All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

Pulcherrima

2026-03-29T01:11:54Z

IanRidpath: Amnother edit.

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Struve1837 Mensurae-Micrometricae1824-1837 Pulcherrima.jpg|thumb|Pulcherrima in Struve (1837) Mensurae Micrometricae 1824-1837 ]]
The name Pulcherrima was given to the double star Epsilon Boötis (mags. 2.5 and 4.8) by Friedrich G. W. von Struve in 1837.<ref>Struve (1837). ''Mensurae Micrometricae'' 1824-1837. </ref> The Latin name translates to "most beautiful" or "loveliest," referring to its striking, contrasting colors — a bright yellow primary and a blue-white secondary star. The official IAU name for Epsilon Boötis A (ε Boo A) is [[Izar]], adopted in 2016.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Pulcherrima Smyth1844.png|thumb|Pulcherrima in Smyth 1844]]
19th century German-Russian astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, known for his study of double stars, described the star as duplex pulcherrima, Latin for “the loveliest double”.

Proctor (1866) for name "Pulcherissima" states <blockquote>"A name given by modern astronomers to express the extreme beauty of this double star (orange and green), viewed with a good telescope." </blockquote>However the spelling "Pulcherrima" appeared much more often after mid-19th century. Admiral Smyth (1844)<ref>William Henry SMYTH (1844). A Cycle of Celestial Objects, for the use of naval, military and private astronomers, Volume 2, p 325</ref> cites Struve as the source of the name.

=== Note on the date of first appearance ===
Some books claim that Struve invented this name in 1829, but the earliest we can find is on p.49 of his ''Stellarum duplicium multiplicium mensurae micrometricae'' of 1837. There he describes it as duplex pulcherrima, “the most beautiful double”. The error seems to stem from Robert Burnham's well-known 3-volume ''Celestial Handbook: An Observer's Guide to the Universe Beyond'' ''the Solar System'' (1978): [https://archive.org/details/burnhams-celestial-handbook-volume-3/Burnhams%20Celestial%20Handbook%2C%20Volume%201/page/n155/mode/1u archive]. He may have obtained this date from Smyth who lists an observation of the separation and position angle of the pair by Struve in 1829.
[[File:Herschel epsBoo double.png|thumb|Herschel, W. (1779). Catalogue of Double Stars, p 60]]

Burnham also errs in claiming that the binary character of Epsilon Boötis was first discovered by Wilhelm Struve; it was actually discovered by William Herschel in 1779.<gallery>
File:Struve1837 Mensurae-Micrometricae1824-1837 Pulcherrima.jpg|Struve 1837
File:Pulcherrima Smyth1844.png|Smyth 1844
File:Herschel epsBoo double.png|Herschel 1779
File:Burnham1978 pulcherrimaStruve.png|Burnham (1978) about Struve's name
</gallery>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN in 2023 for HIP 72105 '''B'''. WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath's ''Star Tales'' – Boötes([http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/bootes.html#arcturus])

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Pulcherrima

2026-03-29T01:06:03Z

IanRidpath: Light edit

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Struve1837 Mensurae-Micrometricae1824-1837 Pulcherrima.jpg|thumb|Pulcherrima in Struve (1837) Mensurae Micrometricae 1824-1837 ]]
The name Pulcherrima was given to the double star Epsilon Boötis (mags. 2.5 and 4.8) by Friedrich G. W. von Struve in 1837.<ref>Struve (1837). Mensurae Micrometricase 1824-1837. </ref> The Latin name translates to "most beautiful" or "loveliest," referring to its striking, contrasting colors — a bright yellow primary and a blue-white secondary star. Epsilon Boötis (ε Boo) is named [[Izar]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Pulcherrima Smyth1844.png|thumb|Pulcherrima in Smyth 1844]]
19th century German-Russian astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, known for his study of double stars, described the star as duplex pulcherrima, Latin for “the loveliest double”.

Proctor (1866) for name "Pulcherissima" states <blockquote>"A name given by modern astronomers to express the extreme beauty of this double star (orange and green), viewed with a good telescope." </blockquote>However the spelling "Pulcherrima" appeared much more often after mid-19th century. Admiral Smyth (1844)<ref>William Henry SMYTH (1844). A Cycle of Celestial Objects, for the use of naval, military and private astronomers, Volume 2, p 325</ref> cites Struve as the source of the name.

=== Note on the date of first appearance ===
Some books claim that Struve invented this name in 1829, but the earliest we can find is on p.49 of his ''Stellarum duplicium multiplicium mensurae micrometricae'' of 1837. There he describes it as duplex pulcherrima, “the most beautiful double”. The error seems to stem from Robert Burnham's well-known 3-volume ''Celestial Handbook: An Observer's Guide to the Universe Beyond'' ''thee Solar System'' (1978): [https://archive.org/details/burnhams-celestial-handbook-volume-3/Burnhams%20Celestial%20Handbook%2C%20Volume%201/page/n155/mode/1u archive]. He may have obtained this date from Smyth who lists an observation of the separation and position angle of the pair by Struve in 1829.
[[File:Herschel epsBoo double.png|thumb|Herschel, W. (1779). Catalogue of Double Stars, p 60]]

Burnham also errs in claiming that the binary character of Epsilon Boötis was first discovered by Wilhelm Struve; it was actually discovered by William Herschel in 1779.<gallery>
File:Struve1837 Mensurae-Micrometricae1824-1837 Pulcherrima.jpg|Struve 1837
File:Pulcherrima Smyth1844.png|Smyth 1844
File:Herschel epsBoo double.png|Herschel 1779
File:Burnham1978 pulcherrimaStruve.png|Burnham (1978) about Struve's name
</gallery>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN in 2023 for HIP 72105 '''B'''. WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath's ''Star Tales'' – Boötes([http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/bootes.html#arcturus])

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Maenalus

2026-03-24T13:39:55Z

IanRidpath: Removed a broken link

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Mons Maenalus is an early modern European constellation or asterism in Boötes introduced by Hevelius. It is now obsolete.<ref name=":0">Ian Ridpath, Star Tales, [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/monsmaenalus.html Online Edition]</ref> The term is Latin.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Origin of the Constellation ===
Mons Maenalus was a subdivision of Boötes introduced by Hevelius.

Ian Ridpath writes:<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>
Representing a real mountain of Arcadia in the central Peloponnese, Mons Maenalus was a subdivision of Boötes introduced by Johannes Hevelius in his ''Firmamentum Sobiescianum'' star atlas published in 1690, where it was depicted with Boötes standing on its slopes. However, in his accompanying catalogue Hevelius listed its stars under Boötes, not as a separate constellation. The mountain appeared on many later maps made by other astronomers including Bode, below, but always as part of Boötes, and it never had an independent existence.</blockquote>

==Mythology==
Ian Ridpath's Star Tales:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>Mons Maenalus took its name from a character in Greek mythology. Maenalus was said by some mythologists to have been the eldest son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia; this would have made Maenalus brother of Callisto and hence uncle of her son Arcas, whom the constellation Boötes represents. Others, though, say he was actually the son of Arcas and hence the grandson of Callisto. Either way, Maenalus gave his name to the mountain in Arcadia and to the city of Maenalon which he founded. Its modern name is Mainalo.</blockquote><blockquote>Mons Maenalus was sacred to the god Pan who frequented it. Ovid in his ''Metamorphoses'' said that Mons Maenalus bristled with the lairs of wild beasts and was a favourite hunting ground of Diana and her entourage, including Callisto. In saying this, Ovid clearly rejected the story that Maenalus was Callisto’s grandson, as the mountain would not yet have got its name.</blockquote>

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 2023. The stars in the area are rather faint; in 2026, the WGSN decided to apply the name to the star ...

in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Pulcherrima

2026-03-24T11:28:44Z

IanRidpath: Capitalization and better link

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
The name Pulcherrima was given to the B-component of Epsilon Bootis (4.8 mag) by Friedrich G. W. von Struve in 1829. The Latin name translates to "most beautiful" or "loveliest," referring to its striking, contrasting colors — a bright yellow primary and a blue-white secondary star. Epsilon Boötis (ε Boo) is named [[Izar]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
19th century German-Russian astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, known for his study of double stars, named the star Pulcherrima, Latin for “the loveliest.”

Proctor (1866) for name "Pulcherissima" states <blockquote>"A name given by modern astronomers to express the extreme beauty of this double star (orange and green), viewed with a good telescope.", </blockquote>however the spelling "Pulcherrima" appeared much more often after mid-19th century. Admiral Smyth (1844)<ref>William Henry SMYTH (1844). A Cycle of Celestial Objects, for the use of naval, military and private astronomers, Volume 2, p 325</ref> cites Struve as the source of the name.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN in 2023 for HIP 72105 B. WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath's ''Star Tales'' – Boötes([http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/bootes.html#arcturus])

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Alawaidh

2026-03-19T21:42:38Z

IanRidpath: Capitalization

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Alawaidh (العَوائِذ)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}

----

[[File:4mothers1baby camels stellarium.jpg|thumb|Arabian camels: four mothers protecting one baby in the middle (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji in Stellarium for WGSN).]]
Alawaidh (العَوائِذ), The Camel Mothers, derives from an Arabic asterism: four camel mothers are protecting one newborn camel calf ([[Alruba]], HIP 86782).

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
Name Variants

* Alwaid
* Alawaid
* Alawaidh

The Classical Arabic word<ref>Lane, Edward William. 1997. ''An Arabic-English Lexicon.'' 8 vols. Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 3:1017.</ref> العَوائِذ ''al-ʿawāʾidh'' was the plural form for العائِذ ''al-ʿāʾidh'', which meant a female camel, horse or gazelle that had given birth recently (within the past week or two). The Arabic root means "to seek protection", and so the new mothers were called ''al-ʿawāʾidh'' because their newborn calves or foals sought protection from them.

As a star name, ''al-ʿawāʾidh'' (the Camel Mothers) was applied to an indigenous Arabian asterism of four stars in the IAU constellation of Draco: β ([[Rastaban]]), γ ([[Eltanin]]), ν and ξ ([[Grumium]]). A very faint star in the middle of this asterism (HIP 86782) was the newborn camel, called الرُبْع ''ar-rubʿ'' in Arabic.

For Nu Draconis (ν Dra) the name [[Kuma]] is sometimes used but its etymology and meaning are obscure, as it originates from Bečvář's 1948 atlas.

=== Occurrences ===
This name "Alwaid" has sometimes been applied to β (beta) Draconis, but it is not in the IAU Catalog of Star Names because another name, Rastaban, was already approved for this star.

Allen's<ref>Allen, Richard Hinckley. 1899. ''Star-names and their meanings''. GE Stechert.</ref> assertion that ''al-ʿawāʾidh'' included a fifth star—μ Draconis (Alrakis) known as ''ar-rāqiṣ'' (the Ambling Camel) is one of his many errors, as all early Arabic sources identified the asterism as a group of four stars, not five.

'''''al-TERM''''' in Adams (2018),<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref> pp. xx-xx.

'''''al-TERM''''' per Khalid AlAjaji

'''''al-TERM''''' in Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>).

== IAU Working Group Star Names ==
The name "Alawaidh" was suggested to the WGSN in 2026 for ν Dra, as this one is the only star in the quadrilateral that is yet unnamed. The best rendering of the Arabic name in English seems to be "Alawaidh" which has not yet been used and might, thus, not cause confusion with potential historical adoptions of the name.

== References ==

* Adams, Danielle K. 2018. ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise: Multivalent Textures of Pre-Islamic Arabian Astronomy and the Hegemonic Discourse of Order.'' PhD Dissertation. The University of Arizona, 92–94.
* Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab).'' Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, 148.
* al-Marzūqī, Abū ˓Alī Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. 1914. ''Kitāb al-azmina wa al-amkina.'' 2 vols. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-Kāʾina, 2:374-375.
* al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda, 41.

== Modern Star Name Discussion ==
The name "Alwaid" that is found in the literature of popular astronomy was proposed for the IAU-Catalog of Star Names in 2023. However, it was not applied to any star, since all four of the stars representing the Arabian asterism ''al-ʿawāʾidh'' (the Camel Mothers) already had IAU-approved modern star names in use.

New suggestions (2024): As "Alwaid" was alias for Beta Draconis in several references, perhaps we should use it for β (beta) Draconis B (Gaia EDR3 1415230383034347264)?
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Arabic]]

Pherkad Minor

2026-03-19T10:01:57Z

IanRidpath: /* Reference */ Added link to exact page

{{distinguish|Pherkad}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:PherkadMinor stellarium.jpg|thumb|Pherkad Minor in Stellarium (2026).]]
"Pherkad Minor" is the a common name for 11 UMi (5.01 mag) in [[Ursa Minor]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
The name "[[Pherkad]]" has been used in recent times. It is derived from the singular form of the ind-A asterism name al-farqadan, "the Two Calves", for β and γ UMi. The name Pherkad was adopted by WGSN for the 3rd magnitude star γ UMi into the IAU-Catalog of Star Names in 2016.

The star [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Pherkad+Minor 11 UMi] ((HR 5714, HD 136726, HIP 74793) is a somewhat fainter (Vmag = 5.01) neighbour to γ UMi (Vmag = 3.00 mag), approximately 17 arcminutes away westward.

In the years after his 1801 discovery of the dwarf planet Ceres, Giuseppe Piazzi published the "Palermo Catalogue" containing positions for over 7000 stars, with a first edition in 1802 and a second edition in 1814 ("[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433087548214&view=1up&seq=5 Praecipuarum Stellarum Inerrantium Positiones Mediae Ineunte Saeculo XIX. Ex Observationibus Habitis In Specula Panormitana Ab anno 1792 ad annum 1813]") . In compiling this catalog, Piazzi included nearly 200 proper names for stars, some of which were new. Some names were borrowed from names of Arabian asterisms but with transliterated names, sometimes with descriptors, and assigned to individual stars. Piazzi labeled the brighter star γ UMi as "Pherkad ma." [i.e. "major"] and the fainter nearby star 11 UMi was labeled "Pherkad mi." [i.e. "minor"]. Shortly afterwards, Franz Xaver von Zach (1816) reproduced a list of the star names from Piazzi's Palermo Catalog ("[https://books.google.com/books?id=O3lbAAAAQAAJ&q=Pherkad+Minor Verzeichnifs der in Piazzi's neustem Stern-Catalog (Edit. Panormi 1814.) vorkommenden arabischen Stern-Namen]"), writing out "Pherkad minor" for 11 UMi.

Despite their relative proximity, γ UMi and 11 UMi are unrelated. 11 UMi is a red giant star (spectral type K4III) approximately 411 light years away, while the brighter star γ UMi is a white giant (spectral type A2III) star at distance 493 light years.

In 2009, a candidate giant exoplanet was reported by [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A%26A...505.1311D/abstract Dollinger et al.] orbiting 11 UMi with a ~1.4 year period. The minimum mass of the companion has been reported to be between about [https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/11%20UMi#planet_11-UMi-b_collapsible 10 and 15 Jupiter masses], and with an unknown inclination, the true mass of the companion may correspond to a brown dwarf rather than giant exoplanet.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name Pherkad Minor was in sufficiently common use that it has been in SIMBAD for some time. IAU WGSN adopted the name for the IAU Catalog of Star Names in 202x.
== Weblinks ==

* [https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/11%20UMi NASA Exoplanet Archive link for 11 UMi]

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* [http://ianridpath.com/startales/ursaminor.html Ian Ridpath's Star Tales]

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]

Canis Major

2026-03-01T15:00:28Z

IanRidpath: Ptolemy's Greek name

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Canis Major (cma).tif|alt=star chart|thumb|CMa star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg)]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. This is the (one and only) constellation of the Dog in ancient Greek astronomy. Ptolemy ‍in ‍the ‍''‍Almagest'' ‍called ‍it ‍simply ‍‍Κύων ‍(Kyon), ‍the ‍Dog. ‍
[[File:Ori-grp Kugel hi smh.gif|thumb|Orion-Group of constellations on the Kugel Globe, drawing and animated GIF by SMH 2025.]]

==Etymology and History==
===Origin of Constellation<ref>Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref> ===
In Hellenistic times, Greek astronomy had only one constellation, the Dog, so there was no need to distinguish between a large and a small dog. According to Eratosthenes, this dog had the bright star Sirius on its tongue. Ptolemy in Roman times placed it on the dog's snout.

What is interesting about [[Sirius]], however, is that today we use the Greek proper name from Hellenistic times. Ptolemy in Roman times called the brightest star of the constellation ‘the Dog’.

==== Bright Star ====
Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky and therefore particularly easy to observe at dusk. This makes it ideal for a special calendar function. In the course of the year, it does not matter where the beginning and end are – the only important thing is that the stellar year, like the solar year, has approximately 365 days. There were therefore several possibilities in different cultures as to when to celebrate the New Year: in Mesopotamia, it was usually the spring equinox, but there was also the variant with the autumn equinox. In Egypt, the New Year was celebrated in summer – with five days ‘between the years’ when it was hardly possible to work anyway due to the intense heat. This ancient Egyptian custom was still known when the country on the Nile was under Greek and Roman rule. This explains the ancient term ‘dog days’ for the hottest days of the year with the heliacal rising of Sirius.

The Greek word for the star – seirios, scorching – can refer both to its brightness and to the heat of summer at the time of its heliacal rising. The latter was certainly the case with the Egyptian word: since the 3rd millennium, the word ‘Sothis’ has been used to refer to a constellation of at least three stars, which later – perhaps only in the 1st millennium – was restricted to the bright Sirius. As in Mesopotamia, the Sothis star system was used in Egypt to determine the calendar. However, whether the rising of Sirius was really associated with the flooding of the Nile is highly controversial among researchers and difficult to prove. What is certain is that the star system was associated with the goddess of magic, Isis. She was always one of the supreme deities in the Egyptian pantheon, and in Roman times, the growing Christianity had to assert itself against the cult of Isis, among others, as an extremely strong competitor.

In the case of Sirius, however, it is interesting that we now use the Greek proper name from the Hellenistic period. Ptolemy in Roman times called the brightest star in the constellation ‘the dog’. Many astronomers were puzzled by the question of why Ptolemy described the star as reddish. This even sparked speculation about a possible supernova or nova on its companion, a white dwarf. Both can be dismissed because it may be a matter of uncertainty in text translations: Eratosthenes already described the star as ‘fiery’ and “flaming” or ‘flickering’. The flickering and shimmering in all colours is caused by the Earth's atmosphere. In most cultures, reddish stars are referred to as fire stars: e.g. [[Antares|Antare]]<nowiki/>s in China or [[Aldebaran]] in Mesopotamia. In the case of Sirius, the word probably means ‘glittering’ in the sense of ‘bright compared to other stars’. It would therefore be a metaphor for great brightness, like a beacon in the dark, heralding the new year and the hot season. The attribution of ‘red’ would therefore be a misunderstanding in one of the numerous stages of translation. Sirius is and was white in colour even back then. This is confirmed by other ancient astronomers and astrologers in their descriptions, e.g. Manilius in the first century.

==== Babylonian ====
Babylonian astronomy records the constellation Arrow ([[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]) in this region of the sky. There are probably two constellations in this region of the sky: the Arrow and the Bow. In some versions of Babylonian uranography, they are held by a person, presumably a deity, standing east of the Milky Way. However, this does not seem to apply to all variants; in MUL.APIN, for example, no such figure is mentioned, but rather two independent constellations (Bow and Arrow), while textual descriptions from the 1st millennium suggest such a figure.

[[Sirius]] definitely belongs to the Arrow and, as the brightest star, sometimes stands alone for this constellation, especially when observed at twilight (i.e. for calendar determination). Therefore, there are various suggestions in research as to which stars other than Sirius also belong to the arrow. A line from Sirius to [[Procyon]] is rather unlikely from a calendar perspective. Presumably, the constellation of Sirius should be thought of as southward. Since the constellation of the bow should be located near the arrow, it is presumed to be in the southernmost stars of the dog or in the faint stars east of it. Whether it is a bow and arrow, just an arrow or a deity with an arrow (and bow), there is certainly no dog to be found here in Babylonian mythology: the Babylonian constellation Dog belongs to the goddess of medicine, [[Gula]], and is located in the area of our constellation [[Hercules]].

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratos =====
<blockquote>[326] Such is also his guardian Dog, seen standing on its two legs below the soaring back of Orion, variegated, not bright overall, but dark in the region of the belly as it moves round; but the tip of its [330] jaw is inset with a formidable star, that blazes most intensely: and so men call it the Scorcher. When Sirius rises with the sun, trees can no longer outwit it by feebly putting forth leaves. For with its keen shafts it easily pierces their ranks, [335] and strengthens some, but destroys all the growth of others. We also hear of it at its setting. The other stars lying round about Sirius define the legs more faintly. (Kidd 1997)</blockquote>

===== Eratosthenes =====

===== Hipparchus =====

====== Rising (Lib II Cap V §10) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of ...</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Cnc 15
|Leo 4 1/2
|Psc 28
|Ari 23 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the one at the end of the front and north of the feet (bet)
|the one at the tip of the tail (eta)
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |1 2/3 hours = 100 min = 25 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib II Cap VI §10) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Tau 11
|Tau 29
|Leo 17
|Vir 11
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the bright one in the hind foot
|the southernmost of the bright ones in the head
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |1 1/2 hours = 90 min = 22 1/2°
|}

====== Stars Mentioned ======
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, first
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, last
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §2
|setting CrB, south, last
|Psc 13.5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §13
|setting Aql, south, first
|Ari 2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib III Cap I §9
|rising Ori, south, last
|Psc 13
|}

===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====
<blockquote>He is said to have been given by Jove as a guardian for Europa, and later to have come to Minos. When Minos was ill, Procris, wife of Cephalus, is said to have cured him, and received the dog as a reward for her services, as she was very fond of hunting and the dog was so swift that no beast could escape. After her death the dog came to Cephalus her husband, who brought it to Thebes with him when he came. There was a fox there which was said to be so swift that it could outrun all dogs. So when the two animals met, Jupiter, in a dilemma, as Istros says, changed them both to stone.

Some have said that this is the dog of Orion, and because Orion was devoted to hunting, the dog was put with him among the stars. Others have called it the dog of Icarus. These many suggestions have their own advocates.

The Dog has one star on his tongue which itself is called Dog, and on its head another which Isis is thought to have put there under her own name, and to have called it Sirius on account of the brilliance of the flame because it seems to shine more than the rest. So, in order for men to recognize it more easily, she called it Sirius. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

===== Almagest Κύων =====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!Κυνὸς ἀστερισμός
!Constellation of the Dog
!
|-
|1
|ἐν τῷ στόματι λαμπρότατος καλούμενος Κύωυ καὶ ὑπόκιρρος.
|The star in the mouth, the brightest, which is called 'the Dog' and is reddish
|alf CMa
|-
|2
|ὁ ἐπὶ τῶν ὡτοη.
|The star on the ears
|tet CMa
|-
|3
|ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆ
|The star on the head
|gam CMa
|-
|4
|τῶν ἐκ τῷ τραχήλῳ β ὁ βόρειος
|The northernrriost of the 2 stars in the neck
|iot CMa
|-
|5
|ὁ φόσιος αὐτῶν
|The southernmost of them
|pi CMa
|-
|6
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ στήθους.
|The star on the chest
|nu3 CMa
|-
|7
|τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ γόνατος β ὁ βόρειος.
|The northernmost of the 2 stars on the right knee
|nu2 CMa
|-
|8
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶν.
|The southernmost of them
|bet CMa
|-
|9
|ὁ ἐπ’ ἄκρῳ τῷ ἐμπροσθίῳ ποδί
|The star on the end of the front leg
|xi1 CMa
|-
|10
|τῶν ἐν τῷ ἀριστερῷ γόνατι β ὁ προηγούμευος.
|The more advanced of the 2 stars in the left knee
|xi2 CMa
|-
|11
|ὁ ὁ ἐπόμενος αὐτῶν
|The rearmost of them
|omi2 CMa
|-
|12
|τῶν ἐν τῷ ἀριστερῷ ὤμῳ β’ ὁ ἑπόμενος;
|The rearmost of the 2 stars in the left shoulder
|omi1 CMa
|-
|13
|ὁ προηγούμενος αὐτῶν
|The more advanced of them
|del CMa
|-
|14
|ὁ ἐν τῇ ἐκφύσει τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ μηροῦ.
|The star in the place where the 1eft thigh joins [the body)
|del CMa
|-
|15
|ὁ ὑπὸ τὴν κοιλίαν ἐν τοῦς μεσομήροις
|The star below the belly, in the middle of the thighs
|eps CMa
|-
|16
|ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγκύλης τοῦ δεξιοῦ ποδός
|The star on the joint of the right leg
|kap CMa
|-
|17
|ὁ ἐπ’ ἄκρου τοῦ δεξιοῦ ποδός.
|The star on the end of the right leg
|zet CMa
|-
|18
|ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς οὐρᾶς
|The star on the tail
|eta CMa
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|ἀστέρες τῆ, ὥν αἱ μεγέθους ἂ, γ’ ἓ, δ’ ἓ, ε’ ξ.
|{18 stars, 1 of the first magnitude, 5 of the third, 5 ofthe fourth, 7 of the fifth}
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
!
!Οἱ περὶ τὸν Κύνα ἀμόρφωτοι.
!
!
|-
|19
|ὁ ἀπ’ ἄρκτου τῆς κορυφῆς τοῦ Κυνός.
|The star to the north of the top of The Dog
|22 Mon
|-
|20
|τῶν ὑπὸ τοὺς ὀπισθίους πόδας ὡς ἐπ’ εὐθείας ὁ ὁ νοτιώτατος.
|The southernmost ofthe 4 stars almost on a straight line under the hind legs
|θ Col
|-
|21
|ὁ τούτου βορειότερος.
|The one north of this
|κ Col
|-
|22
|ὁ ἔτι τούτου βορειότερος.
|The one north again of this
|δ Col
|-
|23
|ὁ λοιπὸς καὶ βορειότερος τῶν δ
|The last and northernmost of the 4
|λ CMa
|-
|24
|τῶν πρὸς δυσμὰς τοῦς τέσσαρσιη ὡς ἐπ’ εὐθείας γ ὁ προἠγούμενος
|The most advanced ofthe 3 stars almost on a straightline to the west of the [ above] four
|μ Col
|-
|25
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one
|λ Col
|-
|26
|ὁ ἑπόμευος τῶν τριῶν.
|The rearmost of the three
|γ Col
|-
|27
|τῶν ὑπὸ τούτους β λαμπρῶν ὁ ἐπόμευος.
|The rearmost of thc 2 bright stars under these
|β Col
|-
|28
|ὁ προηγούμενος αὐτῶν.
|The more advanccd of them
|α Col
|-
|29
|ὁ λοιπὸς καὶ νοτιώτερος τῶν προειρημένων.
|The last star, to the south of the abovc
|ε Col
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|all
|ἀστέρες ἱα, ὥν β’ μεγέθους β, δ’ 9.
|{11 stars, 2 of the second magnitude, 9 of the fourth)
|
|}
[[File:Kyon Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Kyon (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Sirius
|HIP 32349
|Constellation lines
| -1.46
|-
|2
|NAME CMa Dwarf Galaxy
|NAME CMa Dwarf Galaxy
|Inside the hull
| -0.1
|-
|3
|Adhara
|HIP 33579
|Constellation lines
|1.5
|-
|4
|Wezen
|HIP 34444
|Constellation lines
|1.84
|-
|5
|Mirzam
|HIP 30324
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.97
|-
|6
|Aludra
|HIP 35904
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.45
|-
|7
|Cl Collinder 121
|Cl Collinder 121
|Inside the hull
|2.6
|-
|8
|Furud
|HIP 30122
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.99
|-
|9
|ο 2 Canis Majoris
|HIP 33977
|Constellation lines
|3.02
|-
|10
|Nganurganity
|HIP 33856
|Constellation lines
|3.47
|-
|11
|ω Canis Majoris
|HIP 35037
|Constellation lines
|3.82
|-
|12
|ο 1 Canis Majoris
|HIP 33152
|Constellation lines
|3.87
|-
|13
|κ Canis Majoris
|HIP 32759
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.89
|-
|14
|ν 2 Canis Majoris
|HIP 31592
|Constellation lines
|3.91
|-
|15
|θ Canis Majoris
|HIP 33160
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.08
|-
|16
|Muliphein
|HIP 34045
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.12
|-
|17
|ξ 1 Canis Majoris
|HIP 31125
|Constellation lines
|4.33
|-
|18
|ι Canis Majoris
|HIP 33347
|Constellation lines
|4.385
|-
|19
|τ Canis Majoris
|HIP 35415
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.4
|-
|20
|ν 3 Canis Majoris
|HIP 31700
|Constellation lines
|4.43
|-
|21
|ξ 2 Canis Majoris
|HIP 31416
|Constellation lines
|4.5
|-
|22
|M 41
|M 41
|Inside the hull
|4.5
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 35205
|Inside the hull
|4.64
|-
|24
|27 CMa
|HIP 34981
|Inside the hull
|4.65
|-
|25
|π Canis Majoris
|HIP 33302
|Constellation lines
|4.664
|-
|26
|15 CMa
|HIP 33092
|Constellation lines
|4.83
|-
|27
|μ Canis Majoris
|HIP 33345
|Constellation lines
|5.09
|-
|28
|10 CMa
|HIP 32292
|Inside the hull
|5.17
|-
|29
|11 CMa
|HIP 32492
|Constellation lines
|5.272
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 35427
|Inside the hull
|5.288
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 32411
|Inside the hull
|5.298
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 33316
|Inside the hull
|5.3
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 34624
|Inside the hull
|5.448
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 33478
|Inside the hull
|5.47
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 32677
|Inside the hull
|5.51
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 35044
|Inside the hull
|5.582
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 33575
|Inside the hull
|5.583
|-
|38
| -
|HR 2522
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 30436
|Inside the hull
|5.6
|-
|40
|LS CMa
|HIP 33804
|Inside the hull
|5.635
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 33077
|Constellation lines
|5.648
|-
|42
| -
|HIP 32385
|Inside the hull
|5.68
|-
|43
|LZ CMa
|HIP 34579
|Inside the hull
|5.69
|-
|44
|ν 1 Canis Majoris
|HIP 31564
|Inside the hull
|5.695
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 31870
|Constellation lines
|5.71
|-
|46
| -
|HIP 32810
|Inside the hull
|5.747
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 30836
|Inside the hull
|5.761
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 32809
|Inside the hull
|5.771
|-
|49
|17 CMa
|HIP 33248
|Constellation lines
|5.792
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 34758
|Inside the hull
|5.825
|-
|51
|FV CMa
|HIP 34360
|Inside the hull
|5.83
|-
|52
|26 CMa
|HIP 34798
|Inside the hull
|5.897
|-
|53
| -
|HIP 31037
|Inside the hull
|5.903
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 32366
|Inside the hull
|5.916
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 34914
|Inside the hull
|5.96
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 35611
|Inside the hull
|5.986
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 31758
|Inside the hull
|6.03
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 32368
|Inside the hull
|6.033
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 29843
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|6.04
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 33094
|Inside the hull
|6.04
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 31859
|Inside the hull
|6.05
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 30711
|Inside the hull
|6.07
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 34142
|Inside the hull
|6.072
|-
|64
|12 CMa
|HIP 32504
|Inside the hull
|6.08
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 34318
|Inside the hull
|6.088
|-
|66
|GY CMa
|HIP 34924
|Inside the hull
|6.101
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 33079
|Inside the hull
|6.123
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 33126
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 32144
|Inside the hull
|6.23
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 33492
|Inside the hull
|6.23
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 33666
|Inside the hull
|6.26
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 30062
|Inside the hull
|6.27
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 34940
|Inside the hull
|6.27
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 33760
|Inside the hull
|6.279
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 33703
|Inside the hull
|6.305
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 32827
|Inside the hull
|6.314
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 31469
|Inside the hull
|6.32
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 34248
|Inside the hull
|6.325
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 33330
|Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 35132
|Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 33532
|Inside the hull
|6.361
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 30503
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 33591
|Inside the hull
|6.395
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 31266
|Inside the hull
|6.402
|-
|85
|V415 CMa
|HIP 31593
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 32322
|Inside the hull
|6.43
|-
|87
| -
|HIP 35326
|Inside the hull
|6.434
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 30988
|Inside the hull
|6.44
|-
|89
|KX CMa
|HIP 33040
|Inside the hull
|6.44
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 30141
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|91
| -
|HIP 31736
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|92
|NGC 2354
|NGC 2354
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===
<gallery>
File:Ori+cma+cmi kugel.jpg|Canis Major and Canis Minor on the Kugel Globe (1st c.BCE), drawing by SMH 2021.
File:Ori+lep+cmi mainz.jpg|Canis Major on the Mainz Globe following Orion (drawing by SMH 2021)
File:Lepus et Canis Major - Mercator.jpeg|Canis Major on Mercator (1551)
File:Uranometria Canis Major (1603).jpg|Canis Major in Bayer's Uranometria (1603)
File:Johannes Hevelius - Canus Major.jpg|Canis Major in Hevelius (1690)
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - La Licorne, Le Grand Chien (Monoceros & Canis Major).jpg|Canis Major in Flamsteed/ Fortin (1776)
File:1822 - Alexander Jamieson - Monocerus, Canis Minor, Canis Major.jpg|Canis Major in Jamieson (1822)
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Canis Major, Lepus, Columba Noachi & Cela Sculptoris.jpg|Canis Major in Hall (1825)
</gallery>

==Mythology==
Eratosthenes recounts two stories about how the dog might have come to be in the sky: on the one hand, he could be Orion's faithful companion, and on the other, he could have been a gift to Princess Europa.

As Orion's dog, he accompanied him on the hunt and is considered a faithful companion and helper to humans against wild animals. That is why he was immortalised in the starry sky with Orion's ascent, writes Eratosthenes.

However, the dog could also have had a whole series of other owners: together with the javelin, it is said to have been given by Zeus to the king's daughter Europa as her guardian. She later passed these gifts on to her son Minos. As king of Crete, he later suffered from an illness from which the Attic princess Prokris cured him. Out of gratitude, he gave her the immortal dog and the accurate javelin. When Prokris married King Cephalus of Thebes, the gifts came into his possession. Thebes was plagued by an uncatchable fox, and when they hunted it with the swift dog, only Zeus could end the pursuit: He turned the fox to stone and placed the dog among the stars.

Hyginus and Ovid see the two dogs as the faithful companions of Ikarios, the bringer of culture, who, at the behest of the god Dionysus, introduced the art of viticulture and wine production to the land around Athens.

==Weblinks==

*

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:4work]]

Canes Venatici

2026-03-01T14:55:56Z

IanRidpath: Typo

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Canes Venatici (cvn).tif|alt=star chart|thumb|CVn star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg)]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. The constellation was invented by Hevelius (1687) in its present shape but with predecessors in other cultures and atlases.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:CVn Johannes-Hevelii-Prodromus-astronomiae.jpg|alt=historical map|thumb|CVn depicted in Hevelius (1687).]]
[[File:CVn Hevelius.JPG|alt=screenshot of text|thumb|Canes Venatici as desctibed in Hevelius (1687).]]

=== Origin of Constellation ===
<ref>Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>In English star charts from the 1670s, it had already become customary to name the brightest nameless star in this area in memory of the beheaded king: Francis Lamb (1673) and Edward Sherburne (1675) drew a human heart with a crown around this star. They named it Cor Caroli Regis Martyris in memory of Charles I. The name for the lonely star was shortened by subsequent astronomers to [[Cor Caroli|Cor Caroli,]] Heart of Charles.

The constellation of the Dogs is also a fictional character. In 1687, Hevelius drew the figure of two slender dogs held on a leash by Bootes. The southern one contains two bright stars, while the northern one contains only stars at the limit of visibility. A century later, Bode wrote the names of the dogs, Asterion (the starry one) and Chara (joy), on the animals' collars.

Many Babylonian stars in this region of the sky cannot be identified with certainty, as there are no coordinates or data available. The designation “star of abundance” can refer to a single star or a group of stars, and Cor Caroli is one of the possible identification suggestions – but it could also be Arcturus in Bootes. The name is usually interpreted as a reference to a conspicuous bright single star, but this is not documented anywhere. Arcturus is much brighter and calendrically significant, and Cor Caroli had no other name in ancient times. If this is the Babylonian “star of abundance,” the name was not translated into Greek.

Ptolemy lists the brightest stars of the hunting dogs in his star catalog, but for him they do not belong to any constellation. They appear in an intermediate section of the catalog under the heading “Great Bear” as the “stars outside the figure, around it.” These stars do not have proper names, but are referred to as “the star south of the tail [of the Bear] at some distance” and “the weaker of the two.”<gallery>
File:Cvn Bode1782.jpg|Canes Venatici in Bode (1782, 1805): The constellation has boundary line and the southern one of the dogs has the "Heart of Charles II" on the leash (sic! must be Charles I).
</gallery>

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:CVn Hevel detail.jpg|CVn in Hevelius (1687)
File:CVn Flamsteed 1729 detail.jpg|Canes Venatici in Flamsteed (1729)
File:CVn Bode1782-1805.jpg|CVn in Bode (1782,1805) with the "Heart of Charles II"
</gallery>

== Mythology ==
In this case, there is no myth surrounding the constellation of the hunting dogs, as it was neither ancient nor based on a story, but merely a whim of the artist.

A contemporary legend surrounding the brightest star arose in 1660 from a claim made by Sir Charles Scarborough, personal physician to the new King Charles II. He said that the star beneath the tail of the bear and next to the shepherd Bootes had shone particularly brightly on the night that Crown Prince Charles returned to London after a long exile. This statement probably does not correspond to any astronomical reality, but is a classic narrative of celestial signs indicating the ascension of a soul: the motif already appears in the case of Emperor Augustus of Rome, who saw himself as the legitimate successor to the autocrat Gaius Julius Caesar because the gods sent a comet visible during the day on the occasion of the festival held for his funeral. In Rome, this comet was popularly interpreted as the ascension of the soul of the murdered dictator. Like Gaius Julius, Charles I had also been murdered by political opponents, and as a result, the monarchy was suspended for just under 11.5 years.

Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland also interpreted himself (like his fathers and Augustus of Rome before him) as “King by the Grace of God” and repeatedly defied parliamentary decisions. The resulting conflict and his attempt to introduce the Anglican Church in Scotland triggered two civil wars. He was eventually arrested and beheaded on January 30, 1649. It was not until the end of May 1660 that the monarchy was restored and his son Charles II was crowned. Supporters of the monarchy therefore sought a “divine sign” to legitimize the new king, and a shining star was particularly suitable for this purpose.

== Weblinks ==

*

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)
* [[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]] [[Category:European]][[Category:4work]]

Ara

2026-03-01T08:13:11Z

IanRidpath: /* Etymology and History */ Scorpius, not Scorpio

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Ara constellation (ara).tif|thumb|Ara constellation map, CC BY 4.0 (IAU).]]
[[File:Ara aufrecht Kugel2024.jpg|alt=drawing|thumb|Ara in the ensemble with Centaurus and Lupus, oldest known depiction on the Kugel Globe, dating 2nd or 1st century BCE (drawing SMH).]]
[[File:Aratea 72v.jpg|thumb|Leiden Aratea, Fol. 72v Ara, Public domain]]
[[File:Stellarium-001 ara.jpg|thumb|Constellation Ara (Altar) according to Ptolemy's Almagest: simulation with Stellarium 24.x.]]
Ara, The Altar (or Censer), is one of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. The constellation appears in all ancient Greek literature from Aratus to Ptolemy; the ancient Greek term is '''Θυμιατήριον (Thymiaterion)''' in Hipparchus and θυτήριον (Thyterion) in Pseudo-Eratosthenes. It forms a unit of sense with the neighbouring super-constellation of [[Centaurus]] and [[Lupus]], as the centaur sacrifices the animal to the gods at the altar.

==Etymology and History==
Aratos only mentions the altar of smoke several times as a sacred site and does not comment on it further, while Eratosthenes explains that it is the altar where the gods once conspired when Zeus went to battle against Cronus. The exact meaning is, therefore, not always clear.

The area beneath the scorpion's sting in the Milky Way is strewn with bright and dark clouds, with the dark clouds of the Milky Way resembling smoke from an altar illuminated by the fire below. The constellation lies below the bulge of the Milky Way, with the brightest and most extensive of its clouds in the constellations of Scutum, Sagittarius and Scorpius. It therefore appears that the smoke altar was originally a dark constellation that was later reinterpreted.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>

However, it remains a mystery why the altar hangs upside down, at least in Roman times, i.e. in Ptolemy's work: the fire smokes downwards (from ζ Arae to the south-west). Presumably, this was different in Hellenistic times, i.e. in the Greek original: the uniform cylindrical shape of the Greek altar on the Farnese Globe differs significantly from the Ptolemaic shape, which resembles the representation in the Leiden Aratea from the 9th century (Carolingian period). Eratosthenes describes an altar made up of four stars (two on the brazier and two on the base, a cylinder), while Ptolemy mentions seven. All this points to a significant transformation of the original image, but it is difficult to prove: Aratos only mentions the smoke altar several times as a sacred site and does not comment on it further, while Eratosthenes explains that it is the altar where the gods once conspired when Zeus went into battle against Kronos.

=== Aratus ===
<blockquote>Now below the blazing sting of the great monster Scorpion, close to the south hovers the Altar. [404] This constellation you will observe only for a short time above the horizon, for its period of visibility is the opposite of Arcturus’. In fact the paths of Arcturus come fully overhead, whereas the Altar goes quickly under the western sea. Yet even round that Altar ancient Night, [409] sad for the suffering of men, has set an important sign of storm at sea; for ships in distress are not to her liking, and she displays different signs in different ways in her pity for storm-tossed men. So pray, I beg you, that at sea this constellation be not visible in mid-sky overarched by clouds everywhere else, [415] cloudless itself and brilliant, but higher up oppressed by billowing clouds, as they are often packed when an autumn northerly piles them up. For Night herself frequently contrives this sign also for a southerly, showing favour to sailors in distress. [420] And if they give heed to her timely signal, and promptly make everything ready and shipshape, in due course their trouble is easier; but if a terrible squall of wind falls upon the ship from on high quite unexpectedly, and disorders all of the canvas, [425] sometimes they sail on entirely submerged, sometimes, if they find Zeus coming to help them as they pray, and there is lightning in the north, in spite of their many travails they do look again upon each other on board ship. With this sign fear a southerly, until you see Boreas flashing lightning. (Kidd 1997)</blockquote>

=== (Pseudo-)Eratosthenes ===
<blockquote>'''Var. 1.''' It is the one on which the gods originally sealed their alliance their alliance by an oath when Zeus launched his his offensive against Cronos. When they had succeeded in their endeavour, the gods also placed the altar in the sky as a memorial; men also carry the altar the altar at their banquets and sacrifice on it, when they have decided to make an agreement between themselves under oath; they touch it with their right hand, believing that this gesture is a guarantee of their good faith.

The Altar has two stars on the hearth and two on the base. In all, four.

'''Var. 2:''' It is the one on which the gods originally sealed their alliance with an oath when Zeus launched against Cronos; the Cyclops had built this edifice and covered the fire so that no one had the power of the lightning. When they succeeded in their enterprise, the gods also placed this altar in the sky as well; men also carry the altar to their banquets and sacrifice on it when they have decided to make an agreement between themselves, as well as at competitions, for those who want to take an oath, believing it to be the surest legal guarantee. They touch it with their right hand, considering it as a sign of good faith. Diviners also sacrifice on this altar when they want to ‘see’ with greater certainty.

It has two stars on the hearth and two at the base. base. Four in all.</blockquote>English from French:<blockquote>French translation by: Jordi Pàmias i Massana and Arnaud Zucker (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène – Catastérismes, Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 114-116</blockquote>

==== Hipparchus ====

====== Rising (Lib III Cap I §7) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of ...</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sgr 15
|Sgr 23
|Lib 2
|Lib 11
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|From the south side of the boat, from those in the left foot
|Of the Centaur the bright one in the front feet
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |1/2 hours = 30 min = 7 1/2 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib II Cap VI §10) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Leo 18 1/2
|Lib 9
|Sgr 5
|Cap 4 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the southern one of those at the edge, which is double (bet,gam)
|the northern one of those in the base
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |2 1/6 hours = 130 min = 32 1/2°
|}

====== Stars Mentioned ======
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, first
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, last
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §2
|setting CrB, south, last
|Psc 13.5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §13
|setting Aql, south, first
|Ari 2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib III Cap I §9
|rising Ori, south, last
|Psc 13
|}

===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====
<blockquote>On this altar the gods are thought to have first made offerings and formed an alliance when they were about to oppose the Titans. The Cyclopes made it. From this observance men established the custom that when they plan to do something, they make sacrifices before beginning the undertaking. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

=== Ptolemy's Almagest ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Θυμιατηρίου ἀστερισμός
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
|1
|ὁ τῶν ἐν τῇ βάσει β ὁ βορειότερος
|The northernmost of the 2 stars in the base
|σ Ara
|-
|2
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶν
|The southernmost of them
|θ Ara
|-
|3
|ὁ ἐν μέσῳ τῷ βωμίσκῳ
|The star in the middle of the little altar
|α Ara
|-
|4
|τῶν ἐν τῷ ἐπιπύρῳ 3’ ὁ βόρειος
|The northernmost of the 3 stars in the brazier
|ε1 Ara
|-
|5
|τῶν λοιπῶν καὶ συνεχῶν β ὁ νοτιώτερος
|The southernmost of the other 2 which are close together
|γ Ara
|-
|6
|ὁ βορειότερος αὐτῶν
|The northernmost of these [2]
|β Ara
|-
|7
|ὁ ἐπ’ ἄκρου τοῦ καοστῆρος
|The star on the end of the burning-apparatus
|ζ Ara
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|all
|ἀστέρες ξ, ὧν δ’ μεγέθους ἐ, ε’ β
|{7 stars, 5 of the fourth magnitude, 2 of the fifth}
|
|}
[[File:Thymiaterion Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Thymiaterion (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|β Arae
|HIP 85258
|Constellation lines
|2.85
|-
|2
|α Arae
|HIP 85792
|Constellation lines
|2.95
|-
|3
|ζ Arae
|HIP 83081
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.076
|-
|4
|γ Arae
|HIP 85267
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.34
|-
|5
|θ Arae
|HIP 88714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.66
|-
|6
|ϵ 1 Arae
|HIP 83153
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.05
|-
|7
|σ Arae
|HIP 86092
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.59
|-
|8
|λ Arae
|HIP 86486
|Inside the hull
|4.77
|-
|9
|Cervantes
|HIP 86796
|Inside the hull
|5.15
|-
|10
|NGC 6397
|NGC 6397
|Inside the hull
|5.17
|-
|11
|κ Arae
|HIP 85312
|Inside the hull
|5.193
|-
|12
|ϵ 2 Arae
|HIP 83431
|Inside the hull
|5.278
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 83187
|Inside the hull
|5.633
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 85470
|Inside the hull
|5.723
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 86248
|Inside the hull
|5.878
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 85409
|Inside the hull
|5.898
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 86064
|Inside the hull
|6.08
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 85393
|Inside the hull
|6.17
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 84759
|Inside the hull
|6.267
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 85975
|Inside the hull
|6.32
|-
|21
|V626 Ara
|HIP 86628
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|}

=== Origin of Constellation<ref>Hoffmann, S.M.: Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref> ===
'''Religious Roots.''' The constellation has no Babylonian predecessors but appears to originate from Greek archaic times. The neighbouring depiction of a sacrificial animal in our constellation Lupus. Ara seems to have formed part of an archaic Greek super-constellation for spring rituals: The wise [[Centaurus|centaur]] representing the turn from the wild to civilized human societies, sacrifies (an [[Lupus|animal]] at the altar) to some divine powers.

'''Upright or not?''' The oldest Greek depiction, however, the Kugel Globe as well as the Mainz Globe (typically dated to Ptolemy's time) both show Ara in an upright position: The flames from the burning apparatus go northwards. Only the Farnese Globe shows it upside down (like Ptolemy's description). If the dating is correct, the Mainz Globe and the Farnese Globe are of similar age (both roughly 2nd century CE). As their visualisations differ, the change may have happened in this time (post-Augustus).

'''Change of Interpretation?''' The extreme southern position of the constellation, its diminutive size compared to its immense ritual significance and its illogical upside-down reversal (at least in Ptolemy) lead to the hypothesis that it could have been larger in earlier times and could have enclosed the sting of the scorpion (or parts of it). The scorpion eventually came to Greece from Babylonian astronomy via the zodiac (around 400 BCE), and there are no complete celestial descriptions from before that time. We, therefore, need to find out whether another culture may also have seen parts of the altar here. It is well possible that the Cen+Lup+Ara super-constellation originated from the Greek culture, was "overwritten" by the Babylonian giant Scorpion.

The area near the sting of the scorpion is streaked with light and dark clouds of the Milky Way, and the dark clouds of the Milky Way could be the smoke of an altar illuminated by the fire below.<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2023). “The Rhetoric on Clouds in the Ancient Star Catalogue”. ''Rhetoric & Science'' Vol. II, Centre for the Study of the Ancient World (CSAW), Ionian University</ref> Some researchers suggest that the figure of a smoky altar only becomes vivid when more southerly stars are added, which were visible at that time due to precession. This is unnecessary. Human imagination is of no use in reconstructing constellations; we need data. We can speculate a lot about the constellations of the archaic civilisation, as no scientific data has survived from this period that would enable a correct reconstruction.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
Eratosthenes describes an altar of four stars (two on the brazier and two on the base, a cylinder), while Ptolemy mentions seven. This demonstrates obviously that the constellation was imagined differently by these two (and probably also other) authors. <gallery>
File:Ara aufrecht Kugel2024.jpg|Ara in the ensemble with Lupus, sacrified by Centaurus (Kugel Globe).
File:Ara kugel.jpg|Ara on the ancient Kugel Globe (2nd/1st c. BCE)
File:Ara farnese bg.png|Ara on the ancient Farnese Globe, 2nd c. CE with Hellenistic predecessor
File:Ara mainz.jpg|Ara on the ancient Mainz Globe (2nd c. CE)
File:Ara mainz context.jpg|Ara in the ensemble: framed by the two centaurs in Centaurus and Sagittarius, one sacrificing Lupus, the other hunting Scorpius.
File:Ara Duerer.jpg|Dürer's Ara (1515), pointing southwards
File:Blaeu1602 Ara.JPG|Blaeu (1602) is copied from Plancius/ Hondius (1598) and shows Ara's flames burning southwards. [https://collections.rmg.co.uk/mediaLib/360/media-360270/large.jpg RMG]
File:Blaeu1603 Ara.JPG|Blaeu (1603), his second globe made with de Houtman's data for the southern constellations, also corrects the direction of Ara: The flames now burn northwards and the smoke indicates the position of the southern Milky Way between Sco and Sgr. [https://collections.rmg.co.uk/mediaLib/398/media-398216/large.jpg RMG]
File:Ara Fortin1795.jpg|Ara in Fortin's Atlas Céleste, 3rd edition (1795).
</gallery>

== Greek Mythology ==

<ref name=":0" />Greek mythology recalls the god Kronos, who overthrew his father, Uranos, to gain power. He was prophesied by an oracle that he himself would therefore also be overthrown by one of his sons and to thwart this he devoured all his children immediately after birth. At some point, his wife, the goddess Rhea, could no longer bear to see this and rescued a baby to raise him on Crete with a goat's milk. It was Zeus. When he grew up, he forced his father to spit out his siblings, and together, they began a battle for world domination. The archaic goddess of the earth, Gaia, advised them to unleash some of the monsters that Kronos had imprisoned. So Zeus released the brutal Cyclopes and Centaurs, who forged weapons for him and his siblings and, according to Eratosthenes, also made ‘a cover for the fire’ so that the gods would not have to see its powerful glow. This was the altar that initially served the gods around Zeus as an oath of their covenant and from then on also served humans.

Whenever people swear, take oaths or seal covenants, they do so at such an altar ‘as an impartial guarantor’. They place their right hand on the altar to express their goodwill and to seal something.

Eratosthenes reports that such an altar is also used by fortune-tellers for their sacrifices so that their predictions of the future are more accurate.

== Weblinks ==

*

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)
* [[References (Babylonian)]]
* [[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

Camelopardalis

2026-02-26T23:41:46Z

IanRidpath: /* Etymology and History */ Typo

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Camelopardalis IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|Cam star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg)]]
[[File:Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) drinking (31986816190).jpg|thumb|Mphafa Hide, iMfolozi Game Reserve, Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, Kwazulu-Natal, SOUTH AFRICA (CC BY Bernard DUPONT)]]
[[File:Cam Plancius1612.png|thumb|Cam on the globe gores of Plancius (1612).]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. Plancius (1612) meant and drew the Latin giraffe and not the camel, but the strange word was sometimes misunderstood by other astronomers as camel or as panther.<ref name=":0">Morgan, Morris H. ; Agassiz, Alexander ; Pickering, Edward C. (1908). The Constellation Camelopardalis. Harvard College Observatory Circular, vol. 146, pp.1-3</ref> So until the constellations were canonised by the IAU, there were two interpretations of this animal.

==Etymology and History==
Camelopardalis was invented in 1612 by Petrus Plancius and represents a giraffe. The constellation’s name is Greek ''Καμηλοπάρδαλις,'' which was adopted by ancient authors into Latin ''Camelopardalis'' (e.g. Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia VIII, 69), derived from the words for “camel” (κάμηλος, kamelos) and “leopard”, reflecting an animal suited to hot climates like a camel, yet marked with spots like a leopard. Thus, actually, the Latin word Camelopardalis is a transcription of the Greek word for giraffe and literally means “spotted camel,” but this was probably already forgotten in Roman times.

Incidentally, the fact that it is a Greek loanword explains the ending -is instead of -us in the nominative case of the name. It also explains why the nominative and genitive cases are the same in Latin.

In the 19th century, Bode wrote “der Kameelopard,” which in German is more reminiscent of spotted big cats such as leopards (“spotted lions”) or cheetahs. However, he also means a giraffe and only refers to the alternative interpretation in the text. The correct term “Camelopardalis” used by Delporte<ref>Delporte, Eugène, ''Délimitation scientifique des constellations (tables et cartes)'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930) [[https://historiadelaastronomia.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/delporte.pdf online link]] -- published on behalf of the International Research Council of the International Astronomical Union</ref> for the IAU is sometimes confusing<ref name=":0" />, because the Greek loanword in Latin also led to the (misleading) Latin variants Camelopardus and Camelopardalus. The original Greek form comes from “pardalis” (spotted) as an adjective to “kamelos” (camel).
=== Origin of Constellation ===
<ref name=":1">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>Although it is a relatively large constellation located in the circumpolar region, which is always visible, no figure was defined here in ancient times. The area between Cassiopeia, Perseus, and the Big Dipper was constellation-free. In the first generations after the introduction of the telescope for observing the sky, some astronomers had begun to establish a “new astronomy” and accept new constellations. The Dutch globe maker Petrus Plancius had already defined new constellations in the southern sky before 1600 and later began to fill the constellation-free areas in the northern sky with figures. Plancius had suggested the name Camelopardalis for this empty area in 1612.

===== Petrus Plancius (...) =====
In 1612 (or possibly 1613), Petrus Plancius introduced eight new constellations on a 26.5-centimeter celestial globe published in Amsterdam by Pieter van der Keere. These were: Apes (the Bee), '''Camelopardalis''' (the Giraffe), Cancer Minor (the Small Crab), Euphrates Fluvius et Tigris Fluvius (the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris), Gallus (the Cock), Jordanis Fluvius (the River Jordan), Monoceros (the Unicorn), and Sagitta Australis (the Southern Arrow).

===== Jacob Bartsch (1600-1632) =====
[[File:Campelopardalis in Bartsch's Usus astronomicus.png|thumb|The description of Camelopardalis in ''Usus astronomicus planisphaerii stellati'']]
[[File:Camelopardalis.png|thumb|Cam in Bartsch (1624).]] In 1624, Bartsch published ''Usus astronomicus planisphaerii stellati''<ref>Jacob Bartsch, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati,'' Argentoratum (Strasburgo) 1624.</ref>, a book of star charts that included several new constellations first proposed around 1613 by the Dutch cartographer Petrus Plancius. Among these was '''Camelopardalis''', the constellation representing a giraffe, which Bartsch depicted on his charts based on Plancius’s celestial globe created by Pieter van den Keere.

Bartsch's description of the constellation in ''Usus astronomicus planisphaerii stellati'' reads: <blockquote>V. CAMELOPARDALIS, ''Καμηλοπάρδαλις'', Ital. ''Giraffa, Greyff'', animal cameli proceritate, pantherae colore, bovis pedibus: ex informibus circa polum arcticum, iis stellulis Cassiopeiae & Aurigam, recentioribus sic formatur. ''Mihi sit Camelus Rebeccae, quo cum Abrahami servo ad Isacum profecta.'' Gen. 24. v. 61 & 65<ref>Jacob Bartsch, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati,'' Argentoratum (Strasburgo) 1624, p.81</ref>.

'''Camelopardalis''', ''Καμηλοπάρδαλις'', in Italian ''Giraffa'', the giraffe. An animal the height of a camel, the colour of a panther, and the feet of an ox. It is formed from faint stars near the Arctic Pole, between Cassiopeia and Auriga, as established by more recent astronomers. ''Let it be to me the camel of Rebecca, with which she journeyed with Abraham’s servant to Isaac.'' (Genesis 24:61, 65) (translation: Doris Vickers)</blockquote>

===== Bode (1782) =====
[[File:CamelopardalisTab Bode1782.jpg|thumb|Bode (1782) star catalog for "Cameelopard", the Giraffe.]]
Bode, in his popular book 1782 even gives little star catalogues per constellation. For Camelopardalis, the third edition of this book (1803) has 30 stars, the brightest two have 4 mag.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:Cam Plancius1612.png|Cam on the Plancius (1612) Globe.
File:Cam Habrecht1621.png|Cam in Habrecht (1628)<ref>Isaac Habrecht, ''Planiglobium Coeleste, et Terrestre. Sive, Globus Coelestis'', 1628.</ref>.
File:Camelopardalis Coronelli1688.png|Cam on the Coronelli (1688) Globe, see [https://homepage.univie.ac.at/georg.zotti/virtual_globes/index.html Zotti's Globe Gallery]
File:Cam Hevel.png|Cam in Hevelius (1690).
File:Cam Flamsteed 1729.png|Cam in Flamsteed (1729).
File:Cam Bode1782 hi.jpg|Cam in Bode (1782)
File:Cam Cassini1792.png|Cam on the Cassini (1792) Globe, see [https://homepage.univie.ac.at/georg.zotti/virtual_globes/index.html Zotti's Globe Gallery]
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Camelopardalis, Tarandus and Custos Messium.jpg|Hall (1825) Camelopardalis
File:Cam Simon1894.png|Cam in Simon (1894)
</gallery>

== Mythology / Religion ==
[[File:Meister der Wiener Genesis 002.jpg|thumb|''Vienna Genesis, Rebecca at the Well'' ]]
<ref name=":1" />The mythological interpretation of this European constellation does not lie in Greek culture, but rather in contemporary Christian culture. Confusingly, it refers to the (incorrect) reading of the word as camel instead of giraffe. It is said to have been the mount on which the Old Testament character Rebekah was brought to her bridegroom.

In the Book of Genesis in the Bible and in the Talmud, the various tribes and peoples are personified and their connections prefigured. According to this story, old Abraham sent a servant to the Arameans to find a wife for his son Isaac. The selection criterion was godliness, and Rebekah had demonstrated this by not only giving the servant a drink at his request, but also his camels. So he asked for her hand for Isaac and brought the caring woman to Canaan.

Normally, men walk alongside the camels and guide the caravan, because a camel will simply stop if a rein or strap to the next animal breaks. Riding is reserved for women.

== Weblinks ==

*

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]] [[Category:European]][[Category:Cam ]]
<references />

Bootes

2026-02-26T23:35:59Z

IanRidpath: Diacritic

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Boötes IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|Boötes star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg)]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. “Boötes” is not a proper name, but it term is sometimes used as if it was because there is always the question of the correct translation: some say “bear keeper” and others “ox driver.” Both are correct. One refers to the Greek constellations, the other to the Roman asterisms. At the same time, both are incorrect, because the Greek word βοώτηϛ means “ploughman.”

==Etymology and History==
=== Origin of Constellation ===
The word “Boötes” is used by Aratus, Hipparchus, and Ptolemy. Eratosthenes, however, calls the constellation “Arktophylakos,” bear keeper.

Eratosthenes explains that the bear keeper is Arkas, a son of Zeus who grew up among shepherds. The word bear keeper refers to its proximity to the Greek constellation Ursa Major, which he guards. In Roman times, however, its seven brightest stars were interpreted as seven oxen driven by the ox driver.

What seems particularly unusual to the modern observer is that the brightest star in the area does not belong to the figure of Boötes: the anthropomorphic figure is formed by weaker stars of 2.5 to 4 mag – the brightest star stands incongruously between the legs of this figure and is called Arcturus, the guardian or watchman. In Greek, therefore, the star's name fits the figure.

==== Babylonian ====
Whether this was also the case in Babylonian culture cannot be said with certainty. In MUL.APIN, each constellation is assigned a deity, and in this region of the sky, the untranslatable word ŠU.PA is found. Perhaps it is derived from the Akkadian word for “bright” and refers to Arcturus, or perhaps it refers to a group of stars in the area. The star is associated with Enlil, the god of agriculture. His attributes include the wagon or cart and the plow, which orbit in the circumpolar region.

It is therefore conceivable that the Babylonian god, who can be seen as a shepherd or plowman, was a model for the Greek Boötes. However, the evidence for this is indirect.

see

* Enlil, [[En-lil2|d''En-lil'']]2
* [[ŠU.PA]]

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratos =====
[91] Behind Helice there comes, like a man driving, Arctophylax, whom men call Bootes, because he is seen to be just touching the Wagon-Bear. All of him is very conspicuous; below his belt circles Arcturus itself, a star distinct from the rest.

[580?] No longer great on both sides of the horizon is Arctophylax but only the lesser portion is visible, while the greater part is wrapt in night. For with four signs of the Zodiac Boötes sets and is received in the bosom of ocean; and when he is sated with the light he takes till past midnight in the loosing of this oxen, in the season when he sets with the sinking sun. Those nights are named after his late setting. So these stars are setting, but another, facing them, no dim star, even Orion with glittering belt and shining shoulders and trusting in the might of his sword, and brining all the River, rises from the other horn, the East.

[607] Nor can the rising Claws [Libra], though faintly shining, pass unremarked, when at a bound the mighty sign of Boötes rises, jeweled with Arcturus.

(Kidd 1997)

===== Eratosthenes =====
Var. 1:

Var. 2:

(Pamias and Zucker 2013)

===== Hipparchus =====

====== Rising (Lib II Cap V §1) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of ...</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Vir 1
|Vir 27
|Tau 26 1/2
|Gem 27
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the one in the head
|the one in the right foot
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |2 hours = 120 min = 30 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib II Cap VI §1) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sco 6
|Cap 18 1/2
|Cap 22
|Ari 4
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the southernmost of the those in the left foot
|the northernmost of those in the club
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |4 2/3 hours = 280 min = 70°
|}

====== Stars Mentioned ======
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, first
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, last
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §2
|setting CrB, south, last
|Psc 13.5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §13
|setting Aql, south, first
|Ari 2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib III Cap I §9
|rising Ori, south, last
|Psc 13
|}

===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====
<blockquote>He is said to be Arcas, the son of Jove and Callisto, whom Lycaon served at a banquet, cut up with other meat, when Jupiter came to him as a guest. For Lycaon wanted to know whether the one who had asked for his hospitality was a god or not. For this deed he was punished by no slight punishment, for Jupiter, quickly overturning the table, burned the house with a thunderbolt, and turned Lycaon himself into a wolf. But the scattered limbs of the boy he put together, and gave him to a certain Aitolian to care for. When, grown to manhood, he was hunting in the woods, he saw his mother changed to bear form, and did not recognize her. Intent on killing her, he chased her into the temple of Jove Lycaeus, where the penalty for entering is death, according to Arcadian law. And so, since both would have to die, Jupiter, out of pity, snatched them up and put them among the stars, as I have said before. As a result, Arcas is seen following the Bear, and since he guards Arctos, he is called Arctophylax.

Some have said that he is Icarus, father of Erigone, to whom, on account of his justice and piety, Father Liber gave wine, the vine, and the grape, so that he could show men how to plant the vine, what would grow from it, and how to use what was produced. When he had planted the vine, and by careful tending with a pruning-knife had made it flourish, a goat is said to have broken into the vineyard, and nibbled the tenderest leaves he saw there. Icarus, angered by this, took him and killed him and from his skin made a sack, and blowing it up, bound it tight, and cast it among his friends, directing them to dance around it. And so Eratosthenes says: Around the goat of Icarus they first danced.

Others say that Icarus, when he had received the wine from Father Liber, straightway put full wineskins on a wagon. For this he was called Bootes. When he showed it to the shepherds on going round through the Attic country, some of them, greedy and attracted by the new kind of drink, became stupefied, and sprawling here and there, as if half-dead, kept uttering unseemly things. The others, thinking poison had been given the shepherds by Icarus, so that he could drive their flocks into his own territory, killed him, and threw him into a well, or, as others say, buried him near a certain tree. However, when those who had fallen asleep, woke up, saying that they had never rested better, and kept asking for Icarus in order to reward him, his murderers, stirred by conscience, at once took to flight and came to the island of the Ceans. Received there as guests, they established homes for themselves.

But when Erigone, the daughter of Icarus, moved by longing for her father, saw he did not return and was on the point of going out to hunt for him, the dog of Icarus, Maera by name, returned to her, howling as if lamenting the death of its master. It gave her no slight suspicion of murder, for the timid girl would naturally suspect her father had been killed since he had been gone so many months and days. But the dog, taking hold of her dress with its teeth, led her to the body. As soon as the girl saw it, abandoning hope, and overcome with loneliness and poverty, with many tearful lamentations she brought death on herself by hanging from the very tree beneath which her father was buried. And the dog made atonement for her death by its own life. Some say that it cast itself into the well, Anigrus by name. For this reason they repeat the story that no one afterward drank from that well. Jupiter, pitying their misfortune, represented their forms among the stars. And so many have called Icarus, Bootes, and Erigone, the Virgin, about whom we shall speak later. The dog, however, from its own name and likeness, they have called Canicula. It is called Procyon by the Greeks, because it rises before the greater Dog. Others say these were pictured among the stars by Father Liber.

In the meantime in the district of the Athenians many girls without cause committed suicide by hanging, because Erigone, in dying, had prayed that Athenian girls should meet the same kind of death she was to suffer if the Athenians did not investigate the death of Icarus and avenge it. And so when these things happened as described, Apollo gave oracular response to them when they consulted him, saying that they should appease Erigone if they wanted to be free from the affliction. So since she hanged herself, they instituted a practice of swinging themselves on ropes with bars of wood attached, so that the one hanging could be moved by the wind. They instituted this as a solemn ceremony, and they perform it both privately and publicly, and call it aletis, aptly terming her mendicant who, unknown and lonely, sought for her father with the god. The Greeks call such people aletides.

In addition to this, Canicula, rising with its heat, scorched the land of the Ceans, and robbed their fields of produce, and caused the inhabitants, since they had welcomed the bandits, to be plagued by sickness, and to pay the penalty to Icarus with suffering. Their king, Aristaeus, son of Apollo and Cyrene, and father of Actaeon, asked his father by what means he could free the state from affliction. The god bade them expiate the death of Icarus with many victims, and ask from Jove that when Canicula rises he should send wind for forty days to temper the heat of Canicula. This command Aristaeus carried out, and obtained from Jove the favour that the Etesian winds should blow. Some have called them Etesian because they spring up at a certain time each year, for etos in Greek is annus in Latin. Some, too, have called them Etesian because they were "asked for" from Jove, and so obtained. But we shall leave this undecided, lest we be though to have anticipated everything.

To return to the matter at hand, Hermippus, who wrote about the stars, says that Ceres lay with Iasion, son of Thuscus. Many agree with Homer that for this he was struck with a thunderbolt. From them, as Petellides, Cretan writer of histories, shows, two sons were born, Philomelus and Plutus, who were never on good terms, for Plutus, who was richer, gave nothing of his wealth to his brother. Philomelus, however, compelled by necessity, bought two oxen with what he had, and became the inventor of the wagon. So, by plowing and cultivating the fields, he supported himself. His mother, admiring his invention, represented him plowing among the stars, and called him Bootes. From him they say Parias was born, who called the people Parians and the town Parion from his own name. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest Boώrης ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!Βοώτου ἀστερισμός.
!Constellation of Bootes
!
|-
|1
|τῶν ἐν τῇ ἀριστερᾷ χειρὶ γ’ ὁ προηγούμενος.
|The most advanced of the three in the left arm
|kap Boo
|-
|2
|ὁ μέσος καὶ νοτιώτερος τῶν τριῶν
|The middle and southernmost of the three
|iot Boo
|-
|3
|ὁ ἑπόμευος τῶν τριῶν.
|The rearmost of the three
|tet Boo
|-
|4
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἀγκῶνος.
|The star on the left elbow
|lam Boo
|-
|5
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ὥμου
|The star on the left shoulder
|gam Boo
|-
|6
|ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς:
|The star on the head
|bet Boo
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ὥμου
|The star on the right shoulder
|del Boo
|-
|
|ὁ βορειότερος αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ κολλορόβου
|The one to the north of these, on the staff
|mu Boo
|-
|
|ὁ ἔτι τούτου βορειότερος ἐπ’ ἄκρου τοῦ κολλορόβου.
|The one farther to the north again of th is, on the tip of the staff
|nu Boo
|-
|
|τῶν ὑποκάτω τοῦ ὤμου ἐν τῷ ῥοπάλῳ β ὁ βορειότερος.
|The northernmost of the two stars below the shoulder, m the club
|eta Boo
|-
|
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶν.
|The southernmost of them
|omi Boo
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπ’ ἄκρας τῆς δεξιᾶς χειρός
|The star on the end of the right arm
|45 Boo
|-
|
|ὁ τῶν ἐν τῷ καρπῷ δύο ὁ ἠγούμενος
|The more advanced of the two stars in the wrist
|psi Boo
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος αὐτῶν
|The rearmost of them
|46 Boo
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπ’ ἄκρας τῆς λαβῆς τοῦ κολλορόβου.
|The star on the end of the handle of the staff
|omega Boo
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ μηροῦ ἐν τῷ περιξώματι
|The star on the right thigh, in the apron
|eps Boo
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ ζώνῃ δύο ὁ ἐπόμευος.
|T he· rearmost of the two stars in the belt
|sig Boo
|-
|
|ὁ προηφούμενος αὐτῶν.
|T he· rearmost of the two stars in the belt
|rho Boo
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς δεξιᾶς πτέρυης
|The star on the right heel
|zet Boo
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ ἀριστερᾷ κυήμῃ ἡ’ ὁ βόρειος
|The northernmost of the 3 stars in the left lower leg
|eta Boo
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος τῶν τριῶν
|The middle one of the three
|tau Boo
|-
|
|ὁ φότιος αὐτῶν.
|The southernmost of them
|ups Boo
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|ἀστέρες κβ, ὥν γ μεγέθους ὅ, δ’ ὅ, ε θ.
|22 stars, 4 of the third magnitude, 9 of the fourth, 9 of the fifth
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
!
!Ὁ ὑπ’ αὐτὸν ἀμόρφωτος.
!
!
|-
|
|ὁ μεταξὺ τῶν μηρῶν ὁ καλούμενος Ἀρκτοῦρος ὑπόκιρρος
|The star between the thighs, called 'Arcturus', reddish
|alf Boo
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|ἀστὴρ α μεγέθους α'
|1 star of the first magnitude
|
|}
[[File:Bootes Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Bootes (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Arcturus
|HIP 69673
|Inside the hull
| -0.05
|-
|2
|Izar
|HIP 72105
|Constellation lines
|2.45
|-
|3
|Muphrid
|HIP 67927
|Constellation lines
|2.68
|-
|4
|Seginus
|HIP 71075
|Constellation lines
|3.02
|-
|5
|δ Boötis
|HIP 74666
|Constellation lines
|3.49
|-
|6
|Nekkar
|HIP 73555
|Constellation lines
|3.52
|-
|7
|ρ Boötis
|HIP 71053
|Constellation lines
|3.59
|-
|8
|ζ Boötis
|HIP 71795
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.78
|-
|9
|θ Boötis
|HIP 70497
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.05
|-
|10
|υ Boötis
|HIP 67459
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.07
|-
|11
|Xuange
|HIP 69732
|Constellation lines
|4.18
|-
|12
|Alkalurops
|HIP 75411
|Constellation lines
|4.31
|-
|13
|σ Boötis
|HIP 71284
|Constellation lines
|4.47
|-
|14
|τ Boötis
|HIP 67275
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.49
|-
|15
|ψ Boötis
|HIP 73745
|Constellation lines
|4.55
|-
|16
|ξ Boötis
|HIP 72659
|Inside the hull
|4.593
|-
|17
|ο Boötis
|HIP 72125
|Inside the hull
|4.6
|-
|18
|ι Boötis
|HIP 69713
|Constellation lines
|4.75
|-
|19
|W Boo
|HIP 71995
|Inside the hull
|4.79
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 69879
|Inside the hull
|4.796
|-
|21
|* eps Boo B
|HR 5505
|Inside the hull
|4.801
|-
|22
|ω Boötis
|HIP 73568
|Constellation lines
|4.81
|-
|23
|12 Boo
|HIP 69226
|Inside the hull
|4.83
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 70027
|Inside the hull
|4.85
|-
|25
|π 1 Boötis
|HIP 71762
|Inside the hull
|4.893
|-
|26
|45 Boo
|HIP 73996
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.93
|-
|27
|9 Boo
|HIP 68103
|Inside the hull
|5
|-
|28
|ν 1 Boötis
|HIP 75973
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.026
|-
|29
|BY Boo
|HIP 69038
|Inside the hull
|5.28
|-
|30
|33 Boo
|HIP 71618
|Inside the hull
|5.387
|-
|31
|22 Boo
|HIP 70602
|Inside the hull
|5.394
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 72582
|Constellation lines
|5.48
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 73634
|Inside the hull
|5.513
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 75257
|Inside the hull
|5.532
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 70791
|Inside the hull
|5.58
|-
|36
|40 Boo
|HIP 73369
|Inside the hull
|5.634
|-
|37
|46 Boo
|HIP 74087
|Constellation lines
|5.669
|-
|38
|7 Boo
|HIP 67787
|Inside the hull
|5.709
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 71568
|Inside the hull
|5.721
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 72012
|Inside the hull
|5.73
|-
|41
|CH Boo
|HIP 71280
|Inside the hull
|5.74
|-
|42
|10 Boo
|HIP 68276
|Inside the hull
|5.748
|-
|43
|Merga
|HIP 72487
|Inside the hull
|5.757
|-
|44
|* pi.02 Boo
|HR 5476
|Inside the hull
|5.761
|-
|45
|CY Boo
|HIP 69829
|Inside the hull
|5.8
|-
|46
| -
|HIP 72552
|Inside the hull
|5.8
|-
|47
|HP Boo
|HIP 72567
|Inside the hull
|5.867
|-
|48
|26 Boo
|HIP 71115
|Inside the hull
|5.897
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 71571
|Inside the hull
|5.91
|-
|50
|V* CN Boo
|HR 5343
|Inside the hull
|5.957
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 74561
|Inside the hull
|5.974
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 71277
|Inside the hull
|5.999
|-
|53
| -
|HIP 71094
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|54
|DE Boo
|HIP 72848
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 70892
|Inside the hull
|6.05
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 73068
|Inside the hull
|6.122
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 69316
|Inside the hull
|6.129
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 74571
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 72469
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 72139
|Inside the hull
|6.145
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 71729
|Inside the hull
|6.15
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 74514
|Inside the hull
|6.187
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 69818
|Inside the hull
|6.195
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 70762
|Inside the hull
|6.2
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 71490
|Inside the hull
|6.2
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 70310
|Inside the hull
|6.2
|-
|67
|11 Boo
|HIP 68478
|Inside the hull
|6.221
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 69569
|Inside the hull
|6.227
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 70517
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 72124
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 71243
|Inside the hull
|6.306
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 70029
|Inside the hull
|6.31
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 69862
|Inside the hull
|6.316
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 73941
|Inside the hull
|6.351
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 70873
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 71406
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 69735
|Inside the hull
|6.376
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 69592
|Inside the hull
|6.377
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 68516
|Inside the hull
|6.384
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 71168
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 71857
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|82
| -
|HR 5346
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 70385
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 70051
|Inside the hull
|6.445
|-
|85
|kap01 Boo
|HIP 69481
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|6.69
|}

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology ==
Eratosthenes reports that Arkas was the son of Zeus and Callisto, the daughter of Lycaon. After the birth, Lycaon is said to have invited Zeus to a feast, at which he served him the dismembered newborn. Zeus was horrified, overturned the table, destroyed the palace with a thunderbolt, put the boy back together, gave him a beautiful form, and had him raised among shepherds. When the young man, unaware of his origins, wanted to marry his mother and was therefore to be sacrificed according to the law, Zeus saved him once again. He carried him up to the stars.

In another version of the legend, mythographers report that Arkas' mother Callisto was transformed into a bear: either by Artemis, who punished her for not remaining a virgin until initiation, or by her suitor Zeus, to protect her from the revenge of his wife Hera, or by Hera herself, who wanted revenge. Whatever the reason, as a young man, Arkas encountered the bear and did not recognize his mother. He hunted her until she fled to the temple of Zeus. Since it was forbidden to enter, the situation gave Zeus the opportunity to transport both of them to the heavens.

== Weblinks ==

*

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)
* [[References (Babylonian)]]
* [[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]] [[Category:European]][[Category:4work]]

Category:Almagest

2026-02-26T23:21:33Z

IanRidpath: Typo

The star catalogue in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagest Almagest] is based on the epoch 20 July 137 CE (1 Thoth 885 Nabonassar). Its author is given as the librarian of Alexandria (Egypt), [[wikipedia:Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemaios]] and its original title is Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις (''Mathēmatikē Syntaxis''). Yet, modern scholars assume that Ptolemy's role was rather comparable with an editor in our time, compiling or supervising the material (chapters?) of several different authors.

The Almagest served as the standard book on astronomy for the next millennium in both the Christian and the Islamic religious scholarship. As such, it was translated from the original Greek into Arabic and later into mediaeval Latin.

The Greek names in the solar system are:
{| class="wikitable"
!Greek
!Romanization
!English
!
|-
|Ἥλιος
|Hḗlios
| Sun
|
|-
|Σελήνη
|Selḗnē
|Moon
|
|-
|Ζεύς
|Zeús
|Jupiter
|
|-
|Ἄρης
|Árēs
|Mars
|
|-
|Ἀφροδίτη
|Aphrodítē
|Venus
|The equivalents for the "morning star" and "evening star" are ... Phosphoros ...
|-
|Ἑρμῆς
|Hermē̃s
|Mercury
|
|-
|Κρόνος
|Kronos
|Saturn
|
|}The sections of the star catalogue are concluded with the following phrases:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Ptolemaios
(Greek, Heiberg's edition 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!
|-
|
|Ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ βορείου μέρους ἀστέρες τέ, ὥν α μεγέθουςἢ, β’ τη, γ’ πα, δ’ ρος, εἴση, ς’ ῃ, ἀμαυροὶ ἢ, νεφελοειδὴς α.
|{Total for the northern segment: 360 stars, 3 of the first magnitude, 18 of the second, 81 of the third, 177 of the fourth, 58 of the fifth, 13 of the sixth, 9 faint, 1 nebulous}
|
|-
|
|ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ξῳδιακοῦ ἀστέρες τμε, ὥν πρώτου μεγέθους ε, β’ θ, γ’ ξδ, δ’ βλῃ, ε’ φε, ξ’ κς, νεφελοειδεῖς γ', καὶ ὁ Πλόκαμος.
|Total for the zodiac: 346 stars, 5 of the first magnitude, 9 of the second, 364 of the third, 133 of the fourth, 105 of the fifth, 27 of the sixth, 3 nebulous, and Coma [Berenices] }
|
|-
|
|ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ νοτίου μέρους ἀστέρες τις, ὥν α μεγέθους ζ, β' ιη, γ' ξγ, δ' ρξδ, ε' vδ, ς' θ, νεφελοειδὴς α.
|Total for the southern region 316 stars, 7 of the first magnitude, 18 of the second, 63 of the third, 164 of the fourth, 54 of the fifth, 9 of the sixth, 1 nebulous.
|
|-
|
|ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ πάντες ἀστέρες απβ, ὥν α μεγέθους ἱὲ, β’ μὲ, γ' ση, δ' υοδ, ε' σι ζ, ς' μθ, άμαυροὶ θ, νεφελοειδεῖς ε, καὶ ὁ Πλόκαμος.
|Total for all stars 1022, 15 of the first magnitude, 45 of the second, 208 of the third, 474 of the fourth, 217 of the fifth, 49 of the sixth, 9 faint, 5 nebulous, plus Coma [Berenices]
|
|}
[[Category:Africa]]
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Naga

2026-02-25T16:23:17Z

IanRidpath: /* Stars within the Constellation Area */ Capitalization

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Naga (नाग)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangNAGA.jpg|thumb|Lintang Naga in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Naga.png|thumb|Lintang Naga in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212838262.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Naga (a dragon), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Naga is a constellation used in several Indonesian sky culture. It projects mythological dragon into the sky. The dragon as a religious/divine creature that exists in many cultures in South East Asia from India to Indonesia (e.g. Cambodia, Thailand, Hong Kong, China ...). The Balinese astral calendar "P[[Balinese (All Terms)|alelintangan]]" has "Naga" as one of 35 "lintang" (constellations).<ref name=":2">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> There naga is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara).

==Etymology and History==
Naga (IPA: /ˈna.ɡa/, [ˈna.ɡa]) is inherited from Malay naga, and derived from Sanskrit नाग, nāgá, means “large snake”. Some languages borrow Sanskrit terms and have the same meaning as snake, namely: Iban, Indonesia, Italian, Javanese, Malay, Marano, Portuguese, Tagalog and Yakan. In Japanese, "naga" means "long", which perfectly fits the image of the serpent in the sky.

In Lithuanian, one of the oldest languages in Europe and connected with Sanskrit, "naga" means nail. The German word for "nail" is "Nagel". The term for 'nude' in Germanic languages "naked" (English), "naakt" (Dutch), "nackt" (German), "naken" (Swedish & Norwegian) is also etymologically related. It all derives from the homophonous Sanskrit term "nāga" for gold/ iron/ metal.

=== Variants (name, spelling...) ===
The constellation in the sky is always called "Naga" but the divine creature has the following name variants (for explanation see below):
*Naga Besukih
*Antaboga
*Taksaka

=== Origin of Constellation ===
On Bali, Naga are legendary creatures and exist in the folklore of almost every tribe and civilization in the world. Naga could be referred to as a big snake, a big water snake or a dragon. Unlike in some civilizations which consider dragons to be evil monsters, in Bali, dragons are considered to be sacred figures who are able to guard the island of Bali. Apart from that, there are quite a few depictions of dragons in several places such as temples, houses, government offices and former buildings left over from the Balinese kingdom. Sometimes they also make dragon ornaments on ''keris'' (traditional Balinese dagger).

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":2" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":2" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Naga Maass1929.jpg|center|thumb|1155x1155px|Naga in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He calls the creature a dragon but identifies "Wasserschlange(?)" = Hydra. ]]

Maaß (1929), p. 144: "eine Schlange. Bösartig und schlau; - sehr schlechte Denkungsart;" '''English:''' - a snake. Malicious and cunning; - very bad way of thinking;
==== Naga in India ====
Nāga, in Sanskrit and almost all Indian languages means a snake or cobra. Although it is not explicitly used as a name for any constellation the constellation Āśleṣā ([[Ashlesha]]), is recognised as the head of a snake.

It is very difficult to trace the origin in general as is common with all Sanskrit words, but in most etymologies, it points to the word nāga (though the diacritical marks were not specified). There are 81 meanings for this word,<ref>On the problems of understanding the term "naga"https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/naga</ref> but all images show a serpent / snake / cobra.

'''Name Variants:'''

* Vasuki,
* Adisesha,
* kalinga

In South India about 40% of the names (male and female) will start with naga.

Mythological stories involving snakes are abundant. For example, the ascending and descending nodes of the moon are called Rāhu and Ketu. Rahu has a human head and the body of a snake; it is the converse for Ketu. They both emerge as the two individual bodies when a demon’s head was chopped off. Snake worship is very common in India; people install stone idols of snakes even today.

==== Naga in other South Asian Cultures ====
"Naga" creatures exist in many Southeast Asian cultures.

===== Modern Distinctions: Bali vs. Mainland Southeast Asia (SEA) =====
While they share a name, the "taxonomical" differences between the two today are significant:

* Anatomy: Mainland SEA Nagas (Thailand/Cambodia/Laos/Myanmar) are fundamentally multi-headed serpents (3, 5, 7, or 9 heads). In contrast, the Balinese Naga is almost always single-headed.
* Visual Style: The Balinese Naga is a "Royal Dragon"—it wears a crown (''Makuta''), earrings, and often has a beard. The Mainland version is more serpentine, emphasizing the flared cobra hood.
* Symbolic Meaning: In the mainland, Nagas are primarily Guardians of the Buddha and water spirits. In Bali, they are Cosmic Stabilizers tied to the volcanic earth and the support of the world.

===== Evidence of a Shared Origin =====
Despite these modern differences, two key pieces of evidence link them to a singular source:

* Evidence 1: The Cosmic Churning (Cosmology) Both regions root their Naga lore in the Indian myth of the ''Samudra Manthan'' (Churning of the Ocean of Milk). In Bali, this is the ''Adi Parwa''. The use of the Naga (Basuki) as the "churning rope" wrapped around a cosmic mountain is a shared blueprint that defines the spiritual architecture of both Balinese temples and Khmer monuments like Angkor Wat.
* Evidence 2: The Naga-Ship Tradition The "Naga-boat" is a cross-cultural phenomenon. Whether it is the Chinese Dragon Boat, the Mekong Naga Boats, or the Balinese Ritual Naga-Banda, they all share the belief that the boat is the physical body of the water-serpent. This tradition stems from an ancient "Monsoon Culture" where the river was seen as a living Naga that one must "ride" to navigate the world.

===== The Evolutionary Path: From India to the Islands =====
The divergence occurred based on the "cultural filter" through which the Indian Naga traveled:

# The Indian Root (c. 1500 BCE): Originated as the Vedic ''Vritra'' and later the Puranic ''Shesha/Vasuki''.
# The Buddhist Branch (Mainland SEA): Traveled via land and sea to Angkor. It merged with local snake-worship to become the multi-headed protector of the Dharma.
# The Javanese-Balinese Branch (Indonesia): Traveled via maritime trade routes. It was "ennobled" by Javanese court culture, gaining the crown and royal regalia, and was eventually re-contextualized to fit the volcanic landscape of Bali.

They are "taxonomically" distinct now. One can think of them like the Lion and the Tiger: they are both "Big Cats", but they have lived in different jungles for so long that they have developed different stripes.

In conclusion, the Balinese "Naga" is distinct regarding modern iconography, but the underlying "DNA" remains a shared heritage of the broader Indo-Pacific maritime exchange.

=== Transfer and Transformation ===

==== ... of the Constellation ====

==== Interpretations of Naga in different cultures ====
<gallery>
File:Naga - Buddhism.jpg|Naga in Cambodia. The term Naga in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism denotes divine. (CC BY Dmitry Makeev).
File:Naga China smh 20240302 155352.jpg|modern park decoration in shape of a Naga-like dragon in Hefei, China
File:A Naga, a half-man, half-snake creature (4188438144).jpg|A Naga, a half-man, half-snake creature (CC BY Greg Willis).
File:Olbrich Botanical Garden Naga Dragon Statue.jpg|Naga dragon statue at Olbrich Botanical Garden (CC BY צבוע לבנה).
File:Wat Si Saket Vientiane 5.jpg|Believed to be Vientiane’s oldest surviving temple, Wat Si Saket is famous for its cloister wall and rows of hundreds of seated Buddhas. (CC BY Philip Nalangan)
File:Naga and Naga Kanya (snake god and goddess), from the Gond Country on the Nerbudda - DPLA - 657678574197483a1cccd123b2404d5f.jpg|Naga and Naga Kanya (snake god and goddess), from the Gond Country, India, on the Nerbudda (CC0 between 1850 and 1873 ).
File:Angkor naga.jpg|Seven-headed ''naga'' from the entrance of an Angkor Thom gate (CC BY Gisling(zh:唐戈))
</gallery>

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Naga Besukih (Bali) ===
The presence of the Balinese mythological creature, Naga Besukih, cannot be separated from the folklore about the formation of the Bali Strait. The story involves Manik Angkeran who was the son of a Brahmin named Sidi Mantra.

Sidi Mantra was famous for his supernatural powers while his son, although brave and clever, apparently had a penchant for gambling which made him in debt. To free himself from debt, Sidi Mantra told Manik Angkeran to ask for a little treasure guarded by Naga Besukih in the crater of Mount Agung.

The dragon agreed to the request. However, Manik apparently repeated his bad habits so he secretly returned to Naga Besukih to give him help. Blinded by the treasure stored in Naga Besukih's body, Manik cut off the dragon's tail.

With his supernatural powers, Besukih managed to burn Manik to ashes when the dragon licked his tracks. Sidi Mantra then begged Naga Besukih to revive his son on the condition that his tail be returned.

With his magical powers, Sidi Mantra managed to restore the Dragon's tail and the child came back to life. Manik then apologized and promised not to repeat his actions. After disappearing, a water source appeared where Manik stood, which grew larger and larger. With his stick, Sidi Mantra made a dividing line with the child. That place later became the Bali Strait.

=== Antaboga ===
Antaboga or Anantaboga is a Balinese mythological creature who rules snakes from a puppet story. This creature has the form of a dragon snake with a crown and a gold necklace. According to local beliefs, Antaboga has many powers and one of them is the ability to revive dead bodies. This creature is said to live in Saptapralata or the seventh layer of the earth's base. He has a wife named Dewi Supreti who also has the form of a dragon and two children named Bambang Naga Tatmala and Dewi Nagini.

=== Taksaka ===
Taksaka or Taksa is one of the dragons, the son of Dewi Kadru and Kashyapa who lives in Nagaloka with his other brothers. In the Mahabharata legend, Naga Taksaka is the dragon who killed King Parikesit.

The story of Taksaka appears in the Adiparwa story where Dewi Kadru asks Resi Kasyapa to grant her a thousand children. Bagawan Kasyapa then gives a thousand eggs, from which dragons emerge, one of which is Taksaka. But in Balinese mythology, Taksaka is not a dragon but a snake who lives in Kahyangan.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Naga.png|Lintang Naga (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinNAGA.jpg|Lintang Naga in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangNAGA.jpg|Lintang Naga in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Naga2.jpg|Lintang Naga (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 16.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Often makes trouble for his enemies, his joys and sorrows are balanced, has talent in literature, always performs praises to God and is firm in meditation. His mantras and curses are bathing. Has many memories, has a clean heart. Unfortunately they are very easily offended and sensitive so that with this nature they are often swayed by their own feelings.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Biduri bulan (moon stone), Nila (saphire), Kalimayah (Opal).<ref name=":0" />

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alphard
| HIP 46390
| within constellation lines
| 1.97
|-
| 2
| Gienah
| HIP 59803
| Inside the Hull
| 2.58
|-
| 3
| Kraz
| HIP 61359
| Inside the Hull
| 2.64
|-
| 4
| ϵ Corvi
| HIP 59316
| Inside the Hull
| 2.98
|-
| 5
| γ Hydrae
| HIP 64962
| within constellation lines
| 3
|-
| 6
| ζ Hydrae
| HIP 43813
| within constellation lines
| 3.1
|-
| 7
| ν Hydrae
| HIP 52943
| within constellation lines
| 3.11
|-
| 8
| Ashlesha
| HIP 43109
| within constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
| 9
| ξ Hydrae
| HIP 56343
| within constellation lines
| 3.54
|-
| 10
| δ Crateris
| HIP 55282
| Inside the Hull
| 3.56
|-
| 11
| λ Hydrae
| HIP 49841
| within constellation lines
| 3.61
|-
| 12
| μ Hydrae
| HIP 51069
| within constellation lines
| 3.81
|-
| 13
| Ukdah
| HIP 47431
| Inside the Hull
| 3.91
|-
| 14
| θ Hydrae
| HIP 45336
| Inside the Hull
| 3.91
|-
| 15
| Alchiba
| HIP 59199
| Inside the Hull
| 4.01
|-
| 16
| γ Crateris
| HIP 55705
| Inside the Hull
| 4.06
|-
| 17
| Alkes
| HIP 53740
| Inside the Hull
| 4.07
|-
| 18
| Zhang
| HIP 48356
| within constellation lines
| 4.11
|-
| 19
| ρ Hydrae
| HIP 43234
| Inside the Hull
| 4.337
|-
| 20
| β Crateris
| HIP 54682
| Inside the Hull
| 4.449
|-
| 21
| τ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 46776
| Inside the Hull
| 4.548
|-
| 22
| υ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 49402
| Inside the Hull
| 4.588
|-
| 23
| τ 1 Hydrae
| HIP 46509
| Inside the Hull
| 4.6
|-
| 24
| ζ Crateris
| HIP 57283
| Inside the Hull
| 4.706
|-
| 25
| ϵ Crateris
| HIP 55687
| Inside the Hull
| 4.802
|-
| 26
| U Hya
| HIP 52009
| Inside the Hull
| 4.82
|-
| 27
| ϕ 3 Hydrae
| HIP 52085
| Inside the Hull
| 4.903
|-
| 28
| ψ Hydrae
| HIP 64166
| Inside the Hull
| 4.934
|-
| 29
| λ Crateris
| HIP 55598
| Inside the Hull
| 5.09
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 56332
| Inside the Hull
| 5.11
|-
| 31
| II Hya
| HIP 57613
| Inside the Hull
| 5.11
|-
| 32
| η Crateris
| HIP 58188
| Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
| 33
| ζ Corvi
| HIP 60189
| Inside the Hull
| 5.21
|-
| 34
| ϵ Sextantis
| HIP 50414
| Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 53252
| Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
| 36
| 31 Crt
| HIP 58587
| Inside the Hull
| 5.264
|-
| 37
| 303 G. Hya
| HIP 58082
| Inside the Hull
| 5.272
|-
| 38
| 200 G. Hya
| HIP 49809
| Inside the Hull
| 5.296
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 46404
| Inside the Hull
| 5.32
|-
| 40
| * Gam Sex A
| HIP 48437
| Inside the Hull
| 5.43
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 52737
| Inside the Hull
| 5.44
|-
| 42
| 3 Crv
| HIP 59394
| Inside the Hull
| 5.47
|-
| 43
| ι Crateris
| HIP 56802
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 44
| -
| HIP 54029
| Inside the Hull
| 5.511
|-
| 45
| 33 Hya
| HIP 46982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.548
|-
| 46
| -
| HR 3750
| Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 51046
| Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
| 48
| 28 Hya
| HIP 46221
| Inside the Hull
| 5.579
|-
| 49
| 225 G. Hya
| HIP 51491
| Inside the Hull
| 5.58
|-
| 50
| * 17 Crt A
| HIP 56280
| Inside the Hull
| 5.58
|-
| 51
| 195 G. Hya
| HIP 49569
| Inside the Hull
| 5.582
|-
| 52
| 18 Sex
| HIP 49865
| Inside the Hull
| 5.618
|-
| 53
| -
| HIP 61015
| Inside the Hull
| 5.63
|-
| 54
| -
| HIP 53316
| Inside the Hull
| 5.651
|-
| 55
| 6 Crv
| HIP 60425
| Inside the Hull
| 5.658
|-
| 56
| * 17 Crt B
| HIP 56280
| Inside the Hull
| 5.671
|-
| 57
| 236 G. Hya
| HIP 51933
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 58
| χ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 54255
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 59
| 41 Sex
| HIP 52980
| Inside the Hull
| 5.791
|-
| 60
| -
| HIP 59728
| Inside the Hull
| 5.807
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 56078
| Inside the Hull
| 5.813
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 52948
| Inside the Hull
| 5.842
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 53778
| Inside the Hull
| 5.857
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 53723
| Inside the Hull
| 5.879
|-
| 65
| -
| HIP 58158
| Inside the Hull
| 5.893
|-
| 66
| 17 Sex
| HIP 49812
| Inside the Hull
| 5.901
|-
| 67
| κ Crateris
| HIP 55874
| Inside the Hull
| 5.923
|-
| 68
| 25 Sex
| HIP 50885
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 69
| -
| HIP 60157
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 70
| 136 G. Hya
| HIP 46288
| Inside the Hull
| 5.985
|-
| 71
| ϕ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 51905
| Inside the Hull
| 6.012
|-
| 72
| 6 Sex
| HIP 48341
| Inside the Hull
| 6.016
|-
| 73
| 209 G. Hya
| HIP 50536
| Inside the Hull
| 6.027
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 61951
| Inside the Hull
| 6.03
|-
| 75
| -
| HIP 56364
| Inside the Hull
| 6.044
|-
| 76
| 243 G. Hya
| HIP 52113
| Inside the Hull
| 6.045
|-
| 77
| -
| HIP 59895
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 78
| -
| HIP 50292
| Inside the Hull
| 6.075
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 54214
| Inside the Hull
| 6.086
|-
| 80
| -
| HIP 49293
| Inside the Hull
| 6.097
|-
| 81
| ψ Crateris
| HIP 54742
| Inside the Hull
| 6.105
|-
| 82
| 157 G. Hya
| HIP 46869
| Inside the Hull
| 6.113
|-
| 83
| -
| HIP 57732
| Inside the Hull
| 6.122
|-
| 84
| 146 G. Hya
| HIP 46529
| Inside the Hull
| 6.126
|-
| 85
| 217 G. Hya
| HIP 50790
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 86
| 81 G. Hya
| HIP 43902
| Inside the Hull
| 6.131
|-
| 87
| 105 G. Hya
| HIP 45167
| Inside the Hull
| 6.131
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 56293
| Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
| 89
| NS Hya
| HIP 44738
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 90
| TU Crv
| HIP 61496
| Inside the Hull
| 6.184
|-
| 91
| VX Crt
| HIP 56899
| Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
| 92
| -
| HIP 56901
| Inside the Hull
| 6.198
|-
| 93
| -
| HIP 51490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 94
| -
| HIP 57079
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 95
| -
| HIP 49900
| Inside the Hull
| 6.225
|-
| 96
| 245 G. Hya
| HIP 52391
| Inside the Hull
| 6.228
|-
| 97
| -
| HIP 56245
| Inside the Hull
| 6.228
|-
| 98
| 199 G. Hya
| HIP 49802
| Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
| 99
| 197 G. Hya
| HIP 49689
| Inside the Hull
| 6.244
|-
| 100
| 159 G. Hya
| HIP 46893
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 101
| * Psi Crt A
| HIP 54742
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 102
| -
| HIP 61270
| Inside the Hull
| 6.254
|-
| 103
| -
| HIP 58574
| Inside the Hull
| 6.255
|-
| 104
| 147 G. Hya
| HIP 46543
| Inside the Hull
| 6.257
|-
| 105
| 144 G. Hya
| HIP 46504
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 106
| 337 G. Hya
| HIP 63243
| Inside the Hull
| 6.303
|-
| 107
| -
| HIP 50584
| Inside the Hull
| 6.308
|-
| 108
| 37 Hya
| HIP 47427
| Inside the Hull
| 6.32
|-
| 109
| -
| HIP 51490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.32
|-
| 110
| -
| HIP 53259
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 111
| -
| HIP 54048
| Inside the Hull
| 6.343
|-
| 112
| 71 G. Hya
| HIP 43570
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 113
| 172 G. Hya
| HIP 47454
| Inside the Hull
| 6.356
|-
| 114
| -
| HIP 53849
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 115
| -
| HIP 50552
| Inside the Hull
| 6.361
|-
| 116
| -
| HIP 54749
| Inside the Hull
| 6.378
|-
| 117
| 34 Hya
| HIP 47249
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 118
| -
| HIP 61208
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 119
| * Gam Sex B
| HIP 48437
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 120
| 332 G. Hya
| HIP 62448
| Inside the Hull
| 6.405
|-
| 121
| 308 G. Hya
| HIP 58436
| Inside the Hull
| 6.416
|-
| 122
| -
| HIP 48351
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 123
| -
| HIP 56830
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 124
| 274 G. Hya
| HIP 54703
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 125
| 294 G. Hya
| HIP 57001
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 126
| 258 G. Hya
| HIP 53387
| Inside the Hull
| 6.444
|-
| 127
| 166 G. Hya
| HIP 47242
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 128
| -
| HIP 48839
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 129
| 299 G. Hya
| HIP 57749
| Inside the Hull
| 6.477
|-
| 130
| 233 G. Hya
| HIP 51852
| Inside the Hull
| 6.479
|-
| 131
| 297 G. Hya
| HIP 57507
| Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
| 132
| -
| HIP 50693
| Inside the Hull
| 6.499
|-
| 133
| -
| HIP 51656
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
The name "Naga" was proposed to WGSN as a star name in 2025 based on the Balinese lintang (constellation). As the name "Naga" has a strong cultural significance in many South East Asian cultures, the WGSN agreed to use it as a star name. The name is proposed for the star Gamma Hya or HIP 64962 because of Naga's cultural significance on Bali where it designates a constellation. HIP 64962 is the star position is at the Naga's tail. Naga are mystical creatures with special powers. The famous Naga Basuki, in particular, is the one that is connected to the Bali Strait. When Manik Angkeran needed money to pay his gambling debts, he cut the Naga's tail that had gold in it. Check full mythology above. Constellation Naga is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

On 22 Februrary 2026, WGSN decided to adopt the name Naga for γ Hya ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=gam+Hya&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]).

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Hya]] [[Category:Sex]] [[Category:Crt]] [[Category:Crv]]

Gaja

2026-02-25T16:18:48Z

IanRidpath: /* IAU Working Group on Star Names */ Capitalization

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Gaja (गज)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangGAJA.jpg|thumb|Lintang Gajah in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Gadjah.png|thumb|Lintang Gadjah in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250917-125457465.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Gajah (an elephant), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Elephant-cage-01.jpg|thumb|Borobudur temple Park, Indonesia: A male elephant at Borobudur Elephant Cage (photo by CEphoto, Uwe Aranas").]]
Gaja is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of gaja is found in intersection of Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) and Paing, the second day in the five-day cycle (pancawara) of market days in a series of palelintangan. Lintang gaja means an elephant constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in ''Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928'', 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Gajah (IPA: /ˈɡad͡ʒah/ [ˈɡa.d͡ʒah]) is derived from Sanskrit गज, gaja, means elephant.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* gadja (old spelling)
* gaja
* gajah

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Among the various animals, elephants are animals that have almost always appeared in the history of human civilization. In this world, animals that are part of the Elephantidae family only have two types left, namely, the African Elephant - Loxodonta africana - the largest elephant species in the world, and the Asian Elephant - Elephas maximus. From the genus Loxodonta, there are two subspecies: Loxodonta africana - the African Elephant that lives in savanna areas, and Loxodonta cyclotis - the African Elephant that lives in African forests.

While the distribution of Asian Elephants is only in several Asian countries, including parts of West Asia, the coast of Iran, China, Bhutan, India, parts of Nepal, Burma, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The Asian Elephants are also divided into several subspecies; Elephas maximus indicus - Indian Elephant, the elephant with the largest population in Asia, and Elephas maximus maximus - a subspecies of elephant known as the Sri Lankan Elephant. These subspecies have the largest body size among other Asian elephants.

Although researchers have divided elephants into two species and several subspecies, it turns out that all elephants in the world are considered to have several similarities. In addition to being the largest mammal on land, elephants are also classified as the smartest animals in the world. In addition to their special abilities, elephants also have a psychology that is very similar to humans, they have emotions. With the various specialties they have, it is not surprising that elephants often appear in the history of human civilization. It is recorded that several nations in the world, especially Asia, have a close relationship with this elephant figure, of course, in a cultural context.

In Hinduism, the elephant has a connection with deities. On the one hand, an elephant is a vehicle of the God Indra; together they eradicate the forces of evil. Known as Airawata, this elephant takes the form of a white elephant. Airawata is also often referred to as the leader of the elephants in the world as well as the guardian of the universe.

On the other hand, God Ganesha is a god who has an elephant’s head with a human body. In India, Ganesha is one of the most widely worshiped gods. Ganesha is worshiped as the god of salvation and the wards off disaster or danger. In this aspect, the manifestation of Ganesha as a statue is often found in various places, such as riverbanks, ravines, and other places considered dangerous by the Hindu community. While in Indonesia, especially Bali and Java, Ganesha is well known as the god of knowledge, wisdom, peace, and the arts.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Gadjah Maass1929.jpg|center|thumb|1155x1155px|Gadjah in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He gives "Stier und Plejaden", Taurus and Pleiades, which might appear confusing, as in 1929, the constellation Taurus has already been defined by the IAU as containing the Pleiades. Yet, this information might not have been accessible yet for the ethnographer A. Maaß. ]]

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Gajah Airawata ===

==== India ====
In the Hindu concept, Airawata is the son of Irawati. She is one of the daughters of Daksha, one of the sons of Brahma. Many versions call Daksha one of the creator gods. In another version, Daksha is also called Kasyapa.

==== Thailand ====
Many versions also say that Airawata is the most famous mythological animal in Thailand, perhaps because of this animal, Thailand is nicknamed the land of the "White Elephant". Unlike the Indian version, in Thailand Airawata is known as Erawan. Its form is also slightly different from the Indian version. In Thai culture, Airawata or Erawan is an animal that takes the form of a three-headed white elephant with more than two tusks.

==== Puppet Version (Wayang) ====
Airawata is said to have originated from the process of digging the Samudera Manthana (Manthana ocean). Once upon a time, Garuda was on his way to find Tirta Amerta to free Kasyapa, his mother, who was being enslaved by Kadru, the mother of the dragons. In his searching, Garuda was told by the gods to cut the peak of Mount Mandaragiri and then dig the Manthana ocean using the peak. With the help of Vishnu, Garuda was able to find the Tirta Amerta. In the digging process, new figures emerged in the concept of this puppetry, including the Goddess Laksmi, later known as the shakti of Bhatara Visnu, Laksmi is worshiped as the god of fertility, prosperity, wealth, luck, justice, and wisdom, the Moon, Tirta Amerta and the Airawata Elephant itself. This version also says that the elephant Airawata had a brother, namely the elephant Puspadhenta, who was the mount of King Baladewa - in the Indian version known as Balarama, he was the older brother of Bhatara Kresna, ruling in the country of Mandura, the son of King Vasudewa.

=== Ganesha ===
In Hindu mythology, Ganesha is the son of Bhatara Siwa and the goddess Parvati. From this physical form, he is often called by the name Gajanama.

Once, Goddess Parvati, the wife of Lord Shiva, decided to take a bath in her palace located on the peak of Mount Kailash. However, every time she prepared to take a bath, the palace guards seemed unable to provide her with a peaceful privacy. Therefore, Goddess Parvati decided to create a loyal guard who would protect her while she took a bath. Parvati then collected the turmeric paste that covered her body, and from this simple material, she formed the figure of a boy. With her powers, she gave life to the figure and named him Ganesha. Parvati then gave a command to Ganesha, "My son, I am going to take a bath. Stand at the door and do not let anyone enter without my permission." Ganesha, full of responsibility, was ready to carry out his task faithfully.

Later, Lord Shiva, the husband of Goddess Parvati, returned to his palace. He was surprised to see an unfamiliar figure standing at the door. When Shiva tried to enter the room, Ganesha blocked his way. Shiva looked at him in surprise and asked, "Who are you, young man, who dares to block my way?". Politely and firmly, Ganesha replied, "My mother is taking a bath and does not want to be disturbed. I have been ordered not to let anyone enter, not even Lord Shiva himself."

Shiva, offended by the boy's audacity, glared at Ganesha sharply. "Little boy, you may not know who I am. I am Shiva, the ruler of the universe. No one can block my way, especially in my own house."

However, Ganesha remained loyal to his mother's orders and said that he was only carrying out the duties given by her.

Shiva was offended. Shiva then called the Ganas (his followers) to get rid of Ganesha, but none of them succeeded in defeating him. Seeing the situation getting tense, Shiva, who was impatient, finally released his Trident and cut Ganesha's head, separating it from his body. At that time, Goddess Parvati came out of her bathroom and found Ganesha lying lifeless. She cried seeing her son lying on the ground without a head. While Shiva stood nearby with his trident still in his hand. Parvati shouted angrily at Shiva in sadness while telling how Ganesha was created.

The remorseful Shiva promised to bring Ganesha back to life, but his body had to be given a new head. To get a human head, of course there had to be a severed toddler's neck. The beheading process could be done, only on the condition that the toddler had to be kidnapped when he was not in his mother's arms while sleeping. (Then this is one of the reasons why parents in India, Bali or Java have a habit of not putting their babies out of reach).

Because they could not find a baby or toddler sleeping separately from their mother, they looked for an animal head as a replacement. Shiva sent the Ganas (his followers) to look for the head of the first living creature they found facing north. After searching, they found an elephant. At that time the elephant ridden by the God Indra named Airawata was drunk and fell asleep in a position that violated the rules, namely sleeping with his head facing north. For this violation, the Ganas then beheaded the Elephant Airawata, and the elephant's head was then brought back to Shiva.

With his power, Lord Shiva attached the elephant's head to Ganesha's body and gave him life again. Ganesha came back to life, but this time with the head of an elephant. With this awakening, Shiva gave Ganesha the powers of the God of Dispelling Obstacles and the God of Wisdom, ensuring that he would be respected throughout the universe.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Gadjah.png|Lintang Gadjah (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinGAJAH.jpg|Lintang Gajah in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangGAJA.jpg|Lintang Gajah in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Gajah.jpg|Lintang Gajah (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

==Cultural Beliefs==
===Numerology (Neptu/Urip)===
Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) has a value of 5 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 14.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>
===Astrological Characteristics===
Authoritative, have supernatural powers, can get rich quickly, have a long life, have many children, but unfortunately they find it very difficult to accept criticism from others and are too firm in their positions.<ref name=":0" />
===Matching Gemstones===
Kecubung (amethyst), Mirah (ruby) dan Nila (Saphire).<ref name=":0" />
== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Aldebaran
| HIP 21421
| within constellation lines
| 0.86
|-
| 2
| Elnath
| HIP 25428
| within constellation lines
| 1.65
|-
| 3
| Tianguan
| HIP 26451
| within constellation lines
| 3.03
|-
| 4
| λ Tauri
| HIP 18724
| within constellation lines
| 3.41
|-
| 5
| Chamukuy
| HIP 20894
| Inside the Hull
| 3.41
|-
| 6
| Ain
| HIP 20889
| within constellation lines
| 3.53
|-
| 7
| ο Tauri
| HIP 15900
| within constellation lines
| 3.6
|-
| 8
| Atlas
| HIP 17847
| Inside the Hull
| 3.63
|-
| 9
| Prima Hyadum
| HIP 20205
| within constellation lines
| 3.65
|-
| 10
| ξ Tauri
| HIP 16083
| Inside the Hull
| 3.75
|-
| 11
| Secunda Hyadum
| HIP 20455
| within constellation lines
| 3.76
|-
| 12
| θ1 Tauri
| HIP 20885
| Inside the Hull
| 3.84
|-
| 13
| κ1 Tauri
| HIP 20635
| Inside the Hull
| 4.201
|-
| 14
| τ Tauri
| HIP 21881
| within constellation lines
| 4.258
|-
| 15
| υ Tauri
| HIP 20711
| Inside the Hull
| 4.282
|-
| 16
| δ3 Tauri
| HIP 20648
| Inside the Hull
| 4.298
|-
| 17
| 37 Tau
| HIP 19038
| Inside the Hull
| 4.37
|-
| 18
| 71 Tau
| HIP 20713
| Inside the Hull
| 4.48
|-
| 19
| ι Tauri
| HIP 23497
| Inside the Hull
| 4.615
|-
| 20
| σ2 Tauri
| HIP 21683
| Inside the Hull
| 4.665
|-
| 21
| π Tauri
| HIP 20732
| Inside the Hull
| 4.69
|-
| 22
| -
| HIP 21029
| Inside the Hull
| 4.764
|-
| 23
| δ2 Tauri
| HIP 20542
| Inside the Hull
| 4.8
|-
| 24
| 114 Tau
| HIP 25539
| Inside the Hull
| 4.868
|-
| 25
| ω2 Tauri
| HIP 19990
| Inside the Hull
| 4.914
|-
| 26
| 109 Tau
| HIP 24822
| Inside the Hull
| 4.948
|-
| 27
| 75 Tau
| HIP 20877
| Inside the Hull
| 4.969
|-
| 28
| 97 Tau
| HIP 22565
| Inside the Hull
| 5.085
|-
| 29
| Pleione
| HIP 17851
| within constellation lines
| 5.09
|-
| 30
| 4 Tau
| HIP 16322
| Inside the Hull
| 5.124
|-
| 31
| 58 Tau
| HIP 20261
| Inside the Hull
| 5.242
|-
| 32
| κ2 Tauri
| HIP 20641
| Inside the Hull
| 5.264
|-
| 33
| l Tau
| HIP 23871
| Inside the Hull
| 5.28
|-
| 34
| 56 Tau
| HIP 20186
| Inside the Hull
| 5.346
|-
| 35
| χ Tauri
| HIP 20430
| Inside the Hull
| 5.378
|-
| 36
| -
| HIP 17776
| Inside the Hull
| 5.45
|-
| 37
| 81 Tau
| HIP 21039
| Inside the Hull
| 5.454
|-
| 38
| 118 Tau
| HIP 25695
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 39
| 53 Tau
| HIP 20171
| Inside the Hull
| 5.482
|-
| 40
| 103 Tau
| HIP 23900
| Inside the Hull
| 5.5
|-
| 41
| ω1 Tauri
| HIP 19388
| Inside the Hull
| 5.504
|-
| 42
| 36 Tau
| HIP 19009
| Inside the Hull
| 5.512
|-
| 43
| 72 Tau
| HIP 20789
| Inside the Hull
| 5.514
|-
| 44
| 80 Tau
| HIP 20995
| Inside the Hull
| 5.552
|-
| 45
| 32 Tau
| HIP 18471
| Inside the Hull
| 5.617
|-
| 46
| 63 Tau
| HIP 20484
| Inside the Hull
| 5.625
|-
| 47
| 51 Tau
| HIP 20087
| Inside the Hull
| 5.631
|-
| 48
| * 80 Tau A
| HIP 20995
| Inside the Hull
| 5.666
|-
| 49
| 13 Tau
| HIP 17309
| Inside the Hull
| 5.69
|-
| 50
| -
| HIP 20842
| Inside the Hull
| 5.711
|-
| 51
| 89 Tau
| HIP 21588
| Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
| 52
| 98 Tau
| HIP 23088
| Inside the Hull
| 5.785
|-
| 53
| 99 Tau
| HIP 23068
| Inside the Hull
| 5.806
|-
| 54
| * 118 Tau A
| HIP 25695
| Inside the Hull
| 5.84
|-
| 55
| HU Tau
| HIP 21604
| Inside the Hull
| 5.842
|-
| 56
| -
| HIP 18735
| Inside the Hull
| 5.865
|-
| 57
| 39 Tau
| HIP 19076
| Inside the Hull
| 5.9
|-
| 58
| 105 Tau
| HIP 23883
| Inside the Hull
| 5.92
|-
| 59
| -
| HIP 19376
| Inside the Hull
| 5.927
|-
| 60
| -
| HIP 19284
| Inside the Hull
| 5.94
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 18170
| Inside the Hull
| 5.946
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 20417
| Inside the Hull
| 5.95
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 20614
| Inside the Hull
| 5.965
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 22176
| Inside the Hull
| 5.981
|-
| 65
| V1141 Tau
| HIP 20493
| Inside the Hull
| 5.986
|-
| 66
| 85 Tau
| HIP 21137
| Inside the Hull
| 5.998
|-
| 67
| V1116 Tau
| HIP 21459
| Inside the Hull
| 6.019
|-
| 68
| 33 Tau
| HIP 18485
| Inside the Hull
| 6.038
|-
| 69
| -
| HIP 17921
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 70
| -
| HIP 19261
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 17453
| Inside the Hull
| 6.074
|-
| 72
| -
| HIP 19641
| Inside the Hull
| 6.087
|-
| 73
| -
| HIP 20255
| Inside the Hull
| 6.094
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 24820
| Inside the Hull
| 6.107
|-
| 75
| V1137 Tau
| HIP 19672
| Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
| 76
| 14 Tau
| HIP 17408
| Inside the Hull
| 6.14
|-
| 77
| 95 Tau
| HIP 21961
| Inside the Hull
| 6.151
|-
| 78
| -
| HIP 17900
| Inside the Hull
| 6.153
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 18508
| Inside the Hull
| 6.165
|-
| 80
| -
| HIP 17058
| Inside the Hull
| 6.168
|-
| 81
| -
| HIP 23589
| Inside the Hull
| 6.188
|-
| 82
| -
| HIP 21689
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 83
| -
| HIP 24977
| Inside the Hull
| 6.205
|-
| 84
| 108 Tau
| HIP 24512
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 85
| -
| HIP 25806
| Inside the Hull
| 6.291
|-
| 86
| 48 Tau
| HIP 19877
| Inside the Hull
| 6.3
|-
| 87
| 84 Tau
| HIP 21082
| Inside the Hull
| 6.303
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 18717
| Inside the Hull
| 6.305
|-
| 89
| -
| HIP 22949
| Inside the Hull
| 6.324
|-
| 90
| -
| HIP 22128
| Inside the Hull
| 6.329
|-
| 91
| -
| HIP 24984
| Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
| 92
| 62 Tau
| HIP 20533
| Inside the Hull
| 6.337
|-
| 93
| -
| HIP 22850
| Inside the Hull
| 6.347
|-
| 94
| -
| HIP 21408
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 95
| SZ Tau
| HIP 21517
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 96
| V766 Tau
| HIP 18033
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 97
| NGC 1647
| NGC 1647
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 98
| -
| HIP 16924
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 99
| 70 Tau
| HIP 20661
| Inside the Hull
| 6.439
|-
| 100
| 26 Tau
| HIP 17832
| Inside the Hull
| 6.464
|-
| 101
| -
| HIP 21053
| Inside the Hull
| 6.491
|-
| 102
| -
| HIP 23949
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 103
| -
| HIP 24252
| Inside the Hull
| 6.79
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==

In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Gaja" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star Tau Tauri or HIP 21881 is in the tusk which was selected because they are considered sacred objects (rerajahan, pratima, or royal heirlooms) that have sacred values, authority, and spiritual protection. Elephant tusks are treated as sarwa sato suci, namely parts of the animal's body that are considered to have magical powers or taksu. In addition, Ganesha is depicted with a broken tusk (ekadanta), and tusks become a symbol of self-sacrifice for knowledge, power, and wisdom. Constellation Gajah is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

February 2026, the name Gaja was adopted for the star τ Tauri ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=tau+Tau&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]) in [[Taurus]].

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Tau]]

Bade

2026-02-25T16:17:08Z

IanRidpath: /* IAU Working Group on Star Names */ Capitalization

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangBADE.jpg|thumb|Lintang Bade in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Bade'.png|thumb|Lintang Bade in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212753689.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Bade (corpse tower), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Bade is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of bade is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang bade means balinese corpse tower constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> Bade is a funeral bier or tower that carries the corpse to Setra (cemetery where the corpse will be burned there). A Bade has a different number of levels/stages, and must be an odd number. The higher its stages, the higher his/her caste. To maintain such high stages, the foundation of the container should be strong. Constellation Bade is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

==Etymology and History==
The word bade is interpreted as a large and high place to carry the body that will be burned in the cemetery. Bade as a form of architecture is a type/form of traditional building in Bali that is temporary and light in the form of rocks and pepalihan, on top of which stand pavilions, specially designed for the place of the body when it will be carried from the funeral home to the cemetery.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* bade'

=== Origin of Constellation ===
In Balinese Hindu tradition, according to the Yama Purwana Tattwa lontar, every dead person (pitra) must perform a sacred offering (Yadnya). After doing atiwa-tiwa (purification), the corpse is then carried up to wadah or bade.

The maker of Bade is called undagi. Undagi creates different kinds of bade. The structure of the bade varies based on caste/social structure, level of ceremony, and the concept of imitation. This provision is judged by which family descendants can use bade with solas (11), sanga (9), pitu (7), lima (5) and so on.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />

Maaß (1929), p. 142: <blockquote>bade; - bade; - eine leere wadah, das Gerüst, auf dem Leichen zum Verbrennungsplatz gebracht werden.</blockquote>'''English:''' bade; - bade; - an empty wadah, the scaffold on which corpses are taken to the cremation site.

Furthermore, the UPTD Museum Bali gave a certain area of Lepus and named it by lintang Bade.<ref name=":0" />

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
The architecture of the bade form in Bali continues to develop over time. If we trace it back, the development of the bade actually refers to the stone throne in Bali in the village of Gelgel Klungkung, which then developed into a padmasana. The stone throne is stacked and has right and left hand rests, most likely developed vertically to form a padmasana. Other forms of the stone throne are jempana, gayot or joli, container, and bade.

Another view, but not much different, is conveyed by Wiana (2004: 78-79) who stated that the development of bade originated from the simplest form, namely from pepaga, which is thought to be the oldest form of a means of carrying the bodies of Hindus in Bali. Further development became a joli, which resembles a simple bale-balean, and changed into a container or bade. The form of bade is either overlapping or without overlapping, which is called padma. The stone throne, which became the basis for the development of bade, is a medium for worshiping ancestors, such as the common belief in the megalithic era, whose influence has survived strongly until now in Bali, for example, the ngodalin ceremony in the temple and the cremation ceremony.<ref>Segara, I Nyoman Yoga, “Bade Beroda”: Transformasi dan Komodifikasi Budaya dalam Upacara Ngaben di Bali," in Mudra Jurnal Seni Budaya (2020), Vol 35(1), 94-102. DOI: 10.31091/mudra.v35i1.810</ref>

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Bade'.png|Lintang Bade (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinBADE.jpg|Lintang Bade in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangBADE.jpg|Lintang Bade in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Baddhe.jpg|Lintang Baddhe (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 15.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Various dangers and diseases come in the middle age, be careful to take care of yourself and your health at the age of 50. Diseases are caused by people who are jealous of them or people who feel hurt. They are active in any business but often show off their services and skills.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (Ruby), Kalimayah (opal).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Arneb
| HIP 25985
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.57
|-
| 2
| Nihal
| HIP 25606
| Inside the hull
| 2.84
|-
| 3
| ϵ Leporis
| HIP 23685
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.18
|-
| 4
| μ Leporis
| HIP 24305
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.29
|-
| 5
| γ Leporis
| HIP 27072
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.6
|-
| 6
| δ Leporis
| HIP 27654
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.85
|-
| 7
| -
| HIP 24927
| Inside the hull
| 4.729
|-
| 8
| 10 Lep
| HIP 25853
| Inside the hull
| 5.525
|-
| 9
| -
| HIP 25397
| Inside the hull
| 5.817
|-
| 10
| 12 Lep
| HIP 26865
| Inside the hull
| 5.89
|-
| 11
| -
| HIP 24786
| Inside the hull
| 5.96
|-
| 12
| -
| HIP 25532
| Inside the hull
| 6.065
|-
| 13
| V* AK Lep
| HR 1982
| Inside the hull
| 6.15
|-
| 14
| -
| HIP 27075
| Inside the hull
| 6.341
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 24825
| Inside the hull
| 6.39
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 25059
| Inside the hull
| 6.47
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Bade" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star Epsilon Lep or HIP 23685 is in the base of the corpse tower / funeral bier which was selected because the it is the most important element. Balinese people will carry Bade with their shoulders together, so the base container is an important element of it.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Lep]]

Kala Sungsang

2026-02-25T16:15:48Z

IanRidpath: /* IAU Working Group on Star Names */ Capitalization

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:KASU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Kala Sungsang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Kala Sungsang.png|thumb|Lintang Kala Sungsang in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250917-124804432.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Kala Sungsang (an inverted demon), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De demon Kala Sungsang TMnr 1646-48.jpg|alt=image of the demon, historical depiction|thumb|De demon Kala Sungsang TMnr 1646-48 (CC-BY SA I. Dewa Gedé Soberat (Schilder)).]]
Kala Sungang is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). "Kala" means "demon" and "sungsang" means "upside down". It is the demon who stole and drank the holy water of the gods that makes them immortal. The constellation (lintang) of kala sungsang is found in intersection of Redite (Sunday, in saptawara) and Umanis (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang kala sungsang means an upside-down demon constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in ''Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928'', 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
This constellation term is consisted of two words, "kala" (IPA: /kala/) and "sungsang" (IPA: /ˈsʊŋsaŋ/).

=== Spelling Variants ===

* sungsang kala
* antja-antja (old spelling)
* anca-anca (enhanced spelling)

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Kala is derived from Sanskrit काल, that means time or death. Kala is son of the god Shiva who titled the god of time. The god Kala is often symbolized as a giant, with a scary face, dark in color and almost does not resemble a god. Kala is a symbol that no one can fight the law of karma. When it is time for someone to leave the mortal world, then at that time Kala will come to pick him up. If anyone insists on living along with their own will, then they will be destroyed by Kala. Therefore, Kala's face is very scary. But, in this case, kala sungsang is not the son of the god Shiva and goddess Durga.

While "sungsang" is from Javanese which means upside-down. This word depicts an abnormal position, what is above becomes below or what is in front becomes behind. The other meaning of "sungsang" is return back, has a meaning whatever we think, say and do, the results will definitely come back to us according to our karma.

Kala Sungsang is one of the demonic entities or negative forces that are considered to be present in traditional Balinese beliefs. He is often associated with the ''bala rencang'' at ''Pura Dalem'' and acts as a guard for Ida Bhatara Pengulun Setra. In the imagination of the Balinese people, Kala sungsang is depicted as a tall and large giant figure, with a scary face, and an upside-down body position, where his head is below and his feet are above. He walks using both hands.

Kala Sungsang symbolizes the figure who is the cause of all times or conditions that are contrary to the conditions that should be, especially in the Kali Yuga era. This includes an abnormal natural phenomenon, such as weather that is not in accordance with the season, as well as human traits that are contrary to their nature.
==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian." </blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-04 133652.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Kala Sungsang in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mention "ein Stern im Sternbild des grossen Bären bei den Indern" in German means "a star in the constellation of the Great Bear among the Indians".]]
The precise identification is mentioned by UPTD Museum Bali where Kala Sungsang is in the area of Bootes.<ref name=":0" />

Maaß's description (p. 140):<blockquote>Kala sungsang, ein auf Kopf und Händen stehender böser Geist; antja-antja, Figur, die auf Kopf und Händen steht; buta, ein böser Geist. Lippen krumm im Reden;</blockquote>'''English:''' Kala sungsang, an evil spirit standing on its head and hands; antja-antja, a figure standing on its head and hands; buta, an evil spirit. Lips twisted when speaking.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Based on the chronicle in the Purwa Bhumi Kamulan Lontar, Kala Sungsang was created when the goddess Durga was meditating.

Based on Andhabhuwana lontar, it is mentioned that the origin of the existence of Dewi Uma changed into Dewi Durga (ruler of the grave) because she received a curse from Lord Shiva. The curse caused Dewi Uma, who was titled Dewi Durga, to stay in the world and would return to Siwa Loka after being purified.

After descending to the world, she did a ritual. When Goddess Durga was meditating, various spirits and negative forces emerged from the hairs all over her body. These spirits, with their strange and scary appearances, have the task of misleading and testing the determination of humans in carrying out dharma. Among these creatures, '''Bhuta Sungsang''' has a special task of confusing the minds of humans so that they have difficulty distinguishing between reality and illusion and become reversed in their thoughts and actions.

In the Nusa Penida chronicle, Goddess Durga resides as the ruling deity of the grave followed by 108 Bhuta-Bhuti. The following are the names of the butha kala and butha kali that accompany the presence of Goddess Durga in the grave, namely, bhùta banaspati, yamapati, mregapati, banaspatiraja, bhùta saliwah, bhùta salah rupa, bhùta Enjek-pupu, Tangan-tangan, '''[[Laweyan]]''', '''Kumangmang''', '''Anja-anja''', Mamedi, Bhùta Sungsang, Udug-Basur, Ileg-ileg, Papengkah, Barong Asepek, I Gagendu, Suku-tunggal, kakawa, Mretyu, Togtogsil, Raregek, Raparayu, Kala Ngadang, bhùta Tan-pakuping, bhùta Bungut-sasibak, and so on. The task of Dewa Durga and her 108 followers is to spread disease, create drought, disaster in the world. However, the main target is humans who forget to devote themselves to the Almighty God.

Kala Sungsang is considered one of the 15 most powerful Bhutas among the soldiers. Kala Sungsang is believed to be the cause of human thoughts and behavior being reversed or not in accordance with the norms that should be. This is reflected in the decline of customary norms, religion, manners, and community ethics.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Kala Sungsang.png|Lintang Kala Sungsang (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinKALA.jpg|Lintang Kala Sungsang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:KASU.jpg|Lintang Kala Sungsang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Sungsang Kala.jpg|Lintang Sungsang Kala (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Redite (Sunday, in saptawara) has a value of 5 and Umanis (in pancawara) has a value of 5. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 10.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Self-torture, often hit by disasters and misfortunes. Unable to heed people's advice, act as they please, act as if they can do any job, are brave towards their parents, often get hurt by people, are good at hiding their feelings, are good at expressing complicated problems, like to interfere in other people's business.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Osadi (Zambrut /emerald), Daluman (Giok/Jade), Ijo Gading (Peridot), Narigangga (Chrysoberyl cat’s eye).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Arcturus
| HIP 69673
| within constellation lines
| -0.05
|-
| 2
| Izar
| HIP 72105
| within constellation lines
| 2.45
|-
| 3
| Muphrid
| HIP 67927
| within constellation lines
| 2.68
|-
| 4
| Seginus
| HIP 71075
| within constellation lines
| 3.02
|-
| 5
| δ Boötis
| HIP 74666
| within constellation lines
| 3.49
|-
| 6
| Nekkar
| HIP 73555
| within constellation lines
| 3.52
|-
| 7
| ρ Boötis
| HIP 71053
| Inside the Hull
| 3.59
|-
| 8
| Alkalurops
| HIP 75411
| Inside the Hull
| 4.31
|-
| 9
| σ Boötis
| HIP 71284
| Inside the Hull
| 4.47
|-
| 10
| * zet Boo B
| HIP 71795
| within constellation lines
| 4.51
|-
| 11
| ο Boötis
| HIP 72125
| Inside the Hull
| 4.6
|-
| 12
| W Boo
| HIP 71995
| Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
| 13
| * eps Boo B
| HR 5505
| Inside the Hull
| 4.801
|-
| 14
| 12 Boo
| HIP 69226
| Inside the Hull
| 4.83
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 70027
| Inside the Hull
| 4.85
|-
| 16
| π 1 Boötis
| HIP 71762
| Inside the Hull
| 4.893
|-
| 17
| 22 Boo
| HIP 70602
| Inside the Hull
| 5.394
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 72582
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 19
| -
| HIP 73634
| Inside the Hull
| 5.513
|-
| 20
| 40 Boo
| HIP 73369
| Inside the Hull
| 5.634
|-
| 21
| * pi.02 Boo
| HR 5476
| Inside the Hull
| 5.761
|-
| 22
| -
| HIP 72552
| Inside the Hull
| 5.8
|-
| 23
| HP Boo
| HIP 72567
| Inside the Hull
| 5.867
|-
| 24
| 26 Boo
| HIP 71115
| Inside the Hull
| 5.897
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 71571
| Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
| 26
| V* CN Boo
| HR 5343
| Inside the Hull
| 5.957
|-
| 27
| -
| HIP 71277
| Inside the Hull
| 5.999
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 71094
| Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 70892
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 73068
| Inside the Hull
| 6.122
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 72469
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 72139
| Inside the Hull
| 6.145
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 71729
| Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 70762
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 71490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 36
| -
| HIP 70310
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 72124
| Inside the Hull
| 6.28
|-
| 38
| -
| HIP 71243
| Inside the Hull
| 6.306
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 73941
| Inside the Hull
| 6.351
|-
| 40
| -
| HIP 71406
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 69592
| Inside the Hull
| 6.377
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 71168
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 43
| -
| HIP 71857
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 44
| -
| HR 5346
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 45
| -
| HIP 70385
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 46
| -
| HIP 70051
| Inside the Hull
| 6.445
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Kalasungsang" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star Delta Boo or HIP 74666 is in the demon's elbow which was selected because this is a sign of the meaning of sungsang, which is upside down. Constellation Kalasungsang is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Boo]]

Kuma

2026-02-25T16:14:58Z

IanRidpath: Capitalization

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
"Kuma" is already in [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Kuma&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] for the star Nu Draconis, a spectroscopic binary with little information in SIMBAD. The star is visible for the human eye; its components are given at 4.85 and 4.89 mag in Stellarium (slightly different in the [[wikipedia:Nu_Draconis|wikipedia]]), so the integrated brightness is V~4.12 mag.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
The name Kuma was among the 14 names originating from Antonín Bečvář's 1948 ''Skalnate Pleso Atlas of the Heavens''.<ref>Reilly, Doug (17 January 2013). "Star Atlas Mystery: The Bečvář 14". ''Bicycle Astronomy''. Archived from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref> James B. Kaler<ref>Kaler, Jim. "Kuma". ''stars.astro.illinois.edu''. University of Illinois. Retrieved</ref> notes that Kuma is of "obscure origin" and noting that one source had postulated it meant "at last".

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name has been in SIMBAD for long time and was approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath's website ([http://ianridpath.com/startales Star Tales] )

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]

Ru

2026-02-25T16:13:37Z

IanRidpath: /* IAU Working Group on Star Names */ Capitallization

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangRU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Ru in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Hru.png|thumb|Lintang Hru in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213134109.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Ru (an arrow), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Ru is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of ru is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Paing (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang ru means arrow constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Ru (IPA:[ˈrhu]) means arrow.
=== Spelling Variants ===

* hru
* panah
* jurit mati
* kapěrang
* panah rhu
* sajaka

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Ru is a variant word for arrow used in ancient texts. Ru is an arrow with a typical metal tip that possesses great destructive power. This concept was brought to Bali from Indian literature, such as the Arjunawiwaha text, the Ramayana, and so on. In Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata epic, arrows have various shapes and different names. Many of them indicate various types of arrowheads.<ref>Jákl, JiŘí (2025) "Archery and target-shooting in pre-Islamic Java; What can be known?," Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia: Vol. 26: No. 3, Article 8. DOI: 10.17510/wacana.v26i3.1895</ref>

In the Sarasamuscaya Sloka 120, evil is analogized to an arrow:<ref>Tirta, I Made Danu, "Wacika Parisudha : Membangun Hita Melalui Kata", Ditjen BIMAS Hindu Kementrian Agama RI (2023) https://bimashindu.kemenag.go.id/video/wacika-parisudha-membangun-hita-melalui-kata</ref><blockquote>“Ikang ujar ahala-tan pahi lawan hru, songkabnya sakatempuhan denya juga alara, resep ri hati, tatankenengpanhan turu ring rahina wengi ikang wwang denya, matangnyat, tan inujaraken ika de sang dhira purusa, sang ahning maneb manah nira”.</blockquote>Translation:

"Words that contain evil intentions are no different from arrows, which are released; everything they hit hurts; these words sink into the heart, making it impossible to eat or sleep during the day and night, therefore these words are not spoken by people who are virtuous and powerful, nor by people who remain pure in heart."

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />

In UPTD Museum Bali, they mentioned that lintang Ru is within the Aquila constellation and having intersection that created arrow and bow.<ref name=":0" />

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Hru types in old manuscript ===
Some of manuscript mentioned arrow as hru:

==== Rāmāyaṇa 9.78 ====
God Indra is said to be afraid of sharp arrows (hrūnya tīkṣṇa) shot by Rāvaṇa’s giant archers.

==== Rāmāyaṇa 20.54; Arjunavivāha 8.11 ====
An arrow as big as mountain (hrū vuṅkal savukir).

==== Arjunavivāha 8.14 ====
Name for the 'Destroyer Arrow' (hrū sambartaka).

==== Arjunavivāha 9.1 ====
An arrow with the head of a snake is shot to Arjuna by Rudra God.

==== Sumanasāntaka 150.1 ====
The arrows shot by the king of Magadha are represented as "mountains, feathered with blazing blades" (hrū-arrows)

==== Sumanasāntaka 151.1 ====
King Aṅga charges his arrows (hrū) with mantras to fire all kinds of divine missiles.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Hru.png|Lintang Hru (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinRU.jpg|Lintang Panah in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:LintangRU.jpg|Lintang Ru in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Sayaka.jpg|Lintang Sayaka (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 18.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Respected by people and they have many servants. Loved by great and influential people. Do not be a soldier, avoid physical combat (fighting) and avoid the battlefield. Easily angered but quickly calm down, easily regret and they are forgiving and kind although a bit greedy.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Kecubung (amethyst), Biduri Bulan (Moon stone), mirah (ruby).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Altair
| HIP 97649
| within constellation lines
| 0.76
|-
| 2
| Tarazed
| HIP 97278
| within constellation lines
| 2.72
|-
| 3
| Okab
| HIP 93747
| within constellation lines
| 2.99
|-
| 4
| Antinous
| HIP 99473
| within constellation lines
| 3.22
|-
| 5
| δ Aquilae
| HIP 95501
| within constellation lines
| 3.36
|-
| 6
| λ Aquilae
| HIP 93805
| within constellation lines
| 3.43
|-
| 7
| Alshain
| HIP 98036
| Inside the Hull
| 3.71
|-
| 8
| η Aquilae
| HIP 97804
| Inside the Hull
| 3.8
|-
| 9
| ι Aquilae
| HIP 96468
| Inside the Hull
| 4.36
|-
| 10
| μ Aquilae
| HIP 96229
| Inside the Hull
| 4.45
|-
| 11
| ν Aquilae
| HIP 95585
| Inside the Hull
| 4.72
|-
| 12
| 36 Aql
| HIP 95937
| Inside the Hull
| 5.03
|-
| 13
| 18 Aql
| HIP 93867
| Inside the Hull
| 5.086
|-
| 14
| 21 Aql
| HIP 94477
| Inside the Hull
| 5.15
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 95447
| Inside the Hull
| 5.15
|-
| 16
| σ Aquilae
| HIP 96665
| Inside the Hull
| 5.17
|-
| 17
| 19 Aql
| HIP 94068
| Inside the Hull
| 5.23
|-
| 18
| 23 Aql
| HIP 94885
| Inside the Hull
| 5.28
|-
| 19
| ω 1 Aquilae
| HIP 94834
| Inside the Hull
| 5.283
|-
| 20
| 27 Aql
| HIP 95073
| Inside the Hull
| 5.451
|-
| 21
| 28 Aql
| HIP 94982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.518
|-
| 22
| 22 Aql
| HIP 94727
| Inside the Hull
| 5.569
|-
| 23
| 58 Aql
| HIP 97980
| Inside the Hull
| 5.631
|-
| 24
| 45 Aql
| HIP 96807
| Inside the Hull
| 5.637
|-
| 25
| 62 Aql
| HIP 98844
| Inside the Hull
| 5.68
|-
| 26
| 35 Aql
| HIP 95793
| Inside the Hull
| 5.783
|-
| 27
| 42 G. Aql
| HIP 95222
| Inside the Hull
| 5.811
|-
| 28
| 49 G. Aql
| HIP 95732
| Inside the Hull
| 5.839
|-
| 29
| υ Aquilae
| HIP 97229
| Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
| 30
| 64 Aql
| HIP 99171
| Inside the Hull
| 5.968
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 96481
| Inside the Hull
| 5.975
|-
| 32
| ω 2 Aquilae
| HIP 95002
| Inside the Hull
| 6.012
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 95898
| Inside the Hull
| 6.042
|-
| 34
| V923 Aql
| HIP 95929
| Inside the Hull
| 6.082
|-
| 35
| R Aql
| HIP 93820
| Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
| 36
| 34 G. Aql
| HIP 94833
| Inside the Hull
| 6.174
|-
| 37
| 101 G. Aql
| HIP 98385
| Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
| 38
| 52 G. Aql
| HIP 95812
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
| 39
| 37 G. Aql
| HIP 94916
| Inside the Hull
| 6.311
|-
| 40
| 25 G. Aql
| HIP 94149
| Inside the Hull
| 6.321
|-
| 41
| 44 G. Aql
| HIP 95253
| Inside the Hull
| 6.346
|-
| 42
| 67 G. Aql
| HIP 96630
| Inside the Hull
| 6.358
|-
| 43
| 61 G. Aql
| HIP 96351
| Inside the Hull
| 6.368
|-
| 44
| 24 Aql
| HIP 94913
| Inside the Hull
| 6.404
|-
| 45
| 75 G. Aql
| HIP 97144
| Inside the Hull
| 6.428
|-
| 46
| V1339 Aql
| HIP 97607
| Inside the Hull
| 6.478
|-
| 47
| V450 Aql
| HIP 96204
| Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
| 48
| -
| HIP 94478
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 49
| -
| HIP 93990
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Hru" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star Delta Aql or HIP 95501 is in the bow string. Constellation Hru is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Aql]]

Lembu

2026-02-25T15:06:02Z

IanRidpath: /* IAU Working Group on Star Names */ Capitalization

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangLEMBU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Lembu in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Lembu.png|thumb|Lintang Lembu in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250920-122136092.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Lembu (an ox), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Lěmbu is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of lěmbu is found in intersection of Coma (Monday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang lěmbu means ox constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Lembu (IPA: [ləmˈbu]) is inherited from the Malay, Proto-Mon-Khmer meaning cow, ox.

=== Spelling Variants ===

*Sapi

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Lembu is a sacred animal in Bali. Although not as sacred as in India, Lembu still have an important place in traditional ceremonies, especially as a symbol of fertility, strength, and perseverance. In some villages, Lembu are used in agricultural rituals such as traditional ploughing of fields, which contains the meaning of respect for nature. In addition, the majority of Hindus do not eat cows because cows are the mounts of the god Shiva.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 114717.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Lembu in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "der Stier" which means "the Taurus".]]
Maaß (1929), p. 142:<blockquote>lembu; - lembu; -,- ein Rind, ein weisser Stier.</blockquote>'''English:''' lembu; - lembu; -,- a cow, a white bull.
=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
It is said that Bhatari Uma wanted to listen to the teachings of Bhatara Guru (Lord Shiva). However, before these teachings were given, Bhatari Uma was asked by Bhatara Guru to look for the milk of a female black cow. Bhatari Uma's loyalty was tested by Batara Guru. "Bhatari Uma went to Earth," he said. Unbeknownst to Bhatari Uma, Bhatara Guru also changed his form into a black cattle herder.

Furthermore, the herdsman was named Rare Angon. The black ox that Rare Angon grazes is the white ox belonging to Bhatara Guru who was cursed to become a female black ox. Next, Rare Angon met Bhatari Uma. Bhatari Uma appeared to buy milk from the black cow owned by Rare Angon.

Rare Angon in his dialogue asked Dewi Uma why she bought milk. However, Bhatari Uma answered that the milk would certainly be useful. In fact, Rare Angon was even offered gold as a substitute. Rare Angon was not interested in gold. He would give milk as long as his beauty was used as a ransom. Because according to him, Dewi Uma's beauty is very valuable, worthy of being bought with a thousand countries.

What Rare Angon said made Bhatari Uma's heart blush. Rare Angon's words were just let go. Her mind was confused, thinking about it again, there was no other way but to follow Rare Angon's wishes. In fact, Dewi Uma even hid that she was married. Rare Angon's heart was happy, then he did their deal. After completing her promise, Rare Angon gave the black cow's milk. Rare Angon excused himself to Bhatari Uma to go ride the female black cow.

Rare Angon disappeared, it is unimaginable where he went. Bhatari Uma thought about her cheating in getting her wish. While walking home, the milk was carried in a golden jug. It is not told on the journey. It is told that before Bhatari Uma met Batara Guru, Bhatara Guru was crowning Sang Hyang Pancadewata.

In his coronation, Sang Hyang Pancadewata was given advice, and given a title by Bhatara Guru, namely Sang Hyang Kusika, Sang Hyang Gargha, Sang Hyang Maitri, Sang Hyang Kurusya and Sang Hyang Pretanjala. He is a member of the Pancakasika group because he was born from the holiness of Bhatara Guru's hands. Sang Hyang Kusika was born from the thumb (Anggusta), in the form of Pradhana.

Sang Hyang Garga was born from the index finger (tarjini), in the form of Purusa. Sang Hyang Maitri was born from the middle finger (madiamika) in the form of Brahma. Sang Hyang Kurusya was born from the ring finger (manamika) in the form of Vishnu. Sang Hyang Pretanjala was born from the little finger (kanistika) in the form of Mahadewa. Thus his manifestation became Bhatara Pancasiwa. He is worthy of purifying the entire universe. Next they were asked to meditate by Bhatara Guru. Sang Hyang Pancasiwa excused himself, and worshiped at the feet of Bhatara Guru. It is said that Bhatari Uma came to worship at the feet of Bhatara Guru. He offered milk.

The milk was received by Bhatara Guru with a gentle gaze. Next Bhatara Guru asked Sang Hyang Ghana to divine the journey of his mother (Bhatari Uma) on her journey to find black cow's milk. Sang Hyang Ghana obeyed, then took the library, a gift from Bhatara Guru previously. Before the library was read, a mantra was given to it.

The image of his mother appearing to be unfaithful to the shepherd. This was conveyed to Bhatara Guru. Bhatara Guru looked blushing. How angry Bhatari Uma was and immediately said harshly.

“What did you say, Ghana? You are still a baby, pretending to know how to predict something unclear. You are so cruel to criticize your mother's behavior! You do not know the secret! If only you did not hold the sacred library, you would have been eaten by me. Who do you think your mother is? Am I not the embodiment of Durga? I can swallow the earth!

Thus said Bhatari Uma blaspheming. Fire came out of Bhatari Uma's eyes. It was very powerful and destroyed the library so that in an instant it turned into ashes. Sang Hyang Ghana's heart was saddened by the burning of the library. The script was rewritten by Sang Hyang Ghana. Bhatari Uma told Sang Hyang Kumara to trample on the dust of the library.

Immediately Sang Hyang Kumara trampled on the ashes of the library with both feet. Because of the trampling, the ashes of the library scattered and spread so that they could no longer be seen by the eye. Sang Hyang Ghana was angry with Sang Hyang Kumara. Sang Hyang Ghana transformed into Sang Hyang Ghanamurti, with four arms, and four fangs. Sang Hyang Kumara was captured and massacred. Soon Bhatara Guru came and greeted Sang Hyang Ghana in a friendly manner.

"O Ghana, don't do that! That is called Brahmatya, which can result in your purity being lost! He is still a child. If someone is not yet fourteen years old, don't be punished, stop your anger towards Sang Hyang Kumara! Later, when Sang Hyang Kumara is older, more than ten years old, there you will continue your anger towards Sang Hyang Kumara," said Bhatara Guru.

"From the short story above, a common thread can be drawn that the black cattle that exist in this world originate from white cattle which were cursed to become black cattle by Bhatara Guru when he transformed into a cattle herder," he explained.

The white ox found in Taro Village is the belief of the people of Taro Village that the ox belonged to Bhatara Guru who was entrusted to them to be looked after by a maharesi named Rsi Markandeya.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Lembu.png|Lintang Lembu (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinLEMBU.jpg|Lintang Lembu in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangLEMBU.jpg|Lintang Lembu in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Lembu2.jpg|Lintang Lembu (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Coma (Monday, in saptawara) has a value of 4 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 8.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Rarely finds happiness, his life is in regret. Acts carefully and thoughtfully, honestly and attentively to other people's plight. When angry he loses self-control.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Daluman (Giok/Jade), Nari Gangga/ Mata Kucing (Chrysobery Cat Eye).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Aldebaran
| HIP 21421
| within constellation lines
| 0.86
|-
| 2
| Elnath
| HIP 25428
| within constellation lines
| 1.65
|-
| 3
| Alcyone
| HIP 17702
| within constellation lines
| 2.87
|-
| 4
| Tianguan
| HIP 26451
| within constellation lines
| 3.03
|-
| 5
| λ Tauri
| HIP 18724
| within constellation lines
| 3.41
|-
| 6
| Chamukuy
| HIP 20894
| Inside the Hull
| 3.41
|-
| 7
| Ain
| HIP 20889
| within constellation lines
| 3.53
|-
| 8
| ο Tauri
| HIP 15900
| within constellation lines
| 3.6
|-
| 9
| Atlas
| HIP 17847
| Inside the Hull
| 3.63
|-
| 10
| Prima Hyadum
| HIP 20205
| within constellation lines
| 3.65
|-
| 11
| ξ Tauri
| HIP 16083
| within constellation lines
| 3.75
|-
| 12
| Secunda Hyadum
| HIP 20455
| Inside the Hull
| 3.76
|-
| 13
| θ 1 Tauri
| HIP 20885
| Inside the Hull
| 3.84
|-
| 14
| ν Tauri
| HIP 18907
| within constellation lines
| 3.883
|-
| 15
| 5 Tau
| HIP 16369
| Inside the Hull
| 4.1
|-
| 16
| κ 1 Tauri
| HIP 20635
| Inside the Hull
| 4.201
|-
| 17
| τ Tauri
| HIP 21881
| within constellation lines
| 4.258
|-
| 18
| 90 Tau
| HIP 21589
| Inside the Hull
| 4.27
|-
| 19
| μ Tauri
| HIP 19860
| Inside the Hull
| 4.279
|-
| 20
| υ Tauri
| HIP 20711
| Inside the Hull
| 4.282
|-
| 21
| δ 3 Tauri
| HIP 20648
| Inside the Hull
| 4.298
|-
| 22
| 37 Tau
| HIP 19038
| Inside the Hull
| 4.37
|-
| 23
| 71 Tau
| HIP 20713
| Inside the Hull
| 4.48
|-
| 24
| ι Tauri
| HIP 23497
| Inside the Hull
| 4.615
|-
| 25
| ρ Tauri
| HIP 21273
| Inside the Hull
| 4.65
|-
| 26
| σ 2 Tauri
| HIP 21683
| Inside the Hull
| 4.665
|-
| 27
| π Tauri
| HIP 20732
| Inside the Hull
| 4.69
|-
| 28
| ο 1 Orionis
| HIP 22667
| Inside the Hull
| 4.721
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 21029
| Inside the Hull
| 4.764
|-
| 30
| δ 2 Tauri
| HIP 20542
| Inside the Hull
| 4.8
|-
| 31
| 114 Tau
| HIP 25539
| Inside the Hull
| 4.868
|-
| 32
| ω 2 Tauri
| HIP 19990
| Inside the Hull
| 4.914
|-
| 33
| 109 Tau
| HIP 24822
| Inside the Hull
| 4.948
|-
| 34
| * 47 Tau A
| HIP 19740
| Inside the Hull
| 4.95
|-
| 35
| 75 Tau
| HIP 20877
| Inside the Hull
| 4.969
|-
| 36
| 79 Tau
| HIP 20901
| Inside the Hull
| 5.014
|-
| 37
| 30 Tau
| HIP 17771
| Inside the Hull
| 5.07
|-
| 38
| σ 1 Tauri
| HIP 21673
| Inside the Hull
| 5.076
|-
| 39
| 97 Tau
| HIP 22565
| Inside the Hull
| 5.085
|-
| 40
| Pleione
| HIP 17851
| Inside the Hull
| 5.09
|-
| 41
| 66 Tau
| HIP 20522
| Inside the Hull
| 5.098
|-
| 42
| 4 Tau
| HIP 16322
| Inside the Hull
| 5.124
|-
| 43
| 43 G. Tau
| HIP 19799
| Inside the Hull
| 5.218
|-
| 44
| 58 Tau
| HIP 20261
| Inside the Hull
| 5.242
|-
| 45
| κ 2 Tauri
| HIP 20641
| Inside the Hull
| 5.264
|-
| 46
| l Tau
| HIP 23871
| Inside the Hull
| 5.28
|-
| 47
| 46 Tau
| HIP 19719
| Inside the Hull
| 5.29
|-
| 48
| 56 Tau
| HIP 20186
| Inside the Hull
| 5.346
|-
| 49
| χ Tauri
| HIP 20430
| Inside the Hull
| 5.378
|-
| 50
| 83 Tau
| HIP 21036
| Inside the Hull
| 5.395
|-
| 51
| -
| HIP 18975
| Inside the Hull
| 5.42
|-
| 52
| 93 Tau
| HIP 21735
| Inside the Hull
| 5.445
|-
| 53
| -
| HIP 17776
| Inside the Hull
| 5.45
|-
| 54
| 81 Tau
| HIP 21039
| Inside the Hull
| 5.454
|-
| 55
| 118 Tau
| HIP 25695
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 56
| 53 Tau
| HIP 20171
| Inside the Hull
| 5.482
|-
| 57
| -
| HIP 23043
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
| 58
| 103 Tau
| HIP 23900
| Inside the Hull
| 5.5
|-
| 59
| ω 1 Tauri
| HIP 19388
| Inside the Hull
| 5.504
|-
| 60
| 36 Tau
| HIP 19009
| Inside the Hull
| 5.512
|-
| 61
| 72 Tau
| HIP 20789
| Inside the Hull
| 5.514
|-
| 62
| 80 Tau
| HIP 20995
| Inside the Hull
| 5.552
|-
| 63
| 57 Tau
| HIP 20219
| Inside the Hull
| 5.568
|-
| 64
| 32 Tau
| HIP 18471
| Inside the Hull
| 5.617
|-
| 65
| 63 Tau
| HIP 20484
| Inside the Hull
| 5.625
|-
| 66
| 51 Tau
| HIP 20087
| Inside the Hull
| 5.631
|-
| 67
| * 80 Tau A
| HIP 20995
| Inside the Hull
| 5.666
|-
| 68
| 13 Tau
| HIP 17309
| Inside the Hull
| 5.69
|-
| 69
| 26 G. Tau
| HIP 18805
| Inside the Hull
| 5.691
|-
| 70
| 60 Tau
| HIP 20400
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 20842
| Inside the Hull
| 5.711
|-
| 72
| 6 Tau
| HIP 16511
| Inside the Hull
| 5.757
|-
| 73
| 89 Tau
| HIP 21588
| Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 22913
| Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
| 75
| 98 Tau
| HIP 23088
| Inside the Hull
| 5.785
|-
| 76
| 99 Tau
| HIP 23068
| Inside the Hull
| 5.806
|-
| 77
| -
| HR 1243
| Inside the Hull
| 5.81
|-
| 78
| * 118 Tau A
| HIP 25695
| Inside the Hull
| 5.84
|-
| 79
| HU Tau
| HIP 21604
| Inside the Hull
| 5.842
|-
| 80
| -
| HIP 18735
| Inside the Hull
| 5.865
|-
| 81
| -
| HIP 20804
| Inside the Hull
| 5.87
|-
| 82
| 76 Tau
| HIP 20873
| Inside the Hull
| 5.892
|-
| 83
| 39 Tau
| HIP 19076
| Inside the Hull
| 5.9
|-
| 84
| 105 Tau
| HIP 23883
| Inside the Hull
| 5.92
|-
| 85
| -
| HIP 19376
| Inside the Hull
| 5.927
|-
| 86
| -
| HIP 19284
| Inside the Hull
| 5.94
|-
| 87
| -
| HIP 18170
| Inside the Hull
| 5.946
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 20417
| Inside the Hull
| 5.95
|-
| 89
| -
| HIP 20614
| Inside the Hull
| 5.965
|-
| 90
| -
| HIP 22176
| Inside the Hull
| 5.981
|-
| 91
| V1141 Tau
| HIP 20493
| Inside the Hull
| 5.986
|-
| 92
| 85 Tau
| HIP 21137
| Inside the Hull
| 5.998
|-
| 93
| V1116 Tau
| HIP 21459
| Inside the Hull
| 6.019
|-
| 94
| 33 Tau
| HIP 18485
| Inside the Hull
| 6.038
|-
| 95
| -
| HIP 17921
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 96
| -
| HIP 19261
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 97
| -
| HIP 17453
| Inside the Hull
| 6.074
|-
| 98
| -
| HIP 19641
| Inside the Hull
| 6.087
|-
| 99
| -
| HIP 20255
| Inside the Hull
| 6.094
|-
| 100
| -
| HIP 24820
| Inside the Hull
| 6.107
|-
| 101
| 96 Tau
| HIP 22441
| Inside the Hull
| 6.11
|-
| 102
| V1137 Tau
| HIP 19672
| Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
| 103
| 14 Tau
| HIP 17408
| Inside the Hull
| 6.14
|-
| 104
| -
| HIP 20284
| Inside the Hull
| 6.141
|-
| 105
| 95 Tau
| HIP 21961
| Inside the Hull
| 6.151
|-
| 106
| -
| HIP 17900
| Inside the Hull
| 6.153
|-
| 107
| -
| HIP 18508
| Inside the Hull
| 6.165
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 17058
| Inside the Hull
| 6.168
|-
| 109
| -
| HIP 23589
| Inside the Hull
| 6.188
|-
| 110
| -
| HIP 21689
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 111
| -
| HIP 24977
| Inside the Hull
| 6.205
|-
| 112
| 40 G. Tau
| HIP 19720
| Inside the Hull
| 6.249
|-
| 113
| -
| HIP 19736
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 114
| 108 Tau
| HIP 24512
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 115
| -
| HIP 25806
| Inside the Hull
| 6.291
|-
| 116
| 48 Tau
| HIP 19877
| Inside the Hull
| 6.3
|-
| 117
| 47 G. Tau
| HIP 20188
| Inside the Hull
| 6.3
|-
| 118
| 84 Tau
| HIP 21082
| Inside the Hull
| 6.303
|-
| 119
| -
| HIP 18717
| Inside the Hull
| 6.305
|-
| 120
| -
| HIP 22949
| Inside the Hull
| 6.324
|-
| 121
| -
| HIP 22128
| Inside the Hull
| 6.329
|-
| 122
| -
| HIP 24984
| Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
| 123
| 62 Tau
| HIP 20533
| Inside the Hull
| 6.337
|-
| 124
| 25 G. Tau
| HIP 18658
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 125
| -
| HIP 22850
| Inside the Hull
| 6.347
|-
| 126
| -
| HIP 21408
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 127
| SZ Tau
| HIP 21517
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 128
| V766 Tau
| HIP 18033
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 129
| -
| HIP 20558
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 130
| NGC 1647
| NGC 1647
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 131
| -
| HIP 16924
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 132
| 70 Tau
| HIP 20661
| Inside the Hull
| 6.439
|-
| 133
| 26 Tau
| HIP 17832
| Inside the Hull
| 6.464
|-
| 134
| -
| HIP 21053
| Inside the Hull
| 6.491
|-
| 135
| -
| HIP 23949
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 136
| -
| HIP 24252
| Inside the Hull
| 6.79
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Lembu" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star Lambda Tau or HIP 18724 is in its stomach which was selected because in the cremation ceremony (Ngaben), the corpse is placed inside a statue of Lembu, particularly the stomach, as this area has the largest cavity. The statue is then burned until it is reduced to ashes. Constellation Lembu is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Tau]] [[Category:Ori]]

Aquila

2026-02-24T19:21:57Z

IanRidpath: Copyedit

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Aquila IAU.svg|thumb|Aquila as IAU constellation in the borders of 1930s, IAU & S&T. ]]
[[File:KugelGlobe Sge.JPG|thumb|Earliest known depiction of Cyg, Lyr, Del, Aql and Sge on the Kugel Globe (1st century BCE), SMH 2024.]]
Aquila, the Eagle, is one of the official IAU constellations. Its history goes back to a Sumerian constellation ([[TE8.mušen|TI8muš]]en, The Eagle or The Vulture) in the same area of the sky. In Babylonian uranography, the neighboring constellation is a corpse, and in Ptolemy's Almagest the asterism of [[Antinous]] (a recently passed away and deified favourite of the Roman emperor Hadrian) is split off.

== Etymology and History ==
"Aquila" is the Latin translation of the Ancient Greek term which is the translation of an Akkadian term which is the translation of a Sumerian term. It is unknown whether the Sumerians distinguished betwen eagles and vultures. The Greek term and mythology clearly refer to an eagle as a symbol of divine power. Still, the original Sumerian constellation might have had a different context: as it was placed next to the Sumerian constellation of The Corpse, the bird might have been considered a vulture.

The confusion of the Eagle and the Vulture can be traced throughout all epochs. In medieval manuscripts Aquila was also commonly known as "vultur volans", see [https://www.thesaxlproject.com/assets/Uploads/00-Aquila-Master-0-R-6-October-2023.pdf Saxl-Project] while similarly, the (originally Arabian) eagle in [[Lyra]] also got the Latin name "vultur cadens". These names are preserved in late-medieval European astrolabes, star catalogues and from the sixteenth-century onwards on celestial globes. See for example the celestial globe [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-233257345/view (1551) of Gerard Mercator]. The term "lucida vulturis" for Altair remained popular until far into the 17th century, and Bode's celestial atlas uses the German rhyme "der Geyer mit der Leyer" (the vulture with the lyre) for [[Lyra]].

<ref name=":0" />However, the arrow is not depicted on the Farnese Globe, as some of the smaller constellations are missing there. There is also no room for it because the eagle is hanging upside down, its head resting on the brightest star and its feet pointing towards the swan: it looks as if the swan is pecking at the eagle's talons. Compared to the image we can draw using the Almagest star catalogue, this Greek eagle is rotated by 180°.

In fact, the constellation of the eagle can also be found in this position in the sky in Mesopotamian astronomy of the 2nd millennium BCE. This suggests that the constellation was adopted into Greek culture from Babylon: although it does not belong to the zodiac, it is close to it and mythologically intertwined with Aquarius in the zodiac.

Interestingly, near the Babylonian eagle is the Babylonian constellation ‘Dead Man’ or ‘Corpse,’ which has no analogue in Greek. It may have been located in the area east of the star Atair in Aquila, but it is impossible to say for sure. It is possible that Babylonian uranography referred to the constellation Delphinus as the corpse. Alternatively, the corpse could also have been located further south, i.e. ‘below’ the eagle. Calculations of Babylonian constellations do not allow for an exact position in declination, but only an estimate of the area in right ascension.

One argument in favour of the southern variant is that Ptolemy simply renamed a group of stars in Aquila in his Almagest, calling them ‘Antinous’. This young man was a favourite of the contemporary Emperor Hadrian and could be stylised in modern terms as the constellation of homosexual love – although pederasty in ancient times had a different, more initiatory and educational character. All that is known about Antinous is that he drowned in the Nile in 130 CE for unknown reasons, whereupon a new cult was established throughout the Roman Empire: festivals were invented, temples built and other things done in his honour, so that his death by the astronomer in Alexandria comes as no surprise. However, he depicts him as a dead man carried by the (established) constellation Aquila. The figure of the double constellation ‘Aquila with Antinous’ in Ptolemy can be reconstructed from the star names and coordinates, and this eagle does not have outstretched wings, but flies from west to east. He is depicted in profile.

Since Ptolemy makes numerous references to direct Babylonian sources, for example by using data on solar and lunar eclipses from there, it cannot be ruled out that his Antinous corresponds to the Babylonian constellation of the corpse.

Incidentally, the interpretation of the bird as an eagle is unclear for the Babylonian constellation: the language does not allow for a distinction between eagles and vultures. A vulture as a scavenger would suggest a very old interpretation of the constellation, which could perhaps even be related to the hygienic and medically advisable burial of the dead. A vulture next to a corpse makes more sense in this respect. However, when it comes to ideas about life after death, the eagle is more appropriate: in Sumerian and Babylonian culture, it is a symbol of life, which is best illustrated in the ancient myth of Etana. The constellation is also located in the Milky Way, which is interpreted in numerous cultures as a road to the afterlife, so that a connection to the cult of the dead is virtually inevitable.

Regardless of whether it was an eagle or a vulture, this constellation of a bird of prey has been found in Mesopotamian culture at that point in the sky since at least MUL.APIN.

=== Origin of constellation ===
The constellation of The Eagle [[TE8.mušen|mulTE8]] is listed in the Mesopotamian creation myth "Enuma Anu Enlil", in Astrolab P and Astrolab B, and in MUL.APIN's first list, all dating to the 2nd millennium BCE.

=== Graeco-Roman constellation ===

===== Aratos =====
<blockquote>[311] Ahead of the Archer is another Arrow lying all by itself without a bow. The Bird is outstretched beside it, nearer to the north. Close to it another bird is wafted, inferior in size, but stormy when it rises from the sea at the departure of night; and men call it the Eagle. (Kidd 1997)</blockquote>The popular didactic poem by Aratos describes this bird as ‘dangerous when it emerges from the sea’ and calls it ‘the blown away’. Etymologically, this may be correct, but eagles do not emerge from the sea. The sentence therefore does not refer to the animal, but to the astronomy of the sunrise.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>

===== Eratosthenes =====
Eratosthenes believes that the eagle is the only bird that flies towards the sun without ducking away from its rays. He explicitly mentions that the eagle is depicted with outstretched wings, as if it were swooping down. Its head is therefore facing south towards Aquarius and its tail feathers point north towards Lyra and Cygnus. Germanicus in Roman times supports this idea with his description of the eagle guarding the arrow of Eros, which makes humans and even Zeus fall in love. On the Carolingian Aratea, the eagle is therefore depicted holding the arrow in its talons.<ref name=":0" />

===== Hipparchus =====

====== Rising (Lib II Cap V §13) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of Aquila ...</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sgr 9
|Sgr 13 1/2
|Vir 24
|Vir 29 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the northern one of the two small in the wings
|the southern of the three bright ones in the body
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |2 1/8 hours = 127.5 min = 31 7/8 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib II Cap VI §13) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Cap 16 1/2
|Cap 23
|Ari 2
|Ari 8
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the two little ones in the wing
|the northern one of the three bright ones in the body
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |1/3 hours = 20 min = 5°
|}

====== Stars Mentioned ======
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, first
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, last
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §2
|setting CrB, south, last
|Psc 13.5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §13
|setting Aql, south, first
|Ari 2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib III Cap I §9
|rising Ori, south, last
|Psc 13
|}

===== Geminos =====
[[File:Aql Alm+Farnese stellarium.gif|thumb|Aquila as stickfigure drawn to the description in the Almagest (137 CE) and as drawn on the Farnese Globe (marble, 2nd c. CE), mapped to Stellarium by Susanne M Hoffmann (2021)]]

===== Ptolemy's Almagest Αετός. =====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!Αετοῦ ἀστερισμός
!
!
|-
|
|ὁ ἐῃ μέσῃ τῇ κεφαλῇ
|The star in the middle of the head
|τ Aql
|-
|
|ὁ τούτου προηγούμενος καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ τραχήλου.
|The one in advance of this, on the neck
|β Aql
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ μεταφρένου λαμπρὸς καλούμενος Ἀετός
|The bright star on the place between the shoulders, called Aquila
|αAql
|-
|
|ὁ τούτου σύνεγγυς ἀπ’ ἄρκτων
|The one close to this towards the north
|ο Aql
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῷ ἀριστερῷ ὤμῳ β ὁ προηγούμενος.
|The more advanced of the 2 in the left shoulder
|γ Aql
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος αὐτῶν
|The rearmost of them
|φ Aql
|-
|
|ὁ τῶν ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ ὤμῳ δύο ὁ προηγούμενος
|The more advanced of the two in the right shoulder
|μ Aql
|-
|
|ὁ ἑπόμευος αὐτῶν
|The rearmost of them
|σ Aql
|-
|
|ὁ ὑπὸ τὴν οὐρὰν τοῦ Ἀετοῦ ἀπωτέρω ἀπτόμενος τοῦ γαλαξίου.
|The star some distance under the tail of Aquila, touching the Milky Way
|ζ Aql
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|all
|ἀστέρες ὅ, ὥν β’ μεγέθους ἄ, γ’ ὅ, δ’ α, ε' γ'
|9 stars, 1 of the second magnitude, 4ofthe third, 1 of the fourth, 3 of the fifth
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
!
!Οἱ περὶ τὸν άετόν, ἐφ’ ὧν ὁ Ἀντίνοος
!The stars araund Aquila, to which the name 'Antinous' is given
!
|-
|
|Τὸ τῶν ἀπὸ φότου τῆς κεφαλῆς τοῦ Ἀετοῦ β ὁ προηγούμενος,
|The more advanced of the 2 stars south of the head of Aquila
|η Aql
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμερος αὐτῶν
|The rearmost of them
|θ Aql
|-
|
|ὁ ἀπὸ νότου καὶ λιβὸς τοῦ δεξιοῦ ὤμου τοῦ Ἀετοῦ.
|The star to the south and west of the right shoulder of Aquila
|δ Aql
|-
|
|ὁ τούτου ἀπὸ μεσημβρίας
|The one to the south of this
|ι Aql
|-
|
|ὁ ἔτι τούτου φοτιώτερος
|The one to the south again of the latter
|κ Aql
|-
|
|ὁ πάντου προηφούμευος.
|The star most in adVance of ali
|λ Aql
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|all
|ἀστέρες ξ, ὥν γ’ μεγέθους ὅ, δ’ ἄ,
|6 stars, 4 of the third magnitude, 1 of the fourth, 1 of the fifth
|
|}
[[File:Aetos kai Antinoos Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Aetos kai Antinoos (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Altair
|HIP 97649
|Inside the hull
|0.76
|-
|2
|Tarazed
|HIP 97278
|Constellation lines
|2.72
|-
|3
|Okab
|HIP 93747
|Constellation lines
|2.99
|-
|4
|Antinous
|HIP 99473
|Inside the hull
|3.22
|-
|5
|δ Aquilae
|HIP 95501
|Constellation lines
|3.36
|-
|6
|λ Aquilae
|HIP 93805
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.43
|-
|7
|Alshain
|HIP 98036
|Constellation lines
|3.71
|-
|8
|η Aquilae
|HIP 97804
|Inside the hull
|3.8
|-
|9
|ϵ Aquilae
|HIP 93244
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.02
|-
|10
|ι Aquilae
|HIP 96468
|Constellation lines
|4.36
|-
|11
|μ Aquilae
|HIP 96229
|Constellation lines
|4.45
|-
|12
|Libertas
|HIP 97938
|Inside the hull
|4.707
|-
|13
|ν Aquilae
|HIP 95585
|Constellation lines
|4.72
|-
|14
|κ Aquilae
|HIP 96483
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.96
|-
|15
|26 Aql
|HIP 95066
|Inside the hull
|4.99
|-
|16
|36 Aql
|HIP 95937
|Inside the hull
|5.03
|-
|17
|18 Aql
|HIP 93867
|Inside the hull
|5.086
|-
|18
|ο Aquilae
|HIP 97675
|Inside the hull
|5.1
|-
|19
|21 Aql
|HIP 94477
|Inside the hull
|5.15
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 95447
|Inside the hull
|5.15
|-
|21
|σ Aquilae
|HIP 96665
|Constellation lines
|5.17
|-
|22
|19 Aql
|HIP 94068
|Constellation lines
|5.23
|-
|23
|11 Aql
|HIP 93203
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.258
|-
|24
|ϕ Aquilae
|HIP 98103
|Constellation lines
|5.278
|-
|25
|23 Aql
|HIP 94885
|Inside the hull
|5.28
|-
|26
|ω1 Aquilae
|HIP 94834
|Inside the hull
|5.283
|-
|27
|132 G. Aql
|HIP 100541
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.301
|-
|28
|χ Aquilae
|HIP 96957
|Inside the hull
|5.31
|-
|29
|27 Aql
|HIP 95073
|Inside the hull
|5.451
|-
|30
|66 Aql
|HIP 99631
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.47
|-
|31
|Tianfu
|HIP 98823
|Inside the hull
|5.508
|-
|32
|28 Aql
|HIP 94982
|Inside the hull
|5.518
|-
|33
|64 Ser
|HIP 93051
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.551
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 95822
|Inside the hull
|5.564
|-
|35
|22 Aql
|HIP 94727
|Inside the hull
|5.569
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 94624
|Constellation lines
|5.571
|-
|37
|V1291 Aql
|HIP 97871
|Constellation lines
|5.619
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 94720
|Inside the hull
|5.63
|-
|39
|58 Aql
|HIP 97980
|Inside the hull
|5.631
|-
|40
|45 Aql
|HIP 96807
|Inside the hull
|5.637
|-
|41
|ϵ Sagittae
|HIP 96516
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.659
|-
|42
|42 Aql
|HIP 96556
|Constellation lines
|5.68
|-
|43
|62 Aql
|HIP 98844
|Inside the hull
|5.68
|-
|44
|π Aquilae
|HIP 97473
|Inside the hull
|5.74
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 95572
|Inside the hull
|5.754
|-
|46
|35 Aql
|HIP 95793
|Inside the hull
|5.783
|-
|47
|42 G. Aql
|HIP 95222
|Inside the hull
|5.811
|-
|48
|13 G. Aql
|HIP 93580
|Inside the hull
|5.815
|-
|49
|49 G. Aql
|HIP 95732
|Inside the hull
|5.839
|-
|50
|103 G. Aql
|HIP 98526
|Constellation lines
|5.91
|-
|51
|υ Aquilae
|HIP 97229
|Inside the hull
|5.91
|-
|52
|64 Aql
|HIP 99171
|Inside the hull
|5.968
|-
|53
| -
|HIP 96481
|Inside the hull
|5.975
|-
|54
|QS Aql
|HIP 96840
|Inside the hull
|5.99
|-
|55
|ω2 Aquilae
|HIP 95002
|Inside the hull
|6.012
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 95898
|Inside the hull
|6.042
|-
|57
|V923 Aql
|HIP 95929
|Inside the hull
|6.082
|-
|58
|R Aql
|HIP 93820
|Inside the hull
|6.09
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 97970
|Inside the hull
|6.127
|-
|60
|85 G. Aql
|HIP 97687
|Constellation lines
|6.13
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 97767
|Inside the hull
|6.15
|-
|62
|34 G. Aql
|HIP 94833
|Inside the hull
|6.174
|-
|63
|101 G. Aql
|HIP 98385
|Inside the hull
|6.18
|-
|64
|7 G. Aql
|HIP 93138
|Inside the hull
|6.207
|-
|65
|88 G. Aql
|HIP 97697
|Inside the hull
|6.233
|-
|66
|ψ Aquilae
|HIP 97139
|Inside the hull
|6.243
|-
|67
|52 G. Aql
|HIP 95812
|Inside the hull
|6.245
|-
|68
|STF 2644AB
|HIP 99585
|Constellation lines
|6.27
|-
|69
|12 G. Aql
|HIP 93488
|Inside the hull
|6.271
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 95664
|Constellation lines
|6.303
|-
|71
|37 G. Aql
|HIP 94916
|Inside the hull
|6.311
|-
|72
|25 G. Aql
|HIP 94149
|Inside the hull
|6.321
|-
|73
|46 Aql
|HIP 96931
|Inside the hull
|6.321
|-
|74
|44 G. Aql
|HIP 95253
|Inside the hull
|6.346
|-
|75
|67 G. Aql
|HIP 96630
|Inside the hull
|6.358
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 96428
|Inside the hull
|6.364
|-
|77
|61 G. Aql
|HIP 96351
|Inside the hull
|6.368
|-
|78
|24 Aql
|HIP 94913
|Inside the hull
|6.404
|-
|79
|75 G. Aql
|HIP 97144
|Inside the hull
|6.428
|-
|80
|Chechia
|HIP 99894
|Inside the hull
|6.446
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 97454
|Inside the hull
|6.457
|-
|82
|V1339 Aql
|HIP 97607
|Inside the hull
|6.478
|-
|83
|V450 Aql
|HIP 96204
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|84
|77 G. Aql
|HIP 97244
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 94478
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 95453
|Inside the hull
|6.499
|-
|87
| -
|HIP 93990
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 98922
|Constellation lines
|6.755
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 97384
|Constellation lines
|6.77
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 98314
|Constellation lines
|6.77
|-
|91
| -
|HIP 98313
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|6.83
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 97762
|Constellation lines
|7.51
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 97662
|Constellation lines
|7.64
|-
|94
| -
|HIP 98348
|Constellation lines
|8.17
|}
'''Hyginus, Astronomica'''<blockquote>This is the eagle which is said to have snatched Ganymede up and given him to his lover, Jove. This bird, too, Jupiter is thought first to have singled out from the tribe of birds, because it alone, men say, strives to fly straight into the rays of the rising sun. And so it seems to fly above Aquarius, who, as many imagine, is Ganymede.

Some, too, have said that the bird was a certain Meropes, who ruled the island of Cos, and who called the island Cos from the name of his daughter, and the inhabitants Meropians from his own name. He had a wife, Ethemea, of the race of nymphs, who was stuck with the arrows of Diana when she ceased worshipping her. At last she was snatched away alive by Proserpina to the Land of the Dead. Meropes, moved by longing for his wife, would have committed suicide, but Juno, pitying him, changed him into an eagle and put him among the constellations, for, if she had put him there in human form, since he would have a man's memory, he would still be moved with longing for his wife.

Aglaosthenes, who wrote the Naxica, says that Jove was taken secretly from Crete, brought to Naxos, and there nourished. After he came to man's estate and wished to attack the Titans in war, he sighted an eagle as he was sacrificing, and considering this an omen, he placed it among the stars.

Some, too, have said that Mercury (though others say Anaplades) stirred by Venus's beauty, fell in love with her, and when she permitted no favours, became greatly downcast, as if in disgrace. Jove pitied him, and when Venus was bathing in the river Achelous he sent and eagle to take her sandal to Amythaonia of the Egyptians and give it to Mercury. Venus, in seeking for it, came to him who loved her, and so he, on attaining his desire, as a reward put the eagle in the sky. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

'''Ovid, Fasti, III, 793ff.'''<blockquote>stella Lycaoniam vergit declinis ad Arcton

Miluus: haec illa nocte videnda venit.

quid dederit volucri, si vis cognoscere, caelum, 795

Saturnus regnis a Iove pulsus erat;

concitat iratus validos Titanas in arma,

quaeque fuit fatis debita temptat opem.

matre satus Terra, monstrum mirabile, taurus

parte sui serpens posteriore fuit: 800

hunc triplici muro lucis incluserat atris

Parcarum monitu Styx violenta trium.

viscera qui tauri flammis adolenda dedisset,

sors erat aeternos vincere posse deos.

immolat hunc Briareus facta ex adamante securi, 805

et iamiam flammis exta daturus erat:

Iuppiter alitibus rapere imperat: attulit illi

miluus, et meritis venit in astra suis.

''The star of the Kite slopes downwards towards the Lycaonian Bear: on that night it becomes visible. If you would know what raised the bird to heaven. Saturn had been dethroned by Jupiter. In his wrath he stirred up the strong Titans to take arms and sought the help the Fates allowed him. There was a bull born of its mother Earth, a wondrous monster, the hinder part whereof was a serpent: him, at the warning of the three Fates, grim Styx had shut up in gloomy woods enclosed by a triple wall. There was an oracle that he who should burn the inwards of the bull in the flames would be able to conquer the eternal gods. Briareus sacrificed him with an axe made of adamant, and was just about to put the entrails on the fire: Jupiter commanded the birds to snatch them away; the kite brought them to him and was promoted to the stars for his services.''</blockquote>

==== Medieval Epoch ====

==== Early Modern Epoch ====

=== Transfer and Transformation of the constellation ===
<gallery>
File:Aratea 54v and 55r.jpg|Aquila with Sagitta, Leiden Aratea, Fol. 54v and 55r, between circa 830 and circa 840
File:Aquila Uranometria.jpg|Aquila et Antinous (Bayer 1603)
File:Johannes Hevelius - Prodromus Astronomia - Volume III "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" - Tavola R - Aquila et Antinous.jpg|"Aquila et Antinous" in Hevelius (1690) in "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" in volume "Prodromus Astronomia"
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous.jpg|"Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous", plate 13 in [http://www.ianridpath.com/atlases/urania.html ''Urania's Mirror''], a set of celestial cards accompanied by ''A familiar treatise on astronomy ...'' by Jehoshaphat Aspin (1825). London. Astronomical chart, 1 print on layered paper board : etching, hand-colored.
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus).jpg|Aquila et Antinous, 1776 - Jean Fortin/ John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus, [https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/66194/laigle-antinous-la-fleche-le-renard-le-dauphin-aquila-flamsteed-fortin source])
File:Aql bode.jpg|The constellation of Aquila (Eagle) and the constellation of Antinous, portrayed as Zeus and Ganymede, from the ''Uranographia'', by Johann Elert Bode (1782).
File:Simon Antinous spanish1894.jpg|Aquila et Antinous at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

== Mythology ==

=== Greek ===
Hyginus, librarian to the Roman emperor Augustus, tells a story of an eagle and a swan: when Zeus fell in love with Nemesis, goddess of righteous wrath, he had to resort to trickery to seduce her. He transformed himself into a swan and had his eagle pursue him. Taking pity on the pursued, Nemesis gave the swan refuge in her lap, and Zeus, satisfied, placed his eagle in the sky.

According to another legend, the eagle was Zeus's attribute animal, accompanying him since his campaign against the Titans. Eratosthenes leaves no doubt that it was the eagle who brought Ganymede to Zeus. Referring to the youth of Zeus, who was raised on Naxos and then fought against the Titans, Eratosthenes reports that an eagle joined Zeus and accompanied him. Because he saw this as a good omen, Zeus later declared the animal sacred. When the gods divided the birds among themselves, Zeus received the eagle, as it ruled over all birds.

=== Babylonian ===
The eagle probably originates from the Sumerian myth of Etana. According to the royal lists, Etana is said to have been the first Sumerian king after the Flood. Since the neighbouring constellation of Aquarius is associated with this flood, the placement of the eagle in its immediate vicinity makes perfect sense in Mesopotamian thinking. Since the Etana myth dates back to at least the 24th century BC and may even be older, this connection could also suggest that the constellation Aquila is much older than the invention of writing. The myth already attests to the eagle's symbolism of life.

According to legend, Etana was childless, which saddened him greatly. A helpful eagle carried him on its back to the sky, where he wanted to fetch the life-giving ‘herb of childbirth’. The myth tells how Etana climbs higher and higher on the eagle's back, sees the earth from above and describes what he sees. Shortly before reaching the herb, the eagle and its rider fall. The story provides interesting insights into the imagination of people who were already able to picture what the earth might look like from above.

== Weblinks ==
* Ridpath, Ian, “[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/aquila.html Star Tales: online edition]”.

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
HIP 93429,HIP 93244,HIP 97278,HIP 97649,HIP 99473,HIP 93551,HIP 93526,HIP 93716,HIP 93717,HIP 93805,HIP 95236,HIP 95937,HIP 93743,HIP 93836,HIP 94149,HIP 94053,HIP 95055,HIP 95073,HIP 95126,HIP 95222,HIP 95886,HIP 96007,HIP 96807,HIP 96468,HIP 96392,HIP 96851,HIP 97207,HIP 98844,HIP 99171,HIP 93417,HIP 93589,HIP 93385,HIP 93580,HIP 93557,HIP 93892,HIP 93990,HIP 94331,HIP 94833,HIP 94883,HIP 94885,HIP 94477,HIP 94913,HIP 95697,HIP 95793,HIP 95585,HIP 95812,HIP 95987,HIP 96603,HIP 96403,HIP 97804,HIP 98336,HIP 98385,HIP 98191,HIP 97980,HIP 98945,HIP 93647,HIP 94250,HIP 94247,HIP 94727,HIP 94873,HIP 95045,HIP 95121,HIP 95680,HIP 95501,HIP 95732,HIP 95898,HIP 95929,HIP 96159,HIP 96630,HIP 96351,HIP 96196,HIP 97255,HIP 97709,HIP 97877,HIP 98474,HIP 93833,HIP 93920,HIP 93937,HIP 94068,HIP 94512,HIP 94733,HIP 94478,HIP 94564,HIP 96071,HIP 96047,HIP 96229,HIP 96745,HIP 96423,HIP 96204,HIP 96665,HIP 97398,HIP 98036,HIP 93732,HIP 93488,HIP 93820,HIP 94103,HIP 94220,HIP 94612,HIP 94486,HIP 94916,HIP 95253,HIP 95325,HIP 96092,HIP 96241,HIP 96979,HIP 97101,HIP 97144,HIP 97607,HIP 97229,HIP 97779,HIP 93438,HIP 93867,HIP 93273,HIP 94009,HIP 94064,HIP 94098,HIP 94120,HIP 94452,HIP 94524,HIP 94834,HIP 94982,HIP 95002,HIP 95406,HIP 95586,HIP 95620,HIP 96024,HIP 96282,HIP 96416,HIP 96481,HIP 93747

== References ==
* [[References]] (general)
* [[References (Babylonian)]]
* [[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]
[[Category:4work]]

Apus

2026-02-23T13:14:35Z

IanRidpath: /* IAU WGSN Names */ Capitallization

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Apus IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|Apus star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg)]]
[[File:Blaeu1603 Apus.JPG|thumb|Blaeu (1603), globe copied from Plancius/ Hondius (1598); [https://collections.rmg.co.uk/mediaLib/360/media-360270/large.jpg RMG]]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. The Paradise Bird was an invention by Dutch sailors in the 1590s, the original spelling in Dutch "De Paradijs Voghel".

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Raggiana Bird-of-paradise 0A2A5379.jpg|thumb|Raggiana bird-of-paradise (''Paradisaea raggiana''). Varirata National Park, Sogeri Central Province, Papua New Guinea (CC BY JJ Harrison)]]
The word ‘apus’ is derived from the Greek ἄπους ‘apous’, footless, because the birds brought back by seafarers were mutilated. It refers to a type of bird that was first brought back by Magellan's expedition.<ref>Brooke-Hitching, Edward (2018). The Golden Atlas: The Greatest Explorations, Quests and Discoveries on Maps, Simon & Schuster UK</ref>
=== Early variants ===
[[File:DeHoutman ParadijsVoghel.JPG|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|de Houtman (1603) "de Paradijs Voghel", the Paradise Bird. screenshot of star catalogue.]]
The constellation was brought into its present form by the French surveyor Lacaille in the 18th century, when he introduced the constellation of Octant directly at the south celestial pole and, therefore, slightly reduced the neighbouring constellations. However, the constellation of the Bird of Paradise had already been depicted in the Uranometria by Johannes Bayer in 1603, as the idea goes back to Dutch sailors. The Uranometria subsequently formed the basis for many cartographers and astronomers.

Bayer, a lawyer from Augsburg who was interested in star charts as a hobby, had many models for his work: one of them was certainly the celestial globe by Petrus Plancius and Jodocus Hondius from 1598, on which the constellation Apus appeared - labelled in Latin, of course. The Dutch had sent their own expedition to the East Indies, during which astronomical observations had also been made. Frederick de Houtman and the navigator Pieter Keyser compiled the first star catalogue for the southern hemisphere that has survived to this day. This star catalogue was published in the same year as the Uranometria. Still, the globes by Plancius and Hondius already contained figures for these previously poorly documented celestial regions at the South Pole.

The Dutch star catalogue not only gave the constellation the Latin name Apus (with a spelling mistake), but also the Dutch word for ‘bird of paradise’ (Paradijs Voghel).
=== Original Name of the Constellation ===
The name of the constellation was invented by Frederick de Houtman and first drawn by Plancius, both in Dutch. Bayer (1603) adopted the Latin term. The early names of the constellation are, therefore, the following:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!year
!author
!
!spelling
|-
|1598
|Plancius
|globe gores
|'''Paradysvogel'''
|-
|1602
|Blaeu
|globe
|Apus Indica
|-
|1603
|de Houtman
|appendix of the dictionary of Malayan language
|'''Paradijsvoghel'''
|-
|1603
|Bayer
|Uranometria
|'''Apus'''
|-
|1605
|Merula
|''Cosmographiae generalis libri tres,''
* Part I, Book II, pp. 105-108 (no. VIII)
|
* Avis Paradisi
* Paradijs-Voghel
|}
[[File:Y-2dots compressed hi.JPEG|thumb|The letter "y" with two dots resembles the ligature of "ij" that is historically found in Dutch. This specific inscription is at the historical building of the Institute for Physics of the University of Jena, Germany, built in 1902 (probably unrelated to the Dutch ligature but a pun).]]
'''Remark 1:''' Note that '''Plancius''' wrote the term with "y" (and with a "g" that is pronounced "kh" in Dutch) while de Houtman spelt it "ij" and with "gh" which is pronounced like English "g" (like in "girl"). The different "g"-sounds may be due to different dialects, but the "y"-"ij" shows a piece of the history of letters: In Dutch, "ij" and "y" have the same pronunciation (like English "aye"). Nowadays, only the "ij" form is used, but around 1600, both forms were used without little preference for one or the other. Rarely, in old inscriptions, the "y" can be found with two dots, resembling the historical ligature.

'''Remark 2:''' The first book of '''Merula'''<nowiki/>'s ''Cosmographiae'' was written mostly in 1597, and in a letter, dated 30 August 1600, to Marcus Welser in Augsburg, Merula claims that the first part of his work was ready to be printed. It might have influenced '''Bayer''''s work.

We suspect that Merula's description is based on a list which he received from Plancius around 1597/98 when he was still busy forming his constellations. For a few constellations, he had not yet decided which figures and names would finally be shown on his celestial globe; e.g. the constellations [[Volans]], [[Grus]] and [[Hydrus]] also were given with alternative names.

Remark 3: Willem Blaeu made two globes, the first from 1602 is a copy of Plancius/ Hondius (1598) while the second, dating 1603, relies on de Houtman's data directly and, thus, presents several different views of the images and names. Blaeu's globe carries the inscription "Apus Indica" (Indian feetless bird).

=== Species of Bird ===

Today, the birds of the ‘bird of paradise’ family live mainly in New Guinea and Australia. The expedition with De Houtman and Keyser did not go there; they only visited Indonesia, where the bird is called Burung Cenderawasih.

Magellan was the first European to visit Guam and the Philippines (north of Papua New Guinea). Of his five ships with a crew of 270 men, only 18 men arrived back in Spain on 6 September 1522 after almost three years of expedition on a ship that was almost unseaworthy. He himself had not survived the voyage, but the cargo of this ship covered the costs of the expedition and brought a wealth of new knowledge back to Europe. Apart from cartographic knowledge, such as the Strait of Magellan in South America and the new islands in the Pacific, there were also species of exotic animals.

The specimens of birds of paradise were sold as decoration due to their magnificent plumage and the famous tail feathers of the males. Their feet were often torn off because they were considered ugly. In Europe in the 16th century, the rumour circulated that these birds had no feet - and so they were depicted on star charts.<gallery>
File:Stamp of Indonesia - 1982 - Colnect 255746 - Red Bird of Paradise Paradisea rubra.jpeg|Stamp of Indonesia - 1982 - Colnect 255746 - Red Bird of Paradise Paradisea rubra
File:Stamp of Indonesia - 1970 - Colnect 302638 - Greater Bird of paradise Paradisaea apoda.jpeg|Stamp of Indonesia - 1970 - Colnect 302638 - Greater Bird of paradise Paradisaea apoda
File:Stamp of Indonesia - 2013 - Colnect 666569 - Lesser Bird of paradise Paradisaea minor.jpeg|Stamp of Indonesia - 2013 - Colnect 666569 - Lesser Bird of paradise Paradisaea minor
File:Stamp of Indonesia - 1983 - Colnect 256023 - Wilson s Bird of paradise Diphyllodes respublica.jpeg|Stamp of Indonesia - 1983 - Colnect 256023 - Wilson s Bird of paradise Diphyllodes respublica
File:Stamp of Indonesia - 1982 - Colnect 255745 - Twelve wired Bird of paradise Seleucides melanoleuca.jpeg|Stamp of Indonesia - 1982 - Colnect 255745 - Twelve wired Bird of paradise Seleucides melanoleuca
File:Stamp of Indonesia - 1982 - Colnect 255740 - King Bird of paradise Cicinnurus regius.jpg|Stamp of Indonesia - 1982 - Colnect 255740 - King Bird of paradise Cicinnurus regius
</gallery>

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:Blaeu1603 Apus.JPG|Blaeu (1603, globe copied from Plancius/ Hondius (1598); [https://collections.rmg.co.uk/mediaLib/360/media-360270/large.jpg RMG]
File:Plancius-apus hi.jpg|Paradysvogel in Plancius (1598)
File:Aps Bayer1603.jpg|Apus in Bayer (1603).
File:Apus Bode1782 hi.jpg|Apus in Bode (1782), German: Paradisvogel.
</gallery>

== Mythology ==

== IAU WGSN Names ==
In 2023, it was proposed to use the original name of the constellation (in any of its forms) as a star name for the main star. The first depiction on the Hondius/Plancius globe shows the form "Paradys-vogel". α Aps (Alpha Apodis) is a red giant (K3-type) of 4.5 solar masses, so it will not go supernova but only produce a planetary nebula and end as an earth-sized diamond, a so-called white dwarf star (like our Sun).

== Weblinks ==

**Ian Ridpath's Star Tales – [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/apus.html Apus]

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
HIP 72370,HIP 81852,HIP 81065,HIP 80047,HIP 80057

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)
* [[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:European]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

Andromeda

2026-02-23T13:07:02Z

IanRidpath: Copy edit and corrected typos

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Andromeda IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|And star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]][[File:Corinthian amphora, Andromeda, Perseus, Cetus, 575-550 BC, Berlin F 1652, 141650.jpg|alt=Perseus defends Andromeda from the monster Cetus by pelting it with stones. Corinthian amphora, 575–550 BC|thumb|Perseus defends Andromeda from the monster Cetus by pelting it with stones. Corinthian amphora, 575–550 BCE. Note that no rock is visible, only the stones which are thrown at the monster by Perseus (Antikensammlung Berlin, Altes Museum, F 1652, Zdenek Kratochvil). ]]

Andromeda is the daughter of Queen Kassiepeia (Latin: [[Cassiopeia]]) and King Kepheus ([[Cepheus]]) of Ethiopia. The mythology<ref>[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/andromeda.html Ian Ridpath, online edition, "Andromeda", Star Tales]</ref> of her being married to [[Perseus]] and becoming the ancestress of the people of Tiryn connects her to ancient matriarchs. It is assumed that the actors are mythological figures without a historical counterpart. The visual representation of the constellation and the interpretation underwent strong transformations.<ref>Hoffmann (2025), Some Results on the Ancient Globes, Globe Studies – The Journal of the International Coronelli Society, 69, 4169.</ref>

== Etymology and History ==
The origin of the term "Andromeda" remains unclear. Possible derivatives are thinkable from ἀνδρίς (andris, woman) or ἀνδρός (andros, man/ human), or δρομάς (running/ runner). The latter is also the origin of the term "dromedary" for the one-humped camels that are native to North Africa and Arabia and contrast the two-humped camels from Central Asia.<ref>Joris Peters and Martin Heide (2021). Camels in the Biblical World, Eisenbraun, Winnona Lake, here Chap. 4</ref> Two-humped camels have been domesticated much earlier than one-humped camels: the first one being proven already in the 3rd millennium BCE while the dromedary is attested only from around 1100 BCE±100y onwards. This is also the time of the Trojan War and the Jewish "exodus", the migration of Israelites from Egypt to the promised land: seems to be a time of change all over the Mediterranean. It is not excluded that the name "Andromeda" of a princess in Greek mythology is somehow related to the domestication of dromedaries.

=== Andromeda in Ancient Source ===

==== Babylonian Predecessor ====
In the area of this constellation, Babylonian uranography had the goddess [[Anunitu|Anunitu(m)]], an epithet of Inanna/ Ištar, a goddess of love and war.

==== Greco-Roman ====
[[File:Kugel family.JPG|thumb|Kugel Globe (1st c.BCE): Andromeda, Cassiopeia, Perseus, Cepheus, drawing by SMH 2024.]]

===== Eudoxus =====
<blockquote>Vor dem Kepheus befindet sich die Kassiopeja, unter dieser aber die Andromeda; letzt re hat die linke Schulter über dem nördlichen Fisch und den Gürtel über dem Widder, wenn man von dem Dreieck absieht, welches dazwischen liegt. Den Stern im Kopfe hat sie gemeinsam mit dem Pferde, an dessen Bauche er steht.

(Hipp Lib I Cap II §13)

Eudoxos on the summer solstice circle:

"Es liegt auf diesem die Mitte des Krebses und der Längsdurchschnitt von dem Körper des Löwen, von der Jungfrau die nur wenig nördlich gelegenen Teile, der Nacken der getragenen Schlange, die rechte Hand des Knieenden, der Kopf des Schlangenträgers, der Hals und der linke Flügel des Schwanes, die Füße des Pferdes , ferner sowohl die rechte Hand der Andromeda als auch der Raum zwischen ihren Füßen, vom Perseus die linke Schulter und das linke Schienbein , ferner die Kniee des Fuhrmanns und die Köpfe der Zwillinge; dann schließt er sich wieder an die Mitte des Krebses an. '

(Hipp Lib I Cap. II §18)</blockquote>

===== Aratus =====
<blockquote>There too revolves that awesome figure of Andromeda, well defined beneath her mother. I do not think you will have to look all round the night sky in order to sight her very quickly, [200] so clear are her head, the shoulders on either side, the feet at her extremity, and all her girdle. Even there, however, she is extended with outstretched arms, and bonds are laid on her even in the sky; those arms of hers are raised and out-spread there all the time.

(Kidd 1997)<ref>English translation by Douglas Kidd (1997).

Aratus: Phaenomena, Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries, Series Number 34</ref></blockquote>

===== Eratosthenes =====
<blockquote>'''Var. 1:''' It owes Athena its place among the constellations, to remind us of Perseus' exploits; She has her arms crossed, in the position in which she was exposed to the sea monster. Consequently Andromeda decided, once she had been saved by Perseus, not to not to remain with her father and mother, and, inspired by her generosity, voluntarily chose to leave with Perseus and accompany him to Argos. This is what Euripides explicitly recounts in the play he wrote about her.

Andromeda has a shining star on her head, one on each shoulder, one on the right elbow, one shining the end of the arm, one on the left elbow, two shining stars on the oar at the end of the arm, three on the belt, four above the belt, one shining on each knee, two on the right foot and one on the left foot. A total of 20.

'''Var. 2:''' Elle doit à Athéna de se trouver parmi les constellation, pour rappeler au souvenir les exploits de Persée; elle a les bras en croiy, dans la position dans laquelle elle fut persée. Euripide le dit aussi dans la pièce de théatre en question.

Andromède a une étoile brillante sur la tête, une sur le coude droit, une à l'extrémité de la main, une sur chaque épaule, trois sur la ceinture, quatre au-dessus de la ceinture, une brilante sur chaque genou, deux sur le pied <droit> et une sur le gauche. En tout dix-sept.

(Pamias and Zucker 2013)<ref>French translation by: Jordi Pàmias i Massana and Arnaud Zucker (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène – Catastérismes, Les Belles Lettres, Paris</ref></blockquote>

===== Hipparchus =====

====== Rising (Lib II Cap V §10) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of Andromeda ... </blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Cap 15
|Aqr 23.5
|Sco 5.5
|Sgr 7.5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|The more noble of those in the right hand
|The one at the end of the left hand
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |2 1/8 hours = 127.5 min = 31 7/8 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib II Cap VI §10) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Ari 21
|Tau 23.5
|Cnc 23.5
|Vir 5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|The one on the head
|The more northerly of those in the right foot
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |2 2/3 hours = 160 min = 40°
|}

====== Stars Mentioned ======
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|Der nödlichere von denen in der rechten Hand
|The more noble of those in the right hand
|lam And
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, first
|
|-
|
|
|Der am Ende der linken Hand
|The one at the end of the left hand
|zet And
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, last
|
|-
|
|
|Der in der linken Hand der Andromeda
|The one in the left hand of the Andromeda
|zet And
|Lib II Cap VI §2
|setting CrB, south, last
|Psc 13.5
|-
|
|
|Von der Andromeda der im linken Fuße
|From the Andromeda in the left foot
|gam And
|Lib II Cap VI §13
|setting Aql, south, first
|Ari 2
|-
|
|
|Von der Andromeda der nördlichste von denen an der Brust
|From Andromeda the northernmost of those on the chest
|pi And
|Lib III Cap I §9
|rising Ori, south, last
|Psc 13
|-
|
|
|Der am Kopfe
|The one on the head
|alf And
|Lib II Cap VI §10
|setting, west, first
|
|-
|
|
|Der nördlichere von denen im rechten Fuße
|The more northerly of those in the right foot
|phi Per
|Lib II Cap VI §10
|setting, west, last
|
|-
|
|
|Von der Andromeda der nachfolgende von denen im Gürtel
|From the Andromeda the following of those in the belt
|bet And
|Lib III Cap I §13
|rising CMi, south, first
|Psc 15
|-
|
|
|Der helle im Kopfe der Andromeda
|The bright one in the head of Andromeda
|alf And
|Lib III Cap III §1b
|rising Cnc, south, first
|Psc 5
|-
|
|
|Von der Andromeda der linke Fuß, wenig östlich des Meridians
|From Andromeda the left foot, a little east of the meridian
|gam And
|Lib III Cap III §1
|rising Cnc, south, last
|Ari 0.5
|-
|
|
|Von der Andromeda der mittelste von den dreien in der rechten Schulter
|From the Andromeda, the centre one of the three in the right shoulder
|rho And
|Lib III Cap III §12
|rising Gem, south, last
|Psc 8.5
|-
|
|
|Von der Andromeda der nördlichere von denen an der Brust
|Of the Andromeda, the more northerly of those on the chest
|pi And
|Lib III Cap IV §7
|setting Cap, south, first
|Psc 10.5
|}

===== Geminos =====

===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====
<blockquote>They say she was put among the constellations by the favour of Minerva, on account of the valor of Perseus, who freed her from danger when exposed to the sea-monster. Nor did he receive less kindness from her in return for his good deed. For neither her father Cepheus nor her mother Cassiepia could dissuade her from following Perseus, leaving parents and country. About her Euripides has written a most excellent play with her name as title. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

==== Ptolemy's Almagest ====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Greek
!English
(Toomer 1984)
! identification
(Toomer 1984)
|-
|1
|ὁ ἐν τῷ μεταφρένῳ
|The star in the place between the shoulders
|δ And
|-
|2
|ὁ ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ ὤμῳ
|The star in the right shoulder
| π And
|-
|3
|ὁ ἐν τῷ ἀριστερῷ ὤμῳ
|The star in the left shoulder
|ε And
|-
|4
|τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ βραχίονος γ ὁ νότιος
|The southernmost of the 3 stars on the right upper arm
|σ And
|-
|5
|ὁ βόρειος αὐτῶν
|The northernmost of them
|θ And
|-
|6
| ὁ μέσος τῶν τριῶν
|The middle one of the three
| ρ And
|-
|7
|τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ἀκροχείρου γ ὁ νότιος
|The southernmost of the 3 stars on the right band
| ι And
|-
|8
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|κ And
|-
|9
|ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶν
|The northernmost of the three
|λ And
|-
|10
| ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ βραχίονος
|The star on the left upper arm
|ζ And
|-
|11
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἀγκῶνος
|The star on the left elbow
|η And
|-
|12
|τῶν ὑπερ τὸ περίζωμα γ ὁ νότιος
|The sduthernmost of the 3 stars over the girdle
|β And
|-
|13
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|μ And
|-
|14
|ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶν
|The northernmost of the three
|ν And
|-
|15
|ὁ ύπὲρ τὸν άριστερὸν πόδα
|The star over the left foot
|γ And
|-
|16
|ὁ ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ ποδί
| The star in the right foot
|φ Per
|-
|17
|ὁ τούτοv vοτιώτερος
|The one south of the latter
|51 And
|-
|18
|τῶv ἐπι τῆς ἀριστερᾶς ἀγκύλης β ὁ βορειότερος
|The northernmost of the 2 stars on the left knee-bend
|υ And
|-
|19
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶv
|The southernmost of them
| τ And
|-
|20
|ὁ ἐπι τοῦ δεξιοῦ γόνατος
|The star on the right knee
| φ And
|-
|21
|τῶν ἐν τῷ σύρματι β ὁ βορειότερος
|The northernmost of the two stars in the lower hem [ of the garment]
| 49 And
|-
|22
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶν
|The southernmost or them
|χ And
|-
|23
|ὁ ἐκτὸς καὶ προηγούμενος τῶν ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ ἀκροχείρῳ γ
|The star in advance of the three in the right hand, outside [ of it]
|ο And
|}
{23 stars, 4 of the third magnitude, 15 of the fourth, 4 of the fifth}

[[File:Andromeda Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Andromeda (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Capella
|HIP 24608
|Inside the hull
|0.08
|-
|2
|Deneb
|HIP 102098
|Inside the hull
|1.25
|-
|3
|Mirfak
|HIP 15863
|Inside the hull
|1.79
|-
|4
|Menkalinan
|HIP 28360
|Inside the hull
|1.9
|-
|5
|Mirach
|HIP 5447
|Constellation lines
|2.05
|-
|6
|Alpheratz
|HIP 677
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.06
|-
|7
|Almach
|HIP 9640
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.1
|-
|8
|Algol
|HIP 14576
|Inside the hull
|2.12
|-
|9
|Scheat
|HIP 113881
|Inside the hull
|2.42
|-
|10
|Mahasim
|HIP 28380
|Inside the hull
|2.62
|-
|11
|Hassaleh
|HIP 23015
|Inside the hull
|2.69
|-
|12
|ζ Persei
|HIP 18246
|Inside the hull
|2.85
|-
|13
|Fawaris
|HIP 97165
|Inside the hull
|2.87
|-
|14
|Cor Caroli
|HIP 63125
|Inside the hull
|2.88
|-
|15
|ϵ Persei
|HIP 18532
|Inside the hull
|2.89
|-
|16
|Matar
|HIP 112158
|Inside the hull
|2.95
|-
|17
|Almaaz
|HIP 23416
|Inside the hull
|2.99
|-
|18
|Alaybasan
|HIP 10064
|Inside the hull
|3
|-
|19
|δ Persei
|HIP 17358
|Inside the hull
|3.01
|-
|20
|ψ Ursae Majoris
|HIP 54539
|Inside the hull
|3.01
|-
|21
|Seginus
|HIP 71075
|Inside the hull
|3.02
|-
|22
|Tania Australis
|HIP 50801
|Inside the hull
|3.05
|-
|23
|Talitha
|HIP 44127
|Inside the hull
|3.14
|-
|24
|Haedus
|HIP 23767
|Inside the hull
|3.18
|-
|25
|δ Andromedae
|HIP 3092
|Constellation lines
|3.28
|-
|26
|ρ Persei
|HIP 14354
|Inside the hull
|3.39
|-
|27
|Tania Borealis
|HIP 50372
|Inside the hull
|3.45
|-
|28
|Nekkar
|HIP 73555
|Inside the hull
|3.52
|-
|29
|Alkaphrah
|HIP 44471
|Inside the hull
|3.55
|-
|30
|θ Geminorum
|HIP 33018
|Inside the hull
|3.6
|-
|31
|Alfarasalkamil
|HIP 113726
|Inside the hull
|3.62
|-
|32
|Taiyangshou
|HIP 57399
|Inside the hull
|3.72
|-
|33
|ξ Cygni
|HIP 104060
|Inside the hull
|3.73
|-
|34
|Saclateni
|HIP 23453
|Inside the hull
|3.75
|-
|35
|ν Persei
|HIP 17529
|Inside the hull
|3.8
|-
|36
|ι Herculis
|HIP 86414
|Inside the hull
|3.8
|-
|37
|ο1 Cyg
|HIP 99675
|Inside the hull
|3.8
|-
|38
|Misam
|HIP 14668
|Inside the hull
|3.81
|-
|39
|Udkadua
|HIP 116584
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.82
|-
|40
|μ Andromedae
|HIP 4436
|Constellation lines
|3.87
|-
|41
|τ Herculis
|HIP 79992
|Inside the hull
|3.87
|-
|42
|Atik
|HIP 17448
|Inside the hull
|3.91
|-
|43
|38 Lyn
|HIP 45688
|Inside the hull
|3.92
|-
|44
|ν Aurigae
|HIP 27673
|Inside the hull
|3.95
|-
|45
|10 UMa
|HIP 44248
|Inside the hull
|3.96
|-
|46
|Apdu
|HIP 10670
|Inside the hull
|4
|-
|47
|R Lyr
|HIP 92862
|Inside the hull
|4
|-
|48
|ρ Cygni
|HIP 106481
|Inside the hull
|4.02
|-
|49
|48 Per
|HIP 19343
|Inside the hull
|4.03
|-
|50
|ι Persei
|HIP 14632
|Inside the hull
|4.04
|-
|51
|Shimu
|HIP 3693
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.06
|-
|52
|Dajiangjunbei
|HIP 8068
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.06
|-
|53
|Menkib
|HIP 18614
|Inside the hull
|4.06
|-
|54
|θ Persei
|HIP 12777
|Inside the hull
|4.11
|-
|55
|1 Lac
|HIP 109937
|Inside the hull
|4.15
|-
|56
|μ Persei
|HIP 19812
|Inside the hull
|4.16
|-
|57
|Xuange
|HIP 69732
|Inside the hull
|4.18
|-
|58
|σ Herculis
|HIP 81126
|Inside the hull
|4.196
|-
|59
|C 0519+409
|C 0519+409
|Inside the hull
|4.2
|-
|60
|β Leonis Minoris
|HIP 51233
|Inside the hull
|4.21
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 13254
|Inside the hull
|4.21
|-
|62
|ψ Persei
|HIP 16826
|Inside the hull
|4.23
|-
|63
|Junnanmen
|HIP 5434
|Constellation lines
|4.25
|-
|64
|π Aurigae
|HIP 28404
|Inside the hull
|4.25
|-
|65
|Alsciaukat
|HIP 41075
|Inside the hull
|4.25
|-
|66
|Chara
|HIP 61317
|Inside the hull
|4.25
|-
|67
|58 Per
|HIP 21476
|Inside the hull
|4.26
|-
|68
|ϕ Herculis
|HIP 79101
|Inside the hull
|4.27
|-
|69
|Rasalnaqa
|HIP 116631
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.29
|-
|70
|π Andromedae
|HIP 2912
|Constellation lines
|4.36
|-
|71
|σ Persei
|HIP 16335
|Inside the hull
|4.36
|-
|72
|5 Lac
|HIP 111022
|Inside the hull
|4.37
|-
|73
|ϵ Andromedae
|HIP 3031
|Constellation lines
|4.38
|-
|74
|Kui
|HIP 4463
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.42
|-
|75
|11 Lac
|HIP 111944
|Inside the hull
|4.46
|-
|76
|21 LMi
|HIP 49593
|Inside the hull
|4.49
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 109754
|Inside the hull
|4.49
|-
|78
|τ Aurigae
|HIP 27483
|Inside the hull
|4.5
|-
|79
|6 Lac
|HIP 111104
|Inside the hull
|4.511
|-
|80
|ν Andromedae
|HIP 3881
|Constellation lines
|4.53
|-
|81
|17 Per
|HIP 13328
|Inside the hull
|4.53
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 44700
|Inside the hull
|4.539
|-
|83
|2 Lac
|HIP 110351
|Inside the hull
|4.54
|-
|84
|4 Lac
|HIP 110609
|Inside the hull
|4.58
|-
|85
|10 LMi
|HIP 46952
|Inside the hull
|4.6
|-
|86
|ω Persei
|HIP 14817
|Inside the hull
|4.607
|-
|87
|θ Andromedae
|HIP 1366
|Constellation lines
|4.61
|-
|88
|21 Lyn
|HIP 36145
|Inside the hull
|4.61
|-
|89
|χ Herculis
|HIP 77760
|Inside the hull
|4.62
|-
|90
|ω Ursae Majoris
|HIP 53295
|Inside the hull
|4.664
|-
|91
|52 Per
|HIP 19811
|Inside the hull
|4.691
|-
|92
|20 CVn
|HIP 64844
|Inside the hull
|4.698
|-
|93
|π Persei
|HIP 13879
|Inside the hull
|4.7
|-
|94
|υ Herculis
|HIP 78592
|Inside the hull
|4.709
|-
|95
|65 And
|HIP 11313
|Inside the hull
|4.71
|-
|96
|λ Aurigae
|HIP 24813
|Inside the hull
|4.71
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 51658
|Inside the hull
|4.715
|-
|98
|34 Per
|HIP 16244
|Inside the hull
|4.735
|-
|99
|υ Aurigae
|HIP 27639
|Inside the hull
|4.74
|-
|100
|56 Peg
|HIP 114155
|Inside the hull
|4.74
|-
|101
|ψ1 Aurigae
|HIP 30520
|Inside the hull
|4.75
|-
|102
|57 Cyg
|HIP 103089
|Inside the hull
|4.77
|-
|103
|2 Aur
|HIP 22678
|Inside the hull
|4.779
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 47029
|Inside the hull
|4.8
|-
|105
|55 UMa
|HIP 55266
|Inside the hull
|4.8
|-
|106
|53 Per
|HIP 20354
|Inside the hull
|4.812
|-
|107
|30 Cyg
|HIP 99639
|Inside the hull
|4.819
|-
|108
|58 And
|HIP 9977
|Inside the hull
|4.82
|-
|109
| -
|HIP 15416
|Inside the hull
|4.82
|-
|110
|ψ2 Aurigae
|HIP 31832
|Inside the hull
|4.82
|-
|111
|μ Aurigae
|HIP 24340
|Inside the hull
|4.821
|-
|112
|52 Her
|HIP 82321
|Inside the hull
|4.823
|-
|113
|60 And
|HIP 10340
|Inside the hull
|4.826
|-
|114
|Quadrans
|HIP 73695
|Inside the hull
|4.83
|-
|115
|Deltoton
|HIP 10644
|Inside the hull
|4.83
|-
|116
|55 Cyg
|HIP 102724
|Inside the hull
|4.86
|-
|117
|1 Aur
|HIP 22453
|Inside the hull
|4.867
|-
|118
|La Superba
|HIP 62223
|Inside the hull
|4.87
|-
|119
|10 Lac
|HIP 111841
|Inside the hull
|4.88
|-
|120
|63 Aur
|HIP 34752
|Inside the hull
|4.886
|-
|121
|ψ10 Aur
|HIP 33485
|Inside the hull
|4.893
|-
|122
|Jishui
|HIP 37265
|Inside the hull
|4.9
|-
|123
|12 Per
|HIP 12623
|Inside the hull
|4.92
|-
|124
|54 Per
|HIP 20252
|Inside the hull
|4.929
|-
|125
|24 Per
|HIP 13905
|Inside the hull
|4.93
|-
|126
|15 Lac
|HIP 112917
|Inside the hull
|4.938
|-
|127
|τ Andromedae
|HIP 7818
|Constellation lines
|4.94
|-
|128
| -
|HIP 64540
|Inside the hull
|4.94
|-
|129
|32 Per
|HIP 15648
|Inside the hull
|4.946
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 16147
|Inside the hull
|4.97
|-
|131
|40 Per
|HIP 17313
|Inside the hull
|4.972
|-
|132
|ψ7 Aurigae
|HIP 32844
|Inside the hull
|4.975
|-
|133
|ν2 Boötis
|HIP 76041
|Inside the hull
|4.978
|-
|134
|Cl Melotte 20 772
|Cl Melotte 20 772
|Inside the hull
|4.989
|-
|135
|σ Aurigae
|HIP 25292
|Inside the hull
|4.996
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 88788
|Inside the hull
|4.997
|-
|137
|ω Aurigae
|HIP 23179
|Inside the hull
|5
|-
|138
|KW Aur
|HIP 24504
|Inside the hull
|5
|-
|139
|68 Cyg
|HIP 105186
|Inside the hull
|5
|-
|140
|16 Lyr
|HIP 93408
|Inside the hull
|5.006
|-
|141
|χ Andromedae
|HIP 7719
|Constellation lines
|5.008
|-
|142
|72 Peg
|HIP 116310
|Inside the hull
|5.008
|-
|143
|6 CVn
|HIP 60646
|Inside the hull
|5.01
|-
|144
|30 Her
|HIP 80704
|Inside the hull
|5.01
|-
|145
|ψ4 Aurigae
|HIP 32173
|Inside the hull
|5.02
|-
|146
|ν1 Boötis
|HIP 75973
|Inside the hull
|5.026
|-
|147
|19 Aur
|HIP 24879
|Inside the hull
|5.03
|-
|148
|56 UMa
|HIP 55560
|Inside the hull
|5.03
|-
|149
|31 Per
|HIP 15444
|Inside the hull
|5.032
|-
|150
|22 And
|HIP 841
|Inside the hull
|5.04
|-
|151
| -
|HIP 35384
|Inside the hull
|5.05
|-
|152
|Chalawan
|HIP 53721
|Inside the hull
|5.05
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 102843
|Inside the hull
|5.05
|-
|154
|ϕ Aurigae
|HIP 25541
|Inside the hull
|5.059
|-
|155
| -
|HIP 96825
|Inside the hull
|5.06
|-
|156
|49 UMa
|HIP 53838
|Inside the hull
|5.062
|-
|157
| -
|HIP 83947
|Inside the hull
|5.065
|-
|158
| -
|HIP 109102
|Inside the hull
|5.07
|-
|159
|13 Lac
|HIP 112242
|Inside the hull
|5.08
|-
|160
|75 Cyg
|HIP 106999
|Inside the hull
|5.086
|-
|161
|21 Per
|HIP 13775
|Inside the hull
|5.093
|-
|162
|15 LMi
|HIP 48113
|Inside the hull
|5.1
|-
|163
|19 LMi
|HIP 48833
|Inside the hull
|5.104
|-
|164
|42 Per
|HIP 17886
|Inside the hull
|5.11
|-
|165
|μ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 76307
|Inside the hull
|5.11
|-
|166
|65 Aur
|HIP 35710
|Inside the hull
|5.12
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 73695A
|Inside the hull
|5.136
|-
|168
|14 Tri
|HIP 11784
|Inside the hull
|5.144
|-
|169
|35 Lyn
|HIP 43531
|Inside the hull
|5.148
|-
|170
|90 Her
|HIP 87563
|Inside the hull
|5.15
|-
|171
| -
|HIP 52469
|Inside the hull
|5.15
|-
|172
|29 Per
|HIP 15404
|Inside the hull
|5.157
|-
|173
| -
|HIP 96459
|Inside the hull
|5.169
|-
|174
|DU Lyn
|HIP 37946
|Inside the hull
|5.18
|-
|175
|* 2 And A
|HIP 113788
|Inside the hull
|5.18
|-
|176
|66 Aur
|HIP 35907
|Inside the hull
|5.188
|-
|177
|64 And
|HIP 11220
|Inside the hull
|5.19
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 58684
|Inside the hull
|5.2
|-
|179
|ρ Aurigae
|HIP 25048
|Inside the hull
|5.207
|-
|180
|ψ6 Aurigae
|HIP 32562
|Inside the hull
|5.216
|-
|181
|71 Cyg
|HIP 106093
|Inside the hull
|5.217
|-
|182
|Veritate
|HIP 116076
|Inside the hull
|5.22
|-
|183
|12 Lac
|HIP 112031
|Inside the hull
|5.229
|-
|184
|ψ5 Aurigae
|HIP 32480
|Inside the hull
|5.23
|-
|185
|7 Tri
|HIP 10559
|Inside the hull
|5.249
|-
|186
|UU Aur
|HIP 31579
|Inside the hull
|5.25
|-
|187
|ϕ Boötis
|HIP 76534
|Inside the hull
|5.254
|-
|188
|42 Lyn
|HIP 47300
|Inside the hull
|5.276
|-
|189
|BY Boo
|HIP 69038
|Inside the hull
|5.28
|-
|190
|36 Lyn
|HIP 45290
|Inside the hull
|5.282
|-
|191
|4 And
|HIP 114200
|Inside the hull
|5.294
|-
|192
|59 Per
|HIP 21928
|Inside the hull
|5.298
|-
|193
|V575 Per
|HIP 15770
|Inside the hull
|5.3
|-
|194
|62 And
|HIP 10819
|Inside the hull
|5.31
|-
|195
|36 Per
|HIP 16499
|Inside the hull
|5.32
|-
|196
|ψ3 Aurigae
|HIP 31789
|Inside the hull
|5.331
|-
|197
| -
|HIP 96288
|Inside the hull
|5.336
|-
|198
|11 LMi
|HIP 47080
|Inside the hull
|5.34
|-
|199
|20 Per
|HIP 13490
|Inside the hull
|5.343
|-
|200
|40 Aur
|HIP 28946
|Inside the hull
|5.345
|-
|201
|64 Peg
|HIP 115355
|Inside the hull
|5.348
|-
|202
|57 UMa
|HIP 56034
|Inside the hull
|5.354
|-
|203
|34 Lyn
|HIP 42604
|Inside the hull
|5.359
|-
|204
|8 LMi
|HIP 46735
|Inside the hull
|5.37
|-
|205
|IQ Aur
|HIP 24799
|Inside the hull
|5.371
|-
|206
|15 Tri
|HIP 12086
|Inside the hull
|5.374
|-
|207
| -
|HIP 18396
|Inside the hull
|5.379
|-
|208
|2 Her
|HIP 77907
|Inside the hull
|5.38
|-
|209
|W Cyg
|HIP 106642
|Inside the hull
|5.38
|-
|210
|33 Boo
|HIP 71618
|Inside the hull
|5.387
|-
|211
|Intercrus
|HIP 46471
|Inside the hull
|5.393
|-
|212
| -
|HIP 20156
|Inside the hull
|5.4
|-
|213
|NGC 2281
|NGC 2281
|Inside the hull
|5.4
|-
|214
|14 Cyg
|HIP 96693
|Inside the hull
|5.4
|-
|215
|EW Lac
|HIP 113327
|Inside the hull
|5.43
|-
|216
|60 Cyg
|HIP 103732
|Inside the hull
|5.432
|-
|217
|14 Per
|HIP 12768
|Inside the hull
|5.435
|-
|218
|68 Psc
|HIP 4510
|Inside the hull
|5.438
|-
|219
| -
|HIP 92831
|Inside the hull
|5.44
|-
|220
|26 Lyn
|HIP 38639
|Inside the hull
|5.446
|-
|221
| -
|HIP 53781
|Inside the hull
|5.448
|-
|222
|36 And
|HIP 4288
|Inside the hull
|5.45
|-
|223
| -
|HIP 24902
|Inside the hull
|5.456
|-
|224
|ο Aurigae
|HIP 27196
|Inside the hull
|5.46
|-
|225
|V396 Per
|HIP 16470
|Inside the hull
|5.461
|-
|226
| -
|HIP 103094
|Inside the hull
|5.462
|-
|227
|30 Per
|HIP 15338
|Inside the hull
|5.476
|-
|228
| -
|HIP 80008
|Inside the hull
|5.48
|-
|229
| -
|HIP 13965
|Inside the hull
|5.485
|-
|230
| -
|HIP 18434
|Inside the hull
|5.488
|-
|231
| -
|HIP 67250
|Inside the hull
|5.501
|-
|232
|ϵ Trianguli
|HIP 9570
|Inside the hull
|5.516
|-
|233
| -
|HIP 19335
|Inside the hull
|5.52
|-
|234
| -
|HIP 109745
|Inside the hull
|5.53
|-
|235
| -
|HIP 35136
|Inside the hull
|5.53
|-
|236
| -
|HIP 56770
|Inside the hull
|5.53
|-
|237
| -
|HIP 75257
|Inside the hull
|5.532
|-
|238
| -
|HIP 25143
|Inside the hull
|5.542
|-
|239
| -
|HIP 103519
|Inside the hull
|5.547
|-
|240
|67 Peg
|HIP 115591
|Inside the hull
|5.548
|-
|241
| -
|HIP 34267
|Inside the hull
|5.551
|-
|242
|11 Tri
|HIP 11432
|Inside the hull
|5.552
|-
|243
| -
|HIP 89482
|Inside the hull
|5.556
|-
|244
|63 Peg
|HIP 115271
|Inside the hull
|5.557
|-
|245
|V819 Her
|HIP 84949
|Inside the hull
|5.561
|-
|246
|V340 And
|HIP 116354
|Inside the hull
|5.563
|-
|247
| -
|HIP 17203
|Inside the hull
|5.57
|-
|248
| -
|HIP 16210
|Inside the hull
|5.572
|-
|249
|70 Gem
|HIP 37204
|Inside the hull
|5.572
|-
|250
| -
|HIP 100437
|Inside the hull
|5.572
|-
|251
| -
|HIP 105769
|Inside the hull
|5.58
|-
|252
| -
|HIP 37441
|Inside the hull
|5.581
|-
|253
|16 Lac
|HIP 113281
|Inside the hull
|5.587
|-
|254
| -
|HIP 17460
|Inside the hull
|5.588
|-
|255
|PZ And
|HIP 10944
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|256
|74 Her
|HIP 84835
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|257
|V1942 Cyg
|HIP 108845
|Inside the hull
|5.596
|-
|258
|α1 Canum Venaticorum
|HIP 63121
|Inside the hull
|5.6
|-
|259
|23 CVn
|HIP 65072
|Inside the hull
|5.6
|-
|260
|43 Lyn
|HIP 47570
|Inside the hull
|5.61
|-
|261
|73 Peg
|HIP 116355
|Inside the hull
|5.621
|-
|262
| -
|HIP 97757
|Inside the hull
|5.63
|-
|263
|40 Boo
|HIP 73369
|Inside the hull
|5.634
|-
|264
| -
|HIP 63916
|Inside the hull
|5.637
|-
|265
| -
|HIP 7943
|Inside the hull
|5.64
|-
|266
| -
|HIP 22545
|Inside the hull
|5.643
|-
|267
|PU Aur
|HIP 24738
|Inside the hull
|5.65
|-
|268
| -
|HIP 37023
|Inside the hull
|5.65
|-
|269
| -
|HIP 21823
|Inside the hull
|5.652
|-
|270
| -
|HIP 17584
|Inside the hull
|5.655
|-
|271
| -
|HIP 17932
|Inside the hull
|5.657
|-
|272
|2 CVn
|HIP 59831
|Inside the hull
|5.66
|-
|273
| -
|HIP 24109
|Inside the hull
|5.66
|-
|274
| -
|HIP 102155
|Inside the hull
|5.664
|-
|275
| -
|HIP 88122
|Inside the hull
|5.67
|-
|276
| -
|HIP 111544
|Inside the hull
|5.67
|-
|277
| -
|HIP 22699
|Inside the hull
|5.675
|-
|278
| -
|HIP 80953
|Inside the hull
|5.68
|-
|279
|51 Aur
|HIP 31771
|Inside the hull
|5.69
|-
|280
|8 Lac A
|HIP 111546
|Inside the hull
|5.69
|-
|281
|23 And
|HIP 1086
|Inside the hull
|5.69
|-
|282
| -
|HIP 9021
|Inside the hull
|5.7
|-
|283
|3 Per
|HIP 9222
|Inside the hull
|5.702
|-
|284
|36 Aur
|HIP 28499
|Inside the hull
|5.706
|-
|285
| -
|HIP 12072
|Inside the hull
|5.71
|-
|286
| -
|HIP 36348
|Inside the hull
|5.71
|-
|287
| -
|HIP 43923
|Inside the hull
|5.711
|-
|288
| -
|HR 8407
|Inside the hull
|5.715
|-
|289
|55 Per
|HIP 20579
|Inside the hull
|5.718
|-
|290
|M 33
|M 33
|Inside the hull
|5.72
|-
|291
| -
|HIP 50786
|Inside the hull
|5.72
|-
|292
| -
|HIP 109831
|Inside the hull
|5.72
|-
|293
| -
|HIP 71568
|Inside the hull
|5.721
|-
|294
| -
|HIP 113222
|Inside the hull
|5.725
|-
|295
| -
|HIP 85888
|Inside the hull
|5.726
|-
|296
| -
|HIP 16168
|Inside the hull
|5.73
|-
|297
| -
|HIP 37369
|Inside the hull
|5.73
|-
|298
| -
|HIP 72012
|Inside the hull
|5.73
|-
|299
|V388 And
|HIP 115755
|Inside the hull
|5.736
|-
|300
| -
|HIP 35643
|Inside the hull
|5.739
|-
|301
| -
|HIP 19525
|Inside the hull
|5.74
|-
|302
|CO UMa
|HIP 54522
|Inside the hull
|5.74
|-
|303
| -
|HIP 76568
|Inside the hull
|5.742
|-
|304
|4 Her
|HIP 77986
|Inside the hull
|5.75
|-
|305
|33 Lyn
|HIP 42090
|Inside the hull
|5.751
|-
|306
|Merga
|HIP 72487
|Inside the hull
|5.757
|-
|307
| -
|HIP 18212
|Inside the hull
|5.76
|-
|308
| -
|HIP 8433
|Inside the hull
|5.76
|-
|309
|12 And
|HIP 115280
|Inside the hull
|5.765
|-
|310
|V2015 Cyg
|HIP 101475
|Inside the hull
|5.769
|-
|311
| -
|HIP 18081
|Inside the hull
|5.772
|-
|312
|IW Per
|HIP 16591
|Inside the hull
|5.776
|-
|313
|19 CVn
|HIP 64692
|Inside the hull
|5.777
|-
|314
|32 LMi
|HIP 51420
|Inside the hull
|5.784
|-
|315
|10 And
|HIP 115191
|Inside the hull
|5.789
|-
|316
| -
|HIP 11090
|Inside the hull
|5.795
|-
|317
|56 Per
|HIP 20591
|Inside the hull
|5.795
|-
|318
| -
|HIP 15876
|Inside the hull
|5.8
|-
|319
| -
|HIP 113084
|Inside the hull
|5.805
|-
|320
| -
|HIP 112590
|Inside the hull
|5.809
|-
|321
| -
|HIP 81289
|Inside the hull
|5.814
|-
|322
| -
|HIP 9640B
|Inside the hull
|5.82
|-
|323
| -
|HIP 16340
|Inside the hull
|5.82
|-
|324
| -
|HIP 22407
|Inside the hull
|5.824
|-
|325
| -
|HIP 11840
|Inside the hull
|5.826
|-
|326
| -
|HIP 52139
|Inside the hull
|5.83
|-
|327
|TU CVn
|HIP 63024
|Inside the hull
|5.84
|-
|328
| -
|HIP 97081
|Inside the hull
|5.84
|-
|329
| -
|HIP 112417
|Inside the hull
|5.84
|-
|330
| -
|HIP 49893
|Inside the hull
|5.842
|-
|331
| -
|HIP 95352
|Inside the hull
|5.853
|-
|332
| -
|HIP 21972
|Inside the hull
|5.856
|-
|333
| -
|HIP 13339
|Inside the hull
|5.859
|-
|334
| -
|HIP 99889
|Inside the hull
|5.864
|-
|335
|47 Aur
|HIP 30972
|Inside the hull
|5.866
|-
|336
| -
|HIP 9001
|Inside the hull
|5.867
|-
|337
| -
|HIP 79357
|Inside the hull
|5.868
|-
|338
|ψ9 Aurigae
|HIP 33377
|Inside the hull
|5.87
|-
|339
|64 Aur
|HIP 35341
|Inside the hull
|5.87
|-
|340
|V636 Her
|HIP 82172
|Inside the hull
|5.87
|-
|341
| -
|HIP 62641
|Inside the hull
|5.872
|-
|342
| -
|HIP 65550
|Inside the hull
|5.873
|-
|343
| -
|HIP 13949
|Inside the hull
|5.877
|-
|344
| -
|HIP 33415
|Inside the hull
|5.877
|-
|345
| -
|HIP 67194
|Inside the hull
|5.877
|-
|346
| -
|HIP 43894
|Inside the hull
|5.88
|-
|347
| -
|HIP 111259
|Inside the hull
|5.88
|-
|348
| -
|HIP 54537
|Inside the hull
|5.89
|-
|349
| -
|HIP 28823
|Inside the hull
|5.89
|-
|350
| -
|HIP 16518
|Inside the hull
|5.9
|-
|351
| -
|HIP 12181
|Inside the hull
|5.9
|-
|352
| -
|HIP 41935
|Inside the hull
|5.9
|-
|353
| -
|HIP 113174
|Inside the hull
|5.901
|-
|354
| -
|HIP 25471
|Inside the hull
|5.905
|-
|355
| -
|HIP 37140
|Inside the hull
|5.906
|-
|356
|17 CVn
|HIP 64246
|Inside the hull
|5.91
|-
|357
|14 Lac
|HIP 112778
|Inside the hull
|5.91
|-
|358
| -
|HIP 15004
|Inside the hull
|5.913
|-
|359
| -
|HIP 67210
|Inside the hull
|5.919
|-
|360
| -
|HIP 33421
|Inside the hull
|5.927
|-
|361
| -
|HIP 8423
|Inside the hull
|5.929
|-
|362
| -
|HIP 34358
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|363
| -
|HIP 15669
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|364
| -
|HIP 98383
|Inside the hull
|5.933
|-
|365
| -
|HIP 45590
|Inside the hull
|5.938
|-
|366
| -
|HIP 45661
|Inside the hull
|5.94
|-
|367
| -
|HR 8708
|Inside the hull
|5.94
|-
|368
| -
|HIP 112041
|Inside the hull
|5.94
|-
|369
|58 UMa
|HIP 56148
|Inside the hull
|5.942
|-
|370
| -
|HIP 44613
|Inside the hull
|5.95
|-
|371
|10 CVn
|HIP 62207
|Inside the hull
|5.95
|-
|372
| -
|HIP 43553
|Inside the hull
|5.956
|-
|373
| -
|HIP 20241
|Inside the hull
|5.958
|-
|374
| -
|HIP 28562
|Inside the hull
|5.959
|-
|375
|AE Aur
|HIP 24575
|Inside the hull
|5.96
|-
|376
| -
|HIP 103371
|Inside the hull
|5.96
|-
|377
| -
|HIP 21847
|Inside the hull
|5.96
|-
|378
| -
|HIP 7906
|Inside the hull
|5.961
|-
|379
| -
|HIP 101986
|Inside the hull
|5.965
|-
|380
| -
|HIP 15334
|Inside the hull
|5.967
|-
|381
|V376 Per
|HIP 17846
|Inside the hull
|5.97
|-
|382
|5 Aur
|HIP 23261
|Inside the hull
|5.97
|-
|383
|AN And
|HIP 115065
|Inside the hull
|5.97
|-
|384
| -
|HIP 113048
|Inside the hull
|5.98
|-
|385
| -
|HIP 43550
|Inside the hull
|5.984
|-
|386
| -
|HIP 82611
|Inside the hull
|5.987
|-
|387
| -
|HIP 64212
|Inside the hull
|5.99
|-
|388
| -
|HIP 45412
|Inside the hull
|5.99
|-
|389
| -
|HIP 112241
|Inside the hull
|5.99
|-
|390
| -
|HIP 25816
|Inside the hull
|5.991
|-
|391
|V573 Per
|HIP 15241
|Inside the hull
|5.994
|-
|392
| -
|HIP 22220
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|393
|M36
|M36
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|394
| -
|HIP 53726
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|395
| -
|HIP 94755
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|396
| -
|HIP 41224
|Inside the hull
|6.001
|-
|397
| -
|HIP 87445
|Inside the hull
|6.001
|-
|398
|44 Boo
|HIP 73695B
|Inside the hull
|6.004
|-
|399
| -
|HIP 51200
|Inside the hull
|6.007
|-
|400
| -
|HIP 50546
|Inside the hull
|6.01
|-
|401
| -
|HIP 53791
|Inside the hull
|6.01
|-
|402
| -
|HIP 33044
|Inside the hull
|6.016
|-
|403
|51 UMa
|HIP 54136
|Inside the hull
|6.02
|-
|404
|62 Aur
|HIP 33614
|Inside the hull
|6.021
|-
|405
|4 CVn
|HIP 60467
|Inside the hull
|6.022
|-
|406
| -
|HIP 111869
|Inside the hull
|6.023
|-
|407
| -
|HIP 13832
|Inside the hull
|6.028
|-
|408
| -
|HIP 13713
|Inside the hull
|6.03
|-
|409
| -
|HIP 53465
|Inside the hull
|6.034
|-
|410
| -
|HIP 17437
|Inside the hull
|6.042
|-
|411
| -
|HIP 14365
|Inside the hull
|6.05
|-
|412
| -
|HIP 92098
|Inside the hull
|6.051
|-
|413
| -
|HIP 75369
|Inside the hull
|6.055
|-
|414
| -
|HIP 22842
|Inside the hull
|6.058
|-
|415
| -
|HIP 41262
|Inside the hull
|6.059
|-
|416
| -
|HIP 82012
|Inside the hull
|6.059
|-
|417
| -
|HIP 116030
|Inside the hull
|6.059
|-
|418
| -
|HIP 15118
|Inside the hull
|6.06
|-
|419
| -
|HIP 37580
|Inside the hull
|6.06
|-
|420
| -
|HIP 65951
|Inside the hull
|6.065
|-
|421
|59 And A
|HIP 10176
|Inside the hull
|6.07
|-
|422
| -
|HIP 27778
|Inside the hull
|6.07
|-
|423
| -
|HIP 12160
|Inside the hull
|6.075
|-
|424
|60 UMa
|HIP 56789
|Inside the hull
|6.076
|-
|425
|57 Per
|HIP 21242
|Inside the hull
|6.078
|-
|426
| -
|HIP 22034
|Inside the hull
|6.08
|-
|427
| -
|HIP 19302
|Inside the hull
|6.08
|-
|428
| -
|HIP 26363
|Inside the hull
|6.082
|-
|429
| -
|HIP 22955
|Inside the hull
|6.089
|-
|430
|V576 Per
|HIP 15988
|Inside the hull
|6.09
|-
|431
|* 38 Lyn B
|HIP 45688B
|Inside the hull
|6.09
|-
|432
| -
|HR 8962
|Inside the hull
|6.09
|-
|433
| -
|HIP 17475
|Inside the hull
|6.091
|-
|434
| -
|HIP 26315
|Inside the hull
|6.095
|-
|435
|59 Aur
|HIP 33041
|Inside the hull
|6.099
|-
|436
|67 Psc
|HIP 4366
|Inside the hull
|6.1
|-
|437
| -
|HIP 10180
|Inside the hull
|6.1
|-
|438
| -
|HIP 28677
|Inside the hull
|6.1
|-
|439
| -
|HIP 111567
|Inside the hull
|6.105
|-
|440
| -
|HIP 13997
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|441
| -
|HIP 63211
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|442
|AR Lac
|HIP 109303
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|443
| -
|HIP 28908
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|444
|26 And
|HIP 1501
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|445
| -
|HIP 23511
|Inside the hull
|6.111
|-
|446
|CY Lyn
|HIP 43685
|Inside the hull
|6.129
|-
|447
| -
|HIP 74571
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|448
| -
|HIP 109033
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|449
| -
|HIP 89604
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|450
| -
|HIP 115171
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|451
| -
|HIP 75770
|Inside the hull
|6.138
|-
|452
| -
|HIP 14887
|Inside the hull
|6.139
|-
|453
|13 LMi
|HIP 47631
|Inside the hull
|6.14
|-
|454
| -
|HIP 75093
|Inside the hull
|6.14
|-
|455
| -
|HIP 99685
|Inside the hull
|6.14
|-
|456
|AR Aur
|HIP 24740
|Inside the hull
|6.144
|-
|457
| -
|HIP 29025
|Inside the hull
|6.144
|-
|458
|41 Aur A
|HIP 29388
|Inside the hull
|6.15
|-
|459
| -
|HIP 1302
|Inside the hull
|6.15
|-
|460
| -
|HIP 25476
|Inside the hull
|6.151
|-
|461
|V352 Aur
|HIP 33269
|Inside the hull
|6.151
|-
|462
| -
|HIP 10924
|Inside the hull
|6.154
|-
|463
| -
|HIP 103532
|Inside the hull
|6.156
|-
|464
| -
|HIP 25475
|Inside the hull
|6.158
|-
|465
| -
|HIP 105101
|Inside the hull
|6.159
|-
|466
| -
|HIP 96805
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|467
| -
|HIP 116582
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|468
| -
|HIP 110849
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|469
| -
|HIP 110566
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|470
| -
|HIP 82355
|Inside the hull
|6.165
|-
|471
| -
|HIP 20231
|Inside the hull
|6.167
|-
|472
| -
|HIP 21038
|Inside the hull
|6.169
|-
|473
|NGC 1912 562
|NGC 1912 562
|Inside the hull
|6.17
|-
|474
| -
|HIP 116365
|Inside the hull
|6.173
|-
|475
| -
|HIP 41798
|Inside the hull
|6.174
|-
|476
| -
|HIP 110171
|Inside the hull
|6.179
|-
|477
| -
|HIP 15209
|Inside the hull
|6.18
|-
|478
| -
|HIP 113371
|Inside the hull
|6.18
|-
|479
|9 LMi
|HIP 46904
|Inside the hull
|6.181
|-
|480
| -
|HIP 109121
|Inside the hull
|6.181
|-
|481
| -
|HIP 34462
|Inside the hull
|6.185
|-
|482
|32 Lyn
|HIP 41975
|Inside the hull
|6.186
|-
|483
| -
|HIP 74514
|Inside the hull
|6.187
|-
|484
| -
|HIP 12287
|Inside the hull
|6.191
|-
|485
|V543 Lyr
|HIP 93177
|Inside the hull
|6.192
|-
|486
| -
|HIP 24771
|Inside the hull
|6.199
|-
|487
| -
|HIP 28438
|Inside the hull
|6.2
|-
|488
| -
|HIP 44231
|Inside the hull
|6.2
|-
|489
|CP Cyg
|HIP 106752
|Inside the hull
|6.2
|-
|490
|V545 Per
|HIP 20063
|Inside the hull
|6.205
|-
|491
| -
|HIP 42777
|Inside the hull
|6.205
|-
|492
| -
|HIP 32190
|Inside the hull
|6.206
|-
|493
| -
|HIP 23799
|Inside the hull
|6.207
|-
|494
| -
|HIP 106420
|Inside the hull
|6.209
|-
|495
| -
|HIP 13462
|Inside the hull
|6.21
|-
|496
| -
|HIP 105034
|Inside the hull
|6.21
|-
|497
| -
|HIP 114526
|Inside the hull
|6.21
|-
|498
|V533 Lyr
|HIP 91250
|Inside the hull
|6.211
|-
|499
| -
|HIP 28861
|Inside the hull
|6.213
|-
|500
| -
|HIP 16252
|Inside the hull
|6.217
|-
|501
| -
|HIP 10814
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|502
| -
|HIP 38723
|Inside the hull
|6.221
|-
|503
| -
|HIP 12200
|Inside the hull
|6.226
|-
|504
| -
|HIP 69569
|Inside the hull
|6.227
|-
|505
|V423 Per
|HIP 15204
|Inside the hull
|6.229
|-
|506
|5 Tri
|HIP 10220
|Inside the hull
|6.23
|-
|507
| -
|HIP 91491
|Inside the hull
|6.23
|-
|508
|* Del Cyg B
|* del Cyg B
|Inside the hull
|6.23
|-
|509
|V1981 Cyg
|HIP 103828
|Inside the hull
|6.23
|-
|510
|V1339 Cyg
|HIP 107140
|Inside the hull
|6.23
|-
|511
| -
|HIP 33056
|Inside the hull
|6.236
|-
|512
| -
|HIP 4317
|Inside the hull
|6.24
|-
|513
| -
|HIP 115261
|Inside the hull
|6.24
|-
|514
|11 CVn
|HIP 62516
|Inside the hull
|6.245
|-
|515
| -
|HIP 96706
|Inside the hull
|6.245
|-
|516
| -
|HIP 116292
|Inside the hull
|6.246
|-
|517
| -
|HIP 12982
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|518
| -
|HIP 12990
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|519
| -
|HIP 11651
|Inside the hull
|6.252
|-
|520
| -
|HIP 17732
|Inside the hull
|6.252
|-
|521
|25 Lyn
|HIP 38623
|Inside the hull
|6.253
|-
|522
| -
|HIP 39938
|Inside the hull
|6.255
|-
|523
| -
|HIP 26071
|Inside the hull
|6.261
|-
|524
| -
|HIP 8930
|Inside the hull
|6.267
|-
|525
| -
|HIP 68567
|Inside the hull
|6.269
|-
|526
| -
|HIP 92599
|Inside the hull
|6.269
|-
|527
| -
|HIP 100016
|Inside the hull
|6.273
|-
|528
| -
|HIP 111627
|Inside the hull
|6.275
|-
|529
|* 65 Psc B
|HIP 3885
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|530
| -
|HIP 12690
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|531
| -
|HIP 16424
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|532
| -
|HIP 55936
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|533
|15 CVn
|HIP 64217
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|534
| -
|HIP 70517
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|535
| -
|HIP 12305
|Inside the hull
|6.287
|-
|536
|35 LMi
|HIP 51914
|Inside the hull
|6.287
|-
|537
| -
|HIP 66892
|Inside the hull
|6.289
|-
|538
| -
|HIP 82419
|Inside the hull
|6.29
|-
|539
| -
|HIP 27319
|Inside the hull
|6.292
|-
|540
| -
|HIP 78153
|Inside the hull
|6.297
|-
|541
| -
|HIP 89474
|Inside the hull
|6.298
|-
|542
|BD+26 128
|BD+26 128
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|543
| -
|HIP 8086
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|544
| -
|HIP 34428
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|545
| -
|HIP 100515
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|546
|EE UMa
|HIP 56135
|Inside the hull
|6.302
|-
|547
| -
|HIP 102530
|Inside the hull
|6.303
|-
|548
| -
|HIP 15191
|Inside the hull
|6.304
|-
|549
| -
|HIP 19810
|Inside the hull
|6.308
|-
|550
| -
|HIP 70029
|Inside the hull
|6.31
|-
|551
| -
|HIP 103949
|Inside the hull
|6.31
|-
|552
| -
|HIP 41484
|Inside the hull
|6.31
|-
|553
| -
|HIP 33271
|Inside the hull
|6.311
|-
|554
| -
|HIP 18565
|Inside the hull
|6.313
|-
|555
| -
|HIP 115148
|Inside the hull
|6.315
|-
|556
| -
|HIP 69862
|Inside the hull
|6.316
|-
|557
| -
|HIP 28820
|Inside the hull
|6.32
|-
|558
| -
|HIP 35623
|Inside the hull
|6.32
|-
|559
|OP Her
|HIP 87850
|Inside the hull
|6.32
|-
|560
|V377 Lac
|HIP 113009
|Inside the hull
|6.32
|-
|561
|43 Aur
|HIP 29949
|Inside the hull
|6.323
|-
|562
| -
|HIP 39279
|Inside the hull
|6.324
|-
|563
| -
|HIP 48861
|Inside the hull
|6.324
|-
|564
| -
|HIP 60305
|Inside the hull
|6.325
|-
|565
| -
|HIP 14914
|Inside the hull
|6.327
|-
|566
| -
|HIP 2583
|Inside the hull
|6.33
|-
|567
| -
|HIP 86501
|Inside the hull
|6.33
|-
|568
| -
|HIP 114607
|Inside the hull
|6.331
|-
|569
| -
|HIP 65230
|Inside the hull
|6.332
|-
|570
|V2136 Cyg
|HIP 102827
|Inside the hull
|6.333
|-
|571
| -
|HIP 49870
|Inside the hull
|6.335
|-
|572
| -
|HIP 62172
|Inside the hull
|6.335
|-
|573
| -
|HIP 116505
|Inside the hull
|6.335
|-
|574
| -
|HIP 29114
|Inside the hull
|6.339
|-
|575
| -
|HIP 21144
|Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
|576
| -
|HIP 31889
|Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
|577
| -
|HIP 37091
|Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
|578
| -
|HIP 54842
|Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
|579
|V343 Peg
|HIP 114187
|Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
|580
| -
|HIP 12057
|Inside the hull
|6.345
|-
|581
|DT Psc
|HIP 5772
|Inside the hull
|6.347
|-
|582
| -
|HIP 28642
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|583
|28 Lyn
|HIP 39722
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|584
|BX Boo
|HIP 73454
|Inside the hull
|6.351
|-
|585
|9 CVn
|HIP 61692
|Inside the hull
|6.352
|-
|586
| -
|HIP 89246
|Inside the hull
|6.352
|-
|587
| -
|HIP 115389
|Inside the hull
|6.354
|-
|588
| -
|HIP 26463
|Inside the hull
|6.355
|-
|589
| -
|HIP 83013
|Inside the hull
|6.355
|-
|590
| -
|HIP 51290
|Inside the hull
|6.357
|-
|591
| -
|HIP 34168
|Inside the hull
|6.359
|-
|592
| -
|HIP 10562
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|593
| -
|HIP 38959
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|594
| -
|HIP 83816
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|595
| -
|HIP 87434
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|596
| -
|HIP 70873
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|597
| -
|HIP 112032
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|598
| -
|HIP 32268
|Inside the hull
|6.369
|-
|599
|V405 Lac
|HIP 110408
|Inside the hull
|6.369
|-
|600
| -
|HIP 47633
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|601
| -
|HIP 56410
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|602
| -
|HIP 66223
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|603
| -
|HIP 105017
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|604
| -
|HIP 111753
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|605
| -
|HIP 88565
|Inside the hull
|6.374
|-
|606
|V521 Per
|HIP 14544
|Inside the hull
|6.375
|-
|607
| -
|HIP 69735
|Inside the hull
|6.376
|-
|608
| -
|HIP 86713
|Inside the hull
|6.376
|-
|609
| -
|HIP 25810
|Inside the hull
|6.377
|-
|610
| -
|HIP 114152
|Inside the hull
|6.379
|-
|611
| -
|HIP 9983
|Inside the hull
|6.38
|-
|612
| -
|HR 1371
|Inside the hull
|6.38
|-
|613
| -
|HIP 44331
|Inside the hull
|6.386
|-
|614
| -
|HIP 79385
|Inside the hull
|6.388
|-
|615
|V354 Peg
|HIP 116119
|Inside the hull
|6.388
|-
|616
| -
|HIP 18769
|Inside the hull
|6.389
|-
|617
| -
|HIP 27777
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|618
| -
|HIP 36740
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|619
| -
|HIP 45888
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|620
| -
|HIP 114725
|Inside the hull
|6.395
|-
|621
| -
|HIP 15323
|Inside the hull
|6.399
|-
|622
|M38
|M38
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|623
| -
|HIP 35725
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|624
| -
|HIP 50509
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|625
| -
|HIP 25580
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|626
|NGC 7243
|NGC 7243
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|627
| -
|HIP 16938
|Inside the hull
|6.402
|-
|628
| -
|HIP 10830
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|629
|KP Per
|HIP 16516
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|630
|* 60 Aur A
|HIP 33064
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|631
| -
|HIP 36351
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|632
|CC Lyn
|HIP 36965
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|633
| -
|HIP 54745
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|634
| -
|HIP 56170
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|635
|V385 And
|HIP 115530
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|636
| -
|HIP 16447
|Inside the hull
|6.411
|-
|637
| -
|HIP 102585
|Inside the hull
|6.411
|-
|638
|LN And
|HIP 113802
|Inside the hull
|6.42
|-
|639
|V350 Lac
|HIP 111072
|Inside the hull
|6.42
|-
|640
| -
|HIP 112144
|Inside the hull
|6.421
|-
|641
| -
|HIP 113750
|Inside the hull
|6.43
|-
|642
|[AKS95] 151
|[AKS95] 151
|Inside the hull
|6.435
|-
|643
| -
|HIP 13257
|Inside the hull
|6.44
|-
|644
| -
|HIP 26592
|Inside the hull
|6.44
|-
|645
| -
|HIP 83593
|Inside the hull
|6.441
|-
|646
| -
|HIP 112305
|Inside the hull
|6.441
|-
|647
| -
|HIP 17558
|Inside the hull
|6.443
|-
|648
|ψ8 Aurigae
|HIP 33133
|Inside the hull
|6.443
|-
|649
|V1773 Cyg
|HIP 100142
|Inside the hull
|6.443
|-
|650
| -
|HIP 13176
|Inside the hull
|6.448
|-
|651
| -
|HIP 9163
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|652
| -
|HIP 19746
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|653
|Groombridge 1830
|HIP 57939
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|654
| -
|HIP 98253
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|655
| -
|HIP 101133
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|656
| -
|HIP 110055
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|657
| -
|HIP 114981
|Inside the hull
|6.455
|-
|658
| -
|HIP 110487
|Inside the hull
|6.457
|-
|659
| -
|HIP 15282
|Inside the hull
|6.46
|-
|660
| -
|HIP 25301
|Inside the hull
|6.46
|-
|661
| -
|HIP 103596
|Inside the hull
|6.465
|-
|662
|V509 Per
|HIP 14264
|Inside the hull
|6.467
|-
|663
| -
|HIP 13036
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|664
| -
|HIP 24332
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|665
| -
|HIP 46879
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|666
|29 LMi
|HIP 51047
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|667
| -
|HIP 56809A
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|668
| -
|HIP 26054
|Inside the hull
|6.474
|-
|669
|V1584 Cyg
|HIP 100250
|Inside the hull
|6.478
|-
|670
| -
|HIP 67778
|Inside the hull
|6.479
|-
|671
|ET And
|HIP 115036
|Inside the hull
|6.479
|-
|672
| -
|HIP 22003
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|673
|6 Aur
|HIP 23268
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|674
| -
|HIP 24881
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|675
| -
|HIP 32746
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|676
| -
|HIP 32040
|Inside the hull
|6.481
|-
|677
|V771 Her
|HIP 88030
|Inside the hull
|6.481
|-
|678
| -
|HIP 35317
|Inside the hull
|6.485
|-
|679
| -
|HIP 103871
|Inside the hull
|6.486
|-
|680
| -
|HR 8549
|Inside the hull
|6.487
|-
|681
|18 Aur
|HIP 24832
|Inside the hull
|6.489
|-
|682
| -
|HIP 13275
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|683
| -
|HIP 16425
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|684
| -
|HIP 28634
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|685
| -
|HIP 58119
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|686
| -
|HIP 61283
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|687
| -
|HIP 65723
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|688
| -
|HIP 113603
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|689
| -
|HIP 109079
|Inside the hull
|6.494
|-
|690
|V550 Lyr
|HIP 93808
|Inside the hull
|6.496
|-
|691
| -
|HIP 23724
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|692
| -
|HIP 33453
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|693
| -
|HIP 35113
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|694
| -
|HIP 38349
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|695
| -
|HIP 38403
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|696
| -
|HIP 39094
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|697
| -
|HR 4098
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|698
| -
|HIP 65135
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|699
| -
|HIP 114844
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|700
| -
|HIP 110790
|Inside the hull
|6.51
|-
|701
| -
|HIP 116613
|Inside the hull
|6.58
|-
|702
| -
|HIP 58287
|Inside the hull
|6.59
|-
|703
| -
|HIP 44728
|Inside the hull
|6.6
|-
|704
| -
|HIP 79248
|Inside the hull
|6.61
|-
|705
| -
|HIP 58708
|Inside the hull
|6.63
|-
|706
| -
|HIP 50505
|Inside the hull
|6.65
|-
|707
| -
|HIP 56145
|Inside the hull
|6.66
|-
|708
| -
|HIP 75107
|Inside the hull
|6.74
|-
|709
| -
|HIP 32275
|Inside the hull
|6.91
|-
|710
| -
|HIP 90720
|Inside the hull
|6.99
|}

=== Ancient Globes ===
<gallery>
File:Andromeda Kugel smh2024.jpg|Andromeda on the Kugel Globe, -2nd or -1st c BCE (drawing Susanne M Hoffmann, see: Hoffmann (2025), Some Results on the Ancient Globes, Globe Studies – The Journal of the International Coronelli Society, 69, 4169.)
File:And onFarnese drawn.jpg|Andromeda on the Farnese Globe, 2nd century CE (drawing by SMH)
File:DeaSyria 300dpi.jpg|Globus Farnese group of Andromeda, Pisces, Aquarius mapped to Stellarium (SMH 2023, cf. Hoffmann (2025), Some Results on the Ancient Globes, Globe Studies – The Journal of the International Coronelli Society, 69, 4169.)
File:And mainz.jpg|Andromeda on the Mainz Globe, 2nd century CE, drawn by Susanne M Hoffmann
</gallery>

=== Ancient Background: Princess of Ethiopia? ===
In ancient legends, Andromeda is described as the princess of Ethiopia without the location of this country being specified. The place of her sacrification, Andromeda's Rock, is at the coast of Tel Aviv (modern Israel) which is in contrast to the location of the modern country of Ethiopia in Africa. It lies east of southern Egypt (today’s Sudan) on the Red Sea. Although the ancient geographer Strabo also places Ethiopia in Africa, the Greek name of the ethnic group of the Αἰθίοψ (aithiops), “those with burned faces”, means the same as “dark-skinned person”. Ethiopia (Αἰθιοπία) is thus “the land of the dark-skinned” and, according to the Hellenistic worldview, this could be anything between India and Sudan. Strabo dates to Roman times (1st century BCE), so it is worth looking at archaeological historical research.

The Egyptian empire had previously (from c. 1550 BCE for about 4 centuries) not only encompassed the Sinai Peninsula, but also temporarily reached into the region of southwest Asia that is now Israel and Lebanon. The Jewish story of the Exodus (liberation from slavery by flight from Egypt, which is said to have taken place between 1200 and 1000 BCE) thus reports of exchanges (of people and culture) between Egypt and this fertile (flourishing) land. This is confirmed by historical research. Exchanges with the more eastern empires of Babylon and Assur can also be attested long before. Several generations of Egyptian pharaohs actually came from the area around Carthum (Sudan) in the 8th century BCE, the so-called “Black Pharaohs” and relations & exchanges between the milky coffee-coloured Berbers in the North African coastal region and the Blacks further south were of course always present – long before (in the 4th century BCE) light-skinned Macedonians conquered the land from Anatolia via the Levant to Egypt and called it “Greek”.

Leaving aside ancient Greek racism and “whitewashing” when Hellenism and Rome imagined that all peoples (even in Black Africa) were ruled by whites, all these changing state boundaries, rulers and migrations of peoples say nothing about the geographical location of the ethnic group of the Αἰθίοψ (aithiops).

==== Location according to ancient scholars ====
Herodotus (Greek historian, 5th century BCE) likes to play with words. For him Perseus is the progenitor of the Persians and Andromeda therefore also their progenitor [Hdt. 1:7]:

* ''When Perseus, the son of Danae and Zeus, came to Cepheus, the son of Belus, and married his daughter Andromeda, a son was born to him, whom he called Perses, and he left him there; for Cepheus had no male offspring; from this Perses the Persians have their name.''

Herodotus was from what was then Persia, a place called Ἁλικαρνᾱσσός (Halikarnāssós, modern Bodrum in Turkey), which further places this pun in the realm of popular legends common at the time. One would thus conjecture that Cepheus and his grandson Perses ruled over a land located in present-day Turkey on the Mediterranean Sea.

Such folk etymologies are quite common in antiquity. However, no one seriously knows where the proper names used in this myth come from. Does the name “Andromeda” perhaps contain the verb δρομάς (to walk, to run), from which the name of the animal “dromedary” also derives – or the verb ἀνδρόω (to become a man)? What do the names “Cepheus” and “Cassiopeia” mean? No one knows.

Therefore, the linking of Perses and his father Perseus with the Persians seems to be rather invented after the fact.

==== References to Andromeda's Rock ====
[[File:And-rock2023.png|alt=Andromeda's Rock in front of the skyline of modern Tel Aviv.|thumb|Andromeda's Rock in front of the skyline of modern Tel Aviv (Susanne M Hoffmann 2023). ]]
Two historical reports are known in which the rock to which Andromeda was chained is geographically located: the geographer Strabo in the 1st century BCE and the Jewish-Roman chronicler Flavius Josephus in the 1st century CE both name Joppa (=Jaffa = historical old city of Tel Aviv), i.e. also the Mediterranean coast, but clearly south of Bodrum (Turkey).

===== Strabo (-1st century) =====
Strabo’s indication here is strange to misleading [Strabo, Geography, 2:16.2]:<blockquote>''[enumeration of cities.]''

''Then Joppa, where the coast of Egypt, extending at first eastward, makes a notable bend to the north. According to some writers, Andromeda was exposed to the sea monster at this place. It is high enough and is said to offer a view of Jerusalem, the capital of the Jews….''</blockquote>Joppa and the coastal strip south of it (including Ashkalon and Gaza) actually belonged to Egypt at the time, but I doubt you can see Jerusalem from there because 1) Jerusalem is 750 m higher than Tel Aviv and 2) there is a mountain in between. Nevertheless, the proximity of Jaffa and Jerusalem is remarkable when one looks at the legend of Andromeda, because – like the most famous of all Jewish prophets, who was later executed by Romans in Jerusalem – Andromeda is also guiltlessly sacrificed by her people for the sins of others (esp. her mother). This kind of belief in a human redeemer from the sins (of the people) is thus demonstrably not uncommon in this geographical area.

===== Josephus Flavius (+1st century) =====
[[File:Jaffa luftbild smh-1024x444.jpg|alt=Old Jaffa seen from above (Susanne M Hoffmann 2023).|thumb|Old Jaffa seen from above (Susanne M Hoffmann 2023).]]

Josephus is a Jew who at first wanted to defend Jerusalem, but later joined the Roman conquerors and therefore took the name of the emperor Flavius. After going to Rome, he wrote a chronicle of the Jewish-Roman war (in which the famous Second Jerusalem Temple was destroyed). So Josephus, writing after 70 CE, will have reported that he still saw the chains of Andromeda on the rock (or at least remains of them), [Flavius Josephus 1:3.419]:<blockquote>''Joppa, however, is not by nature a harbour, for it ends on a rough shore, while everything else is straight, but the two ends bend towards each other, where there are deep chasms and great stones jutting into the sea, and where the chains with which Andromeda was bound have left their traces, which bear witness to the antiquity of this fable.''</blockquote>However, he also tells of “deep chasms and great stones” and this is indeed the image on the coast of the historic old city of Tel Aviv.

The Andromeda Rock, photographed here seaward against the skyline of the modern district (Tel Aviv, Bauhaus style), is marked with an Israeli flag. This modern city was built after the world wars and borders directly north on the historic old city (Joppa=Jaffa), so that the official name of the metropolis is now Tel Aviv-Jaffa. First the Philistine people settled there, later the area was conquered by the Egyptians and still later by the Romans.

For those who do not believe what Josephus describes from the above photos or with the knowledge of the tourist beach promenade of Tel Aviv, this aerial photo (which I took with my mobile phone when I left) may seem a more credible proof: there are really no large rocks far and wide on the coast of today’s Tel Aviv, but plenty of “menhirs in the water”, if one may say so somewhat casually.

So if Andromeda was chained to a rock here, it certainly didn’t look like she was depicted in early modern paintings (screenshot from wikipedia below) with her arms raised upwards, because there would have been no rock for that – apart from the fact that ancient depictions don’t show her naked, but always clothed (vases: heroes naked, ladies clothed, ancient celestial globes).

None of the rocks is taller than a human being. Possible would be a pose as painted by Guido Reni in the 17th century or as erotically draped in sculptural art by Daniel Chester French in 1931. In any case, the Andromeda saga is virtually the ancient version of Fifty Shades of Grey.

No surprise that the story and depiction of Andromeda has been controversial for centuries! It is sexist, frivolous, depicts clear patriarchal gender roles, is suspected of ancient racism, which would be called “whitewashing” in modern times… Indeed: the skin colour of Andromeda has also long been the subject of controversy: Ovid (living in Roman times and restaging many ancient sagas by combining narrative strands from different cultures of the empire) describes her sometimes marble-coloured and sometimes dark-skinned, while images on Greek vases show a fair-skinned figure at all times (since 600 BCE). The wikipedia reports on this in detail.

==== When did the story take place (if at all)? ====
No one is able to prove the historicity of this story, but Ernst Künzl pointed out in an article on the origin of the star sagas that all “Greek” constellation sagas take place in the time before the Trojan War. Earliest Greek-language texts are attributed to an author named Homer, of whom it is not known whether it was really just one person (or denotes a group), because the word “homer” actually means exactly “host”, so it can also denote one or more person(s) from another culture (e.g. Babylonian) who wrote in Greek. This person or group of people is dated to about 800 (give or take centuries) BCE.

Ancient historians tried to date the legendary Trojan War already in classical times and got dates before 1000 BCE, maybe 1200 BCE…. but these dates were derived half a millennium to a millennium later. If they are right, that would be exactly the time in which the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt guided by Moses is supposed to have taken place – with an equally vague dating.

The Andromeda story would therefore have to have taken place (if at all) when this land had not yet been settled by the Israelites or at the latest at the time of their arrival. All sources in the form of images and writing date many centuries later and could already paint the picture mythically transfigured (not truthfully).

==== So where does Andromeda come from? ====
… from Africa (today’s Eritrea/Ethiopia), from the (today’s) Turkish coast or from the (today’s) Israeli coast? The answer is probably not clear. The tendency is probably more from West Asia than Africa.

The beliefs (of patriarchal societies in nomadic peoples, the equal worship of 4 matriarchs and 3 patriarchs in the Jewish faith, the innocent human sacrifice for the redemption of sins in the Christian etc.) are present in this region and also the story of the sea monster Ketos seems to originate rather from there, i.e. here too (AFAIK) literary research sees the origin in various source stories in the eastern Mediterranean region: the myth of Heracles and Hesione is said to have come from Anatolia, whereby Heracles rescues the princess Hesione but (in most variants) does not marry her (but gives her to a follower as a bride or enslaves her). From the Levant there is the above-mentioned erotic Andromeda story, from which the “Persians” in Anatolia are said to have descended. Both deal with a sea monster and a lady who (as an idle figure) is saved from it by a hero.

However, the constellation of Andromeda is also located at the place where the Babylonian goddess of erotic love has her constellation. Therefore, the suspicion is that the Greek figure of '''Andromeda is a syncretism''': a fusion of '''(i)''' the Babylonian erotic goddess (possibly mixed with the “goddess of Ashkelon”, who was also a love goddess), '''(ii)''' the sex idol from the Levant who was sacrificed for the sins of her mother and '''(iii)''' Hesione from Anatolia, who was sacrificed by her father for his sins.

== Transfer and Transformation of the constellation ==
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif|alt=animated GIF showing the transformation of constellations in the Andromeda-region|thumb|transformation of the constellation in the Andromeda-region from Babylonian "Anunitu" through Syriac deities to the Greek mythological princess (by Susanne M Hoffmann 2016)]]
The Greek legend of a '''princess sacrificed''' to a sea monster is know from two places: 1) Troy where the hero Hercules rescued the Troyan princess Hesione who was offered to the seamonster by her father, and 2) Jaffa (other spellings: Japho, Joppa, Yāfō and Yāfā) where the hero Perseus rescued the princess Andromeda. Hesione should pay for the sins of her father, Andromeda for those of her mother and both are considered to rescue their people with it. The kingdom in Anatolia where the Hesione myth stems from is said to have been established by Perseus which may imply a connection between the two tales.

In Babylonian time, the western part of the constellation was named "[[Anunitu]]" which is a by-name of the goddess of love and war, Ishtar. She was depicted next to her lover, the god of shepherds, Dumuzi, represented by the constellation of the Hired Man (Akkadian: ''Agru'', mul lúḪUN.GÁ) as reported in MUL.APIN I i 42-43. Ishtar's attribute animal is the lion as they represent her on the famous city gate of Babylon, the Ishtar Gate (now: Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin).

=== Goddess of Ashkelon ===
In Ashkelon (40 km south of Tel Aviv), a special syncretism was worshipped: the Babylonian goddess of love was merged with the Egyptian goddess of love. The goddess of Ashkelon was strongly connected with fish as her attribute animal. Fish were holy for her and she is even occasionally depicted with a fish-tail. Thus, the northern one of the two fish of modern Pisces, was originally meant as an attribut of the goddess.

The Greek mythology of Andromeda originates from the area of Tel Aviv where a rock in the water used to be called "Andromeda's Rock" since at least Greco-Roman time. The story, of course, is much older, predates the written sources and similar mythologies existed in other areas (such as Troy, Anatolia, modern-day Turkey). <gallery>
File:Andromeda-pisces.jpg|Andromeda with one of the fish of Pisces next to her. Engraving of the Farnese globe by Louis-Philippe Boitard (fl. 1733–58).
File:Andromeda Farnse stellarium.jpg|Andromeda drawing on the Farnese Globe with a fish (unconnected to the other in Pisces) as her attribute, mapped to Stellarium. When her head is at α And, her right arm cannot be placed at ι, κ, λ And but needs to be placed further east (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann 2021).
File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|Goddess of Ashkelon with a fish tail; coin ~100 BCE.
File:And+horse+camel ArabianSky.png|The Indigenous Arabian constellations of The Horse and The Camel next to the adopted Syrian constellation of the Love Goddess with a Fish (Andromeda) in an al-Sufi manuscript dating AH 519/ 1125 CE, copied by 'Ali bin 'Abd al-Jalil bin 'Ali bin Muhammad. Islamic Arts Biennale 2025 exhibition: of [[Al Faras|al-Faras]] al-Kamil and [[An-naqa|al-Naqa]]. (Museum of Islamic Art in Doha, Qatar. MS.2.1998), study by [https://www.academia.edu/11565988/The_Most_Authoritative_Copy_of_%CA%BFAbd_al_Rahman_al_Sufi_s_Tenth_century_Guide_to_the_Constellations_In_God_is_Beautiful_He_Loves_Beauty_The_Object_in_Islamic_Art_and_Culture_ed_by_Sheila_Blair_and_Jonathan_Bloom_New_Haven_Yale_UP_2013_pp_122_155 Emilie Savage-Smith (2013)].
File:Sufi74v beduinConst Fish+Camel+Horse.jpg|Detail from "Kitāb Ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thābitah", Bodleian Library MS. Huntington 212, from Mosul 1170, [https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/fba70a3f-2cf2-40cd-8d43-017b3eaed5c3/surfaces/ef471168-0326-4b79-b9b4-b6e91786c4fb/ digitalisation] . Clearly visible that the lady (goddess/ Andromeda) rides on the fish.
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Andromeda with a fish next to her in a 15th century copy of as-Sufi's Book of Fixed Stars (Forschungsbibliothek Gotha).
</gallery>

=== Other deities ===
'''Herodotus (Historia, I, 105)''' mentions that the cult of Ashkelon came through Cyprus to Greece; the temple in Ashkelon is the oldest one, he says, and equals the Greek "Celestial Aphrodite" (Aphrodite Urania) with her. The goddess of Ashkelon is a love goddess who is a syncretism of the Egyptian Isis, Phoenician and Babylonian goddess. "Aphrodite Urania" got a temple in "the gardens" (ἐν κήποις) in Athens.

'''Strabo (XVI,4,27)''' identifies Aphrodite Urania (Ἀφροδίτη Οὐρανία) with Atargatis, the Dea Syria with the most important temple in Bambyke (close to modern Aleppo).

The Roman poet '''Ovid''' reports a story of the goddess of love, Aphrodite, escaping from the Giants with her son, Eros. When they arrived at the Euphrates, they jumped into the water and were rescued by two fish.

Ovid also reports a story of the birth of Aphrodite/ Venus from a huge egg that was rolled out of the Euphrates river by a fish. This creation myth of the goddess (invented in Roman time) contradicts the classical Greek creation myth where Aphrodite is born from the foam of the sea. This traditional narrative gave her the name because Ἀφροδίτη derives from ἀφρός, ''aphrós'', foam.

'''Result:''' Dea Syria is identified with

* Atargatis, a goddess of love and fertility from Bambyke,
* Derketo, a goddess of love and the sea from Ashkelon,
* Aphrodite Urania, a love goddess, worshipped in Cyprus and Athens
* Tarantha, a variant of Atargatis worshipped in Edessa
<gallery>
File:Sanctuary of Aphrodite Urania, Athens.jpg|Sanctuary of Aphrodite Urania, Athens
File:Altar of Aphrodite Urania.jpg|Altar of Aphrodite Urania, Athenia Agora, current state
File:Aphrodite Ourania Ladder.jpg|Terracotta ladder, symbol of Aphrodite Ourania, goddess of marriage, 6th century BC. Acropolis Museum, Athens (phot o by Catlemur).
File:Erotes, relief, Aphrodite Urania, 2nd century BC, ACMA, 224961.jpg|Slab with a procession of Erotes who hold oinochoai and incense burners. Sanctuary of the Aphrodite Urania, probably from the precinct of sanctuary, 2nd century BC. Acropolis Museum Athens, NAM 1451 (photo by Zde on wikicommons)
File:Relief of Atargatis and Hadad from Dura-Europos.tif|Relief of Atargatis and Hadad (ca. 100–256 CE)
File:Statue of Atargatis, Amman.jpg|Statue of Atargatis, Amman
File:Coin of Atargatis.jpg|SYRIA, Cyrrhestica. ''Bambyce''. Abdahad. Circa 342-331 BC. AR Didrachm (6.72 g, 12h). "Atarateh" in Aramaic, draped bust of Atargatis left, wearing turreted crown; crescent and circle behind / “Abdahad” in Aramaic, Great King and driver, who hold reins, in quadriga of mules left. Mildenberg, Note 12 (this coin); Seyrig, ''Hieropolis'' pl. 1, 2; Price, More 14-15; BMC -; SNG Copenhagen -; SNG München -. EF, toned, test cut on reverse. Very rare. (342-335 BCE)
File:Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi.png|An ancient Sumerian depiction of the marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid
File:Ishtar Eshnunna Louvre AO12456.jpg|Ishtar holding her symbol. Terracotta relief, early 2nd millennium BC. From Eshnunna (2004-1595 BCE).
File:Ancient Akkadian Cylindrical Seal Depicting Inanna and Ninshubur.jpg|Ancient Akkadian Cylindrical Seal Depicting Inanna/ Ishtar and Ninshubur
File:Inanna-Ishtar diosa mesopotámica del cielo.jpg|A Mesopotamian goddess whose iconography may look "chained" to foreigners, either Innana/ Ishtar or Ereshkigal (probably the latter because of the owls).
File:Griepenkerl, Venus Urania.jpg|Venus Urania at the ceiling painting above the grand staircase in the Oldenburg Augusteum (1877/8)
</gallery>[[File:Andromeda Alm stellarium.jpg|thumb|Almagest Andromeda in Stellarium, drawn and labelled in Stellarium (Alina Schmidt, Lea Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann 2021)]]

=== Medieval and Early Modern Variants ===
...

==== Dürer ====
...

==== Bayer's Uranometria 1603 ====
Bayer's Star Catalogue follows Ptolemy but lists only 22 stars.
[[File:And Uranometria1603 (2).jpg|thumb|Andromeda Star Catalog in the Uranometria (1603). ]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!Bayer
!translation
|-
|
|α
|Caput Andromedae ỏ ĸοινὸς ἵπω. καὶ ἀνδρομέδασ ἀςὴζ. Hyginus: Eademenim stella & umbilicus Pegasi, et Andromedae caput appellatur.
|The head of Andromeda... Hyginus: this star is called the navel of Pegasus and the head of Andromeda.
|-
|
|β
|Ptolemaeo ἐν τῷ περι ζώμα.ι Australior, Arabibus Mirach, rectius Mizar, latinis Ventrale, plurimis cingulum dicitur.
|Towards noon, called by the Arabs Mirach, or more correct Mizar, the Latins call it Ventrale, most people call it Cingulum.
|-
|
|γ
|In Australi pede lucida, Alamak, seu Almaak, perperam Alhames.
|The bright one in the Southern foot, Alamak, or Almaak, but not correctly Alhames.
|-
|
|δ
|In eductione brachij sinistri Borealior, aliis in scapulâ dextrâ.
|
|-
|
|ε
|Australior
|The southern one
|-
|
|ζ
|In eiusdem προπηχίῳ.
|In the same...
|-
|
|η
|In cubito
|In the ellbow.
|-
|
|θ
|Εν τῷ προπηχίῳ dextro, trium Borealior,
|
|-
|
|ι
|In summâ manu dextrâ, trium Australior, quibusdam in extremitate spatulae, Ptole. ἐν ἄκρῳ τῆς χειρὸς.
|At the joint of the right hand, the southern one of the three, the one at the very extremity..., Ptole. "in the high hand"
|-
|
|κ
|Media.
|The middle one.
|-
|
|λ
|Borealior
|The northern one
|-
|
|μ
|ἐν τῷ περι ζώμα.ι Borealior.
|
|-
|
|ν
|Sequens in cathenâ
|The one that follows the chains.
|-
|
|ξ
|Ad suram pedis Borealis, superior.
|
|-
|
|ο
|In Cathenae annulo, nonnullis tres in dextrâ manu antecedens. Nonnusin Andro. lib: 25. Εισέ.ι δεσμὸν ἔχω καὶ ἐν ἀςζάσιν: vincula me in caelo retinent quoque.
|
|-
|
|π
|Pectus τὸς ῆθος, ςέρνον Andromedae, Elecile tereballe, tabularum auctoribus in scapulis, Ptole. ἐν τῷ μεταφρένῳ.
|
|-
|
|ρ
|Εν τῷ προρηχίῳ dextro trium media.
|
|-
|
|σ
|Australior.
|
|-
|
|τ
|In femore Australi
|
|-
|
|υ
|in genu.
|
|-
|
|φ
|in femore dexto, seu Boreali
|
|-
|
|χ
|Ad suram pedis Borealis, inferior
|
|-
|
|ψ
|In dextrae manus pollice.
|
|-
|
|ω
|Surae Borealis media.
|
|-
|
|A
|in tibiâ.
|
|-
|
|b
|Εν τῷ σύρμα.ι περιποδίῳ Astrologis Adhil.
|
|-
|
|c
|In pedis plantâ Septentrionalis
|
|}

==== Medieval and Early Modern Maps ====
<gallery>
File:Aratea 30v.jpg|Andromeda in the Leiden Aratea (c. 830)
File:F19.v. Andromeda NLW MS 735C.png|F19.v. Andromeda NLW MS 735C (dated 1150). The oldest scientific manuscript in the National Library the volume contains various Latin texts on astronomy. The volume, written in Caroline minuscule, consists of two sections, the first (ff. 1-26) copied c. 1000, in the Limoges area of France, probably in the milieu of Adémar de Chabannes (989-1034), whilst the second (ff. 27-50), from a scriptorium in the same region, may be dated c. 1150.
File:Andromeda et Cassiopeia - Mercator.jpeg|Andromeda on the Mercator Globe (1551)
File:And Uranometria1603 (1).jpg|Andromeda in Bayer's ''Uranometria'' (1603).
File:Andromeda Hevelius.jpg|Andromeda in Hevelius (1690)
File:IV. Cassiopeia, Perseus, Andromeda... Coelum Stellatum.jpg|Andromeda in Bode's ''Uranographia'' (1801) http://raremaps.com/gallery/detail/73725/iv-cassiopeia-perseus-andromeda-coelum-stellatum-bode
File:Alexander Jamieson - Andromeda, Perseus & Caput Medusae.jpg|Andromeda in Alexander Jamieson (1822)
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Gloria Frederici, Andromeda, and Triangula.jpg|Sidney Hall (1825), Urania's Mirror. Constellations Gloria Frederici, Andromeda, and Triangula.
File:And earlymod.JPG|Andromeda in Carlos Simon's 1894 atlas
</gallery>

== Mythology ==

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==

=== Inside the ancient constellations (Ptolemy's Almagest: convex hulls) ===
...

=== Inside the modern constellation (IAU Boundaries) ===
HIP 4463,HIP 3693,HIP 677,HIP 113726,HIP 116584,HIP 7607,HIP 9640,HIP 116292,HIP 117221,HIP 116849,HIP 116584,HIP 116941,HIP 117963,HIP 118214,HIP 118004,HIP 118224,HIP 116579,HIP 116667,HIP 116761,HIP 117426,HIP 117000,HIP 117503,HIP 118177,HIP 116030,HIP 116365,HIP 116360,HIP 116781,HIP 117844,HIP 118230,HIP 115530,HIP 115567,HIP 115667,HIP 116267,HIP 116354,HIP 116847,HIP 116882,HIP 117769,HIP 114604,HIP 115065,HIP 115261,HIP 115191,HIP 115755,HIP 116127,HIP 116312,HIP 116259,HIP 116582,HIP 116626,HIP 116631,HIP 116657,HIP 116805,HIP 116940,HIP 117129,HIP 117672,HIP 118071,HIP 767,HIP 841,HIP 63,HIP 424,HIP 1346,HIP 1456,HIP 1642,HIP 1026,HIP 3414,HIP 3638,HIP 3365,HIP 3045,HIP 3919,HIP 3854,HIP 3604,HIP 4317,HIP 4288,HIP 2565,HIP 2865,HIP 3331,HIP 3070,HIP 4366,HIP 3719,HIP 3946,HIP 4235,HIP 1477,HIP 1799,HIP 2583,HIP 2355,HIP 3031,HIP 3885,HIP 4197,HIP 3830,HIP 3914,HIP 4329,HIP 858,HIP 619,HIP 652,HIP 659,HIP 1630,HIP 1123,HIP 1657,HIP 1208,HIP 1493,HIP 1952,HIP 2243,HIP 3092,HIP 4159,HIP 3617,HIP 4246,HIP 4005,HIP 432,HIP 394,HIP 1769,HIP 2241,HIP 2475,HIP 2539,HIP 2912,HIP 3438,HIP 2942,HIP 3897,HIP 4390,HIP 4058,HIP 3,HIP 19,HIP 1333,HIP 1030,HIP 1366,HIP 1686,HIP 1715,HIP 1579,HIP 1473,HIP 1809,HIP 2576,HIP 2270,HIP 2851,HIP 2753,HIP 4129,HIP 3981,HIP 4185,HIP 4436,HIP 365,HIP 525,HIP 714,HIP 508,HIP 626,HIP 1164,HIP 1575,HIP 2948,HIP 3293,HIP 3231,HIP 3494,HIP 3840,HIP 3881,HIP 4017,HIP 4127,HIP 137,HIP 119,HIP 254,HIP 1009,HIP 1011,HIP 1093,HIP 1474,HIP 1496,HIP 1233,HIP 1302,HIP 1501,HIP 1818,HIP 1905,HIP 2225,HIP 2455,HIP 2553,HIP 2900,HIP 4411,HIP 4501,HIP 4555,HIP 4771,HIP 4675,HIP 5551,HIP 5993,HIP 6162,HIP 6411,HIP 6481,HIP 6047,HIP 5650,HIP 6682,HIP 6858,HIP 6401,HIP 6711,HIP 6733,HIP 6813,HIP 6259,HIP 6560,HIP 4584,HIP 4688,HIP 5434,HIP 5939,HIP 5677,HIP 4983,HIP 6999,HIP 6087,HIP 7457,HIP 4893,HIP 4809,HIP 4608,HIP 4510,HIP 4517,HIP 5034,HIP 4868,HIP 5339,HIP 5772,HIP 4889,HIP 5175,HIP 5717,HIP 5671,HIP 5544,HIP 6025,HIP 5586,HIP 5679,HIP 4552,HIP 4990,HIP 5055,HIP 5465,HIP 5765,HIP 5694,HIP 5936,HIP 4710,HIP 5270,HIP 5447,HIP 5550,HIP 6140,HIP 6568,HIP 6480,HIP 6925,HIP 7201,HIP 7147,HIP 7289,HIP 7344,HIP 4542,HIP 5045,HIP 5002,HIP 6010,HIP 6514,HIP 7321,HIP 7095,HIP 4903,HIP 5269,HIP 5298,HIP 5493,HIP 5944,HIP 6118,HIP 6823,HIP 6241,HIP 6709,HIP 6878,HIP 6794,HIP 7444,HIP 7513,HIP 5276,HIP 7719,HIP 7825,HIP 7944,HIP 7918,HIP 9640,HIP 9158,HIP 9045,HIP 7651,HIP 8127,HIP 8370,HIP 8044,HIP 7700,HIP 7994,HIP 8123,HIP 7793,HIP 7767,HIP 7775,HIP 7818,HIP 7991,HIP 8814,HIP 8902,HIP 8922

== References ==

* Ian Ridpath, [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/andromeda.html Star Tales, Online edition]
* Strabo, Geography (1st century)
* Josephus Flavius, Bellum Judaicum (1st century)

[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

Andromeda

2026-02-23T10:32:12Z

IanRidpath: Superscripts, typo

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Andromeda IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|And star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]][[File:Corinthian amphora, Andromeda, Perseus, Cetus, 575-550 BC, Berlin F 1652, 141650.jpg|alt=Perseus defends Andromeda from the monster Cetus by pelting it with stones. Corinthian amphora, 575–550 BC|thumb|Perseus defends Andromeda from the monster Cetus by pelting it with stones. Corinthian amphora, 575–550 BCE. Note that no rock is visible, only the stones which are thrown at the monster by Perseus (Antikensammlung Berlin, Altes Museum, F 1652, Zdenek Kratochvil). ]]

Andromeda is the daughter of Queen Kassiepeia (Latin: [[Cassiopeia]]) and King Kepheus ([[Cepheus]]) of Ethiopia. The mythology<ref>[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/andromeda.html Ian Ridpath, online edition, "Andromeda", Star Tales]</ref> of her being married to [[Perseus]] and becoming the ancestress of the people of Tiryn connects her to ancient matriarchs. It is assumed that the actors are mythological figures without a historical counterpart. The visual representation of the constellation and the interpretation underwent strong transformations.<ref>Hoffmann (2025), Some Results on the Ancient Globes, Globe Studies – The Journal of the International Coronelli Society, 69, 4169.</ref>

== Etymology and History ==
The origin of the term "Andromeda" remains unclear. Possible derivatives are thinkable from ἀνδρίς (andris, woman) or ἀνδρός (andros, man/ human), or δρομάς (running/ runner). The latter is also the origin of the term "dromedary" for the one-humped camels that are native to North Africa and Arabia and contrast the two-humped camels from Central Asia.<ref>Joris Peters and Martin Heide (2021). Camels in the Biblical World, Eisenbraun, Winnona Lake, here Chap. 4</ref> Two-humped camels have been domesticated much earlier than one-humped camels: the first one being proven already in the 3rd millennium BCE while the dromedary is attested only from around 1100 BCE±100y onwards. This is also the time of the Trojan War and the Jewish "exodus", the migration of Israelites from Egypt to the promised land: seems to be a time of change all over the Mediterranean. It is not excluded that the name "Andromeda" of a princess in Greek mythology is somehow related to the domestication of dromedaries.

=== Andromeda in Ancient Source ===

==== Babylonian Predecessor ====
In the area of this constellation, Babylonian uranography had the goddess [[Anunitu|Anunitu(m)]], an epithet of Inanna/ Ištar, a goddess of love and war.

==== Greco-Roman ====
[[File:Kugel family.JPG|thumb|Kugel Globe (1st c.BCE): Andromeda, Cassiopeia, Perseus, Cepheus, drawing by SMH 2024.]]

===== Eudoxus =====
<blockquote>Vor dem Kepheus befindet sich die Kassiopeja, unter dieser aber die Andromeda; letzt re hat die linke Schulter über dem nördlichen Fisch und den Gürtel über dem Widder, wenn man von dem Dreieck absieht, welches dazwischen liegt. Den Stern im Kopfe hat sie gemeinsam mit dem Pferde, an dessen Bauche er steht.

(Hipp Lib I Cap II §13)

Eudoxos on the summer solstice circle:

"Es liegt auf diesem die Mitte des Krebses und der Längsdurchschnitt von dem Körper des Löwen, von der Jungfrau die nur wenig nördlich gelegenen Teile, der Nacken der getragenen Schlange, die rechte Hand des Knieenden, der Kopf des Schlangenträgers, der Hals und der linke Flügel des Schwanes, die Füße des Pferdes , ferner sowohl die rechte Hand der Andromeda als auch der Raum zwischen ihren Füßen, vom Perseus die linke Schulter und das linke Schienbein , ferner die Kniee des Fuhrmanns und die Köpfe der Zwillinge; dann schließt er sich wieder an die Mitte des Krebses an. '

(Hipp Lib I Cap. II §18)</blockquote>

===== Aratus =====
<blockquote>There too revolves that awesome figure of Andromeda, well defined beneath her mother. I do not think you will have to look all round the night sky in order to sight her very quickly, [200] so clear are her head, the shoulders on either side, the feet at her extremity, and all her girdle. Even there, however, she is extended with outstretched arms, and bonds are laid on her even in the sky; those arms of hers are raised and out-spread there all the time.

(Kidd 1997)<ref>English translation by Douglas Kidd (1997).

Aratus: Phaenomena, Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries, Series Number 34</ref></blockquote>

===== Eratosthenes =====
<blockquote>'''Var. 1:''' It owes Athena its place among the constellations, to remind us of Perseus' exploits; She has her arms crossed, in the position in which she was exposed to the sea monster. Consequently Andromeda decided, once she had been saved by Perseus, not to not to remain with her father and mother, and, inspired by her generosity, voluntarily chose to leave with Perseus and accompany him to Argos. This is what Euripides explicitly recounts in the play he wrote about her.

Andromeda has a shining star on her head, one on each shoulder, one on the right elbow, one shining the end of the arm, one on the left elbow, two shining stars on the oar at the end of the arm, three on the belt, four above the belt, one shining on each knee, two on the right foot and one on the left foot. A total of 20.

'''Var. 2:''' Elle doit à Athéna de se trouver parmi les constellation, pour rappeler au souvenir les exploits de Persée; elle a les bras en croiy, dans la position dans laquelle elle fut persée. Euripide le dit aussi dans la pièce de théatre en question.

Andromède a une étoile brillante sur la tête, une sur le coude droit, une à l'extrémité de la main, une sur chaque épaule, trois sur la ceinture, quatre au-dessus de la ceinture, une brilante sur chaque genou, deux sur le pied <droit> et une sur le gauche. En tout dix-sept.

(Pamias and Zucker 2013)<ref>French translation by: Jordi Pàmias i Massana and Arnaud Zucker (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène – Catastérismes, Les Belles Lettres, Paris</ref></blockquote>

===== Hipparchus =====

====== Rising (Lib II Cap V §10) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of Andromeda ... </blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Cap 15
|Aqr 23.5
|Sco 5.5
|Sgr 7.5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|The more noble of those in the right hand
|The one at the end of the left hand
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |2 1/8 hours = 127.5 min = 31 7/8 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib II Cap VI §10) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Ari 21
|Tau 23.5
|Cnc 23.5
|Vir 5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|The one on the head
|The more northerly of those in the right foot
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |2 2/3 hours = 160 min = 40°
|}

====== Stars Mentioned ======
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|Der nödlichere von denen in der rechten Hand
|The more noble of those in the right hand
|lam And
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, first
|
|-
|
|
|Der am Ende der linken Hand
|The one at the end of the left hand
|zet And
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, last
|
|-
|
|
|Der in der linken Hand der Andromeda
|The one in the left hand of the Andromeda
|zet And
|Lib II Cap VI §2
|setting CrB, south, last
|Psc 13.5
|-
|
|
|Von der Andromeda der im linken Fuße
|From the Andromeda in the left foot
|gam And
|Lib II Cap VI §13
|setting Aql, south, first
|Ari 2
|-
|
|
|Von der Andromeda der nördlichste von denen an der Brust
|From Andromeda the northernmost of those on the chest
|pi And
|Lib III Cap I §9
|rising Ori, south, last
|Psc 13
|-
|
|
|Der am Kopfe
|The one on the head
|alf And
|Lib II Cap VI §10
|setting, west, first
|
|-
|
|
|Der nördlichere von denen im rechten Fuße
|The more northerly of those in the right foot
|phi Per
|Lib II Cap VI §10
|setting, west, last
|
|-
|
|
|Von der Andromeda der nachfolgende von denen im Gürtel
|From the Andromeda the following of those in the belt
|bet And
|Lib III Cap I §13
|rising CMi, south, first
|Psc 15
|-
|
|
|Der helle im Kopfe der Andromeda
|The bright one in the head of Andromeda
|alf And
|Lib III Cap III §1b
|rising Cnc, south, first
|Psc 5
|-
|
|
|Von der Andromeda der linke Fuß, wenig östlich des Meridians
|From Andromeda the left foot, a little east of the meridian
|gam And
|Lib III Cap III §1
|rising Cnc, south, last
|Ari 0.5
|-
|
|
|Von der Andromeda der mittelste von den dreien in der rechten Schulter
|From the Andromeda, the centre one of the three in the right shoulder
|rho And
|Lib III Cap III §12
|rising Gem, south, last
|Psc 8.5
|-
|
|
|Von der Andromeda der nördlichere von denen an der Brust
|Of the Andromeda, the more northerly of those on the chest
|pi And
|Lib III Cap IV §7
|setting Cap, south, first
|Psc 10.5
|}

===== Geminos =====

===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====
<blockquote>They say she was put among the constellations by the favour of Minerva, on account of the valor of Perseus, who freed her from danger when exposed to the sea-monster. Nor did he receive less kindness from her in return for his good deed. For neither her father Cepheus nor her mother Cassiepia could dissuade her from following Perseus, leaving parents and country. About her Euripides has written a most excellent play with her name as title. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

==== Ptolemy's Almagest ====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Greek
!English
(Toomer 1984)
! identification
(Toomer 1984)
|-
|1
|ὁ ἐν τῷ μεταφρένῳ
|The star in the place between the shoulders
|δ And
|-
|2
|ὁ ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ ὤμῳ
|The star in the right shoulder
| π And
|-
|3
|ὁ ἐν τῷ ἀριστερῷ ὤμῳ
|The star in the left shoulder
|ε And
|-
|4
|τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ βραχίονος γ ὁ νότιος
|The southernmost of the 3 stars on the right upper arm
|σ And
|-
|5
|ὁ βόρειος αὐτῶν
|The northernmost of them
|θ And
|-
|6
| ὁ μέσος τῶν τριῶν
|The middle one of the three
| ρ And
|-
|7
|τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ἀκροχείρου γ ὁ νότιος
|The southernmost of the 3 stars on the right band
| ι And
|-
|8
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|κ And
|-
|9
|ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶν
|The northernmost of the three
|λ And
|-
|10
| ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ βραχίονος
|The star on the left upper arm
|ζ And
|-
|11
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἀγκῶνος
|The star on the left elbow
|η And
|-
|12
|τῶν ὑπερ τὸ περίζωμα γ ὁ νότιος
|The sduthernmost of the 3 stars over the girdle
|β And
|-
|13
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|μ And
|-
|14
|ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶν
|The northernmost of the three
|ν And
|-
|15
|ὁ ύπὲρ τὸν άριστερὸν πόδα
|The star over the left foot
|γ And
|-
|16
|ὁ ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ ποδί
| The star in the right foot
|φ Per
|-
|17
|ὁ τούτοv vοτιώτερος
|The one south of the latter
|51 And
|-
|18
|τῶv ἐπι τῆς ἀριστερᾶς ἀγκύλης β ὁ βορειότερος
|The northernmost of the 2 stars on the left knee-bend
|υ And
|-
|19
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶv
|The southernmost of them
| τ And
|-
|20
|ὁ ἐπι τοῦ δεξιοῦ γόνατος
|The star on the right knee
| φ And
|-
|21
|τῶν ἐν τῷ σύρματι β ὁ βορειότερος
|The northernmost of the two stars in the lower hem [ of the garment]
| 49 And
|-
|22
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶν
|The southernmost or them
|χ And
|-
|23
|ὁ ἐκτὸς καὶ προηγούμενος τῶν ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ ἀκροχείρῳ γ
|The star in advance of the three in the right hand, outside [ of it]
|ο And
|}
{23 stars, 4 of the third magnitude, 15 of the fourth, 4 of the fifth}

[[File:Andromeda Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Andromeda (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Capella
|HIP 24608
|Inside the hull
|0.08
|-
|2
|Deneb
|HIP 102098
|Inside the hull
|1.25
|-
|3
|Mirfak
|HIP 15863
|Inside the hull
|1.79
|-
|4
|Menkalinan
|HIP 28360
|Inside the hull
|1.9
|-
|5
|Mirach
|HIP 5447
|Constellation lines
|2.05
|-
|6
|Alpheratz
|HIP 677
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.06
|-
|7
|Almach
|HIP 9640
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.1
|-
|8
|Algol
|HIP 14576
|Inside the hull
|2.12
|-
|9
|Scheat
|HIP 113881
|Inside the hull
|2.42
|-
|10
|Mahasim
|HIP 28380
|Inside the hull
|2.62
|-
|11
|Hassaleh
|HIP 23015
|Inside the hull
|2.69
|-
|12
|ζ Persei
|HIP 18246
|Inside the hull
|2.85
|-
|13
|Fawaris
|HIP 97165
|Inside the hull
|2.87
|-
|14
|Cor Caroli
|HIP 63125
|Inside the hull
|2.88
|-
|15
|ϵ Persei
|HIP 18532
|Inside the hull
|2.89
|-
|16
|Matar
|HIP 112158
|Inside the hull
|2.95
|-
|17
|Almaaz
|HIP 23416
|Inside the hull
|2.99
|-
|18
|Alaybasan
|HIP 10064
|Inside the hull
|3
|-
|19
|δ Persei
|HIP 17358
|Inside the hull
|3.01
|-
|20
|ψ Ursae Majoris
|HIP 54539
|Inside the hull
|3.01
|-
|21
|Seginus
|HIP 71075
|Inside the hull
|3.02
|-
|22
|Tania Australis
|HIP 50801
|Inside the hull
|3.05
|-
|23
|Talitha
|HIP 44127
|Inside the hull
|3.14
|-
|24
|Haedus
|HIP 23767
|Inside the hull
|3.18
|-
|25
|δ Andromedae
|HIP 3092
|Constellation lines
|3.28
|-
|26
|ρ Persei
|HIP 14354
|Inside the hull
|3.39
|-
|27
|Tania Borealis
|HIP 50372
|Inside the hull
|3.45
|-
|28
|Nekkar
|HIP 73555
|Inside the hull
|3.52
|-
|29
|Alkaphrah
|HIP 44471
|Inside the hull
|3.55
|-
|30
|θ Geminorum
|HIP 33018
|Inside the hull
|3.6
|-
|31
|Alfarasalkamil
|HIP 113726
|Inside the hull
|3.62
|-
|32
|Taiyangshou
|HIP 57399
|Inside the hull
|3.72
|-
|33
|ξ Cygni
|HIP 104060
|Inside the hull
|3.73
|-
|34
|Saclateni
|HIP 23453
|Inside the hull
|3.75
|-
|35
|ν Persei
|HIP 17529
|Inside the hull
|3.8
|-
|36
|ι Herculis
|HIP 86414
|Inside the hull
|3.8
|-
|37
|ο1 Cyg
|HIP 99675
|Inside the hull
|3.8
|-
|38
|Misam
|HIP 14668
|Inside the hull
|3.81
|-
|39
|Udkadua
|HIP 116584
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.82
|-
|40
|μ Andromedae
|HIP 4436
|Constellation lines
|3.87
|-
|41
|τ Herculis
|HIP 79992
|Inside the hull
|3.87
|-
|42
|Atik
|HIP 17448
|Inside the hull
|3.91
|-
|43
|38 Lyn
|HIP 45688
|Inside the hull
|3.92
|-
|44
|ν Aurigae
|HIP 27673
|Inside the hull
|3.95
|-
|45
|10 UMa
|HIP 44248
|Inside the hull
|3.96
|-
|46
|Apdu
|HIP 10670
|Inside the hull
|4
|-
|47
|R Lyr
|HIP 92862
|Inside the hull
|4
|-
|48
|ρ Cygni
|HIP 106481
|Inside the hull
|4.02
|-
|49
|48 Per
|HIP 19343
|Inside the hull
|4.03
|-
|50
|ι Persei
|HIP 14632
|Inside the hull
|4.04
|-
|51
|Shimu
|HIP 3693
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.06
|-
|52
|Dajiangjunbei
|HIP 8068
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.06
|-
|53
|Menkib
|HIP 18614
|Inside the hull
|4.06
|-
|54
|θ Persei
|HIP 12777
|Inside the hull
|4.11
|-
|55
|1 Lac
|HIP 109937
|Inside the hull
|4.15
|-
|56
|μ Persei
|HIP 19812
|Inside the hull
|4.16
|-
|57
|Xuange
|HIP 69732
|Inside the hull
|4.18
|-
|58
|σ Herculis
|HIP 81126
|Inside the hull
|4.196
|-
|59
|C 0519+409
|C 0519+409
|Inside the hull
|4.2
|-
|60
|β Leonis Minoris
|HIP 51233
|Inside the hull
|4.21
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 13254
|Inside the hull
|4.21
|-
|62
|ψ Persei
|HIP 16826
|Inside the hull
|4.23
|-
|63
|Junnanmen
|HIP 5434
|Constellation lines
|4.25
|-
|64
|π Aurigae
|HIP 28404
|Inside the hull
|4.25
|-
|65
|Alsciaukat
|HIP 41075
|Inside the hull
|4.25
|-
|66
|Chara
|HIP 61317
|Inside the hull
|4.25
|-
|67
|58 Per
|HIP 21476
|Inside the hull
|4.26
|-
|68
|ϕ Herculis
|HIP 79101
|Inside the hull
|4.27
|-
|69
|Rasalnaqa
|HIP 116631
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.29
|-
|70
|π Andromedae
|HIP 2912
|Constellation lines
|4.36
|-
|71
|σ Persei
|HIP 16335
|Inside the hull
|4.36
|-
|72
|5 Lac
|HIP 111022
|Inside the hull
|4.37
|-
|73
|ϵ Andromedae
|HIP 3031
|Constellation lines
|4.38
|-
|74
|Kui
|HIP 4463
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.42
|-
|75
|11 Lac
|HIP 111944
|Inside the hull
|4.46
|-
|76
|21 LMi
|HIP 49593
|Inside the hull
|4.49
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 109754
|Inside the hull
|4.49
|-
|78
|τ Aurigae
|HIP 27483
|Inside the hull
|4.5
|-
|79
|6 Lac
|HIP 111104
|Inside the hull
|4.511
|-
|80
|ν Andromedae
|HIP 3881
|Constellation lines
|4.53
|-
|81
|17 Per
|HIP 13328
|Inside the hull
|4.53
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 44700
|Inside the hull
|4.539
|-
|83
|2 Lac
|HIP 110351
|Inside the hull
|4.54
|-
|84
|4 Lac
|HIP 110609
|Inside the hull
|4.58
|-
|85
|10 LMi
|HIP 46952
|Inside the hull
|4.6
|-
|86
|ω Persei
|HIP 14817
|Inside the hull
|4.607
|-
|87
|θ Andromedae
|HIP 1366
|Constellation lines
|4.61
|-
|88
|21 Lyn
|HIP 36145
|Inside the hull
|4.61
|-
|89
|χ Herculis
|HIP 77760
|Inside the hull
|4.62
|-
|90
|ω Ursae Majoris
|HIP 53295
|Inside the hull
|4.664
|-
|91
|52 Per
|HIP 19811
|Inside the hull
|4.691
|-
|92
|20 CVn
|HIP 64844
|Inside the hull
|4.698
|-
|93
|π Persei
|HIP 13879
|Inside the hull
|4.7
|-
|94
|υ Herculis
|HIP 78592
|Inside the hull
|4.709
|-
|95
|65 And
|HIP 11313
|Inside the hull
|4.71
|-
|96
|λ Aurigae
|HIP 24813
|Inside the hull
|4.71
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 51658
|Inside the hull
|4.715
|-
|98
|34 Per
|HIP 16244
|Inside the hull
|4.735
|-
|99
|υ Aurigae
|HIP 27639
|Inside the hull
|4.74
|-
|100
|56 Peg
|HIP 114155
|Inside the hull
|4.74
|-
|101
|ψ1 Aurigae
|HIP 30520
|Inside the hull
|4.75
|-
|102
|57 Cyg
|HIP 103089
|Inside the hull
|4.77
|-
|103
|2 Aur
|HIP 22678
|Inside the hull
|4.779
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 47029
|Inside the hull
|4.8
|-
|105
|55 UMa
|HIP 55266
|Inside the hull
|4.8
|-
|106
|53 Per
|HIP 20354
|Inside the hull
|4.812
|-
|107
|30 Cyg
|HIP 99639
|Inside the hull
|4.819
|-
|108
|58 And
|HIP 9977
|Inside the hull
|4.82
|-
|109
| -
|HIP 15416
|Inside the hull
|4.82
|-
|110
|ψ2 Aurigae
|HIP 31832
|Inside the hull
|4.82
|-
|111
|μ Aurigae
|HIP 24340
|Inside the hull
|4.821
|-
|112
|52 Her
|HIP 82321
|Inside the hull
|4.823
|-
|113
|60 And
|HIP 10340
|Inside the hull
|4.826
|-
|114
|Quadrans
|HIP 73695
|Inside the hull
|4.83
|-
|115
|Deltoton
|HIP 10644
|Inside the hull
|4.83
|-
|116
|55 Cyg
|HIP 102724
|Inside the hull
|4.86
|-
|117
|1 Aur
|HIP 22453
|Inside the hull
|4.867
|-
|118
|La Superba
|HIP 62223
|Inside the hull
|4.87
|-
|119
|10 Lac
|HIP 111841
|Inside the hull
|4.88
|-
|120
|63 Aur
|HIP 34752
|Inside the hull
|4.886
|-
|121
|ψ10 Aur
|HIP 33485
|Inside the hull
|4.893
|-
|122
|Jishui
|HIP 37265
|Inside the hull
|4.9
|-
|123
|12 Per
|HIP 12623
|Inside the hull
|4.92
|-
|124
|54 Per
|HIP 20252
|Inside the hull
|4.929
|-
|125
|24 Per
|HIP 13905
|Inside the hull
|4.93
|-
|126
|15 Lac
|HIP 112917
|Inside the hull
|4.938
|-
|127
|τ Andromedae
|HIP 7818
|Constellation lines
|4.94
|-
|128
| -
|HIP 64540
|Inside the hull
|4.94
|-
|129
|32 Per
|HIP 15648
|Inside the hull
|4.946
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 16147
|Inside the hull
|4.97
|-
|131
|40 Per
|HIP 17313
|Inside the hull
|4.972
|-
|132
|ψ7 Aurigae
|HIP 32844
|Inside the hull
|4.975
|-
|133
|ν2 Boötis
|HIP 76041
|Inside the hull
|4.978
|-
|134
|Cl Melotte 20 772
|Cl Melotte 20 772
|Inside the hull
|4.989
|-
|135
|σ Aurigae
|HIP 25292
|Inside the hull
|4.996
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 88788
|Inside the hull
|4.997
|-
|137
|ω Aurigae
|HIP 23179
|Inside the hull
|5
|-
|138
|KW Aur
|HIP 24504
|Inside the hull
|5
|-
|139
|68 Cyg
|HIP 105186
|Inside the hull
|5
|-
|140
|16 Lyr
|HIP 93408
|Inside the hull
|5.006
|-
|141
|χ Andromedae
|HIP 7719
|Constellation lines
|5.008
|-
|142
|72 Peg
|HIP 116310
|Inside the hull
|5.008
|-
|143
|6 CVn
|HIP 60646
|Inside the hull
|5.01
|-
|144
|30 Her
|HIP 80704
|Inside the hull
|5.01
|-
|145
|ψ4 Aurigae
|HIP 32173
|Inside the hull
|5.02
|-
|146
|ν1 Boötis
|HIP 75973
|Inside the hull
|5.026
|-
|147
|19 Aur
|HIP 24879
|Inside the hull
|5.03
|-
|148
|56 UMa
|HIP 55560
|Inside the hull
|5.03
|-
|149
|31 Per
|HIP 15444
|Inside the hull
|5.032
|-
|150
|22 And
|HIP 841
|Inside the hull
|5.04
|-
|151
| -
|HIP 35384
|Inside the hull
|5.05
|-
|152
|Chalawan
|HIP 53721
|Inside the hull
|5.05
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 102843
|Inside the hull
|5.05
|-
|154
|ϕ Aurigae
|HIP 25541
|Inside the hull
|5.059
|-
|155
| -
|HIP 96825
|Inside the hull
|5.06
|-
|156
|49 UMa
|HIP 53838
|Inside the hull
|5.062
|-
|157
| -
|HIP 83947
|Inside the hull
|5.065
|-
|158
| -
|HIP 109102
|Inside the hull
|5.07
|-
|159
|13 Lac
|HIP 112242
|Inside the hull
|5.08
|-
|160
|75 Cyg
|HIP 106999
|Inside the hull
|5.086
|-
|161
|21 Per
|HIP 13775
|Inside the hull
|5.093
|-
|162
|15 LMi
|HIP 48113
|Inside the hull
|5.1
|-
|163
|19 LMi
|HIP 48833
|Inside the hull
|5.104
|-
|164
|42 Per
|HIP 17886
|Inside the hull
|5.11
|-
|165
|μ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 76307
|Inside the hull
|5.11
|-
|166
|65 Aur
|HIP 35710
|Inside the hull
|5.12
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 73695A
|Inside the hull
|5.136
|-
|168
|14 Tri
|HIP 11784
|Inside the hull
|5.144
|-
|169
|35 Lyn
|HIP 43531
|Inside the hull
|5.148
|-
|170
|90 Her
|HIP 87563
|Inside the hull
|5.15
|-
|171
| -
|HIP 52469
|Inside the hull
|5.15
|-
|172
|29 Per
|HIP 15404
|Inside the hull
|5.157
|-
|173
| -
|HIP 96459
|Inside the hull
|5.169
|-
|174
|DU Lyn
|HIP 37946
|Inside the hull
|5.18
|-
|175
|* 2 And A
|HIP 113788
|Inside the hull
|5.18
|-
|176
|66 Aur
|HIP 35907
|Inside the hull
|5.188
|-
|177
|64 And
|HIP 11220
|Inside the hull
|5.19
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 58684
|Inside the hull
|5.2
|-
|179
|ρ Aurigae
|HIP 25048
|Inside the hull
|5.207
|-
|180
|ψ6 Aurigae
|HIP 32562
|Inside the hull
|5.216
|-
|181
|71 Cyg
|HIP 106093
|Inside the hull
|5.217
|-
|182
|Veritate
|HIP 116076
|Inside the hull
|5.22
|-
|183
|12 Lac
|HIP 112031
|Inside the hull
|5.229
|-
|184
|ψ5 Aurigae
|HIP 32480
|Inside the hull
|5.23
|-
|185
|7 Tri
|HIP 10559
|Inside the hull
|5.249
|-
|186
|UU Aur
|HIP 31579
|Inside the hull
|5.25
|-
|187
|ϕ Boötis
|HIP 76534
|Inside the hull
|5.254
|-
|188
|42 Lyn
|HIP 47300
|Inside the hull
|5.276
|-
|189
|BY Boo
|HIP 69038
|Inside the hull
|5.28
|-
|190
|36 Lyn
|HIP 45290
|Inside the hull
|5.282
|-
|191
|4 And
|HIP 114200
|Inside the hull
|5.294
|-
|192
|59 Per
|HIP 21928
|Inside the hull
|5.298
|-
|193
|V575 Per
|HIP 15770
|Inside the hull
|5.3
|-
|194
|62 And
|HIP 10819
|Inside the hull
|5.31
|-
|195
|36 Per
|HIP 16499
|Inside the hull
|5.32
|-
|196
|ψ3 Aurigae
|HIP 31789
|Inside the hull
|5.331
|-
|197
| -
|HIP 96288
|Inside the hull
|5.336
|-
|198
|11 LMi
|HIP 47080
|Inside the hull
|5.34
|-
|199
|20 Per
|HIP 13490
|Inside the hull
|5.343
|-
|200
|40 Aur
|HIP 28946
|Inside the hull
|5.345
|-
|201
|64 Peg
|HIP 115355
|Inside the hull
|5.348
|-
|202
|57 UMa
|HIP 56034
|Inside the hull
|5.354
|-
|203
|34 Lyn
|HIP 42604
|Inside the hull
|5.359
|-
|204
|8 LMi
|HIP 46735
|Inside the hull
|5.37
|-
|205
|IQ Aur
|HIP 24799
|Inside the hull
|5.371
|-
|206
|15 Tri
|HIP 12086
|Inside the hull
|5.374
|-
|207
| -
|HIP 18396
|Inside the hull
|5.379
|-
|208
|2 Her
|HIP 77907
|Inside the hull
|5.38
|-
|209
|W Cyg
|HIP 106642
|Inside the hull
|5.38
|-
|210
|33 Boo
|HIP 71618
|Inside the hull
|5.387
|-
|211
|Intercrus
|HIP 46471
|Inside the hull
|5.393
|-
|212
| -
|HIP 20156
|Inside the hull
|5.4
|-
|213
|NGC 2281
|NGC 2281
|Inside the hull
|5.4
|-
|214
|14 Cyg
|HIP 96693
|Inside the hull
|5.4
|-
|215
|EW Lac
|HIP 113327
|Inside the hull
|5.43
|-
|216
|60 Cyg
|HIP 103732
|Inside the hull
|5.432
|-
|217
|14 Per
|HIP 12768
|Inside the hull
|5.435
|-
|218
|68 Psc
|HIP 4510
|Inside the hull
|5.438
|-
|219
| -
|HIP 92831
|Inside the hull
|5.44
|-
|220
|26 Lyn
|HIP 38639
|Inside the hull
|5.446
|-
|221
| -
|HIP 53781
|Inside the hull
|5.448
|-
|222
|36 And
|HIP 4288
|Inside the hull
|5.45
|-
|223
| -
|HIP 24902
|Inside the hull
|5.456
|-
|224
|ο Aurigae
|HIP 27196
|Inside the hull
|5.46
|-
|225
|V396 Per
|HIP 16470
|Inside the hull
|5.461
|-
|226
| -
|HIP 103094
|Inside the hull
|5.462
|-
|227
|30 Per
|HIP 15338
|Inside the hull
|5.476
|-
|228
| -
|HIP 80008
|Inside the hull
|5.48
|-
|229
| -
|HIP 13965
|Inside the hull
|5.485
|-
|230
| -
|HIP 18434
|Inside the hull
|5.488
|-
|231
| -
|HIP 67250
|Inside the hull
|5.501
|-
|232
|ϵ Trianguli
|HIP 9570
|Inside the hull
|5.516
|-
|233
| -
|HIP 19335
|Inside the hull
|5.52
|-
|234
| -
|HIP 109745
|Inside the hull
|5.53
|-
|235
| -
|HIP 35136
|Inside the hull
|5.53
|-
|236
| -
|HIP 56770
|Inside the hull
|5.53
|-
|237
| -
|HIP 75257
|Inside the hull
|5.532
|-
|238
| -
|HIP 25143
|Inside the hull
|5.542
|-
|239
| -
|HIP 103519
|Inside the hull
|5.547
|-
|240
|67 Peg
|HIP 115591
|Inside the hull
|5.548
|-
|241
| -
|HIP 34267
|Inside the hull
|5.551
|-
|242
|11 Tri
|HIP 11432
|Inside the hull
|5.552
|-
|243
| -
|HIP 89482
|Inside the hull
|5.556
|-
|244
|63 Peg
|HIP 115271
|Inside the hull
|5.557
|-
|245
|V819 Her
|HIP 84949
|Inside the hull
|5.561
|-
|246
|V340 And
|HIP 116354
|Inside the hull
|5.563
|-
|247
| -
|HIP 17203
|Inside the hull
|5.57
|-
|248
| -
|HIP 16210
|Inside the hull
|5.572
|-
|249
|70 Gem
|HIP 37204
|Inside the hull
|5.572
|-
|250
| -
|HIP 100437
|Inside the hull
|5.572
|-
|251
| -
|HIP 105769
|Inside the hull
|5.58
|-
|252
| -
|HIP 37441
|Inside the hull
|5.581
|-
|253
|16 Lac
|HIP 113281
|Inside the hull
|5.587
|-
|254
| -
|HIP 17460
|Inside the hull
|5.588
|-
|255
|PZ And
|HIP 10944
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|256
|74 Her
|HIP 84835
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|257
|V1942 Cyg
|HIP 108845
|Inside the hull
|5.596
|-
|258
|α1 Canum Venaticorum
|HIP 63121
|Inside the hull
|5.6
|-
|259
|23 CVn
|HIP 65072
|Inside the hull
|5.6
|-
|260
|43 Lyn
|HIP 47570
|Inside the hull
|5.61
|-
|261
|73 Peg
|HIP 116355
|Inside the hull
|5.621
|-
|262
| -
|HIP 97757
|Inside the hull
|5.63
|-
|263
|40 Boo
|HIP 73369
|Inside the hull
|5.634
|-
|264
| -
|HIP 63916
|Inside the hull
|5.637
|-
|265
| -
|HIP 7943
|Inside the hull
|5.64
|-
|266
| -
|HIP 22545
|Inside the hull
|5.643
|-
|267
|PU Aur
|HIP 24738
|Inside the hull
|5.65
|-
|268
| -
|HIP 37023
|Inside the hull
|5.65
|-
|269
| -
|HIP 21823
|Inside the hull
|5.652
|-
|270
| -
|HIP 17584
|Inside the hull
|5.655
|-
|271
| -
|HIP 17932
|Inside the hull
|5.657
|-
|272
|2 CVn
|HIP 59831
|Inside the hull
|5.66
|-
|273
| -
|HIP 24109
|Inside the hull
|5.66
|-
|274
| -
|HIP 102155
|Inside the hull
|5.664
|-
|275
| -
|HIP 88122
|Inside the hull
|5.67
|-
|276
| -
|HIP 111544
|Inside the hull
|5.67
|-
|277
| -
|HIP 22699
|Inside the hull
|5.675
|-
|278
| -
|HIP 80953
|Inside the hull
|5.68
|-
|279
|51 Aur
|HIP 31771
|Inside the hull
|5.69
|-
|280
|8 Lac A
|HIP 111546
|Inside the hull
|5.69
|-
|281
|23 And
|HIP 1086
|Inside the hull
|5.69
|-
|282
| -
|HIP 9021
|Inside the hull
|5.7
|-
|283
|3 Per
|HIP 9222
|Inside the hull
|5.702
|-
|284
|36 Aur
|HIP 28499
|Inside the hull
|5.706
|-
|285
| -
|HIP 12072
|Inside the hull
|5.71
|-
|286
| -
|HIP 36348
|Inside the hull
|5.71
|-
|287
| -
|HIP 43923
|Inside the hull
|5.711
|-
|288
| -
|HR 8407
|Inside the hull
|5.715
|-
|289
|55 Per
|HIP 20579
|Inside the hull
|5.718
|-
|290
|M 33
|M 33
|Inside the hull
|5.72
|-
|291
| -
|HIP 50786
|Inside the hull
|5.72
|-
|292
| -
|HIP 109831
|Inside the hull
|5.72
|-
|293
| -
|HIP 71568
|Inside the hull
|5.721
|-
|294
| -
|HIP 113222
|Inside the hull
|5.725
|-
|295
| -
|HIP 85888
|Inside the hull
|5.726
|-
|296
| -
|HIP 16168
|Inside the hull
|5.73
|-
|297
| -
|HIP 37369
|Inside the hull
|5.73
|-
|298
| -
|HIP 72012
|Inside the hull
|5.73
|-
|299
|V388 And
|HIP 115755
|Inside the hull
|5.736
|-
|300
| -
|HIP 35643
|Inside the hull
|5.739
|-
|301
| -
|HIP 19525
|Inside the hull
|5.74
|-
|302
|CO UMa
|HIP 54522
|Inside the hull
|5.74
|-
|303
| -
|HIP 76568
|Inside the hull
|5.742
|-
|304
|4 Her
|HIP 77986
|Inside the hull
|5.75
|-
|305
|33 Lyn
|HIP 42090
|Inside the hull
|5.751
|-
|306
|Merga
|HIP 72487
|Inside the hull
|5.757
|-
|307
| -
|HIP 18212
|Inside the hull
|5.76
|-
|308
| -
|HIP 8433
|Inside the hull
|5.76
|-
|309
|12 And
|HIP 115280
|Inside the hull
|5.765
|-
|310
|V2015 Cyg
|HIP 101475
|Inside the hull
|5.769
|-
|311
| -
|HIP 18081
|Inside the hull
|5.772
|-
|312
|IW Per
|HIP 16591
|Inside the hull
|5.776
|-
|313
|19 CVn
|HIP 64692
|Inside the hull
|5.777
|-
|314
|32 LMi
|HIP 51420
|Inside the hull
|5.784
|-
|315
|10 And
|HIP 115191
|Inside the hull
|5.789
|-
|316
| -
|HIP 11090
|Inside the hull
|5.795
|-
|317
|56 Per
|HIP 20591
|Inside the hull
|5.795
|-
|318
| -
|HIP 15876
|Inside the hull
|5.8
|-
|319
| -
|HIP 113084
|Inside the hull
|5.805
|-
|320
| -
|HIP 112590
|Inside the hull
|5.809
|-
|321
| -
|HIP 81289
|Inside the hull
|5.814
|-
|322
| -
|HIP 9640B
|Inside the hull
|5.82
|-
|323
| -
|HIP 16340
|Inside the hull
|5.82
|-
|324
| -
|HIP 22407
|Inside the hull
|5.824
|-
|325
| -
|HIP 11840
|Inside the hull
|5.826
|-
|326
| -
|HIP 52139
|Inside the hull
|5.83
|-
|327
|TU CVn
|HIP 63024
|Inside the hull
|5.84
|-
|328
| -
|HIP 97081
|Inside the hull
|5.84
|-
|329
| -
|HIP 112417
|Inside the hull
|5.84
|-
|330
| -
|HIP 49893
|Inside the hull
|5.842
|-
|331
| -
|HIP 95352
|Inside the hull
|5.853
|-
|332
| -
|HIP 21972
|Inside the hull
|5.856
|-
|333
| -
|HIP 13339
|Inside the hull
|5.859
|-
|334
| -
|HIP 99889
|Inside the hull
|5.864
|-
|335
|47 Aur
|HIP 30972
|Inside the hull
|5.866
|-
|336
| -
|HIP 9001
|Inside the hull
|5.867
|-
|337
| -
|HIP 79357
|Inside the hull
|5.868
|-
|338
|ψ9 Aurigae
|HIP 33377
|Inside the hull
|5.87
|-
|339
|64 Aur
|HIP 35341
|Inside the hull
|5.87
|-
|340
|V636 Her
|HIP 82172
|Inside the hull
|5.87
|-
|341
| -
|HIP 62641
|Inside the hull
|5.872
|-
|342
| -
|HIP 65550
|Inside the hull
|5.873
|-
|343
| -
|HIP 13949
|Inside the hull
|5.877
|-
|344
| -
|HIP 33415
|Inside the hull
|5.877
|-
|345
| -
|HIP 67194
|Inside the hull
|5.877
|-
|346
| -
|HIP 43894
|Inside the hull
|5.88
|-
|347
| -
|HIP 111259
|Inside the hull
|5.88
|-
|348
| -
|HIP 54537
|Inside the hull
|5.89
|-
|349
| -
|HIP 28823
|Inside the hull
|5.89
|-
|350
| -
|HIP 16518
|Inside the hull
|5.9
|-
|351
| -
|HIP 12181
|Inside the hull
|5.9
|-
|352
| -
|HIP 41935
|Inside the hull
|5.9
|-
|353
| -
|HIP 113174
|Inside the hull
|5.901
|-
|354
| -
|HIP 25471
|Inside the hull
|5.905
|-
|355
| -
|HIP 37140
|Inside the hull
|5.906
|-
|356
|17 CVn
|HIP 64246
|Inside the hull
|5.91
|-
|357
|14 Lac
|HIP 112778
|Inside the hull
|5.91
|-
|358
| -
|HIP 15004
|Inside the hull
|5.913
|-
|359
| -
|HIP 67210
|Inside the hull
|5.919
|-
|360
| -
|HIP 33421
|Inside the hull
|5.927
|-
|361
| -
|HIP 8423
|Inside the hull
|5.929
|-
|362
| -
|HIP 34358
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|363
| -
|HIP 15669
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|364
| -
|HIP 98383
|Inside the hull
|5.933
|-
|365
| -
|HIP 45590
|Inside the hull
|5.938
|-
|366
| -
|HIP 45661
|Inside the hull
|5.94
|-
|367
| -
|HR 8708
|Inside the hull
|5.94
|-
|368
| -
|HIP 112041
|Inside the hull
|5.94
|-
|369
|58 UMa
|HIP 56148
|Inside the hull
|5.942
|-
|370
| -
|HIP 44613
|Inside the hull
|5.95
|-
|371
|10 CVn
|HIP 62207
|Inside the hull
|5.95
|-
|372
| -
|HIP 43553
|Inside the hull
|5.956
|-
|373
| -
|HIP 20241
|Inside the hull
|5.958
|-
|374
| -
|HIP 28562
|Inside the hull
|5.959
|-
|375
|AE Aur
|HIP 24575
|Inside the hull
|5.96
|-
|376
| -
|HIP 103371
|Inside the hull
|5.96
|-
|377
| -
|HIP 21847
|Inside the hull
|5.96
|-
|378
| -
|HIP 7906
|Inside the hull
|5.961
|-
|379
| -
|HIP 101986
|Inside the hull
|5.965
|-
|380
| -
|HIP 15334
|Inside the hull
|5.967
|-
|381
|V376 Per
|HIP 17846
|Inside the hull
|5.97
|-
|382
|5 Aur
|HIP 23261
|Inside the hull
|5.97
|-
|383
|AN And
|HIP 115065
|Inside the hull
|5.97
|-
|384
| -
|HIP 113048
|Inside the hull
|5.98
|-
|385
| -
|HIP 43550
|Inside the hull
|5.984
|-
|386
| -
|HIP 82611
|Inside the hull
|5.987
|-
|387
| -
|HIP 64212
|Inside the hull
|5.99
|-
|388
| -
|HIP 45412
|Inside the hull
|5.99
|-
|389
| -
|HIP 112241
|Inside the hull
|5.99
|-
|390
| -
|HIP 25816
|Inside the hull
|5.991
|-
|391
|V573 Per
|HIP 15241
|Inside the hull
|5.994
|-
|392
| -
|HIP 22220
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|393
|M36
|M36
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|394
| -
|HIP 53726
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|395
| -
|HIP 94755
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|396
| -
|HIP 41224
|Inside the hull
|6.001
|-
|397
| -
|HIP 87445
|Inside the hull
|6.001
|-
|398
|44 Boo
|HIP 73695B
|Inside the hull
|6.004
|-
|399
| -
|HIP 51200
|Inside the hull
|6.007
|-
|400
| -
|HIP 50546
|Inside the hull
|6.01
|-
|401
| -
|HIP 53791
|Inside the hull
|6.01
|-
|402
| -
|HIP 33044
|Inside the hull
|6.016
|-
|403
|51 UMa
|HIP 54136
|Inside the hull
|6.02
|-
|404
|62 Aur
|HIP 33614
|Inside the hull
|6.021
|-
|405
|4 CVn
|HIP 60467
|Inside the hull
|6.022
|-
|406
| -
|HIP 111869
|Inside the hull
|6.023
|-
|407
| -
|HIP 13832
|Inside the hull
|6.028
|-
|408
| -
|HIP 13713
|Inside the hull
|6.03
|-
|409
| -
|HIP 53465
|Inside the hull
|6.034
|-
|410
| -
|HIP 17437
|Inside the hull
|6.042
|-
|411
| -
|HIP 14365
|Inside the hull
|6.05
|-
|412
| -
|HIP 92098
|Inside the hull
|6.051
|-
|413
| -
|HIP 75369
|Inside the hull
|6.055
|-
|414
| -
|HIP 22842
|Inside the hull
|6.058
|-
|415
| -
|HIP 41262
|Inside the hull
|6.059
|-
|416
| -
|HIP 82012
|Inside the hull
|6.059
|-
|417
| -
|HIP 116030
|Inside the hull
|6.059
|-
|418
| -
|HIP 15118
|Inside the hull
|6.06
|-
|419
| -
|HIP 37580
|Inside the hull
|6.06
|-
|420
| -
|HIP 65951
|Inside the hull
|6.065
|-
|421
|59 And A
|HIP 10176
|Inside the hull
|6.07
|-
|422
| -
|HIP 27778
|Inside the hull
|6.07
|-
|423
| -
|HIP 12160
|Inside the hull
|6.075
|-
|424
|60 UMa
|HIP 56789
|Inside the hull
|6.076
|-
|425
|57 Per
|HIP 21242
|Inside the hull
|6.078
|-
|426
| -
|HIP 22034
|Inside the hull
|6.08
|-
|427
| -
|HIP 19302
|Inside the hull
|6.08
|-
|428
| -
|HIP 26363
|Inside the hull
|6.082
|-
|429
| -
|HIP 22955
|Inside the hull
|6.089
|-
|430
|V576 Per
|HIP 15988
|Inside the hull
|6.09
|-
|431
|* 38 Lyn B
|HIP 45688B
|Inside the hull
|6.09
|-
|432
| -
|HR 8962
|Inside the hull
|6.09
|-
|433
| -
|HIP 17475
|Inside the hull
|6.091
|-
|434
| -
|HIP 26315
|Inside the hull
|6.095
|-
|435
|59 Aur
|HIP 33041
|Inside the hull
|6.099
|-
|436
|67 Psc
|HIP 4366
|Inside the hull
|6.1
|-
|437
| -
|HIP 10180
|Inside the hull
|6.1
|-
|438
| -
|HIP 28677
|Inside the hull
|6.1
|-
|439
| -
|HIP 111567
|Inside the hull
|6.105
|-
|440
| -
|HIP 13997
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|441
| -
|HIP 63211
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|442
|AR Lac
|HIP 109303
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|443
| -
|HIP 28908
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|444
|26 And
|HIP 1501
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|445
| -
|HIP 23511
|Inside the hull
|6.111
|-
|446
|CY Lyn
|HIP 43685
|Inside the hull
|6.129
|-
|447
| -
|HIP 74571
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|448
| -
|HIP 109033
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|449
| -
|HIP 89604
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|450
| -
|HIP 115171
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|451
| -
|HIP 75770
|Inside the hull
|6.138
|-
|452
| -
|HIP 14887
|Inside the hull
|6.139
|-
|453
|13 LMi
|HIP 47631
|Inside the hull
|6.14
|-
|454
| -
|HIP 75093
|Inside the hull
|6.14
|-
|455
| -
|HIP 99685
|Inside the hull
|6.14
|-
|456
|AR Aur
|HIP 24740
|Inside the hull
|6.144
|-
|457
| -
|HIP 29025
|Inside the hull
|6.144
|-
|458
|41 Aur A
|HIP 29388
|Inside the hull
|6.15
|-
|459
| -
|HIP 1302
|Inside the hull
|6.15
|-
|460
| -
|HIP 25476
|Inside the hull
|6.151
|-
|461
|V352 Aur
|HIP 33269
|Inside the hull
|6.151
|-
|462
| -
|HIP 10924
|Inside the hull
|6.154
|-
|463
| -
|HIP 103532
|Inside the hull
|6.156
|-
|464
| -
|HIP 25475
|Inside the hull
|6.158
|-
|465
| -
|HIP 105101
|Inside the hull
|6.159
|-
|466
| -
|HIP 96805
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|467
| -
|HIP 116582
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|468
| -
|HIP 110849
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|469
| -
|HIP 110566
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|470
| -
|HIP 82355
|Inside the hull
|6.165
|-
|471
| -
|HIP 20231
|Inside the hull
|6.167
|-
|472
| -
|HIP 21038
|Inside the hull
|6.169
|-
|473
|NGC 1912 562
|NGC 1912 562
|Inside the hull
|6.17
|-
|474
| -
|HIP 116365
|Inside the hull
|6.173
|-
|475
| -
|HIP 41798
|Inside the hull
|6.174
|-
|476
| -
|HIP 110171
|Inside the hull
|6.179
|-
|477
| -
|HIP 15209
|Inside the hull
|6.18
|-
|478
| -
|HIP 113371
|Inside the hull
|6.18
|-
|479
|9 LMi
|HIP 46904
|Inside the hull
|6.181
|-
|480
| -
|HIP 109121
|Inside the hull
|6.181
|-
|481
| -
|HIP 34462
|Inside the hull
|6.185
|-
|482
|32 Lyn
|HIP 41975
|Inside the hull
|6.186
|-
|483
| -
|HIP 74514
|Inside the hull
|6.187
|-
|484
| -
|HIP 12287
|Inside the hull
|6.191
|-
|485
|V543 Lyr
|HIP 93177
|Inside the hull
|6.192
|-
|486
| -
|HIP 24771
|Inside the hull
|6.199
|-
|487
| -
|HIP 28438
|Inside the hull
|6.2
|-
|488
| -
|HIP 44231
|Inside the hull
|6.2
|-
|489
|CP Cyg
|HIP 106752
|Inside the hull
|6.2
|-
|490
|V545 Per
|HIP 20063
|Inside the hull
|6.205
|-
|491
| -
|HIP 42777
|Inside the hull
|6.205
|-
|492
| -
|HIP 32190
|Inside the hull
|6.206
|-
|493
| -
|HIP 23799
|Inside the hull
|6.207
|-
|494
| -
|HIP 106420
|Inside the hull
|6.209
|-
|495
| -
|HIP 13462
|Inside the hull
|6.21
|-
|496
| -
|HIP 105034
|Inside the hull
|6.21
|-
|497
| -
|HIP 114526
|Inside the hull
|6.21
|-
|498
|V533 Lyr
|HIP 91250
|Inside the hull
|6.211
|-
|499
| -
|HIP 28861
|Inside the hull
|6.213
|-
|500
| -
|HIP 16252
|Inside the hull
|6.217
|-
|501
| -
|HIP 10814
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|502
| -
|HIP 38723
|Inside the hull
|6.221
|-
|503
| -
|HIP 12200
|Inside the hull
|6.226
|-
|504
| -
|HIP 69569
|Inside the hull
|6.227
|-
|505
|V423 Per
|HIP 15204
|Inside the hull
|6.229
|-
|506
|5 Tri
|HIP 10220
|Inside the hull
|6.23
|-
|507
| -
|HIP 91491
|Inside the hull
|6.23
|-
|508
|* Del Cyg B
|* del Cyg B
|Inside the hull
|6.23
|-
|509
|V1981 Cyg
|HIP 103828
|Inside the hull
|6.23
|-
|510
|V1339 Cyg
|HIP 107140
|Inside the hull
|6.23
|-
|511
| -
|HIP 33056
|Inside the hull
|6.236
|-
|512
| -
|HIP 4317
|Inside the hull
|6.24
|-
|513
| -
|HIP 115261
|Inside the hull
|6.24
|-
|514
|11 CVn
|HIP 62516
|Inside the hull
|6.245
|-
|515
| -
|HIP 96706
|Inside the hull
|6.245
|-
|516
| -
|HIP 116292
|Inside the hull
|6.246
|-
|517
| -
|HIP 12982
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|518
| -
|HIP 12990
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|519
| -
|HIP 11651
|Inside the hull
|6.252
|-
|520
| -
|HIP 17732
|Inside the hull
|6.252
|-
|521
|25 Lyn
|HIP 38623
|Inside the hull
|6.253
|-
|522
| -
|HIP 39938
|Inside the hull
|6.255
|-
|523
| -
|HIP 26071
|Inside the hull
|6.261
|-
|524
| -
|HIP 8930
|Inside the hull
|6.267
|-
|525
| -
|HIP 68567
|Inside the hull
|6.269
|-
|526
| -
|HIP 92599
|Inside the hull
|6.269
|-
|527
| -
|HIP 100016
|Inside the hull
|6.273
|-
|528
| -
|HIP 111627
|Inside the hull
|6.275
|-
|529
|* 65 Psc B
|HIP 3885
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|530
| -
|HIP 12690
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|531
| -
|HIP 16424
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|532
| -
|HIP 55936
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|533
|15 CVn
|HIP 64217
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|534
| -
|HIP 70517
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|535
| -
|HIP 12305
|Inside the hull
|6.287
|-
|536
|35 LMi
|HIP 51914
|Inside the hull
|6.287
|-
|537
| -
|HIP 66892
|Inside the hull
|6.289
|-
|538
| -
|HIP 82419
|Inside the hull
|6.29
|-
|539
| -
|HIP 27319
|Inside the hull
|6.292
|-
|540
| -
|HIP 78153
|Inside the hull
|6.297
|-
|541
| -
|HIP 89474
|Inside the hull
|6.298
|-
|542
|BD+26 128
|BD+26 128
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|543
| -
|HIP 8086
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|544
| -
|HIP 34428
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|545
| -
|HIP 100515
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|546
|EE UMa
|HIP 56135
|Inside the hull
|6.302
|-
|547
| -
|HIP 102530
|Inside the hull
|6.303
|-
|548
| -
|HIP 15191
|Inside the hull
|6.304
|-
|549
| -
|HIP 19810
|Inside the hull
|6.308
|-
|550
| -
|HIP 70029
|Inside the hull
|6.31
|-
|551
| -
|HIP 103949
|Inside the hull
|6.31
|-
|552
| -
|HIP 41484
|Inside the hull
|6.31
|-
|553
| -
|HIP 33271
|Inside the hull
|6.311
|-
|554
| -
|HIP 18565
|Inside the hull
|6.313
|-
|555
| -
|HIP 115148
|Inside the hull
|6.315
|-
|556
| -
|HIP 69862
|Inside the hull
|6.316
|-
|557
| -
|HIP 28820
|Inside the hull
|6.32
|-
|558
| -
|HIP 35623
|Inside the hull
|6.32
|-
|559
|OP Her
|HIP 87850
|Inside the hull
|6.32
|-
|560
|V377 Lac
|HIP 113009
|Inside the hull
|6.32
|-
|561
|43 Aur
|HIP 29949
|Inside the hull
|6.323
|-
|562
| -
|HIP 39279
|Inside the hull
|6.324
|-
|563
| -
|HIP 48861
|Inside the hull
|6.324
|-
|564
| -
|HIP 60305
|Inside the hull
|6.325
|-
|565
| -
|HIP 14914
|Inside the hull
|6.327
|-
|566
| -
|HIP 2583
|Inside the hull
|6.33
|-
|567
| -
|HIP 86501
|Inside the hull
|6.33
|-
|568
| -
|HIP 114607
|Inside the hull
|6.331
|-
|569
| -
|HIP 65230
|Inside the hull
|6.332
|-
|570
|V2136 Cyg
|HIP 102827
|Inside the hull
|6.333
|-
|571
| -
|HIP 49870
|Inside the hull
|6.335
|-
|572
| -
|HIP 62172
|Inside the hull
|6.335
|-
|573
| -
|HIP 116505
|Inside the hull
|6.335
|-
|574
| -
|HIP 29114
|Inside the hull
|6.339
|-
|575
| -
|HIP 21144
|Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
|576
| -
|HIP 31889
|Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
|577
| -
|HIP 37091
|Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
|578
| -
|HIP 54842
|Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
|579
|V343 Peg
|HIP 114187
|Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
|580
| -
|HIP 12057
|Inside the hull
|6.345
|-
|581
|DT Psc
|HIP 5772
|Inside the hull
|6.347
|-
|582
| -
|HIP 28642
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|583
|28 Lyn
|HIP 39722
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|584
|BX Boo
|HIP 73454
|Inside the hull
|6.351
|-
|585
|9 CVn
|HIP 61692
|Inside the hull
|6.352
|-
|586
| -
|HIP 89246
|Inside the hull
|6.352
|-
|587
| -
|HIP 115389
|Inside the hull
|6.354
|-
|588
| -
|HIP 26463
|Inside the hull
|6.355
|-
|589
| -
|HIP 83013
|Inside the hull
|6.355
|-
|590
| -
|HIP 51290
|Inside the hull
|6.357
|-
|591
| -
|HIP 34168
|Inside the hull
|6.359
|-
|592
| -
|HIP 10562
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|593
| -
|HIP 38959
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|594
| -
|HIP 83816
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|595
| -
|HIP 87434
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|596
| -
|HIP 70873
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|597
| -
|HIP 112032
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|598
| -
|HIP 32268
|Inside the hull
|6.369
|-
|599
|V405 Lac
|HIP 110408
|Inside the hull
|6.369
|-
|600
| -
|HIP 47633
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|601
| -
|HIP 56410
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|602
| -
|HIP 66223
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|603
| -
|HIP 105017
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|604
| -
|HIP 111753
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|605
| -
|HIP 88565
|Inside the hull
|6.374
|-
|606
|V521 Per
|HIP 14544
|Inside the hull
|6.375
|-
|607
| -
|HIP 69735
|Inside the hull
|6.376
|-
|608
| -
|HIP 86713
|Inside the hull
|6.376
|-
|609
| -
|HIP 25810
|Inside the hull
|6.377
|-
|610
| -
|HIP 114152
|Inside the hull
|6.379
|-
|611
| -
|HIP 9983
|Inside the hull
|6.38
|-
|612
| -
|HR 1371
|Inside the hull
|6.38
|-
|613
| -
|HIP 44331
|Inside the hull
|6.386
|-
|614
| -
|HIP 79385
|Inside the hull
|6.388
|-
|615
|V354 Peg
|HIP 116119
|Inside the hull
|6.388
|-
|616
| -
|HIP 18769
|Inside the hull
|6.389
|-
|617
| -
|HIP 27777
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|618
| -
|HIP 36740
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|619
| -
|HIP 45888
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|620
| -
|HIP 114725
|Inside the hull
|6.395
|-
|621
| -
|HIP 15323
|Inside the hull
|6.399
|-
|622
|M38
|M38
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|623
| -
|HIP 35725
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|624
| -
|HIP 50509
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|625
| -
|HIP 25580
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|626
|NGC 7243
|NGC 7243
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|627
| -
|HIP 16938
|Inside the hull
|6.402
|-
|628
| -
|HIP 10830
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|629
|KP Per
|HIP 16516
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|630
|* 60 Aur A
|HIP 33064
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|631
| -
|HIP 36351
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|632
|CC Lyn
|HIP 36965
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|633
| -
|HIP 54745
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|634
| -
|HIP 56170
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|635
|V385 And
|HIP 115530
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|636
| -
|HIP 16447
|Inside the hull
|6.411
|-
|637
| -
|HIP 102585
|Inside the hull
|6.411
|-
|638
|LN And
|HIP 113802
|Inside the hull
|6.42
|-
|639
|V350 Lac
|HIP 111072
|Inside the hull
|6.42
|-
|640
| -
|HIP 112144
|Inside the hull
|6.421
|-
|641
| -
|HIP 113750
|Inside the hull
|6.43
|-
|642
|[AKS95] 151
|[AKS95] 151
|Inside the hull
|6.435
|-
|643
| -
|HIP 13257
|Inside the hull
|6.44
|-
|644
| -
|HIP 26592
|Inside the hull
|6.44
|-
|645
| -
|HIP 83593
|Inside the hull
|6.441
|-
|646
| -
|HIP 112305
|Inside the hull
|6.441
|-
|647
| -
|HIP 17558
|Inside the hull
|6.443
|-
|648
|ψ8 Aurigae
|HIP 33133
|Inside the hull
|6.443
|-
|649
|V1773 Cyg
|HIP 100142
|Inside the hull
|6.443
|-
|650
| -
|HIP 13176
|Inside the hull
|6.448
|-
|651
| -
|HIP 9163
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|652
| -
|HIP 19746
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|653
|Groombridge 1830
|HIP 57939
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|654
| -
|HIP 98253
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|655
| -
|HIP 101133
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|656
| -
|HIP 110055
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|657
| -
|HIP 114981
|Inside the hull
|6.455
|-
|658
| -
|HIP 110487
|Inside the hull
|6.457
|-
|659
| -
|HIP 15282
|Inside the hull
|6.46
|-
|660
| -
|HIP 25301
|Inside the hull
|6.46
|-
|661
| -
|HIP 103596
|Inside the hull
|6.465
|-
|662
|V509 Per
|HIP 14264
|Inside the hull
|6.467
|-
|663
| -
|HIP 13036
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|664
| -
|HIP 24332
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|665
| -
|HIP 46879
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|666
|29 LMi
|HIP 51047
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|667
| -
|HIP 56809A
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|668
| -
|HIP 26054
|Inside the hull
|6.474
|-
|669
|V1584 Cyg
|HIP 100250
|Inside the hull
|6.478
|-
|670
| -
|HIP 67778
|Inside the hull
|6.479
|-
|671
|ET And
|HIP 115036
|Inside the hull
|6.479
|-
|672
| -
|HIP 22003
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|673
|6 Aur
|HIP 23268
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|674
| -
|HIP 24881
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|675
| -
|HIP 32746
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|676
| -
|HIP 32040
|Inside the hull
|6.481
|-
|677
|V771 Her
|HIP 88030
|Inside the hull
|6.481
|-
|678
| -
|HIP 35317
|Inside the hull
|6.485
|-
|679
| -
|HIP 103871
|Inside the hull
|6.486
|-
|680
| -
|HR 8549
|Inside the hull
|6.487
|-
|681
|18 Aur
|HIP 24832
|Inside the hull
|6.489
|-
|682
| -
|HIP 13275
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|683
| -
|HIP 16425
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|684
| -
|HIP 28634
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|685
| -
|HIP 58119
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|686
| -
|HIP 61283
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|687
| -
|HIP 65723
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|688
| -
|HIP 113603
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|689
| -
|HIP 109079
|Inside the hull
|6.494
|-
|690
|V550 Lyr
|HIP 93808
|Inside the hull
|6.496
|-
|691
| -
|HIP 23724
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|692
| -
|HIP 33453
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|693
| -
|HIP 35113
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|694
| -
|HIP 38349
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|695
| -
|HIP 38403
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|696
| -
|HIP 39094
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|697
| -
|HR 4098
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|698
| -
|HIP 65135
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|699
| -
|HIP 114844
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|700
| -
|HIP 110790
|Inside the hull
|6.51
|-
|701
| -
|HIP 116613
|Inside the hull
|6.58
|-
|702
| -
|HIP 58287
|Inside the hull
|6.59
|-
|703
| -
|HIP 44728
|Inside the hull
|6.6
|-
|704
| -
|HIP 79248
|Inside the hull
|6.61
|-
|705
| -
|HIP 58708
|Inside the hull
|6.63
|-
|706
| -
|HIP 50505
|Inside the hull
|6.65
|-
|707
| -
|HIP 56145
|Inside the hull
|6.66
|-
|708
| -
|HIP 75107
|Inside the hull
|6.74
|-
|709
| -
|HIP 32275
|Inside the hull
|6.91
|-
|710
| -
|HIP 90720
|Inside the hull
|6.99
|}

=== Ancient Globes ===
<gallery>
File:Andromeda Kugel smh2024.jpg|Andromeda on the Kugel Globe, -2nd or -1st c BCE (drawing Susanne M Hoffmann, see: Hoffmann (2025), Some Results on the Ancient Globes, Globe Studies – The Journal of the International Coronelli Society, 69, 4169.)
File:And onFarnese drawn.jpg|Andromeda on the Farnese Globe, 2nd century CE (drawing by SMH)
File:DeaSyria 300dpi.jpg|Globus Farnese group of Andromeda, Pisces, Aquarius mapped to Stellarium (SMH 2023, cf. Hoffmann (2025), Some Results on the Ancient Globes, Globe Studies – The Journal of the International Coronelli Society, 69, 4169.)
File:And mainz.jpg|Andromeda on the Mainz Globe, 2nd century CE, drawn by Susanne M Hoffmann
</gallery>

=== Ancient Background: Princess of Ethiopia? ===
In ancient legends, Andromeda is described as the princess of Ethiopia without the location of this country being specified. The place of her sacrification, Andromeda's Rock, is at the coast of Tel Aviv (modern Israel) which is in contrast to the location of the modern country of Ethiopia in Africa. It lies east of southern Egypt (today’s Sudan) on the Red Sea. Although the ancient geographer Strabo also places Ethiopia in Africa, the Greek name of the ethnic group of the Αἰθίοψ (aithiops), “those with burned faces”, means the same as “dark-skinned person”. Ethiopia (Αἰθιοπία) is thus “the land of the dark-skinned” and, according to the Hellenistic worldview, this could be anything between India and Sudan. Strabo dates to Roman times (1st century BCE), so it is worth looking at archaeological historical research.

The Egyptian empire had previously (from c. 1550 BCE for about 4 centuries) not only encompassed the Sinai Peninsula, but also temporarily reached into the region of southwest Asia that is now Israel and Lebanon. The Jewish story of the Exodus (liberation from slavery by flight from Egypt, which is said to have taken place between 1200 and 1000 BCE) thus reports of exchanges (of people and culture) between Egypt and this fertile (flourishing) land. This is confirmed by historical research. Exchanges with the more eastern empires of Babylon and Assur can also be attested long before. Several generations of Egyptian pharaohs actually came from the area around Carthum (Sudan) in the 8th century BCE, the so-called “Black Pharaohs” and relations & exchanges between the milky coffee-coloured Berbers in the North African coastal region and the Blacks further south were of course always present – long before (in the 4th century BCE) light-skinned Macedonians conquered the land from Anatolia via the Levant to Egypt and called it “Greek”.

Leaving aside ancient Greek racism and “whitewashing” when Hellenism and Rome imagined that all peoples (even in Black Africa) were ruled by whites, all these changing state boundaries, rulers and migrations of peoples say nothing about the geographical location of the ethnic group of the Αἰθίοψ (aithiops).

==== Location according to ancient scholars ====
Herodotus (Greek historian, 5th century BCE) likes to play with words. For him Perseus is the progenitor of the Persians and Andromeda therefore also their progenitor [Hdt. 1:7]:

* ''When Perseus, the son of Danae and Zeus, came to Cepheus, the son of Belus, and married his daughter Andromeda, a son was born to him, whom he called Perses, and he left him there; for Cepheus had no male offspring; from this Perses the Persians have their name.''

Herodotus was from what was then Persia, a place called Ἁλικαρνᾱσσός (Halikarnāssós, modern Bodrum in Turkey), which further places this pun in the realm of popular legends common at the time. One would thus conjecture that Cepheus and his grandson Perses ruled over a land located in present-day Turkey on the Mediterranean Sea.

Such folk etymologies are quite common in antiquity. However, no one seriously knows where the proper names used in this myth come from. Does the name “Andromeda” perhaps contain the verb δρομάς (to walk, to run), from which the name of the animal “dromedary” also derives – or the verb ἀνδρόω (to become a man)? What do the names “Cepheus” and “Cassiopeia” mean? No one knows.

Therefore, the linking of Perses and his father Perseus with the Persians seems to be rather invented after the fact.

==== References to Andromeda's Rock ====
[[File:And-rock2023.png|alt=Andromeda's Rock in front of the skyline of modern Tel Aviv.|thumb|Andromeda's Rock in front of the skyline of modern Tel Aviv (Susanne M Hoffmann 2023). ]]
Two historical reports are known in which the rock to which Andromeda was chained is geographically located: the geographer Strabo in the 1st century BCE and the Jewish-Roman chronicler Flavius Josephus in the 1st century CE both name Joppa (=Jaffa = historical old city of Tel Aviv), i.e. also the Mediterranean coast, but clearly south of Bodrum (Turkey).

===== Strabo (-1st century) =====
Strabo’s indication here is strange to misleading [Strabo, Geography, 2:16.2]:<blockquote>''[enumeration of cities.]''

''Then Joppa, where the coast of Egypt, extending at first eastward, makes a notable bend to the north. According to some writers, Andromeda was exposed to the sea monster at this place. It is high enough and is said to offer a view of Jerusalem, the capital of the Jews….''</blockquote>Joppa and the coastal strip south of it (including Ashkalon and Gaza) actually belonged to Egypt at the time, but I doubt you can see Jerusalem from there because 1) Jerusalem is 750 m higher than Tel Aviv and 2) there is a mountain in between. Nevertheless, the proximity of Jaffa and Jerusalem is remarkable when one looks at the legend of Andromeda, because – like the most famous of all Jewish prophets, who was later executed by Romans in Jerusalem – Andromeda is also guiltlessly sacrificed by her people for the sins of others (esp. her mother). This kind of belief in a human redeemer from the sins (of the people) is thus demonstrably not uncommon in this geographical area.

===== Josephus Flavius (+1st century) =====
[[File:Jaffa luftbild smh-1024x444.jpg|alt=Old Jaffa seen from above (Susanne M Hoffmann 2023).|thumb|Old Jaffa seen from above (Susanne M Hoffmann 2023).]]

Josephus is a Jew who at first wanted to defend Jerusalem, but later joined the Roman conquerors and therefore took the name of the emperor Flavius. After going to Rome, he wrote a chronicle of the Jewish-Roman war (in which the famous Second Jerusalem Temple was destroyed). So Josephus, writing after 70 CE, will have reported that he still saw the chains of Andromeda on the rock (or at least remains of them), [Flavius Josephus 1:3.419]:<blockquote>''Joppa, however, is not by nature a harbour, for it ends on a rough shore, while everything else is straight, but the two ends bend towards each other, where there are deep chasms and great stones jutting into the sea, and where the chains with which Andromeda was bound have left their traces, which bear witness to the antiquity of this fable.''</blockquote>However, he also tells of “deep chasms and great stones” and this is indeed the image on the coast of the historic old city of Tel Aviv.

The Andromeda Rock, photographed here seaward against the skyline of the modern district (Tel Aviv, Bauhaus style), is marked with an Israeli flag. This modern city was built after the world wars and borders directly north on the historic old city (Joppa=Jaffa), so that the official name of the metropolis is now Tel Aviv-Jaffa. First the Philistine people settled there, later the area was conquered by the Egyptians and still later by the Romans.

For those who do not believe what Josephus describes from the above photos or with the knowledge of the tourist beach promenade of Tel Aviv, this aerial photo (which I took with my mobile phone when I left) may seem a more credible proof: there are really no large rocks far and wide on the coast of today’s Tel Aviv, but plenty of “menhirs in the water”, if one may say so somewhat casually.

So if Andromeda was chained to a rock here, it certainly didn’t look like she was depicted in early modern paintings (screenshot from wikipedia below) with her arms raised upwards, because there would have been no rock for that – apart from the fact that ancient depictions don’t show her naked, but always clothed (vases: heroes naked, ladies clothed, ancient celestial globes).

None of the rocks is taller than a human being. Possible would be a pose as painted by Guido Reni in the 17th century or as erotically draped in sculptural art by Daniel Chester French in 1931. In any case, the Andromeda saga is virtually the ancient version of Fifty Shades of Grey.

No surprise that the story and depiction of Andromeda has been controversial for centuries! It is sexist, frivolous, depicts clear patriarchal gender roles, is suspected of ancient racism, which would be called “whitewashing” in modern times… Indeed: the skin colour of Andromeda has also long been the subject of controversy: Ovid (living in Roman times and restaging many ancient sagas by combining narrative strands from different cultures of the empire) describes her sometimes marble-coloured and sometimes dark-skinned, while images on Greek vases show a fair-skinned figure at all times (since 600 BCE). The wikipedia reports on this in detail.

==== When did the story take place (if at all)? ====
No one is able to prove the historicity of this story, but Ernst Künzl pointed out in an article on the origin of the star sagas that all “Greek” constellation sagas take place in the time before the Trojan War. Earliest Greek-language texts are attributed to an author named Homer, of whom it is not known whether it was really just one person (or denotes a group), because the word “homer” actually means exactly “host”, so it can also denote one or more person(s) from another culture (e.g. Babylonian) who wrote in Greek. This person or group of people is dated to about 800 (give or take centuries) BCE.

Ancient historians tried to date the legendary Trojan War already in classical times and got dates before 1000 BCE, maybe 1200 BCE…. but these dates were derived half a millennium to a millennium later. If they are right, that would be exactly the time in which the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt guided by Moses is supposed to have taken place – with an equally vague dating.

The Andromeda story would therefore have to have taken place (if at all) when this land had not yet been settled by the Israelites or at the latest at the time of their arrival. All sources in the form of images and writing date many centuries later and could already paint the picture mythically transfigured (not truthfully).

==== So where does Andromeda come from? ====
… from Africa (today’s Eritrea/Ethiopia), from the (today’s) Turkish coast or from the (today’s) Israeli coast? The answer is probably not clear. The tendency is probably more from West Asia than Africa.

The beliefs (of patriarchal societies in nomadic peoples, the equal worship of 4 matriarchs and 3 patriarchs in the Jewish faith, the innocent human sacrifice for the redemption of sins in the Christian etc.) are present in this region and also the story of the sea monster Ketos seems to originate rather from there, i.e. here too (AFAIK) literary research sees the origin in various source stories in the eastern Mediterranean region: the myth of Heracles and Hesione is said to have come from Anatolia, whereby Heracles rescues the princess Hesione but (in most variants) does not marry her (but gives her to a follower as a bride or enslaves her). From the Levant there is the above-mentioned erotic Andromeda story, from which the “Persians” in Anatolia are said to have descended. Both deal with a sea monster and a lady who (as an idle figure) is saved from it by a hero.

However, the constellation of Andromeda is also located at the place where the Babylonian goddess of erotic love has her constellation. Therefore, the suspicion is that the Greek figure of '''Andromeda is a syncretism''': a fusion of '''(i)''' the Babylonian erotic goddess (possibly mixed with the “goddess of Ashkelon”, who was also a love goddess), '''(ii)''' the sex idol from the Levant who was sacrificed for the sins of her mother and '''(iii)''' Hesione from Anatolia, who was sacrificed by her father for his sins.

== Transfer and Transformation of the constellation ==
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif|alt=animated GIF showing the transformation of constellations in the Andromeda-region|thumb|transformation of the constellation in the Andromeda-region from Babylonian "Anunitu" through Syriac deities to the Greek mythological princess (by Susanne M Hoffmann 2016)]]
The Greek legend of a '''princess sacrificed''' to a sea monster is know from two places: 1) Troy where the hero Hercules rescued the Troyan princess Hesione who was offered to the seamonster by her father, and 2) Jaffa (other spellings: Japho, Joppa, Yāfō and Yāfā) where the hero Perseus rescued the princess Andromeda. Hesione should pay for the sins of her father, Andromeda for those of her mother and both are considered to rescue their people with it. The kingdom in Anatolia where the Hesione myth stems from is said to have been established by Perseus which may imply a connection between the two tales.

In Babylonian time, the western part of the constellation was named "[[Anunitu]]" which is a by-name of the goddess of love and war, Ishtar. She was depicted next to her lover, the god of shepherds, Dumuzi, represented by the constellation of the Hired Man (Akkadian: ''Agru'', mul lúḪUN.GÁ) as reported in MUL.APIN I i 42-43. Ishtar's attribute animal is the lion as they represent her on the famous city gate of Babylon, the Ishtar Gate (now: Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin).

=== Goddess of Ashkelon ===
In Ashkelon (40 km south of Tel Aviv), a special syncretism was worshipped: the Babylonian goddess of love was merged with the Egyptian goddess of love. The goddess of Ashkelon was strongly connected with fish as her attribute animal. Fish were holy for her and she is even occasionally depicted with a fish-tail. Thus, the northern one of the two fish of modern Pisces, was originally meant as an attribut of the goddess.

The Greek mythology of Andromeda originates from the area of Tel Aviv where a rock in the water used to be called "Andromeda's Rock" since at least Greco-Roman time. The story, of course, is much older, predates the written sources and similar mythologies existed in other areas (such as Troy, Anatolia, modern-day Turkey). <gallery>
File:Andromeda-pisces.jpg|Andromeda with one of the fish of Pisces next to her. Engraving of the Farnese globe by Louis-Philippe Boitard (fl. 1733–58).
File:Andromeda Farnse stellarium.jpg|Andromeda drawing on the Farnese Globe with a fish (unconnected to the other in Pisces) as her attribute, mapped to Stellarium. When her head is at α And, her right arm cannot be placed at ι, κ, λ And but needs to be placed further east (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann 2021).
File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|Goddess of Ashkelon with a fish tail; coin ~100 BCE.
File:And+horse+camel ArabianSky.png|The Indigenous Arabian constellations of The Horse and The Camel next to the adopted Syrian constellation of the Love Goddess with a Fish (Andromeda) in an al-Sufi manuscript dating AH 519/ 1125 CE, copied by 'Ali bin 'Abd al-Jalil bin 'Ali bin Muhammad. Islamic Arts Biennale 2025 exhibition: of [[Al Faras|al-Faras]] al-Kamil and [[An-naqa|al-Naqa]]. (Museum of Islamic Art in Doha, Qatar. MS.2.1998), study by [https://www.academia.edu/11565988/The_Most_Authoritative_Copy_of_%CA%BFAbd_al_Rahman_al_Sufi_s_Tenth_century_Guide_to_the_Constellations_In_God_is_Beautiful_He_Loves_Beauty_The_Object_in_Islamic_Art_and_Culture_ed_by_Sheila_Blair_and_Jonathan_Bloom_New_Haven_Yale_UP_2013_pp_122_155 Emilie Savage-Smith (2013)].
File:Sufi74v beduinConst Fish+Camel+Horse.jpg|Detail from "Kitāb Ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thābitah", Bodleian Library MS. Huntington 212, from Mosul 1170, [https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/fba70a3f-2cf2-40cd-8d43-017b3eaed5c3/surfaces/ef471168-0326-4b79-b9b4-b6e91786c4fb/ digitalisation] . Clearly visible that the lady (goddess/ Andromeda) rides on the fish.
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Andromeda with a fish next to her in a 15th century copy of as-Sufi's Book of Fixed Stars (Forschungsbibliothek Gotha).
</gallery>

=== Other deities ===
'''Herodotus (Historia, I, 105)''' mentions that the cult of Ashkelon came through Cyprus to Greece; the temple in Ashkelon is the oldest one, he says, and equals the Greek "Celestial Aphrodite" (Aphrodite Urania) with her. The goddess of Ashkelon is a love goddess who is a syncretism of the Egyptian Isis, Phoenician and Babylonian goddess. "Aphrodite Urania" got a temple in "the gardens" (ἐν κήποις) in Athens.

'''Strabo (XVI,4,27)''' identifies Aphrodite Urania (Ἀφροδίτη Οὐρανία) with Atargatis, the Dea Syria with the most important temple in Bambyke (close to modern Aleppo).

The Roman poet '''Ovid''' reports a story of the goddess of love, Aphrodite, escaping from the Giants with her son, Eros. When they arrived at the Euphrates, they jumped into the water and were rescued by two fish.

Ovid also reports a story of the birth of Aphrodite/ Venus from a huge egg that was rolled out of the Euphrates river by a fish. This creation myth of the goddess (invented in Roman time) contradicts the classical Greek creation myth where Aphrodite is born from the foam of the sea. This traditional narrative gave her the name because Ἀφροδίτη derives from ἀφρός, ''aphrós'', foam.

'''Result:''' Dea Syria is identified with

* Atargatis, a goddess of love and fertility from Bambyke,
* Derketo, a goddess of love and the sea from Ashkelon,
* Aphrodite Urania, a love goddess, worshipped in Cyprus and Athens
* Tarantha, a variant of Atargatis worshipped in Edessa
<gallery>
File:Sanctuary of Aphrodite Urania, Athens.jpg|Sanctuary of Aphrodite Urania, Athens
File:Altar of Aphrodite Urania.jpg|Altar of Aphrodite Urania, Athenia Agora, current state
File:Aphrodite Ourania Ladder.jpg|Terracotta ladder, symbol of Aphrodite Ourania, goddess of marriage, 6th century BC. Acropolis Museum, Athens (phot o by Catlemur).
File:Erotes, relief, Aphrodite Urania, 2nd century BC, ACMA, 224961.jpg|Slab with a procession of Erotes who hold oinochoai and incense burners. Sanctuary of the Aphrodite Urania, probably from the precinct of sanctuary, 2nd century BC. Acropolis Museum Athens, NAM 1451 (photo by Zde on wikicommons)
File:Relief of Atargatis and Hadad from Dura-Europos.tif|Relief of Atargatis and Hadad (ca. 100–256 CE)
File:Statue of Atargatis, Amman.jpg|Statue of Atargatis, Amman
File:Coin of Atargatis.jpg|SYRIA, Cyrrhestica. ''Bambyce''. Abdahad. Circa 342-331 BC. AR Didrachm (6.72 g, 12h). "Atarateh" in Aramaic, draped bust of Atargatis left, wearing turreted crown; crescent and circle behind / “Abdahad” in Aramaic, Great King and driver, who hold reins, in quadriga of mules left. Mildenberg, Note 12 (this coin); Seyrig, ''Hieropolis'' pl. 1, 2; Price, More 14-15; BMC -; SNG Copenhagen -; SNG München -. EF, toned, test cut on reverse. Very rare. (342-335 BCE)
File:Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi.png|An ancient Sumerian depiction of the marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid
File:Ishtar Eshnunna Louvre AO12456.jpg|Ishtar holding her symbol. Terracotta relief, early 2nd millennium BC. From Eshnunna (2004-1595 BCE).
File:Ancient Akkadian Cylindrical Seal Depicting Inanna and Ninshubur.jpg|Ancient Akkadian Cylindrical Seal Depicting Inanna/ Ishtar and Ninshubur
File:Inanna-Ishtar diosa mesopotámica del cielo.jpg|A Mesopotamian goddess whose iconography may look "chained" to foreigners, either Innana/ Ishtar or Ereshkigal (probably the latter because of the owls).
File:Griepenkerl, Venus Urania.jpg|Venus Urania at the ceiling painting above the grand staircase in the Oldenburg Augusteum (1877/8)
</gallery>[[File:Andromeda Alm stellarium.jpg|thumb|Almagest Andromeda in Stellarium, drawn and labelled in Stellarium (Alina Schmidt, Lea Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann 2021)]]

=== Medieval and Early Modern Variants ===
...

==== Dürer ====
...

==== Bayer's Uranometria 1603 ====
Bayer's Star Catalogue follows Ptolemy but lists only 22 stars.
[[File:And Uranometria1603 (2).jpg|thumb|Andromeda Star Catalog in the Uranometria (1603). ]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!Bayer
!translation
|-
|
|α
|Caput Andromedae ỏ ĸοινὸς ἵπω. καὶ ἀνδρομέδασ ἀςὴζ. Hyginus: Eademenim stella & umbilicus Pegasi, et Andromedae caput appellatur.
|The head of Andromeda... Hyginus: this star is called the navel of Pegasus and the head of Andromeda.
|-
|
|β
|Ptolemaeo ἐν τῷ περι ζώμα.ι Australior, Arabibus Mirach, rectius Mizar, latinis Ventrale, plurimis cingulum dicitur.
|Towards noon, called by the Arabs Mirach, or more correct Mizar, the Latins call it Ventrale, most people call it Cingulum.
|-
|
|γ
|In Australi pede lucida, Alamak, seu Almaak, perperam Alhames.
|The bright one in the Southern foot, Alamak, or Almaak, but not correctly Alhames.
|-
|
|δ
|In eductione brachij sinistri Borealior, aliis in scapulâ dextrâ.
|
|-
|
|ε
|Australior
|The southern one
|-
|
|ζ
|In eiusdem προπηχίῳ.
|In the same...
|-
|
|η
|In cubito
|In the ellbow.
|-
|
|θ
|Εν τῷ προπηχίῳ dextro, trium Borealior,
|
|-
|
|ι
|In summâ manu dextrâ, trium Australior, quibusdam in extremitate spatulae, Ptole. ἐν ἄκρῳ τῆς χειρὸς.
|At the joint of the right hand, the southern one of the three, the one at the very extremity..., Ptole. "in the high hand"
|-
|
|κ
|Media.
|The middle one.
|-
|
|λ
|Borealior
|The northern one
|-
|
|μ
|ἐν τῷ περι ζώμα.ι Borealior.
|
|-
|
|ν
|Sequens in cathenâ
|The one that follows the chains.
|-
|
|ξ
|Ad suram pedis Borealis, superior.
|
|-
|
|ο
|In Cathenae annulo, nonnullis tres in dextrâ manu antecedens. Nonnusin Andro. lib: 25. Εισέ.ι δεσμὸν ἔχω καὶ ἐν ἀςζάσιν: vincula me in caelo retinent quoque.
|
|-
|
|π
|Pectus τὸς ῆθος, ςέρνον Andromedae, Elecile tereballe, tabularum auctoribus in scapulis, Ptole. ἐν τῷ μεταφρένῳ.
|
|-
|
|ρ
|Εν τῷ προρηχίῳ dextro trium media.
|
|-
|
|σ
|Australior.
|
|-
|
|τ
|In femore Australi
|
|-
|
|υ
|in genu.
|
|-
|
|φ
|in femore dexto, seu Boreali
|
|-
|
|χ
|Ad suram pedis Borealis, inferior
|
|-
|
|ψ
|In dextrae manus pollice.
|
|-
|
|ω
|Surae Borealis media.
|
|-
|
|A
|in tibiâ.
|
|-
|
|b
|Εν τῷ σύρμα.ι περιποδίῳ Astrologis Adhil.
|
|-
|
|c
|In pedis plantâ Septentrionalis
|
|}

==== Medieval and Early Modern Maps ====
<gallery>
File:Aratea 30v.jpg|Andromeda in the Leiden Aratea (c. 830)
File:F19.v. Andromeda NLW MS 735C.png|F19.v. Andromeda NLW MS 735C (dated 1150). The oldest scientific manuscript in the National Library the volume contains various Latin texts on astronomy. The volume, written in Caroline minuscule, consists of two sections, the first (ff. 1-26) copied c. 1000, in the Limoges area of France, probably in the milieu of Adémar de Chabannes (989-1034), whilst the second (ff. 27-50), from a scriptorium in the same region, may be dated c. 1150.
File:Andromeda et Cassiopeia - Mercator.jpeg|Andromeda on the Mercator Globe (1551)
File:And Uranometria1603 (1).jpg|Andromeda in Uranographia (1603).
File:Andromeda Hevelius.jpg|Andromeda in Hevelius (1690)
File:IV. Cassiopeia, Perseus, Andromeda... Coelum Stellatum.jpg|Andromeda in Bode (1801) http://raremaps.com/gallery/detail/73725/iv-cassiopeia-perseus-andromeda-coelum-stellatum-bode
File:Alexander Jamieson - Andromeda, Perseus & Caput Medusae.jpg|Andromeda in Alexander Jamieson (1822)
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Gloria Frederici, Andromeda, and Triangula.jpg|Sidney Hall (1825), Urania's Mirror. Constellations Gloria Frederici, Andromeda, and Triangula.
File:And earlymod.JPG|Andromeda in Carlos Simon's 1894 atlas
</gallery>

== Mythology ==

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==

=== Inside the ancient constellations (Ptolemy's Almagest: convex hulls) ===
...

=== Inside the modern constellation (IAU Boundaries) ===
HIP 4463,HIP 3693,HIP 677,HIP 113726,HIP 116584,HIP 7607,HIP 9640,HIP 116292,HIP 117221,HIP 116849,HIP 116584,HIP 116941,HIP 117963,HIP 118214,HIP 118004,HIP 118224,HIP 116579,HIP 116667,HIP 116761,HIP 117426,HIP 117000,HIP 117503,HIP 118177,HIP 116030,HIP 116365,HIP 116360,HIP 116781,HIP 117844,HIP 118230,HIP 115530,HIP 115567,HIP 115667,HIP 116267,HIP 116354,HIP 116847,HIP 116882,HIP 117769,HIP 114604,HIP 115065,HIP 115261,HIP 115191,HIP 115755,HIP 116127,HIP 116312,HIP 116259,HIP 116582,HIP 116626,HIP 116631,HIP 116657,HIP 116805,HIP 116940,HIP 117129,HIP 117672,HIP 118071,HIP 767,HIP 841,HIP 63,HIP 424,HIP 1346,HIP 1456,HIP 1642,HIP 1026,HIP 3414,HIP 3638,HIP 3365,HIP 3045,HIP 3919,HIP 3854,HIP 3604,HIP 4317,HIP 4288,HIP 2565,HIP 2865,HIP 3331,HIP 3070,HIP 4366,HIP 3719,HIP 3946,HIP 4235,HIP 1477,HIP 1799,HIP 2583,HIP 2355,HIP 3031,HIP 3885,HIP 4197,HIP 3830,HIP 3914,HIP 4329,HIP 858,HIP 619,HIP 652,HIP 659,HIP 1630,HIP 1123,HIP 1657,HIP 1208,HIP 1493,HIP 1952,HIP 2243,HIP 3092,HIP 4159,HIP 3617,HIP 4246,HIP 4005,HIP 432,HIP 394,HIP 1769,HIP 2241,HIP 2475,HIP 2539,HIP 2912,HIP 3438,HIP 2942,HIP 3897,HIP 4390,HIP 4058,HIP 3,HIP 19,HIP 1333,HIP 1030,HIP 1366,HIP 1686,HIP 1715,HIP 1579,HIP 1473,HIP 1809,HIP 2576,HIP 2270,HIP 2851,HIP 2753,HIP 4129,HIP 3981,HIP 4185,HIP 4436,HIP 365,HIP 525,HIP 714,HIP 508,HIP 626,HIP 1164,HIP 1575,HIP 2948,HIP 3293,HIP 3231,HIP 3494,HIP 3840,HIP 3881,HIP 4017,HIP 4127,HIP 137,HIP 119,HIP 254,HIP 1009,HIP 1011,HIP 1093,HIP 1474,HIP 1496,HIP 1233,HIP 1302,HIP 1501,HIP 1818,HIP 1905,HIP 2225,HIP 2455,HIP 2553,HIP 2900,HIP 4411,HIP 4501,HIP 4555,HIP 4771,HIP 4675,HIP 5551,HIP 5993,HIP 6162,HIP 6411,HIP 6481,HIP 6047,HIP 5650,HIP 6682,HIP 6858,HIP 6401,HIP 6711,HIP 6733,HIP 6813,HIP 6259,HIP 6560,HIP 4584,HIP 4688,HIP 5434,HIP 5939,HIP 5677,HIP 4983,HIP 6999,HIP 6087,HIP 7457,HIP 4893,HIP 4809,HIP 4608,HIP 4510,HIP 4517,HIP 5034,HIP 4868,HIP 5339,HIP 5772,HIP 4889,HIP 5175,HIP 5717,HIP 5671,HIP 5544,HIP 6025,HIP 5586,HIP 5679,HIP 4552,HIP 4990,HIP 5055,HIP 5465,HIP 5765,HIP 5694,HIP 5936,HIP 4710,HIP 5270,HIP 5447,HIP 5550,HIP 6140,HIP 6568,HIP 6480,HIP 6925,HIP 7201,HIP 7147,HIP 7289,HIP 7344,HIP 4542,HIP 5045,HIP 5002,HIP 6010,HIP 6514,HIP 7321,HIP 7095,HIP 4903,HIP 5269,HIP 5298,HIP 5493,HIP 5944,HIP 6118,HIP 6823,HIP 6241,HIP 6709,HIP 6878,HIP 6794,HIP 7444,HIP 7513,HIP 5276,HIP 7719,HIP 7825,HIP 7944,HIP 7918,HIP 9640,HIP 9158,HIP 9045,HIP 7651,HIP 8127,HIP 8370,HIP 8044,HIP 7700,HIP 7994,HIP 8123,HIP 7793,HIP 7767,HIP 7775,HIP 7818,HIP 7991,HIP 8814,HIP 8902,HIP 8922

== References ==

* Ian Ridpath, [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/andromeda.html Star Tales, Online edition]
* Strabo, Geography (1st century)
* Josephus Flavius, Bellum Judaicum (1st century)

[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

Zhou

2026-02-23T10:20:57Z

IanRidpath: /* IAU Star Name */ Copyedit

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Zhou on Suzhou star map.jpg|thumb|Zhou on Suzhou star map]]
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Zhou (周)}}

This is a traditional Chinese star name of one of the stars in the historical Chinese constellation of Tianshi (Celestial Marketplace).

Zhou is also a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is the Chinese traditional star name. It is the name of HIP77233 (β Ser, HR 5867) in constellation Ser.

__FORCETOC__
== Etymology and History of the Name ==

=== Explanation of the Name ===
The name "Zhou [周]" comes from the Zhou Dynasty (1046 BCE–256 BCE), which established a powerful state after overthrowing the Shang dynasty and enfeoffed many vassals. However, after the fall of the Western Zhou (1046 BCE - 771 BCE), the Eastern Zhou (770 BCE–256 BCE) moved the capital to Luoyang, and their power gradually declined. The vassals grew stronger and no longer recognized the Zhou's authority, declaring themselves kings and reducing Zhou's territory to a small area. Thus, in the Tianshiyuan, Zhou did not hold a transcendent position but was on par with other regional vassal states.

An alternative explanation for the star name "Zhou" would be a location within the super-constellation of Tianshi, The Celestial Marketplace (instead of a dynasty). Many other stars in Tianshi refer to specific places, e.g. the "Wei" could refer to the territory used to belong to the Wei kingdom, and the star names Nanhai and Hejian are place names instead of vassals. Hence, Tianshi consists of stars related to merchants from different places, so "Zhou" can be interpreted as a place name, too.

=== Spelling ===
An alternative spelling of this Chinese star name (Chow) is given in Allen (1899). This spelling is outdated and reflects neither the international Pinyin ("zhou") nor the Wade-Giles ("chou") Romanisation system. It originates from the first English-Chinese dictionary compiled by missionary Robert Morrison, who created the Morrison Romanization system to transcribe Chinese. According to the preface of the book, the Romanization was based on the Nanjing dialect of Mandarin at that time. According to [https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/abstract/abstract10177.shtml the article (Chen Hui 2010)]<ref>陈辉. 19世纪东西洋士人所记录的汉语官话[J]. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2010, 40(6): 75-.

Chen Hui. Mandarin Dialects as Recorded by Western and Eastern Intellectuals in the 19th Century, ''Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)'' 2010, 40(6): 75-.</ref>, Beijing dialect was then considered to be the Mandarin spoken with a Manchu (invader) accent, while Nanjing Mandarin was viewed as the standard. All dialects have the same pronunciation of the character "周", which is [tʂ ou]. Over time, the Beijing Mandarin gradually evolved to be regarded as the standard.

Today and since 1958, ''Pinying'' is a national standard of China. In addition, since 1982 the system has been adopted by the ''International Organization for Standardization'' as ISO 7098 (1982), which was updated first in 1991 as ISO 7098 (1991) and again in 2015 as ISO 7098 (2015), while ISO 7089 (2015) was unanimously approved by all the member states of the ISO, including USA and UK which disapproved and abstained respectively for technical reasons in 1982.

Pinyin is now the national and international standard, and its spelling "Zhou" for the star name is used in China and by the National Palace Museum in Taipei.

=== Constellation & Star Name ===
Since the Han dynasty, the number of stars in the Tianshi (Celestial Market) was fixed at 22, with each star representing a different state or region. The names of these states mostly originated from the Spring and Autumn（770 BCE–476 BCE) and Warring States (475 BCE–221 BCE) periods.

The Tianshi constellation consisting of 22 stars was formed at the Western Han (202 BCE - 8 CE) period, with star names changing before the Tang dynasty. Ever since the establishment of the Tianshi constellation, the star name "Zhou" (identified as β Ser) has always been one of the stars in the Celestial Marketplace. For approximately 2000 years, this star name is unchanged.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Name
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', '''5''' (1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong [伊世同]. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao [中西对照恒星图表1950]''. Beijing: Science Press. 1981: p. 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p. 226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai [潘鼐]. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi [中国恒星观测史]''. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p. 443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
! SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, pp. 241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang [杨伯顺], ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu [中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究]'' (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). p. 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
|Zhou
|β Ser
|β Ser
|β Ser
|β Ser
|β Ser
|β Ser
|β Ser
|}

== Images ==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" caption="Zhou">
File:Zhou on Suzhou star map.jpg|Zhou on Suzhou star map
File:Zhou on Xinyixiangfayao star map.jpg|Zhou on Xinyixiangfayao star map
</gallery>

== IAU Star Name ==
The word is simple, short and easy, even for people who don't know Chinese.

The star name "Chow" is already in SIMBAD and correctly associated with [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Chow&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id Beta Serpentis (SIMBAD)], so the WGSN should register this name in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names. However, the correct spelling in Pinyin Chinese would be "Zhou".
[[File:Allen p376.jpg|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|Screenshot from Allen (1899), showing the name "Chow" in the constellation Serpens as one of many possibilities. ]]

=== Usage of the name in modern texts ===
At least these six papers already used the name (although in old spelling) which shows its acceptance.
# John Reeves, Esq. F.R.&L.S. ""Chinese Names of Stars and Constellations collected at the Request of the Author of this Dictionary"" in Robert Morrison (1819) ""A Dictionary of the Chinese Language in Three Parts, Volumes 1-2"" (Honorable East India Company's Press).
# Richard Hinckley Allen (1899) ""Star-Names and their Meanings"" (G.E. Stechert, New York).
# Robert Burnham, Jr. (1978) ""Burnham's Celestial Handbook: An Observer's Guide to the Universe Beyond the Solar System"" (Dover Publications).
# Howard Schneider (2009) ""Backyard Guide to the Night Sky"" (National Geographic Books).
# Shaya E.J. & Olling R.P. (2011; 2011ApJS..192....2S) ""Very wide binaries and other comoving stellar companions: a Bayesian analysis of the Hipparcos catalogue"".
# Jones et al. (2015; 2015ApJ...813...58J) ""The ages of A-stars. I. Interferometric observations and age estimates for stars in the Ursa Major moving group"".
Obviously, the name and the spelling appears to have started appearing in international literature after appearing in the work by John Reeves, Esq. F.R.&L.S. "''Chinese Names of Stars and Constellations collected at the Request of the Author of this Dictionary''" in Robert Morrison (1819) "''A Dictionary of the Chinese Language in Three Parts, Volumes 1-2''" (Honorable East India Company's Press), and it was later spread through Richard Hinckley Allen's (1899) "''Star-names and their meanings''" (G.E. Stechert, New York). Although Allen (1899) is known to be partially outdated and incorrect, this book has been one of the best sold and most commonly known references for star names in the 20th century.

This is a case where the Chinese name was uniquely attributed to this star, i.e. not an entire asterism - strengthening its attachment.

=== Other names for this star ===
The only other name for Beta Ser that we are aware of is "'''Nasak Shamiya I'''" from Rhoads (1971), from the Arabic asterism that Rhoads transliterated as "Nasaḳ Shāmiyy". Danielle Adams in her PhD thesis (p.166) transliterated this as "al-nasaq al-shāmī " which makes the name even longer and more complicated. Regardless, this was an asterism with several stars, and the Rhoads version of the name with the Roman numeral did not really come into common usage.

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2024/12/05.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

== References ==
[[References]]

[[References (Chinese)]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:East Asian]][[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:single star-asterism]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Ser]]

Zembra

2026-02-23T10:15:39Z

IanRidpath: Copyedit

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Zembra}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Zembra is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HATS-72 in constellation Aqr.

==Etymology and History==

Zembra (زمبرة) is an island in the Gulf of Tunis, known for its wildlife and seabirds. It is part of the UNESCO Iles Zembra et Zembretta Biosphere Reserve, Tunisia.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2023/08/01.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* NEWC Tunesia: Places and species associated with UNESCO biosphere reserves in Tunisia.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Aqr]] [[Category:Arabic]]

Yuyu

2026-02-23T10:13:36Z

IanRidpath: Superscript and capital

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangYUYU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Rakata in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Yuyu.png|thumb|Lintang Yuyu in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250920-122256526.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Yuyu (a freshwater crab), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Yuyu is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of yuyu is found in intersection of Anggara (Tuesday, in saptawara) and Paing (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang yuyu means freshwater crab constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> Constellation Yuyu is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

==Etymology and History==
Yuyu (IPA: /ˈjuju/ [ˈju.ju]) is borrowed from Javanese (yuyu), inherited from Old Javanese, hayuyu, means crab.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* djudju (old spelling)
* rakata
* wulusun
* kěpiting

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Yuyu refers to crab in general, and always specify as a freshwater crab. The other word for yuyu is ketam, and is often found in rivers, lakes and rice fields; including in the ditches and surrounding land.

In Bali, yuyu can be found in rice fields. However, yuyu are considered pests in rice fields because they often make holes in the ground. Basically, this would be fine if the rice fields were flat. However, in Bali, almost all rice fields are terasering or terraced to facilitate irrigation. The holes made by yuyu will disrupt and thwart the designed subak irrigation system, which then causes water to be wasted down there in vain.

In addition, sometimes Balinese people make cetik using yuyu. Cetik is a traditional Balinese poison that has been legendary for hundreds of years. However, many people still misinterpret it as something mystical, related to occultism. Cetik is more of a traditional Balinese poison that can be made specifically from plant, animal, or certain metal starches that have strong and deadly toxic properties, and are mixed with spiritual practices. According to the Usada cetik palm leaf, Cetik is actually a type of traditional poison that is mixed using natural ingredients in nature. Because it is taken from nature, the antidote is also in nature.

Usually the poisonous yuyu used for this is a type of atergatis floridus. This yuyu is then put into a bottle, and stored in the ground for months to get its extract naturally until it produces oil. This oil is used as cetik.

This cetik usually attacks people's liver and heart organs. First aid for this type of cetik is usually by drinking bungkak or young coconut water every day until the symptoms subside.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Yuyu AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|center|thumb|1155x1155px|Yuyu in "Identification of Balinese constellations" (Maaß 1929, appendix).]]

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
There is a famous mythology in Bali about Yuyu. This mythology refers to the story of the interruption of water flow from Lake Batur. The one is related to feud between Dewi Danu and Ida Bhatara Kehen. While the other story is unknown cause. While in both story, someone created an iron yuyu. The iron yuyu would make a hole to restore the water flow.

=== Dewi Danu ===
Yuyu is associated with the story of the journey of the goddess Danu selling water from the Batur spring (related to the story of catur kumba) which was mandated by the god Indra. Long story short, after completing her mandate, the goddess Danu transformed into a village girl who sold gantal (betel leaf rolls used for offerings) in Kehen. Ida Batara Kehen saw her and fell in love then raped Dewi Danu because she refused to marry him. The furious Dewi Danu finally created Bangli Hill which stretches from east to west in the south of the city to block the flow of Lake Batur water from reaching Kehen.

However, Bhatara Kehen created eels and iron yuyu to make holes in Bangli Hill so that irrigation could resume. When returning to Batur, Dewi Danu left her bronze bowl in Kehen so she sent her son to retrieve it. Bhatara Kehen who was still disappointed still returned the bowl but would charge a tax of 1300 kepeng (coins) if the goddess passed through his territory in the south when she was about to perform the melasti ritual (cleansing ritual) on the beach. Dewi Danu replied by saying that every Balian who has a genta in Bangli must pay 225 kepeng (coins) to Pura Batur.

=== Based on Lontar in Pura Pancering Jagat Trunyan ===
In a palm leaf found in Pura Pancering Jagat Trunyan, it is written about the reciprocal relationship between Pura Kehen and Pura Ratu Gede Pancering Jagat in Trunyan. The palm leaf explains the story of Yuyu Besi and Lindung Besi when Bangli and Gianyar experienced a period of famine. The palm leaf tells that in the past, the water of Lake Batur flowed throughout Bangli to the Gianyar region. However, the water flowing from Lake Batur suddenly stopped for no clear reason. The King of Bangli who was in power at that time, Sri Adhikunti Ketana finally made Yuyu (Crab) Besi and Lindung (Eel) Besi.

When the King of Bangli was busy preparing Yuyu Besi and Lindung Besi, the word of Ida Hyang Tanda (Bhatara at Pura Kehen) came down so that the two objects were sunk to the bottom of Lake Batur. The word also states that when the two objects succeed in flowing water back to the Bangli and Gianyar regions, the two objects should be lifted back up and placed in a shrine.

The iron crab and the iron lindung are not just tools in the form of Yuyu or Lindung. Both tools are given special powers so that they can create waterways and water can flow again throughout the Bangli and Gianyar areas.

From this story, finally Hyang Da Tonta Ratu, Bagus Yuyu Besi and Lindung Besi were finally sanctified and made sacred by the people of Trunyan Village. "In the past, when they were going to be placed in a shrine, Hyang Da Tonta Ratu, Bagus Yuyu Besi, and Lindung Besi had to come to Pura Kehen as a symbol of asking for permission. This is the origin of why anyone who was going to build a shrine or renovate a shrine in Trunyan had to do matur piuning at Pura Kehen first, because Kehen is the wit or origin.

Not only when they were going to build a shrine, Hyang Da Tonta Ratu, Ida Bhatara Bagus Yuyu Besi, and Lindung Besi also took part in every major procession at Pura Kehen.

According to folklore, who are Ratu Bagus Yuyu Besi and Lindung Besi, they are related to Ratu Bangli. It is said that the Queen of Bangli had a daughter named Hyang Daha. She lived in Pasraman Taman Sari.

It is also said that the King of Trunyan had a son who was given the title Ratu Bagus. After they were both adults, Ratu Bagus fell in love with Hyang Daha. The two of them married and settled in Bangli. When the water of Lake Batur dried up, the King of Bangli making Crabs and Iron Lindung. After being given power by Hyang Pemayun in Kehen, his son-in-law and daughter were sent to sink the heirloom to the bottom of Lake Batur. After some time, the lake water returned to normal, the heirloom was lifted again and made sacred and carried by the entire Trunyan community.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Yuyu.png|Lintang Yuyu (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinYUYU.jpg|Lintang Yuyu in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangYUYU.jpg|Lintang Rakata in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Ulungsung.jpg|Lintang Ulungsung (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Anggara (Tuesday, in saptawara) has a value of 3 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 12.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
They are rich in their life, can quickly bring fortune and money and stay young. Many have good and loyal friends. They are actually cowardly, but when provoked their emotions forget everything until regretting later, they are generous and light-handed. Unfortunately, they are very greedy when sharing profits and fortune.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Rudirarnawa (garnet), mirah (ruby)<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Tarf
| HIP 40526
| within constellation lines
| 3.52
|-
| 2
| Asellus Australis
| HIP 42911
| within constellation lines
| 3.94
|-
| 3
| ι1 Cancri
| HIP 43103
| within constellation lines
| 4.018
|-
| 4
| Acubens
| HIP 44066
| within constellation lines
| 4.249
|-
| 5
| Asellus Borealis
| HIP 42806
| within constellation lines
| 4.652
|-
| 6
| θ Cancri
| HIP 41822
| Inside the Hull
| 5.337
|-
| 7
| 27 Cnc
| HIP 41400
| Inside the Hull
| 5.5
|-
| 8
| 45 Cnc
| HIP 42795
| Inside the Hull
| 5.65
|-
| 9
| [AKS95] 73
| [AKS95] 73
| Inside the Hull
| 5.832
|-
| 10
| 50 Cnc
| HIP 43121
| Inside the Hull
| 5.885
|-
| 11
| 29 Cnc
| HIP 41578
| Inside the Hull
| 5.948
|-
| 12
| 21 Cnc
| HIP 41163
| Inside the Hull
| 6.08
|-
| 13
| [AKS95] 69
| [AKS95] 69
| Inside the Hull
| 6.176
|-
| 14
| -
| HIP 42010
| Inside the Hull
| 6.247
|-
| 15
| Meleph
| HIP 42556
| Inside the Hull
| 6.29
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 42187
| Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
| 17
| 54 Cnc
| HIP 43454
| Inside the Hull
| 6.361
|-
| 18
| 39 Cnc
| HIP 42516
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 19
| -
| HIP 42549
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 43427
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 21
| -
| HIP 41833
| Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==

In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Yuyu" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star Iota Cnc or HIP 43103 is in the leg which was selected because Yuyu's feet are commonly used in Banten Caru and certain Banten Sesayut ceremonies. Furthermore, the yuyu is considered an animal that embodies the concept of Nyegara-Gunung in Balinese cosmology, meaning it maintains the balance of energy and space. Therefore, it is considered a local animal that carries the energy of the land and water, making it ideal for fertility and natural balance rituals.

February 2026, the name Yuyu was adopted for the star ι Cancri ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=iota+Cnc&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]) in [[Cancer]].

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Cnc]]

Yunü

2026-02-23T10:11:21Z

IanRidpath: /* Etymology & History of the term */ Capitalization

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Yunv in the Xuanyuan Constellation.jpg|thumb|Yunü in the Xuanyuan Constellation]]
Yunü御女 is the star in the middle of the southernmost stars of the [[Xuanyuan|Xuanyuan轩辕]] constellation.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Yunü (御女)}}
== Etymology & History of the term ==
According to ancient Chinese astrological theory, the Xuanyuan constellation represents the group of imperial consorts. In this context, 31 Leo was given different meanings by various astrological schools. The Huangdi school, for instance, believed this star represented the son born to the empress (Alpha Leonis), while other scholars such as Shi School and Jiao Yanshou identified it as Nüyu<ref>Qutan Xida. Kaiyuanzhanjing 开元占经. Sikuquanshu. Vol. 66: 13-15. [https://archive.org/details/06060547.cn/page/n83/mode/2up online version]</ref>, indicating a lower-ranking concubine of the emperor. The latter meaning became popular later. Before the Tang dynasty, this star was consistently referred to as Nüyu. However, after the Song dynasty, the term Yunü became more prevalent.

The two terms "Nüyu" and "Yunü" have the same meaning, with the order of the two syllables being reversed.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)
!Rufus and Tien
Suzhou map<ref>Rufus. W. C., Hsing-chin Tien. ''The Soochow Astronomical Chart''. Ann Arbor: University of Michegan Press. 1945, Pp23-24.</ref>
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 116-117.</ref>
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p222.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref>B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 292.</ref>
|-
|[[Yunü]]/17th
|Pi/31 Leo
|Pi/31 Leo
|31 Leo
| 31 Leo
|31 Leo
|31 Leo
|}

=== Alternative Mentionings and Spellings ===
[[File:VanDalen2000 page173.png|alt=van Dalen (2000) page 173 screenshot|thumb|van Dalen (2000) page 173 screenshot]]We found other references that mention the name and provide a transliteration that should be referenced in the online page.

*1) "Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: Conforming Earth to Heaven" by David W. Pankenier (2013).

*2) "A Non-Ptolemaic Islamic Star Table in Chinese" by Benno van Dalen in ''Sic itur ad astra''. Studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften. Festschrift für Paul Kunitzsch zum 70. Geburtstag (eds. Menso Folkerts and Richard P. Lorch), Wiesbaden (Harrassowitz) 2000, pp. 147-176.

From Pankenier:

*Footnote 71: "The small star to its south, 31 Leo with apparent magnitude 4.37, is Lady-in-Waiting, nü- yü 女御 (or 御女)."

*Footnote 95: "I.e. the Official Consort or Empress, consistently identified as “large” or the “largest,” is Regulus. The small star to its south, 31 Leo with apparent magnitude 4.37, is Lady-in-Waiting, nu ̈yu, 女御 (or yunu ̈御女)."

From van Dalen (see attached scan of page from his book):

*"Waiting-maid 御女 yunü 31 Leo"

==Images==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="2" caption="Yunü">
File:Yunv on the Suzhou Star Chart.jpg|Yunü on the Suzhou Star Chart
File:Yunv on the Qing Dynasty Star Chart.jpg|alt=|Yunü on the Qing Dynasty Star Chart
</gallery>

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
In 2024 the name was suggested to the WGSN. For the use in English language (research papers in astrophysics), we prefer the variant "Yunü" for [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=31+Leo&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id 31 Leo (SIMBAD)]. This star is a high proper motion-star with a visual magnitude of 4.38 mag. The spectral class K3 describes its reddish/ orange colour. 31 Leo currently lacks a proper name in SIMBAD.

Some editor in Wikipedia transliterated it as "''Yùnǚ"'' - but I can't find the source, however Google translate transliterates it as "Yù nǚ" ([https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/pronunciation/The_%22%C3%BC%22_vowel pronunciation guide]).

The name "Yunü" was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2024/07/18.

*

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==References==

*general list of References
*general list of [[References (Chinese)|Chinese References]]

[[Category:Single star-asterism]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Leo]]
<references />

Wouri

2026-02-23T09:59:20Z

IanRidpath: Copyedit

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Wouri}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Wouri is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Duala. It is the name of WASP-69 in constellation Aqr.

==Etymology and History==

The Wouri is an important river in Cameroon. The 15th-century Portuguese navigator Fernão do Pó noted the large number of shrimps in the river and called it “Rio dos Camerões” [river of shrimps], which was the source of the nation’s name Cameroon.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2023/08/01.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* NEWC Cameroon: Rivers and their tributaries in Cameroon that flow into the Gulf of Guinea.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Aqr]] [[Category:Duala]]

Wattle

2026-02-23T09:58:14Z

IanRidpath: Copyedit

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Wattle}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Wattle is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is English. It is the name of WASP-19 in constellation Vel.

==Etymology and History==

Wattle is a genus of approximately 1000 species of shrubs and trees. The Golden Wattle (Acacia pycnantha), whose colour alludes to the G-type star WASP-19, is native to Australia and is the official floral emblem of Australia.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2023/08/01.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* NEWC Australia: Names of native flora of Australia of cultural significance, whose characteristics allude to the properties of the celestial objects.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Vel]] [[Category:English]]

Vega

2026-02-23T09:56:09Z

IanRidpath: /* Reference */ Better Link

Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Vega 20250427 220112.mp4|thumb|Vega, sparkling in all colours: Vega is white by definition, the colours are caused by the Earth's atmosphere.]]
This is the name of the star α Lyrae in the constellation of [[Lyra]]. Kunitzsch and Smart (2006) note that it was applied in medieval times from an abbreviation of its original name ''alnasr al-waqi''<nowiki/>', "the Swooping Eagle (or Vulture)", alternatively used as an asterism name for α, ε, and ζ Lyr. Being used from the end of the 10th century CE, "Vega" is one of the oldest Arabic star names applied in Europe.

==Etymology and History==

Applied in medieval times from an abbreviation of its ind-A name alnasr al-waqi', "the Swooping Eagle (or Vulture)", alternatively used as an asterism name for α, ε, and ζ Lyr. Vega is one of the oldest Arabic star names applied in the West, from the end of the 10th century AD.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==

The name was approved with this spelling by the IAU WGSN on 2016/06/30.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
*Ian Ridpath [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/lyra.html#vega Star Tales Lyra]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

Ukdah

2026-02-23T09:50:39Z

IanRidpath: /* Etymology and History */ Capitalization

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Ukdah}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Ukdah is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 47431 (ι Hya, HR 3845) in constellation Hya.

==Etymology and History==

Kazwini knew the stars Tau1, Tau2 Hya as عقدة ʽuqdah (or ʽuḳdah), Arabic "knot". Rhoads (1971) considers this asterism consisting of four stars: Tau1, Tau2, 33, and ι Hya.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2018/06/01.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Rhoads (1971)

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Hya]] [[Category:Arabic]]

Udang

2026-02-23T09:49:14Z

IanRidpath: Capitalization

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangUDA.jpg|thumb|Lintang Makara in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Hudang.png|thumb|Lintang Hudang in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-21311604.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Udang (a prawn), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Udang is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of udang is found in intersection of Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang udang means prawn constellation.<ref name=":2">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> Udang plays an important role in the economic sector. The shrimps are also used in purification offerings, banten sesayut, as a symbol of cleansing and balancing the elements of the sea.

==Etymology and History==

Udang (IPA: [ˈu.daŋ]), means shrimp.
=== Spelling Variants ===

*hudang
*urang
*makara *)
<nowiki>*</nowiki>) Interestingly, the term "[[makara]]" is from the Indian Vedic tradition, there designating an elephant-fish or crocodile-like creature. It is seen in the same area of the sky (Capricornus) but is definitely not a shrimp or crab.

=== Origin of Constellation ===
[[File:Stamp of Indonesia - 2004 - Colnect 280262 - Traditional Food - Sambal udang terung pipit.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of Indonesia - 2004 - Colnect 280262 - Traditional Food - Sambal udang terung pipit]]
For Balinese people, shrimp is primarily viewed as a food commodity with high economic value and a key ingredient in Balinese cuisine. Shrimp, particularly whiteleg and tiger shrimp, is a leading fishery commodity in Bali with significant economic potential. The local and central governments fully support the development of shrimp cultivation in various regions in Bali, such as Jembrana and Buleleng, to meet local and export market demand. Shrimp is considered a source of high-quality protein with health benefits. Government campaigns to promote the consumption of fish and seafood, including shrimp, are also being promoted in Bali.<ref>Susanto, Agus, "KKP Mendorong Inovasi Konsumsi Udang—Lezat, Praktis, Bernutrisi!" (2025) https://kabarnusa.com/kkp-mendorong-inovasi-konsumsi-udang-lezat-praktis-bernutrisi/</ref>

Furthermore, shrimp symbolize good fortune and fertility, which are expected to bring prosperity to the community. This is reflected in the Balinese batik art, Batik Ulamsari Mas, which depicts fish and shrimp.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":2" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":2" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Udang Maass1929.jpg|center|thumb|1155x1155px|Udang in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He gives "Steinbock" (Capricornus) as identification, but it is unclear whether the entire constellation is meant. ]]

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Pura Dalem Sempua, located in Dalung Village, North Kuta District, Badung Regency, is known as a sacred Balinese Hindu site filled with mystical aura. Anyone entering this area must strictly adhere to a number of taboos. One of them is that the entire family of the priest is also strictly prohibited from consuming shrimp. This is because the "due" (guardian of the temple area) at Pura Dalem Sempua is in the form of tailless julit fish, tailless snakehead fish, and shrimp.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Hudang.png|Lintang Hudang (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinUDANG.jpg|Lintang Udang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangUDA.jpg|Lintang Makara in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Urang.jpg|Lintang Urang (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) has a value of 6 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 14.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Initially living in poverty but in old age can find happiness, rich in gold and silver, their fortune comes quickly. They are skilled in leading so that prosperity quickly comes to their followers.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (ruby), Nila (saphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Deneb Algedi
| HIP 107556
| within constellation lines
| 2.83
|-
| 2
| Dabih
| HIP 100345
| within constellation lines
| 3.08
|-
| 3
| Algedi
| HIP 100064
| within constellation lines
| 3.58
|-
| 4
| Nashira
| HIP 106985
| within constellation lines
| 3.67
|-
| 5
| ζ Capricorni
| HIP 105881
| within constellation lines
| 3.74
|-
| 6
| θ Capricorni
| HIP 104139
| Inside the Hull
| 4.07
|-
| 7
| ω Capricorni
| HIP 102978
| within constellation lines
| 4.12
|-
| 8
| ψ Capricorni
| HIP 102485
| within constellation lines
| 4.122
|-
| 9
| ι Capricorni
| HIP 105515
| Inside the Hull
| 4.27
|-
| 10
| Alshat
| HIP 100310
| Inside the Hull
| 4.76
|-
| 11
| η Capricorni
| HIP 104019
| Inside the Hull
| 4.84
|-
| 12
| * Rho Cap A
| HIP 101027
| Inside the Hull
| 4.93
|-
| 13
| υ Capricorni
| HIP 101984
| Inside the Hull
| 5.1
|-
| 14
| ϕ Capricorni
| HIP 104963
| Inside the Hull
| 5.152
|-
| 15
| χ Capricorni
| HIP 104365
| Inside the Hull
| 5.316
|-
| 16
| 29 Cap
| HIP 104974
| Inside the Hull
| 5.317
|-
| 17
| 33 Cap
| HIP 105665
| Inside the Hull
| 5.366
|-
| 18
| * 14 Cap A
| HIP 101923
| Inside the Hull
| 5.38
|-
| 19
| 30 Cap
| HIP 105143
| Inside the Hull
| 5.383
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 105576
| Inside the Hull
| 5.6
|-
| 21
| 35 Cap
| HIP 105928
| Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
| 22
| 19 Cap
| HIP 103226
| Inside the Hull
| 5.782
|-
| 23
| -
| HIP 102026
| Inside the Hull
| 5.799
|-
| 24
| -
| HIP 102772
| Inside the Hull
| 5.849
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 103460
| Inside the Hull
| 5.869
|-
| 26
| 17 Cap
| HIP 102487
| Inside the Hull
| 5.902
|-
| 27
| DV Aqr
| HIP 103545
| Inside the Hull
| 5.963
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 104914
| Inside the Hull
| 6.037
|-
| 29
| 21 Cap
| HIP 103703
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 101221
| Inside the Hull
| 6.11
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 101507
| Inside the Hull
| 6.116
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 104297
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 101608
| Inside the Hull
| 6.177
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 102780
| Inside the Hull
| 6.193
|-
| 35
| 27 Cap
| HIP 104452
| Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
| 36
| 20 Cap
| HIP 103616
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 101011
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 38
| -
| HR 7989
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==

In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Udang" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star Theta Capricorni (θ Cap), HIP 104139, is in the body of the shrimp. Constellation Udang is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

In February 2026, the name Udang was adopted as star name for θ Cap ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=tet+Cap&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]) in [[Capricornus]].

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Cap]] [[Category:Aqr]]

Tuiren

2026-02-22T22:51:23Z

IanRidpath: Copyedit

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Tuiren}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Tuiren is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Old Irish. It is the name of HAT-P-36 in constellation CVn.

==Etymology and History==

Tuiren was the aunt of the hunterwarrior Fionn mac Cumhaill of Irish legend, who was turned into a hound by the jealous fairy Uchtdealbh.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2019/12/17.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* 2019 IAU100 NameExoWorlds

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:CVn]] [[Category:Old Irish]]

Toliman

2026-02-22T22:48:09Z

IanRidpath: Specifying the component

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Toliman}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Toliman is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 71681 (α Cen B, HR 5460) in constellation Cen.

==Etymology and History==

Applied in recent times from some ind-A name al-zulman, "the Ostriches". Stars in today's Centaurus were variously identified with one or more ostriches by the ind-Arabs, but what star or stars were originally designated is unknown.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2018/08/10.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Cen]] [[Category:Arabic]]

Tojil

2026-02-22T22:46:30Z

IanRidpath: Copyedit

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Tojil}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Tojil is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Mayan. It is the name of WASP-22 in constellation Eri.

==Etymology and History==

Tojil is the name of one of the Mayan deities related to rain, storms, and fire.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2019/12/17.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* 2019 IAU100 NameExoWorlds

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Eri]] [[Category:Mayan]]

Tislit

2026-02-22T22:45:36Z

IanRidpath: Copyedit

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Tislit}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Tislit is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Amazigh. It is the name of WASP-161 in constellation Pup.

==Etymology and History==

Tislit is the name of a lake in the Atlas mountains of Morocco. It means the bride in the Amazigh language and it is associated with a heartbroken beautiful girl in an ancient local legend.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2019/12/17.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* 2019 IAU100 NameExoWorlds

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Pup]] [[Category:Amazigh]]

Gaja

2026-02-22T18:35:59Z

IanRidpath: Superscripts

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Gaja (गज)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangGAJA.jpg|thumb|Lintang Gajah in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Gadjah.png|thumb|Lintang Gadjah in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250917-125457465.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Gajah (an elephant), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Elephant-cage-01.jpg|thumb|Borobudur temple Park, Indonesia: A male elephant at Borobudur Elephant Cage (photo by CEphoto, Uwe Aranas").]]
Gaja is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of gaja is found in intersection of Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) and Paing, the second day in the five-day cycle (pancawara) of market days in a series of palelintangan. Lintang gaja means an elephant constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in ''Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928'', 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Gajah (IPA: /ˈɡad͡ʒah/ [ˈɡa.d͡ʒah]) is derived from Sanskrit गज, gaja, means elephant.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* gadja (old spelling)
* gaja
* gajah

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Among the various animals, elephants are animals that have almost always appeared in the history of human civilization. In this world, animals that are part of the Elephantidae family only have two types left, namely, the African Elephant - Loxodonta africana - the largest elephant species in the world, and the Asian Elephant - Elephas maximus. From the genus Loxodonta, there are two subspecies: Loxodonta africana - the African Elephant that lives in savanna areas, and Loxodonta cyclotis - the African Elephant that lives in African forests.

While the distribution of Asian Elephants is only in several Asian countries, including parts of West Asia, the coast of Iran, China, Bhutan, India, parts of Nepal, Burma, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The Asian Elephants are also divided into several subspecies; Elephas maximus indicus - Indian Elephant, the elephant with the largest population in Asia, and Elephas maximus maximus - a subspecies of elephant known as the Sri Lankan Elephant. These subspecies have the largest body size among other Asian elephants.

Although researchers have divided elephants into two species and several subspecies, it turns out that all elephants in the world are considered to have several similarities. In addition to being the largest mammal on land, elephants are also classified as the smartest animals in the world. In addition to their special abilities, elephants also have a psychology that is very similar to humans, they have emotions. With the various specialties they have, it is not surprising that elephants often appear in the history of human civilization. It is recorded that several nations in the world, especially Asia, have a close relationship with this elephant figure, of course, in a cultural context.

In Hinduism, the elephant has a connection with deities. On the one hand, an elephant is a vehicle of the God Indra; together they eradicate the forces of evil. Known as Airawata, this elephant takes the form of a white elephant. Airawata is also often referred to as the leader of the elephants in the world as well as the guardian of the universe.

On the other hand, God Ganesha is a god who has an elephant’s head with a human body. In India, Ganesha is one of the most widely worshiped gods. Ganesha is worshiped as the god of salvation and the wards off disaster or danger. In this aspect, the manifestation of Ganesha as a statue is often found in various places, such as riverbanks, ravines, and other places considered dangerous by the Hindu community. While in Indonesia, especially Bali and Java, Ganesha is well known as the god of knowledge, wisdom, peace, and the arts.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Gadjah Maass1929.jpg|center|thumb|1155x1155px|Gadjah in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He gives "Stier und Plejaden", Taurus and Pleiades, which might appear confusing, as in 1929, the constellation Taurus has already been defined by the IAU as containing the Pleiades. Yet, this information might not have been accessible yet for the ethnographer A. Maaß. ]]

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Gajah Airawata ===

==== India ====
In the Hindu concept, Airawata is the son of Irawati. She is one of the daughters of Daksha, one of the sons of Brahma. Many versions call Daksha one of the creator gods. In another version, Daksha is also called Kasyapa.

==== Thailand ====
Many versions also say that Airawata is the most famous mythological animal in Thailand, perhaps because of this animal, Thailand is nicknamed the land of the "White Elephant". Unlike the Indian version, in Thailand Airawata is known as Erawan. Its form is also slightly different from the Indian version. In Thai culture, Airawata or Erawan is an animal that takes the form of a three-headed white elephant with more than two tusks.

==== Puppet Version (Wayang) ====
Airawata is said to have originated from the process of digging the Samudera Manthana (Manthana ocean). Once upon a time, Garuda was on his way to find Tirta Amerta to free Kasyapa, his mother, who was being enslaved by Kadru, the mother of the dragons. In his searching, Garuda was told by the gods to cut the peak of Mount Mandaragiri and then dig the Manthana ocean using the peak. With the help of Vishnu, Garuda was able to find the Tirta Amerta. In the digging process, new figures emerged in the concept of this puppetry, including the Goddess Laksmi, later known as the shakti of Bhatara Visnu, Laksmi is worshiped as the god of fertility, prosperity, wealth, luck, justice, and wisdom, the Moon, Tirta Amerta and the Airawata Elephant itself. This version also says that the elephant Airawata had a brother, namely the elephant Puspadhenta, who was the mount of King Baladewa - in the Indian version known as Balarama, he was the older brother of Bhatara Kresna, ruling in the country of Mandura, the son of King Vasudewa.

=== Ganesha ===
In Hindu mythology, Ganesha is the son of Bhatara Siwa and the goddess Parvati. From this physical form, he is often called by the name Gajanama.

Once, Goddess Parvati, the wife of Lord Shiva, decided to take a bath in her palace located on the peak of Mount Kailash. However, every time she prepared to take a bath, the palace guards seemed unable to provide her with a peaceful privacy. Therefore, Goddess Parvati decided to create a loyal guard who would protect her while she took a bath. Parvati then collected the turmeric paste that covered her body, and from this simple material, she formed the figure of a boy. With her powers, she gave life to the figure and named him Ganesha. Parvati then gave a command to Ganesha, "My son, I am going to take a bath. Stand at the door and do not let anyone enter without my permission." Ganesha, full of responsibility, was ready to carry out his task faithfully.

Later, Lord Shiva, the husband of Goddess Parvati, returned to his palace. He was surprised to see an unfamiliar figure standing at the door. When Shiva tried to enter the room, Ganesha blocked his way. Shiva looked at him in surprise and asked, "Who are you, young man, who dares to block my way?". Politely and firmly, Ganesha replied, "My mother is taking a bath and does not want to be disturbed. I have been ordered not to let anyone enter, not even Lord Shiva himself."

Shiva, offended by the boy's audacity, glared at Ganesha sharply. "Little boy, you may not know who I am. I am Shiva, the ruler of the universe. No one can block my way, especially in my own house."

However, Ganesha remained loyal to his mother's orders and said that he was only carrying out the duties given by her.

Shiva was offended. Shiva then called the Ganas (his followers) to get rid of Ganesha, but none of them succeeded in defeating him. Seeing the situation getting tense, Shiva, who was impatient, finally released his Trident and cut Ganesha's head, separating it from his body. At that time, Goddess Parvati came out of her bathroom and found Ganesha lying lifeless. She cried seeing her son lying on the ground without a head. While Shiva stood nearby with his trident still in his hand. Parvati shouted angrily at Shiva in sadness while telling how Ganesha was created.

The remorseful Shiva promised to bring Ganesha back to life, but his body had to be given a new head. To get a human head, of course there had to be a severed toddler's neck. The beheading process could be done, only on the condition that the toddler had to be kidnapped when he was not in his mother's arms while sleeping. (Then this is one of the reasons why parents in India, Bali or Java have a habit of not putting their babies out of reach).

Because they could not find a baby or toddler sleeping separately from their mother, they looked for an animal head as a replacement. Shiva sent the Ganas (his followers) to look for the head of the first living creature they found facing north. After searching, they found an elephant. At that time the elephant ridden by the God Indra named Airawata was drunk and fell asleep in a position that violated the rules, namely sleeping with his head facing north. For this violation, the Ganas then beheaded the Elephant Airawata, and the elephant's head was then brought back to Shiva.

With his power, Lord Shiva attached the elephant's head to Ganesha's body and gave him life again. Ganesha came back to life, but this time with the head of an elephant. With this awakening, Shiva gave Ganesha the powers of the God of Dispelling Obstacles and the God of Wisdom, ensuring that he would be respected throughout the universe.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Gadjah.png|Lintang Gadjah (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinGAJAH.jpg|Lintang Gajah in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangGAJA.jpg|Lintang Gajah in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Gajah.jpg|Lintang Gajah (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

==Cultural Beliefs==
===Numerology (Neptu/Urip)===
Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) has a value of 5 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 14.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>
===Astrological Characteristics===
Authoritative, have supernatural powers, can get rich quickly, have a long life, have many children, but unfortunately they find it very difficult to accept criticism from others and are too firm in their positions.<ref name=":0" />
===Matching Gemstones===
Kecubung (amethyst), Mirah (ruby) dan Nila (Saphire).<ref name=":0" />
== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Aldebaran
| HIP 21421
| within constellation lines
| 0.86
|-
| 2
| Elnath
| HIP 25428
| within constellation lines
| 1.65
|-
| 3
| Tianguan
| HIP 26451
| within constellation lines
| 3.03
|-
| 4
| λ Tauri
| HIP 18724
| within constellation lines
| 3.41
|-
| 5
| Chamukuy
| HIP 20894
| Inside the Hull
| 3.41
|-
| 6
| Ain
| HIP 20889
| within constellation lines
| 3.53
|-
| 7
| ο Tauri
| HIP 15900
| within constellation lines
| 3.6
|-
| 8
| Atlas
| HIP 17847
| Inside the Hull
| 3.63
|-
| 9
| Prima Hyadum
| HIP 20205
| within constellation lines
| 3.65
|-
| 10
| ξ Tauri
| HIP 16083
| Inside the Hull
| 3.75
|-
| 11
| Secunda Hyadum
| HIP 20455
| within constellation lines
| 3.76
|-
| 12
| θ1 Tauri
| HIP 20885
| Inside the Hull
| 3.84
|-
| 13
| κ1 Tauri
| HIP 20635
| Inside the Hull
| 4.201
|-
| 14
| τ Tauri
| HIP 21881
| within constellation lines
| 4.258
|-
| 15
| υ Tauri
| HIP 20711
| Inside the Hull
| 4.282
|-
| 16
| δ3 Tauri
| HIP 20648
| Inside the Hull
| 4.298
|-
| 17
| 37 Tau
| HIP 19038
| Inside the Hull
| 4.37
|-
| 18
| 71 Tau
| HIP 20713
| Inside the Hull
| 4.48
|-
| 19
| ι Tauri
| HIP 23497
| Inside the Hull
| 4.615
|-
| 20
| σ2 Tauri
| HIP 21683
| Inside the Hull
| 4.665
|-
| 21
| π Tauri
| HIP 20732
| Inside the Hull
| 4.69
|-
| 22
| -
| HIP 21029
| Inside the Hull
| 4.764
|-
| 23
| δ2 Tauri
| HIP 20542
| Inside the Hull
| 4.8
|-
| 24
| 114 Tau
| HIP 25539
| Inside the Hull
| 4.868
|-
| 25
| ω2 Tauri
| HIP 19990
| Inside the Hull
| 4.914
|-
| 26
| 109 Tau
| HIP 24822
| Inside the Hull
| 4.948
|-
| 27
| 75 Tau
| HIP 20877
| Inside the Hull
| 4.969
|-
| 28
| 97 Tau
| HIP 22565
| Inside the Hull
| 5.085
|-
| 29
| Pleione
| HIP 17851
| within constellation lines
| 5.09
|-
| 30
| 4 Tau
| HIP 16322
| Inside the Hull
| 5.124
|-
| 31
| 58 Tau
| HIP 20261
| Inside the Hull
| 5.242
|-
| 32
| κ2 Tauri
| HIP 20641
| Inside the Hull
| 5.264
|-
| 33
| l Tau
| HIP 23871
| Inside the Hull
| 5.28
|-
| 34
| 56 Tau
| HIP 20186
| Inside the Hull
| 5.346
|-
| 35
| χ Tauri
| HIP 20430
| Inside the Hull
| 5.378
|-
| 36
| -
| HIP 17776
| Inside the Hull
| 5.45
|-
| 37
| 81 Tau
| HIP 21039
| Inside the Hull
| 5.454
|-
| 38
| 118 Tau
| HIP 25695
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 39
| 53 Tau
| HIP 20171
| Inside the Hull
| 5.482
|-
| 40
| 103 Tau
| HIP 23900
| Inside the Hull
| 5.5
|-
| 41
| ω1 Tauri
| HIP 19388
| Inside the Hull
| 5.504
|-
| 42
| 36 Tau
| HIP 19009
| Inside the Hull
| 5.512
|-
| 43
| 72 Tau
| HIP 20789
| Inside the Hull
| 5.514
|-
| 44
| 80 Tau
| HIP 20995
| Inside the Hull
| 5.552
|-
| 45
| 32 Tau
| HIP 18471
| Inside the Hull
| 5.617
|-
| 46
| 63 Tau
| HIP 20484
| Inside the Hull
| 5.625
|-
| 47
| 51 Tau
| HIP 20087
| Inside the Hull
| 5.631
|-
| 48
| * 80 Tau A
| HIP 20995
| Inside the Hull
| 5.666
|-
| 49
| 13 Tau
| HIP 17309
| Inside the Hull
| 5.69
|-
| 50
| -
| HIP 20842
| Inside the Hull
| 5.711
|-
| 51
| 89 Tau
| HIP 21588
| Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
| 52
| 98 Tau
| HIP 23088
| Inside the Hull
| 5.785
|-
| 53
| 99 Tau
| HIP 23068
| Inside the Hull
| 5.806
|-
| 54
| * 118 Tau A
| HIP 25695
| Inside the Hull
| 5.84
|-
| 55
| HU Tau
| HIP 21604
| Inside the Hull
| 5.842
|-
| 56
| -
| HIP 18735
| Inside the Hull
| 5.865
|-
| 57
| 39 Tau
| HIP 19076
| Inside the Hull
| 5.9
|-
| 58
| 105 Tau
| HIP 23883
| Inside the Hull
| 5.92
|-
| 59
| -
| HIP 19376
| Inside the Hull
| 5.927
|-
| 60
| -
| HIP 19284
| Inside the Hull
| 5.94
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 18170
| Inside the Hull
| 5.946
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 20417
| Inside the Hull
| 5.95
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 20614
| Inside the Hull
| 5.965
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 22176
| Inside the Hull
| 5.981
|-
| 65
| V1141 Tau
| HIP 20493
| Inside the Hull
| 5.986
|-
| 66
| 85 Tau
| HIP 21137
| Inside the Hull
| 5.998
|-
| 67
| V1116 Tau
| HIP 21459
| Inside the Hull
| 6.019
|-
| 68
| 33 Tau
| HIP 18485
| Inside the Hull
| 6.038
|-
| 69
| -
| HIP 17921
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 70
| -
| HIP 19261
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 17453
| Inside the Hull
| 6.074
|-
| 72
| -
| HIP 19641
| Inside the Hull
| 6.087
|-
| 73
| -
| HIP 20255
| Inside the Hull
| 6.094
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 24820
| Inside the Hull
| 6.107
|-
| 75
| V1137 Tau
| HIP 19672
| Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
| 76
| 14 Tau
| HIP 17408
| Inside the Hull
| 6.14
|-
| 77
| 95 Tau
| HIP 21961
| Inside the Hull
| 6.151
|-
| 78
| -
| HIP 17900
| Inside the Hull
| 6.153
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 18508
| Inside the Hull
| 6.165
|-
| 80
| -
| HIP 17058
| Inside the Hull
| 6.168
|-
| 81
| -
| HIP 23589
| Inside the Hull
| 6.188
|-
| 82
| -
| HIP 21689
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 83
| -
| HIP 24977
| Inside the Hull
| 6.205
|-
| 84
| 108 Tau
| HIP 24512
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 85
| -
| HIP 25806
| Inside the Hull
| 6.291
|-
| 86
| 48 Tau
| HIP 19877
| Inside the Hull
| 6.3
|-
| 87
| 84 Tau
| HIP 21082
| Inside the Hull
| 6.303
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 18717
| Inside the Hull
| 6.305
|-
| 89
| -
| HIP 22949
| Inside the Hull
| 6.324
|-
| 90
| -
| HIP 22128
| Inside the Hull
| 6.329
|-
| 91
| -
| HIP 24984
| Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
| 92
| 62 Tau
| HIP 20533
| Inside the Hull
| 6.337
|-
| 93
| -
| HIP 22850
| Inside the Hull
| 6.347
|-
| 94
| -
| HIP 21408
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 95
| SZ Tau
| HIP 21517
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 96
| V766 Tau
| HIP 18033
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 97
| NGC 1647
| NGC 1647
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 98
| -
| HIP 16924
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 99
| 70 Tau
| HIP 20661
| Inside the Hull
| 6.439
|-
| 100
| 26 Tau
| HIP 17832
| Inside the Hull
| 6.464
|-
| 101
| -
| HIP 21053
| Inside the Hull
| 6.491
|-
| 102
| -
| HIP 23949
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 103
| -
| HIP 24252
| Inside the Hull
| 6.79
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==

In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Gaja" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star tau Tau or HIP 21881 is in the tusk which was selected because they are considered sacred objects (rerajahan, pratima, or royal heirlooms) that have sacred values, authority, and spiritual protection. Elephant tusks are treated as sarwa sato suci, namely parts of the animal's body that are considered to have magical powers or taksu. In addition, Ganesha is depicted with a broken tusk (ekadanta), and tusks become a symbol of self-sacrifice for knowledge, power, and wisdom. Constellation Gajah is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

February 2026, the name Gaja was adopted for the star τ Tauri ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=tau+Tau&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]) in [[Taurus]].

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Tau]]

Tiansi

2026-02-22T18:32:32Z

IanRidpath: Capitalization

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Tiansi (天駟)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Qin bronze chariot.jpg|thumb|Bronze chariot in Qin dynasty (220 BCE -206 BCE) with four hourses]]
[[File:Tiansi profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.png|thumb|Tiansi profile card of modern star name (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
Tiān Sì (Heavenly Quadriga, 天駟) comprises four of the five stars forming the constellation [[Wangliang]] and represents the four horses pulling the chariot. It may thus be regarded as a constituent sub-constellation/asterism of [[Wangliang]].

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
Given the intimate cultural association between Tiansi and Wangliang, the two must have been conceived simultaneously. In their earliest stage, however, they might be regarded as distinct constellations, as recorded in the ''Tianguan shu'' (Book of Heaven Officials, 天官書). Only later, in the ''Shishi xing jing'' (Shi’s Star Canon, 石氏星經) later , were they formally unified into a single constellation under the name Wang Liang. Nevertheless, even long after their amalgamation, tradition continued to recognize the leftmost four stars of Wangliang as the “Quadriga” and some star map explicitly marked them as Tian Si.

It should be noted that the lodge Fang (the fourth of the Twenty-Eight Lodges) also bore the alternate name Tian Si (“Heavenly Quadriga”), a designation that had already been in use at least as early as the late sixth century BCE—earlier than the historical figure of Wang Liang himself. The only difference lies in that Fang comprises four stars representing the quadriga, yet it lacks a corresponding charioteer such as Wang Liang.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Star Names
!Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":02">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map and Huangyou Catalogue
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":12">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":12" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
|[[Wangliang]] (Determinative)
|1st
|Beta Cas
|Beta Cas
|Beta Cas
|Beta Cas
|Beta Cas
|Beta Cas
|-
| rowspan="4" |Tiansi
|2nd
|Kappa Cas
|Kappa Cas
|Gamma Cas
|Gamma Cas
|Gamma Cas
|Gamma Cas
|-
|3rd
|Gamma Cas
|Eta Cas
|Eta Cas
|Eta Cas
|Eta Cas
|Eta Cas
|-
|4th
|Eta Cas
|Alpha Cas
|Alpha Cas
|Alpha Cas
|Alpha Cas
|Alpha Cas
|-
|5th
|Alpha Cas
|Lambda Cas
|Zeta Cas
|Zeta Cas
|Zeta Cas
|Zeta Cas
|}
=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Wangliang and Ce in Suzhou Star Map.jpg|thumb|Wangliang in Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Wangliang and Ce Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023) based on Huangyou Star Catalogue in 1052 CE.jpg|thumb|Wangliang Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023) based on Huangyou Star Catalogue in 1052 CE]]
|[[File:Wangliang and Ce before 17th Century in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Wangliang before 17th Century in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Wangliang and Ce in Jesuits Star Map in 17th Century.jpg|thumb|Wangliang in Jesuits Star Map in 17th Century]]
|[[File:Wangliang and Ce Reconstructed by Yi Shitong (1981) based on Qing Star Catalogue in 18th Century.jpg|thumb|Wangliang Reconstructed by Yi Shitong (1981) based on Qing Star Catalogue in 18th Century]]
|[[File:Wangliang and Ce after 17th Century in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Wangliang after 17th Century in Stellarium]]
|}

[[File:Tiansi stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tiansi stickfigure of modern star name (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]

== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==
In 2025, the name of the historical constellation Tiān Sì (Heavenly Quadriga, 天駟) was proposed for a star in its region, with discussion focusing on γ Cassiopeiae.

On November 12, 2025 adopted the name Tiansi for γ Cas (27 Cas, HR 264, HD 5394, HIP 4427). γ Cas is a multiple system, and the name specifically refers to the massive primary star γ Cas Aa, which is a B0.5IVe star. The star is a famous eruptive variable, indeed the prototype of the γ Cas class, whose magnitude has varied historically between about magnitude 1.6 and 3.4. In recent years, the mean Johnson V magnitude has been around 2.17 (Smith & Henry 2021).

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Cas]]

Tianji

2026-02-22T18:29:47Z

IanRidpath: Capitalization, copyedit

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Tianji (天纪)}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Tiān Jì (Celestial Discipline, 天紀) consists of nine stars forming an east–west alignment that extends across the modern constellations [[Corona Borealis]], [[Hercules]], and [[Lyra]]. This asterism and the coordinate of its determinative star was first recorded in the Western Han ''Shishi xingjing'' (Master Shi’s Star Canon, 石氏星經).

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
''Tianji'' is also called ''Jì xīng'' (''Decipline Star''). The term ''jì'' (紀) originally denoted “a thread of silk,” later acquiring the metaphorical meanings of “order,” “law,” or “discipline.” Hence, the ''Shishi zan'' (''Commentary'' of ''Shi'') explains: “The nine stars of ''Tiān Jì'' regulate litigation.” The ancients believed that by observing this asterism, one could divine whether the legal order of the empire remained upright and just.

Another interpretation, however, regarded the nine stars of ''Tianji'' as representing the Nine States (which are the major component of ancient China). According to this view, any unusual phenomenon observed in the asterism—such as brightening, dimming, or disappearance—portended terrestrial disasters such as earthquakes or mountain collapses.

Because most of its component stars are faint, the ancient astronomers considered any abnormal changes in their visibility—whether excessive brightness, darkness, or disappearance—as inauspicious omens.

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Huangyou Star Catalogue and Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Yuan Dynaty (1363)
|-
| 1st/Determinative
| Upsilon CrB
| Xi CrB
| Xi CrB
| Xi CrB
| Xi CrB
|Zeta Her
|-
| 2nd
| Xi CrB
| Zeta Her
| Nu2 Her
| Zeta Her
| Nu1 Her
|53 Her
|-
| 3rd
| Zeta Her
| Epsilon Her
| Zeta Her
| 53 Her
| Zeta Her
|Epsilon Her
|-
|4th
|53 Her
|d Her
|Epsilon Her
|Epsilon Her
|Epsilon Her
|u her
|-
|5th
| Epsilon Her
| 61 Her
| d Her
| d Her
| d Her
|w Her
|-
|6th
|d Her
|u her
|w Her
|u her
|u her
|HIP 85382
|-
|7th
|c Her
|Her 86178
|HIP 85382
|Theta Her
|Theta Her
|Theta Her
|-
|8th
|u her
|?
|Theta Her
|Kappa Lyr
|Kappa Lyr
|HIP 88836
|-
|9th
|Theta Her
|Theta Her
|f Her
|
|Mu Lyr
|Kappa Lyr
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
!same in Stellarium 25.3
|-
|[[File:Tianji on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.jpg|thumb|Tianji on ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'']]
|[[File:Tianji before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang.jpg|thumb|Tianji before Tang Dynasty Reconstructed by Boshun Yang(2023)]]
|[[File:Tianji before Tang Dynasty in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Tianji before Tang Dynasty in Stellarium]]
|-
|[[File:Tianji on Suzhou Star Map.jpg|thumb|Tianji on Suzhou Star Map]]
|[[File:Tianji in Northern Song Dynasty ( based on 1052 obserrvation) Reconstructed by PAN Nai-.jpg|thumb|Tianji in Northern Song Dynasty ( based on 1052 obserrvation) Reconstructed by PAN Nai (2009)]]
|[[File:Tianji in Northern Song Dynasty in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Tianji in Northern Song Dynasty in Stellarium]]
|-
|
|[[File:Tianji in late Yuan Dynasty (1363 or so) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang.jpg|thumb|Tianji in late Yuan Dynasty (1363 or so) Reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
|[[File:Tianji in late Yuan Dynasty (1363 or so) in Stellrium.jpg|thumb|Tianji in late Yuan Dynasty (1363 or so) in Stellrium]]
|-
|[[File:Tianji on 18th century star map.jpg|thumb|Tianji on 18th century star map]]
|[[File:Tianji in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong.jpg|thumb|Tianji in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]
|[[File:Tianji in 18th Century in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Tianji in 18th Century in Stellarium]]
|}

== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Aur ]][[Category:Cam ]]

Tianfu

2026-02-22T18:24:29Z

IanRidpath: Capitalization, copyedit

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Tianfu (天桴)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:天桴2-1.jpg|thumb|Tianfu on the ''Gezi Yuejin Tu'' (Tang dynasty)]]
Chinese constellation.

==Etymology and History==
Tianfu contains four stars and literally translates to "Celestial Drumstick." This asterism belongs to the Wu Xian school and is depicted in yellow on ancient Chinese celestial globes and maps. The origin of this asterism postdates the one referred to as "Hegu (河鼓, Drum at the River)" by the Shi school because, by its literal meaning, Tianfu is used to strike the drum. Since the Hegu was primarily associated with military war drums in astrology, Tianfu is also considered related to the military. Additionally, drums were essential timekeeping tools in ancient China, so Tianfu is endowed with significant attributes related to timekeeping. According to the ancient Chinese astrologers, if the stars of Tianfu dim, it could lead to inaccuracies in timekeeping.

According to descriptions from the Wu Xian and Huangdi schools, Tianfu is located to the left of the three stars of the Hegu<ref>Qutan Xida. Kaiyuanzhanjing 开元占经. Jiuzhou Press, P. 705.</ref>. Ancient star maps before the Tang Dynasty correspond to this description, but the position of this asterism shifted downwards after the Song Dynasty.

===Identification of stars===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)
! Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
| 1st/4th
|Eta Aql
|Eta Aql
| Eta/58 Aql
|Eta Aql
|Eta Aql
|Phi Aql
|69 Aql
|-
|2nd/3rd
|58 Aql
|58 Aql
|62 Aql
|58 Aql
|58 Aql
|Hip 98526
|66 Aql
|-
|3rd/2nd
|62 Aql
|62 Aql
|Theta Aql
|62 Aql
|62 Aql
|Tau Aql
|Theta Aql
|-
|4th/1st
|Theta Aql
|Theta Aql
|HIP 100232
|Theta Aql
|Theta Aql
|Hip 100541
|62 Aql
|}

===Images===
<gallery widths="360" heights="360" perrow="4" caption="Tianfu">
File:天桴1-1.jpg|Tianfu on the ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido''
File:天桴2-1.jpg|Tianfu on the ''Gezi Yuejin Tu'' (Tang dynasty)
File:天桴4-1.png|Tianfu on Suzhou star map
File:天桴5-1.jpg|Tianfu on Xinyixiangfayao star map
</gallery>

==Star Name Discussion (IAU)==
In 2024, the name of the historical constellation "Tianfu" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. The identifications of the four stars vary over time. The bright stars η and θ had been identified by scholars in the 20th century but are now considered uncertain (possibly incorrect) suggestions. Although the new identification makes the early version of the constellation Tianfu consisting of only faint stars(>5), this identification is preferred about the astrological significance of the asterism in this historical time: the "celestial drum stick" placed close to the asterism of the "drum". With the new identifications (before and after the Tang Dynasty), the stars ϕ and τ are the brightest ones in the asterism. Although ϕ Aql is a bit brighter, whether it formed part of the asterism in earlier epochs is uncertain.

Hence, τ Aql (65 Aql, HD 191692, HR 7710, HIP 99473) was suggested to be named "Tianfu".

τ Aql is a multiple system (WDS J20113-0049) with the components labelled Aa and Ab in the Washington Double Star (WDS) Catalog – a spectroscopic binary that has been resolved with interferometers in recent decades. The components Aa and Ab appear to be essentially identical B9 giants (Pourbaix et al. 2004; SB9 catalog), with a V-band magnitude difference of 1.53 mags (Hummel et al. 1995). For an unresolved apparent V magnitude of 3.84 (Hipparcos catalog; ESA 1997), this magnitude difference implies V magnitudes of Vmag(Aa)=3.48 and Vmag(Ab)=5.01. The WGSN-adopted name "Tianfu" applies to the primary Aa.

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The star name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2024/05/16.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/
* Ian Ridpath [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/aquila.html#chinese Aquila – Chinese associations] Star Tales – Online edition

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
*[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Aql]]
<references />

Tevel

2026-02-22T17:59:34Z

IanRidpath: Copyedit

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Tevel}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Tevel is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Hebrew. It is the name of HAT-P-9 in constellation Aur.

==Etymology and History==

Tevel means Universe or everything and begins with the letter Taf, the last letter in the Hebrew alphabet.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2019/12/17.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* 2019 IAU100 NameExoWorlds

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Aur]] [[Category:Hebrew]]

Terebellum

2026-02-22T17:58:55Z

IanRidpath: Typo, new link

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Terebellum}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Terebellum is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Latin. It is the name of HIP 98066 (ω Sgr, HR 7597) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Ptolemy's Almagest lists four stars in a quadrilateral with ω Sgr the first in the list (the others being a, b, c Sgr). Bayer (1603) concludes this list with the note after "c": Has quatuor multi Terebellum seu τετράπλευρον vocant. "Terebellum" means quadrilateral, so the name originally designated the asterism at the tip of the tail and not a specific star.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/09/05.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Bayer (1603)
* Ian Ridpath [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/sagittarius.html#terebellum Star Tales Sagittarius]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Latin]]

Tarazed

2026-02-22T17:53:32Z

IanRidpath: /* Etymology and History */ Typo

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Tarazed (ترازو)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Tarazed (ترازو) is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Persian. It is the name of HIP 97278 (γ Aql, HR 7525) in constellation Aql.

==Etymology and History==
Variants
* tarazu

The Persian asterism name ''shāhīn-i tarazu'', "the Scale Beam," for α, β, and γ Aql was transformed into two independent star names: [[Alshain]] and Tarazed (with a misreading in the second word).

The Persian name, in turn, was a medieval translation of these stars' indigenous-Arabic name ''al-mizan'', "the Balance" (said to be a popular name for the Indigenous Arabs' ''al-nasr al-tā ir'' listed under α Aql, [[Altair]]).

In recent times the two names were applied to the separate stars.<ref>Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.</ref>
==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/08/21.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Aql]] [[Category:Persian]]

Tarandus

2026-02-22T17:41:37Z

IanRidpath: Inserted name of star, revised link

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Tarandus profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tarandus profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
Tarandus is a late variant of the Early Modern European constellation [[Rangifer]], the Reindeer.

It was adopted as a modern IAU star name for 2 ‍Ursae ‍Minoris in December 2025.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Camelopardalis, Tarandus and Custos Messium.jpg|thumb|Sidney Hall (1825). Urania's Mirror: [[Camelopardalis]], '''Tarandus''' and [[Custos Messium]].]]
"Tarandus" is a name variant of Rangifer used in ''Urania's Mirror'' 1825 and Chambers 1877. [[Rangifer]], the Reindeer, is an extinct constellation first introduced by Pierre-Charles Le Monnier in 1743 in the book ''La Théorie des Comètes''. He had joined the 1736-1737 expeditions by Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis to Lapland, which improved the measurement of the length of a degree of latitude and convincingly demonstrated the oblateness of the Earth. In these northernmost areas of Europe, where the Sami people live, Le Monnier learned about their Indigenous constellation of a reindeer in the sky, called [[Sarvvis]]. He squeezed its memory into a free space close to the equatorial north pole of the apparent celestial sphere.

Carl Linnaeus (1758) dubbed the reindeer species of the Eurasian tundra "''cervus tarandus''", and Charles Hamilton Smith (1827) introduced the genus name ''Rangifer.'' Species and subspecies of ''Rangifer'' are called reindeer in Eurasia and caribou in North America.

==Mythology==
There is no specific mythology to this recent invention.
[[File:Tarandus stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tarandus stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was discussed and adopted by the IAU WGSN in 2025. <gallery>
File:Tarandus profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Tarandus profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).
File:Tarandus stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Tarandus stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).
File:Rangifer profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Rangifer profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).
File:Rangifer stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Rangifer stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).
File:Sarvvis profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Sarvvis profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).
File:Sarvvis stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Sarvvis stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).
File:Aldu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Aldu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).
File:Aldu stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Aldu stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/rangifer.html Star Tales Rangifer]

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Latin]]
[[Category:Cep]]

Tangra

2026-02-22T17:35:25Z

IanRidpath: Copyedit

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Tangra}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Tangra is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Bulgarian. It is the name of WASP-21 in constellation Peg.

==Etymology and History==

Tangra is the supreme celestial god that early Bulgars worshipped.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2019/12/17.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* 2019 IAU100 NameExoWorlds

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Peg]] [[Category:Bulgarian]]

Taika

2026-02-22T16:51:02Z

IanRidpath: Copyedit

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Taika}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Taika is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Lithuanian. It is the name of HAT-P-40 in constellation Lac.

==Etymology and History==

Taika means peace in the Lithuanian language.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2019/12/17.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* 2019 IAU100 NameExoWorlds

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Lac]] [[Category:Lithuanian]]

Sulafat

2026-02-22T15:16:19Z

IanRidpath: /* Etymology and History */ Typo

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Sulafat}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Sulafat is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 93194 (γ Lyr, HR 7178) in constellation Lyr.

==Etymology and History==

Applied in recent times from the sci-A constellation name al-sulaḥfat, "the Tortoise", for Lyra, corresponding to the Greek image of a tortoise shell for the Lyre's soundboard.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/08/21.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Lyr]] [[Category:Arabic]]

Suhail

2026-02-22T15:13:35Z

IanRidpath: /* Suhail Muhlifain */ Style

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Suhail}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Suhail is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 44816 (λ Vel, HR 3634) in constellation Vel.

==Etymology and History==
Kunitzsch and Smart (2006): <blockquote>Applied in recent times and representing an abbreviation of any of several composite ind-A names (for example suhail al-wazn, suhail al-muhlif) that sci-A authors variously attributed to brighter stars in the region of Suhail. Lambda Vel was among these brighter stars. Some of the composite names may have been authentic ind-A names for far-southern stars, with their true identities unknown to the more northern sci-Arabs, while others of them were surely the creations of ind-A poets.</blockquote>Laffitte (2025): Suhail is an Arabic star name which has been used in different positions:

* Suhail Al Muhlif (سهيل المخلف) for ''γ Vel''
* Suhail al-Wazn (سهيل الوزن) for '''''λ Vel'''''

The simplified form adopted by the IAU may create further confusion with the traditional Arabian name of the star α Car ([[Canopus]]), which is the only one among the Arabs to deserve the name Suhail/ Suhayl. In this context, Suhail is the name of the sweetheart of ''Al-Jauzā''', the female giant represented in the stars of [[Orion]]/[[Gemini]] (see also star name "[[Betelgeuse]]").

==== Suhail al-Wazn ====
Introduced at the beginning of the 20th century in various forms, this name comes from Suhayl al-Wazn, “Suhayl of Wazn” found in al-Ṣūfī.<ref name=":0" />

'''Spelling Variants:'''<ref name=":0">Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots</ref>

* ''Suhayl al-Wazn''<ref>al-Ṣūfī</ref>
* ''Al Suhail al-Wazn''<ref name=":1">Allen, Richard Hinckley (1899). Star Names - Their Lore and Meaning. Dover Publications, Inc., New York</ref><ref name=":2">Schjellerup</ref>
* ''Al Suhail al Wazn'' for λ Arg=λ Vel<ref>BdL (19SEE 10)</ref><ref name=":3">Hoffleit</ref>
* ''Alsuhail''<ref>BdL (1908)</ref>
* ''Suhail''<ref>Rhoads, Jack W. (1971). A Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars. NASA JPL CIT, Technical Memorandum 33-507, Pasadena, 15 November 1971</ref><ref>Simbad ([https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Suhail&submit=SIMBAD+search lam Vel]), Wenger et al. (2000) "The SIMBAD astronomical database", A&AS, 143, 9</ref>
* ''Soheil AlWezn''<ref name=":4">Hyde</ref>
* ''Sihil ponderosus'' (lat.) for "heavy Suhayl"<ref>''Tabl. alphons.''</ref> ... a misreading of the word ''al-wazn'', which here does not mean “weight” but “counterpart”
* ''Al Suhail'' (wikipedia)

==== Suhail Muhlifain ====
A misplacement of the term to another star (γ Vel).<ref name=":0" />

'''Spelling Variants:'''

* ''Muhlifain''<ref name=":5">Rumrill</ref> ''محلفين''
* ''al-Muḥlifayn'' (accus.) المحلفين
* ''Soheil AlMúhliph''<ref name=":4" />
* ''Suhail Al Muhlif'' (سهيل المخلف)
* ''Suhail [al Muhlif]''<ref>''Abriged Nautical Almanach'', 1953. Auj.</ref>
* ''Suhaïl al-Muhlif''<ref name=":2" /> [''sic!'']<ref name=":3" /><ref>Bakich</ref>
* ''Al Suhail al-Muḥlif''<ref name=":1" />
* ''Alsuhail al Mulhif [sic !]''<ref>BdL (1910)</ref>
* ''Al Suhail al Muhlif''<ref name=":5" />

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/08/21. The WGSN chose to apply the name for the star λ Vel in the IAU-CSN although it has historically been used for several stars.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Vel]]

Sterrennacht

2026-02-22T15:11:33Z

IanRidpath: Copyedit

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Sterrennacht}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Sterrennacht is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Dutch. It is the name of HAT-P-6 in constellation And.

==Etymology and History==

The Sterrennacht (Starry Night) is a world-famous painting by Dutch grand master Van Gogh that was painted in France in 1889 and now belongs to the permanent collection of New York's Museum of Modern Art.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2019/12/17.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* 2019 IAU100 NameExoWorlds

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:And]] [[Category:Dutch]]

Solitaire

2026-02-22T15:07:38Z

IanRidpath: Copyedit and link

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LeMonnier1776 solitaire.jpeg|alt=original star chart with the first depiction of the Solitaire|thumb|Pierre Le Monnier's "Constellation du Solitaire" in the History of the French Academy of Science publication (1776)]]
This French term was used for the now-obsolete constellation Turdus Solitarius (= Solitaire = [[Noctua]]).

==Etymology and History==
The extinct constellations Turdus Solitarius and Noctua, which share some history and region of the sky, have brief summaries in ''Star Names - Their Lore and Meaning'' by Richard H. Allen (1899, pp. 418-419) and in ''[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/solitaire.html Star Tales]'' by Ian Ridpath and have a dedicated chapter in ''The Lost Constellations'' by John C. Barentine (2015, ch. 29, pp. 449-464).

The classical constellation Hydra ends with the star Pi Hydrae. In early modern time, some astronomers extended the chain of stars towards Libra and even introduced yet another bird on its longer end (as traditionally, the Raven sits on the tail tip of Hydra). The constellation of "Solitaire" was first depicted in Pierre Charles Le Monnier's contribution to the ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35758/f654.item Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences ... avec les mémoires de mathématique & de physique... tirez des registres de cette Académie],'' from the French Academy of Science (Académie royale des sciences, Paris) 1776.
[[File:Stellarium+solitaire monnier mark+lbl.gif|thumb|Animated GIF for the identifications of stars in the constellation of the "Solitaire" by Le Monnier (1776), modern star chart from Stellarium, GIF by SMH 2024.]]
[[File:Monticola solitarius, Spain 1.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Blue rock thrush, male, Spain (CC-BY Jose Maria Carretero Palacios from Jerez de los Caballeros, España), Spanish term: Roquero solitario.]]
[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/lemonniersolitaire.html Ian Ridpath] elaborates that the engraver Yves-Marie Le Gouaz (1742–1816) accompanied Pierre Le Monnier's announcement of the new constellation and states: <blockquote>Unfortunately the bird shown on the engraving is not the Rodrigues solitaire as Le Monnier had intended, but rather a blue rock thrush, known as the solitaire of the Philippines. Whether the error was due to Le Monnier or Le Gouaz is unknown.</blockquote>Bode (1801) in his famous ''Uranographia'' takes over the idea of this additional bird but depicts it slightly differently. His label in Latin is "Turdus Solitarius" which is the scientific term for the Blue Rock Thrush, first described in Carl von Linné (Carl Linnaeus): Systema Naturae<ref>Linné On Line - University of Uppsala, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040111191036/http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/animal/1_1.html wayback-machine]</ref><ref>English translation of Linné's book by William Turton (1806): A General System of Nature,: Through the Three Grand Kingdoms of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, Systematically Divided Into Their Several Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, and Varieties. Lackington, Allen, and Company. </ref> (10th edition 1758).

==== Translations ====
In "''Kenntniß zu Anleitung des Gestirnten Himmels''" (in German), Bode 1805 refers to it as "der Vogel Einsiedler" - "the hermit bird". When talking about Le Monnier's original constellation, Jamieson (1822) refers to it as "''L'Ermite Oiseau''" - never referring to it as either Solitaire or Turdus Solitarius.

=== List of Identified Stars in Monnier's Map ===

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!label
!IAU desig.
!description
!IAU name
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Gamma (Sco)
|Sigma Lib
|in the heart/ chest
|Brachium
|3.25
|-
|2
| -
|E Hya
|in the east claw
| Solitaire
|4.4
|-
|3
| -
|60 Hya
|at the edge of the wooden branch
| -
|5.8
|-
|4
| -
|57 Hya
|lowest in the east leg
| -
|5.75
|-
|5
| -
|56 Hya
|next to the lowest in the east leg
| -
|5.2
|-
|6
| -
|55 Hya
|the next one of these
| -
|5.5
|-
|7
| -
|m Hya
|the uppermost in the legs, where they join the body
| -
|5.05
|-
|8
| -
|4 Lib
|the uppermost in the west leg
| -
|5.7
|-
|9
| -
|HIP 72488
|the one above the west leg, surrounded by a group of faint ones (7 to 8 mag)
| -
|5.65
|-
|10
| -
|12 Lib
|the northern one of the two between the heart and the legs
| -
|5.25
|-
|11
| -
|14 Lib
|the southern one of the two between the heart and the legs
| -
|6.9
|-
|12
| -
|23 Lib
|the faint one east of the heart
| -
|6.45
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 74732
|chain of three equidistant in the upper spine: the easternmost
| -
|5.5
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 73927
|chain of three equidistant in the upper spine: middle one
| -
|6.1
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 73884
|the fainter one below the middle one
| -
|7.1
|-
|16
| -
|KX Lib
|chain of three equidistant in the upper spine: the westernmost
| -
|5.75
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 76106
|above the forehead
| -
|5.52
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 71816
|the three faint ones where the tail joins the body: uppermost
| -
|7
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 71295
|the three faint ones where the tail joins the body: middle
| -
|6.45
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 70961
|the three faint ones where the tail joins the body: lowest
| -
|7.05
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 70518
|where the wing meets the tail: upper
| -
|6.6
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 70261
|where the wing meets the tail: lower
| -
|6.75
|-
|23
| -
|236 Vir
|tip of the wing
| -
|5.85
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 69658
|tip of the wing
| -
|5.5
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 76569
|where the beak joins the head
| -
|5.8
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 72310
|the brighter one of the two faint in the middle of the body
| -
|6
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 72217 B
|the fainter one of the two faint in the middle of the body
| -
|7.3
|-
|28
| -
|k Hya
|western edge of the wooden branch
| -
|4.75
|-
|29
| -
|l Hya
|western claw of Solitaire
| -
|4.95
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 75939
|in the eye of the Solitaire
| -
|6.2
|}

==== Bright Stars within the Frame, not within the constellation area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!id
!Monnier's Label
!IAU design.
! colspan="2" |description
!IAU name
!Vmag
|-
|1
| -
|Iota1 Lib
| colspan="2" |above the neck
| -
|4.5
|-
|2
| -
|Iota2 Lib
| colspan="2" |above the neck
| -
|6.2
|-
|3
|Kappa Vir
|Kappa Lib
| colspan="2" |above the beak
| -
|4.75
|-
|4
| -
|41 Lib
| colspan="2" |above the head
| -
|5.55
|-
|5
| -
|10 Lib
| colspan="2" |above the rump
| -
|6.25
|-
|6
| -
|42 Lib
| colspan="2" |below the beak
| -
|4.95
|-
|7
| -
|36 Lib
| colspan="2" |edge of the frame
| -
|5.1
|-
|8
|e Vir
|ups Lib
| colspan="2" |edge of the frame
| -
|3.6
|-
|9
|Delta [Lup]
|f Lup
| colspan="2" |in front of the wooden branch
| -
|4.35
|-
|10
|Delta [Lup]
|l Lup
| colspan="2" |below of the wooden branch
| -
|4.9
|-
|11
| -
|50 Hya
| colspan="2" |east of pi Hya
| -
|5.05
|-
|12
| -
|pi Hya
| colspan="2" |tip of Hydra's tail
| -
|3.25
|-
|13
| -
|47 Hya
| colspan="2" |last(double) before the tail tip of Hya
| -
|5.2
|-
|14
| -
|48 Hya
| colspan="2" |last(double) before the tail tip of Hya
| -
|5.75
|-
|15
| -
|59 Hya
| colspan="2" |above the wooden branch
| -
|6.3
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 76143
| colspan="2" |in front of the chest
| -
|6.9
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 70469
| colspan="2" |the one west of the legs
| -
|5.3
|}

=== Species of Bird ===
The bird was native to the Rodrigues Island, east of Madagascar & east of Mauritius in the Southern Indian Ocean. It is considered a species of doves and pigeons although they were flightless and much taller (size of the swans). The Rodrigues Solitaire is considered an endemism that derives from Madagascar pigeons, while the Dodo is considered an endemism of the same pigeon at another island (Mauritius). <gallery>
File:Pezophaps solitaria.png|The Rodrigues Solitaire (''Pezophaps solitaria'') was a flightless member of the pigeon order endemic to Rodrigues. It was a close relative of the Dodo. About One-Third Natural Size—from descriptions and drawings. Author <bdi>Frederick William Frohawk</bdi> (1861–1946), wikicommons.
File:Leguat1891solitaire.jpg|Picture of a Solitaire (1708). From Leguat, François (1891), The voyage of François Leguat of Bresse, to Rodriguez, Mauritius, Java, and the Cape of Good Hope. 2 Volumes., Edited and annotated by S. Pasfield Oliver, London: Hakluyt Society. It is a facsimile of a figure from: Leguat, François (1708), Voyage et avantures de François Leguat & de ses compagnons en deux isles desertes des Indes Orientales. 2 Volumes., London: Mortier (1708).
File:Pezophaps solitaria - 2.jpg|Mounted skeletons of a male and female '''solitaires''' ''(Pezophaps solitaria)''. The specimens are from the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. photo: Emőke Dénes, wikicommons.
File:PSM V15 D032 Dodo and solitaire birds.jpg|Dodo and solitaire birds (unknown author 1879)
File:Extinct birds - an attempt to unite in one volume a short account of those birds which have become extinct in historical times - that is, within the last six or seven hundred years - to which are (14564153928).jpg
File:Ma - Raphus cucullatus skeleton 3.jpg|'''Dodo''' ''(Raphus cucullatus)'' skeleton at the Natural History Museum in London, England. Emőke Dénes (2011)
File:Didus cucullatus white background.jpg|''Didus cucullatus'' from Rothschild's Extinct birds (1907)
File:William Hodges – Dodo and Red Parakeet.jpg|''Dodo and Red Parakeet'', attributed to William Hodges (1773)
File:Solitaire+Dodo compared2human.jpg|Comparison of the size of the Rodrigues Solitaire and other species of pigeon with a human (by Narwhaler).
</gallery>

=== Emoji ===
The description reads: <blockquote>A brown or gray dodo shown in full profile. Generally depicted with a curved yellow beak, small wings, a fluffy white tail, yellow or orange feet, and black talons.

May be used to represent dodos or the concept of being extinct.

''Dodo'' was approved as part of Unicode 13.0 in 2020 and added to Emoji 13.0 in 2020.</blockquote>Unicode: U+1F9A2

==Transformations/ Variants==
<gallery>
File:LeMonnier1776 solitaire.jpeg|Pierre Le Monnier's "Constellation du Solitaire" in the History of the French Academy of Science publication (1776)
File:Solitaire Fortin1795.jpg|Solitaire depicted in Fortin's Atlas Céleste, 3rd edition (1795)
File:Solitaire Goldbach1799.jpg|"Solitairvogel" in Goldbach (1799)
File:Solitaire bode1801.JPG|Constellation "Turdus Solitarius" in Bode (1801)
File:Solitaire bode1801 highlight.jpg|Solitaire in Bode (1801) highlighted (CC BY WGSN).
File:Bode Turdus.jpg|Turdus Solitarius in Bode's Uranographia. This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects.
File:Stellarium+solitaire bode+labls+markers.gif|Animated GIF to identify the area of the constellation "Turdus Solitarius" in Bode (1801), modern star chart from Stelllarium, GIF by SMH 2024.
File:Stellarium-solitair Bode+Monnier.gif|animated GIF for the comparison of the "Solitaire" in Monnier (1776) and Bode (1801); modern star chart from Stellarium, GIF by SMH 2024.
File:Solitaire Bode1782.jpg|"Vogel Einsiedler" in Bode (1805), the 2nd edition of his "Anleitung zur Kenntniß des gestirnten Himmels" with a Flamsteed-based map.
</gallery>

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The brightest star of the historical "Turdus Solitarius" was Sigma Librae, mag. 3.2, named Brachium by WGSN. It was suggested in 2023 to try naming another of its stars, if we can identify them reliably. The French "Solitaire" is an obvious name to use. The biological relative from the neighboring island, the Dodo, is much more popular and even has an emoji. Perhaps we should use this name, too and commemorate extinct animals. Or maybe use a double star for both, Solitaire and Dodo?

Suggestions:

* E Hya (4.41 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=E+Hya&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]) is the second brightest star in the constellation, and is within the area of the bird in both versions, but not drawn in Monnier's map
* m Hya (5.05 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=m+Hya&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]), HIP 72197 = HR 5497, is "double or multiple".
** m Hya A has 5.46 mag - suggested name "Solitaire"
** m Hya B has 7.25 mag - suggested name "Dodo"
* HIP 75939 (6.2 mag, [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HIP+75939&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]) "the one in the bird's eye".

The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 2024. The WGSN chose E Hya to apply the name "Solitaire" in the IAU-CSN. It is in memory of the obsolete constellation and the extinction of animals due to human influence.

== Weblinks ==

* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/
* Le Monnier's depiction of the Solitaire ([https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35758/f654.item Gallica])
* Bode's depiction of the Solitaire ([https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/3341788 eRARA Zurich])
* [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/lemonniersolitaire.html Ian Ridpath's "Star Tales", online edition]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=vKWqLrdbTzo Video explaining the common ancestor of both, Solitaires and Dodos].
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftQORb9WTko Video explaining reconstruction and taxonomy of the dodo]

== Reference ==

* [[References|References (general)]]

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:French]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Hya]]