabarguz = The Crab" [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Lunar halo and Crab: DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the Crab stands in it: the life of the king of Akkad will last" [SAA 10, 113:6-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1-3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) Saturn & the Crab (observations)ː KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (gloss.: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL. LUL [xxxxxx] "Their (the Scales') position is stable, [(this) means that Saturn stands] in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:4-5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] "Saturn stands in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:8-r.1 ].

(6) Jupiter & the Crab (observations)ː ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] ''/ a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' "Later once it (Jupiter) continued to move and approached the Crab" [SAA 8, 84 r. 2-3]; see also [ibid. 323: 1-3].

(7) Mars approaches the Crabː DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' "If the Strange Star (= Mars) comes close to the Crab: the ruler will die. / If it had become stationary (and) stopped, that would have been [a bad sign]; this (now) is an evil (sign) for Akkad." [SAA 8, 101:7-9]; observations and warnings: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u''2 ''i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 "Mars reached the Crab; [the king should] know (about it) and be careful until it goes out" [SAA 8, 380:4-r.3]; for other examples, see [SAA 8, 28:4-r.3, 80 r. 3, 452:6-r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' [...] "If Mars comes close to the Crab: the Elamites will attack, and the city will be captured [...]". [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) The Goat (=Venus) approaches the Crabː [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ ... mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' "[If] the Goat comes close to the Crab: there will be reconciliation and peace in the country; the gods will have mercy on the country; ... (because) Goat = Venus." [SAA 8, 175: r. 1-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 247:8-r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5-11].

(9) Heliacal rising of Mercury in the Crab: DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If the Crab is dark: the spirit of a wronged man will possess the country, deaths will occur in the country". [SAA 8, 477:6-r. 1].

(10) ''Uriri'' and the Crab: DIŠ mul5.U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul5.ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme "If the star Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Crab, omen for an important person: he will die" (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

(11) Lunar eclipse in the Crab: [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ídIdigna ...] "If the Moon eclipses in the area of the front stars of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Tigris River" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''...] "If the Moon eclipses in the hind region of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Euphrates river..." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 219, BM 38164:2]; for a parallel see [Verderame 2002, Texts IIa:4′-6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47-48] as well as the “Great Star List.”

(12) Mercury in the Crabː DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 GUB-''ma'' "If the front stars of the Crab are red: rising of the wind. (It means) that Mercury stands in it." [BPO 2, III 7-b-c].

See also [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a21)
|
|-
|
=== (a21) ALLA ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulNAGAR, mulKUŠU2, mulalla, mulallax, mulkušu2; = «Краб»(?). О чтении alla для NAGAR в не-астрономических текстах см. [Lambert 1969, 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.], о чтении allax в астрономических текстах см. [Neugebauer–Sachs 1967; Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11]. 1) Созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующие современному Раку (Cancer), 2) = ziqpu XX в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [CAD A/1, 361b; Gössmann 1950, 294; MSL VIII/2, 90–93; Ungnad 1941–44, 256–7, Anm. 42].
I. Источники.

Лексич тексты. В одноязычных шумерских списках звезд: mulNAGAR [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27]. EAE. См. [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!): a) месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля (ошибка: д.б. múlmuš «Змея» симану, звезды Энлиля), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2; b) месяц шабату, звезды Ану, см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA [LBAT, 1499:4, 11]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: U.RI.RI и ALLA (II iii 25–27), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110–111]. MLC 1866. См. a18AL.LUL, k09KAK.BAN. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436: múlALLA // 10 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Краб // 10 (звезд) // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11]. «Дневники наблюдений». Созвездие и знак зодиака Краб [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; впервые в [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No. -567:10]; как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 4 «нормальных звезд», см. a18AL.LUL и m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. ALLA – знак зодиака Краб [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; впервые как allax в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989]. Анафора. (1) А 3427: [… ina] itiziz2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[…В] месяце шабату в полдень(?) 29-го дня Краб испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23]. (2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ar2 <<ut>> ša2 múlalla «Задние звезды Краба» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11]. (3) BM 36609+: a) [TA…] x x a-na 4 ša2 múllu-lim / [EN…] um-mu-lut KI ša2 ALLA «[От …] …4 звезд Оленя / [до…] Тусклых [звезд]: место Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15–16]. b) TA a-si-du / EN 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «От Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) / До (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых звезд. / Краб, от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23–25]; время восхода: 300 [ibid. 550]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ALLA — знак зодиака «Краб»(= Рак) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: ALLA — обозначение знака зодиака Краб (=Рак) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: g, h, m, 23; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: 4-ni!-tum ḫa.la múlalla šum3-šu2 «4-я часть, ее имя Краб» [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. (3) «Календарно-магические тексты». a) BM 34452+: 4 26 // 3 8 // Sin [ina x x x] x múlALLA / […] dNAMMU «Дуузу 26 // симану 8 // Луна [в x x x] x Крабе. / […] Намму.» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15]. b) Рецепт изготовления мази W 22619/9+: 10 MIN(=APIN) // 10 KUŠU2 // UŠ2 al-lut-tu2 u I3.UDU MIN(=alluttu) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Арахсамну 10 // Рак 100 // Кровь рака и жир рака ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; параллель (сокращение ŠU = KUŠU2) см. [SpTU III, 104]. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlALLA UŠ2 a-ab-bu «Область Рака: смерть от врага» [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlNAGAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания лунных затмений по наблюдениям кульминаций звезд и положений Солнца относительно созвездий: ki-i múlNAGAR a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-m[a…] / mulNAGAR múlGAG.SI.SA2 […] / a-di-i dŠamaš múlNAGAR ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN.[GI6)…] «Если Краб кульминирует и [(лунное) затмение должно начаться], Краб, Стрела… до тех пор пока Солнце Краба не достигнет. Его значение: затме[ние…]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6–8]. (7) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: KAL dUraš(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // da-x[…] / dŠul-pa-e3-a «‘Сила’ — Ураш; дуузу; Краб, Плуг; […] Шульпаэ»; возможно здесь должно быть da-p[i-nu] [SpTU IV, 159:8–9; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

См. также a18AL.LUL, k31KUŠU2.
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|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL.
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!Kurtik (2022, a18 & a22)
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==== (a18) mulAL.LUL ====
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|вар. чтения: mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB, mulALLA; = mul''alluttu'' «Краб»; 1) созвездие в Раке (Canсer), 2) ''ziqpu'' XX, группа звезд в Раке [AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360–361; Gössmann 1950, 14; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156–158]. См. также a21ALLA, k31KUŠU2.
I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Ura'' XXII: mulal-lub = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103]. '''(3)''' Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki «Краб=Сиппар» [MSL XVII, 229]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. '''(1)''' Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, 60; '''(2)''' месяц тебету, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574–575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal «Красная звезда, которая стоит на востоке поcле Близнецов, Гула, несущая корону, (это) Краб, звезда Ану, вблизи Царя» (B ii 24–27); вероятная параллель см. [BPO 2, III, 33–33a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181]; см. также u11UGA. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiab … mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Месяц тебету: … Краб (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 10). '''(3)''' Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], см. g27GU.LA; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 28a]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану: mulAL.LUL // 1,10 // ''šu-bat'' ''An'' «Краб // 70 // Сидение Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014]. BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!), см. a21ALLA. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1,10 «Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Краб, 70» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''ЕАЕ'''.'' См. [Snake 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a–b, 28a–b, 33a, 35a, XV 11–13; Verderame2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5–7]. '''''MUL.APIN'''.'' '''(1)''' Список звезд Энлиля (№ 7): mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat'' d''A-nim'' «Созвездие Краб, место Ану» (I i 7), параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18). '''(2)''' Список дат гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme «5-го дуузу Малые Близнецы и Краб становятся видны» (I ii 41). '''(3)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulAL.LUL, после mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, перед mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Астрологические предсказания: (II iii 25–27) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 20, 41, 59, 68, 110–111]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulal.lul = ídidigna «Краб = река Тигр»; '''(2)''' mul.meš igi.meš ''ša''2 mulal.lul = ídidigna «Передние звезды Краба = река Тигр»; '''(3)''' egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = река Евфрат»; '''(4)''' астрологические предсказания: a) igi.meš kur4.meš-''ma'' sa5.me-''ma'' ídidigna du-''kam''2 «(Если) передние звезды (Краба) имеют большой блеск и красные: Тигр разольется», b) murub4.meš sa5.me-''ma'' zi im «(Если) средние (звезды Краба) красные: поднимется ветер», c) egir.meš sa5.me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 nim.meš / si.sa2.meš «(Если) задние (звезды Краба) красные: Евфрат разольется и ранний (урожай) будет обильным»; '''(5)''' 12 звезд Амурру [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:145, 148, 149, 150–153, 219]. «'''''Письма''» ''и'' «''Рапорты''»''.''''' Название созвездия встречается в 27 рапортах и 4 письмах [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a]. '''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.''''' См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. См. ниже «Символ», а также k09KAK.BAN. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''.'' '''(1)''' AO 6478: a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL «3[⅓ ми]ны веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Заднего Близнеца до Рака», b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва» [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:9–12; TU, 21 r. 9–12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. '''(2)''' VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL] «200 до Краба» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14]. '''(3)''' VAT 16436: см. a21ALLA. '''(4)''' BM 38369+: TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''…] «От Больших Близнецов до Кра[ба…]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:11]. '''(5''') Sippar Planisphere: a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL «⅔ мили (200) до Краба» (rev. 19), b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:19, 177]; см. также BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(D)''' mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu «Краб (ε Cnc) или Змея (β Cnc), Лук (η CMa) и левая нога созвездия Стрела (π Pup): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 315:5–6]. '''(E)''' 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu-''<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu «5 uš позади Краба, или Юпитер, который стоит позади Краба перед Львом, и созвездие Стрела (ρ Pup): веревка [ibid. 315:7–8]; отождествление Коха звезд в этом уравнивании: mulal.lul — ε Cnc, mulmuš — 1 Hya, или 30 Mon, или 2 Hya, mulban — ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 — 11 CMa, или Pulk55 1121''m'', или Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; возражения Пингри см. [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 90–98]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''.'' '''§O'''. mulal.lul «Краб» (δ, θ Cnc), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. '''''Текст''''' '''''W22281a'''''. [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB…] / […mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 …] «[1]5-го [тебету] при восходе Солнца (точка) в 50 к востоку от Кр[аб]а […] в кульминации […] Сири[ус…]» [SpTU I, 95:15'–16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99]. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 «Область Краба» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. a21ALLA. '''(2)''' «Микрозодиак». См. a21ALLA. '''(3)''' «Гипсома». Краб — гипсома Сатурна, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. '''(4)''' W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда Краб (кульминирует), родился» [SpTU V, 265:3']. '''(5)''' AO 6483: […: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul […] «[Если ребенок родился, когда…, (когда) Краб] появляется: смерть от оружия» [TU, 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. '''(6)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], см. s20''Sîn''. '''(7)''' В «календарных» ритуальных текстах Крабу (ŠU/ALLA) соответствует рецепт мази: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') «Кровь краба, жир краба ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; что при этом конкретно имеется в виду, остается неясным. '''(8)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a21ALLA.

II. Божество.

Название записывалось, как правило, без детерминатива d; отсутствует в списках богов. О его связи с Ану см. MUL.APIN, I i 7 и BM 82923:29, а также [BPO 2, III 33a]: d''A''-''nim'' mulAL.LUL; см. также MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. Связь с Нинуртой засвидетельствована в VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) d''nin''-[''g'']''ir2''-''su'' «Краб ― река бога Нингирсу» [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, Anm. 99; 1963 117, Anm. 9]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 101:5]. В серии намбурби см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Краб соотносится: a) c Сиппаром, b) рекой Тигр; передние звезды Краба — с Тигром, задние звезды — с Евфратом [Weidner 1963] (см. ниже).

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428, Obv. 13–15: mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-''[''m'']''a-ak''-[''ku'' 4] MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ''i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru'' / ''i-na li''[''b''3''-b'']''i-šu''2''-nu'' [6 MUL.MEŠ ''a-ḫi''-''i'']''n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e''-[''ṣir''... mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir'' «Краб (имеет форму) ''apsamakku'' (трапеция, прямоугольник или квадрат) ([AHw 61; CAD A/2, 192]). [4] звезды изображены на его окружности; внутри их [6 звезд] следуют [рядом] друг за другом; 1 звезда на его голове изображена. [Ю]питер впереди его изображен» [Weidner 1927, 73–76, 80–81; CAD A/1, 361; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 22–25]. Описание в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18–20): mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺''-ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-uʼ'' ''ina'' ''lib''3-''bi''-''šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a-''[''ḫ'']a''-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+ ''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu2'' ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i''-''šu2'' mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu'' «Краб — сидение Ану. (Он имеет форму) четырехугольника. 4 звезды изображены по его сторонам, внутри его 6 звезд рядом друг за другом следуют. 1 звезда на его голове изображена. Впереди [Юпитер сто]ит» [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40]. На диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere Крабу соответствует 10 точек, из них 4 крайние образуют квадрат, внутри которого 6 более мелких точек [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 176–177, Segment 2]. Астральные изображения краба на печатях из Урука селевкидского времени см. [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994–1000; Куртик 2007, рис. 22–27, 46]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlALLA (обозначение знака зодиака Рак) соответствует A.MEŠ «воды» [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= приблизительно Cancer, в особенности ι Cancri [Gössmann 1950, 14];

= α CМi, хотя признается, что в некоторых случаях al.lu5 обозначает знак зодиака Cancer [Waerden 1949, 21, note 21; 1974, 73, 76];

= Э.Вайднер рассматривает α CMi в качестве ведущей звезды созвездия [Weidner 1957–59, 77];

= Cancer [BPO 2, 7, 10; Hunger and Steele 2019, 137; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= γ δ ε (Praesepe) + η θ ι Cancri [Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 15]; см. также [Koch 1993, 187, Anm. 10].

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

Число звезд в múlALLA = 10, согласно, VAT 16436:11 [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

= Praesepe (Ясли) in Cancer (группа звезд) [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

''='' ε Cnc + Praesepe [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Передняя звезда Краба к северу» (η Cancri);

(2) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Передняя звезда Краба к югу» (θ Cancri);

(3) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Задняя звезда Краба к северу» (γ Cancri);

(4) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Задняя звезда Краба к югу» (δ Cancri);

четыре указанные звезды входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

В «Большом списке звезд» подразделяется на три части:

(5) «Передние звезды...» (см. выше);

(6) murub4.meš «Cрединные (звезды)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:151];

(7) «Задние (звезды)» (см. выше).

В астрологии подразделяется на две части:

(9) MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Передние звезды Краба» [BPO 2, III 7b], см. также [BPO 2, XV 13 + Parallels; Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 1'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 47].

(10) MUL.MEŠ EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Задние звезды Краба» [Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 2'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 48]; cм. также: MUL2 ''ar''2me ''ša''2 ALLA «Задние звезды Краба» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -381:4].

(11) Правая и левая стороны ALLA упоминаются в MUL.APIN II iii 26–27, см. u01U.RI.RI.

(12) MUL2?MEŠ IGI?.˹MEŠ˺ ''u ar''2.MEŠ ''ša''2 ALLA «передние и задние звезды Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker, Sect. 10: rev. v 2′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL «Звезда Лжец = Краб» [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) ''= Коза-Рыба''; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 «Краб ― так говорят, чтобы обозначить Козу-Рыбу, а именно, ''suḫurmāšu''» [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = ''Энтенабархум''; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 DU-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL «Звезда, которая позади него (т.е. позади mulŠU.GI) стоит — Энтенабархум. Энтенабархум = Краб» [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

Предсказания:

(4) ''Лунное гало и Краб''; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu2'' GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' «Если Луна окружена гало, и Краб стоит в нем: жизнь царя Аккада продлится» [SAA 10, 113:6–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1–3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) ''Сатурн и Краб'' (''наблюдения''); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (глосса: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL.LUL [xxxxx] «Их положения стабильны, [(это) означает, что Сатурн стоит] в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:4–5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] «Сатурн стоит в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:8–r.1].

(6) ''Юпитер и Краб'' (''наблюдение''); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma'' [0] ''it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] / ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' «Позднее он (Юпитер) продолжил движение и приблизился к Крабу» [SAA 8, 84 r. 2–3]; см. также [ibid. 323: 1–3].

(7) ''Марс приближается к Крабу''; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma'' ''ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' «Если Странная Звезда (= Марс) приближается к Крабу: правитель умрет. / Если он останавливается (и) стоит, это [зловещий знак]; это злое (предзнаменование) для Аккада» [SAA 8, 101:7–9]; наблюдение и предупреждение: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u2 i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 «Марс достиг Краба; [царь дол]жен знать (об этом) и быть осторожным, пока он не вышел» [SAA 8, 380:4–r.3]; другие примеры см. [SAA 8, 28:4, 80 r. 3, 452:6–r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' […] «Если Марс к Крабу приближается: нападение Элама, город будет захвачен […]» [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''приближается к Крабу''; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ … mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' «[Если] Коза приближается в Крабу: в стране наступит примирение и мир; боги смилуются над страной; пустые закрома наполнятся; урожай страны будет обильным; беременные женщины будут вынашивать своих младенцев положенное время; великие боги покинут (временно) святилища страны; храмы великих богов будут восстановлены, (это произойдет, поскольку): Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175: r. 1–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 247:8–r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5–11].

(9) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в Крабе'': DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если Краб темный: дух злого человека овладеет страной, смерти будут в стране» [SAA 8, 477:6–r. 1].

(10) ''Урири и Краб''; DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme «Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Крабу, ḪUR AL умрут» (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) ''Лунное затмения в Крабе''; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Idigna'' …] «Если Луна затмилась в области передних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Тигр» [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''…] «Если Луна затмилась в области задних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Евфрат…» [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; параллель см. [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′–6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47–48], а также «Большой список звезд».

(12) ''Меркурий в Крабе''; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 DU-''ma'' «Если передние звезды Краба красные: восход ветра. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в нем» [BPO 2, III 7–b–c].

См. также [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
|
|-
|
==== (a22) mul''Alluttu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Cnc]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AB.SIN

2026-05-06T18:58:44Z

HermannHunger: /* Predictions: */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AB.SIN2, ABSIN (𒀊𒉆)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
AB.SÍN2/ABSIN = '''''šerʾu,''''' 'The Furrow.' We give together 𒀊𒉆 AB.SIN2 (Kurtik a06) and 𒆠𒀸𒀸 ABSIN (Kurtik a07), the latter being a diri-compound whose reading is proved by Diri IV 276-277: ab-si-in KI.AŠ.AŠ = ''abšennu'', ''šer'u''. The constellation includes stars in classical [[Virgo]] for which an illustration is available in the set of drawings related to the Uranology Group (see the drawing on AO 6448 below). It is not certain how much of the drawing corresponds to Mesopotamian perceptions of the constellation over time, but it is clear that the Mesopotamian asterism certainly included the barley stalk that the goddess is holding.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variants'''

* mulAB.SIN2 (137)
** = ''šir'u,''
** = ''šerʾu,''
* ABSIN is a later writing of the name.
** mulKI.AŠ.AŠ,
** mulKI.DILI.DILI,
** mulKI.DIDLI,
** mulKI.ḪAL

"The Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> point out that AHw. 7 refers to CT 33, 1: 11 in favour of a reading ''absinnu'', but the correct restoration there is [''sis'']-''sin-nu''. In MUL.APIN's explanatory list, the term mulAB.SÍN occurs in the Anu-path, 15th entry (explanandum). It is associated with the goddess Šala:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>'''''Šala''.''' Goddess, wife of the NAAM god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain:
* d''Ša-la'' ''šu-bu-ul-tu4'' (AN 15r),
* Šala, the stalk/ ear/ spike of grain.
</blockquote>Var. designations:

* ABSIN0(KI) = ''šer'u'' "Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 1941-44 257; Gössmann 1950, 4].
* On the probable translation of ABSIN "Barley Stalk" see [Sachs 1952a 146, note 3].
* Constellation and zodiacal sign mulAB.SIN2 "Furrow" (= Virgo) in later astronomical and astrological texts.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== AB.SIN2 ====
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra XXII 302: mulAB.SIN2 = ''ši-ir-'u'' "Furrow" (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3 B K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]
|why do we list the refs. here when we quote them anyway below under astrology?
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each” (Astrolabe Group)'''
CT 33, Nv. 10, and parallels

Fincke 2025: 64-65, Horowitz 2014: 245.
* CT 33, 9: A list of the 12 asterisms of Anu (no. 9): [mul]AB.SIN2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]
** Text Nv. 10: mulAB.SIN2 as an asterism of Anu in the months Kislimu and Ṭebetu (Obv. 6, 10), and as the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month Simanu (Rev. 31)ː Fincke 2025: 67-68.
** See previously [Horowitz 2014: 215-216, Donbaz and Koch 65-66].
** Parallels: Fincke 2025: 70: 10', 72: 5'.
** ,
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 15):
** mulAB.SIN2 ''dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4''
** "The furrow, the goddess Šala, the ear of grain" (I ii 10).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI
** "On the 25th day of the month Ululu the Furrow becomes visible" ( I ii 47).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** mulKU6 ''u'' mulŠU.GI KURmeš-''ma'' mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš
** "The Fish and the Old Man rise and the Furrow and the Wild Dog set" (I iii 33).
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
** TA KUR ''ša2'' mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4
** "From the rising of ŠU.PA 10 days to the rising of the Furrow. From the rising of the Furrow 20 days to the rising of the Scales" (I iii 36-37).
* (5) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon": mulAB.SIN2, after mulUR.GU.LA, before mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu4'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.
* (6) Astrological predictions: star U.RI.RI and AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), see (Kurtik u01)[[U.RI.RI]] [Hunger and Steele 2019, 126, 223].
|[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
|-
|'''Letters and Reports:'''

* SAA 8 295 rev. 1-2:
** AB.SIN2 and E4.RU6 in halo of the Moon.
* [SAA 8 82 r. 8, 325:2, 378:5].
* [SAA 10 224:10, 206:9]
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List" (SAG.ME.GAR = ŠUL.PA.E3)'''
* Astrological association:
** mulBAN / mulAB.SIN2,
** mulGILIM / mulMIN,
** mulTIR.AN.NA / mulMIN,
** mul''a-ri-tum'' / mulMIN,
** mulMAR.GID2.DA / mul[MIN], [...], where mulMIN apparently = mulAB.SIN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]
|this does not affect the identification, it's just an association
|-
|'''GU-text'''.

* (K) or GU XI
** mulE4-ru6 (A.EDIN) KI.MIN mulAB.SIN2 d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]AB.SIN2 ''ina'' IGI mulUGA GUB-''zu'' GU
** translation: "Erua, or the Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš (ε Cen), Mercury, who stands towards the Furrow before the Raven – a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988 (Fs. Sachs) 315 BM 78161:17-18];
* Identifications:
** ''ziqpu'' XXV (Erua): γ Com
** the Furrow is the area around α, γ, and ε Vir
** Šullat and Ḫaniš: (ε Cen according to Kurtik, according to [Koch 1992 58] it is β, α Cen); see also [ASM 92].
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|alt=the constellation as visualized in Stellarium|thumb|Furrow with Ear of Grain next to the Lion and the Mušḫuššu Dragon with Raven]][[File:GU XI.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with the GU XI|thumb|GU XI star chart (Hoffmann 2022) ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a. mulAB.SIN2 "the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §v. mulSUḪUŠ AB.SIN2 "The base of the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]].
[Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs and Hunger Diaries 54].
|[[File:Dalb a.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "a" (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]][[File:Dalb v.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "v"... sorry: cut-off (Hoffmann 2024)]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
* Related Drawings: [Beaulieu et al. 99 Bottom] AO 6448 ''bīt niṣirti'' of dGU4-UTU: /mulAB/-S[IN2] to the right of Mercury, see [Thureau-Dangin 1922 no. 12]
|[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|alt=Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|alt=The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.|thumb|The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== ABSIN, ABSIN0 (spelling variants) ====
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* ABSIN = KI.AŠ.AŠ = KI.DILI.DILI = KI.DIDLI = KI.ḪAL
* ABSIN0 = KI

All these are designations of the 6th sign of the zodiac in the ephemerides [ACT 38, 467], for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7]. However, the term was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation KI (ABSIN0) appears in lunar tables dated to the year –474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) The standard designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac; for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], but it was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation ABSIN0(KI) appears in lunar tables dated to the year – 474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
* (2) Included in the names of two "normal stars":
** a) DELE ''ša2'' IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir),
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|
|-
|'''Normal Stars'''
* Hunger and Pingree (1999, 22-23): included in the names of two "normal stars" (see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ)
** a) DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir), var.: ''e-du ša''2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs and Hunger Diaries No. -463 Obv. 6].
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|why is this repeated?
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: ... KI ''ša''2 ABSIN [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) DELE ''ša'' IGI ABSIN 16 ""Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Virginis).
* (b) S[A4] ''ša''2(?) ABSIN(?) 28(?) "Bright (star) of the Furrow (corresponding to) 28(?) (Virgo)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; [[References (Babylonian)|ASM]] 150].
|DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]
this is the later version and should be used
|}
[[File:ABSIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 171538.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AB.SIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Spica]]
|HIP 65474
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|0.97
|-
|2
|[[Porrima]]
|HIP 61941
|Constellation lines
|2.74
|-
|3
|[[Vindemiatrix]]
|HIP 63608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.79
|-
|4
| [[Minelauva]]
|HIP 63090
|Constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
|5
|* gam Vir B
|HR 4826
|Inside the Hull
|3.49
|-
|6
| ν Virginis
|HIP 57380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.04
|-
|7
|θ Virginis
|HIP 64238
| Inside the Hull
|4.397
|-
|8
| π Virginis
| HIP 58590
|Inside the Hull
| 4.642
|-
|9
|16 Vir
|HIP 60172
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|10
|d2 Vir
|HIP 62267
|Inside the Hull
|5.207
|-
|11
|31 Vir
| HIP 61968
|Inside the Hull
| 5.573
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 62325
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
| 13
|FW Vir
|HIP 61658
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59309
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|15
|44 Vir
|HIP 63414
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|16
|79 G. Vir
|HIP 62103
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
|17
|37 Vir
|HIP 62757
|Inside the Hull
|6.003
|-
|18
|56 G. Vir
| HIP 61103
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|19
|* 46 Vir A
|HIP 63494
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 20
|38 Vir
|HIP 62875
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|21
|68 G. Vir
|HIP 61637
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|22
| EP Vir
|HIP 62376
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|23
|51 G. Vir
|HIP 60804
|Inside the Hull
|6.342
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 58809
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|25
|35 Vir
|HIP 62443
|Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
|26
|91 G. Vir
|HIP 62915
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|27
|17 Vir
|HIP 60353
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identifications: ====

* = the eastern section of the constellation Virgo (without β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

* = Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

* = α + other stars of Vir [BPO 2 10; ASM 272];

* = 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

* = Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].
*

===== Late astrology, magic and the calendar. =====
* (1) Lunaria [Reiner 1995 108-110]. BRM IV, 20: KI mulAB.SIN2 "in the area of the Furrow" [Ungnad 1941-44 258-259: 3, 18], see also (Kurtik a07) AB.SIN.
* (2) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Leo into 12 parts in VAT 7847: the 2nd part is mulAB.SIN2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], see also (Kurtik a07) ABSIN.
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI AB.SIN2 NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-tu''4 "in the area of the Furrow (= Virgo): wealth, grief" [SpTU II, 43:23]; parallel: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-ti'' "in the area of the Furrow: wealth, grief" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999 192].
* (4) Hypsomata. The Furrow (= Virgo) – Mercury's hypsoma, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
* (5) Predicting prices for grain based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31].
* (6) Predictions based on lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-''ma''...] "If the Moon makes an eclipse in the Furrow (= in Virgo) ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136 rev. 20], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].

See also [TCL 6 13 col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

===== Spelling variant (ABSIN, ABSIN0) =====
* (1) Horoscopes: ABSIN is the designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) “Lunaria”.
** a) BRM IV, 20, see (Kurtik a06) AB.SIN2,
** b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN is the designation of the zodiacal sign Furrow (= Virgo) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" or "calendar texts" [Ungnad 1941-44 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Van der Waerden, in Weidner 1967 50-52; Hunger 1996 WZKM 86 191-196; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 Fs. Pingree 95-125].
* (3) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 6-''i-tum'' ḪA.LA ABSIN ''šum''3-''šu''2 "6th part, its name is the Furrow." [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66],
** (b) BM 34713: 6-''tu''2 ḪA.LA ''ša''2 mul2.LU mul2.ABSIN / ''ša''2 mul2.LU "the 6th part of Aries - Furrow of Aries" [Steele Rising Time Schemes 2017, 49 BM 34713:14-15; formerly Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15].
* (4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // ABSIN 24 // ''ši-gu-šu''2 ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''a-ri-bi u kappi''(PA) ''a-ri-bi'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 12 // Virgo 24 // Flour from ''šigūšu''-barley, raven’s head and raven’s wing – you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 12, also 104:25]; parallel for the month Arahsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI ABSIN ''a-lid'' ... "In the area of the Furrow (the child) was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. See also [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. In the new edition of BM 46083: DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]

==== Deity. ====
The goddess Šala, probably of Hurrian origin, was considered the consort of Adad, the god of thunder (in other versions – Dagan). She is mentioned in texts dating to Old Babylonian times. Among the known epithets, not a single one indicates an astral meaning [Tallqvist 453]. The symbol on the kudurru – an ear, sometimes next to the symbol of Adad [Seidl 1968 138], or a ram on a plinth with an ear [ibid. 74, 147] (Fig. 48).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see Reiner 1995, 141; Walker and Dick 2001 (= SAALT 1) 72:34; see also (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.

==== Symbol. ====

* In MUL.APIN I ii 10 is given the identity: "Furrow, goddess Šala, ear".
* On the Seleucid tablet AO 6448 is depicted a standing female figure in a long garment, draped at the waist, with an ear in her hand, and next to her are symbolic images of Mercury, the Raven and the Snake [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10 (fig. 12)] . This is probably the figure of the constellation mulAB.SIN2. A similar figure is presented on one poorly preserved Seleucid seal impression [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 107 (Fig. 31)] .
* The image of the ear is also found on Seleucid seals from Uruk in combination with other astral symbols (Capricornus, bull) [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155 (fig. 38)]. The standing female figure with an ear in her hand – just like the symbol of the Virgin found on Egyptian monuments of late Hellenistic times – is probably of Mesopotamian origin [Kurtik 2002, ill. 5, 7].
* On the "Planisphere" K 8538, according to Koch's interpretation, the schematic picture of mulAB.SIN2 is given in the 5th sector in the form of a triangle, in which is the inscription BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (ill. 9).
* According to D. Foxvog, the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols; in it AB.SIN2 (sign of the zodiacal sign Virgo) is put in correspondence with ŠE.BAR "grain" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====

* (1) = Bow: /DIŠ mulKU6/ ''ana'' mulBAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN2] "If the Fish comes close to the Bow ... (it means:) Mercury (approaches) the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8, 325:4-7].

* (2) = Arrow: DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-''ma'' "If the Bow reaches the Arrow ... (it means:) Mercury stands inside the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

* (3) = The Field: [SAA 8, 82 r. 8].

See also “The Great Star List”

===== Predictions: =====

* (4) A lunar eclipse within the Furrow:
** DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' ... ''taš-nin-tu''4 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši ina'' KI MULx(AB2) AB.SIN2 ''u'' GENNA BAD.MEŠ "If on the 14th of Adar a lunar eclipse occurs, ... there will be conflict in the country. (If it occurs) in the area of the Furrow and Saturn, (there will be) deaths." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29];
** [...mulA]B.SIN2 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-''sa''3 ''i-ḫar-ra-aṣ'' SU.KU2 /ŠE ''u'' IN.NU/ "[If the Moon] is eclipsed in the Furrow: decision for the furrow; the furrow will decrease its produce, there will be hunger for barley and straw" [Verderame 2002, 54 Tablet IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

* (5) Venus and the Furrow;
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma me-ḫu-u''<nowiki/>2 ZI-''a na-ram-ti'' LUGAL [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and a hurricane wind rises: the king's beloved woman ..." [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-''ti Gu-ti''-[''i''...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the southern wind blows: fall of the Guti..." [ibid., rev. 27],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the northern wind blows: the main wife ..." [ibid., rev 28]; for a parallel see [ibid., ND 4362: 18-20].

* (6) Uriri and the Furrow: DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' AB.SIN2 KU.NU-''ma'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If (the star) Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Furrow: the same will happen (= horse pestilence)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

* (7) Mercury in the Furrow has great brilliance; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 3.

* (8) Observations for astrological purposes;
** ''mu-ši a-ga-a'' d30 TUR3 ''il-ta-mi'' / mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulA.EDIN ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi u''2-''šu-uz-zu'' "This night a halo surrounded the moon, the Furrow and Erua stood in it" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2];
** mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 0! / ''ina qaq-qar'' mulAB.SIN2 ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east in the area of the Furrow" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2];
** TUR3 ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 / ''a-na'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL / ''ina'' EN.TE.NA ''i-lap-pat'' "A halo of the Furrow foretells rain and flood in the winter season" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1];
** mul''Dil-bat a-na'' mulAB!.SIN2 / ''i-kaš-šad'' "Venus will reach the Furrow" [SAA 10 224: 10]; for observations of Mars and its approach to the Furrow, see [ibid. 206: 4-9].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a06+a07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 4)
|-
|
==== a07. mulABSIN (353), ====

вар. чтения: mulKI.AŠ.AŠ, mulKI.DILI.DILI, mulKI.DIDLI, mulKI.DAL; вар. обозначения: ABSIN0(KI); = šersu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 257; Gössmann 1950, 4]. O вероятном переводе ABSIN "Ячменный Стебель" см. [Sachs 1952а 146, note 3]. Созвездие и знак зодиака mulAB.SIN2 "Борозда" (= Дева, Virgo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. См. также a06AB.SIN2.

I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". (1) Стандартное обозначение 6-го знака зодиака; самый ранний пример см. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], но несомненно употреблялось и раньше, поскольку сокращение от ABSIN ― ABSIN0(KI) встречается уже в лунных таблицах, датируемых –474 годом [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31]. (2) Входило в название двух "нормальных звезд": a) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная (звезда) впереди Борозды" (γ Vir), b) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "(Звезда) с большим блеском Борозды" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim]. Математическая астрономия. ABSIN, ABSIN0 ― обозначения 6-го знака зодиака в эфемеридах [ACT 38, 467]. "Анафора". BM 36609+: … KI ša2 ABSIN [Roughton-Steele-Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Гороскопы: ABSIN — обозначение 6-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) "Лунарии". а) BRM IV, 20, см. a06AB.SIN2, b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN — обозначение знака зодиака Борозда (=Дева) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием "додекатемория" [Ungnad 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. (3) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: a) АО 6483: 6-i-tum Ca.la absin šum3-šu2 "6-я часть, ее имя Борозда" [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66], b) Sp II 202+: 6-tu2 Ca.la ša2 lu absin / ša2 lu "6-я часть Овна — Борозда Овна" [Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + "додекатемория"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // KIdidli 24 // ši-gu-šu2 qaqqad(SAG.DU) a-ri-bi u kappi(PA) a-ri-bi MIN(= tapaššaš) "Дуузу 12 // Дева 240 // Муку из šigūšu-ячменя, голову ворона и крыло ворона — ты намазываешь" [SpTU III, 104: 12, а также 104:25]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI KI.DAL a-lid … "В области Борозды родился…" [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. См. также [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) šur-ši absin 16 "Корень Ячменого Стебля(?):16 (Девы)" (γ Virginis). b) s[a4] ša2(?) absin(?) 28(?) "Блестящая (звезда) Ячменного Стебля (соответствует) 28(?) (Девы)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; ASM 150]. В новом издании BM 46083: šur-ši PABSINR 15 PSA4 ša2 ABSIN 24R + [x…] "Корень Борозды 15. Блестящая звезда Борозды 24 [+x]" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564].
|In den rein astron. Texten der S.Ä. wird zumeist Ki ·AS·AS ( = ABSIN), zuweilen auch bloss Ki (93 (81-7-6) Vs.7.9.; RmIV 397, 10; Epp.Astrono. S.149) geschrieben, und zwar ohne Determinativ {Sp 129, 38; Sp 128, 22; SH 272 ll 7; dagegen AO 6483 Vs16: rnul2Ki ·AŠ·AŠ).
In den früheren astron. sowie in den astrol. Texten wird AB•SiN2 (=ABSIN) geschrieben.
|-
|
==== a06. mul AB.SIN2 (137) ====

= še/irsu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4]; созвездие, соответствующее современной Деве (Virgo). См. также a07ABSIN.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mulab.sin2 = ši-ir-su "Борозда" [SpTU III, 114A v 109]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]. "Астролябии". Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): [mul]ab.sin2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]. "Письма" и "Рапорты". См. [SAA 10, 224:10, 206:9; SAA 8, 82 r. 8, 295 r. 2, 6].325:2, 378:5]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 15): mulAB.SIN2 dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4 "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос" (I ii 10). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI "25-го улулу Борозда становится видна" ( I ii 47). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulKU6 u mulŠU.GI KURmeš-ma mulAB.SIN2 u mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš "Рыба и Старик восходят, а Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят" (I iii 33). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ana KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 "10 дней от восхода Шупы до восхода Борозды. 20 дней от восхода Борозды до восхода Весов" (I iii 36-37). (5) Звезды "на пути Луны": mulAB.SIN2, после mulUR.GU.LA, перед mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Астрологические предсказания: звезда U.RI.RI и AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 33, 43, 52-54, 68, 110]. "Большой список звезд". Соответствия: mulban = mulab.sin2, mulgilim = mulmin, multir.an.na = mulmin, mula-ri-tum = mulmin, mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min], […], где mulmin, по-видимому, = mulab.sin2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]. GU-текст. (K) mulE4-Pru6R(A.EDIN) kimin mulab.sin2 dŠullat(PA) u Daniš(LUGAL) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu gu "Эруа (ziqpu XXV: γ Com) или Борозда (α Vir), Шуллат и Ханиш (ε Cen), Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит, ― веревка" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:17-18]; согласно [Koch 1992 58], dŠullat(PA) u Daniš (LUGAL) — β, α Cen; см. также [ASM 92]. Dalbanna-текст. §a. mulab.sin2 "Борозда" (α Vir), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §v. mulsuCuš ab.sin2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir), см. L07dLI9.SI4. Текст Nv. 10. mulAB.SIN2 как звезда Ану в месяцы кислиму и тебету (Obv. 6, 10), и как звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану (Rev. 31) [Donbaz-Koch 65-66]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) "Лунарии". BRM IV, 20: ki mulab.sin2, ki muSAA 10[in] "Область Борозды" [Ungnad 258-259: 3, 18], см. также a07ABSIN. (2) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей в VAT 7847: 2-я часть — mulab.sin2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], см. также a07ABSIN. (3) "Гипсома". Борозда (=Дева) — гипсома Меркурия, см. g34GU4.UD. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI AB.SIN2 ša2 edi(SIG) ni-ziq-tu4 "Область Борозды (= Дева): одиночество, гнев" [SpTU II, 43:23]; параллель: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ni-ziq-ti "Область Борозды: богатство, гнев" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ 30 ina mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-ma…] "Если Луна затмилась в Борозде (= в Деве)…" [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136: rev. 20], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [TCL 6 13: col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

II. Божество.

Богиня Шала, имеющая, вероятно, хурритское происхождение, считалась супругой бога грозы Адада (по другой версии ― Дагана). Упоминается в текстах со старовавилонского времени. Среди известных эпитетов ни один не указывает на ее астральное значение [Tallqvist 453]. Символ на кудурру ― колос, расположенный иногда рядом с символом Адада [Seidl 1968 138], или баран на цоколе с колосом [ibid. 74, 147] (илл. 48). Молитвы и ритуалы. Ритуал "омовения рта" (mīs pî) или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

III. Символ.

В MUL.APIN I ii 10 приведено тождество: "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос". На селевкидской табличке AO 6448 изображена стоящая женская фигура в длинном одеянии, перетянутая в талии, с колосом в руках, рядом ― символические изображения Меркурия, Ворона и Змеи [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (илл. 12). Вероятно, это и есть фигура созвездия mulAB.SIN2. Похожая фигура представлена на одном плохо сохранившемся селевкидском оттиске геммы [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 107] (илл. 31). Изображение колоса встречается также на селевкидских печатях из Урука в сочетании с другими астральными символами (козерог, бык, месяц) [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (илл. 38). Стоящая женская фигура с колосом в руке, как символ Девы встречается на египетских памятниках позднеэллинистического времени и имеет, по-видимому, месопотамское происхождение [Куртик 2002, илл. 5, 7]. На "Планисфере" К 8538, согласно интерпретации Коха, схематическое изображение mulAB.SIN2 приводится в 5-м секторе в виде треугольника, внутри которого надпись BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (илл. 9). Согласно Д. Фоксвогу, текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий; в нем AB.SIN2 (обозначение знака зодиака Дева) поставлено в соответствие ŠE.BAR "зерно" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

IV. Отождествление:

= восточная часть созвездия Virgo (без β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

= Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

= α + другие звезды Vir [BPO 2 10; МА 138; ASM 272];

= 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

= Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "Блестящая (звезда) Борозды" (α Vir, Спика);

(2) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная звезда впереди Борозды" (γ Vir); вар.: e-du ša2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54, No. -463 Obv. 6].

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число "нормальных звезд", см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) mulSUDUŠ AB.SIN2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir, Спика), см. Dbn-text (§v) [Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54].

(4) šur-ši absin "Корень Ячменного стебля" (γ Virginis), см. [Sachs 1952a 146; ASM 150].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Лук; PDIŠ mulKU6R ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2] "Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (это означает:) Меркурий (подходит) к Борозде" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8 325:4-7].

(2) = Стрела; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud … dGU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-ma "Если Лук достигает Стрелы … (это означает:) Меркурий стоит в пределах Борозды" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

(3) = Поле; см. [SAA 8 82 r. 8].

См. также "Большой список звезд".

Предсказания:

(4) Лунное затмение в Борозде; DIŠ ina itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-ma …taš-nin-tu4 ina KUR GAL2-ši ina KI AB.SIN2 u GENNA BAD.MEŠ "Если 14-го аддару происходит лунное затмение, … в стране будет конфликт. (Если оно происходит) в пределах Борозды и Сатурна, (будет) чума" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29]; […mulA]B.SIN2 a-dir EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-ša2 i-Car-ra-ar SU.KU2 ŠE u PIN.NUR "[Если Луна] затмилась в Борозде: решение для борозды; доход от борозды уменьшится, голод на ячмень и солому" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

(5) Венера и Борозда; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma me-Cu-u2 ZI-a na-ram-ti LUGAL […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и ураганный ветер поднимается: любимая женщина царя …" [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-ti Gu-ti-[i…] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и южный ветер дует: падение гутиев…" [ibid., rev. 27], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и северный ветер дует: главная жена …" [ibid., rev 28]; параллель см. [ibid., ND4362: 18-20].

(6) Урири и Борозда; DIŠ U.RI.RI ana AB.SIN2 KU.NU-ma ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Борозде: (произойдет) то же самое (= лошадиный мор)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(7) Меркурий в Борозде имеет большой блеск; см. u11UGA, VI 3.

(8) Наблюдения в астрологических целях; mu-ši a-ga-a d30 TUR3 il-ta-mi / mulAB.SIN2 u mulA.EDIN ina ŠA3-bi u2-šu-uz-zu "Этой ночью гало окружало Луну, Борозда и Эруа стояли в нем" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2]; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB.SIN2 it-tan-mar "Меркурий стал виден на востоке в пределах Борозды" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2]; TUR3 ša2 mulAB.SIN2 / a-na A.AN u A.KAL / ina EN.TE.NA i-lap-pat "Гало (вокруг Луны в пределах) Борозды предвещает дождь и наводнение зимой" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1]; mulDil-bat a-na mulAB!.SIN2 / i-kaš-šad "Венера достигнет (пределов) Борозды" [SAA 10 224: 10]; наблюдение Марса, приближающегося к Борозде, см. [ibid. 206: 4-9].
|Example
|}

== Transformation of the Constellations ==
<gallery>
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo MULAPIN.jpg|Babylonian pre-zodiac (MUL.APIN-based, visualisation by Jessica Gullberg, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo seleucid.jpg|Babylonian zodiac (Seleucid time, visualisation by Rober Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Zod asSufi.jpg|Classical zodiac visualized by as-Sufi (10th century CE), implemented in Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji.
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|The image of the Furrow with the Ear of Grain as painted by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|The image of the Goddess with the Ear of Grain (copied from tablet AO 6448 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|The double-goddess in Egyptian painting style as depicted in the circular zodiac in the temple of Denderah (Roman epoch). The Babylonian goddess Shala is left (east) whiie the other lady, on the lion's tail might be the Babylonian goddess Erua or the Egyptian deified queen Berenice.
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Vir]]
<references />

AB.SIN

2026-05-05T19:54:00Z

HermannHunger: /* Predictions: */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AB.SIN2, ABSIN (𒀊𒉆)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
AB.SÍN2/ABSIN = '''''šerʾu,''''' 'The Furrow.' We give together 𒀊𒉆 AB.SIN2 (Kurtik a06) and 𒆠𒀸𒀸 ABSIN (Kurtik a07), the latter being a diri-compound whose reading is proved by Diri IV 276-277: ab-si-in KI.AŠ.AŠ = ''abšennu'', ''šer'u''. The constellation includes stars in classical [[Virgo]] for which an illustration is available in the set of drawings related to the Uranology Group (see the drawing on AO 6448 below). It is not certain how much of the drawing corresponds to Mesopotamian perceptions of the constellation over time, but it is clear that the Mesopotamian asterism certainly included the barley stalk that the goddess is holding.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variants'''

* mulAB.SIN2 (137)
** = ''šir'u,''
** = ''šerʾu,''
* ABSIN is a later writing of the name.
** mulKI.AŠ.AŠ,
** mulKI.DILI.DILI,
** mulKI.DIDLI,
** mulKI.ḪAL

"The Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> point out that AHw. 7 refers to CT 33, 1: 11 in favour of a reading ''absinnu'', but the correct restoration there is [''sis'']-''sin-nu''. In MUL.APIN's explanatory list, the term mulAB.SÍN occurs in the Anu-path, 15th entry (explanandum). It is associated with the goddess Šala:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>'''''Šala''.''' Goddess, wife of the NAAM god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain:
* d''Ša-la'' ''šu-bu-ul-tu4'' (AN 15r),
* Šala, the stalk/ ear/ spike of grain.
</blockquote>Var. designations:

* ABSIN0(KI) = ''šer'u'' "Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 1941-44 257; Gössmann 1950, 4].
* On the probable translation of ABSIN "Barley Stalk" see [Sachs 1952a 146, note 3].
* Constellation and zodiacal sign mulAB.SIN2 "Furrow" (= Virgo) in later astronomical and astrological texts.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== AB.SIN2 ====
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra XXII 302: mulAB.SIN2 = ''ši-ir-'u'' "Furrow" (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3 B K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]
|why do we list the refs. here when we quote them anyway below under astrology?
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each” (Astrolabe Group)'''
CT 33, Nv. 10, and parallels

Fincke 2025: 64-65, Horowitz 2014: 245.
* CT 33, 9: A list of the 12 asterisms of Anu (no. 9): [mul]AB.SIN2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]
** Text Nv. 10: mulAB.SIN2 as an asterism of Anu in the months Kislimu and Ṭebetu (Obv. 6, 10), and as the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month Simanu (Rev. 31)ː Fincke 2025: 67-68.
** See previously [Horowitz 2014: 215-216, Donbaz and Koch 65-66].
** Parallels: Fincke 2025: 70: 10', 72: 5'.
** ,
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 15):
** mulAB.SIN2 ''dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4''
** "The furrow, the goddess Šala, the ear of grain" (I ii 10).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI
** "On the 25th day of the month Ululu the Furrow becomes visible" ( I ii 47).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** mulKU6 ''u'' mulŠU.GI KURmeš-''ma'' mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš
** "The Fish and the Old Man rise and the Furrow and the Wild Dog set" (I iii 33).
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
** TA KUR ''ša2'' mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4
** "From the rising of ŠU.PA 10 days to the rising of the Furrow. From the rising of the Furrow 20 days to the rising of the Scales" (I iii 36-37).
* (5) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon": mulAB.SIN2, after mulUR.GU.LA, before mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu4'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.
* (6) Astrological predictions: star U.RI.RI and AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), see (Kurtik u01)[[U.RI.RI]] [Hunger and Steele 2019, 126, 223].
|[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
|-
|'''Letters and Reports:'''

* SAA 8 295 rev. 1-2:
** AB.SIN2 and E4.RU6 in halo of the Moon.
* [SAA 8 82 r. 8, 325:2, 378:5].
* [SAA 10 224:10, 206:9]
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List" (SAG.ME.GAR = ŠUL.PA.E3)'''
* Astrological association:
** mulBAN / mulAB.SIN2,
** mulGILIM / mulMIN,
** mulTIR.AN.NA / mulMIN,
** mul''a-ri-tum'' / mulMIN,
** mulMAR.GID2.DA / mul[MIN], [...], where mulMIN apparently = mulAB.SIN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]
|this does not affect the identification, it's just an association
|-
|'''GU-text'''.

* (K) or GU XI
** mulE4-ru6 (A.EDIN) KI.MIN mulAB.SIN2 d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]AB.SIN2 ''ina'' IGI mulUGA GUB-''zu'' GU
** translation: "Erua, or the Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš (ε Cen), Mercury, who stands towards the Furrow before the Raven – a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988 (Fs. Sachs) 315 BM 78161:17-18];
* Identifications:
** ''ziqpu'' XXV (Erua): γ Com
** the Furrow is the area around α, γ, and ε Vir
** Šullat and Ḫaniš: (ε Cen according to Kurtik, according to [Koch 1992 58] it is β, α Cen); see also [ASM 92].
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|alt=the constellation as visualized in Stellarium|thumb|Furrow with Ear of Grain next to the Lion and the Mušḫuššu Dragon with Raven]][[File:GU XI.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with the GU XI|thumb|GU XI star chart (Hoffmann 2022) ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a. mulAB.SIN2 "the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §v. mulSUḪUŠ AB.SIN2 "The base of the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]].
[Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs and Hunger Diaries 54].
|[[File:Dalb a.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "a" (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]][[File:Dalb v.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "v"... sorry: cut-off (Hoffmann 2024)]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
* Related Drawings: [Beaulieu et al. 99 Bottom] AO 6448 ''bīt niṣirti'' of dGU4-UTU: /mulAB/-S[IN2] to the right of Mercury, see [Thureau-Dangin 1922 no. 12]
|[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|alt=Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|alt=The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.|thumb|The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== ABSIN, ABSIN0 (spelling variants) ====
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* ABSIN = KI.AŠ.AŠ = KI.DILI.DILI = KI.DIDLI = KI.ḪAL
* ABSIN0 = KI

All these are designations of the 6th sign of the zodiac in the ephemerides [ACT 38, 467], for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7]. However, the term was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation KI (ABSIN0) appears in lunar tables dated to the year –474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) The standard designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac; for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], but it was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation ABSIN0(KI) appears in lunar tables dated to the year – 474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
* (2) Included in the names of two "normal stars":
** a) DELE ''ša2'' IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir),
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|
|-
|'''Normal Stars'''
* Hunger and Pingree (1999, 22-23): included in the names of two "normal stars" (see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ)
** a) DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir), var.: ''e-du ša''2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs and Hunger Diaries No. -463 Obv. 6].
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|why is this repeated?
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: ... KI ''ša''2 ABSIN [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) DELE ''ša'' IGI ABSIN 16 ""Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Virginis).
* (b) S[A4] ''ša''2(?) ABSIN(?) 28(?) "Bright (star) of the Furrow (corresponding to) 28(?) (Virgo)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; [[References (Babylonian)|ASM]] 150].
|DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]
this is the later version and should be used
|}
[[File:ABSIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 171538.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AB.SIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Spica]]
|HIP 65474
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|0.97
|-
|2
|[[Porrima]]
|HIP 61941
|Constellation lines
|2.74
|-
|3
|[[Vindemiatrix]]
|HIP 63608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.79
|-
|4
| [[Minelauva]]
|HIP 63090
|Constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
|5
|* gam Vir B
|HR 4826
|Inside the Hull
|3.49
|-
|6
| ν Virginis
|HIP 57380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.04
|-
|7
|θ Virginis
|HIP 64238
| Inside the Hull
|4.397
|-
|8
| π Virginis
| HIP 58590
|Inside the Hull
| 4.642
|-
|9
|16 Vir
|HIP 60172
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|10
|d2 Vir
|HIP 62267
|Inside the Hull
|5.207
|-
|11
|31 Vir
| HIP 61968
|Inside the Hull
| 5.573
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 62325
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
| 13
|FW Vir
|HIP 61658
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59309
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|15
|44 Vir
|HIP 63414
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|16
|79 G. Vir
|HIP 62103
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
|17
|37 Vir
|HIP 62757
|Inside the Hull
|6.003
|-
|18
|56 G. Vir
| HIP 61103
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|19
|* 46 Vir A
|HIP 63494
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 20
|38 Vir
|HIP 62875
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|21
|68 G. Vir
|HIP 61637
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|22
| EP Vir
|HIP 62376
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|23
|51 G. Vir
|HIP 60804
|Inside the Hull
|6.342
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 58809
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|25
|35 Vir
|HIP 62443
|Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
|26
|91 G. Vir
|HIP 62915
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|27
|17 Vir
|HIP 60353
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identifications: ====

* = the eastern section of the constellation Virgo (without β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

* = Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

* = α + other stars of Vir [BPO 2 10; ASM 272];

* = 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

* = Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].
*

===== Late astrology, magic and the calendar. =====
* (1) Lunaria [Reiner 1995 108-110]. BRM IV, 20: KI mulAB.SIN2 "in the area of the Furrow" [Ungnad 1941-44 258-259: 3, 18], see also (Kurtik a07) AB.SIN.
* (2) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Leo into 12 parts in VAT 7847: the 2nd part is mulAB.SIN2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], see also (Kurtik a07) ABSIN.
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI AB.SIN2 NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-tu''4 "in the area of the Furrow (= Virgo): wealth, grief" [SpTU II, 43:23]; parallel: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-ti'' "in the area of the Furrow: wealth, grief" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999 192].
* (4) Hypsomata. The Furrow (= Virgo) – Mercury's hypsoma, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
* (5) Predicting prices for grain based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31].
* (6) Predictions based on lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-''ma''...] "If the Moon makes an eclipse in the Furrow (= in Virgo) ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136 rev. 20], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].

See also [TCL 6 13 col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

===== Spelling variant (ABSIN, ABSIN0) =====
* (1) Horoscopes: ABSIN is the designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) “Lunaria”.
** a) BRM IV, 20, see (Kurtik a06) AB.SIN2,
** b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN is the designation of the zodiacal sign Furrow (= Virgo) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" or "calendar texts" [Ungnad 1941-44 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Van der Waerden, in Weidner 1967 50-52; Hunger 1996 WZKM 86 191-196; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 Fs. Pingree 95-125].
* (3) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 6-''i-tum'' ḪA.LA ABSIN ''šum''3-''šu''2 "6th part, its name is the Furrow." [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66],
** (b) BM 34713: 6-''tu''2 ḪA.LA ''ša''2 mul2.LU mul2.ABSIN / ''ša''2 mul2.LU "the 6th part of Aries - Furrow of Aries" [Steele Rising Time Schemes 2017, 49 BM 34713:14-15; formerly Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15].
* (4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // ABSIN 24 // ''ši-gu-šu''2 ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''a-ri-bi u kappi''(PA) ''a-ri-bi'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 12 // Virgo 24 // Flour from ''šigūšu''-barley, raven’s head and raven’s wing – you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 12, also 104:25]; parallel for the month Arahsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI ABSIN ''a-lid'' ... "In the area of the Furrow (the child) was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. See also [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. In the new edition of BM 46083: DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]

==== Deity. ====
The goddess Šala, probably of Hurrian origin, was considered the consort of Adad, the god of thunder (in other versions – Dagan). She is mentioned in texts dating to Old Babylonian times. Among the known epithets, not a single one indicates an astral meaning [Tallqvist 453]. The symbol on the kudurru – an ear, sometimes next to the symbol of Adad [Seidl 1968 138], or a ram on a plinth with an ear [ibid. 74, 147] (Fig. 48).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see Reiner 1995, 141; Walker and Dick 2001 (= SAALT 1) 72:34; see also (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.

==== Symbol. ====

* In MUL.APIN I ii 10 is given the identity: "Furrow, goddess Šala, ear".
* On the Seleucid tablet AO 6448 is depicted a standing female figure in a long garment, draped at the waist, with an ear in her hand, and next to her are symbolic images of Mercury, the Raven and the Snake [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10 (fig. 12)] . This is probably the figure of the constellation mulAB.SIN2. A similar figure is presented on one poorly preserved Seleucid seal impression [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 107 (Fig. 31)] .
* The image of the ear is also found on Seleucid seals from Uruk in combination with other astral symbols (Capricornus, bull) [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155 (fig. 38)]. The standing female figure with an ear in her hand – just like the symbol of the Virgin found on Egyptian monuments of late Hellenistic times – is probably of Mesopotamian origin [Kurtik 2002, ill. 5, 7].
* On the "Planisphere" K 8538, according to Koch's interpretation, the schematic picture of mulAB.SIN2 is given in the 5th sector in the form of a triangle, in which is the inscription BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (ill. 9).
* According to D. Foxvog, the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols; in it AB.SIN2 (sign of the zodiacal sign Virgo) is put in correspondence with ŠE.BAR "grain" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====

* (1) = Bow: /DIŠ mulKU6/ ''ana'' mulBAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN2] "If the Fish comes close to the Bow ... (it means:) Mercury (approaches) the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8, 325:4-7].

* (2) = Arrow: DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-''ma'' "If the Bow reaches the Arrow ... (it means:) Mercury stands inside the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

* (3) = The Field: [SAA 8, 82 r. 8].

See also “The Great Star List”

===== Predictions: =====

* (4) A lunar eclipse within the Furrow:
** DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' ... ''taš-nin-tu''4 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši ina'' KI MULx(AB2) AB.SIN2 ''u'' GENNA BAD.MEŠ "If on the 14th of Adar a lunar eclipse occurs, ... there will be conflict in the country. (If it occurs) in the area of the Furrow and Saturn, (there will be) deaths." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29];
** [...mulA]B.SIN2 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-''sa3'' ''i-ḫar-ra-aṣ'' SU.KU2 /ŠE ''u'' IN.NU/ "[If the Moon] is eclipsed in the Furrow: decision for the furrow; the furrow will decrease its produce, there will be hunger for barley and straw" [Verderame 2002, 54 Tablet IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

* (5) Venus and the Furrow;
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma me-ḫu-u''<nowiki/>2 ZI-''a na-ram-ti'' LUGAL [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and a hurricane wind rises: the king's beloved woman ..." [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-''ti Gu-ti''-[''i''...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the southern wind blows: fall of the Guti..." [ibid., rev. 27],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the northern wind blows: the main wife ..." [ibid., rev 28]; for a parallel see [ibid., ND 4362: 18-20].

* (6) Uriri and the Furrow: DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' AB.SIN2 KU.NU-''ma'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If (the star) Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Furrow: the same will happen (= horse pestilence)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

* (7) Mercury in the Furrow has great brilliance; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 3.

* (8) Observations for astrological purposes;
** ''mu-ši a-ga-a'' d30 TUR3 ''il-ta-mi'' / mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulA.EDIN ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi u''2-''šu-uz-zu'' "This night a halo surrounded the moon, the Furrow and Erua stood in it" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2];
** mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 0! / ''ina qaq-qar'' mulAB.SIN2 ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east in the area of the Furrow" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2];
** TUR3 ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 / ''a-na'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL / ''ina'' EN.TE.NA ''i-lap-pat'' "A halo of the Furrow foretells rain and flood in the winter season" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1];
** mul''Dil-bat a-na'' mulAB!.SIN2 / ''i-kaš-šad'' "Venus will reach the Furrow" [SAA 10 224: 10]; for observations of Mars and its approach to the Furrow, see [ibid. 206: 4-9].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a06+a07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 4)
|-
|
==== a07. mulABSIN (353), ====

вар. чтения: mulKI.AŠ.AŠ, mulKI.DILI.DILI, mulKI.DIDLI, mulKI.DAL; вар. обозначения: ABSIN0(KI); = šersu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 257; Gössmann 1950, 4]. O вероятном переводе ABSIN "Ячменный Стебель" см. [Sachs 1952а 146, note 3]. Созвездие и знак зодиака mulAB.SIN2 "Борозда" (= Дева, Virgo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. См. также a06AB.SIN2.

I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". (1) Стандартное обозначение 6-го знака зодиака; самый ранний пример см. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], но несомненно употреблялось и раньше, поскольку сокращение от ABSIN ― ABSIN0(KI) встречается уже в лунных таблицах, датируемых –474 годом [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31]. (2) Входило в название двух "нормальных звезд": a) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная (звезда) впереди Борозды" (γ Vir), b) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "(Звезда) с большим блеском Борозды" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim]. Математическая астрономия. ABSIN, ABSIN0 ― обозначения 6-го знака зодиака в эфемеридах [ACT 38, 467]. "Анафора". BM 36609+: … KI ša2 ABSIN [Roughton-Steele-Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Гороскопы: ABSIN — обозначение 6-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) "Лунарии". а) BRM IV, 20, см. a06AB.SIN2, b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN — обозначение знака зодиака Борозда (=Дева) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием "додекатемория" [Ungnad 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. (3) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: a) АО 6483: 6-i-tum Ca.la absin šum3-šu2 "6-я часть, ее имя Борозда" [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66], b) Sp II 202+: 6-tu2 Ca.la ša2 lu absin / ša2 lu "6-я часть Овна — Борозда Овна" [Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + "додекатемория"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // KIdidli 24 // ši-gu-šu2 qaqqad(SAG.DU) a-ri-bi u kappi(PA) a-ri-bi MIN(= tapaššaš) "Дуузу 12 // Дева 240 // Муку из šigūšu-ячменя, голову ворона и крыло ворона — ты намазываешь" [SpTU III, 104: 12, а также 104:25]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI KI.DAL a-lid … "В области Борозды родился…" [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. См. также [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) šur-ši absin 16 "Корень Ячменого Стебля(?):16 (Девы)" (γ Virginis). b) s[a4] ša2(?) absin(?) 28(?) "Блестящая (звезда) Ячменного Стебля (соответствует) 28(?) (Девы)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; ASM 150]. В новом издании BM 46083: šur-ši PABSINR 15 PSA4 ša2 ABSIN 24R + [x…] "Корень Борозды 15. Блестящая звезда Борозды 24 [+x]" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564].
|In den rein astron. Texten der S.Ä. wird zumeist Ki ·AS·AS ( = ABSIN), zuweilen auch bloss Ki (93 (81-7-6) Vs.7.9.; RmIV 397, 10; Epp.Astrono. S.149) geschrieben, und zwar ohne Determinativ {Sp 129, 38; Sp 128, 22; SH 272 ll 7; dagegen AO 6483 Vs16: rnul2Ki ·AŠ·AŠ).
In den früheren astron. sowie in den astrol. Texten wird AB•SiN2 (=ABSIN) geschrieben.
|-
|
==== a06. mul AB.SIN2 (137) ====

= še/irsu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4]; созвездие, соответствующее современной Деве (Virgo). См. также a07ABSIN.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mulab.sin2 = ši-ir-su "Борозда" [SpTU III, 114A v 109]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]. "Астролябии". Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): [mul]ab.sin2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]. "Письма" и "Рапорты". См. [SAA 10, 224:10, 206:9; SAA 8, 82 r. 8, 295 r. 2, 6].325:2, 378:5]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 15): mulAB.SIN2 dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4 "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос" (I ii 10). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI "25-го улулу Борозда становится видна" ( I ii 47). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulKU6 u mulŠU.GI KURmeš-ma mulAB.SIN2 u mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš "Рыба и Старик восходят, а Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят" (I iii 33). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ana KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 "10 дней от восхода Шупы до восхода Борозды. 20 дней от восхода Борозды до восхода Весов" (I iii 36-37). (5) Звезды "на пути Луны": mulAB.SIN2, после mulUR.GU.LA, перед mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Астрологические предсказания: звезда U.RI.RI и AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 33, 43, 52-54, 68, 110]. "Большой список звезд". Соответствия: mulban = mulab.sin2, mulgilim = mulmin, multir.an.na = mulmin, mula-ri-tum = mulmin, mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min], […], где mulmin, по-видимому, = mulab.sin2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]. GU-текст. (K) mulE4-Pru6R(A.EDIN) kimin mulab.sin2 dŠullat(PA) u Daniš(LUGAL) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu gu "Эруа (ziqpu XXV: γ Com) или Борозда (α Vir), Шуллат и Ханиш (ε Cen), Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит, ― веревка" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:17-18]; согласно [Koch 1992 58], dŠullat(PA) u Daniš (LUGAL) — β, α Cen; см. также [ASM 92]. Dalbanna-текст. §a. mulab.sin2 "Борозда" (α Vir), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §v. mulsuCuš ab.sin2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir), см. L07dLI9.SI4. Текст Nv. 10. mulAB.SIN2 как звезда Ану в месяцы кислиму и тебету (Obv. 6, 10), и как звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану (Rev. 31) [Donbaz-Koch 65-66]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) "Лунарии". BRM IV, 20: ki mulab.sin2, ki muSAA 10[in] "Область Борозды" [Ungnad 258-259: 3, 18], см. также a07ABSIN. (2) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей в VAT 7847: 2-я часть — mulab.sin2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], см. также a07ABSIN. (3) "Гипсома". Борозда (=Дева) — гипсома Меркурия, см. g34GU4.UD. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI AB.SIN2 ša2 edi(SIG) ni-ziq-tu4 "Область Борозды (= Дева): одиночество, гнев" [SpTU II, 43:23]; параллель: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ni-ziq-ti "Область Борозды: богатство, гнев" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ 30 ina mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-ma…] "Если Луна затмилась в Борозде (= в Деве)…" [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136: rev. 20], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [TCL 6 13: col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

II. Божество.

Богиня Шала, имеющая, вероятно, хурритское происхождение, считалась супругой бога грозы Адада (по другой версии ― Дагана). Упоминается в текстах со старовавилонского времени. Среди известных эпитетов ни один не указывает на ее астральное значение [Tallqvist 453]. Символ на кудурру ― колос, расположенный иногда рядом с символом Адада [Seidl 1968 138], или баран на цоколе с колосом [ibid. 74, 147] (илл. 48). Молитвы и ритуалы. Ритуал "омовения рта" (mīs pî) или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

III. Символ.

В MUL.APIN I ii 10 приведено тождество: "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос". На селевкидской табличке AO 6448 изображена стоящая женская фигура в длинном одеянии, перетянутая в талии, с колосом в руках, рядом ― символические изображения Меркурия, Ворона и Змеи [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (илл. 12). Вероятно, это и есть фигура созвездия mulAB.SIN2. Похожая фигура представлена на одном плохо сохранившемся селевкидском оттиске геммы [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 107] (илл. 31). Изображение колоса встречается также на селевкидских печатях из Урука в сочетании с другими астральными символами (козерог, бык, месяц) [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (илл. 38). Стоящая женская фигура с колосом в руке, как символ Девы встречается на египетских памятниках позднеэллинистического времени и имеет, по-видимому, месопотамское происхождение [Куртик 2002, илл. 5, 7]. На "Планисфере" К 8538, согласно интерпретации Коха, схематическое изображение mulAB.SIN2 приводится в 5-м секторе в виде треугольника, внутри которого надпись BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (илл. 9). Согласно Д. Фоксвогу, текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий; в нем AB.SIN2 (обозначение знака зодиака Дева) поставлено в соответствие ŠE.BAR "зерно" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

IV. Отождествление:

= восточная часть созвездия Virgo (без β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

= Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

= α + другие звезды Vir [BPO 2 10; МА 138; ASM 272];

= 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

= Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "Блестящая (звезда) Борозды" (α Vir, Спика);

(2) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная звезда впереди Борозды" (γ Vir); вар.: e-du ša2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54, No. -463 Obv. 6].

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число "нормальных звезд", см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) mulSUDUŠ AB.SIN2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir, Спика), см. Dbn-text (§v) [Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54].

(4) šur-ši absin "Корень Ячменного стебля" (γ Virginis), см. [Sachs 1952a 146; ASM 150].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Лук; PDIŠ mulKU6R ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2] "Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (это означает:) Меркурий (подходит) к Борозде" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8 325:4-7].

(2) = Стрела; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud … dGU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-ma "Если Лук достигает Стрелы … (это означает:) Меркурий стоит в пределах Борозды" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

(3) = Поле; см. [SAA 8 82 r. 8].

См. также "Большой список звезд".

Предсказания:

(4) Лунное затмение в Борозде; DIŠ ina itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-ma …taš-nin-tu4 ina KUR GAL2-ši ina KI AB.SIN2 u GENNA BAD.MEŠ "Если 14-го аддару происходит лунное затмение, … в стране будет конфликт. (Если оно происходит) в пределах Борозды и Сатурна, (будет) чума" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29]; […mulA]B.SIN2 a-dir EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-ša2 i-Car-ra-ar SU.KU2 ŠE u PIN.NUR "[Если Луна] затмилась в Борозде: решение для борозды; доход от борозды уменьшится, голод на ячмень и солому" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

(5) Венера и Борозда; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma me-Cu-u2 ZI-a na-ram-ti LUGAL […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и ураганный ветер поднимается: любимая женщина царя …" [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-ti Gu-ti-[i…] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и южный ветер дует: падение гутиев…" [ibid., rev. 27], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и северный ветер дует: главная жена …" [ibid., rev 28]; параллель см. [ibid., ND4362: 18-20].

(6) Урири и Борозда; DIŠ U.RI.RI ana AB.SIN2 KU.NU-ma ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Борозде: (произойдет) то же самое (= лошадиный мор)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(7) Меркурий в Борозде имеет большой блеск; см. u11UGA, VI 3.

(8) Наблюдения в астрологических целях; mu-ši a-ga-a d30 TUR3 il-ta-mi / mulAB.SIN2 u mulA.EDIN ina ŠA3-bi u2-šu-uz-zu "Этой ночью гало окружало Луну, Борозда и Эруа стояли в нем" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2]; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB.SIN2 it-tan-mar "Меркурий стал виден на востоке в пределах Борозды" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2]; TUR3 ša2 mulAB.SIN2 / a-na A.AN u A.KAL / ina EN.TE.NA i-lap-pat "Гало (вокруг Луны в пределах) Борозды предвещает дождь и наводнение зимой" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1]; mulDil-bat a-na mulAB!.SIN2 / i-kaš-šad "Венера достигнет (пределов) Борозды" [SAA 10 224: 10]; наблюдение Марса, приближающегося к Борозде, см. [ibid. 206: 4-9].
|Example
|}

== Transformation of the Constellations ==
<gallery>
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo MULAPIN.jpg|Babylonian pre-zodiac (MUL.APIN-based, visualisation by Jessica Gullberg, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo seleucid.jpg|Babylonian zodiac (Seleucid time, visualisation by Rober Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Zod asSufi.jpg|Classical zodiac visualized by as-Sufi (10th century CE), implemented in Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji.
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|The image of the Furrow with the Ear of Grain as painted by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|The image of the Goddess with the Ear of Grain (copied from tablet AO 6448 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|The double-goddess in Egyptian painting style as depicted in the circular zodiac in the temple of Denderah (Roman epoch). The Babylonian goddess Shala is left (east) whiie the other lady, on the lion's tail might be the Babylonian goddess Erua or the Egyptian deified queen Berenice.
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Vir]]
<references />

AB.SIN

2026-05-05T15:41:31Z

HermannHunger: /* Predictions: */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AB.SIN2, ABSIN (𒀊𒉆)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
AB.SÍN2/ABSIN = '''''šerʾu,''''' 'The Furrow.' We give together 𒀊𒉆 AB.SIN2 (Kurtik a06) and 𒆠𒀸𒀸 ABSIN (Kurtik a07), the latter being a diri-compound whose reading is proved by Diri IV 276-277: ab-si-in KI.AŠ.AŠ = ''abšennu'', ''šer'u''. The constellation includes stars in classical [[Virgo]] for which an illustration is available in the set of drawings related to the Uranology Group (see the drawing on AO 6448 below). It is not certain how much of the drawing corresponds to Mesopotamian perceptions of the constellation over time, but it is clear that the Mesopotamian asterism certainly included the barley stalk that the goddess is holding.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variants'''

* mulAB.SIN2 (137)
** = ''šir'u,''
** = ''šerʾu,''
* ABSIN is a later writing of the name.
** mulKI.AŠ.AŠ,
** mulKI.DILI.DILI,
** mulKI.DIDLI,
** mulKI.ḪAL

"The Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> point out that AHw. 7 refers to CT 33, 1: 11 in favour of a reading ''absinnu'', but the correct restoration there is [''sis'']-''sin-nu''. In MUL.APIN's explanatory list, the term mulAB.SÍN occurs in the Anu-path, 15th entry (explanandum). It is associated with the goddess Šala:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>'''''Šala''.''' Goddess, wife of the NAAM god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain:
* d''Ša-la'' ''šu-bu-ul-tu4'' (AN 15r),
* Šala, the stalk/ ear/ spike of grain.
</blockquote>Var. designations:

* ABSIN0(KI) = ''šer'u'' "Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 1941-44 257; Gössmann 1950, 4].
* On the probable translation of ABSIN "Barley Stalk" see [Sachs 1952a 146, note 3].
* Constellation and zodiacal sign mulAB.SIN2 "Furrow" (= Virgo) in later astronomical and astrological texts.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== AB.SIN2 ====
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra XXII 302: mulAB.SIN2 = ''ši-ir-'u'' "Furrow" (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3 B K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]
|why do we list the refs. here when we quote them anyway below under astrology?
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each” (Astrolabe Group)'''
CT 33, Nv. 10, and parallels

Fincke 2025: 64-65, Horowitz 2014: 245.
* CT 33, 9: A list of the 12 asterisms of Anu (no. 9): [mul]AB.SIN2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]
** Text Nv. 10: mulAB.SIN2 as an asterism of Anu in the months Kislimu and Ṭebetu (Obv. 6, 10), and as the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month Simanu (Rev. 31)ː Fincke 2025: 67-68.
** See previously [Horowitz 2014: 215-216, Donbaz and Koch 65-66].
** Parallels: Fincke 2025: 70: 10', 72: 5'.
** ,
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 15):
** mulAB.SIN2 ''dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4''
** "The furrow, the goddess Šala, the ear of grain" (I ii 10).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI
** "On the 25th day of the month Ululu the Furrow becomes visible" ( I ii 47).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** mulKU6 ''u'' mulŠU.GI KURmeš-''ma'' mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš
** "The Fish and the Old Man rise and the Furrow and the Wild Dog set" (I iii 33).
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
** TA KUR ''ša2'' mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4
** "From the rising of ŠU.PA 10 days to the rising of the Furrow. From the rising of the Furrow 20 days to the rising of the Scales" (I iii 36-37).
* (5) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon": mulAB.SIN2, after mulUR.GU.LA, before mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu4'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.
* (6) Astrological predictions: star U.RI.RI and AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), see (Kurtik u01)[[U.RI.RI]] [Hunger and Steele 2019, 126, 223].
|[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
|-
|'''Letters and Reports:'''

* SAA 8 295 rev. 1-2:
** AB.SIN2 and E4.RU6 in halo of the Moon.
* [SAA 8 82 r. 8, 325:2, 378:5].
* [SAA 10 224:10, 206:9]
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List" (SAG.ME.GAR = ŠUL.PA.E3)'''
* Astrological association:
** mulBAN / mulAB.SIN2,
** mulGILIM / mulMIN,
** mulTIR.AN.NA / mulMIN,
** mul''a-ri-tum'' / mulMIN,
** mulMAR.GID2.DA / mul[MIN], [...], where mulMIN apparently = mulAB.SIN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]
|this does not affect the identification, it's just an association
|-
|'''GU-text'''.

* (K) or GU XI
** mulE4-ru6 (A.EDIN) KI.MIN mulAB.SIN2 d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]AB.SIN2 ''ina'' IGI mulUGA GUB-''zu'' GU
** translation: "Erua, or the Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš (ε Cen), Mercury, who stands towards the Furrow before the Raven – a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988 (Fs. Sachs) 315 BM 78161:17-18];
* Identifications:
** ''ziqpu'' XXV (Erua): γ Com
** the Furrow is the area around α, γ, and ε Vir
** Šullat and Ḫaniš: (ε Cen according to Kurtik, according to [Koch 1992 58] it is β, α Cen); see also [ASM 92].
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|alt=the constellation as visualized in Stellarium|thumb|Furrow with Ear of Grain next to the Lion and the Mušḫuššu Dragon with Raven]][[File:GU XI.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with the GU XI|thumb|GU XI star chart (Hoffmann 2022) ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a. mulAB.SIN2 "the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §v. mulSUḪUŠ AB.SIN2 "The base of the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]].
[Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs and Hunger Diaries 54].
|[[File:Dalb a.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "a" (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]][[File:Dalb v.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "v"... sorry: cut-off (Hoffmann 2024)]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
* Related Drawings: [Beaulieu et al. 99 Bottom] AO 6448 ''bīt niṣirti'' of dGU4-UTU: /mulAB/-S[IN2] to the right of Mercury, see [Thureau-Dangin 1922 no. 12]
|[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|alt=Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|alt=The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.|thumb|The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== ABSIN, ABSIN0 (spelling variants) ====
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* ABSIN = KI.AŠ.AŠ = KI.DILI.DILI = KI.DIDLI = KI.ḪAL
* ABSIN0 = KI

All these are designations of the 6th sign of the zodiac in the ephemerides [ACT 38, 467], for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7]. However, the term was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation KI (ABSIN0) appears in lunar tables dated to the year –474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) The standard designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac; for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], but it was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation ABSIN0(KI) appears in lunar tables dated to the year – 474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
* (2) Included in the names of two "normal stars":
** a) DELE ''ša2'' IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir),
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|
|-
|'''Normal Stars'''
* Hunger and Pingree (1999, 22-23): included in the names of two "normal stars" (see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ)
** a) DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir), var.: ''e-du ša''2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs and Hunger Diaries No. -463 Obv. 6].
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|why is this repeated?
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: ... KI ''ša''2 ABSIN [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) DELE ''ša'' IGI ABSIN 16 ""Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Virginis).
* (b) S[A4] ''ša''2(?) ABSIN(?) 28(?) "Bright (star) of the Furrow (corresponding to) 28(?) (Virgo)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; [[References (Babylonian)|ASM]] 150].
|DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]
this is the later version and should be used
|}
[[File:ABSIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 171538.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AB.SIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Spica]]
|HIP 65474
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|0.97
|-
|2
|[[Porrima]]
|HIP 61941
|Constellation lines
|2.74
|-
|3
|[[Vindemiatrix]]
|HIP 63608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.79
|-
|4
| [[Minelauva]]
|HIP 63090
|Constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
|5
|* gam Vir B
|HR 4826
|Inside the Hull
|3.49
|-
|6
| ν Virginis
|HIP 57380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.04
|-
|7
|θ Virginis
|HIP 64238
| Inside the Hull
|4.397
|-
|8
| π Virginis
| HIP 58590
|Inside the Hull
| 4.642
|-
|9
|16 Vir
|HIP 60172
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|10
|d2 Vir
|HIP 62267
|Inside the Hull
|5.207
|-
|11
|31 Vir
| HIP 61968
|Inside the Hull
| 5.573
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 62325
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
| 13
|FW Vir
|HIP 61658
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59309
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|15
|44 Vir
|HIP 63414
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|16
|79 G. Vir
|HIP 62103
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
|17
|37 Vir
|HIP 62757
|Inside the Hull
|6.003
|-
|18
|56 G. Vir
| HIP 61103
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|19
|* 46 Vir A
|HIP 63494
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 20
|38 Vir
|HIP 62875
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|21
|68 G. Vir
|HIP 61637
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|22
| EP Vir
|HIP 62376
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|23
|51 G. Vir
|HIP 60804
|Inside the Hull
|6.342
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 58809
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|25
|35 Vir
|HIP 62443
|Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
|26
|91 G. Vir
|HIP 62915
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|27
|17 Vir
|HIP 60353
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identifications: ====

* = the eastern section of the constellation Virgo (without β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

* = Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

* = α + other stars of Vir [BPO 2 10; ASM 272];

* = 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

* = Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].
*

===== Late astrology, magic and the calendar. =====
* (1) Lunaria [Reiner 1995 108-110]. BRM IV, 20: KI mulAB.SIN2 "in the area of the Furrow" [Ungnad 1941-44 258-259: 3, 18], see also (Kurtik a07) AB.SIN.
* (2) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Leo into 12 parts in VAT 7847: the 2nd part is mulAB.SIN2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], see also (Kurtik a07) ABSIN.
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI AB.SIN2 NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-tu''4 "in the area of the Furrow (= Virgo): wealth, grief" [SpTU II, 43:23]; parallel: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-ti'' "in the area of the Furrow: wealth, grief" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999 192].
* (4) Hypsomata. The Furrow (= Virgo) – Mercury's hypsoma, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
* (5) Predicting prices for grain based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31].
* (6) Predictions based on lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-''ma''...] "If the Moon makes an eclipse in the Furrow (= in Virgo) ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136 rev. 20], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].

See also [TCL 6 13 col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

===== Spelling variant (ABSIN, ABSIN0) =====
* (1) Horoscopes: ABSIN is the designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) “Lunaria”.
** a) BRM IV, 20, see (Kurtik a06) AB.SIN2,
** b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN is the designation of the zodiacal sign Furrow (= Virgo) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" or "calendar texts" [Ungnad 1941-44 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Van der Waerden, in Weidner 1967 50-52; Hunger 1996 WZKM 86 191-196; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 Fs. Pingree 95-125].
* (3) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 6-''i-tum'' ḪA.LA ABSIN ''šum''3-''šu''2 "6th part, its name is the Furrow." [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66],
** (b) BM 34713: 6-''tu''2 ḪA.LA ''ša''2 mul2.LU mul2.ABSIN / ''ša''2 mul2.LU "the 6th part of Aries - Furrow of Aries" [Steele Rising Time Schemes 2017, 49 BM 34713:14-15; formerly Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15].
* (4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // ABSIN 24 // ''ši-gu-šu''2 ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''a-ri-bi u kappi''(PA) ''a-ri-bi'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 12 // Virgo 24 // Flour from ''šigūšu''-barley, raven’s head and raven’s wing – you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 12, also 104:25]; parallel for the month Arahsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI ABSIN ''a-lid'' ... "In the area of the Furrow (the child) was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. See also [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. In the new edition of BM 46083: DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]

==== Deity. ====
The goddess Šala, probably of Hurrian origin, was considered the consort of Adad, the god of thunder (in other versions – Dagan). She is mentioned in texts dating to Old Babylonian times. Among the known epithets, not a single one indicates an astral meaning [Tallqvist 453]. The symbol on the kudurru – an ear, sometimes next to the symbol of Adad [Seidl 1968 138], or a ram on a plinth with an ear [ibid. 74, 147] (Fig. 48).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see Reiner 1995, 141; Walker and Dick 2001 (= SAALT 1) 72:34; see also (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.

==== Symbol. ====

* In MUL.APIN I ii 10 is given the identity: "Furrow, goddess Šala, ear".
* On the Seleucid tablet AO 6448 is depicted a standing female figure in a long garment, draped at the waist, with an ear in her hand, and next to her are symbolic images of Mercury, the Raven and the Snake [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10 (fig. 12)] . This is probably the figure of the constellation mulAB.SIN2. A similar figure is presented on one poorly preserved Seleucid seal impression [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 107 (Fig. 31)] .
* The image of the ear is also found on Seleucid seals from Uruk in combination with other astral symbols (Capricornus, bull) [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155 (fig. 38)]. The standing female figure with an ear in her hand – just like the symbol of the Virgin found on Egyptian monuments of late Hellenistic times – is probably of Mesopotamian origin [Kurtik 2002, ill. 5, 7].
* On the "Planisphere" K 8538, according to Koch's interpretation, the schematic picture of mulAB.SIN2 is given in the 5th sector in the form of a triangle, in which is the inscription BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (ill. 9).
* According to D. Foxvog, the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols; in it AB.SIN2 (sign of the zodiacal sign Virgo) is put in correspondence with ŠE.BAR "grain" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====

* (1) = Bow: /DIŠ mulKU6/ ''ana'' mulBAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN2] "If the Fish comes close to the Bow ... (it means:) Mercury (approaches) the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8, 325:4-7].

* (2) = Arrow: DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-''ma'' "If the Bow reaches the Arrow ... (it means:) Mercury stands inside the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

* (3) = The Field: [SAA 8, 82 r. 8].

See also “The Great Star List”

===== Predictions: =====

* (4) A lunar eclipse within the Furrow:
** DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' ... ''taš-nin-tu''4 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši ina'' KI MULx(AB2) AB.SIN2 ''u'' GENNA BAD.MEŠ "If on the 14th of Adar a lunar eclipse occurs, ... there will be conflict in the country. (If it occurs) in the area of the Furrow and Saturn, (there will be) deaths." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29];
** [...mulA]B.SIN2 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-''sa''2 ''i-ḫar-ra-aṣ'' SU.KU2 /ŠE ''u'' IN.NU/ "[If the Moon] is eclipsed in the Furrow: decision for the furrow; the furrow will decrease its produce, there will be hunger for barley and straw" [Verderame 2002, Tablet IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

* (5) Venus and the Furrow;
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma me-ḫu-u''<nowiki/>2 ZI-''a na-ram-ti'' LUGAL [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and a hurricane wind rises: the king's beloved woman ..." [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-''ti Gu-ti''-[''i''...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the southern wind blows: fall of the Guti..." [ibid., rev. 27],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the northern wind blows: the main wife ..." [ibid., rev 28]; for a parallel see [ibid., ND 4362: 18-20].

* (6) Uriri and the Furrow: DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' AB.SIN2 KU.NU-''ma'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If (the star) Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Furrow: the same will happen (= horse pestilence)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

* (7) Mercury in the Furrow has great brilliance; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 3.

* (8) Observations for astrological purposes;
** ''mu-ši a-ga-a'' d30 TUR3 ''il-ta-mi'' / mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulA.EDIN ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi u''2-''šu-uz-zu'' "This night a halo surrounded the moon, the Furrow and Erua stood in it" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2];
** mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 0! / ''ina qaq-qar'' mulAB.SIN2 ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east in the area of the Furrow" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2];
** TUR3 ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 / ''a-na'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL / ''ina'' EN.TE.NA ''i-lap-pat'' "A halo of the Furrow foretells rain and flood in the winter season" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1];
** mul''Dil-bat a-na'' mulAB!.SIN2 / ''i-kaš-šad'' "Venus will reach the Furrow" [SAA 10 224: 10]; for observations of Mars and its approach to the Furrow, see [ibid. 206: 4-9].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a06+a07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 4)
|-
|
==== a07. mulABSIN (353), ====

вар. чтения: mulKI.AŠ.AŠ, mulKI.DILI.DILI, mulKI.DIDLI, mulKI.DAL; вар. обозначения: ABSIN0(KI); = šersu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 257; Gössmann 1950, 4]. O вероятном переводе ABSIN "Ячменный Стебель" см. [Sachs 1952а 146, note 3]. Созвездие и знак зодиака mulAB.SIN2 "Борозда" (= Дева, Virgo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. См. также a06AB.SIN2.

I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". (1) Стандартное обозначение 6-го знака зодиака; самый ранний пример см. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], но несомненно употреблялось и раньше, поскольку сокращение от ABSIN ― ABSIN0(KI) встречается уже в лунных таблицах, датируемых –474 годом [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31]. (2) Входило в название двух "нормальных звезд": a) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная (звезда) впереди Борозды" (γ Vir), b) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "(Звезда) с большим блеском Борозды" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim]. Математическая астрономия. ABSIN, ABSIN0 ― обозначения 6-го знака зодиака в эфемеридах [ACT 38, 467]. "Анафора". BM 36609+: … KI ša2 ABSIN [Roughton-Steele-Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Гороскопы: ABSIN — обозначение 6-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) "Лунарии". а) BRM IV, 20, см. a06AB.SIN2, b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN — обозначение знака зодиака Борозда (=Дева) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием "додекатемория" [Ungnad 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. (3) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: a) АО 6483: 6-i-tum Ca.la absin šum3-šu2 "6-я часть, ее имя Борозда" [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66], b) Sp II 202+: 6-tu2 Ca.la ša2 lu absin / ša2 lu "6-я часть Овна — Борозда Овна" [Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + "додекатемория"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // KIdidli 24 // ši-gu-šu2 qaqqad(SAG.DU) a-ri-bi u kappi(PA) a-ri-bi MIN(= tapaššaš) "Дуузу 12 // Дева 240 // Муку из šigūšu-ячменя, голову ворона и крыло ворона — ты намазываешь" [SpTU III, 104: 12, а также 104:25]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI KI.DAL a-lid … "В области Борозды родился…" [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. См. также [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) šur-ši absin 16 "Корень Ячменого Стебля(?):16 (Девы)" (γ Virginis). b) s[a4] ša2(?) absin(?) 28(?) "Блестящая (звезда) Ячменного Стебля (соответствует) 28(?) (Девы)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; ASM 150]. В новом издании BM 46083: šur-ši PABSINR 15 PSA4 ša2 ABSIN 24R + [x…] "Корень Борозды 15. Блестящая звезда Борозды 24 [+x]" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564].
|In den rein astron. Texten der S.Ä. wird zumeist Ki ·AS·AS ( = ABSIN), zuweilen auch bloss Ki (93 (81-7-6) Vs.7.9.; RmIV 397, 10; Epp.Astrono. S.149) geschrieben, und zwar ohne Determinativ {Sp 129, 38; Sp 128, 22; SH 272 ll 7; dagegen AO 6483 Vs16: rnul2Ki ·AŠ·AŠ).
In den früheren astron. sowie in den astrol. Texten wird AB•SiN2 (=ABSIN) geschrieben.
|-
|
==== a06. mul AB.SIN2 (137) ====

= še/irsu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4]; созвездие, соответствующее современной Деве (Virgo). См. также a07ABSIN.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mulab.sin2 = ši-ir-su "Борозда" [SpTU III, 114A v 109]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]. "Астролябии". Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): [mul]ab.sin2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]. "Письма" и "Рапорты". См. [SAA 10, 224:10, 206:9; SAA 8, 82 r. 8, 295 r. 2, 6].325:2, 378:5]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 15): mulAB.SIN2 dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4 "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос" (I ii 10). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI "25-го улулу Борозда становится видна" ( I ii 47). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulKU6 u mulŠU.GI KURmeš-ma mulAB.SIN2 u mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš "Рыба и Старик восходят, а Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят" (I iii 33). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ana KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 "10 дней от восхода Шупы до восхода Борозды. 20 дней от восхода Борозды до восхода Весов" (I iii 36-37). (5) Звезды "на пути Луны": mulAB.SIN2, после mulUR.GU.LA, перед mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Астрологические предсказания: звезда U.RI.RI и AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 33, 43, 52-54, 68, 110]. "Большой список звезд". Соответствия: mulban = mulab.sin2, mulgilim = mulmin, multir.an.na = mulmin, mula-ri-tum = mulmin, mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min], […], где mulmin, по-видимому, = mulab.sin2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]. GU-текст. (K) mulE4-Pru6R(A.EDIN) kimin mulab.sin2 dŠullat(PA) u Daniš(LUGAL) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu gu "Эруа (ziqpu XXV: γ Com) или Борозда (α Vir), Шуллат и Ханиш (ε Cen), Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит, ― веревка" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:17-18]; согласно [Koch 1992 58], dŠullat(PA) u Daniš (LUGAL) — β, α Cen; см. также [ASM 92]. Dalbanna-текст. §a. mulab.sin2 "Борозда" (α Vir), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §v. mulsuCuš ab.sin2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir), см. L07dLI9.SI4. Текст Nv. 10. mulAB.SIN2 как звезда Ану в месяцы кислиму и тебету (Obv. 6, 10), и как звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану (Rev. 31) [Donbaz-Koch 65-66]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) "Лунарии". BRM IV, 20: ki mulab.sin2, ki muSAA 10[in] "Область Борозды" [Ungnad 258-259: 3, 18], см. также a07ABSIN. (2) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей в VAT 7847: 2-я часть — mulab.sin2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], см. также a07ABSIN. (3) "Гипсома". Борозда (=Дева) — гипсома Меркурия, см. g34GU4.UD. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI AB.SIN2 ša2 edi(SIG) ni-ziq-tu4 "Область Борозды (= Дева): одиночество, гнев" [SpTU II, 43:23]; параллель: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ni-ziq-ti "Область Борозды: богатство, гнев" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ 30 ina mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-ma…] "Если Луна затмилась в Борозде (= в Деве)…" [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136: rev. 20], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [TCL 6 13: col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

II. Божество.

Богиня Шала, имеющая, вероятно, хурритское происхождение, считалась супругой бога грозы Адада (по другой версии ― Дагана). Упоминается в текстах со старовавилонского времени. Среди известных эпитетов ни один не указывает на ее астральное значение [Tallqvist 453]. Символ на кудурру ― колос, расположенный иногда рядом с символом Адада [Seidl 1968 138], или баран на цоколе с колосом [ibid. 74, 147] (илл. 48). Молитвы и ритуалы. Ритуал "омовения рта" (mīs pî) или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

III. Символ.

В MUL.APIN I ii 10 приведено тождество: "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос". На селевкидской табличке AO 6448 изображена стоящая женская фигура в длинном одеянии, перетянутая в талии, с колосом в руках, рядом ― символические изображения Меркурия, Ворона и Змеи [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (илл. 12). Вероятно, это и есть фигура созвездия mulAB.SIN2. Похожая фигура представлена на одном плохо сохранившемся селевкидском оттиске геммы [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 107] (илл. 31). Изображение колоса встречается также на селевкидских печатях из Урука в сочетании с другими астральными символами (козерог, бык, месяц) [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (илл. 38). Стоящая женская фигура с колосом в руке, как символ Девы встречается на египетских памятниках позднеэллинистического времени и имеет, по-видимому, месопотамское происхождение [Куртик 2002, илл. 5, 7]. На "Планисфере" К 8538, согласно интерпретации Коха, схематическое изображение mulAB.SIN2 приводится в 5-м секторе в виде треугольника, внутри которого надпись BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (илл. 9). Согласно Д. Фоксвогу, текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий; в нем AB.SIN2 (обозначение знака зодиака Дева) поставлено в соответствие ŠE.BAR "зерно" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

IV. Отождествление:

= восточная часть созвездия Virgo (без β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

= Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

= α + другие звезды Vir [BPO 2 10; МА 138; ASM 272];

= 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

= Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "Блестящая (звезда) Борозды" (α Vir, Спика);

(2) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная звезда впереди Борозды" (γ Vir); вар.: e-du ša2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54, No. -463 Obv. 6].

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число "нормальных звезд", см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) mulSUDUŠ AB.SIN2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir, Спика), см. Dbn-text (§v) [Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54].

(4) šur-ši absin "Корень Ячменного стебля" (γ Virginis), см. [Sachs 1952a 146; ASM 150].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Лук; PDIŠ mulKU6R ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2] "Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (это означает:) Меркурий (подходит) к Борозде" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8 325:4-7].

(2) = Стрела; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud … dGU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-ma "Если Лук достигает Стрелы … (это означает:) Меркурий стоит в пределах Борозды" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

(3) = Поле; см. [SAA 8 82 r. 8].

См. также "Большой список звезд".

Предсказания:

(4) Лунное затмение в Борозде; DIŠ ina itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-ma …taš-nin-tu4 ina KUR GAL2-ši ina KI AB.SIN2 u GENNA BAD.MEŠ "Если 14-го аддару происходит лунное затмение, … в стране будет конфликт. (Если оно происходит) в пределах Борозды и Сатурна, (будет) чума" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29]; […mulA]B.SIN2 a-dir EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-ša2 i-Car-ra-ar SU.KU2 ŠE u PIN.NUR "[Если Луна] затмилась в Борозде: решение для борозды; доход от борозды уменьшится, голод на ячмень и солому" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

(5) Венера и Борозда; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma me-Cu-u2 ZI-a na-ram-ti LUGAL […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и ураганный ветер поднимается: любимая женщина царя …" [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-ti Gu-ti-[i…] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и южный ветер дует: падение гутиев…" [ibid., rev. 27], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и северный ветер дует: главная жена …" [ibid., rev 28]; параллель см. [ibid., ND4362: 18-20].

(6) Урири и Борозда; DIŠ U.RI.RI ana AB.SIN2 KU.NU-ma ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Борозде: (произойдет) то же самое (= лошадиный мор)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(7) Меркурий в Борозде имеет большой блеск; см. u11UGA, VI 3.

(8) Наблюдения в астрологических целях; mu-ši a-ga-a d30 TUR3 il-ta-mi / mulAB.SIN2 u mulA.EDIN ina ŠA3-bi u2-šu-uz-zu "Этой ночью гало окружало Луну, Борозда и Эруа стояли в нем" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2]; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB.SIN2 it-tan-mar "Меркурий стал виден на востоке в пределах Борозды" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2]; TUR3 ša2 mulAB.SIN2 / a-na A.AN u A.KAL / ina EN.TE.NA i-lap-pat "Гало (вокруг Луны в пределах) Борозды предвещает дождь и наводнение зимой" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1]; mulDil-bat a-na mulAB!.SIN2 / i-kaš-šad "Венера достигнет (пределов) Борозды" [SAA 10 224: 10]; наблюдение Марса, приближающегося к Борозде, см. [ibid. 206: 4-9].
|Example
|}

== Transformation of the Constellations ==
<gallery>
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo MULAPIN.jpg|Babylonian pre-zodiac (MUL.APIN-based, visualisation by Jessica Gullberg, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo seleucid.jpg|Babylonian zodiac (Seleucid time, visualisation by Rober Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Zod asSufi.jpg|Classical zodiac visualized by as-Sufi (10th century CE), implemented in Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji.
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|The image of the Furrow with the Ear of Grain as painted by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|The image of the Goddess with the Ear of Grain (copied from tablet AO 6448 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|The double-goddess in Egyptian painting style as depicted in the circular zodiac in the temple of Denderah (Roman epoch). The Babylonian goddess Shala is left (east) whiie the other lady, on the lion's tail might be the Babylonian goddess Erua or the Egyptian deified queen Berenice.
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Vir]]
<references />

AB.SIN

2026-05-05T14:37:30Z

HermannHunger: /* Predictions: */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AB.SIN2, ABSIN (𒀊𒉆)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
AB.SÍN2/ABSIN = '''''šerʾu,''''' 'The Furrow.' We give together 𒀊𒉆 AB.SIN2 (Kurtik a06) and 𒆠𒀸𒀸 ABSIN (Kurtik a07), the latter being a diri-compound whose reading is proved by Diri IV 276-277: ab-si-in KI.AŠ.AŠ = ''abšennu'', ''šer'u''. The constellation includes stars in classical [[Virgo]] for which an illustration is available in the set of drawings related to the Uranology Group (see the drawing on AO 6448 below). It is not certain how much of the drawing corresponds to Mesopotamian perceptions of the constellation over time, but it is clear that the Mesopotamian asterism certainly included the barley stalk that the goddess is holding.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variants'''

* mulAB.SIN2 (137)
** = ''šir'u,''
** = ''šerʾu,''
* ABSIN is a later writing of the name.
** mulKI.AŠ.AŠ,
** mulKI.DILI.DILI,
** mulKI.DIDLI,
** mulKI.ḪAL

"The Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> point out that AHw. 7 refers to CT 33, 1: 11 in favour of a reading ''absinnu'', but the correct restoration there is [''sis'']-''sin-nu''. In MUL.APIN's explanatory list, the term mulAB.SÍN occurs in the Anu-path, 15th entry (explanandum). It is associated with the goddess Šala:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>'''''Šala''.''' Goddess, wife of the NAAM god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain:
* d''Ša-la'' ''šu-bu-ul-tu4'' (AN 15r),
* Šala, the stalk/ ear/ spike of grain.
</blockquote>Var. designations:

* ABSIN0(KI) = ''šer'u'' "Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 1941-44 257; Gössmann 1950, 4].
* On the probable translation of ABSIN "Barley Stalk" see [Sachs 1952a 146, note 3].
* Constellation and zodiacal sign mulAB.SIN2 "Furrow" (= Virgo) in later astronomical and astrological texts.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== AB.SIN2 ====
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra XXII 302: mulAB.SIN2 = ''ši-ir-'u'' "Furrow" (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3 B K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]
|why do we list the refs. here when we quote them anyway below under astrology?
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each” (Astrolabe Group)'''
CT 33, Nv. 10, and parallels

Fincke 2025: 64-65, Horowitz 2014: 245.
* CT 33, 9: A list of the 12 asterisms of Anu (no. 9): [mul]AB.SIN2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]
** Text Nv. 10: mulAB.SIN2 as an asterism of Anu in the months Kislimu and Ṭebetu (Obv. 6, 10), and as the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month Simanu (Rev. 31)ː Fincke 2025: 67-68.
** See previously [Horowitz 2014: 215-216, Donbaz and Koch 65-66].
** Parallels: Fincke 2025: 70: 10', 72: 5'.
** ,
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 15):
** mulAB.SIN2 ''dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4''
** "The furrow, the goddess Šala, the ear of grain" (I ii 10).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI
** "On the 25th day of the month Ululu the Furrow becomes visible" ( I ii 47).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** mulKU6 ''u'' mulŠU.GI KURmeš-''ma'' mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš
** "The Fish and the Old Man rise and the Furrow and the Wild Dog set" (I iii 33).
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
** TA KUR ''ša2'' mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4
** "From the rising of ŠU.PA 10 days to the rising of the Furrow. From the rising of the Furrow 20 days to the rising of the Scales" (I iii 36-37).
* (5) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon": mulAB.SIN2, after mulUR.GU.LA, before mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu4'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.
* (6) Astrological predictions: star U.RI.RI and AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), see (Kurtik u01)[[U.RI.RI]] [Hunger and Steele 2019, 126, 223].
|[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
|-
|'''Letters and Reports:'''

* SAA 8 295 rev. 1-2:
** AB.SIN2 and E4.RU6 in halo of the Moon.
* [SAA 8 82 r. 8, 325:2, 378:5].
* [SAA 10 224:10, 206:9]
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List" (SAG.ME.GAR = ŠUL.PA.E3)'''
* Astrological association:
** mulBAN / mulAB.SIN2,
** mulGILIM / mulMIN,
** mulTIR.AN.NA / mulMIN,
** mul''a-ri-tum'' / mulMIN,
** mulMAR.GID2.DA / mul[MIN], [...], where mulMIN apparently = mulAB.SIN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]
|this does not affect the identification, it's just an association
|-
|'''GU-text'''.

* (K) or GU XI
** mulE4-ru6 (A.EDIN) KI.MIN mulAB.SIN2 d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]AB.SIN2 ''ina'' IGI mulUGA GUB-''zu'' GU
** translation: "Erua, or the Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš (ε Cen), Mercury, who stands towards the Furrow before the Raven – a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988 (Fs. Sachs) 315 BM 78161:17-18];
* Identifications:
** ''ziqpu'' XXV (Erua): γ Com
** the Furrow is the area around α, γ, and ε Vir
** Šullat and Ḫaniš: (ε Cen according to Kurtik, according to [Koch 1992 58] it is β, α Cen); see also [ASM 92].
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|alt=the constellation as visualized in Stellarium|thumb|Furrow with Ear of Grain next to the Lion and the Mušḫuššu Dragon with Raven]][[File:GU XI.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with the GU XI|thumb|GU XI star chart (Hoffmann 2022) ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a. mulAB.SIN2 "the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §v. mulSUḪUŠ AB.SIN2 "The base of the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]].
[Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs and Hunger Diaries 54].
|[[File:Dalb a.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "a" (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]][[File:Dalb v.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "v"... sorry: cut-off (Hoffmann 2024)]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
* Related Drawings: [Beaulieu et al. 99 Bottom] AO 6448 ''bīt niṣirti'' of dGU4-UTU: /mulAB/-S[IN2] to the right of Mercury, see [Thureau-Dangin 1922 no. 12]
|[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|alt=Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|alt=The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.|thumb|The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== ABSIN, ABSIN0 (spelling variants) ====
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* ABSIN = KI.AŠ.AŠ = KI.DILI.DILI = KI.DIDLI = KI.ḪAL
* ABSIN0 = KI

All these are designations of the 6th sign of the zodiac in the ephemerides [ACT 38, 467], for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7]. However, the term was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation KI (ABSIN0) appears in lunar tables dated to the year –474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) The standard designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac; for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], but it was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation ABSIN0(KI) appears in lunar tables dated to the year – 474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
* (2) Included in the names of two "normal stars":
** a) DELE ''ša2'' IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir),
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|
|-
|'''Normal Stars'''
* Hunger and Pingree (1999, 22-23): included in the names of two "normal stars" (see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ)
** a) DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir), var.: ''e-du ša''2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs and Hunger Diaries No. -463 Obv. 6].
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|why is this repeated?
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: ... KI ''ša''2 ABSIN [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) DELE ''ša'' IGI ABSIN 16 ""Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Virginis).
* (b) S[A4] ''ša''2(?) ABSIN(?) 28(?) "Bright (star) of the Furrow (corresponding to) 28(?) (Virgo)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; [[References (Babylonian)|ASM]] 150].
|DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]
this is the later version and should be used
|}
[[File:ABSIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 171538.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AB.SIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Spica]]
|HIP 65474
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|0.97
|-
|2
|[[Porrima]]
|HIP 61941
|Constellation lines
|2.74
|-
|3
|[[Vindemiatrix]]
|HIP 63608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.79
|-
|4
| [[Minelauva]]
|HIP 63090
|Constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
|5
|* gam Vir B
|HR 4826
|Inside the Hull
|3.49
|-
|6
| ν Virginis
|HIP 57380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.04
|-
|7
|θ Virginis
|HIP 64238
| Inside the Hull
|4.397
|-
|8
| π Virginis
| HIP 58590
|Inside the Hull
| 4.642
|-
|9
|16 Vir
|HIP 60172
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|10
|d2 Vir
|HIP 62267
|Inside the Hull
|5.207
|-
|11
|31 Vir
| HIP 61968
|Inside the Hull
| 5.573
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 62325
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
| 13
|FW Vir
|HIP 61658
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59309
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|15
|44 Vir
|HIP 63414
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|16
|79 G. Vir
|HIP 62103
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
|17
|37 Vir
|HIP 62757
|Inside the Hull
|6.003
|-
|18
|56 G. Vir
| HIP 61103
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|19
|* 46 Vir A
|HIP 63494
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 20
|38 Vir
|HIP 62875
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|21
|68 G. Vir
|HIP 61637
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|22
| EP Vir
|HIP 62376
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|23
|51 G. Vir
|HIP 60804
|Inside the Hull
|6.342
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 58809
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|25
|35 Vir
|HIP 62443
|Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
|26
|91 G. Vir
|HIP 62915
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|27
|17 Vir
|HIP 60353
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identifications: ====

* = the eastern section of the constellation Virgo (without β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

* = Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

* = α + other stars of Vir [BPO 2 10; ASM 272];

* = 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

* = Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].
*

===== Late astrology, magic and the calendar. =====
* (1) Lunaria [Reiner 1995 108-110]. BRM IV, 20: KI mulAB.SIN2 "in the area of the Furrow" [Ungnad 1941-44 258-259: 3, 18], see also (Kurtik a07) AB.SIN.
* (2) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Leo into 12 parts in VAT 7847: the 2nd part is mulAB.SIN2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], see also (Kurtik a07) ABSIN.
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI AB.SIN2 NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-tu''4 "in the area of the Furrow (= Virgo): wealth, grief" [SpTU II, 43:23]; parallel: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-ti'' "in the area of the Furrow: wealth, grief" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999 192].
* (4) Hypsomata. The Furrow (= Virgo) – Mercury's hypsoma, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
* (5) Predicting prices for grain based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31].
* (6) Predictions based on lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-''ma''...] "If the Moon makes an eclipse in the Furrow (= in Virgo) ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136 rev. 20], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].

See also [TCL 6 13 col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

===== Spelling variant (ABSIN, ABSIN0) =====
* (1) Horoscopes: ABSIN is the designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) “Lunaria”.
** a) BRM IV, 20, see (Kurtik a06) AB.SIN2,
** b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN is the designation of the zodiacal sign Furrow (= Virgo) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" or "calendar texts" [Ungnad 1941-44 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Van der Waerden, in Weidner 1967 50-52; Hunger 1996 WZKM 86 191-196; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 Fs. Pingree 95-125].
* (3) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 6-''i-tum'' ḪA.LA ABSIN ''šum''3-''šu''2 "6th part, its name is the Furrow." [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66],
** (b) BM 34713: 6-''tu''2 ḪA.LA ''ša''2 mul2.LU mul2.ABSIN / ''ša''2 mul2.LU "the 6th part of Aries - Furrow of Aries" [Steele Rising Time Schemes 2017, 49 BM 34713:14-15; formerly Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15].
* (4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // ABSIN 24 // ''ši-gu-šu''2 ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''a-ri-bi u kappi''(PA) ''a-ri-bi'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 12 // Virgo 24 // Flour from ''šigūšu''-barley, raven’s head and raven’s wing – you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 12, also 104:25]; parallel for the month Arahsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI ABSIN ''a-lid'' ... "In the area of the Furrow (the child) was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. See also [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. In the new edition of BM 46083: DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]

==== Deity. ====
The goddess Šala, probably of Hurrian origin, was considered the consort of Adad, the god of thunder (in other versions – Dagan). She is mentioned in texts dating to Old Babylonian times. Among the known epithets, not a single one indicates an astral meaning [Tallqvist 453]. The symbol on the kudurru – an ear, sometimes next to the symbol of Adad [Seidl 1968 138], or a ram on a plinth with an ear [ibid. 74, 147] (Fig. 48).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see Reiner 1995, 141; Walker and Dick 2001 (= SAALT 1) 72:34; see also (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.

==== Symbol. ====

* In MUL.APIN I ii 10 is given the identity: "Furrow, goddess Šala, ear".
* On the Seleucid tablet AO 6448 is depicted a standing female figure in a long garment, draped at the waist, with an ear in her hand, and next to her are symbolic images of Mercury, the Raven and the Snake [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10 (fig. 12)] . This is probably the figure of the constellation mulAB.SIN2. A similar figure is presented on one poorly preserved Seleucid seal impression [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 107 (Fig. 31)] .
* The image of the ear is also found on Seleucid seals from Uruk in combination with other astral symbols (Capricornus, bull) [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155 (fig. 38)]. The standing female figure with an ear in her hand – just like the symbol of the Virgin found on Egyptian monuments of late Hellenistic times – is probably of Mesopotamian origin [Kurtik 2002, ill. 5, 7].
* On the "Planisphere" K 8538, according to Koch's interpretation, the schematic picture of mulAB.SIN2 is given in the 5th sector in the form of a triangle, in which is the inscription BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (ill. 9).
* According to D. Foxvog, the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols; in it AB.SIN2 (sign of the zodiacal sign Virgo) is put in correspondence with ŠE.BAR "grain" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====

* (1) = Bow: /DIŠ mulKU6/ ''ana'' mulBAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN2] "If the Fish comes close to the Bow ... (it means:) Mercury (approaches) the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8, 325:4-7].

* (2) = Arrow: DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-''ma'' "If the Bow reaches the Arrow ... (it means:) Mercury stands inside the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

* (3) = The Field: [SAA 8, 82 r. 8].

See also “The Great Star List”

===== Predictions: =====

* (4) A lunar eclipse within the Furrow:
** DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' ... ''taš-nin-tu''4 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši ina'' KI MULx(AB2) AB.SIN2 ''u'' GENNA BAD.MEŠ "If on the 14th of Adar a lunar eclipse occurs, ... there will be conflict in the country. (If it occurs) in the area of the Furrow and Saturn, (there will be) deaths." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29];
** [...mulA]B.SIN2 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-''ša''2 ''i-ḫar-ra-aṣ'' SU.KU2 /ŠE ''u'' IN.NU/ "[If the Moon] is eclipsed in the Furrow: decision for the furrow; the furrow will decrease its produce, there will be hunger for barley and straw" [Verderame 2002, Tablet IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

* (5) Venus and the Furrow;
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma me-ḫu-u''<nowiki/>2 ZI-''a na-ram-ti'' LUGAL [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and a hurricane wind rises: the king's beloved woman ..." [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-''ti Gu-ti''-[''i''...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the southern wind blows: fall of the Guti..." [ibid., rev. 27],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the northern wind blows: the main wife ..." [ibid., rev 28]; for a parallel see [ibid., ND 4362: 18-20].

* (6) Uriri and the Furrow: DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' AB.SIN2 KU.NU-''ma'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If (the star) Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Furrow: the same will happen (= horse pestilence)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

* (7) Mercury in the Furrow has great brilliance; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 3.

* (8) Observations for astrological purposes;
** ''mu-ši a-ga-a'' d30 TUR3 ''il-ta-mi'' / mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulA.EDIN ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi u''2-''šu-uz-zu'' "This night a halo surrounded the moon, the Furrow and Erua stood in it" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2];
** mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 0! / ''ina qaq-qar'' mulAB.SIN2 ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east in the area of the Furrow" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2];
** TUR3 ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 / ''a-na'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL / ''ina'' EN.TE.NA ''i-lap-pat'' "A halo of the Furrow foretells rain and flood in the winter season" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1];
** mul''Dil-bat a-na'' mulAB!.SIN2 / ''i-kaš-šad'' "Venus will reach the Furrow" [SAA 10 224: 10]; for observations of Mars and its approach to the Furrow, see [ibid. 206: 4-9].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a06+a07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 4)
|-
|
==== a07. mulABSIN (353), ====

вар. чтения: mulKI.AŠ.AŠ, mulKI.DILI.DILI, mulKI.DIDLI, mulKI.DAL; вар. обозначения: ABSIN0(KI); = šersu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 257; Gössmann 1950, 4]. O вероятном переводе ABSIN "Ячменный Стебель" см. [Sachs 1952а 146, note 3]. Созвездие и знак зодиака mulAB.SIN2 "Борозда" (= Дева, Virgo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. См. также a06AB.SIN2.

I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". (1) Стандартное обозначение 6-го знака зодиака; самый ранний пример см. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], но несомненно употреблялось и раньше, поскольку сокращение от ABSIN ― ABSIN0(KI) встречается уже в лунных таблицах, датируемых –474 годом [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31]. (2) Входило в название двух "нормальных звезд": a) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная (звезда) впереди Борозды" (γ Vir), b) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "(Звезда) с большим блеском Борозды" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim]. Математическая астрономия. ABSIN, ABSIN0 ― обозначения 6-го знака зодиака в эфемеридах [ACT 38, 467]. "Анафора". BM 36609+: … KI ša2 ABSIN [Roughton-Steele-Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Гороскопы: ABSIN — обозначение 6-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) "Лунарии". а) BRM IV, 20, см. a06AB.SIN2, b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN — обозначение знака зодиака Борозда (=Дева) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием "додекатемория" [Ungnad 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. (3) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: a) АО 6483: 6-i-tum Ca.la absin šum3-šu2 "6-я часть, ее имя Борозда" [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66], b) Sp II 202+: 6-tu2 Ca.la ša2 lu absin / ša2 lu "6-я часть Овна — Борозда Овна" [Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + "додекатемория"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // KIdidli 24 // ši-gu-šu2 qaqqad(SAG.DU) a-ri-bi u kappi(PA) a-ri-bi MIN(= tapaššaš) "Дуузу 12 // Дева 240 // Муку из šigūšu-ячменя, голову ворона и крыло ворона — ты намазываешь" [SpTU III, 104: 12, а также 104:25]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI KI.DAL a-lid … "В области Борозды родился…" [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. См. также [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) šur-ši absin 16 "Корень Ячменого Стебля(?):16 (Девы)" (γ Virginis). b) s[a4] ša2(?) absin(?) 28(?) "Блестящая (звезда) Ячменного Стебля (соответствует) 28(?) (Девы)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; ASM 150]. В новом издании BM 46083: šur-ši PABSINR 15 PSA4 ša2 ABSIN 24R + [x…] "Корень Борозды 15. Блестящая звезда Борозды 24 [+x]" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564].
|In den rein astron. Texten der S.Ä. wird zumeist Ki ·AS·AS ( = ABSIN), zuweilen auch bloss Ki (93 (81-7-6) Vs.7.9.; RmIV 397, 10; Epp.Astrono. S.149) geschrieben, und zwar ohne Determinativ {Sp 129, 38; Sp 128, 22; SH 272 ll 7; dagegen AO 6483 Vs16: rnul2Ki ·AŠ·AŠ).
In den früheren astron. sowie in den astrol. Texten wird AB•SiN2 (=ABSIN) geschrieben.
|-
|
==== a06. mul AB.SIN2 (137) ====

= še/irsu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4]; созвездие, соответствующее современной Деве (Virgo). См. также a07ABSIN.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mulab.sin2 = ši-ir-su "Борозда" [SpTU III, 114A v 109]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]. "Астролябии". Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): [mul]ab.sin2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]. "Письма" и "Рапорты". См. [SAA 10, 224:10, 206:9; SAA 8, 82 r. 8, 295 r. 2, 6].325:2, 378:5]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 15): mulAB.SIN2 dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4 "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос" (I ii 10). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI "25-го улулу Борозда становится видна" ( I ii 47). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulKU6 u mulŠU.GI KURmeš-ma mulAB.SIN2 u mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš "Рыба и Старик восходят, а Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят" (I iii 33). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ana KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 "10 дней от восхода Шупы до восхода Борозды. 20 дней от восхода Борозды до восхода Весов" (I iii 36-37). (5) Звезды "на пути Луны": mulAB.SIN2, после mulUR.GU.LA, перед mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Астрологические предсказания: звезда U.RI.RI и AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 33, 43, 52-54, 68, 110]. "Большой список звезд". Соответствия: mulban = mulab.sin2, mulgilim = mulmin, multir.an.na = mulmin, mula-ri-tum = mulmin, mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min], […], где mulmin, по-видимому, = mulab.sin2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]. GU-текст. (K) mulE4-Pru6R(A.EDIN) kimin mulab.sin2 dŠullat(PA) u Daniš(LUGAL) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu gu "Эруа (ziqpu XXV: γ Com) или Борозда (α Vir), Шуллат и Ханиш (ε Cen), Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит, ― веревка" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:17-18]; согласно [Koch 1992 58], dŠullat(PA) u Daniš (LUGAL) — β, α Cen; см. также [ASM 92]. Dalbanna-текст. §a. mulab.sin2 "Борозда" (α Vir), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §v. mulsuCuš ab.sin2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir), см. L07dLI9.SI4. Текст Nv. 10. mulAB.SIN2 как звезда Ану в месяцы кислиму и тебету (Obv. 6, 10), и как звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану (Rev. 31) [Donbaz-Koch 65-66]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) "Лунарии". BRM IV, 20: ki mulab.sin2, ki muSAA 10[in] "Область Борозды" [Ungnad 258-259: 3, 18], см. также a07ABSIN. (2) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей в VAT 7847: 2-я часть — mulab.sin2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], см. также a07ABSIN. (3) "Гипсома". Борозда (=Дева) — гипсома Меркурия, см. g34GU4.UD. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI AB.SIN2 ša2 edi(SIG) ni-ziq-tu4 "Область Борозды (= Дева): одиночество, гнев" [SpTU II, 43:23]; параллель: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ni-ziq-ti "Область Борозды: богатство, гнев" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ 30 ina mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-ma…] "Если Луна затмилась в Борозде (= в Деве)…" [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136: rev. 20], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [TCL 6 13: col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

II. Божество.

Богиня Шала, имеющая, вероятно, хурритское происхождение, считалась супругой бога грозы Адада (по другой версии ― Дагана). Упоминается в текстах со старовавилонского времени. Среди известных эпитетов ни один не указывает на ее астральное значение [Tallqvist 453]. Символ на кудурру ― колос, расположенный иногда рядом с символом Адада [Seidl 1968 138], или баран на цоколе с колосом [ibid. 74, 147] (илл. 48). Молитвы и ритуалы. Ритуал "омовения рта" (mīs pî) или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

III. Символ.

В MUL.APIN I ii 10 приведено тождество: "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос". На селевкидской табличке AO 6448 изображена стоящая женская фигура в длинном одеянии, перетянутая в талии, с колосом в руках, рядом ― символические изображения Меркурия, Ворона и Змеи [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (илл. 12). Вероятно, это и есть фигура созвездия mulAB.SIN2. Похожая фигура представлена на одном плохо сохранившемся селевкидском оттиске геммы [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 107] (илл. 31). Изображение колоса встречается также на селевкидских печатях из Урука в сочетании с другими астральными символами (козерог, бык, месяц) [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (илл. 38). Стоящая женская фигура с колосом в руке, как символ Девы встречается на египетских памятниках позднеэллинистического времени и имеет, по-видимому, месопотамское происхождение [Куртик 2002, илл. 5, 7]. На "Планисфере" К 8538, согласно интерпретации Коха, схематическое изображение mulAB.SIN2 приводится в 5-м секторе в виде треугольника, внутри которого надпись BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (илл. 9). Согласно Д. Фоксвогу, текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий; в нем AB.SIN2 (обозначение знака зодиака Дева) поставлено в соответствие ŠE.BAR "зерно" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

IV. Отождествление:

= восточная часть созвездия Virgo (без β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

= Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

= α + другие звезды Vir [BPO 2 10; МА 138; ASM 272];

= 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

= Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "Блестящая (звезда) Борозды" (α Vir, Спика);

(2) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная звезда впереди Борозды" (γ Vir); вар.: e-du ša2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54, No. -463 Obv. 6].

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число "нормальных звезд", см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) mulSUDUŠ AB.SIN2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir, Спика), см. Dbn-text (§v) [Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54].

(4) šur-ši absin "Корень Ячменного стебля" (γ Virginis), см. [Sachs 1952a 146; ASM 150].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Лук; PDIŠ mulKU6R ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2] "Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (это означает:) Меркурий (подходит) к Борозде" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8 325:4-7].

(2) = Стрела; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud … dGU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-ma "Если Лук достигает Стрелы … (это означает:) Меркурий стоит в пределах Борозды" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

(3) = Поле; см. [SAA 8 82 r. 8].

См. также "Большой список звезд".

Предсказания:

(4) Лунное затмение в Борозде; DIŠ ina itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-ma …taš-nin-tu4 ina KUR GAL2-ši ina KI AB.SIN2 u GENNA BAD.MEŠ "Если 14-го аддару происходит лунное затмение, … в стране будет конфликт. (Если оно происходит) в пределах Борозды и Сатурна, (будет) чума" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29]; […mulA]B.SIN2 a-dir EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-ša2 i-Car-ra-ar SU.KU2 ŠE u PIN.NUR "[Если Луна] затмилась в Борозде: решение для борозды; доход от борозды уменьшится, голод на ячмень и солому" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

(5) Венера и Борозда; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma me-Cu-u2 ZI-a na-ram-ti LUGAL […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и ураганный ветер поднимается: любимая женщина царя …" [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-ti Gu-ti-[i…] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и южный ветер дует: падение гутиев…" [ibid., rev. 27], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и северный ветер дует: главная жена …" [ibid., rev 28]; параллель см. [ibid., ND4362: 18-20].

(6) Урири и Борозда; DIŠ U.RI.RI ana AB.SIN2 KU.NU-ma ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Борозде: (произойдет) то же самое (= лошадиный мор)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(7) Меркурий в Борозде имеет большой блеск; см. u11UGA, VI 3.

(8) Наблюдения в астрологических целях; mu-ši a-ga-a d30 TUR3 il-ta-mi / mulAB.SIN2 u mulA.EDIN ina ŠA3-bi u2-šu-uz-zu "Этой ночью гало окружало Луну, Борозда и Эруа стояли в нем" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2]; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB.SIN2 it-tan-mar "Меркурий стал виден на востоке в пределах Борозды" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2]; TUR3 ša2 mulAB.SIN2 / a-na A.AN u A.KAL / ina EN.TE.NA i-lap-pat "Гало (вокруг Луны в пределах) Борозды предвещает дождь и наводнение зимой" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1]; mulDil-bat a-na mulAB!.SIN2 / i-kaš-šad "Венера достигнет (пределов) Борозды" [SAA 10 224: 10]; наблюдение Марса, приближающегося к Борозде, см. [ibid. 206: 4-9].
|Example
|}

== Transformation of the Constellations ==
<gallery>
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo MULAPIN.jpg|Babylonian pre-zodiac (MUL.APIN-based, visualisation by Jessica Gullberg, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo seleucid.jpg|Babylonian zodiac (Seleucid time, visualisation by Rober Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Zod asSufi.jpg|Classical zodiac visualized by as-Sufi (10th century CE), implemented in Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji.
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|The image of the Furrow with the Ear of Grain as painted by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|The image of the Goddess with the Ear of Grain (copied from tablet AO 6448 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|The double-goddess in Egyptian painting style as depicted in the circular zodiac in the temple of Denderah (Roman epoch). The Babylonian goddess Shala is left (east) whiie the other lady, on the lion's tail might be the Babylonian goddess Erua or the Egyptian deified queen Berenice.
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Vir]]
<references />

AB.SIN

2026-05-05T14:29:43Z

HermannHunger:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AB.SIN2, ABSIN (𒀊𒉆)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
AB.SÍN2/ABSIN = '''''šerʾu,''''' 'The Furrow.' We give together 𒀊𒉆 AB.SIN2 (Kurtik a06) and 𒆠𒀸𒀸 ABSIN (Kurtik a07), the latter being a diri-compound whose reading is proved by Diri IV 276-277: ab-si-in KI.AŠ.AŠ = ''abšennu'', ''šer'u''. The constellation includes stars in classical [[Virgo]] for which an illustration is available in the set of drawings related to the Uranology Group (see the drawing on AO 6448 below). It is not certain how much of the drawing corresponds to Mesopotamian perceptions of the constellation over time, but it is clear that the Mesopotamian asterism certainly included the barley stalk that the goddess is holding.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variants'''

* mulAB.SIN2 (137)
** = ''šir'u,''
** = ''šerʾu,''
* ABSIN is a later writing of the name.
** mulKI.AŠ.AŠ,
** mulKI.DILI.DILI,
** mulKI.DIDLI,
** mulKI.ḪAL

"The Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> point out that AHw. 7 refers to CT 33, 1: 11 in favour of a reading ''absinnu'', but the correct restoration there is [''sis'']-''sin-nu''. In MUL.APIN's explanatory list, the term mulAB.SÍN occurs in the Anu-path, 15th entry (explanandum). It is associated with the goddess Šala:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>'''''Šala''.''' Goddess, wife of the NAAM god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain:
* d''Ša-la'' ''šu-bu-ul-tu4'' (AN 15r),
* Šala, the stalk/ ear/ spike of grain.
</blockquote>Var. designations:

* ABSIN0(KI) = ''šer'u'' "Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 1941-44 257; Gössmann 1950, 4].
* On the probable translation of ABSIN "Barley Stalk" see [Sachs 1952a 146, note 3].
* Constellation and zodiacal sign mulAB.SIN2 "Furrow" (= Virgo) in later astronomical and astrological texts.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== AB.SIN2 ====
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra XXII 302: mulAB.SIN2 = ''ši-ir-'u'' "Furrow" (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3 B K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]
|why do we list the refs. here when we quote them anyway below under astrology?
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each” (Astrolabe Group)'''
CT 33, Nv. 10, and parallels

Fincke 2025: 64-65, Horowitz 2014: 245.
* CT 33, 9: A list of the 12 asterisms of Anu (no. 9): [mul]AB.SIN2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]
** Text Nv. 10: mulAB.SIN2 as an asterism of Anu in the months Kislimu and Ṭebetu (Obv. 6, 10), and as the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month Simanu (Rev. 31)ː Fincke 2025: 67-68.
** See previously [Horowitz 2014: 215-216, Donbaz and Koch 65-66].
** Parallels: Fincke 2025: 70: 10', 72: 5'.
** ,
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 15):
** mulAB.SIN2 ''dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4''
** "The furrow, the goddess Šala, the ear of grain" (I ii 10).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI
** "On the 25th day of the month Ululu the Furrow becomes visible" ( I ii 47).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** mulKU6 ''u'' mulŠU.GI KURmeš-''ma'' mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš
** "The Fish and the Old Man rise and the Furrow and the Wild Dog set" (I iii 33).
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
** TA KUR ''ša2'' mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4
** "From the rising of ŠU.PA 10 days to the rising of the Furrow. From the rising of the Furrow 20 days to the rising of the Scales" (I iii 36-37).
* (5) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon": mulAB.SIN2, after mulUR.GU.LA, before mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu4'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.
* (6) Astrological predictions: star U.RI.RI and AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), see (Kurtik u01)[[U.RI.RI]] [Hunger and Steele 2019, 126, 223].
|[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
|-
|'''Letters and Reports:'''

* SAA 8 295 rev. 1-2:
** AB.SIN2 and E4.RU6 in halo of the Moon.
* [SAA 8 82 r. 8, 325:2, 378:5].
* [SAA 10 224:10, 206:9]
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List" (SAG.ME.GAR = ŠUL.PA.E3)'''
* Astrological association:
** mulBAN / mulAB.SIN2,
** mulGILIM / mulMIN,
** mulTIR.AN.NA / mulMIN,
** mul''a-ri-tum'' / mulMIN,
** mulMAR.GID2.DA / mul[MIN], [...], where mulMIN apparently = mulAB.SIN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]
|this does not affect the identification, it's just an association
|-
|'''GU-text'''.

* (K) or GU XI
** mulE4-ru6 (A.EDIN) KI.MIN mulAB.SIN2 d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]AB.SIN2 ''ina'' IGI mulUGA GUB-''zu'' GU
** translation: "Erua, or the Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš (ε Cen), Mercury, who stands towards the Furrow before the Raven – a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988 (Fs. Sachs) 315 BM 78161:17-18];
* Identifications:
** ''ziqpu'' XXV (Erua): γ Com
** the Furrow is the area around α, γ, and ε Vir
** Šullat and Ḫaniš: (ε Cen according to Kurtik, according to [Koch 1992 58] it is β, α Cen); see also [ASM 92].
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|alt=the constellation as visualized in Stellarium|thumb|Furrow with Ear of Grain next to the Lion and the Mušḫuššu Dragon with Raven]][[File:GU XI.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with the GU XI|thumb|GU XI star chart (Hoffmann 2022) ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a. mulAB.SIN2 "the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §v. mulSUḪUŠ AB.SIN2 "The base of the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]].
[Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs and Hunger Diaries 54].
|[[File:Dalb a.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "a" (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]][[File:Dalb v.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "v"... sorry: cut-off (Hoffmann 2024)]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
* Related Drawings: [Beaulieu et al. 99 Bottom] AO 6448 ''bīt niṣirti'' of dGU4-UTU: /mulAB/-S[IN2] to the right of Mercury, see [Thureau-Dangin 1922 no. 12]
|[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|alt=Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|alt=The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.|thumb|The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== ABSIN, ABSIN0 (spelling variants) ====
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* ABSIN = KI.AŠ.AŠ = KI.DILI.DILI = KI.DIDLI = KI.ḪAL
* ABSIN0 = KI

All these are designations of the 6th sign of the zodiac in the ephemerides [ACT 38, 467], for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7]. However, the term was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation KI (ABSIN0) appears in lunar tables dated to the year –474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) The standard designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac; for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], but it was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation ABSIN0(KI) appears in lunar tables dated to the year – 474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
* (2) Included in the names of two "normal stars":
** a) DELE ''ša2'' IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir),
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|
|-
|'''Normal Stars'''
* Hunger and Pingree (1999, 22-23): included in the names of two "normal stars" (see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ)
** a) DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir), var.: ''e-du ša''2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs and Hunger Diaries No. -463 Obv. 6].
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|why is this repeated?
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: ... KI ''ša''2 ABSIN [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) DELE ''ša'' IGI ABSIN 16 ""Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Virginis).
* (b) S[A4] ''ša''2(?) ABSIN(?) 28(?) "Bright (star) of the Furrow (corresponding to) 28(?) (Virgo)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; [[References (Babylonian)|ASM]] 150].
|DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]
this is the later version and should be used
|}
[[File:ABSIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 171538.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AB.SIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Spica]]
|HIP 65474
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|0.97
|-
|2
|[[Porrima]]
|HIP 61941
|Constellation lines
|2.74
|-
|3
|[[Vindemiatrix]]
|HIP 63608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.79
|-
|4
| [[Minelauva]]
|HIP 63090
|Constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
|5
|* gam Vir B
|HR 4826
|Inside the Hull
|3.49
|-
|6
| ν Virginis
|HIP 57380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.04
|-
|7
|θ Virginis
|HIP 64238
| Inside the Hull
|4.397
|-
|8
| π Virginis
| HIP 58590
|Inside the Hull
| 4.642
|-
|9
|16 Vir
|HIP 60172
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|10
|d2 Vir
|HIP 62267
|Inside the Hull
|5.207
|-
|11
|31 Vir
| HIP 61968
|Inside the Hull
| 5.573
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 62325
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
| 13
|FW Vir
|HIP 61658
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59309
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|15
|44 Vir
|HIP 63414
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|16
|79 G. Vir
|HIP 62103
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
|17
|37 Vir
|HIP 62757
|Inside the Hull
|6.003
|-
|18
|56 G. Vir
| HIP 61103
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|19
|* 46 Vir A
|HIP 63494
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 20
|38 Vir
|HIP 62875
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|21
|68 G. Vir
|HIP 61637
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|22
| EP Vir
|HIP 62376
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|23
|51 G. Vir
|HIP 60804
|Inside the Hull
|6.342
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 58809
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|25
|35 Vir
|HIP 62443
|Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
|26
|91 G. Vir
|HIP 62915
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|27
|17 Vir
|HIP 60353
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identifications: ====

* = the eastern section of the constellation Virgo (without β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

* = Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

* = α + other stars of Vir [BPO 2 10; ASM 272];

* = 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

* = Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].
*

===== Late astrology, magic and the calendar. =====
* (1) Lunaria [Reiner 1995 108-110]. BRM IV, 20: KI mulAB.SIN2 "in the area of the Furrow" [Ungnad 1941-44 258-259: 3, 18], see also (Kurtik a07) AB.SIN.
* (2) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Leo into 12 parts in VAT 7847: the 2nd part is mulAB.SIN2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], see also (Kurtik a07) ABSIN.
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI AB.SIN2 NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-tu''4 "in the area of the Furrow (= Virgo): wealth, grief" [SpTU II, 43:23]; parallel: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-ti'' "in the area of the Furrow: wealth, grief" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999 192].
* (4) Hypsomata. The Furrow (= Virgo) – Mercury's hypsoma, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
* (5) Predicting prices for grain based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31].
* (6) Predictions based on lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-''ma''...] "If the Moon makes an eclipse in the Furrow (= in Virgo) ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136 rev. 20], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].

See also [TCL 6 13 col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

===== Spelling variant (ABSIN, ABSIN0) =====
* (1) Horoscopes: ABSIN is the designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) “Lunaria”.
** a) BRM IV, 20, see (Kurtik a06) AB.SIN2,
** b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN is the designation of the zodiacal sign Furrow (= Virgo) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" or "calendar texts" [Ungnad 1941-44 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Van der Waerden, in Weidner 1967 50-52; Hunger 1996 WZKM 86 191-196; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 Fs. Pingree 95-125].
* (3) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 6-''i-tum'' ḪA.LA ABSIN ''šum''3-''šu''2 "6th part, its name is the Furrow." [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66],
** (b) BM 34713: 6-''tu''2 ḪA.LA ''ša''2 mul2.LU mul2.ABSIN / ''ša''2 mul2.LU "the 6th part of Aries - Furrow of Aries" [Steele Rising Time Schemes 2017, 49 BM 34713:14-15; formerly Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15].
* (4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // ABSIN 24 // ''ši-gu-šu''2 ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''a-ri-bi u kappi''(PA) ''a-ri-bi'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 12 // Virgo 24 // Flour from ''šigūšu''-barley, raven’s head and raven’s wing – you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 12, also 104:25]; parallel for the month Arahsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI ABSIN ''a-lid'' ... "In the area of the Furrow (the child) was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. See also [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. In the new edition of BM 46083: DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]

==== Deity. ====
The goddess Šala, probably of Hurrian origin, was considered the consort of Adad, the god of thunder (in other versions – Dagan). She is mentioned in texts dating to Old Babylonian times. Among the known epithets, not a single one indicates an astral meaning [Tallqvist 453]. The symbol on the kudurru – an ear, sometimes next to the symbol of Adad [Seidl 1968 138], or a ram on a plinth with an ear [ibid. 74, 147] (Fig. 48).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see Reiner 1995, 141; Walker and Dick 2001 (= SAALT 1) 72:34; see also (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.

==== Symbol. ====

* In MUL.APIN I ii 10 is given the identity: "Furrow, goddess Šala, ear".
* On the Seleucid tablet AO 6448 is depicted a standing female figure in a long garment, draped at the waist, with an ear in her hand, and next to her are symbolic images of Mercury, the Raven and the Snake [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10 (fig. 12)] . This is probably the figure of the constellation mulAB.SIN2. A similar figure is presented on one poorly preserved Seleucid seal impression [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 107 (Fig. 31)] .
* The image of the ear is also found on Seleucid seals from Uruk in combination with other astral symbols (Capricornus, bull) [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155 (fig. 38)]. The standing female figure with an ear in her hand – just like the symbol of the Virgin found on Egyptian monuments of late Hellenistic times – is probably of Mesopotamian origin [Kurtik 2002, ill. 5, 7].
* On the "Planisphere" K 8538, according to Koch's interpretation, the schematic picture of mulAB.SIN2 is given in the 5th sector in the form of a triangle, in which is the inscription BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (ill. 9).
* According to D. Foxvog, the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols; in it AB.SIN2 (sign of the zodiacal sign Virgo) is put in correspondence with ŠE.BAR "grain" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====

* (1) = Bow: /DIŠ mulKU6/ ''ana'' mulBAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN2] "If the Fish comes close to the Bow ... (it means:) Mercury (approaches) the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8, 325:4-7].

* (2) = Arrow: DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-''ma'' "If the Bow reaches the Arrow ... (it means:) Mercury stands inside the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

* (3) = The Field: [SAA 8, 82 r. 8].

See also “The Great Star List”

===== Predictions: =====

* (4) A lunar eclipse within the Furrow:
** DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' ... ''taš-nin-tu''4 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši ina'' KI MULx(AB2) AB.SIN2 ''u'' GENNA BAD.MEŠ "If on the 14th of Adar a lunar eclipse occurs, ... there will be conflict in the country. (If it occurs) in the area of the Furrow and Saturn, (there will be) deaths." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29];
** [...mulA]B.SIN2 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-''ša''2 ''i-ḫar-ra-aṣ'' SU.KU2 /ŠE ''u'' IN.NU/ "[If the Moon] is eclipsed in the Furrow: decision for the furrow; income from the furrows will decrease, there will be hunger for barley and straw" [Verderame 2002, Tablet IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

* (5) Venus and the Furrow;
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma me-ḫu-u''<nowiki/>2 ZI-''a na-ram-ti'' LUGAL [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and a hurricane wind rises: the king's beloved woman ..." [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-''ti Gu-ti''-[''i''...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the southern wind blows: fall of the Guti..." [ibid., rev. 27],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the northern wind blows: the main wife ..." [ibid., rev 28]; for a parallel see [ibid., ND 4362: 18-20].

* (6) Uriri and the Furrow: DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' AB.SIN2 KU.NU-''ma'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If (the star) Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Furrow: the same will happen (= horse pestilence)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

* (7) Mercury in the Furrow has great brilliance; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 3.

* (8) Observations for astrological purposes;
** ''mu-ši a-ga-a'' d30 TUR3 ''il-ta-mi'' / mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulA.EDIN ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi u''2-''šu-uz-zu'' "This night a halo surrounded the moon, the Furrow and Erua stood in it" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2];
** mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 0! / ''ina qaq-qar'' mulAB.SIN2 ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east in the area of the Furrow" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2];
** TUR3 ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 / ''a-na'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL / ''ina'' EN.TE.NA ''i-lap-pat'' "A halo of the Furrow foretells rain and flood in the winter season" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1];
** mul''Dil-bat a-na'' mulAB!.SIN2 / ''i-kaš-šad'' "Venus will reach the Furrow" [SAA 10 224: 10]; for observations of Mars and its approach to the Furrow, see [ibid. 206: 4-9].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a06+a07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 4)
|-
|
==== a07. mulABSIN (353), ====

вар. чтения: mulKI.AŠ.AŠ, mulKI.DILI.DILI, mulKI.DIDLI, mulKI.DAL; вар. обозначения: ABSIN0(KI); = šersu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 257; Gössmann 1950, 4]. O вероятном переводе ABSIN "Ячменный Стебель" см. [Sachs 1952а 146, note 3]. Созвездие и знак зодиака mulAB.SIN2 "Борозда" (= Дева, Virgo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. См. также a06AB.SIN2.

I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". (1) Стандартное обозначение 6-го знака зодиака; самый ранний пример см. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], но несомненно употреблялось и раньше, поскольку сокращение от ABSIN ― ABSIN0(KI) встречается уже в лунных таблицах, датируемых –474 годом [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31]. (2) Входило в название двух "нормальных звезд": a) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная (звезда) впереди Борозды" (γ Vir), b) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "(Звезда) с большим блеском Борозды" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim]. Математическая астрономия. ABSIN, ABSIN0 ― обозначения 6-го знака зодиака в эфемеридах [ACT 38, 467]. "Анафора". BM 36609+: … KI ša2 ABSIN [Roughton-Steele-Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Гороскопы: ABSIN — обозначение 6-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) "Лунарии". а) BRM IV, 20, см. a06AB.SIN2, b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN — обозначение знака зодиака Борозда (=Дева) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием "додекатемория" [Ungnad 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. (3) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: a) АО 6483: 6-i-tum Ca.la absin šum3-šu2 "6-я часть, ее имя Борозда" [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66], b) Sp II 202+: 6-tu2 Ca.la ša2 lu absin / ša2 lu "6-я часть Овна — Борозда Овна" [Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + "додекатемория"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // KIdidli 24 // ši-gu-šu2 qaqqad(SAG.DU) a-ri-bi u kappi(PA) a-ri-bi MIN(= tapaššaš) "Дуузу 12 // Дева 240 // Муку из šigūšu-ячменя, голову ворона и крыло ворона — ты намазываешь" [SpTU III, 104: 12, а также 104:25]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI KI.DAL a-lid … "В области Борозды родился…" [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. См. также [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) šur-ši absin 16 "Корень Ячменого Стебля(?):16 (Девы)" (γ Virginis). b) s[a4] ša2(?) absin(?) 28(?) "Блестящая (звезда) Ячменного Стебля (соответствует) 28(?) (Девы)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; ASM 150]. В новом издании BM 46083: šur-ši PABSINR 15 PSA4 ša2 ABSIN 24R + [x…] "Корень Борозды 15. Блестящая звезда Борозды 24 [+x]" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564].
|In den rein astron. Texten der S.Ä. wird zumeist Ki ·AS·AS ( = ABSIN), zuweilen auch bloss Ki (93 (81-7-6) Vs.7.9.; RmIV 397, 10; Epp.Astrono. S.149) geschrieben, und zwar ohne Determinativ {Sp 129, 38; Sp 128, 22; SH 272 ll 7; dagegen AO 6483 Vs16: rnul2Ki ·AŠ·AŠ).
In den früheren astron. sowie in den astrol. Texten wird AB•SiN2 (=ABSIN) geschrieben.
|-
|
==== a06. mul AB.SIN2 (137) ====

= še/irsu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4]; созвездие, соответствующее современной Деве (Virgo). См. также a07ABSIN.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mulab.sin2 = ši-ir-su "Борозда" [SpTU III, 114A v 109]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]. "Астролябии". Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): [mul]ab.sin2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]. "Письма" и "Рапорты". См. [SAA 10, 224:10, 206:9; SAA 8, 82 r. 8, 295 r. 2, 6].325:2, 378:5]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 15): mulAB.SIN2 dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4 "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос" (I ii 10). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI "25-го улулу Борозда становится видна" ( I ii 47). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulKU6 u mulŠU.GI KURmeš-ma mulAB.SIN2 u mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš "Рыба и Старик восходят, а Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят" (I iii 33). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ana KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 "10 дней от восхода Шупы до восхода Борозды. 20 дней от восхода Борозды до восхода Весов" (I iii 36-37). (5) Звезды "на пути Луны": mulAB.SIN2, после mulUR.GU.LA, перед mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Астрологические предсказания: звезда U.RI.RI и AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 33, 43, 52-54, 68, 110]. "Большой список звезд". Соответствия: mulban = mulab.sin2, mulgilim = mulmin, multir.an.na = mulmin, mula-ri-tum = mulmin, mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min], […], где mulmin, по-видимому, = mulab.sin2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]. GU-текст. (K) mulE4-Pru6R(A.EDIN) kimin mulab.sin2 dŠullat(PA) u Daniš(LUGAL) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu gu "Эруа (ziqpu XXV: γ Com) или Борозда (α Vir), Шуллат и Ханиш (ε Cen), Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит, ― веревка" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:17-18]; согласно [Koch 1992 58], dŠullat(PA) u Daniš (LUGAL) — β, α Cen; см. также [ASM 92]. Dalbanna-текст. §a. mulab.sin2 "Борозда" (α Vir), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §v. mulsuCuš ab.sin2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir), см. L07dLI9.SI4. Текст Nv. 10. mulAB.SIN2 как звезда Ану в месяцы кислиму и тебету (Obv. 6, 10), и как звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану (Rev. 31) [Donbaz-Koch 65-66]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) "Лунарии". BRM IV, 20: ki mulab.sin2, ki muSAA 10[in] "Область Борозды" [Ungnad 258-259: 3, 18], см. также a07ABSIN. (2) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей в VAT 7847: 2-я часть — mulab.sin2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], см. также a07ABSIN. (3) "Гипсома". Борозда (=Дева) — гипсома Меркурия, см. g34GU4.UD. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI AB.SIN2 ša2 edi(SIG) ni-ziq-tu4 "Область Борозды (= Дева): одиночество, гнев" [SpTU II, 43:23]; параллель: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ni-ziq-ti "Область Борозды: богатство, гнев" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ 30 ina mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-ma…] "Если Луна затмилась в Борозде (= в Деве)…" [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136: rev. 20], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [TCL 6 13: col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

II. Божество.

Богиня Шала, имеющая, вероятно, хурритское происхождение, считалась супругой бога грозы Адада (по другой версии ― Дагана). Упоминается в текстах со старовавилонского времени. Среди известных эпитетов ни один не указывает на ее астральное значение [Tallqvist 453]. Символ на кудурру ― колос, расположенный иногда рядом с символом Адада [Seidl 1968 138], или баран на цоколе с колосом [ibid. 74, 147] (илл. 48). Молитвы и ритуалы. Ритуал "омовения рта" (mīs pî) или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

III. Символ.

В MUL.APIN I ii 10 приведено тождество: "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос". На селевкидской табличке AO 6448 изображена стоящая женская фигура в длинном одеянии, перетянутая в талии, с колосом в руках, рядом ― символические изображения Меркурия, Ворона и Змеи [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (илл. 12). Вероятно, это и есть фигура созвездия mulAB.SIN2. Похожая фигура представлена на одном плохо сохранившемся селевкидском оттиске геммы [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 107] (илл. 31). Изображение колоса встречается также на селевкидских печатях из Урука в сочетании с другими астральными символами (козерог, бык, месяц) [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (илл. 38). Стоящая женская фигура с колосом в руке, как символ Девы встречается на египетских памятниках позднеэллинистического времени и имеет, по-видимому, месопотамское происхождение [Куртик 2002, илл. 5, 7]. На "Планисфере" К 8538, согласно интерпретации Коха, схематическое изображение mulAB.SIN2 приводится в 5-м секторе в виде треугольника, внутри которого надпись BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (илл. 9). Согласно Д. Фоксвогу, текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий; в нем AB.SIN2 (обозначение знака зодиака Дева) поставлено в соответствие ŠE.BAR "зерно" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

IV. Отождествление:

= восточная часть созвездия Virgo (без β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

= Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

= α + другие звезды Vir [BPO 2 10; МА 138; ASM 272];

= 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

= Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "Блестящая (звезда) Борозды" (α Vir, Спика);

(2) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная звезда впереди Борозды" (γ Vir); вар.: e-du ša2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54, No. -463 Obv. 6].

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число "нормальных звезд", см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) mulSUDUŠ AB.SIN2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir, Спика), см. Dbn-text (§v) [Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54].

(4) šur-ši absin "Корень Ячменного стебля" (γ Virginis), см. [Sachs 1952a 146; ASM 150].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Лук; PDIŠ mulKU6R ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2] "Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (это означает:) Меркурий (подходит) к Борозде" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8 325:4-7].

(2) = Стрела; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud … dGU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-ma "Если Лук достигает Стрелы … (это означает:) Меркурий стоит в пределах Борозды" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

(3) = Поле; см. [SAA 8 82 r. 8].

См. также "Большой список звезд".

Предсказания:

(4) Лунное затмение в Борозде; DIŠ ina itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-ma …taš-nin-tu4 ina KUR GAL2-ši ina KI AB.SIN2 u GENNA BAD.MEŠ "Если 14-го аддару происходит лунное затмение, … в стране будет конфликт. (Если оно происходит) в пределах Борозды и Сатурна, (будет) чума" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29]; […mulA]B.SIN2 a-dir EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-ša2 i-Car-ra-ar SU.KU2 ŠE u PIN.NUR "[Если Луна] затмилась в Борозде: решение для борозды; доход от борозды уменьшится, голод на ячмень и солому" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

(5) Венера и Борозда; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma me-Cu-u2 ZI-a na-ram-ti LUGAL […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и ураганный ветер поднимается: любимая женщина царя …" [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-ti Gu-ti-[i…] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и южный ветер дует: падение гутиев…" [ibid., rev. 27], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и северный ветер дует: главная жена …" [ibid., rev 28]; параллель см. [ibid., ND4362: 18-20].

(6) Урири и Борозда; DIŠ U.RI.RI ana AB.SIN2 KU.NU-ma ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Борозде: (произойдет) то же самое (= лошадиный мор)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(7) Меркурий в Борозде имеет большой блеск; см. u11UGA, VI 3.

(8) Наблюдения в астрологических целях; mu-ši a-ga-a d30 TUR3 il-ta-mi / mulAB.SIN2 u mulA.EDIN ina ŠA3-bi u2-šu-uz-zu "Этой ночью гало окружало Луну, Борозда и Эруа стояли в нем" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2]; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB.SIN2 it-tan-mar "Меркурий стал виден на востоке в пределах Борозды" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2]; TUR3 ša2 mulAB.SIN2 / a-na A.AN u A.KAL / ina EN.TE.NA i-lap-pat "Гало (вокруг Луны в пределах) Борозды предвещает дождь и наводнение зимой" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1]; mulDil-bat a-na mulAB!.SIN2 / i-kaš-šad "Венера достигнет (пределов) Борозды" [SAA 10 224: 10]; наблюдение Марса, приближающегося к Борозде, см. [ibid. 206: 4-9].
|Example
|}

== Transformation of the Constellations ==
<gallery>
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo MULAPIN.jpg|Babylonian pre-zodiac (MUL.APIN-based, visualisation by Jessica Gullberg, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo seleucid.jpg|Babylonian zodiac (Seleucid time, visualisation by Rober Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Zod asSufi.jpg|Classical zodiac visualized by as-Sufi (10th century CE), implemented in Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji.
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|The image of the Furrow with the Ear of Grain as painted by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|The image of the Goddess with the Ear of Grain (copied from tablet AO 6448 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|The double-goddess in Egyptian painting style as depicted in the circular zodiac in the temple of Denderah (Roman epoch). The Babylonian goddess Shala is left (east) whiie the other lady, on the lion's tail might be the Babylonian goddess Erua or the Egyptian deified queen Berenice.
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Vir]]
<references />

BAL.TEŠ2.A

2026-04-28T15:15:58Z

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Dignity stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation Dignity, an asterism described as circular or as a hook, and symbol of (divine) dignity. (map in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021).]]
(MUL.)BAL.TEŠ2.A (𒀯𒁄𒌨𒀀) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the area of [[Corona Borealis]]. This asterism is listed among female asterisms identified with the wife of Marduk in a prayer before dawn on the 5th day of the Babylonian New Year’s Festival and as a palace goddess in lists of other female astral deities in the theological work KAR 142 iv 7 (Pongratz-Leisten<ref name=":0" /> 224), and parallels.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:(mul)BAL.TEŠ2.A}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> note on BAL.TÉŠ.A = ''bāltu'' < ''bāštu'' “dignity”: <blockquote>The spelling can be analysed as TÉŠ.A = ''bāš/ltu'' with the preceding BAL functioning as a phonetic indicator (balTÉŠ.A). mulBAL.TÉŠ.A (EN 15r).</blockquote>Var. readings:
* MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A; = ''kakkab bālti'' "Asterism of Dignity". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 112; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 44; Labat<ref>''Labat R''. Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne. Paris, 1976.</ref> 1976, 45];
* ''kakkab balti(m)''
* ''baštu''

A group of stars in [[Corona Borealis]] (Northern Crown).

This asterism is listed among female asterisms identified with the wife of Marduk in a prayer before dawn on the 5th day of the Babylonian New Year’s Festival and in a list of six astral palace goddesses in the theological work KAR 142 iv 7 (Pongratz-Leisten<ref name=":0">''Pongratz-Leisten, B''. Ina S̆ulmi Īrub : die kulttopographische und ideologische Programmatik der akītu-Prozession in Babylonien und Assyrien im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. [Dissertation]. Von Zabern. 1994.</ref> 224).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 11d]
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 14):
** MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulBAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dMUŠ2
** "The star which stands behind it: the Star of Dignity, the minister of Tišpak" (I i 14).
* (2) The list of ''ziqpu''-stars: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A
** "the Star of Dignity, the Standing Gods, the Dog" (I iv 4) [Hunger and Steele 2019,<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 22, 58].
|[[File:Dignity stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation Dignity, an asterism descriped as circular or as a hook, and symbol of (divine) dignity. (map in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021).]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* List of names of Mars: mulbal.teš2.a = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Balteša = Mars". [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:104].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:10, 45.'''
* (1) mul bal.teš2.a = d''Na-na-a'';
* (2) mul bal.teš2.a = ''kak-kab bal-tum.''

See also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51-2:10, 45; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:10, 45]; parallel in the prayer lists during the New Year festivals in Babylonian: mul2 bal.teš2.a mul ''bal-tu''2 [RAcc<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Rituels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>. 139:329; Linssen 2004, 221:329]. For a list of the "6 palace women," see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].
|
|-
|'''The lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* mulBAL.TEŠ2.A in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars in MUL.APIN; this seems to correspond to mulGAM-''ti'' (=''kippatu'' "circle, ring") (AO 6478:3), usually identified with α Coronae Borealis (=Gemma) [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Hunger and Steele 2019,<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 142].
* The number of stars in the constellation, according to VAT 16436:20, is 9 (= α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB [Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88]). Apparently, mul''kip-pat'' and mulBAL.TEŠ2.A — two different designations of the same stellar configuration, cf. [ibid.<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 269-270].
|
|}
[[File:BALTESA CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 151500.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside BAL.TEŠ2.A (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
! description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Alphecca]]
|HIP 76267
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.24
|-
|2
|[[Nusakan]]
|HIP 75695
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.68
|-
|3
|* gam CrB A
| HIP 76952
|Constellation lines
|4.05
|-
|4
|θ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 76127
|Constellation lines
|4.13
|-
|5
|ϵ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 78159
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.13
|-
|6
|* tet CrB A
|HIP 76127
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.3
|-
| 7
|δ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 77512
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.63
|-
|8
|ι Coronae Borealis
|HIP 78493
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.971
|-
|9
|* gam CrB B
|HIP 76952
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.56
|-
|10
|R CrB
|HIP 77442
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|11
|* tet CrB B
| HIP 76127
| Constellation lines
|6.29
|-
|12
| -
|HIP 76456
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name is always written without the determinative d, but on the New Year's eve in Babylon it is addressed as a goddess, see above; probably, it is one of the names of Venus [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 139]. The connection with Venus is also indicated by the identification with Nanaya, see above, also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 385-386; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>]. The definition of mulBAL.TEŠ2.A as "messenger of Tišpak" in MUL.APIN is difficult to explain.

==== Symbol. ====
The comparison of mulBAL.TEŠ2.A with ''kippatu'' "circle, ring", allows and suggests that the symbol of the constellation mulBAL.TEŠ2.A was a ring-shaped object correspondingly located upon the modern Corona Borealis (?).

==== Identification. ====
= Corona Borealis, especially in [[Alphecca]] (Gemma) [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 44];

= Corona Borealis [Weidner 1957-1959<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394.</ref>, 78];

= Coronae Borealis (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11];

= Coronae Borealis [Hunger and Steele 2019,<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 137; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 271-272].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellanea."

(2) = Venus, see above.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) Balteša and Scorpiusː DIŠ MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL d''Tišpak ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE... "If Balteša (=Mars?), messenger of Tišpak, comes close to Scorpius: within the span of 3 years, there will be severe cold, cough and phlegm will afflict the country" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 11d + Parallels].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A; = kakkab bālti «Звезда Достоинство» [AHw, 112; Gössmann 1950, 44; Labat 1976, 45]; группа звезд в Cеверной Короне (Corona Borealis) (?).
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 11d]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 14): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulBAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dMUŠ2 «Звезда, которая позади него (= Шупа) стоит: Балтеша, посланник Тишпака» (I i 14), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:3′]. (2) Cписок ziqpu-звезд: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A (I iv 4) [Hunger-Steele 2019, 22, 58]. «Большой список звезд». Список имен Марса: mulbal.teš2.a = dmin(=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Балтеша = Марс» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:104]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:10, 45. (1) mul bal.teš2.a = dNa-na-a; (2) mul bal.teš2.a = kak-kab bal-tum, см. также [HBA 51–2:10, 45; Wee 2016, 162–3:10, 45]; параллель в списке молитв в новогодний праздник в Вавилоне: mul2 bal.teš2.a mul bal-tu2 [RАcc. 139:329; Linssen 2004, 221:329]. Список «6 дворцовых женщин», см. a02[[A.EDIN]]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. mulBAL.TEŠ2.A в списке ziqpu-звезд в MUL.APIN соответствует, по-видимому, mulGAM-ti (=kippati «круг, кольцо») (AO 6478:3), обычно отождествляемому с α Coronae Borealis (=Гемма) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Steele 2019, 142]. Число звезд в созвездии, согласно VAT 16436:20, равно 9 (= α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88]). По-видимому, mulkip-pat и mulBAL.TEŠ2.A — два разных обозначения одной и той же звездной конфигурации, см. [ibid., 269–270].

II. Божество.

Название всегда пишется без детерминатива d, однако в новогодний праздник в Вавилоне к нему обращаются как к богине, см. выше; возможно это одно из имен Венеры [Reiner 1995, 139]. На связь с Венерой указывает также отождествление с Нанайей, см. выше, а также [Tallqvist 1938, 385–386; Heimpel 1982]. Определение mulBAL.TEŠ2.A как «посланника Тишпака», принятое в MUL.APIN, объяснить трудно.

III. Символ.

Сопоставление mulBAL.TEŠ2.A и kippatu «круг, кольцо» позволяет предположить, что символом созвездия mulBAL.TEŠ2.A был кольцеобразный объект, расположенный на месте современной Corona Borealis (?).

IV. Отождествление.

= Corona Borealis, в особенности Гемма [Gössmann 1950, 44];

= Corona Borealis [Weidner 1957–1959, 78];

= Coronae Borealis (?) [BPO 2, 11];

= Coronae Borealis [МА, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271–272].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс, см. «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Венера, см. выше.

Предсказания:

(3) Балтеша и Скорпион; DIŠ MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dTišpak ana mulGIR2.TAB TE… «Если Балтеша (=Марс?), посланник Тишпака, к Скорпиону приближается: в течение 3 лет будут сильные холода, кашель и мокрота поразят страну» [BPO 2, III 11d + Parallels].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:CrB]]

AB.SIN

2026-04-23T17:37:17Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AB.SIN2, ABSIN (𒀊𒉆)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
AB.SÍN2/ABSIN = '''''šerʾu,''''' 'The Furrow.' We give together 𒀊𒉆 AB.SIN2 (Kurtik a06) and 𒆠𒀸𒀸 ABSIN (Kurtik a07), the latter being a diri-compound whose reading is proved by Diri IV 276-277: ab-si-in KI.AŠ.AŠ = ''abšennu'', ''šer'u''. The constellation includes stars in classical [[Virgo]] for which an illustration is available in the set of drawings related to the Uranology Group (see the drawing on AO 6448 below). It is not certain how much of the drawing corresponds to Mesopotamian perceptions of the constellation over time, but it is clear that the Mesopotamian asterism certainly included the barley stalk that the goddess is holding.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variants'''

* mulAB.SIN2 (137)
** = ''šir'u,''
** = ''šerʾu,''
* ABSIN is a later writing of the name.
** mulKI.AŠ.AŠ,
** mulKI.DILI.DILI,
** mulKI.DIDLI,
** mulKI.ḪAL

"The Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> point out that AHw. 7 refers to CT 33, 1: 11 in favour of a reading ''absinnu'', but the correct restoration there is [''sis'']-''sin-nu''. In MUL.APIN's explanatory list, the term mulAB.SÍN occurs in the Anu-path, 15th entry (explanandum). It is associated with the goddess Šala:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>'''''Šala''.''' Goddess, wife of the NAAM god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain:
* d''Ša-la'' ''šu-bu-ul-tu4'' (AN 15r),
* Šala, the stalk/ ear/ spike of grain.
</blockquote>Var. designations:

* ABSIN0(KI) = ''šer'u'' "Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 1941-44 257; Gössmann 1950, 4].
* On the probable translation of ABSIN "Barley Stalk" see [Sachs 1952a 146, note 3].
* Constellation and zodiacal sign mulAB.SIN2 "Furrow" (= Virgo) in later astronomical and astrological texts.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== AB.SIN2 ====
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra 22: 302: mulAB.SIN2 = ''ši-ir-'u'' "Furrow" (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3 B K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]
|why do we list the refs. here when we quote them anyway below under astrology?
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each” (Astrolabe Group)'''
CT 33, Nv. 10, and parallels

Fincke 2025: 64-65, Horowitz 2014: 245.
* CT 33, 9: A list of the 12 asterisms of Anu (no. 9): [mul]AB.SIN2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]
** Text Nv. 10: mulAB.SIN2 as an asterism of Anu in the months Kislimu and Ṭebetu (Obv. 6, 10), and as the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month Simanu (Rev. 31) Fincke 2025: 67-68.
** See previously [Horowitz 2014: 215-216, Donbaz and Koch 65-66].
** Parallels: Fincke 2025: 70: 10', 72: 5'.
** ,
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 15):
** mulAB.SIN2 ''dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4''
** "The furrow, the goddess Šala, the ear of grain" (I ii 10).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI
** "On the 25th day of the month Ululu the Furrow becomes visible" ( I ii 47).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** mulKU6 ''u'' mulŠU.GI KURmeš-''ma'' mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš
** "The Fish and the Old Man rise and the Furrow and the Wild Dog set" (I iii 33).
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
** TA KUR ''ša2'' mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4
** "From the rising of ŠU.PA 10 days to the rising of the Furrow. From the rising of the Furrow 20 days to the rising of the Scales" (I iii 36-37).
* (5) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon": mulAB.SIN2, after mulUR.GU.LA, before mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu4'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.
* (6) Astrological predictions: star U.RI.RI and AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), see (Kurtik u01)[[U.RI.RI]] [Hunger and Steele 2019, 126, 223].
|[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
|-
|'''Letters and Reports:'''

* SAA 8 295 rev. 1-2:
** AB.SIN2 and E4.RU6 in halo of the Moon.
* [SAA 8 82 r. 8, 325:2, 378:5].
* SAA 10 "Letters" and "Reports." See [SAA 10 224:10, 206:9]
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List" (SAG.ME.GAR = ŠUL.PA.E3)'''
* Astrological association:
** mulBAN / mulAB.SIN2,
** mulGILIM / mulMIN,
** mulTIR.AN.NA / mulMIN,
** mul''a-ri-tum'' / mulMIN,
** mulMAR.GID2.DA / mul[MIN], [...], where mulMIN apparently = mulAB.SIN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]
|this does not affect the identification, it's just an association
|-
|'''GU-text'''.

* (K) or GU XI
** mulE4-ru6 (A.EDIN) KI.MIN mulAB.SIN2 d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]AB.SIN2 ''ina'' IGI mulUGA GUB-''zu'' GU
** translation: "Erua, or the Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš (ε Cen), Mercury, who stands towards the Furrow before the Raven – a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988 (Fs. Sachs) 315 BM 78161:17-18];
* Identifications:
** ''ziqpu'' XXV (Erua): γ Com
** the Furrow is the area around α, γ, and ε Vir
** Šullat and Ḫaniš: (ε Cen according to Kurtik, according to [Koch 1992 58] it is β, α Cen); see also [ASM 92].
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|alt=the constellation as visualized in Stellarium|thumb|Furrow with Ear of Grain next to the Lion and the Mušḫuššu Dragon with Raven]][[File:GU XI.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with the GU XI|thumb|GU XI star chart (Hoffmann 2022) ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a. mulAB.SIN2 "the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §v. mulSUḪUŠ AB.SIN2 "The base of the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]].
[Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs and Hunger Diaries 54].
|[[File:Dalb a.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "a" (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]][[File:Dalb v.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "v"... sorry: cut-off (Hoffmann 2024)]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
* Related Drawings: [Beaulieu et al. 99 Bottom] AO 6448 ''bīt niṣirti'' of dGU4-UTU: /mulAB/-S[IN2] to the right of Mercury, see [Thureau-Dangin 1922 no. 12]
|[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|alt=Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|alt=The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.|thumb|The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== ABSIN, ABSIN0 (spelling variants) ====
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* ABSIN = KI.AŠ.AŠ = KI.DILI.DILI = KI.DIDLI = KI.ḪAL
* ABSIN0 = KI

All these are designations of the 6th sign of the zodiac in the ephemerides [ACT 38, 467], for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7]. However, the term was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation KI (ABSIN0) appears in lunar tables dated to the year –474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) The standard designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac; for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], but it was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation ABSIN0(KI) appears in the lunar tables dated to the year – 474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
* (2) Included in the names of two "normal stars":
** a) DELE ''ša2'' IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir),
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|
|-
|'''Normal Stars'''
* Hunger and Pingree (1999, 22-23): included in the names of two "normal stars" (see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ)
** a) DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir), var.: ''e-du ša''2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs and Hunger Diaries No. -463 Obv. 6].
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|why is this repeated?
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: ... KI ''ša''2 ABSIN [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) DELE ''ša'' IGI ABSIN 16 ""Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Virginis).
* (b) S[A4] ''ša''2(?) ABSIN(?) 28(?) "Bright (star) of the Furrow (corresponding to) 28(?) (Virgo)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; [[References (Babylonian)|ASM]] 150].
|
|}
[[File:ABSIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 171538.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AB.SIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Spica]]
|HIP 65474
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|0.97
|-
|2
|[[Porrima]]
|HIP 61941
|Constellation lines
|2.74
|-
|3
|[[Vindemiatrix]]
|HIP 63608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.79
|-
|4
| [[Minelauva]]
|HIP 63090
|Constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
|5
|* gam Vir B
|HR 4826
|Inside the Hull
|3.49
|-
|6
| ν Virginis
|HIP 57380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.04
|-
|7
|θ Virginis
|HIP 64238
| Inside the Hull
|4.397
|-
|8
| π Virginis
| HIP 58590
|Inside the Hull
| 4.642
|-
|9
|16 Vir
|HIP 60172
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|10
|d2 Vir
|HIP 62267
|Inside the Hull
|5.207
|-
|11
|31 Vir
| HIP 61968
|Inside the Hull
| 5.573
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 62325
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
| 13
|FW Vir
|HIP 61658
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59309
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|15
|44 Vir
|HIP 63414
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|16
|79 G. Vir
|HIP 62103
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
|17
|37 Vir
|HIP 62757
|Inside the Hull
|6.003
|-
|18
|56 G. Vir
| HIP 61103
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|19
|* 46 Vir A
|HIP 63494
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 20
|38 Vir
|HIP 62875
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|21
|68 G. Vir
|HIP 61637
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|22
| EP Vir
|HIP 62376
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|23
|51 G. Vir
|HIP 60804
|Inside the Hull
|6.342
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 58809
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|25
|35 Vir
|HIP 62443
|Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
|26
|91 G. Vir
|HIP 62915
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|27
|17 Vir
|HIP 60353
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identifications: ====

* = the eastern section of the constellation Virgo (without β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

* = Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

* = α + other stars of Vir [BPO 2 10; ASM 272];

* = 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

* = Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].
*

===== Late astrology, magic and the calendar. =====
* (1) Lunaria [Reiner 1995 108-110]. BRM IV, 20: KI mulAB.SIN2 "in the area of the Furrow" [Ungnad 1941-44 258-259: 3, 18], see also (Kurtik a07) AB.SIN.
* (2) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Leo into 12 parts in VAT 7847: the 2nd part is mulAB.SIN2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], see also (Kurtik a07) ABSIN.
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI AB.SIN2 NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-tu''4 "in the area of the Furrow (= Virgo): wealth, grief" [SpTU II, 43:23]; parallel: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-ti'' "in the area of the Furrow: wealth, grief" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999 192].
* (4) Hypsomata. The Furrow (= Virgo) – Mercury's hypsoma, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
* (5) Predicting prices for grain based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31].
* (6) Predictions based on lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-''ma''...] "If the Moon makes an eclipse in the Furrow (= in Virgo) ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136 rev. 20], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].

See also [TCL 6 13 col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

===== Spelling variant (ABSIN, ABSIN0) =====
* (1) Horoscopes: ABSIN is the designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) “Lunaria”.
** a) BRM IV, 20, see (Kurtik a06) AB.SIN2,
** b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN is the designation of the zodiacal sign Furrow (= Virgo) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" or "calendar texts" [Ungnad 1941-44 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Van der Waerden, in Weidner 1967 50-52; Hunger 1996 WZKM 86 191-196; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 Fs. Pingree 95-125].
* (3) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 6-''i-tum'' ḪA.LA ABSIN ''šum''3-''šu''2 "6th part, its name is the Furrow." [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66],
** (b) BM 34713: 6-''tu''2 ḪA.LA ''ša''2 mul2.LU mul2.ABSIN / ''ša''2 mul2.LU "the 6th part of Aries - Furrow of Aries" [Steele Rising Time Schemes 2017, 49 BM 34713:14-15; formerly Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15].
* (4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // ABSIN 24 // ''ši-gu-šu''2 ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''a-ri-bi u kappi''(PA) ''a-ri-bi'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 12 // Virgo 24 // Flour from ''šigūšu''-barley, raven’s head and raven’s wing – you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 12, also 104:25]; parallel for the month Arahsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI ABSIN ''a-lid'' ... "In the area of the Furrow (the child) was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. See also [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. In the new edition of BM 46083: DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]

==== Deity. ====
The goddess Šala, probably of Hurrian origin, was considered the consort of Adad, the god of thunder (in other versions – Dagan). She is mentioned in texts dating to Old Babylonian times. Among the known epithets, not a single one indicates an astral meaning [Tallqvist 453]. The symbol on the kudurru – an ear, sometimes next to the symbol of Adad [Seidl 1968 138], or a ram on a plinth with an ear [ibid. 74, 147] (Fig. 48).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see Reiner 1995, 141; Walker and Dick 2001 (= SAALT 1) 72:34; see also (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.

==== Symbol. ====

* In MUL.APIN I ii 10 is given the identity: "Furrow, goddess Šala, ear".
* On the Seleucid tablet AO 6448 is depicted a standing female figure in a long garment, draped at the waist, with an ear in her hand, and next to her are symbolic images of Mercury, the Raven and the Snake [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (fig. 12). This is probably the figure of the constellation mulAB.SIN2. A similar figure is presented on one poorly preserved Seleucid seal impression [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 107] (Fig. 31).
* The image of the ear is also found on Seleucid seals from Uruk in combination with other astral symbols (Capricornus, bull) [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (fig. 38). The standing female figure with an ear in her hand – just like the symbol of the Virgin found on Egyptian monuments of late Hellenistic times – is probably of Mesopotamian origin [Kurtik 2002, ill. 5, 7].
* On the "Planisphere" K 8538, according to Koch's interpretation, the schematic picture of mulAB.SIN2 is given in the 5th sector in the form of a triangle, in which is the inscription BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (ill. 9).
* According to D. Foxvog, the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols; in it AB.SIN2 (sign of the zodiacal sign Virgo) is put in correspondence with ŠE.BAR "grain" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====

* (1) = Bow: /DIŠ mulKU6/ ''ana'' mulBAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN2] "If the Fish comes close to the Bow ... (it means:) Mercury (approaches) the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8, 325:4-7].

* (2) = Arrow: DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-''ma'' "If the Bow reaches the Arrow ... (it means:) Mercury stands inside the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

* (3) = The Field: [SAA 8, 82 r. 8].

See also “The Great Star List”

===== Predictions: =====

* (4) A lunar eclipse within the Furrow:
** DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' ... ''taš-nin-tu''4 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši ina'' KI MULx(AB2) AB.SIN2 ''u'' GENNA BAD.MEŠ "If on the 14th of Adar a lunar eclipse occurs, ... there will be conflict in the country. (If it occurs) in the area of the Furrow and Saturn, (there will be) deaths." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29];
** [...mulA]B.SIN2 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-''ša''2 ''i-ḫar-ra-ar'' SU.KU2 /ŠE ''u'' IN.NU/ "[If the Moon] is eclipsed in the Furrow: decision for the furrow; income from the furrows will decrease, there will be hunger for barley and straw" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

* (5) Venus and the Furrow;
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma me-ḫu-u''<nowiki/>2 ZI-''a na-ram-ti'' LUGAL [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and a hurricane wind rises: the king's beloved woman ..." [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-''ti Gu-ti''-[''i''...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the southern wind blows: fall of the Guti..." [ibid., rev. 27],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the northern wind blows: the main wife ..." [ibid., rev 28]; for a parallel see [ibid., ND 4362: 18-20].

* (6) Uriri and the Furrow: DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' AB.SIN2 KU.NU-''ma'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If (the star) Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Furrow: the same will happen (= horse pestilence)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

* (7) Mercury in the Furrow has great brilliance; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 3.

* (8) Observations for astrological purposes;
** ''mu-ši a-ga-a'' d30 TUR3 ''il-ta-mi'' / mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulA.EDIN ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi u''2-''šu-uz-zu'' "This night a halo surrounded the moon, the Furrow and Erua stood in it" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2];
** mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 0! / ''ina qaq-qar'' mulAB.SIN2 ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east in the area of the Furrow" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2];
** TUR3 ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 / ''a-na'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL / ''ina'' EN.TE.NA ''i-lap-pat'' "A halo of the Furrow foretells rain and flood in the winter season" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1];
** mul''Dil-bat a-na'' mulAB!.SIN2 / ''i-kaš-šad'' "Venus will reach the Furrow" [SAA 10 224: 10]; for observations of Mars and its approach to the Furrow, see [ibid. 206: 4-9].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a06+a07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 4)
|-
|
==== a07. mulABSIN (353), ====

вар. чтения: mulKI.AŠ.AŠ, mulKI.DILI.DILI, mulKI.DIDLI, mulKI.DAL; вар. обозначения: ABSIN0(KI); = šersu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 257; Gössmann 1950, 4]. O вероятном переводе ABSIN "Ячменный Стебель" см. [Sachs 1952а 146, note 3]. Созвездие и знак зодиака mulAB.SIN2 "Борозда" (= Дева, Virgo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. См. также a06AB.SIN2.

I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". (1) Стандартное обозначение 6-го знака зодиака; самый ранний пример см. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], но несомненно употреблялось и раньше, поскольку сокращение от ABSIN ― ABSIN0(KI) встречается уже в лунных таблицах, датируемых –474 годом [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31]. (2) Входило в название двух "нормальных звезд": a) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная (звезда) впереди Борозды" (γ Vir), b) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "(Звезда) с большим блеском Борозды" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim]. Математическая астрономия. ABSIN, ABSIN0 ― обозначения 6-го знака зодиака в эфемеридах [ACT 38, 467]. "Анафора". BM 36609+: … KI ša2 ABSIN [Roughton-Steele-Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Гороскопы: ABSIN — обозначение 6-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) "Лунарии". а) BRM IV, 20, см. a06AB.SIN2, b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN — обозначение знака зодиака Борозда (=Дева) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием "додекатемория" [Ungnad 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. (3) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: a) АО 6483: 6-i-tum Ca.la absin šum3-šu2 "6-я часть, ее имя Борозда" [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66], b) Sp II 202+: 6-tu2 Ca.la ša2 lu absin / ša2 lu "6-я часть Овна — Борозда Овна" [Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + "додекатемория"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // KIdidli 24 // ši-gu-šu2 qaqqad(SAG.DU) a-ri-bi u kappi(PA) a-ri-bi MIN(= tapaššaš) "Дуузу 12 // Дева 240 // Муку из šigūšu-ячменя, голову ворона и крыло ворона — ты намазываешь" [SpTU III, 104: 12, а также 104:25]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI KI.DAL a-lid … "В области Борозды родился…" [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. См. также [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) šur-ši absin 16 "Корень Ячменого Стебля(?):16 (Девы)" (γ Virginis). b) s[a4] ša2(?) absin(?) 28(?) "Блестящая (звезда) Ячменного Стебля (соответствует) 28(?) (Девы)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; ASM 150]. В новом издании BM 46083: šur-ši PABSINR 15 PSA4 ša2 ABSIN 24R + [x…] "Корень Борозды 15. Блестящая звезда Борозды 24 [+x]" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564].
|In den rein astron. Texten der S.Ä. wird zumeist Ki ·AS·AS ( = ABSIN), zuweilen auch bloss Ki (93 (81-7-6) Vs.7.9.; RmIV 397, 10; Epp.Astrono. S.149) geschrieben, und zwar ohne Determinativ {Sp 129, 38; Sp 128, 22; SH 272 ll 7; dagegen AO 6483 Vs16: rnul2Ki ·AŠ·AŠ).
In den früheren astron. sowie in den astrol. Texten wird AB•SiN2 (=ABSIN) geschrieben.
|-
|
==== a06. mul AB.SIN2 (137) ====

= še/irsu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4]; созвездие, соответствующее современной Деве (Virgo). См. также a07ABSIN.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mulab.sin2 = ši-ir-su "Борозда" [SpTU III, 114A v 109]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]. "Астролябии". Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): [mul]ab.sin2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]. "Письма" и "Рапорты". См. [SAA 10, 224:10, 206:9; SAA 8, 82 r. 8, 295 r. 2, 6].325:2, 378:5]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 15): mulAB.SIN2 dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4 "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос" (I ii 10). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI "25-го улулу Борозда становится видна" ( I ii 47). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulKU6 u mulŠU.GI KURmeš-ma mulAB.SIN2 u mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš "Рыба и Старик восходят, а Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят" (I iii 33). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ana KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 "10 дней от восхода Шупы до восхода Борозды. 20 дней от восхода Борозды до восхода Весов" (I iii 36-37). (5) Звезды "на пути Луны": mulAB.SIN2, после mulUR.GU.LA, перед mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Астрологические предсказания: звезда U.RI.RI и AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 33, 43, 52-54, 68, 110]. "Большой список звезд". Соответствия: mulban = mulab.sin2, mulgilim = mulmin, multir.an.na = mulmin, mula-ri-tum = mulmin, mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min], […], где mulmin, по-видимому, = mulab.sin2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]. GU-текст. (K) mulE4-Pru6R(A.EDIN) kimin mulab.sin2 dŠullat(PA) u Daniš(LUGAL) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu gu "Эруа (ziqpu XXV: γ Com) или Борозда (α Vir), Шуллат и Ханиш (ε Cen), Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит, ― веревка" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:17-18]; согласно [Koch 1992 58], dŠullat(PA) u Daniš (LUGAL) — β, α Cen; см. также [ASM 92]. Dalbanna-текст. §a. mulab.sin2 "Борозда" (α Vir), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §v. mulsuCuš ab.sin2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir), см. L07dLI9.SI4. Текст Nv. 10. mulAB.SIN2 как звезда Ану в месяцы кислиму и тебету (Obv. 6, 10), и как звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану (Rev. 31) [Donbaz-Koch 65-66]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) "Лунарии". BRM IV, 20: ki mulab.sin2, ki muSAA 10[in] "Область Борозды" [Ungnad 258-259: 3, 18], см. также a07ABSIN. (2) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей в VAT 7847: 2-я часть — mulab.sin2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], см. также a07ABSIN. (3) "Гипсома". Борозда (=Дева) — гипсома Меркурия, см. g34GU4.UD. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI AB.SIN2 ša2 edi(SIG) ni-ziq-tu4 "Область Борозды (= Дева): одиночество, гнев" [SpTU II, 43:23]; параллель: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ni-ziq-ti "Область Борозды: богатство, гнев" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ 30 ina mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-ma…] "Если Луна затмилась в Борозде (= в Деве)…" [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136: rev. 20], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [TCL 6 13: col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

II. Божество.

Богиня Шала, имеющая, вероятно, хурритское происхождение, считалась супругой бога грозы Адада (по другой версии ― Дагана). Упоминается в текстах со старовавилонского времени. Среди известных эпитетов ни один не указывает на ее астральное значение [Tallqvist 453]. Символ на кудурру ― колос, расположенный иногда рядом с символом Адада [Seidl 1968 138], или баран на цоколе с колосом [ibid. 74, 147] (илл. 48). Молитвы и ритуалы. Ритуал "омовения рта" (mīs pî) или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

III. Символ.

В MUL.APIN I ii 10 приведено тождество: "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос". На селевкидской табличке AO 6448 изображена стоящая женская фигура в длинном одеянии, перетянутая в талии, с колосом в руках, рядом ― символические изображения Меркурия, Ворона и Змеи [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (илл. 12). Вероятно, это и есть фигура созвездия mulAB.SIN2. Похожая фигура представлена на одном плохо сохранившемся селевкидском оттиске геммы [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 107] (илл. 31). Изображение колоса встречается также на селевкидских печатях из Урука в сочетании с другими астральными символами (козерог, бык, месяц) [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (илл. 38). Стоящая женская фигура с колосом в руке, как символ Девы встречается на египетских памятниках позднеэллинистического времени и имеет, по-видимому, месопотамское происхождение [Куртик 2002, илл. 5, 7]. На "Планисфере" К 8538, согласно интерпретации Коха, схематическое изображение mulAB.SIN2 приводится в 5-м секторе в виде треугольника, внутри которого надпись BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (илл. 9). Согласно Д. Фоксвогу, текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий; в нем AB.SIN2 (обозначение знака зодиака Дева) поставлено в соответствие ŠE.BAR "зерно" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

IV. Отождествление:

= восточная часть созвездия Virgo (без β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

= Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

= α + другие звезды Vir [BPO 2 10; МА 138; ASM 272];

= 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

= Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "Блестящая (звезда) Борозды" (α Vir, Спика);

(2) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная звезда впереди Борозды" (γ Vir); вар.: e-du ša2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54, No. -463 Obv. 6].

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число "нормальных звезд", см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) mulSUDUŠ AB.SIN2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir, Спика), см. Dbn-text (§v) [Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54].

(4) šur-ši absin "Корень Ячменного стебля" (γ Virginis), см. [Sachs 1952a 146; ASM 150].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Лук; PDIŠ mulKU6R ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2] "Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (это означает:) Меркурий (подходит) к Борозде" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8 325:4-7].

(2) = Стрела; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud … dGU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-ma "Если Лук достигает Стрелы … (это означает:) Меркурий стоит в пределах Борозды" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

(3) = Поле; см. [SAA 8 82 r. 8].

См. также "Большой список звезд".

Предсказания:

(4) Лунное затмение в Борозде; DIŠ ina itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-ma …taš-nin-tu4 ina KUR GAL2-ši ina KI AB.SIN2 u GENNA BAD.MEŠ "Если 14-го аддару происходит лунное затмение, … в стране будет конфликт. (Если оно происходит) в пределах Борозды и Сатурна, (будет) чума" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29]; […mulA]B.SIN2 a-dir EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-ša2 i-Car-ra-ar SU.KU2 ŠE u PIN.NUR "[Если Луна] затмилась в Борозде: решение для борозды; доход от борозды уменьшится, голод на ячмень и солому" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

(5) Венера и Борозда; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma me-Cu-u2 ZI-a na-ram-ti LUGAL […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и ураганный ветер поднимается: любимая женщина царя …" [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-ti Gu-ti-[i…] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и южный ветер дует: падение гутиев…" [ibid., rev. 27], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и северный ветер дует: главная жена …" [ibid., rev 28]; параллель см. [ibid., ND4362: 18-20].

(6) Урири и Борозда; DIŠ U.RI.RI ana AB.SIN2 KU.NU-ma ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Борозде: (произойдет) то же самое (= лошадиный мор)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(7) Меркурий в Борозде имеет большой блеск; см. u11UGA, VI 3.

(8) Наблюдения в астрологических целях; mu-ši a-ga-a d30 TUR3 il-ta-mi / mulAB.SIN2 u mulA.EDIN ina ŠA3-bi u2-šu-uz-zu "Этой ночью гало окружало Луну, Борозда и Эруа стояли в нем" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2]; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB.SIN2 it-tan-mar "Меркурий стал виден на востоке в пределах Борозды" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2]; TUR3 ša2 mulAB.SIN2 / a-na A.AN u A.KAL / ina EN.TE.NA i-lap-pat "Гало (вокруг Луны в пределах) Борозды предвещает дождь и наводнение зимой" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1]; mulDil-bat a-na mulAB!.SIN2 / i-kaš-šad "Венера достигнет (пределов) Борозды" [SAA 10 224: 10]; наблюдение Марса, приближающегося к Борозде, см. [ibid. 206: 4-9].
|Example
|}

== Transformation of the Constellations ==
<gallery>
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo MULAPIN.jpg|Babylonian pre-zodiac (MUL.APIN-based, visualisation by Jessica Gullberg, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo seleucid.jpg|Babylonian zodiac (Seleucid time, visualisation by Rober Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Zod asSufi.jpg|Classical zodiac visualized by as-Sufi (10th century CE), implemented in Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji.
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|The image of the Furrow with the Ear of Grain as painted by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|The image of the Goddess with the Ear of Grain (copied from tablet AO 6448 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|The double-goddess in Egyptian painting style as depicted in the circular zodiac in the temple of Denderah (Roman epoch). The Babylonian goddess Shala is left (east) whiie the other lady, on the lion's tail might be the Babylonian goddess Erua or the Egyptian deified queen Berenice.
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Vir]]
<references />

AL.LUL

2026-04-20T19:13:51Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[3] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AL.LUL}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Liocarcinus vernalis.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Vernal crab from the Belgian coastal waters on board of RV Belgica. CC BY-SA 4.0]]
The Mesopotamian term mulAL.LUL (𒀯𒀠𒈜) = ''Alluttu'' means "Crab" and in astronomy refers to the constellation [[Cancer]], The Crab. ALLA is a later Mesopotamian term, alternatively used for mulAL.LUL.
A schematic drawing of the ‘The Crab’ constellation is available on the Sippar Planisphere,<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> Sector 2: 4. It shows a quadrilateral with six dots inside representing the central star cluster M44. It may also be interpreted as a tiny crab formed of the four corner stars for the crab's 2 front claws and 2 swimming legs, and 6 other smaller stars inside the square for the main part of its body. The small smudge at the top of the drawing might just be a partially erased 11th dot for ‘The Crab’s’ head as described in the Uranology text D (MLC 1866) [Beaulieu et. al 2018:<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 36, 40]:<blockquote>''The Crab is the seat of Anu, (It is shaped like) a quadrilateral 4 stars are depicted on its sides, with 6 stars next to each other inside it. 1 star is depicted on its head.'' </blockquote>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
In Kurtik (2007), the terms (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik a21), mulALLA and (Kurtik k31), [[KUŠU2|mulKUŠU2]] have been separate lemmas. The Akkadian equivalent for mulAL.LUL "Crab" is mul''Alluttu.'' Syllabic writings occur mostly in lexical texts and 'Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'-group. Here we merge them as Sumerian mulAL.LUL or AL.LUL = ''alluttu'' (Akkadian) “crab”,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> and mul[[ALLA]]<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> = mul''alluttu'' (Akkadian) "Crab". In the sky, they all refer to the same asterism and zodiacal sign in [[Cancer]].

'''Variant readings:'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="4" |cuneiform
!transliteration(s)
|-
!
!Borger #
(1981)
!Unicode
(codepoint)
!NA sign
!
|-
|
| rowspan="2" |560
| rowspan="2" |U+...
| rowspan="2" |
|ALLA , ALLAx
|-
|
|NAGAR
|-
|
|562
|
|
|KUŠU2
|-
|
|298, 355
|U+..., U+...
|
|AL.LU5
|}
* mulALLA , mulALLAx ,
* mulAL.LU5 ,mulAL.LUL, mulAL.LUB

*mulNAGAR,
*mulKUŠU2 (ePSD2:<ref>ePSD2 [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux/o0032779 kušu]
</ref> a creature, crab or snapping turtle)
*mulALLA, on the reading ALLA for NAGAR in non-astronomical texts see: [Lambert 1969,<ref>''Lambert W.G. '' Review of Limet H. L'anthroponymie sumérienne dans les document de la 3edynastie ďUr. 1968 // BSOAS. 1969. V. 32, Pt. 3. P. 594-595.</ref> 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.],
* mulALLAx, on the reading ALLAx in astronomical texts see [Neugebauer and Sachs 1967; Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11].
'''Var. designations (ALLA):'''
*1) The constellation in [[Cancer]],
*2) the zodiacal sign [[Cancer]],
*3) ''ziqpu''-asterism XX in later astronomical and astrological texts
'''Relation to Planet:''' Crab is ''Bit niṣirti'' of Jupiter
[AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360-361; Gössmann 1950. 294; Gössmann 1950, 14; MSL VIII/2, 90-93; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156-158; Ungnad 1941-44, 256-7, fn. 42].

'''Philology:''' The reading of the Sumerian name mulal.lub rather than mulAL.LUL in the series Urra XXII is based on that in a school text from Susa (see CAD A/1, 351-352). mulALLA (formerly ALLAx) is a first millennium Sumerian name for the constellation written with the sign NAGAR.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts (AL.LUL)'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulal.lu5 [Emar VI/4, 154:115].
* (2) Urra XXII:
** mul''al-lub'' = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:296′];
** [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103].
* (3) Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki "Crab = Sippar" [MSL XVII, 229].
'''Lexical texts (ALLA)'''

* In monolingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulALLA [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27].

|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 245

* Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 104, 106, Anu 10):
** mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal
** "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing a crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27)

* Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 245, Anu X, LBAT 1499 Anu XI). BM 82923:
** mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An
** "The Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Horowitz 2014: Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:29].
* ,
* Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 161: 8 (setting in Month IV, Du'uzu), 19 (Rising in Month X, Ṭebetu).
*
* '''"Round astrolabes."'''
** K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. The list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9: <s>mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; see Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
*
*
* <s>Astrolabe B.</s>
** <s>(1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing a crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27); for a likely parallel see [BPO 2, III, 33-33a; Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, 181]; see also (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]]. </s>
** <s>(2) List (3´12): [itiab ... mul''al-lu-ut-tum šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "Month Ṭebetu: ... Crab (in the path of) Anu" (C ii 10).</s>
** <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is in month Ṭebetu, sunset is in month Du'uzu [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014 40, 42], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2, III 28a].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Month Ṭebetu, stars of Anu: mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An "The Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014, 139].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. múlalla (twice!), see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].</s>
* '''<s>"Round astrolabes."</s>'''
** <s>K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. The list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9: mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; see Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|"
|[[File:Cnc Hya KAKSISA stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with additional label "KAK.SI.SA2"|thumb|The Crab, the MUŠ-Dragon and the Arrow in the Babylonian Uranography. Stellarium mapwith paintings by Jessica Gullberg. ]]
|-
|'''EAE'''
* '''AL.LUL''' See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a-b, 28a-b, 33a, 35a, XV 11-13; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5-7].
* '''ALLA''' See [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''MUL.APIN (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 7):
** mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat dA-nim''
** "The Crab, the seat of Anu" (I i 7), parallel in [Beaulieu et al. 2018 40, MLC 1866 (col. ii 18)].
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme
** "On the 5th of month Du'uzu the Small Twins and the Crab become visible" (I ii 41).
* (3) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6).
* (4) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon":
** mulAL.LUL, after mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, before mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]].
*
'''MUL.APIN (ALLA).'''
*Astrological predictions: U.RI.RI and ALLA (II iii 25-27), see (Kurtik u01) [[U.RI.RI]] .
|[[File:CNC Cancer Anu smh.jpg|alt=drawing of "Anu's Seat" in Cancer (star chart)|thumb|MUL.APIN lists "The Crab, The Seat of Anu" where "the seat" might be his throne or his temple. According to the reconstruction of the Anu-temple of Uruk by the German Archaeological Institute, this temple looks like a box. Here, we depict Anu sitting on his temple as his throne (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024, after Kay Elzner's drawing for Hoffmann 2021<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2021). Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart</ref>).]]
|-
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea”'''
* (1) mulal.lul = ídidigna "The Crab = Tigris River";
* (2) MULmeš IGImeš ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL = ídidigna "Front stars of the Crab = Tigris River";
* (3) EGIRmeš-''tum'' = ídBURANUNki "the rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates River";
* (4) See also Reynolds 2019: 297-298.
* (5) astrological predictions:
** (a) IGImeš KUR4meš-''ma'' SA5me-''ma'' ídIDIGNA DU-''kam''2 "(If) the front stars (of the Crab) are bright and are red: the Tigris will overflow,"
** (b) MURUB4meš SA5me-''ma'' ZI IM "(If) the middle ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the wind will rise",
** (c) EGIRmeš SA5me-''ma'' ídBURANUNki DU-''kam''2 NIMmeš / SI.SA2meš "(If) the rear ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the Euphrates will overflow and the early (harvest) will prosper";
* (6) 12 Amurru stars [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:145, 148, 149, 150-153, 219]. See also BM 34387: 5' (Horowitz 2014: 206).
|
|-
|'''"Letters and Reports"'''
The name of the constellation occurs in 27 reports and 4 letters [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* "'''Simple Group'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''VAT 9428''', Obv. 13-15// '''NBC 7831''', Obv. 12-14//'''BM 33878''' obv. 12'-13' (restored from duplicates, see [Hätinen 2023)<ref>Hätinen, Aino (2023). BM 33878: A Uranology Fragment From Babylon, Journal for Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 75, 189-195, DOI</ref>]:
** mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-[m]a-ak-[ku'' 4] MULmeš ''ina i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru / i-na li[b''3''-b]i-šu2-nu'' [6 MULmeš ''a-ḫi-i]n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e-[ṣir.'' . mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI''-šu''2 ''e-ṣir''
** "The Crab (has the shape of) an ''apsamakku'' (trapezoid, rectangle or square). [4] stars are depicted on its circumference; within them [6 stars side by side] straddle one another; 1 star is depicted on its head. [Ju]piter is depicted in its front." [Weidner 1927,<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref> 73-76, 80-81; Beaulieu et al. 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 22-25].
* "'''Expanded Version'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''MLC 1866''' (col. ii 18-20):
** mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺-''ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2meš-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-u''ʼ ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a''-[''ḫ'']''a-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i-šu''2 mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu''
** "The Crab is the seat of Anu. (It is shaped like) a quadrangle. 4 stars are drawn on its sides; 6 stars inside it side by side straddle one another. 1 star is depicted on its head. In front of it [Jupiter sta]nds." [Beaulieu et al, 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 36, 40].
** See (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
* See also (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL "3[⅓] mina in weight, 2/3 ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the rear Twin [Gemini] to the Crab [Cancer]",
** (b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, ⅔ ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the head of the Lion" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:9-12; TU 21 r. 9-12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL]
** "⅔ ''bēru'' to the Crab" [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14].
* (3) VAT 16436: see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''...]
** "From the Greater Twins until the Cra[b...]". [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:11].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere (description, see above: Uranologies):
** a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL "⅔ miles (20°) to the Crab" (rev. 19),
** b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:19, 177]; see also BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180].
** In the diagram on the Sippar Planisphere, the Crab corresponds to 10 dots, of which the 4 outermost ones form a square with 6 smaller dots inside [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001,<ref name=":0" /> 176-177, Segment 2], see also "''ziqpu''" below.
'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (ALLA).'''

* VAT 16436:
** múlALLA // 10 // 14 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Crab // 10 (stars) // 14600 cubits". [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11].
|[[File:Cnc AlRawi2001 details 300dpi.jpg|alt=illustration from paper |thumb|Drawing of AL.LUL on the Sippar Planisphere (W. Horowitz and F. N. H. Al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":0" />), highlighting by Hoffmann 2024.]]
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (D)
** mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu
** "The Crab (ε Cnc) or the Snake (β Cnc), the Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the constellation of the Arrow (π Pup): a string". [Pingree and Walker 1988, 315:5-6].
* (E)
** 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu''-<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu
** "5° behind the Crab, or Jupiter, which stands behind the Crab in front of the Lion, and the constellation of the Arrow (ρ Pup): a string [ibid. 315:7-8];
|[[File:GU IV.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart for GU IV|thumb|star chart for GU IV (fourth GU, Kurtik GU D), published by Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":2">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann, Susanne M and Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021; Nuncius Hamburgensis 57, (Ahrensburg: tredition & Berlin:OpenScienceTechnology, 2022)</ref> in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy.]][[File:GU V (Kurtik- GU E).jpg|alt=star chart for GU V|thumb|map of the GU V in the GU-text (Kurtik GU E), published in Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":2" /> in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy. ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §O. mulal.lul "Crab" (δ, θ Cnc), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
|[[File:Dalbanna O.jpg|alt=star chart for Dalbanna "O"|thumb|Dalbanna pattern "O"; for this line two versions are preserved and the patterns here distinguished with different colours (plot by Susanne M Hoffmann, 2024)]]
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
* [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB...] / [...mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 ...]
* "[On the 1]5th [of month Ṭebetu] at sunrise, (the point) 5° behind the Cr[ab] [...] culminates(?) [...] Sir[us...]" [SpTU I, 95:15'-16'; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 99].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy (ALLA).'''
*ALLA is the zodiacal sign of the Crab [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; first as allax in the lunar tables of the late 5th century BCE [Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989].
*(2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ''ar''2 <<ut>> ''ša''2 múlalla "Rear stars of the Crab" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11].
*(3) BM 36609+:
**a) Anaphora.
***(1) А 3427: [...''ina''] itiziz2 ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlALLA ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
****"[...In] the month Šabaṭu at noon(?) of the 29th day the Crab emits a ''mišḫu'' and ascends(?)" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23].
***(2) A...] x ''a-na'' 4 ''ša''2 múl''lu-lim'' / [EN...] ''um-mu-lut'' KI ''ša''2 ALLA
****"[From ...] ... 4 stars of the Stag / [to...] the Dusky [stars]: in place of the Crab" [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15-16].
**(b)
***TA ''a-si-du'' / EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL-''šu''2 KUR
***"From the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) / to (the point located) 5° behind the Dull Stars. / The Crab, from its beginning to its end, ascends." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23-25];
***rising time: 30° [ibid. 550].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts" (ALLA).'''
*The constellation and zodiacal sign of the Crab [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I-III, passim]; first in [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, no. -567:10];
* As a designation of the constellation included in the names of 4 "normal stars", see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]] and (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) The Lunaria:
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 "in the area of the Crab" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (2) Microzodiac. See (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (3) Hypsomata: The Crab— Jupiter's hypsoma, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
* (4) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU [...] "[If] he is born where the Crab (culminates)" [SpTU V, 265:3'].
* (5) AO 6483: [...: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul [...] "[If a child is born ..., (when) the Crab] appears: death by arms" [TU 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (7) An extispicy including the correspondence between liver parts, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik a21) ALLA.

'''Late Astrology, Magic and the Calendar (ALLA).'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ALLA is the sign of the zodiac "Crab"(= Cancer) [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaria." BRM IV, 19: ALLA is the designation of the zodiacal sign Crab (=Cancer) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: g, h, m, 23; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 95-125].
*(3) Microzodiac.
**The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**4-''ni''!-''tum'' ḪA.LA múlALLA ''šum''3-''šu''2
**"4th part, its name is the Crab" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66].
*(3) "Calendar-magical texts".
*(a) BM 34452+:**4 26 // 3 8 // ''Sin'' [''ina'' x x x] x múlALLA / [...] dNAMMU
**"Du'uzu 26 // Simanu 8 // Moon [in x x x] x Crab. / [...] Nammu."
**[LBAT, 1586 + 1587; Hunger 1975, 41:15].
*(b) In the "calendar" ritual texts, the Crab (ŠU/ALLA) corresponds to a recipe for an ointment (W 22619/9+): ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "MIN(=APIN) 10 // ALLA 10 // (with) the blood of a crab, and the crab’s fat you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; ingredients for medical treatment are derived from the animal seen in the zodiacal sign concerned, see Reiner 1995, 116f.
*(4) Zodiacal astrology.
** KI múlALLA UŠ2 ''a-ab-bu''
** "Area of Cancer: death in the ocean."
** [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
*(5) Predicting prices of grain based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlALLA) [SpTU I, 94, passim].
*(6) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on observations of the culmination of stars and positions of the Sun relative to constellations:
** ''ki-i'' múlALLA ''a-na ziq-pi'' ''izzazu''(GUB)zu-''m''[''a''...] / mulALLA múlKAK.SI.SA2 [...] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlALLA ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.[GI6)...]
**"If the Crab culminates and the [(lunar) eclipse should begin], the Crab, the Arrow [...] until the Sun has reached the Crab. It means: eclipse[s ...]" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6-8].
*(7) between liver parts, deities, months and stars:
**KAL d''Uraš''(IB) itiŠU mulALLA mulAPIN // ''da''-x[...] / d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a''
**"The 'Strength' is Uraš; month Du'uzu; Crab, Plow; [...] Šulpae";
**perhaps ''da-p''[''i-nu''] should be restored here for an extispicy and its correspondences [SpTU IV, 159:8-9; Reiner 1995, 78].
|
|}
See also [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]].
[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
[[File:ALUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 173653.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AL.LUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Tarf]]
|HIP 40526
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.52
|-
|2
| κ Geminorum
|HIP 37740
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.57
|-
|3
|[[Asellus Australis]]
|HIP 42911
|Constellation lines
|3.94
|-
|4
|ι 1 Cancri
|HIP 43103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.018
|-
| 5
|[[Acubens]]
|HIP 44066
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.249
|-
|6
|[[Asellus Borealis]]
|HIP 42806
|Constellation lines
|4.652
|-
| 7
|[[Tegmine]]
|HIP 40167
|Inside the Hull
|4.67
|-
|8
|μ 2 Cancri
|HIP 39780
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|9
| zet01 Cnc
|HIP 40167A
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|10
|η Cancri
|HIP 41909
|Constellation lines
|5.325
|-
|11
|θ Cancri
|HIP 41822
|Constellation lines
|5.337
|-
|12
|85 Gem
|HIP 38722
|Inside the Hull
|5.365
|-
| 13
|27 Cnc
|HIP 41400
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|14
|3 Cnc
|HIP 39177
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|15
| 45 Cnc
|HIP 42795
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|16
|υ 1 Cancri
|HIP 41816
|Inside the Hull
|5.694
|-
|17
|ψ Cancri
|HIP 40023
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 40167C
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 40866
|Inside the Hull
|5.798
|-
|20
|[AKS95] 73
|[AKS95] 73
|Inside the Hull
|5.832
|-
|21
| ω 1 Cancri
|HIP 39191
|Inside the Hull
| 5.853
|-
|22
|50 Cnc
|HIP 43121
|Inside the Hull
| 5.885
|-
|23
| Piautos
|HIP 40881
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|24
|20 Cnc
|HIP 41117
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 25
|29 Cnc
|HIP 41578
|Inside the Hull
|5.948
|-
|26
|5 Cnc
|HIP 39236
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|27
|μ 1 Cancri
|HIP 39659
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 40231
| Inside the Hull
| 6.047
|-
|29
| 28 Cnc
|HIP 41574
| Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|30
| 21 Cnc
|HIP 41163
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 41319
|Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
|32
| * phi02 Cnc A
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 40167B
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|34
|[AKS95] 69
|[AKS95] 69
|Inside the Hull
|6.176
|-
|35
|* phi02 Cnc B
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 40058
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|37
|82 Gem
|HIP 38106
|Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 39535
| Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|39
| 12 Cnc
|HIP 39874
|Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 42010
|Inside the Hull
|6.247
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 39180
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|42
| [[Meleph]]
|HIP 42556
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|43
|ω 2 Cancri
|HIP 39263
|Inside the Hull
|6.297
|-
|44
| -
| HIP 39194
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 45
| -
|HIP 42187
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|46
|υ 2 Cancri
| HIP 41940
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 40354
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|48
| 54 Cnc
|HIP 43454
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|49
|39 Cnc
| HIP 42516
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 42549
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 51
| -
|HIP 40675
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|52
|ψ1 Cnc
|HIP 40007
| Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|53
| -
| HIP 43427
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 41833
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 40342
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

==== Deity ====
The name was recorded, as a rule, without the determinative d; it is absent from the lists of gods. On its connection with Anu see MUL.APIN I i 7 and BM 82923:29, and [BPO 2, III 33a]: ''dA-nim'' mulAL.LUL; see also MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. The connection with Ninurta is attested in VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) dNin-[g]ir2-su "The crab—the river of the god Ningirsu" [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, fn. 99; 1963 117, fn. 9]; for a parallel see [SpTU III, 101:5]. For the namburbi series, see [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7; Maul 1994 = Stefan M. Maul, Zukunftsbewältigung. Eine Untersuchung altorientalischen Denkens anhand der babylonisch-assyrischen Löserituale (Namburbi). Baghdader Forschungen 18, Mainz 1994]. In astrological geography, the Crab correlates (a) with Sippar, (b) the Tigris River; stars in front of the Crab—with the Tigris, the stars in the back—with the Euphrates [Weidner 1963] (see below).

==== Symbol ====
For astral images of the crab on seals from Uruk during the time of the Seleucids, see [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994-1000; Kurtik 2007, fig. 22-27, 46]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlALLA (designation of the zodiacal sign Cancer) corresponds to A.MEŠ "waters". [SpTU II, 43:4].

==== Previous Identifications ====
Koch's identification of the stars in the GU text [Pingree and Walker 313-322]: mul.al.lul is ε Cnc, mul.muš is 1 Hya, or 30 Mon, or 2 Hya, mul.ban is ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 is 11 CMa, or Pulk55 1121m, or Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; see Pingree's objections [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 90-98].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars: mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL "The False Star = Crab" [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) = Goat-Fish: mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 "The Crab is so said to denote the Goat-Fish, namely, ''suḫurmāšu''." [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = Entenabarguz: MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ mulAL.LUL "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulŠU.GI) is Entenabarguz. Entenabarguz = The Crab" [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Lunar halo and Crab: DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the Crab stands in it: the life of the king of Akkad will last" [SAA 10, 113:6-7]; for parallels see. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1-3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) Saturn & the Crab (observations); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (gloss.: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL. LUL [xxxxxx] "Their (the Scales') position is stable, [(this) means that Saturn stands] in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:4-5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] "Saturn stands in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:8-r.1 ].

(6) Jupiter & the Crab (observations); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] ''/ a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' "Later once it (Jupiter) continued to move and approached the Crab" [SAA 8, 84 r. 2-3]; see also [ibid. 323: 1-3].

(7) Mars approaches the Crab; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' "If the Strange Star (= Mars) comes close to the Crab: the ruler will die. / If it had become stationary (and) stopped, that would have been [a bad sign]; this (now) is an evil (sign) for Akkad." [SAA 8, 101:7-9]; observations and warnings: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u''2 ''i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 "Mars reached the Crab; [the king should] know (about it) and be careful until it goes out" [SAA 8, 380:4-r.3]; for other examples, see [SAA 8, 28:4-r.3, 80 r. 3, 452:6-r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' [...] "If Mars comes close to the Crab: the Elamites will attack, and the city will be captured [...]". [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) The Goat (=Venus) approaches the Crabː [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ ... mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' "[If] the Goat comes close to the Crab: there will be reconciliation and peace in the country; the gods will have mercy on the country; ... (because) Goat = Venus." [SAA 8, 175: r. 1-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 247:8-r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5-11].

(9) Heliacal rising of Mercury in the Crab: DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If the Crab is dark: the spirit of a wronged man will possess the country, deaths will occur in the country". [SAA 8, 477:6-r. 1].

(10) ''Uriri'' and the Crab: DIŠ mul5.U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul5.ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme "If the star Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Crab, omen for an important person: he will die" (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

(11) Lunar eclipse in the Crab: [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ídIdigna ...] "If the Moon eclipses in the area of the front stars of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Tigris River" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''...] "If the Moon eclipses in the hind region of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Euphrates river..." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 219, BM 38164:2]; for a parallel see [Verderame 2002, Texts IIa:4′-6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47-48] as well as the “Great Star List.”

(12) Mercury in the Crabː DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 GUB-''ma'' "If the front stars of the Crab are red: rising of the wind. (It means) that Mercury stands in it." [BPO 2, III 7-b-c].

See also [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a21)
|
|-
|
=== (a21) ALLA ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulNAGAR, mulKUŠU2, mulalla, mulallax, mulkušu2; = «Краб»(?). О чтении alla для NAGAR в не-астрономических текстах см. [Lambert 1969, 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.], о чтении allax в астрономических текстах см. [Neugebauer–Sachs 1967; Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11]. 1) Созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующие современному Раку (Cancer), 2) = ziqpu XX в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [CAD A/1, 361b; Gössmann 1950, 294; MSL VIII/2, 90–93; Ungnad 1941–44, 256–7, Anm. 42].
I. Источники.

Лексич тексты. В одноязычных шумерских списках звезд: mulNAGAR [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27]. EAE. См. [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!): a) месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля (ошибка: д.б. múlmuš «Змея» симану, звезды Энлиля), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2; b) месяц шабату, звезды Ану, см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA [LBAT, 1499:4, 11]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: U.RI.RI и ALLA (II iii 25–27), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110–111]. MLC 1866. См. a18AL.LUL, k09KAK.BAN. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436: múlALLA // 10 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Краб // 10 (звезд) // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11]. «Дневники наблюдений». Созвездие и знак зодиака Краб [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; впервые в [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No. -567:10]; как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 4 «нормальных звезд», см. a18AL.LUL и m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. ALLA – знак зодиака Краб [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; впервые как allax в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989]. Анафора. (1) А 3427: [… ina] itiziz2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[…В] месяце шабату в полдень(?) 29-го дня Краб испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23]. (2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ar2 <<ut>> ša2 múlalla «Задние звезды Краба» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11]. (3) BM 36609+: a) [TA…] x x a-na 4 ša2 múllu-lim / [EN…] um-mu-lut KI ša2 ALLA «[От …] …4 звезд Оленя / [до…] Тусклых [звезд]: место Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15–16]. b) TA a-si-du / EN 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «От Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) / До (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых звезд. / Краб, от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23–25]; время восхода: 300 [ibid. 550]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ALLA — знак зодиака «Краб»(= Рак) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: ALLA — обозначение знака зодиака Краб (=Рак) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: g, h, m, 23; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: 4-ni!-tum ḫa.la múlalla šum3-šu2 «4-я часть, ее имя Краб» [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. (3) «Календарно-магические тексты». a) BM 34452+: 4 26 // 3 8 // Sin [ina x x x] x múlALLA / […] dNAMMU «Дуузу 26 // симану 8 // Луна [в x x x] x Крабе. / […] Намму.» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15]. b) Рецепт изготовления мази W 22619/9+: 10 MIN(=APIN) // 10 KUŠU2 // UŠ2 al-lut-tu2 u I3.UDU MIN(=alluttu) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Арахсамну 10 // Рак 100 // Кровь рака и жир рака ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; параллель (сокращение ŠU = KUŠU2) см. [SpTU III, 104]. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlALLA UŠ2 a-ab-bu «Область Рака: смерть от врага» [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlNAGAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания лунных затмений по наблюдениям кульминаций звезд и положений Солнца относительно созвездий: ki-i múlNAGAR a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-m[a…] / mulNAGAR múlGAG.SI.SA2 […] / a-di-i dŠamaš múlNAGAR ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN.[GI6)…] «Если Краб кульминирует и [(лунное) затмение должно начаться], Краб, Стрела… до тех пор пока Солнце Краба не достигнет. Его значение: затме[ние…]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6–8]. (7) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: KAL dUraš(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // da-x[…] / dŠul-pa-e3-a «‘Сила’ — Ураш; дуузу; Краб, Плуг; […] Шульпаэ»; возможно здесь должно быть da-p[i-nu] [SpTU IV, 159:8–9; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

См. также a18AL.LUL, k31KUŠU2.
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|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL.
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!Kurtik (2022, a18 & a22)
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==== (a18) mulAL.LUL ====
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|вар. чтения: mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB, mulALLA; = mul''alluttu'' «Краб»; 1) созвездие в Раке (Canсer), 2) ''ziqpu'' XX, группа звезд в Раке [AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360–361; Gössmann 1950, 14; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156–158]. См. также a21ALLA, k31KUŠU2.
I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Ura'' XXII: mulal-lub = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103]. '''(3)''' Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki «Краб=Сиппар» [MSL XVII, 229]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. '''(1)''' Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, 60; '''(2)''' месяц тебету, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574–575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal «Красная звезда, которая стоит на востоке поcле Близнецов, Гула, несущая корону, (это) Краб, звезда Ану, вблизи Царя» (B ii 24–27); вероятная параллель см. [BPO 2, III, 33–33a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181]; см. также u11UGA. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiab … mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Месяц тебету: … Краб (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 10). '''(3)''' Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], см. g27GU.LA; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 28a]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану: mulAL.LUL // 1,10 // ''šu-bat'' ''An'' «Краб // 70 // Сидение Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014]. BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!), см. a21ALLA. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1,10 «Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Краб, 70» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''ЕАЕ'''.'' См. [Snake 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a–b, 28a–b, 33a, 35a, XV 11–13; Verderame2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5–7]. '''''MUL.APIN'''.'' '''(1)''' Список звезд Энлиля (№ 7): mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat'' d''A-nim'' «Созвездие Краб, место Ану» (I i 7), параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18). '''(2)''' Список дат гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme «5-го дуузу Малые Близнецы и Краб становятся видны» (I ii 41). '''(3)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulAL.LUL, после mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, перед mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Астрологические предсказания: (II iii 25–27) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 20, 41, 59, 68, 110–111]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulal.lul = ídidigna «Краб = река Тигр»; '''(2)''' mul.meš igi.meš ''ša''2 mulal.lul = ídidigna «Передние звезды Краба = река Тигр»; '''(3)''' egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = река Евфрат»; '''(4)''' астрологические предсказания: a) igi.meš kur4.meš-''ma'' sa5.me-''ma'' ídidigna du-''kam''2 «(Если) передние звезды (Краба) имеют большой блеск и красные: Тигр разольется», b) murub4.meš sa5.me-''ma'' zi im «(Если) средние (звезды Краба) красные: поднимется ветер», c) egir.meš sa5.me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 nim.meš / si.sa2.meš «(Если) задние (звезды Краба) красные: Евфрат разольется и ранний (урожай) будет обильным»; '''(5)''' 12 звезд Амурру [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:145, 148, 149, 150–153, 219]. «'''''Письма''» ''и'' «''Рапорты''»''.''''' Название созвездия встречается в 27 рапортах и 4 письмах [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a]. '''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.''''' См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. См. ниже «Символ», а также k09KAK.BAN. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''.'' '''(1)''' AO 6478: a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL «3[⅓ ми]ны веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Заднего Близнеца до Рака», b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва» [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:9–12; TU, 21 r. 9–12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. '''(2)''' VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL] «200 до Краба» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14]. '''(3)''' VAT 16436: см. a21ALLA. '''(4)''' BM 38369+: TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''…] «От Больших Близнецов до Кра[ба…]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:11]. '''(5''') Sippar Planisphere: a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL «⅔ мили (200) до Краба» (rev. 19), b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:19, 177]; см. также BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(D)''' mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu «Краб (ε Cnc) или Змея (β Cnc), Лук (η CMa) и левая нога созвездия Стрела (π Pup): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 315:5–6]. '''(E)''' 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu-''<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu «5 uš позади Краба, или Юпитер, который стоит позади Краба перед Львом, и созвездие Стрела (ρ Pup): веревка [ibid. 315:7–8]; отождествление Коха звезд в этом уравнивании: mulal.lul — ε Cnc, mulmuš — 1 Hya, или 30 Mon, или 2 Hya, mulban — ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 — 11 CMa, или Pulk55 1121''m'', или Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; возражения Пингри см. [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 90–98]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''.'' '''§O'''. mulal.lul «Краб» (δ, θ Cnc), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. '''''Текст''''' '''''W22281a'''''. [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB…] / […mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 …] «[1]5-го [тебету] при восходе Солнца (точка) в 50 к востоку от Кр[аб]а […] в кульминации […] Сири[ус…]» [SpTU I, 95:15'–16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99]. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 «Область Краба» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. a21ALLA. '''(2)''' «Микрозодиак». См. a21ALLA. '''(3)''' «Гипсома». Краб — гипсома Сатурна, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. '''(4)''' W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда Краб (кульминирует), родился» [SpTU V, 265:3']. '''(5)''' AO 6483: […: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul […] «[Если ребенок родился, когда…, (когда) Краб] появляется: смерть от оружия» [TU, 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. '''(6)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], см. s20''Sîn''. '''(7)''' В «календарных» ритуальных текстах Крабу (ŠU/ALLA) соответствует рецепт мази: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') «Кровь краба, жир краба ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; что при этом конкретно имеется в виду, остается неясным. '''(8)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a21ALLA.

II. Божество.

Название записывалось, как правило, без детерминатива d; отсутствует в списках богов. О его связи с Ану см. MUL.APIN, I i 7 и BM 82923:29, а также [BPO 2, III 33a]: d''A''-''nim'' mulAL.LUL; см. также MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. Связь с Нинуртой засвидетельствована в VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) d''nin''-[''g'']''ir2''-''su'' «Краб ― река бога Нингирсу» [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, Anm. 99; 1963 117, Anm. 9]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 101:5]. В серии намбурби см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Краб соотносится: a) c Сиппаром, b) рекой Тигр; передние звезды Краба — с Тигром, задние звезды — с Евфратом [Weidner 1963] (см. ниже).

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428, Obv. 13–15: mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-''[''m'']''a-ak''-[''ku'' 4] MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ''i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru'' / ''i-na li''[''b''3''-b'']''i-šu''2''-nu'' [6 MUL.MEŠ ''a-ḫi''-''i'']''n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e''-[''ṣir''... mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir'' «Краб (имеет форму) ''apsamakku'' (трапеция, прямоугольник или квадрат) ([AHw 61; CAD A/2, 192]). [4] звезды изображены на его окружности; внутри их [6 звезд] следуют [рядом] друг за другом; 1 звезда на его голове изображена. [Ю]питер впереди его изображен» [Weidner 1927, 73–76, 80–81; CAD A/1, 361; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 22–25]. Описание в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18–20): mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺''-ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-uʼ'' ''ina'' ''lib''3-''bi''-''šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a-''[''ḫ'']a''-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+ ''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu2'' ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i''-''šu2'' mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu'' «Краб — сидение Ану. (Он имеет форму) четырехугольника. 4 звезды изображены по его сторонам, внутри его 6 звезд рядом друг за другом следуют. 1 звезда на его голове изображена. Впереди [Юпитер сто]ит» [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40]. На диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere Крабу соответствует 10 точек, из них 4 крайние образуют квадрат, внутри которого 6 более мелких точек [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 176–177, Segment 2]. Астральные изображения краба на печатях из Урука селевкидского времени см. [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994–1000; Куртик 2007, рис. 22–27, 46]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlALLA (обозначение знака зодиака Рак) соответствует A.MEŠ «воды» [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= приблизительно Cancer, в особенности ι Cancri [Gössmann 1950, 14];

= α CМi, хотя признается, что в некоторых случаях al.lu5 обозначает знак зодиака Cancer [Waerden 1949, 21, note 21; 1974, 73, 76];

= Э.Вайднер рассматривает α CMi в качестве ведущей звезды созвездия [Weidner 1957–59, 77];

= Cancer [BPO 2, 7, 10; Hunger and Steele 2019, 137; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= γ δ ε (Praesepe) + η θ ι Cancri [Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 15]; см. также [Koch 1993, 187, Anm. 10].

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

Число звезд в múlALLA = 10, согласно, VAT 16436:11 [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

= Praesepe (Ясли) in Cancer (группа звезд) [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

''='' ε Cnc + Praesepe [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Передняя звезда Краба к северу» (η Cancri);

(2) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Передняя звезда Краба к югу» (θ Cancri);

(3) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Задняя звезда Краба к северу» (γ Cancri);

(4) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Задняя звезда Краба к югу» (δ Cancri);

четыре указанные звезды входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

В «Большом списке звезд» подразделяется на три части:

(5) «Передние звезды...» (см. выше);

(6) murub4.meš «Cрединные (звезды)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:151];

(7) «Задние (звезды)» (см. выше).

В астрологии подразделяется на две части:

(9) MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Передние звезды Краба» [BPO 2, III 7b], см. также [BPO 2, XV 13 + Parallels; Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 1'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 47].

(10) MUL.MEŠ EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Задние звезды Краба» [Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 2'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 48]; cм. также: MUL2 ''ar''2me ''ša''2 ALLA «Задние звезды Краба» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -381:4].

(11) Правая и левая стороны ALLA упоминаются в MUL.APIN II iii 26–27, см. u01U.RI.RI.

(12) MUL2?MEŠ IGI?.˹MEŠ˺ ''u ar''2.MEŠ ''ša''2 ALLA «передние и задние звезды Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker, Sect. 10: rev. v 2′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL «Звезда Лжец = Краб» [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) ''= Коза-Рыба''; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 «Краб ― так говорят, чтобы обозначить Козу-Рыбу, а именно, ''suḫurmāšu''» [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = ''Энтенабархум''; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 DU-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL «Звезда, которая позади него (т.е. позади mulŠU.GI) стоит — Энтенабархум. Энтенабархум = Краб» [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

Предсказания:

(4) ''Лунное гало и Краб''; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu2'' GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' «Если Луна окружена гало, и Краб стоит в нем: жизнь царя Аккада продлится» [SAA 10, 113:6–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1–3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) ''Сатурн и Краб'' (''наблюдения''); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (глосса: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL.LUL [xxxxx] «Их положения стабильны, [(это) означает, что Сатурн стоит] в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:4–5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] «Сатурн стоит в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:8–r.1].

(6) ''Юпитер и Краб'' (''наблюдение''); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma'' [0] ''it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] / ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' «Позднее он (Юпитер) продолжил движение и приблизился к Крабу» [SAA 8, 84 r. 2–3]; см. также [ibid. 323: 1–3].

(7) ''Марс приближается к Крабу''; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma'' ''ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' «Если Странная Звезда (= Марс) приближается к Крабу: правитель умрет. / Если он останавливается (и) стоит, это [зловещий знак]; это злое (предзнаменование) для Аккада» [SAA 8, 101:7–9]; наблюдение и предупреждение: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u2 i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 «Марс достиг Краба; [царь дол]жен знать (об этом) и быть осторожным, пока он не вышел» [SAA 8, 380:4–r.3]; другие примеры см. [SAA 8, 28:4, 80 r. 3, 452:6–r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' […] «Если Марс к Крабу приближается: нападение Элама, город будет захвачен […]» [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''приближается к Крабу''; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ … mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' «[Если] Коза приближается в Крабу: в стране наступит примирение и мир; боги смилуются над страной; пустые закрома наполнятся; урожай страны будет обильным; беременные женщины будут вынашивать своих младенцев положенное время; великие боги покинут (временно) святилища страны; храмы великих богов будут восстановлены, (это произойдет, поскольку): Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175: r. 1–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 247:8–r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5–11].

(9) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в Крабе'': DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если Краб темный: дух злого человека овладеет страной, смерти будут в стране» [SAA 8, 477:6–r. 1].

(10) ''Урири и Краб''; DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme «Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Крабу, ḪUR AL умрут» (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) ''Лунное затмения в Крабе''; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Idigna'' …] «Если Луна затмилась в области передних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Тигр» [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''…] «Если Луна затмилась в области задних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Евфрат…» [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; параллель см. [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′–6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47–48], а также «Большой список звезд».

(12) ''Меркурий в Крабе''; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 DU-''ma'' «Если передние звезды Краба красные: восход ветра. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в нем» [BPO 2, III 7–b–c].

См. также [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
|
|-
|
==== (a22) mul''Alluttu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Cnc]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

DINGIR.TUŠ.A

2026-04-14T15:14:44Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:MULAPIN-circPol smh stellarium.jpg|thumb|A suggestion for identification of the constellations in the circumpolar area of the Mesopotamian star heaven; draft in Stellarium as drawn in Stellarium (2025). The identifications of the Heir and the Yoke are rather uncertain (180° uncertainty; they can also be at the opposite position).]]
mulDINGIR.KU.Ameš (𒀯𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍), The Sitting Gods, is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* mulAN.KU.Ameš,
* mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš,
* mulAN.TUŠ.Ameš = ''antušû'', ''ankurû''(?) "the Sitting Gods" [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 56; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/2, 124; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 28, 113; Labat 1976<ref>''Labat R''. Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne. Paris, 1976.</ref>, 49; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 35]; a group of stars (?).
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate:<blockquote>mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. '''''??? So we should have a heading DINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš ???'''''

The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively.</blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46, 1:15-16, the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI, see (Kurtik d10) [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
Text Nv. 10.

* (1) Intercalation scheme: muldingir.tuš.a.˹m˺eš êa as star Anu — star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month Šabaṭu, see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]].
* (2) mulur.gi7 is the star of AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA in the month Abu, see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
|
|-
|'''Stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.'''
* a) List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 11): mulan.KU.ameš [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 13; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The list of the stars of Enlil (no. 22): mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut E''2''-kur'' "Sitting Gods of Ekur" (I i 23), see also [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|[[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The MUL.APIN-"The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|-
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:16.'''
* muldingir.ku.ameš ''šu-ut'' E2''-''kur = d''A-nu u'' d''En-lil''2 "Sitting Gods of Ekur = Anu and Enlil" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:16; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:16].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (L) ˹½ danna˺ egir [mu]l''E''4-''ru''6(A.EDIN) kimin dingir.ku.ameš ''kal-lum'' mulgiš.erin2 igi-''u''2 / ˹mulnu.muš.˺da ''u'' udu.idim.sag.uš ''ša''2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub gu "(The point at a distance of) half ''bēru''(=150) behind Erua, or the Sitting Gods (μ Vir), the frontal pan of Libra (α Lib), Numušda (κ Cen), and Saturn, which stands in front of Libra, a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 314-315, BM 78161:19-20; ASM<ref name=":3">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 92]; according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":4">''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58], ''an''-KU''-a-meš'' = υ Vir, ''kal-lum'' mulgiš-erin2 igi-''u''2 = α Lib, mul''Nu-muš-da'' = ω Lup, Lup d, Lup g.
|[[File:SittingGods 1hafterErua stellarium-004 smh cut.jpg|thumb|GU XII (greenish line in the middle).]]
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
Deities-protectors, guardians; mentioned as a pair with DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš 'Standing deities', see previous article. Among the epithets: dingir.meš ''na-bu-u-ti'' "Brilliant gods" [Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 569:17, note 5].

==== Symbol. ====
Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 9 MUL.MEŠ DINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš "9 stars, Sitting Gods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":5">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, Section IX].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= "perhaps, the stars in the front part of the Serpent, in the southern part of Hercules, and in the northwestern part of Ophiuchus." [Weidner 1927<ref name=":5" />, 84; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 28];

= "(9) seated gods," stars in Serpent, Hercules, and Ophiuchus [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78];

= ε, π, ρ, θ Herculis (?) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138];

= ι Vir (?) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, 320];

= υ Vir [Koch 1992<ref name=":4" />, 58; Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":6">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>];

= Virgo stars in the vicinity of Libra [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":6" />, 71];

= μ Virginis [ASM<ref name=":3" />, 275].

The transition from Hercules to Virgo may serve to illustrate how unreliable some identifications of Mesopotamian constellations are.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d11)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulAN.KU.Ameš, mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Amul, mulAN.TUŠ.Ameš = antušû, ankurû(?) «Сидящие Боги» [AHw, 56; BPO 2, 11; CAD A/2, 124; G. 28, 113; Labat 1976, 49; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35]; группа звезд в созвездии Девы (Virgo) (?).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI, см. d10DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 11): mulan.KU.ameš [CT 33, 9 r. 13; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 22): mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš šu-ut E2-kur «Сидящие Боги из Экура» (I i 23), см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:10']. Список звезд V R 46, 1:16. muldingir.ku.ameš šu-ut E2-kur = dA-nu u dEn-lil2 «Сидящие Боги = Ану и Энлиль» [HBA 51:16; Wee 2016, 162–3:16]. GU-текст. (L) ˹½ danna˺ egir [mu]lE4-ru6(A.EDIN) kimin dingir.ku.ameš kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 / ˹mulnu.muš.˺da u udu.idim.sag.uš ša2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub gu «(Точка, находящаяся на расстоянии) половины bēru(=150) позади Эруа, или Сидящие Боги (μ Vir), передняя чаша Весов (α Lib), Нумушда (κ Cen), и Сатурн, который стоит впереди Весов, ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 314–315, BM 78161:19–20; ASM, 92]; согласно [Koch 1992, 58], an-KU-a-meš = υ Vir, kal-lum mulgiš-erin2 igi-u2 = α Lib, mulNu-muš-da = ω Lup, Lup d, Lup g. Текст Nv. 10. (1) Схема интеркаляции: muldingir.tuš.a.˹m˺eš êак звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце шабату, см. u19UR.GI7. (2) mulur.giˆ — звезда AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA в месяце абу, см. g06GAM3.

II. Божество.

Божества-защитники, охранители; упоминаются в паре с DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš «Стоящими божествами», см. предыдущую статью. Среди эпитетов: dingir.meš na-bu-u-ti «Блестящие боги» [Sidersky 1920, 569:17, note 5].

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428 r. 12: 9 MUL.MEŠ DINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš «9 звезд, Сидящие Боги» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, Section IX].

IV. Отождествление.

= «возможно, звезды в передней части Змеи, в южной части Геркулеса и в северо-западной части Змееносца» [Weidner 1927, 84; G. 28];

= «(9) сидящих богов», звезды в Змее, Геркулесе и Змееносце [Weidner 1957–59, 78];

= ε, π, ρ, θ Herculis (?) [MA, 138];

= ι Vir (?) [Pingree–Walker 1988, 320];

= υ Vir [Koch 1992, 58; Donbaz–Koch 1995];

= звезды Девы в окрестности Весов [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 71];

= μ Virginis [ASM, 275].

Переход от Геркулеса к Деве может служить иллюстрацией того, насколько еще ненадежны некоторые отождествления месопотамских созвездий.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]ˆ

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

DINGIR.TUŠ.A

2026-04-14T15:12:55Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:MULAPIN-circPol smh stellarium.jpg|thumb|A suggestion for identification of the constellations in the circumpolar area of the Mesopotamian star heaven; draft in Stellarium as drawn in Stellarium (2025). The identifications of the Heir and the Yoke are rather uncertain (180° uncertainty; they can also be at the opposite position).]]
mulDINGIR.KU.Ameš (𒀯𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍), The Sitting Gods, is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* mulAN.KU.Ameš,
* mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš,
* mulAN.TUŠ.Ameš = ''antušû'', ''ankurû''(?) "the Sitting Gods" [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 56; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/2, 124; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 28, 113; Labat 1976<ref>''Labat R''. Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne. Paris, 1976.</ref>, 49; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 35]; a group of stars (?).
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate:<blockquote>mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. '''''??? So we should have a heading DINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš ???'''''

The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively.</blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46, 1:15-16, the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI, see (Kurtik d10) [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
Text Nv. 10.

* (1) Intercalation scheme: muldingir.tuš.a.˹m˺eš êa as star Anu — star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Šabaṭu, see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]].
* (2) mulur.gi7 is the star of AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA in the month of Abu, see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
|
|-
|'''Stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.'''
* a) List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 11): mulan.KU.ameš [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 13; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The list of the stars of Enlil (no. 22): mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut E''2''-kur'' "Sitting Gods of Ekur" (I i 23), see also [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|[[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The MUL.APIN-"The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|-
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:16.'''
* muldingir.ku.ameš ''šu-ut'' E2''-''kur = d''A-nu u'' d''En-lil''2 "Sitting Gods of Ekur = Anu and Enlil" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:16; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:16].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (L) ˹½ danna˺ egir [mu]l''E''4-''ru''6(A.EDIN) kimin dingir.ku.ameš ''kal-lum'' mulgiš.erin2 igi-''u''2 / ˹mulnu.muš.˺da ''u'' udu.idim.sag.uš ''ša''2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub gu "(The point at a distance of) half ''bēru''(=150) behind Erua, or the Sitting Gods (μ Vir), the frontal pan of Libra (α Lib), Numušda (κ Cen), and Saturn, which stands in front of Libra, a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 314-315, BM 78161:19-20; ASM<ref name=":3">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 92]; according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":4">''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58], ''an''-KU''-a-meš'' = υ Vir, ''kal-lum'' mulgiš-erin2 igi-''u''2 = α Lib, mul''Nu-muš-da'' = ω Lup, Lup d, Lup g.
|[[File:SittingGods 1hafterErua stellarium-004 smh cut.jpg|thumb|GU XII (greenish line in the middle).]]
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
Deities-protectors, guardians; mentioned as a pair with DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš 'Standing deities', see previous article. Among the epithets: dingir.meš ''na-bu-u-ti'' "Brilliant gods" [Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 569:17, note 5].

==== Symbol. ====
Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 9 MUL.MEŠ DINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš "9 stars, Sitting Gods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":5">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, Section IX].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= "perhaps, the stars in the front part of the Serpent, in the southern part of Hercules, and in the northwestern part of Ophiuchus." [Weidner 1927<ref name=":5" />, 84; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 28];

= "(9) seated gods," stars in Serpent, Hercules, and Ophiuchus [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78];

= ε, π, ρ, θ Herculis (?) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138];

= ι Vir (?) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, 320];

= υ Vir [Koch 1992<ref name=":4" />, 58; Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":6">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>];

= Virgo stars in the vicinity of Libra [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":6" />, 71];

= μ Virginis [ASM<ref name=":3" />, 275].

The transition from Hercules to Virgo may serve to illustrate how unreliable some identifications of Mesopotamian constellations are.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d11)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulAN.KU.Ameš, mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Amul, mulAN.TUŠ.Ameš = antušû, ankurû(?) «Сидящие Боги» [AHw, 56; BPO 2, 11; CAD A/2, 124; G. 28, 113; Labat 1976, 49; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35]; группа звезд в созвездии Девы (Virgo) (?).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI, см. d10DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 11): mulan.KU.ameš [CT 33, 9 r. 13; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 22): mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš šu-ut E2-kur «Сидящие Боги из Экура» (I i 23), см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:10']. Список звезд V R 46, 1:16. muldingir.ku.ameš šu-ut E2-kur = dA-nu u dEn-lil2 «Сидящие Боги = Ану и Энлиль» [HBA 51:16; Wee 2016, 162–3:16]. GU-текст. (L) ˹½ danna˺ egir [mu]lE4-ru6(A.EDIN) kimin dingir.ku.ameš kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 / ˹mulnu.muš.˺da u udu.idim.sag.uš ša2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub gu «(Точка, находящаяся на расстоянии) половины bēru(=150) позади Эруа, или Сидящие Боги (μ Vir), передняя чаша Весов (α Lib), Нумушда (κ Cen), и Сатурн, который стоит впереди Весов, ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 314–315, BM 78161:19–20; ASM, 92]; согласно [Koch 1992, 58], an-KU-a-meš = υ Vir, kal-lum mulgiš-erin2 igi-u2 = α Lib, mulNu-muš-da = ω Lup, Lup d, Lup g. Текст Nv. 10. (1) Схема интеркаляции: muldingir.tuš.a.˹m˺eš êак звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце шабату, см. u19UR.GI7. (2) mulur.giˆ — звезда AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA в месяце абу, см. g06GAM3.

II. Божество.

Божества-защитники, охранители; упоминаются в паре с DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš «Стоящими божествами», см. предыдущую статью. Среди эпитетов: dingir.meš na-bu-u-ti «Блестящие боги» [Sidersky 1920, 569:17, note 5].

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428 r. 12: 9 MUL.MEŠ DINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš «9 звезд, Сидящие Боги» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, Section IX].

IV. Отождествление.

= «возможно, звезды в передней части Змеи, в южной части Геркулеса и в северо-западной части Змееносца» [Weidner 1927, 84; G. 28];

= «(9) сидящих богов», звезды в Змее, Геркулесе и Змееносце [Weidner 1957–59, 78];

= ε, π, ρ, θ Herculis (?) [MA, 138];

= ι Vir (?) [Pingree–Walker 1988, 320];

= υ Vir [Koch 1992, 58; Donbaz–Koch 1995];

= звезды Девы в окрестности Весов [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 71];

= μ Virginis [ASM, 275].

Переход от Геркулеса к Деве может служить иллюстрацией того, насколько еще ненадежны некоторые отождествления месопотамских созвездий.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]ˆ

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

DINGIR.GUB.BA

2026-04-14T15:08:03Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

* mulAN.GUB.BA.MEŠ;
* = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively. </blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46,1:15–16, the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* a) m[ulan.gub].bameš<''u'' mul>an.tuš.ameš = d''sin u'' dutu = ''mul-te-šir'' SAL.LA [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:52],
* b) <mul>an.gub.ba.meš ''ḫi-pí eš-šú'' = d''sîn''(30) ''u'' d''Šamaš''(utu) [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 Rs. iii 20].

|
|-
|'''Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).'''
* ''ina'' itiab ud.15.kam mul<dingir>.gub.ba<meš> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''2-''e''...] / mul''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th Ṭebetu Standing Gods in [...] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 21):
** mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut E''2-''kur''
** "Standing Gods of the Ekur" (I i 23),
** for a parallel see [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|[[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(2) Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings (I iii 27):
** a) mulPAN ''u'' mulLUGAL KURme mulUZ3 ŠU2-''bi''
** "The Bow and the King rise, the Goat sets" (I iii 19),
** b) mul''Pa-bil-sag'' mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 ''u'' DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš KURmeš-''ma'' / mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulPAN ''u'' mulGAM3 ŠU2meš
** "Pabilsag, Zababa and the Standing Gods rise, and the Arrow, the Bow and the Crook set" (I iii 27-28).
see also (Kurtik b06) [[PAN]].
|[[File:StandGods MUL.APIN-Iiii27stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Standing Gods in MUL.APIN I iii 27. ]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (3) List of ''ziqpu'' stars:
** mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš in the third place after mulBAL.TEŠ2.A, before mulUR.GI7 (I iv 4).
|This text could be corrupted as there is actually no space between mulBAL.TEŠ2.A and mulUR.GI7 where the constellation could be placed. We assume that the scribe in this case accidentally copied the rubric marker from MUL.APIN (1) to here so that it imposes a constellation.
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš MIN(=''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'') / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBmeš mulSIM.MAḪ KUR-''ḫa''
** "The 15th of Ṭebetu, the Standing Gods stand in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Swallow rises" (I iv 28) [MA<ref name=":4">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 25, 51, 58, 66].
|[[File:Swallow MULAPIN Iiv28 stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Swallow of the MUL.APIN uranology just risen: no one of the Standing Gods of the first list is in the middle of the sky during its rising, so the meaning of the term in this case has completely changed. It is even the opposite of what it indicated before (map with Stellarium; Susanne M Hoffmann 2025). ]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea."'''
* muldingir.gub.bameš = d30 ''u'' dutu
* "Standing Gods = Sin and Šamaš" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:154].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:15.'''
* mul<dingir>.gub.bameš ''šu-ut'' E2-kur = d30 ''u'' du.gur
* "Standing <Gods> of Ekur = Sîn and Nergal". [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51:15; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:15].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
"Standing deities" (among epithets: ''ilū ṣīrūtu'' "High gods") are known both from lists of gods and from other texts. Worshiped as protectors, guardians of temples; mentioned as a pair with [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]] "Sitting deities". [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 51; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 - 2005</ref> A/2, 117-118; Heimpel 1968<ref>''Heimpel W.'' Tierbilder in der sumerischen Literature. Roma, 1968 (Studia Pohl, 2).</ref>, 323; Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 567:16]. A special group was dingir.gub.bameš ''ša''2 e2-kur "Standing gods of Ekur", which apparently had astral significance. In the AN: d''Anum'' series (I 364-366) they are defined as: dUL.maš / dAŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e2.kur.ra.ke4 "Ulmaš, AŠ.daḫ = 2 standing deities of Ekur". [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 24, 24:67-68; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 65]. For other versions of the identification of the "Standing gods" see [CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 25].

==== Symbol. ====
Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ ''n''[''a-bu-ti'' MUL.MEŠ A]N.GUB.BAmeš "3 are the b[right] stars of the Standing [G]ods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation in [[Hercules]], see also [AHw<ref name=":2" />, 51; CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118].

= α, β Ophiuchi to approximately α Herculis [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84; 3 Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 333-334; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 22];

= probably α Herculis and α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78];

= ζ and η Herculis (?) [MA<ref name=":4" />, 138; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 278].

= part of Hercules [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5" />, 208, App. C].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d10)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulAN.GUB.BA.MEŠ; = angubbû «Стоящие Боги» [BPO 2, 11; G. 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32]; созвездие в Геркулесе (Hercules), см. также [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117–118].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Ḫg. B VI: a) m[ulan.gub].bamešmul>an.tuš.ameš = dsin u dutu = mul-te-šir SAL.LA [MSL XI, 41:52], b) <mul>an.gub.ba.meš ḫi-pí eš-šú = dsîn(30) u dŠamaš(utu) [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 20]. Текст BM 77054. ina itiab ud.15.kam mul<dingir>.gub.ba.<meš> ina r[a-be2-e…] / mulši-nu-nu-tum […] «15-го тебету Стоящие Боги в[осходят…] / Ласточка […]» [George 1991, 304–305, r. 9′–10′]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 21): mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš šu-ut E2-kur «Стоящие Боги из Экура» (I i 23), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:10']. (2) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 27), см. b06BAN. (3) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš на третьем месте после mulBAL.TEŠ2.A перед mulUR.GI7 (I iv 4). (4) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiAB UD 15 KAM mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš MIN(=ina MURUB4 AN-e) / IGI-it GABA-ka GUBmeš mulSIM.MAḪ KUR-ḫa «15-го тебету Стоящие Боги в середине неба напротив твоей груди стоят, и Ласточка восходит» (I iv 28) [MA, 25, 51, 58, 66]. «Большой список звезд». muldingir.gub.ba.meš = d30 u dutu «Стоящие Боги = Син и Шамаш» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:154]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:15. mul<dingir>.gub.bameš šu-ut E2-kur = d30 u du.gur «Стоящие (Боги) из Экура = Син и Нергал» [HBA, 51:15; Wee 2016, 162–3:15].

II. Божество.

«Стоящие божества» (среди эпитетов: ilū ṣīrūtu «Высокие боги») известны как из списков богов, так и из других текстов. Почитались как защитники, охранители храмов; упоминаются в паре с DINGIR.KU.Ameš «Сидящими божествами» [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117–118; Heimpel 1968, 323; Sidersky 1920, 567:16]. Особую группу составляли an.gub.bameš ša2 e2-kur «Стоящие боги из Экура», имевшие, по-видимому астральное значение. В серии AN:dAnum (I 364–366) они определяются как: dUL.maš / dAŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e2.kur.ra.ke4 «Ульмаш, AŠ.daḫ = 2 стоящих божества из Экура» [CT 24, 24:67–68; Litke 1998, 65]. Другие варианты отождествления «Стоящих богов» см. [CAD A/2, 117–118; Tallqvist 1938, 25].

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ n[a-bu-ti mulA]N.GUB.BAmeš «3 бл[естящие] звезды, Стоящие [Б]оги» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

IV. Отождествление.

= α, β Ophiuchi до приблизительно α Herculis [Weidner 1927, 84; 3 Erg. 333–334; G. 22];

= вероятно, α Herculis и α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957–59, 78];

= ζ и η Herculis (?) [MA, 138; ASM, 278].

= часть Геркулеса (Hercules) [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

DINGIR.GUB.BA

2026-04-14T14:28:48Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

* mulAN.GUB.BA.MEŠ;
* = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively. </blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46: 15–16., the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* a) m[ulan.gub].bameš<''u'' mul>an.tuš.ameš = d''sin u'' dutu = ''mul-te-šir'' SAL.LA [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:52],
* b) <mul>an.gub.ba.meš ''ḫi-pí eš-šú'' = d''sîn''(30) ''u'' d''Šamaš''(utu) [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 Rs. iii 20].

|
|-
|'''Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).'''
* ''ina'' itiab ud.15.kam mul<dingir>.gub.ba<meš> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''2-''e''...] / mul''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th Ṭebetu Standing Gods in [...] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 21):
** mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut E''2-''kur''
** "Standing Gods of the Ekur" (I i 23),
** for a parallel see [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|[[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(2) Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings (I iii 27):
** a) mulPAN ''u'' mulLUGAL KURme mulUZ3 ŠU2-''bi''
** "The Bow and the King rise, the Goat sets" (I iii 19),
** b) mul''Pa-bil-sag'' mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 ''u'' DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš KURmeš-''ma'' / mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulPAN ''u'' mulGAM3 ŠU2meš
** "Pabilsag, Zababa and the Standing Gods rise, and the Arrow, the Bow and the Crook set" (I iii 27-28).
see also (Kurtik b06) [[PAN]].
|[[File:StandGods MUL.APIN-Iiii27stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Standing Gods in MUL.APIN I iii 27. ]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (3) List of ''ziqpu'' stars:
** mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš in the third place after mulBAL.TEŠ2.A, before mulUR.GI7 (I iv 4).
|This text could be corrupted as there is actually no space between mulBAL.TEŠ2.A and mulUR.GI7 where the constellation could be placed. We assume that the scribe in this case accidentally copied the rubric marker from MUL.APIN (1) to here so that it imposes a constellation.
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš MIN(=''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'') / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBmeš mulSIM.MAḪ KUR-''ḫa''
** "The 15th of Ṭebetu, the Standing Gods stand in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Swallow rises" (I iv 28) [MA<ref name=":4">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 25, 51, 58, 66].
|[[File:Swallow MULAPIN Iiv28 stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Swallow of the MUL.APIN uranology just risen: no one of the Standing Gods of the first list is in the middle of the sky during its rising, so the meaning of the term in this case has completely changed. It is even the opposite of what it indicated before (map with Stellarium; Susanne M Hoffmann 2025). ]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea."'''
* muldingir.gub.bameš = d30 ''u'' dutu
* "Standing Gods = Sin and Šamaš" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:154].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:15.'''
* mul<dingir>.gub.bameš ''šu-ut'' E2-kur = d30 ''u'' du.gur
* "Standing <Gods> of Ekur = Sîn and Nergal". [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51:15; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:15].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
"Standing deities" (among epithets: ''ilū ṣīrūtu'' "High gods") are known both from lists of gods and from other texts. Worshiped as protectors, guardians of temples; mentioned as a pair with [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]] "Sitting deities". [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 51; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 - 2005</ref> A/2, 117-118; Heimpel 1968<ref>''Heimpel W.'' Tierbilder in der sumerischen Literature. Roma, 1968 (Studia Pohl, 2).</ref>, 323; Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 567:16]. A special group was dingir.gub.bameš ''ša''2 e2-kur "Standing gods of Ekur", which apparently had astral significance. In the AN: d''Anum'' series (I 364-366) they are defined as: dUL.maš / dAŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e2.kur.ra.ke4 "Ulmaš, AŠ.daḫ = 2 standing deities of Ekur". [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 24, 24:67-68; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 65]. For other versions of the identification of the "Standing gods" see [CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 25].

==== Symbol. ====
Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ ''n''[''a-bu-ti'' MUL.MEŠ A]N.GUB.BAmeš "3 are the b[right] stars of the Standing [G]ods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation in [[Hercules]], see also [AHw<ref name=":2" />, 51; CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118].

= α, β Ophiuchi to approximately α Herculis [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84; 3 Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 333-334; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 22];

= probably α Herculis and α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78];

= ζ and η Herculis (?) [MA<ref name=":4" />, 138; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 278].

= part of Hercules [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5" />, 208, App. C].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d10)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulAN.GUB.BA.MEŠ; = angubbû «Стоящие Боги» [BPO 2, 11; G. 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32]; созвездие в Геркулесе (Hercules), см. также [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117–118].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Ḫg. B VI: a) m[ulan.gub].bamešmul>an.tuš.ameš = dsin u dutu = mul-te-šir SAL.LA [MSL XI, 41:52], b) <mul>an.gub.ba.meš ḫi-pí eš-šú = dsîn(30) u dŠamaš(utu) [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 20]. Текст BM 77054. ina itiab ud.15.kam mul<dingir>.gub.ba.<meš> ina r[a-be2-e…] / mulši-nu-nu-tum […] «15-го тебету Стоящие Боги в[осходят…] / Ласточка […]» [George 1991, 304–305, r. 9′–10′]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 21): mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš šu-ut E2-kur «Стоящие Боги из Экура» (I i 23), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:10']. (2) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 27), см. b06BAN. (3) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš на третьем месте после mulBAL.TEŠ2.A перед mulUR.GI7 (I iv 4). (4) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiAB UD 15 KAM mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš MIN(=ina MURUB4 AN-e) / IGI-it GABA-ka GUBmeš mulSIM.MAḪ KUR-ḫa «15-го тебету Стоящие Боги в середине неба напротив твоей груди стоят, и Ласточка восходит» (I iv 28) [MA, 25, 51, 58, 66]. «Большой список звезд». muldingir.gub.ba.meš = d30 u dutu «Стоящие Боги = Син и Шамаш» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:154]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:15. mul<dingir>.gub.bameš šu-ut E2-kur = d30 u du.gur «Стоящие (Боги) из Экура = Син и Нергал» [HBA, 51:15; Wee 2016, 162–3:15].

II. Божество.

«Стоящие божества» (среди эпитетов: ilū ṣīrūtu «Высокие боги») известны как из списков богов, так и из других текстов. Почитались как защитники, охранители храмов; упоминаются в паре с DINGIR.KU.Ameš «Сидящими божествами» [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117–118; Heimpel 1968, 323; Sidersky 1920, 567:16]. Особую группу составляли an.gub.bameš ša2 e2-kur «Стоящие боги из Экура», имевшие, по-видимому астральное значение. В серии AN:dAnum (I 364–366) они определяются как: dUL.maš / dAŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e2.kur.ra.ke4 «Ульмаш, AŠ.daḫ = 2 стоящих божества из Экура» [CT 24, 24:67–68; Litke 1998, 65]. Другие варианты отождествления «Стоящих богов» см. [CAD A/2, 117–118; Tallqvist 1938, 25].

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ n[a-bu-ti mulA]N.GUB.BAmeš «3 бл[естящие] звезды, Стоящие [Б]оги» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

IV. Отождествление.

= α, β Ophiuchi до приблизительно α Herculis [Weidner 1927, 84; 3 Erg. 333–334; G. 22];

= вероятно, α Herculis и α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957–59, 78];

= ζ и η Herculis (?) [MA, 138; ASM, 278].

= часть Геркулеса (Hercules) [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

DINGIR

2026-04-14T13:54:14Z

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
DINGIR (𒀭) is the ancient Sumerian term for "god"; the Akkadian equivalent is ''ilu(m)'' (𒄿𒇻𒌝).

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
= ''ilu''(''m'') "God";
the generic term for deities in Sumerian and Akkadian. The term is used a few times with reference to the Moon or the Sun within astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 194].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"The Shileiko Tablet."'''
Old Babylonian predictions on the observations of the Moon:

* DIŠ ''i-na ša-me-e i-lu-um i-na u''4-''mi bi-bu-li-im'' / ''ar-ḫi-iš la it-ba-al'' / ''a-ru-ur''2-''tum i-na ma-a-tim iš-ša-ka-an''
** "If the god(= Moon) does not disappear quickly from the sky during the day of disappearance: there will be drought in the country". [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref>, 204-205: 8-10], see also [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref> 204-205: 11-12, 15].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 179-227 passim; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 221-222].
|
|-
|'''"Reports" and "Letters."'''
See [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 320a; SAA 10, 337a].
|
|-
|'''Neo-Assyrian Texts'''
In Neo-Assyrian texts we find standard expressions concerning the opposition of the Sun and the Moon:
* UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-''ma''
** "On the 14th day (of the month) the god will be seen with the (other) god" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 294 r. 2];
* UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR ''la in''- / [''nam-mar-ma'']
** "On the 14th day the god is not seen with the (other) god" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 295:3];
* DIŠ 30 ''u'' dUTU ''šu-ta-ta-u''2 / LUGAL KUR ''uz-nu u''2-''rap-pa-aš''2 / UD-14-KAM2 ITI-''us-su'' DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-''ma''
** "If the Moon and the Sun are in opposition, the king of the country will expand his understanding: on the 14th day of each month one god will be seen with the (other) god" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 371: 1-3];
* ''ina'' UD-15-KAM2 / DINGIR KI DINGIR / ''it-ta-mar''
** "On the 15th day the god appeared with the (other) god" (report of observations made) [SAA 10, 135 r. 3-5], see also [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 157].

These reports and letters refer to the observation of the Sun and the Moon when they stand in opposition to each other during mid-lunar month, and are observed simultaneously on opposite sides of the horizon at sunrise and sunset.
|Example
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===Additional===
See also: DINGIR KUR-''ma'' KU NU ZAḪ3 "a god (=Mars) will rise and will not cause destruction [...]". [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 125, D ii 5 + note 7].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d09)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= ilu(m) «Бог»; не часто используемое название Луны и Солнца в астрологических текстах [G. 194].
I. Источники.

«Табличка Шилейко». Старовавилонские предсказания по наблюдениям Луны: DIŠ i-na ša-me-e i-lu-um i-na u4-mi bi-bu-li-im / ar-ḫi-iš la it-ba-al / a-ru-ur2-tum i-na ma-a-tim iš-ša-ka-an «Если Бог(=Луна) на небе в день (своего) появления не исчезает быстро: в стране будет засуха» [Horowitz 2000, 204–205: 8–10], см. также [ibid. 204–205: 11–12, 15]. EAE. См.[ABCD, 179–227 passim; NSAM 2, 221–222]. «Рапорты» и «Письма». См. [ARAK, 320a; LBAT, 333a].

В новоассирийских текстах встречаем стандартные выражения, касающиеся оппозиции Солнца и Луны: UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-ma «В 14-й день (месяца) бог увидит (другого) бога « [ARAK, 294 r. 2]; UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR la in- / [nam-mar-ma] «В 14-й день бог не увидел (другого) бога» [ARAK, 295:3]; DIŠ 30 u dUTU šu-ta-ta-u2 / LUGAL KUR uz-nu u2-rap-pa-aš2 / UD-14-KAM2 ITI-us-su DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-ma «Если Луна и Солнце находятся в оппозиции, царь страны пусть расширит свое понимание: в 14-й день каждого месяца один бог увидится с (другим) богом» [ARAK, 371: 1–3]; ina UD-15-KAM2 / DINGIR KI DINGIR / it-ta-mar «В 15-й день бог с (другим богом) появились (вместе)» (сообщение о проведенном наблюдении) [LABS, 135 r. 3–5], см. также [Koch–Westenholz 1999, 157]. В этих рапортах и письмах речь идет о наблюдении Солнца и Луны в момент, когда они находятся в оппозиции в середине лунного месяца и могут наблюдаться одновременно в противоположных сторонах горизонта.

См. также: DINGIR KUR-ma KU NU ZAḪ3 «Бог (=Марс) взойдет и не станет причиной разрушения […]» [ABCD, 125, D ii 5 + note 7].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, i05)
|
|-
|«Бог», обозначение Луны в старовавилонском предсказательном тексте, так называемой «Табличке Шилейко»; см. d09DINGIR.
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|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]