All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

User:InitTeam

2026-03-25T07:03:00Z

InitTeam:

The initial work on Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0 is based on Gennady Kurtik's 2007 book

Куртик, Г.Е., ''Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies]'' (St. Petersburg: Aletejja, 2007) [online link].

In a revisiting research project at Hebrew University Jerusalem led by Wayne Horowitz, Gennady Kurtik and Susanne M Hoffmann, the student of Assyriology, Euin Choung Kim, translated this book to English.

References (Babylonian)

2026-01-10T15:37:30Z

InitTeam:

* AHwKurtik (2007), updated by himself until his death in early 2022
* Gössmann (1950)
===Acknowledgements===
We additionally thank our students and colleagues, namely:

David Hilder, Youngjae Lee, Asterios Kechagias, Jan Safford, David Perugia.

== Newer References ==
{| class="wikitable"
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!Citation Form!!Bibliography
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|-
|Bloch-Horowitz (2015)
|Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.
|-
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|Abdulillah Fadhil and M. Hilgert (2007). ZUR IDENTIFIKATION DES LEXIKALISCHEN KOMPENDIUMS 2R 50 + (K 2035a + K 4337), Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (Published by: Presses Universitaires de France), Vol. 101, pp. 95-105, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23281275
|-
|Fincke (2023)
|?????
|-
|Gullberg, Hoffmann and Gullberg (2022)
|Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191
|-
|Hoffmann (2016)
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|-
|Hoffmann (2020)||Hoffmann, S.M. (2020): Babylonian Constellations in Stellarium 0.19.*, in: Draxler, Lippitsch, Wolfschmidt (eds.), Harmony and Symmetry – Proceedings of SEAC Annual Meeting 2018 (held at Graz), Hamburg 2020, 156-172
|-
|Hoffmann (2021)
|Hoffmann, S.M. (2021). Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart
|-
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|-
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|-
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|'''??????????????????????'''
|-
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|-
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|-
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| Hoffmann, S.M. (2024)||Hoffmann, S.M. (2024). Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272
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|Hoffmann, S.M. and Wasserman (2024)
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|-
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|-
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|-
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|?????????????????
|-
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|-
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|-
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|-
|Horowitz (2017)
|'''''not Uranology texts?...'''''
|-
|Horowitz (2020)
|Horowitz, W. (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35
|-
|Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)
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|-
|Hunger and Steele (2019)
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|-
|Jones (2004)
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|-
|Kechagias and Hoffmann (2022)
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|-
|Kurtik (2007)
|Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
|-
|Kurtik (2013)
|????????????????????
|-
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|???????????????????????
|-
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|???????????????????????
|-
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|???????????????????????
|-
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= Куртик Г. Е. 2023. Очерки истории шумерской астрономии. Москва: Новое литературное обозрение
|-
|Kurtik, Horowitz, Hoffmann, Kim, Hilder (2023-2026)
|Kurtik, Horowitz, Hoffmann, Kim, Hilder (2023-2026). Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0 ([[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|online edition]]),
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|May (2019)
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|May (2023)
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|-
|McHugh (2016)
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|-
|McHugh (2018)
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|-
|Ossendrijver (2012)
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|-
|Reynolds (2019)
|???????????????????
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|Rochberg (2010)
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|Rochberg (2022)
|???????????????
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|Selz (2014)
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|Simons (2018)
|????????????????????????
|-
|Steinkeller (2013)
|'''''??????????????????????????/'''''
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|Steinkeller (2013b)
|'''''??????????????????????????/'''''
|-
|Steinkeller (2016)
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|Steele (2015)
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|Steele (2018)
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|
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|'''''?????????????????'''''
* « L’armée, – quel monstre ! », dans D. Charpin & J.-M. Durand (éd.), Recueil d’études à la mémoire de Marie-Thérèse Barrelet, Florilegium marianum III, Mémoires de NABU 4, Paris, 1997, p. 145-152
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* « Les enfants du palais », Ktèma. Civilisations de l’Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques 22, 1997, p. 45-57
|}

==Kurtik ==

===Kurtik's References ===
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|+
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|Куртик, 1998.
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|Куртик, 1999.
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|Куртик, 2000a.
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|Kуртик, 2000b.
|''Куртик Г.Е''. Отождествление Инанны с планетой Венера как критерий для определения времени выделения созвездий в древней Месопотамии // ВДИ. 2000. Вып. 1. С. 89-98.
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|Куртик 2002.
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|Куртик 2002a.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Ранняя история месопотамских созвездий (К проблеме происхождения созвездий) // ИАИ. 2002. Вып. 27. С. 259-308 (Перепечатка.: Петербургское востоковедение. 2002. Вып. 10. С. 186-229).
|-
|МНМ I-II.
|''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.
|-
|От начала начал.
|''От начала начал''. Антология шумерской поэзии / Вступ. статья, перевод, комментарии, словарь В.К.Афанасьевой. СПб.: Центр "Петербургское востоковедение", 1997.
|-
|Россиус 1992.
|''Небо, наука, поэзия''. Античные авторы о небесных светилах / Пер. и коммент. А.А.Россиуса, вступ. статья Г.М.Дашевского, под ред. Н.А.Федорова и П.В.Щеглова. М.: Изд-во Московского ун-та, 1992.
|-
|Саркисян 1955.
|''Cаркисян Г.Ч.'' Частные клинописные контракты селевкидского времени из собрания Государственного Эрмитажа // ВДИ. 1955. Вып. 54/4. С. 136-170.
|-
|Свят.-Четв. 1998.||''Святополк-Четвертынский И.А''. Корни Зодиака в космологической доктрине Шумера и Вавилона / Древняя астрономия: небо и человек. Труды конференции. Москва, 1998.
|-
|Шилейко 1924.||''Шилейко В.К''. Таблетка с молитвой ночным богам в собрании Лихачева //ИРАИМК. 1924, Т. 3, Ленинград, с. 144-152.
|-
|Я открою тебе.||''Я открою тебе сокровенное слово '' (Литература Вавилонии и Ассирии) / Пер. с аккадского. Сост. В.К.Афанасьевой и И.М.Дьяконова. М.: Художественная литература, 1981.
|}

== Krebernik (2023) ==

===Krebernik 's References ===
{| class="wikitable"
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!Citation Form!!Bibliography
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| Emar VI/1-2;
Arnaud 1985
|Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).
|-
|Ganzert 2011
|Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki>
|-
| MSL
|Landsberger, B. (1957). The Series HAR-Ra Hubullu. Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon 5.
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[[category:References]]
[[Category:Service]]

SIM.MAḪ

2026-01-10T15:37:27Z

InitTeam:

[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|thumb|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]
[[File:A reflection flight of barn swallow.jpg|thumb|a reflection flight of barn swallow captured in bagmati river in kathmandy valley in nepal (CC BY SA Prasan Shrestha)]]
Babylonian constellation that has undergone massive transformations: the original Giant Swallow was turned into a Swallow-Fish and into two fish connected with a ribbon. It is located in the area of modern [[Pisces]]. Alternative Mesopotamian terms are mulŠIM.MAḪ (𒀯𒋆𒈤) and (mul)''Šinūnūtu''.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulŠIM2.MAḪ;
* var. name record: mulŠIM.MAḪ;
* = ''(mul)šinūnūtu, sinuntu'' "Swallow"(?); constellation in western Pisces and Pegasus (Pisces + Pegasus) [Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 389; CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> Š/3, 55f.].

Akkadian parallel:

* (mul)''Šinūnūtu'', "Swallow" (?) in lexical and other texts

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra XXII series: mulsim.maḫ = ''si-nu-un-tu''4 [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:180], mulsim.maḫmušen = ''si-nun-tum''/''tu''2 [SpTU III<ref name=":1">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 52], [mu]lsim.maḫ = ''si-nun-tum'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen 10, 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:24; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:309ʹ].
* (2) Series Ḫg. B VI: mul íd''buranun'' = ''si-nun-tum'' = [...] "Euphrates = Swallow" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:23].
|
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mul''Ša-am-ma-aḫ'' [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin'').</ref> IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:14; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:45].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":3">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 219, EAE 20 Text a: 5′; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, X 22, XI 8; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al., 38-55. Leiden, 1973.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 11′].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
* Astrolabe P. Sabbat month, stars of Anu, 80 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' dal.ba.an mulšu.gi / ''u''3 d''A-nim'' gub-''zu'' / mulsim.maḫ [...] "The constellation that stands between the Old Man and Anu, (is) the Swallow [...]" (B ii 15-17); for a parallel see. [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 32-32a; Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":4">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 6 + comment.].
** (2) List (3´12): [itiziz2] ... mulsim.maḫ ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "[Shabbat]. ... The swallow (rising) (in the path of) Anu " (C ii 11).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising is shabbat, setting is ab [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 22, 33; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":5">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, 40], see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]].
* BM 82923. Shabbat, stars of Anu: mulSIM.MAḪ // 1,20 // DINGIR-''at nag-bi'' "Swallow // 80 // Goddess of Springs" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:32].
* BM 34713. Adar, stars of Anu [LBAT<ref name=":6">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:12], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* Text Nv. 10.
** (1) Intercalation scheme: sim.maḫ (=ε Peg) is the leading star, relative to which the positions of the AN.TA.GUB.BA stars are counted as they pass through the meridian [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 78], see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], (Kurtik d05) [[DI]], (Kurtik L04) ''[[Lammu]]'', (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]], (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]].
** (2) [mulsim.]˹maḫ˺ is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of siman, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
* Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.
** a) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 1): mul[sim].maḫ [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 8; Horowitz 1998, 176].
** (b) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 10): mulsim.maḫ [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
* Anu 6. [MUL SA5 ''ša'' DAL.BA.AN (A: ''b''[''i''?-''ri-it'']) mu]l''ši-bi u'' d''A-nim'' GUB-''zu'' múl''ši-nu-nu-tum'' "[The red star that stands between] the Old Man and Anu, (is) the Swallow" (A. 20, B. 21) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":4" />, 178].
|
|-
|'''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''''
See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":7">''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII, 149-165.</ref>, 161:120].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 2): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' IGI-''it'' mulAŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 "The star that stands before the Field, the Swallow" (I i 41 = (AN 2r)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>), for a parallel see. MLC 1866.
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 15th day of tebet' (I iii 7), see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
* (3) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUD. KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIM.MAḪ / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulSIM.MAḪ 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulAŠ.IKU "30 days from the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth to the rising of the Swallow. 20 days from the rising of the Swallow to the rising of Field" (I iii 40-41).
* (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal sunrises: culmination of Standing Gods, the Swallow rises (I iv 28), see (Kurtik d10) [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]].
* (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulSIM.MAḪ, after <mul>KUNmeš, before mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA<ref name=":8">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 29, 45, 54, 55, 66, 68].
Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik d10) [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]].
|[[File:Swallow+IKU Aqr stellarium .jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Giant Swallow, IKU, and Ea (The Great One), Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 77:1, 253:5].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List."'''
* (1) mul íd''buranun'' = mulšim.maḫ "Euphrates = Swallow";
* (2) 12 stars of Amurru: mulsim.maḫ [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 147, 220]. S [HBA<ref name=":11">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere K 8538."'''
* Sector 1: muls[im?.maḫ] "S[wallow]" [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56 Abb. 2, 59].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.''' §e.

* (a) mulsim.maḫ (ω Psc),
* (b) mulsag sim.m[aḫ] "Head of the Swall[ows]" (ε Peg) [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":12">Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref>, 108].
|[[File:Dalb a.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "a", map by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)]][[File:Dalb b.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "b", map by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)]]
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
'''MLC 1866.'''
* MUL ''ša''2 ''ina''] ''miḫ-rat'' mulIKU GUB-˹''zu''˺ mulSi2-˹''nu''˺-''nu-tu''2 / ˹MUŠEN˺ mulKAP.ḪI.A ''mut-tap-ri-iš ša''2 ''kap-pi'' ˹''ra''˺-''šu-u''2 / MUL ''ša''2 EGIR.MEŠ mulIKU GUB-''zu'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''na-a-ru'' / [mu]l''Si''2''-nu-nu-tu''4 ''u''3 mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ina'' KUN.MEŠ-''šu''2-''nu it-gu-ru-u''2-''ma'' / ˹MUL˺.MEŠ ídIDIGNA ''u'' ídBURANUNki ''ina ṣip-ri'' mulZIB / ˹''ṣab-tu''4˺ mulSIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU2.LA2 mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''man-za-za'' mul''dil-bat''
* "[The star, that] stands in front of the Field, the Swallow: / (It is) a bird, a star with wings, flying, meaning that it has wings. / The star that stands behind the Field, Anunitu, the river. / The [Swa]llow and Anunitu that have their tails crossing each other, / the stars of the Tigris and Euphrates, the points of their tails are placed together. The swallow and the elongated neck of Anunitu — anchor point of Venus" (D i 4-9) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":13">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 35, 39].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
See (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|
|-
|'''Text 36609+''' rev.

* List of "normal stars": DUR sim.ma "Swallow Ribbon" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":14">''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES 58 (2004) 537-572.</ref>, 551:21′, 553].
|[[File:SwallowFish+IKU+Aqr stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|constellations Swallow-Fish, IKU and Ea (The Great One) in Stellarium, paintings by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016)]]
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
*Early diaries make mention of the Swallow constellation:
*dSAG.UŠ/dGENNA ''ina'' IGI SIM.<MAḪ> "Saturn in front of Swallow" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":15">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 46, No.-567:2,9],
*''Sin ina'' SIM.MAḪ IGI "The moon became visible in the Swallow" [ibid.<ref name=":15" />, 48, No.-567 r. 5′], and also:
*DUR ''ša''2 SIM.MAḪ "Swallow's ribbon" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":15" />, 50, No.-567 rev. 17′, 19′],
*MUL2 KUR ''ša''2 DUR SIM.MAḪ "Brilliant star of the Swallow's ribbon" (= η Piscium) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":15" />, 84, No.-380:5′].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
*(1) "Dodecatemoria." BM 34452+: 12 8 // 3 14 // ''Sin ina'' múlSIM.MAḪ KI / múlSIPA GUB E2 dNANŠE "Adar 8 // siman 14 // Moon in the Swallow. Region / of the True Shepherd of Anu (=Saturn?), place of the temple of Nanshe" [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref>, 41: rev. 7-8], see also [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 103:4].
|
|}
See also: SAG.DU [...] / ''ša''2 mulSIM.MAḪ: d''Dili-pat''2: SIM: ''s''[''i-nu-un-tu''] "Head of [...] Swallow(?) = Venus = Venus = SIM = L[swallow]" [SpTU I<ref name=":16">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 47:19].

[[File:SIMMAH stellarium.jpg|thumb|Simmakh, Great Swallow, in MUL.APIN for Stellarium (CC BY SMH).]]
[[File:SIMMAH CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 150517.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside SIM.MAḪ (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|η Ceti
|HIP 5364
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.45
|-
| 2
|Kaffaljidhma
|HIP 12706
|Inside the Hull
|3.47
|-
|3
|[[Kaffaljidhma]] A
|HIP 12706
|Inside the Hull
|3.54
|-
|4
|θ Ceti
|HIP 6537
|Constellation lines
|3.59
|-
|5
|[[Alpherg]]
|HIP 7097
|Constellation lines
| 3.62
|-
|6
|δ Ceti
|HIP 12387
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.07
|-
|7
|[[Alrescha]] A
|HIP 9487
|Constellation lines
|4.11
|-
|8
|[[Torcular]]
|HIP 8198
|Constellation lines
|4.26
|-
|9
|μ Ceti
|HIP 12828
|Inside the Hull
|4.26
|-
| 10
|ϵ Piscium
|HIP 4906
|Constellation lines
|4.28
|-
|11
|ξ 2 Ceti
|HIP 11484
|Inside the Hull
|4.3
|-
|12
|ξ 1 Ceti
|HIP 10324
|Inside the Hull
|4.35
|-
|13
|[[Botein]]
|HIP 14838
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.37
|-
|14
|δ Piscium
|HIP 3786
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.44
|-
|15
| ν Piscium
|HIP 7884
|Inside the Hull
|4.44
|-
|16
|[[Mesarthim]]
|HIP 8832
|Inside the Hull
|4.52
|-
|17
|* gam01 Ari
|HIP 8832
|Inside the Hull
|4.589
|-
|18
|ξ Piscium
|HIP 8833
|Inside the Hull
|4.604
|-
| 19
|μ Piscium
|HIP 7007
| Constellation lines
| 4.84
|-
| 20
|ν Ceti
|HIP 12093
|Inside the Hull
|4.871
|-
|21
|175 G. Cet
|HIP 7999
|Inside the Hull
|4.982
|-
|22
|ι Arietis
|HIP 9110
|Inside the Hull
|5.105
|-
|23
|37 Cet
|HIP 5799
|Inside the Hull
|5.13
|-
|24
|Alrescha
|HIP 9487
|Constellation lines
|5.135
|-
|25
|89 Psc
|HIP 6061
| Inside the Hull
| 5.137
|-
|26
|38 Ari
|HIP 12832
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|27
| [[Revati]]
| HIP 5737
|Inside the Hull
|5.19
|-
|28
|259 G. Cet
|HIP 11738
|Constellation lines
|5.269
|-
|29
|69 Cet
|HIP 11021
|Constellation lines
| 5.287
|-
| 30
|179 G. Cet
|HIP 8230
|Inside the Hull
|5.34
|-
|31
|* pi. Ari A
|HIP 13165
|Inside the Hull
|5.34
|-
|32
|75 Cet
|HIP 11791
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.358
|-
|33
|25 Cet
|HIP 4914
| Inside the Hull
| 5.408
|-
|34
| 70 Cet
|HIP 11046
|Inside the Hull
|5.421
|-
| 35
| 60 Cet
|HIP 9589
| Inside the Hull
|5.423
|-
|36
| 39 Cet
|HIP 5951
|Inside the Hull
| 5.428
|-
|37
|ξ Arietis
|HIP 11249
|Inside the Hull
|5.478
|-
|38
|94 Psc
|HIP 6732
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.495
|-
|39
|80 Psc
|HIP 5346
| Inside the Hull
|5.501
|-
|40
|σ Arietis
|HIP 13327
| Inside the Hull
|5.516
|-
| 41
|π Piscium
|HIP 7535
|Inside the Hull
|5.535
|-
| 42
|ρ 3 Arietis
|HIP 13702
|Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|43
|232 G. Cet
|HIP 10723
| Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|44
|203 G. Cet
|HIP 9622
|Inside the Hull
| 5.609
|-
| 45
|64 Cet
|HIP 10212
|Inside the Hull
| 5.623
|-
|46
|31 Ari
|HIP 12153
| Inside the Hull
|5.64
|-
|47
|66 Cet
|HIP 10305
| Inside the Hull
| 5.66
|-
| 48
|38 Cet
|HIP 5833
|Inside the Hull
| 5.69
|-
|49
|19 Ari
| HIP 10328
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|50
|165 G. Cet
|HIP 7276
|Inside the Hull
|5.76
|-
|51
| ο Arietis
|HIP 12803
| Inside the Hull
|5.777
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 12114
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|53
|272 G. Cet
|HIP 12148
| Inside the Hull
|5.811
|-
| 54
|40 Ari
| HIP 13108
|Inside the Hull
|5.83
|-
|55
| 4 Ari
|HIP 8387
|Inside the Hull
|5.841
|-
|56
|42 Cet
|HIP 6226
|Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 9353
|Inside the Hull
| 5.87
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 7359
|Inside the Hull
|5.903
|-
|59
|131 G. Psc
|HIP 8404
| Inside the Hull
|5.904
|-
|60
|34 Cet
|HIP 5594
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
|61
|137 G. Cet
|HIP 6564
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|62
|54 Cet
| HIP 8588
|Inside the Hull
|5.922
|-
|63
|ρ 2 Arietis
|HIP 13654
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|64
|63 Cet
| HIP 10234
|Inside the Hull
|5.933
|-
| 65
| -
|HIP 9533
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|66
|33 Cet
|HIP 5510
|Inside the Hull
|5.942
|-
|67
|61 Cet
|HIP 9631
|Inside the Hull
|5.942
|-
| 68
| -
| HIP 7447
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
| 69
|105 Psc
| HIP 7740
|Inside the Hull
| 5.979
|-
| 70
|29 Ari
|HIP 11843
|Inside the Hull
|5.988
|-
|71
|256 G. Cet
|HIP 11687
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|72
| 73 Psc
|HIP 5074
|Inside the Hull
|6.007
|-
|73
|88 Psc
|HIP 5824
| Inside the Hull
|6.022
|-
|74
|97 Psc
| HIP 6981
|Inside the Hull
|6.023
|-
|75
|297 G. Cet
|HIP 12862
|Inside the Hull
|6.031
|-
|76
|26 Cet
|HIP 4979
| Inside the Hull
| 6.065
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 9295
|Inside the Hull
|6.076
|-
|78
|ζ Piscium B
|HIP 5743
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
| 79
|254 G. Cet
|HIP 11603
|Inside the Hull
|6.111
|-
|80
|53 Ari
|HIP 14514
| Inside the Hull
|6.117
|-
|81
|Kaffaljidhma B
|HIP 12706
|Constellation lines
|6.12
|-
| 82
|WW Psc
|HIP 4655
|Inside the Hull
|6.14
|-
|83
| 75 Psc
|HIP 5204
|Inside the Hull
|6.144
|-
|84
|264 G. Cet
|HIP 12022
|Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|85
|138 G. Cet
|HIP 6605
|Inside the Hull
| 6.164
|-
|86
| 176 G. Cet
|HIP 8094
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|87
|131 G. Cet
|HIP 6432
|Inside the Hull
|6.201
|-
|88
|44 Cet
|HIP 6539
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|89
|118 G. Psc
| HIP 6868
|Inside the Hull
|6.214
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 9627
|Inside the Hull
|6.214
|-
|91
|101 Psc
|HIP 7436
|Inside the Hull
|6.219
|-
|92
|27 Ari
|HIP 11698
|Inside the Hull
|6.225
|-
|93
|279 G. Cet
|HIP 12318
|Inside the Hull
| 6.237
|-
|94
| -
|HIP 12318
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|95
|127 G. Cet
|HIP 6283
|Inside the Hull
|6.246
|-
|96
|54 Ari
| HIP 14586
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|97
|285 G. Cet
|HIP 12447
| Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|98
|207 G. Cet
|HIP 9827
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 13448
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|100
|WZ Psc
|HIP 9809
|Inside the Hull
|6.303
|-
|101
|85 Cet
|HIP 12647
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|102
| -
|HD 9496A
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|103
|121 G. Psc
|HIP 7243
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 5141
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|105
|124 G. Psc
|HIP 7819
|Inside the Hull
|6.345
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 14318
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|107
|276 G. Cet
|HIP 12272
|Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
|108
| -
|HIP 10050
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|109
|32 Cet
|HIP 5485
|Inside the Hull
|6.394
|-
|110
|36 Ari
|HIP 12784
|Inside the Hull
|6.398
|-
|111
|CY Psc
|HIP 7505
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|112
|144 G. Cet
|HIP 6717
|Inside the Hull
|6.426
|-
|113
|166 G. Cet
|HIP 7362
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 8210
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|115
| 138 G. Psc
|HIP 9706
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 11427
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|117
| 171 G. Cet
|HIP 7597
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|118
|* 42 Cet A
|HIP 6226
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|119
|Mira
|HIP 10826
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|120
|221 G. Cet
|HIP 10273
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|121
|112 G. Psc
| HIP 5575
|Inside the Hull
| 6.493
|-
| 122
| -
|HIP 6687
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|123
| -
|HIP 5646
|Inside the Hull
|6.54
|-
| 124
| -
|HIP 13269
|Inside the Hull
|6.63
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity.====
According to the “texts of the Bird cry”, the Swallow (''šu-nu-nu-tu''2mušen, sim.mumušen) is considered to be the bird of Tiamat (mušen ''tam-tim'') as well as of d''Anzû'' (''iṣ-ṣur'' dZU-''u''2); in the latter case her cry is: ''e-bi-rat'' a.ab.ba "She who crosses the sea" [Lambert 1970<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.</ref>, 112:9-11, 114:3; Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref>, 294-295]. Thus, each of the identifications emphasize the Swallow's connection to the sea. On the other hand, the Astrolabes (BM 82923) characterize her as the "goddess of springs," see above.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see above.
* (2) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the statue-deity, see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].

====Symbol.====
A bird or flying fish, see (Kurtik a42) [[Anunitu|dAnunītu]], III. In the commentary on stk. 242 of Aratus' poem “Apparitions”, it is stated that the North Fish in the constellation Pisces has the head of a swallow "and therefore the Chaldeans called it the Swallow Fish" [Rossius 1992<ref>''Небо, наука, поэзия''. Античные авторы о небесных светилах / Пер. и коммент. А.А.Россиуса, вступ. статья Г.М.Дашевского, под ред. Н.А.Федорова и П.В.Щеглова. М.: Изд-во Московского ун-та, 1992.</ref>, 115; Maass 1958<ref>''Commentariorum in Aratum'' reliquiae, collegit recensuit prolegomenis indicibusque instruxit E.Maass. Berlin 1898 (reprint, Berlin 1958).</ref>, 382-383]. Here, obviously, we are talking about the southern fish from the constellation Pisces. The constellation Swallow-Fish is also mentioned in a Greek horoscope dated 81 AD. [Neugeb.-Van Hoesen 1959<ref name=":17">''Neugebauer O., Van Hoesen H.B.'' Greek Horoscopes. Philadelphia, 1959.</ref>, 22-23, 25]. Greek evidence reflects, albeit with distortions, the Mesopotamian tradition. Images of the constellation Pisces on Seleucid seals from Uruk in the form of a fish (=Anunitu) and a bird (= flying fish or Swallow), whose tails are connected by a V-shaped ribbon, see [Wallenfels 1994, 128-129, 156; Kurtik 2002, 98, fig. 21; ibid., figs. 44, 45, 46].

====Previous Identification.====
= southern Pisces in the constellation Pisces [3. Erg.<ref>J.Schaumberger, 3. Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von ''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Münster, 1935.</ref>, 330; HBA<ref name=":11" />, 144; Gössman 1950<ref name=":17" />, 389, I].

= southwestern Pisces + stars up to ε Pegasi [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref>, 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 72].

= western Pisces (Pisces W) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73b].

= western fish in the constellation Pisces (Pisces) with some western parts of Pegasus (Pegasus) [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 11, 14; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":5" />, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":13" />, 75].

= the wings are ζ, θ and ε of Pegasus (Pegasi) and α of the Lesser Horse (Equulei); the tail corresponds to the western fish in the constellation Pisces (Pisces) [MA<ref name=":8" />, 138].

= wings of Pegasus, tail western of Pisces [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 208, App. C].

= ε, ζ, θ Pegasi, α Equulei, and the western fish in Pisces (Pisces) [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":12" />, 276].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) DUR ''ša''2 SIM.MAḪ, DUR SIM.MAḪ "Swallow's Ribbon" (= ε Piscium or a group of stars including this star (?) [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":14" />, 553, 566]); used as a "normal star" in early diaries, see above.

(2) mulsag sim.m[aḫ] "Head of the Swallow[s]" (ε Peg), see dbn text.

(3) GU2 mulSIM.MAḪ "Swallow's neck," see below (8).

(4) Swallow's wings, see MLC 1866.

(5) Swallow's and Anunītu's tails; MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KUN.MEŠ ''ša'' mulSIM.MAḪ ''u'' mul''An''[''nunīti''] "Stars on the tails of Swallow and A[nunītu]" (K. 11018 r. 2), quoted in [CAD<ref name=":0" /> Š/3, 56a].

====Astrology.====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], II 7.

(2) = Mars(?); cf. [Bezold 1920<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 122:157], highly doubtful.

===== Predications: =====
(3) Rising on its own time and not on its own time; "In the month of Shabbat the Swallow (mulSIM.MAḪ) [...] if it rises on its fixed date (''ina'' UD.DUG4.GA-''ša''2 KUR-''ḫa''): there will be obedience in the land (taš-mu-u2 ina KUR GAL2), [if it rises not on its fixed date]: there will be [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, X 22, XI 8].

(4) Lunar eclipse in Swallow; [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' K]I mulSIM.MAḪ ''a-di''[''r'' EŠ.BAR ID2 ''Pu-rat-tum u'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BA: NI.TUKki] "[If the Moon] eclipses in the region of Swallow: [solution for the Euphrates River and solution for the (Land of) the Sea, var.: for Dilmun]" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":3" />, 219, BM 38164:5′], for a parallel see. [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, MNB 1849:51].

(5) The Moon, the halo of the Swallow and Anunitu; [...d]tir.an.na nigin2-''ma'' kimin kal ud-''mi'' gub-''iz'' ki [...] / [...] ud-''mi'' gub-''iz'': tur3 mulsim.maḫ ''u'' mul''a-nu-ni-''[''tum'' ...] "[If the Moon] is surrounded by a [halo], (having the appearance of) a rainbow, var.: it stands all day (in) the region of [...] / [...] stands (all) days, it is the halo of the Swallow and Anuni[tu ...]" [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":7" />, 161:119-120].

(6) The swallow gives rise to ''mišḫu''; DIŠ mulSIM.MAḪ (glossa: ''mu-ul ši-im-ma-a''[''ḫ'']) [x x x x x] / ''meš-ḫa'' [''im-šu-uḫ''] / ZI-''ut'' ERIM-''ni'' (glossa: ''ti-bu-ut um-ma''-[''ni'']) [x x x x x] "If the Swallow [gives rise to] mišḫu: attack by (hostile) armies" [SAA 8, 77:1-3], for a parallel see. [ACh Ištar<ref name=":18">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 34:6], and also: ulSIM.MAḪ MEŠ.U ''im-šu''4-''uḫ'' [...] [SpTU I<ref name=":16" />, 84:4; CAD<ref name=":0" /> Š/3, 56a]. See also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":18" />, 54:11].

(7) The swallow is dark; múlSIM.MAḪ ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN MURUB4.BA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) the swallow is dark, (it means): The moon is darkened in the middle watch" (AO 6455:1) [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 11:1].

(8) Mercury and Mars stand in the Swallow (observ.); [mul]UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulSIM.MAḪ GUB-''ma'' "Mercury stands in the Swallow" [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 253:5′]; ''Ṣalbatānu ina'' ŠA3 GU2 mulSIM.MAḪ GUB-''ma'' "Mars stands on the Swallow's neck" (Rm. 2548+:1′), quoted in [CAD<ref name=":0" /> Š/3, 56a].

(9) Saturn stands within the Swallow or Anunitu; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

See also: [...mul]''ši-nu-nu-tu''2 ''ina i-di'' mulAŠ.GAN2 ''e-sir''2 MUL ''ša''2 KUR URIki ''šu''2-''u'' "[...If] the Swallow is surrounded by the Field on the side: the star Ura it.." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":18" />, 54:12]; [mulSI]M.MAḪ GUB-''ma'' "[Sw]allow stands" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":18" />, 28:31], [...] dSIM.MAḪ ''u'' d''a-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "[...] Swallow and Anunitu [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":18" />, 29:3].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
==== (Kurtik sh13) ''Šinūnūtu'' ====
|
|-
|вар.: (mul)Sinuntu; аккадская параллель к mulSIM.MAḪ «Ласточка» (?) в лексических и других текстах, см. s19SIM.MAḪ.
|
|-
|
==== (Kurtik sh19) mulŠIM2.MAḪ ====
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulŠIM2.MAḪ; вар. записи названия: mulŠIM.MAḪ; = (mul)''šinūnūtu'', ''sinuntu'' «Ласточка»(?); созвездие в западной части Рыб и Пегаса (Pisces + Pegasus) [Gössman 1950, 389; CAD Š/3, 55f.].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: mulsim.maḫ = ''si-nu-un-tu''4 [Emar VI/4, 151:180], mulsim.maḫmušen = ''si-nun-tum''/''tu''2 [SpTU III, 114A v 52], [mu]lsim.maḫ = ''si-nun-tum'' [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:24; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 110:309ʹ]. '''(2)''' Серия Ḫg. B VI: mul ídburanun = ''si-nun-tum'' = […] «Евфрат = Ласточка» [MSL XI, 40:23]. '''''Хеттская молитва ночным богам'''''. mul''Ša-am-ma-aḫ'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:14; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219, EAE 20 Text a: 5'; BPO 2, X 22, XI 8; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 11′]. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц шабату, звезды Ану, 80 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul ''ša'' dal.ba.an mulšu.gi / ''u''3 d''A-nim'' gub-''zu'' / mulsim.maḫ […] «Созвездие, которое между Стариком и Ану стоит, (это) Ласточка […]» (B ii 15–17); параллель см. [BPO 2, III 32–32a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 6 + comment.]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiziz2] … mulsim.maḫ ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[Шабату]: … Ласточка (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 11). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — шабату, заход — абу [KAV 218, C 22, 33; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA. BM 82923. Шабату, звезды Ану: mulSIM.MAḪ // 1,20 // DINGIR-''at nag-bi'' «Ласточка // 80 // Богиня источников» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:32]. BM 34713. Аддару, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:12], см. k24KU6. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 1): mul[sim].maḫ [CT 33, 9 r. 8; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 10): mulsim.maḫ [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Anu'' 6. [MUL SA5 ''ša'' DAL.BA.AN (A: ''b''[''i''?-''ri-it'']) mu]l''ši-bi u'' d''A-nim'' GUB-''zu'' múl''ši-nu-nu-tum'' «[Красная звезда, которая стоит между] Стариком и Ану, (это) Ласточка» (A. 20, B. 21) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. '''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu'''''. См. [Koch Westenholz 1999, 161:120]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Ану (№ 2): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' IGI-''it'' mulAŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 «Звезда, которая стоит перед Полем, Ласточка» (I i 41), параллель см. MLC 1866. '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го тебету» (I iii 7), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. '''(3)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIM.MAḪ / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulSIM.MAḪ 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulAŠ.IKU «30 дней от восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью до восхода Ласточки. 20 дней от восхода Ласточки до восхода Поля» (I iii 40–41). '''(4)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: Стоящие Боги кульминируют, Ласточка восходит (I iv 28), см. d10DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš. '''(5)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulSIM.MAḪ, после <mul>KUNmeš, перед mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (I iv 36), см. s20''Sîn'' [MA, 29, 45, 54, 55, 66, 68]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 8, 77:1, 253:5]. '''''Текст BM 77054'''''. См. d10DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mul ídburanun = mulšim.maḫ «Евфрат = Ласточка»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Амурру: mulsim.maḫ [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 147, 220]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:34'''''. mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 = ídidigna ''u'' ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат» [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162–3]. «'''''Планисфера К 8538'''''». Сектор 1: muls[im?.maḫ] «Л[асточка]» [Koch 1989, 56 Abb. 2, 59]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''§е'''. a) mulsim.maḫ (ω Psc), b) mulsag sim.m[aḫ] «Голова Ласто[чки]» (ε Peg) [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 108]. '''''Текст Nv. 10'''''. '''(1)''' Схема интеркаляций: sim.maḫ (=ε Peg) — ведущая звезда, относительно которой производится отсчет положений AN.TA.GUB.BA звезд при их прохождении через меридиан [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 78], см. a02A.EDIN, d05DI, L04''Lammu'', u19UR.GI7, u20UR.GU.LA. '''(2)''' [mulsim.]˹maḫ˺ — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA. '''''MLC 1866'''''. [MUL ''ša''2 ''ina''] ''miḫ-rat'' mulIKU GUB-˹''zu''˺ mul''Si''2-˹''nu''˺''-nu-tu''2 / ˹MUŠEN˺ mulKAP.ḪI.A ''mut-tap-ri-iš'' ''ša''2 ''kap''-''pi'' ˹''ra''˺''-šu-u''2 / MUL ''ša''2 EGIR.MEŠ mulIKU GUB-''zu'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''na-a-ru'' / [mu]l''Si''2-''nu-nu-tu''4 ''u''3 mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ina'' KUN.MEŠ-''šu2''-''nu it-gu''-''ru-u''2-''ma'' / ˹MUL˺.MEŠ ídIDIGNA ''u'' ídBURANUNki ''ina ṣip-ri'' mulZIB / ˹''ṣab-tu4''˺ mulSIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU2.LA2 mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''man-za-za'' mul''dil-bat'' «[Звезда, которая] перед Полем стоит, Ласточка: / (Это) птица, звезда с крыльями, летающая, это означает, что у нее есть крылья. / Звезда, которая позади Поля стоит, Ануниту, река. / [Лас]точка и Ануниту хвостами своими одна с другой пересекаются, / звезды Тигра и Евфрата, острия хвостов у них расположены вместе. Ласточка и вытянутая шея Ануниту – стоянка Венеры» (D i 4–9) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39]. '''''Текст W. 22281a.''''' См. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. '''''Текст 36609+ rev.''''' Список «нормальных звезд»: DUR sim.maC «Лента Ласточки» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 551:21′, 553]. «'''''Дневники наблюдений'''''». В ранних дневниках упоминается созвездие Ласточка: dSAG.UŠ/dGENNA ''ina'' IGI SIM.<MAḪ> «Сатурн перед Ласточкой» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 46, No.-567:2,9], ''Sin ina'' SIM.MAḪ IGI «Луна стала видна в Ласточке» [ibid., 48, No.-567 r. 5′], а также: DUR ''ša''2 SIM.MAḪ «Лента Ласточки» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 50, No.-567 rev. 17′, 19′], MUL2 KUR ''ša''2 DUR SIM.MAḪ «Блестящая звезда ленты Ласточки» (= η Piscium) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 84, No.-380:5′]. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь.'' (1)''' «Додекатемория». BM 34452+: 12 8 ''//'' 3 14 // ''Sin'' ''ina'' múlSIM.MAḪ KI / múlSIPA GUB E2 dNANŠE «Аддару 8 // симану 14 // Луна в Ласточке. Область / Праведного Пастуха Ану (=Сатурн?), место храма Нанше» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41: rev. 7–8], см. также [SpTU III, 103:4].

См. также: SAG.DU […] / ''ša''2 mulSIM.MAḪ : d''Dili-pat''2 : SIM : ''s''[''i-nu-un-tu''] «Голова […] Ласточки(?) = Венера = SIM = Л[асточка]» [SpTU I, 47:19].

II. Божество.

Согласно «Текстам криков птиц» (''Birdcall texts'') Ласточка (''šu-nu-nu-tu''2mušen, sim.mumušen) считается птицей Тиамат (mušen ''tam-tim''), а также d''Anzû'' (''iṣ-ṣur'' dZU-''u''2); в последнем случае ее крик: ''e-bi-rat'' a.ab.ba «Та, что пересекает море» [Lambert 1970, 112:9–11, 114:3; Salonen 1973, 294–295]. Таким образом, в каждом из отождествлений подчеркивается связь Ласточки с морем. С другой стороны, в «Астролябии» (BM 82923) она охарактеризована как «богиня источников», см. выше. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы'''''. '''(1)''' Хеттская молитва ночным богам, см. выше. '''(2)''' Ритуал «омовения рта» (''mīs pî'') или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

III. Символ.

Птица или летающая рыба, см. a42d''Anunītu'', III. В комментарии к стк. 242 поэмы Арата «Явления» утверждается, что у Северной Рыбы в созвездии Рыбы голова ласточки “и поэтому халдеи называют ее Ласточкиной Рыбой” [Россиус 1992, 115; Maass 1958, 382–383]. Здесь, очевидно, речь идет о ''южной рыбе'' из созвездия Рыбы. Созвездие Ласточка-Рыба упоминается также в греческом гороскопе, датируемом 81 г. н. э. [Neugeb.–Van Hoesen 1959, 22–23, 25]. Греческие свидетельства отражают, хотя и с искажениями, месопотамскую традицию. Изображения созвездия Рыбы на печатях селевкидского времени из Урука в виде рыбы (=Ануниту) и птицы (= летающая рыба или Ласточка), хвосты которых соединены V-образной лентой см. [Wallenfels 1994, 128–129, 156; Куртик 2002, 98, илл. 21; ibid., рис. 44, 45, 46].

IV. Отождествление.

= южная Рыба в созвездии Рыбы [3. Erg., 330; HBA, 144; Gössman 1950, 389, I].

= юго-западная часть Рыб + звезды до ε Pegasi [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 72].

= западная часть Рыб (Pisces W) [Weidner 1957–59, 73b].

= западная рыба в созвездии Рыбы (Pisces) с некоторыми западными частями Пегаса (Pegasus) [BPO 2, 11, 14; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

= крылья — ζ, θ и ε Пегаса (Pegasi) и α Малого Коня (Equulei); хвост соответствует западной рыбе в созвездии Рыбы (Pisces) [MA, 138].

= крылья Пегаса, хвост западной из Рыб [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].

= ε, ζ, θ Pegasi, α Equulei и западная рыба в Рыбах (Pisces) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) DUR ''ša''2 SIM.MAḪ, DUR SIM.MAḪ «Лента Ласточки» (= ε Piscium или группа звезд, включающая эту звезду (?) [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 553, 566]); использовалась в качестве «нормальной звезды» в ранних дневниках, см. выше.

(2) mulsag sim.m[aḫ] «Голова Ласточ[ки]» (ε Peg), см. dbn-текст.

(3) GU2 mulSIM.MAḪ «Шея Ласточки», см. ниже (8).

(4) Крылья Ласточки, см. MLC 1866.

(5) Хвосты Ласточки и Ануниту; MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KUN.MEŠ ''ša'' mulSIM.MAḪ ''u'' mul''An''[''nunīti''] «Звезды на хвостах Ласточки и А[нуниту]» (K. 11018 r. 2), цит. по [CAD Š/3, 56a].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.

(2) = ''Марс''(?); см. [Bezold 1920, 122:157], крайне сомнительно.

Предсказания:

(3) ''Восход в свое и не в свое время''; «В месяце шабату Ласточка (mulSIM.MAḪ) […], если она восходит в свою установленную дату (''ina'' UD.DUG4.GA-''ša''2 KUR-''ḫa''): в стране будет послушание (''taš-mu-u''2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2), [если она восходит не в свою установленную дату]: в стране будет […]» [BPO 2, X 22, XI 8].

(4) ''Лунное затмение в Ласточке''; [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' K]I mulSIM.MAḪ ''a-di''[''r'' EŠ.BAR ID2 ''Pu-rat-tum u'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BA : NI.TUKki] «[Если Луна] затмила[сь в обла]сти Ласточки: [решение для реки Евфрат и решение для (Страны) Моря, вар.: для Дильмуна]» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:5′], параллель см. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:51].

(5) ''Луна'', ''гало Ласточки и Ануниту''; […d]tir.an.na nigin2-''ma'' kimin ''kal'' ud-''mi'' gub-''iz'' ki […] / […] ud-''mi'' gub-''iz'' : tur3 mulsim.maḫ ''u'' mul''a-nu-ni-''[''tum'' …] «[Если Луна] окружена [гало], (имеющего вид) радуги, вар.: она стоит все дни (в) области […] / […] стоит (все) дни, это гало Ласточки и Ануни[ту …]» [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:119–120].

(6) ''Ласточка порождает'' ''mišḫu''; DIŠ mulSIM.MAḪ (глосса: ''mu-ul ši-im-ma-a''[''ḫ'']) [x x x x] / ''meš-ḫa'' [''im-šu-uḫ''] / ZI-''ut'' ERIM-''ni'' (глосса: ''ti-bu-ut um-ma''-[''ni'']) [x x x x] «Если Ласточка [порождает] ''mišḫu'': нападение (враждебных) армий» [SAA 8, 77:1–3], параллель см. [ACh Ištar, 34:6], а также: ulSIM.MAḪ MEŠ.U ''im-šu''4-''uḫ'' […] [SpTU I, 84:4; CAD Š/3, 56a]. См. также [ACh Suppl., 54:11].

(7) ''Ласточка темная''; múlSIM.MAḪ ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN MURUB4.BA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' «(Если) Ласточка темная, (это означает): Луна в среднюю стражу затмилась» (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1].

(8) ''Меркурий'', ''Марс в Ласточке'' ''стоят'' (''наблюд''.); [mul]UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulSIM.MAḪ GUB-''ma'' «Меркурий стоит в Ласточке» [SAA 8, 253:5′]; ''Ṣalbatānu'' ''ina'' ŠA3 GU2 mulSIM.MAḪ GUB-''ma'' «Марс на шее Ласточки стоит» (Rm. 2548+:1′), цит. по [CAD Š/3, 56a].

(9) ''Сатурн стоит внутри Ласточки или Ануниту''; см. k24KU6, V 10.

См. также: […mul]''ši-nu-nu-tu''2 ''ina i-di'' mulAŠ.GAN2 ''e-sir''2 MUL ''ša''2 KUR URIki ''šu''2-''u'' «[…Если] Ласточка со стороны Поля окружена: звезда Ура она» [ACh Suppl., 54:12]; [mulSI]M.MAḪ GUB-''ma'' «[Ла]сточка стоит» [ACh Ištar, 28:31], […] dSIM.MAḪ ''u'' d''a-nu-ni-''[''tum''] «[…] Ласточка и Ануниту […]» [ACh Ištar, 29:3].
|Example
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==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cet]] [[Category:Psc]]

SAG.UŠ

2026-01-10T15:20:54Z

InitTeam:

mul / dSAG.UŠ (𒀯𒊕𒍑) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Also TUR.DIŠ;

* = ''kayyamānu''(''m''), lit. "Constant, unchanging, lasting";
* = Saturn [Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 333]; the name reflects the slow character of Saturn's motion relative to the stars. See also (Kurtik a49)[[AŠ.ME]], (Kurtik g10) [[GENNA]], (Kurtik g11) [[GI.GI]], (Kurtik m24) [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]], (Kurtik n43) [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]], (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* (a) mulgi.gi = mul ''kit-tu''2 ''u me-šar'' = dSAG.UŠ dUTU "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, Shamash,"
* (b) mulgi6 = AN''ṣa-al-me'' DUL3 = min,
* (c) mulzi.ba.an.na = ''zi-ba-ni-tum'' = min [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:39-41].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tavole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 247; SpTU I<ref name=":1">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 84:9; SpTU V<ref name=":2">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264 r. 2].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 491 r. 4].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''

* Anu. 3. MUL ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.ULU3lu ''a-na'' IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB-''su''2 ''ut''-˹''ta''˺-[''na-kar'' (...)] "The star which stands at the rising of the south wind, in front of 'Scorpius', constantly chang[ing] its position..." (A. 17). [MUL S]A5 ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.ULU3lu IGI-''it'' múlGIR2.TAB GUB3! MUL2 UDU.IDIM: d''z''[''i-ba-ni-tum''] / [(mul)SA]G.UŠ! MUL ''bi-ib-bu zi-ba-ni-tum'' dUTU ''a''-˹''na''˺ [...] "The [re]d [star], which stands at the rising of the south wind and in front of Scorpius, is a planet: Li[bra, Sa]turn, the planet, Libra Shamash. For..." (B.17-18) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, 178-179].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* List of planets: mulsag.uš before Mercury and Mars [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 242].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
We find the designation SAG.UŠ and dSAG.UŠ in two early diaries. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No. -681:8, -567:2], then GENNA everywhere else in the "diaries."
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) Predictions of grain prices by the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlSAG.UŠ [SpTU I<ref name=":1" />, 94:7, 15, 47].
* (2) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: dSAG.UŠ, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (3) Predictions of enemy attacks from observations of positions and visibility of planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13 obv. ii 14, 28; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.</ref>, 213-214, 216].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name is written often with the determinative 'd'.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
(1) In the Šurpu series (II 180): dSAG.UŠ ... ''lip-ṭu-ru'' "Saturn ... let him deliver" [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18].

(2) In the Namburbi spell series, see. [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 41, 23:13-14; Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA 48, № 1, 1-15.</ref>, 12-13].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Black Star; MUL MI = dSAG.U[Š]: dGUD.UD "Black Star = Saturn[n], var.: Mercury" [BPO 3<ref name=":0" />, 248, K.2346+:54].

(2) = Star of the Sun; see Lexical texts above.

(3) = Libra; see above Lexical texts.

(4) = Pest; see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]], IV 2.

(5) = Great Twins = Jupiter and Saturn; see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 1.

(6) = ŠU.PA; cf. [BPO 3<ref name=":0" />, 134: 27′].

For other examples of astrological identifications associated with Saturn, see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]], III.

===== Predictions: =====
(7) Venus bears a black crown; ˹DIŠ mul˺''Dil-bat'' AGA MI ''a''[''p-rat'' dSAG.U]Š ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If Venus be[ars] a black crown - [Satu]rn is ahead of her" [BPO 3<ref name=":0" />, K.148+:10].

(8) Venus bears the Sun's crown; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' AGA dUTU ''ap-rat ma-gal i''3-''ba-il''3-''ma'' dSAG.UŠ ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 DU-ma "If Venus bears the Sun's crown — it becomes very bright, Saturn stands in front of Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":0" /> k.148+:10] [BPO 3<ref name=":0" />, K.148+:15].

(9) Venus' place is yellow-green; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' ...] KI.GUB-''ša''2 SIG7 dSAG.UŠ KI-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "[If Venus ...], its seat is yellow-green, (meaning): Saturn stands with her." [BPO 3<ref name=":0" />, 84, K.6021+ r. 6′], see also: [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' ... KI.GUB-''sa''3] SIG7 ... "[If Venus' place is] yellow-green: pregnant women will die with babies in their wombs. (This happens if) Saturn ([dUDU.BAD.SA]G.UŠ) stands with her." [BPO 3<ref name=":0" />, 100, K. 35:17].

(10) The connectivity of the Moon with Saturn; [DIŠ ''ina''] ŠA3-''šu''2 dUTU SAR-''uḫ ana'' URU LUGAL ŠU GIR3 EŠ SI NA ''u''2-''ṣa-mar'' dSAG.UŠ "If the Sun shines in it’s (the Moon's) inner part: ... a conspiracy against the royal city(?); (Sun) = Saturn" [Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 93, IIIm: 7′].

(11) Saturn's head is red; SAG mul4SAG.UŠ SA5: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ṭe''4-''ḫi-šum-ma'' ... "Saturn's head is red: (it is said so if) Mars comes close to Saturn" [SpTU I<ref name=":1" />, 84:9; SpTU V<ref name=":2" />, 264 r. 2].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|также TUR.DIŠ; = kayyamānu(m), букв. «Постоянный, неизменный, долговременный»; = Сатурн [Gössman 1950, 333]; название отражает медленный характер движения Сатурна относительно звезд. См. также a49AŠ.ME, g10GENNA, g11GI.GI, m24dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A, n43dNIN.URTA, u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: a) mulgi.gi = mul kit-tu2 u me-šar = dSAG.UŠ dUTU «Звезда gi.gi = Звезда правды и справедливости = Сатурн, Шамаш», b) mulgi6 = ANṣa-al-me DUL3 = min, c) mulzi.ba.an.na = zi-ba-ni-tum = min [MSL XI, 40:39–41]. EAE. См. [BPO 3, 286; NSAM 2, 247; SpTU I, 84:9; SpTU V, 264 r. 2]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 491 r. 4]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu. 3. MUL ša i-na ZI IM.ULU3lu a-na IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB-zu KI.GUB-su2 ut-˹ta˺-[na-kar (…)] «Звезда, которая стоит при восходе южного ветра, перед ‘Скорпионом’, постоянно изме[няя] свое положение…» (A. 17). [MUL S]A5 ša2 ina ZI IM.ULU3lu IGI-it múlGIR2.TAB GUB3! MUL2 UDU.IDIM: dz[i-ba-ni-tum] / [(mul)SA]G.UŠ! MUL bi-ib-bu zi-ba-ni-tum dUTU a-˹na˺ […] «[Крас]ная [звезда], которая стоит при восходе южного ветра перед Скорпионом, это планета: В[есы, Са]турн, планета, Весы Шамаша. Для…» (B.17–18) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178–179]. «Большой список звезд». Список планет: mulsag.uš перед Меркурием и Марсом [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 242]. «Дневники наблюдений». Обозначение SAG.UŠ и dSAG.UŠ встречаем в двух ранних дневниках. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No. –681:8, -567:2], далее в «дневниках» повсюду — GENNA. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlSAG.UŠ [SpTU I, 94:7, 15, 47]. (2) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: dSAG.UŠ, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134–136], см. s20Sîn. (3) Предсказания нападения врагов из наблюдений положений и видимости планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 14, 28; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 216].

II. Божество.

Название записывается нередко с детерминативом d. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) В серии Šurpu (II 180): dSAG.UŠ … lip-ṭu-ru «Сатурн … пусть избавит» [Reiner 1970, 18]. (2) В серии заклинаний Намбурби, см. [CT 41, 23:13–14; Ebeling 1954, 12–13].

III. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Черная звезда; MUL MI = dSAG.U[Š] : dGUD.UD «Черная звезда = Сатур[н], вар.: Меркурий» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].

(2) = Звезда Солнца; см. выше Лексич. тексты.

(3) = Весы; см. выше Лексич. тексты.

(4) = Вредитель; см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E, IV 2.

(5) Большие Близнецы = Юпитер и Сатурн; см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 1.

(6) = ŠU.PA; см. [BPO 3, 134: 27′].

Другие примеры астрологических отождествлений, связанных с Сатурном, см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ, III.

Предсказания:

(7) Венера несет черную корону; ˹DIŠ mul˺Dil-bat AGA MI a[p-rat dSAG.U]Š ina IGI-šu2 GUB-ma «Если Венера не[сет] черную корону — [Сату]рн впереди нее стоит» [BPO 3, K.148+:10].

(8) Венера несет корону Солнца; DIŠ mulDil-bat AGA dUTU ap-rat ma-gal i3-ba-il3-ma dSAG.UŠ ina IGI-šu2 DU-ma «Если Венера несет корону Солнца — она становится очень яркой, Сатурн стоит впереди нее» [BPO 3, K.148+:15].

(9) Место Венеры желто-зеленое; [DIŠ mulDil-bat …] KI.GUB-ša2 SIG7 dSAG.UŠ KI-ša2 DU-ma «[Если Венера …], ее место желто-зеленое, (это означает): Сатурн стоит с ней» [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ r. 6′], см. также: [DIŠ mulDil-bat …KI.GUB-sa3] SIG7 … «[Если место Венеры] желто-зеленое: беременные женщины будут умирать с детьми в своих утробах. (Это происходит, если) Сатурн ([dUDU.BAD.SA]G.UŠ) cтоит с ней» [BPO 3, 100, K. 35:17].

(10) Соединение Луны с Сатурном; [DIŠ ina] ŠA3-šu2 dUTU SAR-uḫ ana URU LUGAL ŠU GIR3 EŠ SI NA u2-ṣa-mar dSAG.UŠ «Если Солнце блестит в ее (Луны) внутренней части: … заговор против царского города(?); (Солнце) = Сатурн» [Verderame 2002, 93, IIIm: 7′].

(11) Голова Сатурна красная; SAG mul4SAG.UŠ SA5 : dṢal-bat-a-nu ṭe4-ḫi-šum-ma … «Голова Сатурна красная: (так говорят, если) Марс приблизился к нему» [SpTU I, 84:9; SpTU V, 264 r. 2].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]

SAL.A.ŠE3

2026-01-10T15:15:00Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ulSAL.A.ŠE3}}
ulSAL.A.ŠE3 (𒌌𒊩𒀀𒂠) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* ulSAL.A.KEx(ŠE3);
* = ulSAL.A.TA; "(Star for) Women"; epithet of Venus as the morning or evening star [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 14].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* DIŠ ulSAL.A.ŠE3 (in [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 118] erroneously mulEL(?).KU) ''ana'' SAL.TUK.DUG4.GA.ŠE3 mul''Dil-bat sin-ni-šat'' / ''ana'' NITA.MEŠ ''ul-lu-di'' / mul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ḫa-ma sin-ni-šat'' SIG5 "If the Star is for Women — so they say for the choice of a wife, Venus is feminine — for the birth of men; Venus rises in the East, it is feminine, it is an auspicious (sign)" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":1">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 51:16-18; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 82, K.800:9];
For parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, I 16, IV 7-7a].
* Opposite identity: ulSAL.A.TA d''Dil-bat'': ''sin-ni-ša''2-''at'': TA dUTU.ŠU2.A "(The star for) Women, Dil-bat, (it is) feminine (when observed) in the west" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 8:8].
|
|}

On Venus as being either male and or female, see also (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', (Kurtik i18) ''[[Ištar]]'', (Kurtik n46) [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: ulSAL.A.KEx(ŠE3); = ulSAL.A.TA; «(Звезда для) Женщин»; эпитет Венеры как утренней или вечерней звезды [BPO 2, 14].
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. DIŠ ulSAL.A.ŠE3 (в [Gössman 1950, 118] ошибочно mulEL(?).KU) ana SAL.TUK.DUG4.GA.ŠE3 mulDil-bat sin-ni-šat / ana NITA.MEŠ ul-lu-di / mulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa-ma sin-ni-šat SIG5 «Если Звезда для Женщин — так говорят для выбора жены, Венера женская — для рождения мужчин; Венера восходит на востоке, она женская, это благоприятный (знак)» [ACh Suppl. 2, 51:16–18; BPO 3, 82, K.800:9]; параллели см. [BPO 2, I 16, IV 7–7a]. Противоположное тождество: ulSAL.A.TA dDil-bat : sin-ni-ša2-at : TA dUTU.ŠU2.A «(Звезда для) Женщин, Дилбат, (она) женская, (когда наблюдается) на западе» [ACh Ištar, 8:8].

О мужской и женской Венере см. также d06Dilbat, i18Ištar, n46NITA.A.ŠE3.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA

2026-01-10T15:14:45Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulSAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA}}

mulSAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA (𒀯𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

* = "(Star of) Woman"; epithet of Venus(?).

The name occurs in a single prediction: mulSAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA U2 ŠE MAŠ2.ANŠE / U2 ŠI: ''me-qit-tu''"(Star) Women with … bosom … cattle. / U2 ŠI - epidemic (among cattle)" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":0">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 25:55; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 24-24a].

The autograph [ACh Ištar<ref name=":0" />, 25:55] has SILA4 instead of ARḪUŠ; accordingly Gössmann transcribes the name as mulSAL.SILA4.ŠAG3.GA "Agnica" [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 338].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «(Звезда) Женщины»; эпитет Венеры(?). Название встречается в единственном предсказании: mulSAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA U2 ŠE MAŠ2.ANŠE / U2 ŠI : me-qit-tu «(Звезда) Женщины c… лоно…скот. / U2 ŠI – эпидемия (среди скота)» [ACh Ištar, 25:55; BPO 2, III 24–24а].
В автографии [ACh Ištar, 25:55] вместо ARḪUŠ cтоит SILA4; соответственно Гёсман транскрибирует название как mulSAL.SILA4.ŠAG3.GA «Агница» [Gössman 1950, 338].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

SAR.A

2026-01-10T15:14:24Z

InitTeam:

mulSAR.A (𒀯𒊬𒀀) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 339]. The name occurs only in the text of astrological commentaries: MUL.GAL: mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' mulSAR.A: dBAD dSAG.ME.GAR-''ma'' / [x] ''ša''2 KA ''ummiāni''(UM.MI3.A) MIN ''e-ma-a'' MUL.GAL: MUL.GAL ''u'' mulSAR.A: MUL ''un-nu-tu''2 / ˹''u''3˺-''lu'' TA ŠA3 MUL ''Ra-be''2-''e'' ''lu'' TA ŠA3 <MUL> TUR SUR-''ma'' "Big star = Jupiter (located) in mulSAR. A = Enlil(?) (and) Jupiter / (Comment) [x] from an expert: when (specified) Big Star, (it should be understood as) Big Star and mulSAR.A, which is equivalent to a dim star erupting from a Big Star or from a Small (star)" [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 54:16-18].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s13)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|[Gössman 1950, 339]. Название встречается только в тексте астрологических комментариев: MUL.GAL : mulSAG.ME.GAR ina mulSAR.A : dBAD dSAG.ME.GAR-ma / [x] ša2 KA ummiāni(UM.MI3.A) MIN e-ma-a MUL.GAL : MUL.GAL u mulSAR.A : MUL un-nu-tu2 / ˹u3˺-lu TA ŠA3 MUL Ra-be2-e lu TA ŠA3 <MUL> TUR SUR-ma «Большая звезда = Юпитер (находящийся) в mulSAR.A = Энлиль(?) (и) Юпитер / (Комментарий) [x] из уст эксперта: когда (указана) Большая звезда, (это следует понимать как) Большая звезда и mulSAR.A, что равносильно тусклой звезде, вспыхивающей из Большой звезды или из Малой (звезды)» [ACh Suppl., 54:16–18].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

SI.MU2.A

2026-01-10T15:13:27Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:dSI.MU2.A}}
dSI.MU2.A (𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* dSI.SAR.A, lit. "growing(?) horn"; an epithet of Venus [Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 129; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 287; Litke 1998<ref name=":0">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 161].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''List of gods.'''
* dSi.mu2.a = min(= d''Iš''8-''tar''2 mul.<meš>) "Simua = Goddess of the stars" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 31:12; Litke 1998<ref name=":0" />, 161:178].
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s16)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dSI.SAR.A, букв. «рог растущий»(?); эпитет Венеры [Gössman 1950, 129; Tallqvist 1938, 287; Litke 1998, 161].
I. Источники.

Списки богов. dSi.mu2.a = min(= dIš8-tar2 mul.<meš>) «Симуа = Богиня звезд» [CT 25, 31:12; Litke 1998, 161:178].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

SI4

2026-01-10T15:12:12Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulSI4}}

mulSI4 (𒀯𒋜) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

* = ''pelû'' "Red"(?);
* abbreviation of (Kurtik L9) [[LI9.SI4|mul / dLI9.SI4]] "Lisi,"
* = star, the red giant Antares (α Scorpii); the abbreviation has an astronomical meaning [Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 347].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* mulSI4 — the name of one of the "normal stars" [AD I-III<ref name=":0">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim], first in the diary for -567. [AD I<ref name=":0" />, no.-567 obv. 16] (see Kurtik m39 [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 29).
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* S[I4 ...] "Li[si]." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":1">''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES 58 (2004) 537-572.</ref>, 563-564:7′]. See also SI4 in the list of "normal stars" in [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, 551, Section 8: rev. iv 12′].
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s17)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= pelû «Красный»(?); сокращение от mul / dLI9.SI4 «Лиси», = звезда, красный гигант Антарес (α Scorpii); cокращение имеет астрономический смысл [Gössman 1950, 347].
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». mulSI4 — название одной из «нормальных звезд» [AD I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за -567 г. [AD I, No.-567 obv. 16] (см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 29). Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. S[I4 …] «Ли[си]» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 563–564:7′]. См. также SI4 в списке «нормальных звезд» в [ibid., 551, Section 8: rev. iv 12′].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

SIG7

2026-01-10T15:11:20Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulSIG7}}

mulSIG7 (𒀯𒅊) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= (mul)(w)''arqu'' "Yellow-green (yellow, green) star";

Var. designations:

* 1) epithet of Mars,
* 2) epithet of Venus [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1470-71; Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 350].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Ḫg. B VI: mulsig7 = (omission) = AN.MI "green-yellow (star) = eclipse" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:50].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; Largement 1957<ref name=":1">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264.</ref>, 244:42a, 43a, 250:80].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) List of Mars names: mulsig7 = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') " Green-yellow (star) = Mars";
* (2) ulsig7 = ddumu.zi "Green-yellow (star) = Dumuzi";
* (3) ulsig7 = an.mi "Green-yellow (star) = eclipse" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:87, 171, 173].
|
|}
In the fragment K. 7646:4 of the "Great Star List and Miscellenia," the corresponding sign appears as [mu]lGEŠTIN [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 29, 47]; hence the reading and translation mul / ulGEŠTIN = mul''karānu'' "Wine Star," accepted in [HBA, 9, 10], now rejected, see [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 9, 10]. [3. Erg.<ref>J.Schaumberger, 3. Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von ''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Münster, 1935.</ref>, 306; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 108; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 356, note 2].

===Additional===

==== Astrology. ====
(1) = Venus; mulSIG7 = d''Dil-bat'' "Green-yellow star = Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":0" />, 248, K.2346+:54].

(2) The Red Planet and the Green-Yellow Star; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''u'' mulSIG7 ''it-ten''2-''tu-u''2 DE5.DE5.GA ''bu-lim'' "The Red Planet (= Mars) and the Green-Yellow Star (= Venus) cover each other: cattle grazing" [Largement 1957<ref name=":1" />, 244:42a; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16:42]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''u'' mulSIG7 TE.MEŠ ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If the Red Planet and the Green-yellow star come close together: there will be the same thing" [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, 244:43a; TU''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6)., 16:43].

(3) The planet, Nundim, and the Green-yellow star; see (Kurtik n51) [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]], II 2.

See also: [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SA5 ''u'' mulSIG7 KI.MIN mul[...] "[If] the Red [planet] and the Green-yellow star, var: [...]" [ACh Ištar, 20:60]; DIŠ ulSIG7 UL BI GI6 [...] "If the Green-yellow star, that star is dark [...] [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2., 86:3].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s18)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= (mul)(w)arqu «Желто-зеленая (желтая, зеленая)_звезда»; 1) эпитет Марса, 2) эпитет Венеры [AHw, 1470–71; Gössman 1950, 350].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulsig7 = (пропуск) = AN.MI «Зелено-желтая (звезда) = затмение» [MSL XI, 41:50]. EAE. См. [BPO 3, 286; Largement 1957, 244:42a, 43a, 250:80]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulsig7 = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) « Зелено-желтая (звезда) = Марс»; (2) ulsig7 = ddumu.zi «Зелено-желтая (звезда) = Думузи»; (3) ulsig7 = an.mi «Зелено-желтая (звезда) = затмение» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:87, 171, 173].

Во фрагменте K. 7646:4 «Большого списка звезд» соответствующий знак выглядит как [mu]lGEŠTIN [CT 29, 47]; отсюда чтение и перевод mul / ulGEŠTIN = mulkarānu «Винная звезда», принятый в [HBA, 9, 10], отклоненный в настоящее время, см. [3. Erg., 306; Weidner 1959–60, 108; Reynolds 1998, 356, note 2].

II. Астрология.

(1) = Венера; mulSIG7 = dDil-bat «Зелено-желтая звезда = Венера» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].

(2) Красная планета и Зелено-желтая звезда; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 u mulSIG7 it-ten2-tu-u2 DE5.DE5.GA bu-lim «Красная планета (= Марс) и Зелено-желтая звезда (= Венера) покрывают друг друга: падеж скота» [Largement 1957, 244:42a; TU, 16:42]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 u mulSIG7 TE.MEŠ ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «Если Красная планета и Зелено-желтая звезда сближаются: будет то же» [ibid., 244:43a; TU, 16:43].

(3) Планета, Нундим и Зелено-желтая звезда; см. n51NUN.DIM4, II 2.

См. также: [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SA5 u mulSIG7 KI.MIN mul[…] «[Если] Красная [планета] и Зелено-желтая звезда, вар.: […]» [ACh Ištar, 20:60]; DIŠ ulSIG7 UL BI GI6 […] «Если Зелено-желтая звезда, звезда та темная […] [ACh Suppl. 2., 86:3].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]
[[Category:Mars]]

References (Babylonian)

2026-01-09T21:52:45Z

InitTeam:

* Kurtik (2007), updated by himself until his death in early 2022
* Gössmann (1950)
===Acknowledgements===
We additionally thank our students and colleagues, namely:

David Hilder, Youngjae Lee, Asterios Kechagias, Jan Safford, David Perugia.

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==Kurtik ==

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|-
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|Weidner 1923-24.
|Weidner, E. F., Ein babylonisches Kompendium der Himmelskunde. American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 40, 186-208
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|Weidner 1924-25.
|''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.
|-
|Weidner 1925.
|''Weidner E.'' Ein astrologischer Kommentar aus Uruk // Studia Orientalia. 1925. Vol. 1. P. 347-358.
|-
|Weidner 1927.

|''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.
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|Weidner, 1954-1956.
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|''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.
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|''Weidner E.'' Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil // AfO. 1968-1969. Bd. 22. S. 65-75.
|-
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|''Weiher E. von.'' Der babylonische Gott Nergal. Kevelaer, 1971.
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|'''????????????????????'''
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|'''????????????????????'''
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|'''????????????????????'''
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|-
|Wiggermann 1992.
| '''????????????????????''' |'''????????????????????'''
|
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|-
|Wiggermann 1993-1997.
|'''????????????????????'''
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|'''????????????????????'''
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|-
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|'''????????????????????'''
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|''Wilcke C., Seidl U.'' Inanna/Ištar // RlA. 1976. Bd. 5, Lief. 1-2. S. 74-89.
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|''Небо, наука, поэзия''. Античные авторы о небесных светилах / Пер. и коммент. А.А.Россиуса, вступ. статья Г.М.Дашевского, под ред. Н.А.Федорова и П.В.Щеглова. М.: Изд-во Московского ун-та, 1992.
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|-
|Я открою тебе.||''Я открою тебе сокровенное слово '' (Литература Вавилонии и Ассирии) / Пер. с аккадского. Сост. В.К.Афанасьевой и И.М.Дьяконова. М.: Художественная литература, 1981.
|}

== Krebernik (2023) ==

===Krebernik 's References ===
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!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
| Emar VI/1-2;
Arnaud 1985
|Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).
|-
|Ganzert 2011
|Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki>
|-
| MSL
|Landsberger, B. (1957). The Series HAR-Ra Hubullu. Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon 5.
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[[category:References]]
[[Category:Service]]

SIPA.ZI.AN.NA

2026-01-09T21:52:40Z

InitTeam:

SIPA.ZI.AN.NA (𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾) is a Babylonian constellation in the region of [[Orion]]. Akkadian parallel: ''Šitaddaru(m)''.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. readings:'''

* mulSIPA.AN.NA; sum. "True Shepherd of Anu";
* = ''šitadallu'' (''šidallu, šitaddaru''); Akkadian parallel (Kurtik sh14 (mul)''Šitaddaru''(''m'') (344))
** 1) constellation in Orion (Orion),
** 2) designation of the zodiac sign Gemini in later texts [CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> Š/3, 128; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 348; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 14]. See also (Kurtik b01) [[BALUM|dBA.LIM]], (Kurtik i01) [[I3-li2-ab-rat|d''I''3-''li''2-''ab-rat'']], (Kurtik p05) [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]], (Kurtik s21) [[SIPA]].
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>The sumerogram means “true shepherd of heaven”. Its Akk. equivalent has several variants; in the earliest attestations (OB prayer to the Gods of the Night) it appears as ''ši-ta-(ad)-da-ru''. The etymology is opaque. If the equation SIPA.E.NE ‘herdsmen’ = ''ti-ša-at-talu'' in a lexical text from Emar is not a secondary development, it could point to an ancient term for “shepherd”. cf. Selz 1998 [Fs. Römer, AOAT253], 300: “Damit dürfte die Verbindung unserer Berufsbezeichnung [scil. NAMEŠDA] mit der Šita-Waffe, der als Wurfkeule bekannten Hirtenwaffe, außer Zweifel stehen.” Ancient scribes, assuming a Sum. origin *šita-ta-ra(-a), explained the Akk. term as ''ša ina kakki maḫṣu'' “he who was slain with the weapon”. For references see CAD Š/3 128 s.v. ''šitadallu''. mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA (AN 7l). For the twins in front of mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA see ''LatSAA 8''<ref name=":3">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>.</blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists: mulsipa.zi.an.na [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:395; 133, col. viii 40; 143, col. x 17].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulsipa.e.ne = ''ti-ša-at-ta-lu'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:155], mul dsipa.zi.an.na = ''ši-dal-lu'' [MSL XI, 30, 10:4], [mulsi]pa. zi.an.na = ''ši-t''[''a-d'']''a-rum'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen 10, 132-134.</ref>, 17:9], mulsipa.zi.an.na = ''ši-ta-ad''-[''a-ru''] [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolaires du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 79.B.1 /5 iv 2], mu[l]sipa.zi.an.na = ''ši-da-al-lu-''[''u''] [SpTU III<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 18; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 105:274ʹ].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulsipa.zi.an.na = ŠITA2.DAR = ''ša''2 ''ina kak-ki maḫ-ṣi'' [MSL XI, 41:44], mulsipa.zi.an.na = (skip) = ŠITA2.DA.[AL?] [SpTU III<ref name=":4" />, 116 iii 13].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* (1) Old Babylonian prayer:
** (a) Erm. 15642: ''ši-ta-ad-da-da-ru-um'' [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref>, 196-197:18], and also [Shileiko 1924<ref>''Шилейко В.К''. Таблетка с молитвой ночным богам в собрании Лихачева //ИРАИМК. 1924, Т. 3, Ленинград, с. 144-152.</ref>, 147; Dossin 1935<ref name=":5">''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieux de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA 32, № 4, 179-190.</ref>, 180; Von Soden 1936<ref>''von Soden W.'' Ein Opferschaugebet bei Nacht // ZA. 1936. Bd. 43 (N.F. 9), S. 305-308.</ref>, 306],
** (b) AO 6769: ''ši-ta-da-da-ru'' [Dossin 1935<ref name=":5" />, 181-182:18].
* (2) Hittite prayer: mul''Ši-pa-zi-a-na'' [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin'').</ref> IV, 47 r. 44; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 2:8; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:44].
* (3) Neo-Assyrian prayer: [mulSI]PA.ZI.AN.NA [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:14].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":6">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 62, 214 EAE 20 XII Rec. C: 7', 215 EAE 20 XII Rec B Source S r. 44, 218 EAE 20 Source Y:14, 285 App. 2.4 r. 26, 289-290; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 3b, 30-30a, IX 4, 14, X 4, XIV 8, XV 33-35, XVI 2, XVII 12, XVIII 1-3, 6-10; BPO 3<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; Largement 1957<ref name=":8">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264.</ref>, 246:61; NSAM 2<ref name=":9">''Verderame L.'' Le Tavole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 249; SpTU I<ref name=":10">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 93:7'; SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 13].
|
|-
|'''Text HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text).'''
See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of simanu, stars of Ea, 240 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) Menology: itišu mulsipa.zi.an.na / dNin.šubur sukkal.maḫ An.na dInnin.bi.id.da. ke4: itišu ''Ši-ta-ad-da-lu'' / d''Pap-sukkal'' sukkal ''ṣi-i-ru ša'' d''A-nim u'' d''Iš''8-''tar''2 "Duuzu, the True Shepherd of Anu, Ninshubur (acc. Papsukal), the noble vizier of Anu and Ishtar" (A i 38-39, 45-47); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan<ref>''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192, 399-416.</ref> 404:18-19], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 81; CAD<ref name=":0" /> Š/3, 128b; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref> 79].
** (2) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(bi) gub-''zu'' / mulsipa.zi.an.na dnin.šubur / sukkal d''A-nim u''3 d''Iš''8-''tar'', "The constellation that stands behind it (i.e. behind the Bull's Jaw), the True Shepherd of Anu, Ninshubur, messenger of Anu and Ishtar" (B i 9-11), for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz<ref name=":11">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 4].
** (3) List (3´12): itisig4 mulsipa.zi.an.na šu-ut dE2-a "Simanu: the True Shepherd of Anu (on the way) Ea (rises)" (C i 3).
** (4) List (sunrise-sunrise=6m):
*** (a) [itisig4] mulsipa.zi.an.na mulur.gu.la mulmuš ˹e3˺ "[Siman:] The True Shepherd of Anu, the Lion, the Snake are rising" (C 17),
*** (b) [mu]lsipa.zi.an.na mulur.gu.la mulmuš ˹šu2˺ "(Kislimu): The True Shepherd of Anu, the Lion, and the Serpent go in." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 30; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":12">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 34, 37, 40].
* BM 82923. Month of Siman, the Ea stars: mu[lSIPA.ZI.AN.NA // 4,0] // ''su-kal-lum'' "[True Shepherd of Anu // 240] // Messenger" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:7].
* BM 34713. [itis]ig4 // 4.0 múlsipa.zi.<an>.na // 1.50 múlšu.gi // 55 múl''A-nu-ni-tu''2 "[S]iman: 240 True Shepherd of Anu, 110 Old Man, 55 Anunitu" [LBAT<ref name=":13">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:3].
* The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.
** a) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 6): mulsipa.zi.an.na [CT<ref name=":14">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 10; Horowitz 1998, 176].
* Text Nv. 10. mulsipa.zi.[an.na] is the asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Ab, see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
|
|-
| '''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
* Ea 4. MUL KI.MIN(=''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'') mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA d''Nin-šubur'' (B: dPAP.SUKKAL) ˹SUKKAL˺ AN-''nim'' ''u''3 ''Iš''8-''tar''2 ''ana'' IM.SAG.GA2
* "The star that stands after it, the True Shepherd of Anu, Ninshubur (B: Papsukal), the vizier of Anu and Ishtar. (For predicting) the early wind (i.e., 'low price')"
* [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":11" />, 177, note 30]; for a parallel see. [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 30].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />; BPO 3<ref name=":7" />; BPO 4].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":15">''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII, 149-165.</ref>, 157:53, 162:126].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 8): mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA d''Pap-sukkal'' SUKKAL d''A-nim u'' INNIN "The True Shepherd of Anu, Papsukkal, messenger of Anu and Ishtar" (I ii 2), for a parallel see. MLC 1688 (col. ii 10).
* (2) Dates of the heliacal risings are "on the 10th day of siman" (I ii 40), see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]].
* (3) Simultaneous diurnal sunrisings and settings:
** a) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' ŠU2-''bi'' "True Shepherd of Anu rises, Pabilsag sets" (I iii 16),
** b) mulGABA GIR2. TAB ''u'' mulUZ3 KURmeš-''ma'' mulŠU.GI ''u'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ŠU2meš "The chest of the Scorpius and the Goat rises, the Old Man and the True Shepherd of Anu sets" (I iii 26).
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA 35 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 "20 days from the rising of the Heavenly Bull to the rising of the True Shepherd of Anu. 35 days from the rising of the True Shepherd of Anu to the rising of the Arrow" (I iii 46-47).
* (5) Culminations, simultaneous with heliacal risings: 'On the 10th day of siman, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth culminates, the True Shepherd of Anu rises' (I iv 19-20), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* 6) Stars 'in the path of the Moon': mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA (I iv 33), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. [MA<ref name=":16">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 31, 41, 48, 48, 50, 56, 63, 68].
|[[File:SIPAZIANNA stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium screenshot|thumb|Painting of the True Shepherd of Anu by Jessica Gullberg (2021) on a Stellarium map (Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg 2022)]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":13" />, 381a; SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 352b].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List".'''
* (1) mulsipa.zi.an.na = šita.da.ra / ''ša''2 ''ina'' gištukul ''maḫ-ṣi'' "True Shepherd of Anu = Shitadara, the one who is struck down by weapons";
* (2) 12 Akkadian stars;
* (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":17">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:163-164, 209, 227]; see also mulmaš.tab.ba ''ša ina'' igi dpap.sukkal / mulsi[pa.z]i.<an.na> in the list of 7 Celestial Twins and in the list of 7 tikpi-stars [KAR<ref name=":18">''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 28-29, 36].
|
|-
|'''MLC 1866.'''
* (a) See III. "Symbol," as well as (Kurtik d04) [[DAR.LUGAL]], (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
* (b) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / d''pap-sukkal'' SUKKAL d60 ''u an-tu''4 "True Shepherd of Anu, Papsukal, messenger of Anu and Antu" (col. iv 19'-20') [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":19">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 38, 42]. A list of bird cries (Birdcall texts). ''it-ti-du-u''2mušen ''iṣ-ṣur'' d''ka''3-''ka''3 / mulsipa.zi.an.na ''uḫ-ta-b''[''il'']... "Francolin — the bird of the deity Kaka. (Her cry): "The True Shepherd of Anu was robb[ed] ..." [Lambert 1970<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.</ref>, 114-115:16].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (A) mulsipa.zi.an.na "True Shepherd of Anu" (β Ori).
* (B)
** ''šu imittu''(15) ''u a-si-du / ˹egir˺-u2 ša2'' mulsipa.zi.an.na
** "the right hand and in the back (i.e., eastward-located) heel of the True Shepherd of Anu (ξ Ori, κ Ori)"
** [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:1-3], see (Kurtik d04) [[DAR.LUGAL]].
|
* Right hand ξ, ν Ori
* Back heel: η Lep

[[File:TrueShepherd.png|alt=Painting of the True Shepherd of Anu by Jessica Gullberg (2021)|thumb|Painting of the True Shepherd of Anu by Jessica Gullberg (2021)]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* A. mul šu zag sipa.[zi.an.na] "The right hand of the [True] Shepherd of [Anu]" (ν Ori).
* B. ˹aga˺ mulsipa.zi.an.na "Crown of the True Shepherd of Anu" (λ1 Ori) [Walker 1995, 29; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 44; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":20">Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref>, 105].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427: ''ina'' itisig4 ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 sipa ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "In the month of siman, on the morning of the 28th day, the True Shepherd of Anu emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA 55 (N.F. 17), 237-251.</ref>, 238:10].
|
|-
| '''"Planisphere K 8538."'''
* Sector 3: [d''Pap-sukkal''] sukkal AN.NA <''u''> d''Ištar'' d''I''3-''li''2-''ab-rat'' mulSipa.zi.an.na "Papsukal, messenger of An (and) Ishtar, Ilabrat, True Shepherd of Anu" [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56, Abb. 2; 59].
| [[File:Sipzianna BM K8538 .png|alt=photograph BM K8538|thumb|photograph of BM K8538, SIPA.ZI.AN.NA highlighted in colour (courtesy: the Trustees of the BM)]]
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
See (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) Predictions of grain prices by the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 94:39].
* (2) An extispicy involving correspondences between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars: KA.DU10.GA // d''Nusku''(PA.TUG2) // itiSIG4 // mulSIPA.[ZI.AN.NA] "'Sweet Mouth' is Nusku; month of siman; [True] Shepherd of [Anu]" [SpTU IV, 159:6; Reiner 1995, 78]. Here mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA is used apparently as a designation for the zodiac sign Gemini see (Kurtik s21) [[SIPA]].
See also mul''Sipa-zi-an-na'' [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42:7, r. 2], múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA [SpTU III<ref name=":4" />, 102:4, 5; 103:19].
|
|}
[[File:SIPAZIANNA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 153141.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside SIPA.ZI.AN.NA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Rigel]]
| HIP 24436
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.13
|-
|2
| [[Betelgeuse]]
| HIP 27989
|Constellation lines
|0.42
|-
|3
|[[Bellatrix]]
|HIP 25336
|Constellation lines
|1.64
|-
|4
|[[Alnilam]]
|HIP 26311
|Constellation lines
|1.69
|-
|5
|Alnitak
|HIP 26727
|Constellation lines
|1.77
|-
|6
|[[Alnitak]] A
|HIP 26727
|Constellation lines
| 1.9
|-
|7
|[[Saiph]]
| HIP 27366
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.06
|-
|8
|[[Mintaka]]
|HIP 25930
|Constellation lines
|2.41
|-
|9
|NGC 1980
|NGC 1980
|Inside the Hull
|2.5
|-
|10
|[[Hatysa]]
|HIP 26241
|Inside the Hull
| 2.77
|-
| 11
|Cl Collinder 69
|Cl Collinder 69
|Inside the Hull
|2.8
|-
|12
|[[Tejat]]
|HIP 30343
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.87
|-
|13
|Propus
|HIP 29655
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.28
|-
|14
| η Orionis
|HIP 25281
|Inside the Hull
|3.35
|-
| 15
|[[Meissa]] A
|HIP 26207
|Constellation lines
|3.47
|-
|16
|τ Orionis
|HIP 24674
|Inside the Hull
|3.59
|-
|17
|* eta Ori A
|HIP 25281
|Inside the Hull
|3.59
|-
|18
|Meissa
|HIP 26207
|Constellation lines
|3.66
|-
|19
|π 5 Orionis
|HIP 22797
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.73
|-
|20
|Alnitak B
|HIP 26727
|Constellation lines
|3.73
|-
|21
|σ Orionis
|HIP 26549
| Inside the Hull
|3.79
|-
|22
|ϕ 2 Orionis
|HIP 26366
|Constellation lines
|4.09
|-
|23
|29 Ori
|HIP 25247
|Inside the Hull
|4.12
|-
|24
|32 Ori
|HIP 25813
|Inside the Hull
|4.2
|-
| 25
|NGC 1981
|NGC 1981
|Inside the Hull
| 4.2
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 28614A
|Inside the Hull
|4.3
|-
|27
|ν Orionis
|HIP 29038
|Inside the Hull
|4.397
|-
|28
| ϕ 1 Orionis
| HIP 26176
|Inside the Hull
|4.41
|-
|29
|π 6 Orionis
|HIP 23123
|Inside the Hull
|4.459
|-
|30
|* 32 Ori A
|HIP 25813
| Inside the Hull
|4.46
|-
|31
|ρ Orionis
| HIP 24331
|Inside the Hull
|4.48
|-
|32
|ξ Orionis
|HIP 29426
|Inside the Hull
|4.48
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 28413
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.52
|-
|34
|42 Ori
|HIP 26237
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|35
|ω Orionis
|HIP 26594
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|36
|ψ 2 Orionis
|HIP 25473
|Inside the Hull
|4.611
|-
|37
|υ Orionis
|HIP 25923
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|38
|μ Orionis
|HIP 28614
|Constellation lines
| 4.71
|-
|39
|31 Ori
| HIP 25737
|Inside the Hull
|4.71
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 26199
| Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
|41
|22 Ori
|HIP 25044
|Inside the Hull
|4.74
|-
|42
| 56 Ori
|HIP 27750
|Inside the Hull
|4.75
|-
|43
|49 Ori
|HIP 26563
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
| 44
|134 Tau
|HIP 27511
|Inside the Hull
| 4.875
|-
|45
| * eta Ori B
|HIP 25281
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|46
|51 Ori
|HIP 26885
|Inside the Hull
|4.9
|-
|47
|69 Ori
|HIP 29434
|Inside the Hull
|4.92
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 26736
|Inside the Hull
|4.95
|-
|49
|ψ 1 Orionis
|HIP 25302
|Inside the Hull
| 4.96
|-
| 50
| 23 Ori
|HIP 25142
|Inside the Hull
| 5
|-
|51
|27 Ori
|HIP 25282
|Inside the Hull
|5.072
|-
|52
|68 Eri
| HIP 23941
|Inside the Hull
| 5.119
|-
|53
|θ 1 Orionis C
| HIP 26221
| Inside the Hull
|5.13
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 29650
|Inside the Hull
| 5.17
|-
| 55
|60 Ori
|HIP 28296
|Inside the Hull
| 5.2
|-
|56
| 45 Ori
|HIP 26268
|Inside the Hull
|5.234
|-
|57
|133 Tau
|HIP 27364
| Inside the Hull
| 5.29
|-
|58
|21 Ori
| HIP 24817
|Inside the Hull
|5.325
|-
|59
|38 Ori
|HIP 26126
|Inside the Hull
|5.326
|-
|60
|72 Ori
|HIP 29704
|Inside the Hull
|5.327
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 25980
|Inside the Hull
| 5.34
|-
|62
| VV Ori
|HIP 26063
|Inside the Hull
|5.34
|-
|63
|55 Ori
|HIP 27658
|Inside the Hull
|5.341
|-
|64
| 33 Ori
| HIP 25861
|Inside the Hull
| 5.46
|-
|65
| -
| HIP 24450
| Inside the Hull
|5.494
|-
|66
| * lam Ori B
|HR 1880
|Inside the Hull
|5.51
|-
|67
|135 Tau
|HIP 27581
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 26197
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
|69
| 137 Tau
|HIP 27743
|Inside the Hull
|5.586
|-
|70
|66 Ori
|HIP 28814
|Inside the Hull
|5.621
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 26215
|Inside the Hull
| 5.638
|-
|72
|[SC93] 64
|[SC93] 64
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|73
|63 Ori
|HIP 28812
|Inside the Hull
|5.658
|-
| 74
| -
|HIP 25028
| Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 25223
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|76
|131 Tau
| HIP 27316
|Inside the Hull
|5.721
|-
|77
| * n01 Ori A
|HIP 25861
|Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 25751
| Inside the Hull
|5.745
|-
|79
|68 Ori
|HIP 29433
|Inside the Hull
|5.749
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 26345
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
|81
|* 32 Ori B
|HIP 25813
|Inside the Hull
|5.76
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 27280
|Inside the Hull
|5.768
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 25708
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 25041
|Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 26487
| Inside the Hull
|5.852
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 28011
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|87
| -
|HR 2014
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
| 88
| -
|HIP 28139
|Inside the Hull
|5.884
|-
|89
| 59 Ori
|HIP 28271
|Inside the Hull
|5.886
|-
|90
| -
| HIP 24203
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|91
| -
| HIP 28302
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 24162
|Inside the Hull
|5.892
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 24294
| Inside the Hull
|5.892
|-
| 94
| -
|HIP 29678
|Inside the Hull
|5.894
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 26108
| Inside the Hull
|5.895
|-
|96
| -
|HIP 26386
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|97
|NGC 2169
|NGC 2169
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 23408
|Inside the Hull
|5.908
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 27549
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 26762
|Inside the Hull
|5.912
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 27253
|Inside the Hull
| 5.93
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 27560
|Inside the Hull
|5.936
|-
|103
|* 52 Ori A
|HIP 27386
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|104
| -
| HIP 26535
|Inside the Hull
| 5.96
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 28110
|Inside the Hull
|5.964
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 26926
| Inside the Hull
|5.965
|-
|107
| -
|HIP 27435
|Inside the Hull
|5.97
|-
|108
| -
|HR 2099
|Inside the Hull
|5.97
|-
|109
| -
|HIP 26624
|Inside the Hull
|5.974
|-
|110
| -
|HIP 27939
|Inside the Hull
|5.975
|-
| 111
| -
|HIP 27588
|Inside the Hull
|5.976
|-
|112
| * 52 Ori B
| HIP 27386
|Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 26427
|Inside the Hull
|6.024
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 23643
|Inside the Hull
|6.031
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 29371
|Inside the Hull
|6.036
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 28686
| Inside the Hull
|6.075
|-
|117
| -
|HIP 27118
|Inside the Hull
|6.089
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 24349
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 26414
|Inside the Hull
|6.095
|-
|120
|W Ori
|HIP 23680
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 24041
|Inside the Hull
|6.102
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 27900
|Inside the Hull
|6.115
|-
|123
| -
|HIP 25378
|Inside the Hull
|6.144
|-
|124
| -
|HR 1691
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 25187
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 24493
|Inside the Hull
| 6.154
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 25976
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|128
| -
|HIP 26477
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 28252
|Inside the Hull
|6.198
|-
|130
|CK Ori
|HIP 25785
|Inside the Hull
|6.202
|-
| 131
| -
|HIP 28232
|Inside the Hull
|6.202
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 25869
|Inside the Hull
|6.208
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 26106
| Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|134
| -
| HIP 26713
| Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 25401
|Inside the Hull
|6.233
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 24130
|Inside the Hull
|6.236
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 26149
|Inside the Hull
|6.251
|-
|138
| -
|HR 2214
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|139
| -
|HIP 28019
|Inside the Hull
| 6.264
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 28614B
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 25288
|Inside the Hull
|6.297
|-
|142
| -
|HIP 27902
|Inside the Hull
|6.302
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 27212
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|144
|V1197 Ori
|HIP 26953
|Inside the Hull
|6.311
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 25786
| Inside the Hull
|6.313
|-
| 146
| -
|HIP 24377
|Inside the Hull
|6.323
|-
|147
|V1649 Ori
|HIP 25205
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 29326
|Inside the Hull
|6.335
|-
|149
| -
|HIP 24847
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 25505
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|151
| -
| HR 1891
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 29798
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 25582
|Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
|154
| -
|HIP 25667
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|155
|* tet02 Ori B
|HIP 26235
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
| 156
| -
|HIP 26257
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|157
|θ 2 Orionis
| HIP 26235
| Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|158
| -
|HIP 25453
|Inside the Hull
|6.399
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 24607
|Inside the Hull
|6.408
|-
|160
|V1377 Ori
|HIP 26263
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 24925
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 25368
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|163
| -
|HIP 24960
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|164
| -
|HIP 26104
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
| 165
| -
| HR 1898
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 26020
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|167
|* sig Ori E
|HR 1932
| Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 27116
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 25732
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|
| -
|HIP 26234
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Papsukal, see (Kurtik p05) [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]. For the name, en(!) sipa.zi.an.na, as a royal name in the pre-flood era in the “Sumerian King List”, see. [Jacobsen 1939<ref>''Jacobsen, T.'' The Sumerian King List. Assyriological Studies, 11. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1939.</ref>, 74-75:20-21]. In poorly preserved copies of the lists of gods belonging to the AN:d''Anum'' series, we also find the identity: [d mulsi]pa.zi.an.na = dmin(=ddumu.[zi]) "True [Shep]erd of An = Dumu[zi]"(?) [CT<ref name=":14" /> 24, 9:9; 25, 7:9a], indicating a connection between Dumuzi and the constellation; for objections see [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 106] (see also [Alster 1985]). The Neo-Assyrian description of the temple ritual VAT 10099 tells of Marduk's struggle with various deities, including mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA, whom Marduk defeats (d''bēl'' mul''Sipa-zi-an-na ik-mu-ma'') [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 116: 6-7].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Prayers to the night gods, see above.
* (2) Šurpu series (II 184): d''Ḫendur-sag-ga''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''lip-ṭu-ru'' "May Hendursaga (and) the True Shepherd An, deliver" [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18].
* (3) The hemerologies for the 19th day of Nisan and the 10th day of Tebet: pad-''su ana'' mulsipa.zi.an.na ''gar-ma ma-ḫir'' "He brings his sacrifice to the True Shepherd of Anu, and (it) is accepted" [KAR<ref name=":18" />, 178, ii 57, rev. ii 48; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 62-63, 134-135].
* (4) The ritual of "Laying on of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): mulsipa.zi.an.na ''ilu ellu bānû'' [x].meš "True Shepherd of Anu, the bright god, protection [...]" [BMS<ref>''King L.W.'' Babylonian Magic and Sorcery. London, 1896.</ref>, 50:1; Ebeling 1953<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Die akkadische Gebetsserie "Handerhebung". Berlin, 1953.</ref>, 146-151; Mayer 1976<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.</ref>, 431].
* (5) A ritual against an epidemic [TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babylonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref> 163, 34:13].
* (6) In the ''bīt mēseri'' series, cf. [Meier 1942<ref>''Meier G..'' Die zweite Tafel der Serie ''bīt mēseri'' // AfO. 1942. Bd. 14, Heft 3/4. S. 139-142.</ref>, 142:17; Reiner 1995<ref name=":21">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 17].
* (7) For appeals to the True Shepherd of Anu as a deity in medical texts, see. [Reiner 1995<ref name=":21" />, 56].
* (8) In astrological geography, the True Shepherd of Anu was associated with Sippar and Larsa, see below (VI 8).
* (9) Wishes for the welfare of the Assyrian king: [mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA dPAP.SUKKAL SUKKAL SUKKAL d''A-nim u'' d''Iš-tar'' / [...g]išPA ''mu-na-ʼi-ir kiš-šat'' UN.MEŠ ''lu-šat-me-eḫ-ka'' [...] "True Shepherd of Anu, Papsukal, the messenger of An and Ishtar, [...] the scepter that kills all men, let him hand you [...]" [Watanabe 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 4-5].

See also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 441; CAD<ref name=":0" /> Š/3, 128b; Beaulieu 1992<ref>''Beaulieu P.-A.'' Antiquarian Theology in Seleucid Uruk // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 47-75.</ref>, 60-63].

==== Symbol. ====
A bearded male deity wearing a long robe and a horned cap, with a rod in one hand and the other arm extending alongside his body. Safety figures of Papsukal, sometimes with inscriptions, were placed under the platforms of Mesopotamian temples; the earliest well-dated example comes from Ashur (12th century BC) [Ellis 1967<ref>''Ellis R.S.'' "Papsukkal" Figures beneath the daises of Mesopotamia // RA 61, No. 1, 51-61.</ref>]. Description of the constellation figure in MLC 1866 (col. ii 10-12): mulSIPA..ZI.AN.NA d''pap-sukkal suk-kal-lum'' d60 ''u an-tu''4 / ''ṣa-lam šu-u''2 ''lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-biš ziq-nu za-qin ku-ur-ku-ru ša''2-''kin'' / MUD ''u nam-za-qa ta-mi-iḫ'' "True Shepherd of Anu, Papsukal, vizier of Anu and Antu. This figure of a man, (who) is clothed, bearded, has a kurkurru, / holds a lock and key."" [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":19" />, 36, 40].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= [[Orion]] [Gössman 1950<ref name=":1" />, 348, I; Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref>, 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 73; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73a, 74; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 11, 14; MA<ref name=":16" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":17" /> 208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":20" />, 276; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":12" />, 248, Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":19" />, 75].

= [[Orion|Orio]]<nowiki/>n, constellation figure correlated with stars, see. [Koch 1989, 117, Abb. 17].<gallery>
File:Ori+shepherdStaff stellarium.jpg|The True Shepherd of Anu with a staff reaching to Auriga (CC BY SMH in Stellarium with drawing by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster).
File:Papke Ori+Crook.jpg|same idea (but even more wrong): Gamlu as part of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA's shepherd's staff; interpretation by Papke (1989).
File:GU II.jpg|The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.
</gallery>The option of the Shepherd with a staff in Auriga can't be completely neglected but is likely wrong, as [[GAM3|GAM3]], The Crook, in [[Auriga]] is (a) a weapon and (b) sometimes mentioned in the hand of a figure in [[Perseus]].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) The right hand and heel of the True Shepherd of Anu from behind, see GU text.

(2) The right hand of the True Shepherd of Anu' (ν Ori), see dbn-text.

(3) The crown of the True Shepherd of Anu (λ1 Ori), see dbn-text.

(4) The navel of the True Shepherd of Anu (α Orionis), see (Kurtik L06) [[LI.DUR]].

(5) The beginning sections of the True Shepherd of Anu, see below.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Saturn; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 12.

(2) = Venus(?); [''Sipa'']-''zi-an-na'' d''Dil-bat'' "True [Shepherd] of An = Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 262, K. 3384 rev. 2].

In [Gössman 1950<ref name=":1" />, 348, III A] the identities: the True Shepherd of Anu = Mars(?), Mercury(?), Jupiter(?) are also assumed, without, in our opinion, conclusive confirmation.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) Visibility of stars in the True Shepherd of Anu; [DIŠ ulSIPA.ZI].AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 UL.UL.MEŠ IDIM ''ug-dap-pa-šam-ma'' SAL.ḪUL [DU3-''uš''] "[If] the stars of [True Shepherd] Anu twinkle (increase in brilliance): an important person will strengthen and [commit] evil deeds" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, XV 33], parallel: DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''it-ta-na-an-bi-ṭu'' / ''kab-tu ug-da-ap-pa-ša''2-''am-ma'' / ''le-mut-ti ip-pu-uš'' / mul''Dil-bat ina pa-an'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''ma'' "If the stars of the True Shepherd of Anu increases in its radiation: an important person will become excessively powerful and commit evil, (it means): Venus stands before the True Shepherd of Anu." [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 255 r. 6-7]; [DIŠ ulSIPA.ZI.A]N.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''un-nu-tu''4 NUN ''na-ram''? [...] "[If] the stars of [the True Shepherd] Anu wan: the crown prince, the favorite [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XV 34]; [DIŠ mulSIPA].ZI.AN.N[A ''ina'' KI.GUB-''šu''2 ...] ''u da-am'' KUR ''ana'' K[I.KAL NIGIN] "[If] the True [Shepherd] of A[n (is) in its correct position...] and it is dark: the country [will gather] into for[tresses]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVIII 2]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''a-dir'' AN.MI d''Sin u'' dUTU ''ina'' KUR DU3.[A.BI GAL2] MAŠ2.ANŠE [...] "[If] the True Shepherd of Anu becomes dim: [there will be] an eclipse of the Moon and Sun in a[ll] countries, the cattle [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVIII 9]; [DIŠ] mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 [x x] KA´MI BARA2 ''ina'' K[UR...] "[If] the True Shepherd of Anu, (its) position changes [...] (and) becomes dim: the throne in the country [...] [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVIII 6]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''meš-ḫa im-šu-uḫ'' LUGAL EN BALA ''ina šer''3''-t''[''i-šu''2] ''bu-bu-ʼ-tu''2 DIRI-''ma'' BA.B[E] "[If] the True Shepherd of Anu emits mišḫu: the king, the ruler of the dynasty, because of his offenses, will be covered with pustules and die." [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVIII 10]; [DIŠ] UD ''ina'' GUB.BA-''šu''2 MUL.MEŠ ''ma-lu-u''2 NAM.BAD.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ "[If] in its position it (= the True Shepherd of Anu) is filled with stars: there will be pestilence" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVIII 12].

(4) The Navel of the True Shepherd of Anu; [DIŠ ulSIPA.ZI.]AN.NA LI.DUR-''su'' SA5 ''ina'' 15-''šu''2 MI GAL2''-ši'' BAL-''tum'' GA[L2] ... "[If] the Navel of [the True Shepherd] Anu is red (and) there is a dark spot on the right side of it: there will be an upheaval..., the one who is like the master will fall from weapons" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XV 32] [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XV 32]; parallel [ibid., XVII 14]; [DIŠ] mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA LI.DUR-''su'' MI AN.MI UD.16.KAM [...] "[If] the Navel of the True Shepherd of Anu is dark: on the 16th (there will be) an eclipse [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVI 3; XVIII 5]; [DIŠ] mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA LI.DUR-''su it-ta-na-an-''[''bit'' ...] "[If] the Navel of the True Shepherd of Anu is dark: there will be an eclipse [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XIII 4], see also (Kurtik L06) [[LI.DUR]].

(5) Heliacal rising of the True Shepherd An; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina E''3-''š''[''u''2 ''ša'']-''qu'' GAB I3.GAL2 "If the True Shepherd of Anu, during [its] appearance (stands) high: there will be ..." [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 3b]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' KI.[GUB-''šu''2] / [''ša'']-''qu ina'' SAG ITI-''šu''2 IGI MU [x x] "[If] the True Shepherd of Anu in [its] position[s] (stands) high, (and) it appears at the beginning of the corresponding month [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVII 12], see also [ibid., XVIII 3].

(6) Heliacal risings earlier and later than the set time; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' itiSIG4 IGI-''mar'' BE-''ma'' MUL B[I NIM-''ma'' IGI ...] BE-''ma'' MUL BI ''uḫ-ḫi-ir-ma'' ITI-''šu''2 DIB-''ma'' IGI LUGAL KUR BI KUR-''s''[''u''...] "The True Shepherd of Anu rises heliacally in the month of simanu; if the star [rises early: ...]; if the star is delayed, and it rises pass the set time in the month: the king of this country, hi[s] country [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, IX 4], see also [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, IX 14, X 4].

(7) The Moon and the True Shepherd of Anu; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 GUB ''ina'' MU BI LUGAL KUR GAL ''ana'' KUR TUR SILIM [...] "If the Moon during its appearance, (and) the True Shepherd of Anu stands at its beginning: in this year, the king of a great country will make peace with (the king of) a small country [...]" [NSAM 2<ref name=":9" />, 171, §7]; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB LUGAL ŠU2''-tam'' [DU3-''uš''] "If (the Moon durings its appearance, and) the True Shepherd of Anu stands in its middle: the king of superiority over all [will achieve]." [NSAM 2, 171, §8]; d''Pap-sukkal'' KUR-''ma'' KI dUTU GUB d30 ''ina'' mul?SIPA.ZI.AN.<NA> ''ana''? GENNA KUR-''ma'' "Papsukkal has risen and stands in the place(?) of the Sun, the Moon has reached(?) the True Shepherd of Anu Saturn" [SpTU IV, 162 r. 12-13]; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana'' IGI [30 TE] / [UD].MEŠ BALA MAN GID2.DA [x x x x] "If the True Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn) comes close to the front [of the Moon: da]ys and the reign will be long [...]" [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 544:4′-5′]; [DIŠ 30 MIN (= ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2) mulSI]PA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' LUGAL SU3 ŠU2-''tam'' DU3-''uš'' / [mulSIPA.ZI].AN.NA ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "[If the Moon at its appearance] (and) the True [Shep]herd of Anu stands in the moon: the distant king of might will attain. [True Shepherd] Anu = Saturn" [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 7:25-26].

(8) The eclipse of the Moon in the True Shepherd of Anu; DIŠ ina KI mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA u2-lu mulzi-ba-ni-tum a-dir EŠ.BAR Si-par u UD.UNUGki "If (the Moon) eclipses in the realm of the True Shepherd of Anu or in Libra: solution for Sippar and Larsa" [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, MNB 1849:40]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN UD.14.KAM AN.MI GAR-''an'' KA´MI-''su'' TU LUGAL ''ši-si-tu''4 UGU-''šu''2 ŠUB-''di'' / ''ina'' KI mulxSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ša''2-''niš ana tar-ṣi'' mulxPA.BIL.SAG BE.MEŠ "If on the 14th day of the month of kislim an eclipse (of the moon) occurs and it sits in the eclipse: the king, shoutings will befall upon him. (If the eclipse occurs) in the region of the True Shepherd of Anu, or in the direction of Pabilsag: plague" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":6" />, 285, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 25-26], see also (Kurtik d04) [[DAR.LUGAL]], VI 1.

(9) The Moon's halo and the True Shepherd of Anu; DIŠ ''Sin'' TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 DU NIM.MEŠ KUR SI.SA2.MEŠ "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the True Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn) stands in it: the high lands of the country will prosper" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 30a]; [diš 30] ''ina'' itiše ''ina'' igi.lal''-šu''2 tur3 nigin2-''ma'' mulsipa.zi.an.na ''ina'' ša3-''šu''2 gub ''ina'' iti.bi an.mi ''gar-an'' "[If the Moon], during its appearance in the month of adar, is surrounded by a halo and the True Shepherd of Anu stands in it: there will be an eclipse in that month" [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":15" />, 162:126]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-[''iz''] LUGAL SU.KI ''kiš-šu''2-''tu''2 DU3''-uš'' KUR-''su i-na-aḫ-ḫi''-[''iš''] "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the True Shepherd of Anu stand[s] in it: the king of Subartu will attain world domination, his country will prosper." [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 302 r. 3-5], see also [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, 451:4-6].

(10) Acronical risings opposite the Moon; mulxSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana tar-ṣi-šu''2 ''ana'' U4-''ma'' E11-''ma'' "(this means that) the True Shepherd of Anu opposite the moon (i.e. Sina = Moon) rises acronically" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":6" />, 290; TU<ref name=":22">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 17:26].

(11) Venus and the True Shepherd of Anu; UD ''ina'' GUB.BA-''šu''2 EŠ4.DAR DU LUGAL KUR-''su'' BAL-''su'' "If Venus stands in his place: the king's country will revolt" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVIII 11]; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA DU KUR UR.BI ŠEŠ ŠEŠ KUR2-''ir'' / RI.RI.GA NAM.LU2.Ux.LU ''u'' MAŠ2.ANŠE GAL2-''ši'' "If Venus stands opposite the True Shepherd of Anu: brothers will feud with each other, there will be an epidemic among men and cattle in all countries." [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 46, VAT 10218:62], the parallel to this prediction in [ibid.<ref name=":7" />, 68, BM 75228:7] contains the explanation: [d''Dil-bat''] ''u'' d[SAG].UŠ "[Venus] and [Sat]urn," see also [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 180, K. 229 rev. ii 10; SAA 8, 254 r. 2-5]. See also: [...lu mu]lGU4.AN.NA lu mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA DU-''ma'' "She (= Venus) stands [... either in] the Heavenly Bull or in the True Shepherd of Anu" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 100, K. 35:8].

(12) Planets and the True Shepherd of Anu; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' mulSIPA.ZI..AN.NA ''i-mid'' UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAR.MEŠ "[If] a planet stands near the True Shepherd of Anu: there will be death in the land" [Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 246:61; TU<ref name=":22" />, 16:61], see also (Kurtik k29) [[KUR2.RA|lúKUR2.RA]].

(13) The True Shepherd of Anu (=Saturn) and the Star Cluster (=Pleiades); [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana'' 15 MUL.MUL ''i''[''q-r'']''ib'' d''En-lil''2 KUR [...] "[If] the True Shepherd of Anu comes [close] to the right side of the Star Cluster: Enlil, the country [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVIII 7]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana'' 2.30 MUL.MUL ''iq-rib'' SAL.KUR2 [...] "[If] the True Shepherd of Anu approaches the left side of the Star Cluster: military action [...] [ibid., XVIII 8], see also (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 12.

(14) Jupiter approaches the True Shepherd of Anu; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 33.

(15) Mercury stands with the Moon or with the True Shepherd of Anu; see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 28.
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Kurtik (2022) !! Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
==== (Kurtik sh14) (mul)Šitaddaru(m) ====
|
|-
|вар. чтения: šidallu, šitaddalu; аккадская параллель к mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA «Праведный Пастух Ану» в основном в лексических текстах, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA.
|
|-
|
==== (Kurtik s22) mulSIPA.AN.NA ====
|
|-
| вар.: mulSIPA.AN.NA; шум. «Праведный Пастух Ану»; = ''šitadallu'' (''šidallu'', ''šitaddaru''); 1) созвездие в Орионе (Orion), 2) обозначение знака зодиака Близнецы в поздних текстах [CAD Š/3, 128; Gössman 1950, 348; BPO 2, 14]. См. также b01dBA.LIM, i01d''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'', p05dPAP.SUKKAL, s21SIPA. || Example
|-
| I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки: mulsipa.zi.an.na [MSL XI, 108:395; 133, col. viii 40; 143, col. x 17]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: mulsipa.e.ne = ''ti-ša-at-ta-lu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:155], mul dsipa.zi.an.na = ''ši-dal-lu'' [MSL XI, 30, 10:4], [mulsi]pa.zi.an.na = ''ši-t''[''a-d'']''a-rum'' [Cavigneaux 1979, 17:9], mulsipa.zi.an.na = ''ši-ta-ad-''[''a-ru''] [Cavigneaux 1981, 79.B.1/5 iv 2], mu[l]sipa.zi.an.na = ''ši-da-al-lu-''[''u''] [SpTU III, 114A v 18; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 105:274ʹ]. '''(3)''' Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulsipa.zi.an.na = ŠITA2.DAR = ''ša''2 ''ina kak-ki maḫ-ṣi'' [MSL XI, 41:44], mulsipa.zi.an.na = (пропуск) = ŠITA2.DA.[AL?] [SpTU III, 116 iii 13]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». '''(1)''' Старовавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: ''ši-ta-ad-da-ru-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:18], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; Von Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: ''ši-ta-da-ru'' [Dossin 1935, 181–182:18]. '''(2)''' Хеттская молитва: mul''Ši-pa-zi-a-na'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 44; BPO 2, 2:8; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:44]. '''(3)''' Новоассирийская молитва: [mulSI]PA.ZI.AN.NA [Oppenheim 1959, 283:14]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 62, 214 EAE 20 XII Rec. C: 7', 215 EAE 20 XII Rec B Source S r. 44, 218 EAE 20 Source Y:14, 285 App. 2.4 r. 26, 289–290; BPO 2, III 3b, 30–30a, IX 4, 14, X 4, XIV 8, XV 33–35, XVI 2, XVII 12, XVIII 1–3, 6–10; BPO 3, 286; Largement 1957, 246:61; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU I, 93:7'; SpTU IV, 162 r. 13]. '''''Текст HS 245''''' '''(''The Hilprecht Text'')'''. См. a33AN.TA.GUB. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц симану, звезды Эа, 240 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Менологии: itišu mulsipa.zi.an.na / dNin.šubur sukkal.maḫ An.na dInnin.bi.id.da.ke4 : itišu ''Ši-ta-ad-da-lu'' / d''Pap-sukkal'' sukkal ''ṣi-i-ru'' ''ša'' d''A-nim u'' d''Iš''8-''tar''2 «Дуузу, Праведный Пастух Ану, Ниншубур (акк. Папсукаль), благородный визирь Ану и Иштар» (A i 38–39, 45–47); параллель см. [Çağirgan 404:18–19], см. также [BPO 2 81; CAD Š/3, 128b; Емельянов 1999 79]. '''(2)''' Список (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(bi) gub-''zu'' / mulsipa.zi.an.na dnin.šubur / sukkal d''A-nim'' ''u''3 d''Iš''8-''tar''2 «Созвездие, которое позади него стоит (т.е. позади Челюсти Быка), Праведный Пастух Ану, Ниншубур, посланник Ану и Иштар» (B i 9–11), параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz, ''Ea'' 4]. '''(3)''' Список (3´12): itisig4 mulsipa.zi.an.na ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' «Симану: Праведный Пастух Ану (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 3). '''(4)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): [itisig4] mulsipa.zi.an.na mulur.gu.la mulmuš ˹e3˺ «[Симану:] Праведный Пастух Ану, Лев, Змея восходят» (С 17), b) [mu]lsipa.zi.an.na mulur.gu.la mulmuš ˹šu2˺ «(Кислиму): Праведный Пастух Ану, Лев, Змея заходят» [KAV 218, C 30; Horowitz 2014, 34, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц симану, звезды Эа: mu[lSIPA.ZI.AN.NA // 4,0] // ''su-kal-lum'' «[Праведный Пастух Ану // 240] // Посланник» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:7]. BM 34713. [itis]ig4 // 4,0 múlsipa.zi.<an>.na // 1,50 múlšu.gi // 55 múl''A-nu-ni-tu''2 «[С]иману: 240 Праведный Пастух Ану, 110 Старик, 55 Ануниту» [LBAT, 1499:3]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 6): mulsipa.zi.an.na [CT 33, 9 r. 10; Horowitz 1998, 176]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Ea'' 4. MUL KI.MIN(=''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'') mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA d''Nin-šubur'' (B: dPAP.SUKKAL) ˹SUKKAL˺ AN-''nim u''3 ''Iš''8-''tar''2 ''ana'' IM.SAG.GA2 «Звезда, которая стоит после него, Праведный Пастух Ану, Ниншубур (В: Папсукаль), визирь Ану и Иштар. (Для предсказания) раннего ветра (т.е. ‘низкой цены’)» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177, note 30]; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 30]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2; BPO 3; BPO 4]. '''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu'''''. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 157:53, 162:126]. '''''MUL.APIN.'' (1)''' Звезды Ану (№ 8): mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA d''Pap-sukkal'' SUKKAL d''A-nim u'' INNIN «Праведный Пастух Ану, Папсукаль, посланник Ану и Иштар» (I ii 2), параллель см. MLC 1688 (col. ii 10). '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: «10-го симану» (I ii 40), см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL. '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' ŠU2-''bi'' «Праведный Пастух Ану восходит, Пабилсаг заходит» (I iii 16), b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUZ3 KURmeš-''ma'' mulŠU.GI ''u'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ŠU2meš «Грудь Скорпиона и Коза восходят, Старик и Праведный Пастух Ану заходят» (I iii 26). '''(4)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša2'' mulGU4.AN.NA 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA 35 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 «20 дней от восхода Небесного Быка до восхода Праведного Пастуха Ану. 35 дней от восхода Праведного пастуха Ану до восхода Стрелы» (I iii 46–47). '''(5)''' Кульминации, одновременные гелиакическим восходам: 10-го симану Демон с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. '''(6)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA (I iv 33), см. s20''Sîn''. [MA, 31, 41, 48, 50, 56, 63, 68]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 381a; SAA 8, 352b]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulsipa.zi.an.na = šita.da.ra / ''ša''2 ''ina'' gištukul ''maḫ-ṣi'' «Праведный Пастух Ану = Шитадара, тот, кто оружием сражен»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Аккада; '''(3)''' 7 ''lumāšu''-звезд [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:163–164, 209, 227]; см. также mulmaš.tab.ba ''ša'' ''ina'' igi dpap.sukkal / mulsi[pa.z]i.<an.na> в списке 7 Небесных Близнецов и в списке 7 ''tikpi''-звезд [KAR, 142 i 28–29, 36]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. a) См. III. «Символ», а также d04DAR.LUGAL, m16MAŠ.TAB.BA. b) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / d''pap-sukkal'' SUKKAL d60 ''u an-tu''4 «Праведный Пастух Ану, Папсукаль, посланник Ану и Анту» (col. iv 19'–20') [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42]. '''''Список возгласов птиц''''' ('''''Birdcall texts'''''). ''it-ti-du-u''2mušen ''iṣ-ṣur'' d''ka''3-''ka''3 / mulsipa.zi.an.na ''uḫ-ta-b''[''il'']… «Франколин — птица божества Кака. (Ее крик): «Праведного Пастуха Ану ограби[ли] …» [Lambert 1970, 114–115:16]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(A)''' mulsipa.zi.an.na «Праведный Пастух Ану» (β Ori). '''(B)''' šu ''imittu''(15) ''u a-si-du'' / ˹egir˺-''u''2 ''ša''2 mulsipa.zi.an.na «правая рука и задняя (т.е. расположенная восточнее) пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану (ξ Ori, κ Ori)» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:1–3], см. d04DAR.LUGAL. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''A.''' mul šu zag sipa.[zi.an.na] «Правая рука [Праведного] Пастуха [Ану]» (ν Ori). '''B'''. ˹aga˺ mulsipa.zi.an.na «Корона Праведного Пастуха Ану» (λ1 Ori) [Walker 1995, 29; Koch 1995, 44; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105]. '''''Анафора'''''. А 3427: ''ina'' itisig4 ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 sipa ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) «В месяце симану утром 28-го дня Праведный Пастух Ану испускает ''mišḫu'' и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:10]. '''''Текст Nv. 10'''''. mulsipa.zi.[an.na] — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце абу, см. g06GAM3. «'''''Планисфера К 8538'''''». Сектор 3: [d''Pap-sukkal''] ''sukkal'' AN.NA <''u''> d''Ištar'' d''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'' mulSipa.zi.an.na «Папсукаль, посланник Ану (и) Иштар, Илабрат, Праведный Пастух Ану» [Koch 1989, 56, Abb. 2; 59]. '''''Текст W. 22281a.''''' См. m16MAŠ.TAB.BA. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA [SpTU I, 94:39]. '''(2)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: KA.DU10.GA // d''Nusku''(PA.TUG2) // itiSIG4 // mulSIPA.[ZI.AN.NA] «‘Сладкий рот’ есть Нуску; месяц симану; [Праведный] Пастух [Ану]» [SpTU IV, 159:6; Reiner 1995, 78]. Здесь mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA используется, по-видимому, как обозначение знака зодиака Близнецы, см. s21SIPA.

См. также mul''Sipa-zi-an-na'' [SpTU II, 42:7, r. 2], múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA [SpTU III, 102:4, 5; 103:19].

II. Божество.

Папсукаль, см. p05dPAP.SUKKAL. Имя en(!) sipa.zi.an.na как царское имя в допотопной части «Шумерского царского списка» см. [Jacobsen 1939, 74–75:20–21]. В плохо сохранившихся копиях списков богов, относящихся к серии AN:d''Anum'', встречаем также тождество: [d mulsi]pa.zi.an.na = dmin(=ddumu.[zi]) «Праведный [Пас]тух Ану = Думу[зи]»(?) [CT 24, 9:9; 25, 7:9a], свидетельствующее как будто о связи Думузи с созвездием; возражения см. [Foxvog 1993, 106] (см. также [Alster 1985]). В новоассирийском описании храмового ритуала VAT 10099 повествуется о борьбе Мардука с различными божествами, в том числе с mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA, которого Мардук побеждает (d''bēl'' mul''Sipa-zi-an-na ik-mu-ma'') [Livingstone 1986, 116: 6–7]. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Молитвы к ночным богам, см. выше. '''(2)''' Серия ''Šurpu'' (II 184): d''Ḫendur-sag-ga''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''lip-ṭu-ru'' «Пусть Хендурсага (и) Праведный Пастух Ану избавят» [Reiner 1970, 18]. '''(3)''' Гемерологии на 19-е нисана и 10-е тебету: pad-''su'' ''ana'' mulsipa.zi.an.na gar-''ma'' ''ma-ḫir'' «Жертвоприношение свое Праведному Пастуху Ану он приносит, и (оно) принято» [KAR, 178, ii 57, rev. ii 48; Labat 1939, 62–63, 134–135]. '''(4)''' Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): mulsipa.zi.an.na ''ilu'' ''ellu'' ''bānû'' [x].meš «Праведный Пастух Ану, светлый бог, защита […]» [BMS, 50:1; Ebeling 1953, 146–151; Mayer 1976, 431]. '''(5)''' Ритуал против эпидемии [TuL 163, 34:13]. '''(6)''' В серии ''bīt mēseri'', см. [Meier 1942, 142:17; Reiner 1995, 17]. '''(7)''' Обращения к Праведному Пастуху Ану как к божеству в медицинских текстах см. [Reiner 1995, 56]. '''(8)''' В астрологической географии Праведный Пастух Ану был связан с Сиппаром и Ларсой, см. ниже (VI 8). '''(9)''' Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA dPAP.SUKKAL SUKKAL d''A-nim u'' d''Iš-tar'' / […g]išPA ''mu-na''-ʼ''i-ir kiš-šat'' UN.MEŠ ''lu-šat-me-eḫ-ka'' […] «Праведный Пастух Ану, Папсукаль, посланник Ану и Иштар, […] скипетр, убивающий всех людей, пусть вручит тебе […]» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 4–5].

См. также [Tallqvist 1938, 441; CAD Š/3, 128b; Beaulieu 1992, 60–63].

III. Символ.

Бородатое мужское божество в длинной мантии и обычно в рогатой шапке с жезлом в одной руке и другой рукой, вытянутой вдоль тела. Предохранительные фигурки Папсукаля, иногда с надписями, помещались под платформами месопотамских храмов; самый ранний хорошо датируемый пример происходит из Ашшура (XII в. до н.э.) [Ellis 1967]. Описание фигуры созвездия в MLC 1866 (col. ii 10–12): mulSIPA..ZI.AN.NA d''pap-sukkal'' ''suk-kal-lum'' d60 ''u'' ''an-tu''4 / ''ṣa-lam šu-u''2 ''lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-biš'' ''ziq-nu za-qin ku-ur-ku-ru'' ''ša''2-''kin'' / MUD ''u'' ''nam-za-qa ta-mi-iḫ'' «Праведный Пастух Ану, Папсукаль, визирь Ану и Анту. Эта фигура человека, (которая) одета, бородата, имеет ''kurkurru'', / держит замок и ключ.» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40].

IV. Отождествление.

= Orion [Gössman 1950, 348, I; Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 73; Weidner 1957–59, 73a, 74; BPO 2, 11, 14; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Horowitz 2014, 248, Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

= Orion, фигура созвездия, соотнесенная со звездами, см. [Koch 1989, 117, Abb. 17].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Правая рука и пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану, находящаяся сзади, см. GU-текст.

(2) Правая рука Праведного Пастуха Ану» (ν Ori), см. dbn-текст.

(3) Корона Праведного Пастуха Ану (λ1 Ori), см. dbn-текст.

(4) Пуп Праведного Пастуха Ану (α Orionis), см. L06LI.DUR.

(5) Начальная часть Праведного Пастуха Ану, см. ниже.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Сатурн''; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 12.

(2) = ''Венера''(?); [''Sipa'']-''zi-an-na'' d''Dil-bat'' «Праведный [Пастух] Ану = Венера» [BPO 3, 262, K. 3384 rev. 2].

В [Gössman 1950, 348, III A] предполагаются также тождества: Праведный Пастух Ану = Марс(?), Меркурий(?), Юпитер(?), не имеющие, на наш взгляд, убедительных подтверждений.

Предсказания:

(3) ''Видимость звезд в Праведном Пастухе Ану''; [DIŠ ulSIPA.ZI].AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 UL.UL.MEŠ IDIM ''ug-dap-pa-šam-ma'' SAL.ḪUL [DU3-''uš''] «[Если] звезды [Праведного Пастуха] Ану мерцают (усиливают блеск): важная персона усилится и [совершит] злые дела» [BPO 3, XV 33], параллель: DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''it-ta-na-an-bi-ṭu'' / ''kab-tu ug-da-ap-pa-ša''2''-am-ma'' / ''le-mut-ti ip-pu-uš'' / mul''Dil-bat ina pa-an'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''ma'' «Если звезды Праведного Пастуха Ану усиливают излучение: важная персона станет чрезмерно могущественной и совершит зло, (это означает): Венера стоит перед Праведным Пастухом Ану» [SAA 8, 255 r. 6–7]; [DIŠ ulSIPA.ZI.A]N.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''un-nu-tu''4 NUN ''na-ram''? […] «[Если] звезды [Праведного Пастуха] Ану ослабели: наследный принц, любимец […]» [BPO 2, XV 34]; [DIŠmulSIPA].ZI.AN.N[A ''ina'' KI.GUB-''šu''2 …] ''u da-am'' KUR ''ana'' K[I.KAL NIGIN] «[Если] Праведный [Пастух] Ан[у (находится) в своем положении…] и он темный: страна [соберется] в кре[пости]» [BPO 2, XVIII 2]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''a-dir'' AN.MI d''Sin'' ''u'' dUTU ''ina'' KUR DU3.[A.BI GAL2] MAŠ2.ANŠE […] «[Если] Праведный Пастух Ану стал тусклым: [произойдут] затмения Луны и Солнца во вс[ех] странах, скот […]» [BPO 2, XVIII 9]; [DIŠ] mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 [x x] KA´MI BARA2 ''ina'' K[UR…] «[Если] Праведный Пастух Ану положение (свое) изменяет […] (и) становится тусклым: трон в стра[не…] [BPO 2, XVIII 6]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''meš-ḫa im-šu-uḫ'' LUGAL EN BALA ''ina šer''3-''t''[''i''-''šu''2] ''bu-bu''-ʼ-''tu''2 DIRI-''ma'' BA.B[E] «[Если] Праведный Пастух Ану испускает ''mišḫu'': царь, владыка династии, из-за своих преступлений покроется гнойниками и умрет» [BPO 2, XVIII 10]; [DIŠ] UD ''ina'' GUB.BA-''šu''2 MUL.MEŠ ''ma-lu-u''2 NAM.BAD.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ «[Если] в своем положении он (= Праведный Пастух Ану) наполнен звездами: будет мор» [BPO 2, XVIII 12].

(4) ''Пуп Праведного Пастуха Ану''; [DIŠ ulSIPA.ZI.]AN.NA LI.DUR-''su'' SA5 ''ina'' 15-''šu''2 MI GAL2-''ši'' BAL-''tum'' GA[L2] … «[Если] Пуп [Праведного Пастуха] Ану красный (и) на нем справа темное пятно: буд[ет] переворот …, тот, кто подобен своему господину, от оружия падет» [BPO 2, XV 32]; параллель [ibid., XVII 14]; [DIŠ] mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA LI.DUR-''su'' MI AN.MI UD.16.KAM […] «[Если] Пуп Праведного Пастуха Ану темный: 16-го (произойдет) затмение […]» [BPO 2, XVI 3; XVIII 5]; [DIŠ] mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA LI.DUR-''su'' ''it-ta-na-an-''[''bit'' …] «[Если] Пуп Праведного Пастуха Ану мерца[ет…]» [BPO 2, XIII 4], см. также L06LI.DUR.

(5) ''Гелиакический восход Праведного Пастуха Ану''; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' E3-''š''[''u''2 ''ša'']-''qu'' GAB I3.GAL2 «Если Праведный Пастух Ану при сво[ем] появлении (стоит) высоко: будет …» [BPO 2, III 3b]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' KI.[GUB-''šu''2] / [''ša'']-''qu ina'' SAG ITI-''šu''2 IGI MU [x x] «[Если] Праведный Пастух Ану в [своем] полож[ении] (стоит) высоко, (и) он появляется в начале своего месяца […]» [BPO 2, XVII 12], см. также [ibid., XVIII 3].

(6) ''Гелиакический восход раньше и позже установленного времени''; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' itiSIG4 IGI-''mar'' BE-''ma'' MUL B[I NIM-''ma'' IGI …] BE-''ma'' MUL BI ''uḫ-ḫi-ir-ma'' ITI-''šu''2 DIB-''ma'' IGI LUGAL KUR BI KUR-''s''[''u''…] «Праведный Пастух Ану восходит гелиакически в месяце симану; если эта звезда [восходит рано: …]; если эта звезда запаздывает, проходит свой месяц и восходит: царь этой страны сво[ю] страну […]» [BPO 2, IX 4], см. также [ibid., IX 14, X 4].

(7) ''Луна и Праведный Пастух Ану''; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 GUB ''ina'' MU BI LUGAL KUR GAL ''ana'' KUR TUR SILIM […] «Если Луна при своем появлении (и) Праведный Пастух Ану в ее начале стоит: в этом году царь великой страны с (царем) малой страны помирятся […]» [NSAM 2, 171, §7]; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB LUGAL ŠU2-''tam'' [DU3-''uš''] «Если (Луна при своем появлении и) Праведный Пастух Ану в ее середине стоит: царь превосходства надо всеми [добьется]» [NSAM 2, 171, §8]; d''Pap-sukkal'' KUR-''ma'' KI dUTU GUB d30 ''ina'' mul?SIPA.ZI.AN.<NA> ''ana''? GENNA KUR-''ma'' «Папсукаль взошел и стоит на месте(?) Солнца, Луна в Праведном Пастухе Ану Сатурна достигла(?)» [SpTU IV, 162 r. 12–13]; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana'' IGI [30 TE] / [UD].MEŠ BALA MAN GID2.DA [x x x] «Если Праведный Пастух Ану (= Сатурн) к передней части [Луны подходит близко: дн]и царствования будут долгими […]» [SAA 8, 544:4′–5′]; [DIŠ 30 MIN (= ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2) mulSI]PA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' LUGAL SU3 ŠU2-''tam'' DU3-''uš'' / [mulSIPA.ZI].AN.NA ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «[Если Луна при своем появлении] (и) Праведный [Пас]тух Ану в ней стоит: далекий царь могущества достигнет. [Праведный Пастух] Ану = Сатурн» [ACh Suppl., 7:25–26].

(8) ''Затмение Луны в Праведном Пастухе Ану''; DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''u''2-''lu'' mul''zi-ba-ni-tum a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ''Si-par u'' UD.UNUGki «Если (Луна) затмилась в области Праведного Пастуха Ану или в Весах: решение для Сиппара и Ларсы» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:40]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN UD.14.KAM AN.MI GAR-''an'' KA´MI-''su'' TU LUGAL ''ši-si-tu''4 UGU-''šu''2 ŠUB-''di'' / ''ina'' KI mulxSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ša''2-''niš ana tar-ṣi'' mulxPA.BIL.SAG BE.MEŠ «Если в месяце кислиму в 14-й день происходит затмение (Луны) и она садится затмившейся: царь, крик на него обрушится. (Если затмение происходит) в области Праведного Пастуха Ану, либо в направлении Пабилсага: чума» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 25–26], cм. также d04DAR.LUGAL, VI 1.

(9) ''Лунное гало и Праведный Пастух Ану''; DIŠ ''Sin'' TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 DU NIM.MEŠ KUR SI.SA2.MEŠ «Если Луна окружена гало и Праведный Пастух Ану (= Сатурн) стоит в нем: высоко лежащие земли страны будут процветать» [BPO 2, III 30a]; [diš 30] ''ina'' itiše ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 tur3 nigin2-''ma'' mulsipa.zi.an.na ''ina'' ša3-''šu''2 gub ''ina'' iti.bi an.mi gar-''an'' «[Если Луна] при своем появлении в месяце аддару окружена гало и Праведный Пастух Ану стоит в нем: в этом месяце будет затмение» [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 162:126]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-[''iz''] LUGAL SU.KI ''kiš''-''šu''2-''tu''2 DU3-''uš'' KUR-''su'' ''i-na-aḫ-ḫi-''[''iš''] «Если Луна окружена гало и Праведный Пастух Ану стои[т] в нем: царь Субарту достигнет мирового господства, его страна будет благоденствовать» [SAA 8, 302 r. 3–5], см. также [ibid., 451:4–6].

(10) ''Акронический восход напротив Луны''; mulxSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana tar-ṣi''-''šu''2 ''ana'' U4-''ma'' E11-''ma'' «(это означает, что) Праведный Пастух Ану напротив него (т.е. Сина = Луна) восходит акронически» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 290; TU, 17:26].

(11) ''Венера и Праведный Пастух Ану''; UD ''ina'' GUB.BA-''šu''2 EŠ4.DAR DU LUGAL KUR-''su'' BAL-''su'' «Если на его месте Венера стоит: страна царя взбунтуется» [BPO 2, XVIII 11]; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA DU KUR UR.BI ŠEŠ ŠEŠ KUR2-''ir'' / RI.RI.GA NAM.LU2.Ux.LU ''u'' MAŠ2.ANŠE GAL2-''ši'' «Если Венера стоит напротив Праведного Пастуха Ану: во всех странах брат будет враждовать с братом, эпидемия среди людей и скота будет» [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:62], параллель к этому предсказанию в [ibid., 68, BM 75228:7] содержит пояснение: [d''Dil-bat''] ''u'' d[SAG].UŠ «[Венера] и [Сат]урн», см. также [BPO 3, 180, K. 229 rev. ii 10; SAA 8, 254 r. 2–5]. См. также: […''lu'' mu]lGU4.AN.NA ''lu'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA DU-''ma'' «Она (= Венера) [… либо в] Небесном Быке, либо в Праведном Пастухе Ану стоит» [BPO 3, 100, K. 35:8].

(12) ''Планета и Праведный Пастух Ану''; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' mulSIPA.ZI..AN.NA ''i-mid'' UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAR.MEŠ «[Если] планета вблизи от Праведного Пастуха Ану стоит: в стране будут смерти» [Largement 1957, 246:61; TU, 16:61], см. также k29lúKUR2.RA.

(13) ''Праведный Пастух Ану'' (=''Сатурн'') ''и Звезды'' (=''Плеяды''); [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana'' 15 MUL.MUL ''i''[''q-r'']''ib'' d''En-lil''2 KUR […] «[Если] Праведный Пастух Ану при[близил]ся к правой стороне Звезд: Энлиль страну […]» [BPO 2, XVIII 7]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana'' 2,30 MUL.MUL ''iq-rib'' SAL.KUR2 […] «[Если] Праведный Пастух Ану приблизился к левой стороне Звезд: военные действия […] [ibid., XVIII 8], см. также m35MUL.MUL, V 12.

(14) ''Юпитер приближается к Праведному Пастуху Ану''; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR, III 33.

(15) ''Меркурий стоит с Луной или с Праведным Пастухом Ану''; см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 28.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

GU.LA

2026-01-09T21:20:46Z

InitTeam:

{{distinguish|Gula}}
[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
mulGU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷) = ''rabû'', "Great, Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Aquarius]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 81]. In late epochs, the abbreviation GU was used for both the constellation and the zodiac sign; this applies to later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [Gössmann1950<ref name=":0" />, 71; Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 257]. In addition to the attested translation of GU.LA mulGU.LA= ''rabû'', Urra XXII indicates the existence of a loan-word ''Gula/Gulu/Gullû'' as the asterism's Akkadian name. In any case, indirect associations, and perhaps even confusion between the star-name, the name of the goddess Gula and her asterism mul dGU.LA, and the Lion-constellation mulUR.GU.LA is noticeable (see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 115, 154). '''''For mul dGU.LA see Beaulieu et al. 2018'''''<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>''''': 33 and below g27+??'''''
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Ea (Babilonian) - EnKi (Sumerian).jpg|thumb|Detail of The Adda Seal. The figures can be identified as gods by their pointed hats with multiple horns. The figure with streams of water and fish flowing from his shoulders is Ea (Sumerian Enki), god of subterranean waters and of wisdom. Behind him stands Usimu, his two-faced vizier (chief minister); British Museum BM 89115.]]

* see also (Kurtik g25) GU.
* see also (Kurtik r01) (mul)''Rabû''

Akkadian parallel in Urra XXII:

* [mulgu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''2 [MSL XI<ref name=":3">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64]. See also: mul ''ra-be''2-''e'' [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":4">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 54:18].
* = ''rabû'' (?) (𒊏𒁍𒌑) “great (man)” (?).
Although this constellation is identified with Hydrochoos/Aquarius, the Greek/Latin names have no obvious relationship with their cuneiform counterpart. Tentatively, a relationship could be established if we assume that the Sumerian term was segmented (by folk etymology?) phonetically as /gul/ (cf. Akk. ''gullu'' “bowl”) and /a/ “water”. Note, however, that a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar explains [mul(.d?)GU.]LA as ''ni-ik-ka-ra-a''[''k''], i.e. Ninkarrak, another name of the healing goddess Gula (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 7’, see Arnaud 1985<ref>Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).</ref>, V I.1, 287, and Gantzert<ref>Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki></ref> 210,1 210; II 127). mulGU.LA (EA 2l).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian list from Nippur: mulgu.la [MSL XI<ref name=":3" />, 107:389].
* (2) Urra XXII series:
** mulgu.la = (pass) [MSL XI<ref name=":3" />, 30:25a'],
** [mulgu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''2 [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, 49, RS Rec. A:64],
** mulgu.la = ŠU [SpTU III<ref name=":5">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 60], a possible parallel [mulgu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI<ref name=":3" />, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 111:320ʹ].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
'''Astrolabe P.'''

* Month of Tebet, the stars of Ea, 140 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].

'''Astrolabe B.'''

* (1) List (3´12): [itiab m]ulgu.la ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "The month of Tebet: the Giant (on the way towards) Ea (rises)" (C i 10).
* (2) List (rising-setting=6m):
** a) itiab mulgu.la mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' multi8mušen ˹e3˺ "Tebet: Giant, Crab, Eagle rises" (C 31),
** b) [mu]l<<ur>>.gu.la mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' multi8mušen [šu2] "(Duuzu): the Giant, Crab, Eagle [comes in]." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 20; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40].
|[[File:Aqr+Cap Perdok stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Mesopotamian god Enki/ Ea and the benevolent daemon of the Goat-Fish next to him; paintings by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster) mapped to Stellarium. ]]
|-
|'''BM 82923.'''
Month of Tebet, stars of Ea: mulGU.LA // 2.20 // dEN BE d''E''2-''a'' "The Giant // 140 // Lord of sources, Ea". [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:28].
|
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
* itiab // 2,20 múlgu.la // 1,0 múlud.ka.du8.a // 30 múl[uz3]
* "Tebet: 140 Giant, 60 Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 30 [Goat]" [LBAT<ref name=":6">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:10].
* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. 12 stars of Ea (no. 1): mulgu.la [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 15; Horowitz 1998 176].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":22">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19-20; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3<ref name=":8">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281; Verderame 2002<ref name=":9">''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 247; SpTU IV<ref name=":10">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T.<ref name=":11">''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>, 232:8, Pl. XVII 8].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Ea (no. 2): mulGU.LA d''E''2-''a'' "Giant, Ea" (I ii 20).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: "5th of Sabbath" (I iii 10), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets:
** a) (I iii 18), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2.mušen]],
** b) (I iii 31), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (4) Stars "on the way of towards the moon": mulGU.LA, after mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, before KUNmeš (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA<ref name=":12">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68].
|[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* 12 stars of Elam: mulgu.la [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:205].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §aa. ˹mul˺gu.la muleme ur.gi7 mulSAR U5 x [...] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x [...] "Giant (α Lyr?), tongue of the Dog (τ Her), mulSAR U5 x [...] (γ Ser): 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 interval[a, interval. Star] x x [...]" [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 51, 64], ˹mul˺gu.la = ˹mul˺(d)''Gu-la'' "(healer goddess) Gula" (α Lyr), mulSAR U5 = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis).
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR [''ša'' dŠamaš...] / u mulGU.LA ''šit-qu-lu ina'' it[iA]PIN [''ina''] ''l''[''i-l'']''a-a-tu''2 KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Š''[''amaš'' ŠU.BI. AŠ.AM3]
* "On the 15th of ayar, during the rising [of the Sun...] and the Giant in equilibrium (= culminate). In the (month of) arahsamnu, in the evening, during sunset, the same thing takes place". [SpTU I<ref name=":14">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95:3'-4'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* a) ''qu''2-''up''-[''pu'' ...] "[Front] reservo[ir of the Giant ...]."
* b) ˹''qu''2?˺-[...] "[Rear] reservo[ir of the Giant]." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 564:12′-13′].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) "Lunaries."
** a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgu.la "Giant's region (= Aquarius)." [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1" />, 258-259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see below (Kurtik g25 GU).
* (2) Microzodiac.
** (a) Subdivision of the zodiac sign of the Hired Worker (Aries) into 12 parts, see (Kurtik g25, GU, merged here).
** (b) Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 7th part is mulgu.la [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
* (3) Dodecatemoria. BM 34452+:
** a) [11 10 // 3 10 // ''Sin'' ...] múlGU.LA / [....] ''Eri-du''10 "[Tebet 10 // siman 10 // Moon ...] Giant. / [...] Eridu."
** b) 5 24 // 3 12 // ''Sin ina'' GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA / KI múlSIPA GUB E2 dGAŠAN.EDIN "Ab 24 // siman 12 // The Moon on the spine? of the Giant. / Region of the True Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn, according to Hunger), seat of the house dGAŠAN.EDIN (= Lady Erua?)." [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref>, 41:19-20, rev. 3-4].
* (4) Predictions of cereal prices by the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlGU.LA [SpTU I<ref name=":14" />, 94, passim].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlGU.LA ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of Aquarius was born..." [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000<ref name=":15">''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: KI mulGU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134:17′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
|
|-
!Kurtik (g25) GU (abbreviation)
!
|-
|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
* 1) GU is the designation of the zodiac sign Aquarius [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III, passim], first seen in the diary of the year -384 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ].
* 2) As a designation of constellation included in the names of the 3 "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
See. [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT<ref name=":6" />, passim].
|
|-
|'''Text LBAT 1502 obv.'''
* múlGU, the star of Antashurra, see (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
А 3427:

* ''ina'' itiab ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 múlGU ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month of Tebet, in the morning of the 28th day, the Giant emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":16">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:5], parallel in Sp II 202+: ina ab ina ''še-rim'' 28 múlgu.la ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":16" /> 246:23].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant (= Aquarius) [BH, passim].
* (2) "Lunaries." BRM IV, 19: GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1" />, 274-275: b, d, n, 10-13, 15, 28; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. The subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Worker(=Aries) into 12 parts:
** a) AO 6483: 11-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgu ''šum''3-''šu''2 "11th section, its name is the Giant" [TU<ref name=":17">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:19; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66],
** b) Sp II 202+: 11-''tu''2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgu.la ša2 múllu "11th part Hired Man - Hired Man Giant" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":16" />, 246:24].
* (4) Calendar-magic texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointment + "dodecatemoria"):
** MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''erî''(TI8mušen) ''kappi''(PA) MIN(= ''erî'') ''u dām''(UŠ2) MIN(= ''erî'') MIN(= ''tapaššaš'')
** "Duuzu 6 // Aquarius 120 // Head of eagle, wing of eagle and blood of eagle - you smear" [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 104:6, and also 104:19];
** for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 105:3, 16, 29].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology.
** a) KI múlGU MU DUG3 DUMUmeš TUK UŠ2 A.MEŠ "Region of Aquarius: sons shall have a good name, death by water" [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], for parallels see. [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43: 27]; see also [Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 192].
** b) KI múlGU [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000<ref name=":15" />].
|
|}
See also [SpTU I<ref name=":14" />, 96:1; SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 270:3′].
[[File:GULAaqr CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 180923.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GU.LA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Enif]]
|HIP 107315
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.39
|-
|2
| [[Sadalsuud]]
|HIP 106278
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.89
|-
|3
|[[Sadalmelik]]
|HIP 109074
|Constellation lines
|2.94
|-
|4
|[[Skat]]
|HIP 113136
|Constellation lines
|3.28
|-
|5
| [[Biham]]
|HIP 109427
| Inside the Hull
|3.55
|-
|6
|[[Safina]]
|HIP 114341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.64
|-
|7
|ζ 1 Aquarii
|HIP 110960
|Constellation lines
|3.65
|-
| 8
|γ Piscium
|HIP 114971
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|9
|[[Shatabhisha]]
|HIP 112961
|Constellation lines
|3.79
|-
|10
|[[Sadachbia]]
| HIP 110395
|Constellation lines
|3.834
|-
|11
|98 Aqr
|HIP 115438
|Constellation lines
|3.98
|-
|12
| τ 2 Aquarii
|HIP 112716
|Constellation lines
|3.98
|-
|13
|η Aquarii
|HIP 111497
|Constellation lines
|4.03
|-
|14
|ι Piscium
|HIP 116771
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.12
|-
| 15
| [[Ancha]]
|HIP 110003
|Constellation lines
|4.16
|-
| 16
|ϕ Aquarii
|HIP 114724
| Constellation lines
|4.22
|-
|17
|ψ 1 Aquarii
|HIP 114855
|Constellation lines
|4.25
|-
|18
|ι Aquarii
|HIP 109139
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.27
|-
|19
|* zet02 Aqr
|HIP 110960
| Constellation lines
|4.34
|-
|20
|ψ 2 Aquarii
|HIP 115033
|Constellation lines
|4.4
|-
|21
|30 Psc
|HIP 154
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.41
|-
| 22
|7 Cet
|HIP 1170
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
|23
|ω 2 Aquarii
|HIP 116971
|Constellation lines
|4.484
|-
|24
| * zet01 Aqr
|HIP 110960
| Inside the Hull
|4.49
|-
|25
|λ Piscium
|HIP 116928
|Inside the Hull
|4.51
|-
|26
|[[Fumalsamakah]]
|HIP 113889
|Inside the Hull
|4.52
|-
|27
|[[Hydor]]
|HIP 301
|Inside the Hull
| 4.536
|-
| 28
|π Aquarii
|HIP 110672
|Constellation lines
| 4.64
|-
|29
|ο Aquarii
|HIP 108874
|Inside the Hull
|4.69
|-
| 30
|35 Peg
| HIP 110882
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
| 31
|σ Aquarii
|HIP 111123
|Inside the Hull
| 4.81
|-
|32
|104 Aqr A
| HIP 116901
|Constellation lines
|4.83
|-
|33
|ν Pegasi
|HIP 109068
|Inside the Hull
|4.84
|-
| 34
|27 Psc
|HIP 118209
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.886
|-
|35
|6 Cet
|HIP 910
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.89
|-
|36
| 3 Cet
|HIP 355
|Constellation lines
| 4.924
|-
|37
|κ Piscium
|HIP 115738
|Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|38
|ω 1 Aquarii
| HIP 116758
|Inside the Hull
|4.977
|-
|39
|ψ 3 Aquarii
| HIP 115115
|Inside the Hull
|5.003
|-
| 40
|[[Situla]]
|HIP 111710
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|41
| χ Aquarii
|HIP 114939
|Inside the Hull
|5.06
|-
|42
|7 Psc
|HIP 115227
|Inside the Hull
|5.069
|-
|43
|25 Aqr
|HIP 106944
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
| 44
| 94 Aqr A
|HIP 115126
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|45
| 108 Aqr
|HIP 117629
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|46
|97 Aqr
|HIP 115404
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|47
| 106 Aqr
|HIP 117089
|Inside the Hull
|5.239
|-
|48
|258 G. Aqr
|HIP 116957
|Inside the Hull
|5.257
|-
|49
|18 G. Cet
|HIP 983
|Inside the Hull
|5.265
|-
|50
|32 Aqr
|HIP 108991
|Inside the Hull
| 5.271
|-
|51
|7 Peg
|HIP 107151
|Inside the Hull
|5.301
|-
|52
|42 Aqr
|HIP 110000
|Inside the Hull
|5.333
|-
|53
| ρ Aquarii
|HIP 110273
|Inside the Hull
|5.339
|-
| 54
| 103 Aqr
|HIP 116889
|Inside the Hull
|5.344
|-
|55
|30 Peg
|HIP 110298
|Inside the Hull
| 5.37
|-
|56
|38 Aqr
| HIP 109472
|Inside the Hull
|5.422
|-
|57
|2 Psc
|HIP 113521
|Inside the Hull
|5.426
|-
|58
| 5 Psc
|HIP 114273
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|59
|83 Aqr
|HIP 113996
|Inside the Hull
|5.47
|-
| 60
|20 Psc
| HIP 117375
|Inside the Hull
|5.49
|-
|61
|30 Aqr
|HIP 108868
|Inside the Hull
|5.543
|-
|62
| 217 G. Aqr
| HIP 114822
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 115142
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|64
|77 Aqr
|HIP 113148
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|65
|28 Aqr
|HIP 108691
|Inside the Hull
|5.597
|-
|66
| * i02 Aqr A
|HIP 117218
|Inside the Hull
|5.616
|-
| 67
|11 Peg
|HIP 107575
|Inside the Hull
|5.624
|-
|68
|19 Peg
|HIP 108699
|Inside the Hull
|5.633
|-
|69
|26 Aqr
| HIP 107144
| Inside the Hull
|5.641
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 116591
|Inside the Hull
|5.654
|-
|71
|16 Psc
| HIP 116495
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|72
|τ 1 Aquarii
| HIP 112542
|Inside the Hull
|5.681
|-
|73
|269 G. Aqr
|HIP 117567
|Inside the Hull
|5.691
|-
|74
|* 37 Peg A
| HIP 111062
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|75
|94 G. Aqr
|HIP 108102
|Inside the Hull
|5.704
|-
| 76
|264 G. Aqr
|HIP 117314
| Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 117756
| Inside the Hull
|5.747
|-
|78
|44 Aqr
|HIP 110023
|Inside the Hull
|5.751
|-
|79
|50 Aqr
|HIP 110602
|Inside the Hull
|5.752
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 113184
|Inside the Hull
| 5.757
|-
|81
|7 G. Cet
|HIP 343
|Inside the Hull
|5.769
|-
|82
|80 G. Aqr
|HIP 106592
|Inside the Hull
|5.778
|-
|83
|51 Aqr
|HIP 110578
|Inside the Hull
|5.779
|-
|84
|74 Aqr
|HIP 113031
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 110009
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|86
|34 Peg
|HIP 110785
|Inside the Hull
|5.81
|-
|87
|11 G. Psc
|HIP 113622
|Inside the Hull
|5.848
|-
|88
|271 G. Aqr
| HIP 117722
|Inside the Hull
|5.848
|-
|89
|14 Psc
|HIP 116323
|Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|90
|60 Aqr
| HIP 111394
|Inside the Hull
|5.875
|-
|91
| 138 G. Aqr
|HIP 110532
|Inside the Hull
|5.907
|-
|92
| -
| HR 8716
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|93
|255 G. Aqr
|HIP 116853
|Inside the Hull
| 5.92
|-
|94
| 202 G. Aqr
|HIP 113686
|Inside the Hull
|5.933
|-
|95
|268 G. Aqr
|HIP 117541
|Inside the Hull
|5.936
|-
|96
|225 G. Aqr
|HIP 115144
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 97
|24 Psc
|HIP 117761
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|98
|246 G. Aqr
|HIP 116368
|Inside the Hull
|5.944
|-
|99
|45 Aqr
|HIP 110179
| Inside the Hull
|5.959
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 109466
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|101
|18 Peg
| HIP 108612
|Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
|102
|39 Aqr
|HIP 109624
|Inside the Hull
|6.043
|-
|103
| -
| HIP 117420
|Inside the Hull
| 6.069
|-
|104
|198 G. Aqr
|HIP 113531
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
| 105
|1 Psc
|HIP 113167
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 114750
|Inside the Hull
|6.12
|-
| 107
|CF Cet
|HIP 696
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|108
| 155 G. Aqr
|HIP 111171
|Inside the Hull
| 6.139
|-
|109
|13 G. Peg
|HIP 108090
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
|110
|128 G. Aqr
|HIP 109984
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 113998
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
| 112
| -
| HIP 111170
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|113
|31 G. Peg
|HIP 110341
| Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 113421
|Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|115
|89 G. Aqr
|HIP 107596
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 115257
|Inside the Hull
|6.172
|-
|117
|70 Aqr
| HIP 112615
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|118
|78 Aqr
|HIP 113127
|Inside the Hull
| 6.181
|-
|119
|234 G. Aqr
|HIP 115528
|Inside the Hull
| 6.186
|-
| 120
|238 G. Aqr
| HIP 115906
|Inside the Hull
| 6.191
|-
|121
|29 G. Peg
|HIP 109939
|Inside the Hull
| 6.192
|-
|122
|82 Aqr
|HIP 113781
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|123
| 10 G. Cet
|HIP 602
|Inside the Hull
|6.203
|-
|124
|266 G. Aqr
|HIP 117494
|Inside the Hull
|6.213
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 106758
|Inside the Hull
| 6.214
|-
|126
|81 Aqr
|HIP 113674
| Inside the Hull
|6.215
|-
| 127
|98 G. Aqr
| HIP 108506
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 128
|3 Psc
| HIP 113610
|Inside the Hull
|6.224
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 108144
|Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 111761
|Inside the Hull
|6.244
|-
|131
|9 Psc
|HIP 115768
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 115953
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|133
|1 Cet
| HIP 118178
|Inside the Hull
|6.276
|-
|134
|115 G. Aqr
| HIP 109442
|Inside the Hull
|6.282
|-
|135
|5 G. Psc
|HIP 113360
|Inside the Hull
|6.282
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 111965
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 137
|197 G. Aqr
|HIP 113345
|Inside the Hull
|6.313
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 115015
| Inside the Hull
| 6.327
|-
|139
|96 G. Aqr
|HIP 108453
|Inside the Hull
|6.331
|-
|140
|24 G. Psc
| HIP 115476
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|141
|30 G. Psc
| HIP 115945
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|142
| 56 Aqr
|HIP 111086
| Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|143
|7 G. Psc
|HIP 113433
|Inside the Hull
| 6.374
|-
|144
|237 G. Aqr
|HIP 115839
| Inside the Hull
|6.375
|-
| 145
| -
|HIP 110091
|Inside the Hull
|6.379
|-
|146
|189 G. Aqr
|HIP 113080
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|147
|251 G. Aqr
|HIP 116624
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|148
|58 Aqr
|HIP 111200
|Inside the Hull
|6.381
|-
|149
|13 Psc
| HIP 116146
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|150
|16 G. Psc
|HIP 114005
|Inside the Hull
|6.388
|-
|151
|240 G. Aqr
|HIP 116060
|Inside the Hull
|6.391
|-
|152
|121 G. Aqr
| HIP 109647
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|153
|152 G. Aqr
| HIP 111066
|Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
|154
| 67 Aqr
|HIP 112179
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|155
|248 G. Aqr
|HIP 116428
|Inside the Hull
|6.407
|-
|156
|15 G. Psc
|HIP 113904
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
| 157
| * i02 Aqr B
| HIP 117218
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
|158
| 213 G. Aqr
|HIP 114371
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 112168
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|160
|13 G. Psc
|HIP 113705
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|161
| -
|HR 8629
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|162
|15 Psc
|HIP 116422
|Inside the Hull
|6.463
|-
|163
|10 G. Peg
|HIP 107271
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|164
| -
|HIP 116106
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
A mythological character from the entourage of Enki/Ea (later Marduk), possibly one of the sons of Enki (= d''Laḫmu'', lit. "Covered with hair, hairy"). A male nude figure with a beard and six locks, depicted in full-face. For arguments in favor of identifying "dLaḫmu = Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held" see [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 XI, 164-166]; for a detailed analysis of the difficulties associated with this identification, see [Ellis 1995]. This appears on the seals from the epoch of the First Dynasty of Ur. Initially he was correlated with the river spirit, who tamed wild animals and protected livestock. His name is mentioned in the list of 50 servants of Enki. He is also either depicted with a jug, from which pours out water, or simply together with two streams of water. He also was associated with the gatekeeper and or the guardian of the gate. After being included as one of Marduk's entourage, he was attributed with a shovel [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987<ref name=":18">''Porada E''. On the Origins of "Aquarius" / Fs. Reiner. P. 279-291.</ref>; Kononenko 1997<ref>''Кононенко Е.И.'' Изображение скорпиона в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э. // Вестник Московского Университета. Сер. 8. История. 1997. № 2. С. 88-101.</ref>, 95; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 165-166].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].

==== Symbol. ====
A male standing or sitting on a throne, from whose shoulders (or from a jug pressed unto his chest) flows two streams of water (in which fish are sometimes depicted). This symbol is known from Old Akkadian times and in most cases represents the god Enki/Ea or the naked hairy hero Lahmu who was also depicted with two streams of water [Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 124-133; Seidl 1968<ref name=":19">''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 130-131; Braun-Holzinger 1996<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref>, 328-332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. E. Porada considers the figure of the naked hero as a prototype of the zodiacal constellation mulGU.LA. Its relatively huge size on the seals of the 3rd millennium BC justifies the name GU.LA "Giant". Originally the figure was a standing nude, or horizontally positioned figure, during the 1st millennium B.C. — dressed figure. Some depictions, during the Old Babylonian period, undoubtedly have astral significance, as they show the month and stars on both sides of the head [Porada 1987<ref name=":18" />, Fig. 1, 12-16; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":20">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, Fig. 39, 40], see also [Kurtik 1998, 33; Wallenfels 1993<ref name=":21">''Wallenfels R.'' Zodiacal Signs among the Seal Impressions from Hellenistic Uruk / The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Ed. M.E.Cohen, D.C.Snell, D.B.Weisberg. Bethesda, 1993. P. 281-289.</ref>, 31, 155]. Two streams of water end sometimes in two jugs; hence, apparently, is derived the name, "front and back vessels of the Giant." For images on kudurru and Hellenistic seals see. [Wallenfels 1993<ref name=":21" />, no. 126-141; Seidl 1968<ref name=":19" />, 41, Abb. 10; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":20" />, figs. 41-43]. It is difficult to explain the mention of the Giant's spine in BM 34452+ (see above).

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Aquarius [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73a; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, 12; MA<ref name=":12" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2" />, 246].

==== Constellation parts and individual stars. ====
(1) ''qup-pu'' IGI ''ša''2 GU "Anterior reservoir of the Giant" (probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),

(2) ''qup-pu ar''2 ''ša''2 GU "Hind reservoir of the Giant" (identification unknown),

Asterisms (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars" and used in the “Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts,” see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].

(3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA "Spine of the Giant", see BM 34452+ "Dodecatemoria".

(4) "Mouth of the Giant," see below (9).

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; ulgu.la is the name of Venus in the month of kislimu [ACh Ištar, 8:2], see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', "Tablet of Dilbat".

(2) = Jupiter; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 ''u''3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-''ma'' mulGAL: mulGU.LA ''ina'' [A2-''šu''2 GUB] "If on the 28th and 29th day (of the month of adar, the Sun) darkens (and) the Great Star (i.e. Jupiter?) = the Giant on [stands on its side]" [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":4" />, 11:72].

(3) = Yoke; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Eclipse of the Moon in the Giant; AN.MI ''ina'' mulxGU.LA GAR-''ma'' "An eclipse occured in the Giant." [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":22" />, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ''ina'' iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' KA´MI-''su'' TU [...] ''ina'' mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "If on the 14th [x] the Moon eclipses, (and) it darkens, [...], (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Giant" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":22" />, 285, BM 47447 r. 18-19], see also [SpTU IV<ref name=":10" />, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU.LA ''u''2''-lu'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR NUNki ''u''2-''lu'' uru dID2 "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Giant or Goat-Fish: solution for Eridu or the city dID2" [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], see also [Verderame 2002<ref name=":9" />, 54, IIa:1′].

(5) The Giant and the eclipse of the moon; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) the Giant is dark: the lunar eclipse will occur in the morning watch" [TU<ref name=":17" />, 11:2].

(6) Heliacal rising(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-''ma'' "The Giant, Crab, [Eagle], Heroic, (i.e.) Jupiter in a cloudy day .... heliacally rises" [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 28a].

(7) Venus or Jupiter becomeds weak; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-''ut'' [d''Dil'']-''bat'' mulSAG.ME.GAR ''u''2''-tan-na-at''2-''ma'' KI.MIN ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫar-ma'' NU IGI "If the Giant (Great Star?) falls, (this means): [Ve]nus (or) Jupiter becomes faint, variant: are behind the sky and not visible" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 248, K.2346+: r. 52].

(8) The Moon and the Giant; [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] IGI.LA2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB ''ina'' ITI BI [...] "[If the Moon], during its appearance, (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s right horn: during this month [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.L]A2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2. KUR2 [...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s left horn: war [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''š'']''u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi-šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands in the moon’s middle: the king of all thrones [...]". [Verderame 2002<ref name=":9" />, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′-18′].

(9) Heliacal rising of the Giant and Jupiter; DIŠ ulGU.LA ''ina'' IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR ''bi-it'' KA''-šu''2 ''it-ta-na-an-bi-tu'' UR.MAḪme IDIMme "If Jupiter shines within the Giant’s mouth during the Giant’s appearance: lions will rage" [Stev. O.T.<ref name=":11" />, 232:8, Pl. XVII:9-10].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
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=== Kurtik (2007) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g27)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== GU.LA ===
|
|-
|= rabû «Великий, Великан»; созвездие в Водолее (Aquarius) [Gössman 1950, 81], см. также g25GU.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерский список из Ниппура: mulgu.la [MSL XI, 107:389]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mulgu.la = (пропуск) [MSL XI, 30:25a'], [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [ibid., 49, RS Rec. A:64], mulgu.la = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 60], возможная параллель [mulgu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 111:320ʹ]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа, 140 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Cписок (3´12): [itiab m]ulgu.la šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц тебету: Великан (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 10). (2) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) itiab mulgu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen ˹e3˺ «Тебету: Великан, Краб, Орел восходят» (С 31), b) [mu]l<<ur>>.gu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen [šu2] «(Дуузу): Великан, Краб, Орел [заходят]» [KAV 218, C 20; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа: mulGU.LA // 2,20 // dEN BE dE2-a «Великан // 140 // Господин источников, Эа» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:28]. BM 34713. itiab // 2,20 múlgu.la // 1,0 múlud.ka.du8.a // 30 múl[uz3] «Тебету: 140 Великан, 60 Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 30 [Коза]» [LBAT, 1499:10]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. 12 звезд Эа (№ 1): mulgu.la [CT 33, 9 r. 15; Horowitz 1998 176]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19–20; BPO 2, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3, 281; Verderame 2002, 247; SpTU IV, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII 8]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 2): mulGU.LA dE2-a «Великан, Эа» (I ii 20). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «5-го шабату» (I iii 10), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 18), см. a04A2mušen, b) (I iii 31), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGU.LA, после mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, перед KUNmeš (I iv 36), см. s20Sîn [MA, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Элама: mulgu.la [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:205]. Dalbanna-текст. §aa. ˹mul˺gu.la muleme ur.gi7 mulSAR U5 x […] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x x […] «Великан (α Lyr?), язык Пса (τ Her), mulSAR U5 x […] (γ Ser): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервал[а, интервал. Звезда] x x […]» [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], ˹mul˺gu.la = ˹mul˺(d)Gu-la «(богиня целительница) Гула» (α Lyr), mulSAR U5 = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis). Текст W. 22281a. ina itiGU4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR [ša dŠamaš…] / u mulGU.LA šit-qu-lu ina it[iA]PIN [ina] l[i-l]a-a-tu2 KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠ[amaš ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3] «15-го айяру при восходе [Солнца…] и Великан в равновесии (= кульминируют). В (месяце) арахсамну вечером при заходе Сол[нца имеет место то же самое]» [SpTU I, 95:3'–4'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. qu2–up–[pu …] «[Передняя] емко[сть Великана …]». b) ˹qu2?˺–[…] «[Задняя] ем[кость Великана]» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 564:12′–13′]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». а) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgu.la «Область Великана (=Водолея)» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. g25GU. (2) «Микрозодиак». a) Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник (Овен) на 12 частей, см. g25GU. b) Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 7–я часть — mulgu.la [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. (3) «Додекатемория». BM 34452+: a) [11 10 // 3 10 // Sin …] múlGU.LA / [….] Eri–du10 «[Тебету 10 // симану 10 // Луна …] Великан. / […] Эриду». b) 5 24 // 3 12 // Sin ina GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA / KI múlSIPA GUB E2 dGAŠAN.EDIN «Абу 24 // симану 12 // Луна на позвоночнике? Великана. / Область Праведного Пастуха Ану (= Сатурн, согласно Хунгеру), место дома dGAŠAN.EDIN (= Госпожа Эруа?)» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:19–20, rev. 3–4]. (4) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlGU.LA [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGU.LA a–lid … «В области Водолея родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: KI mulGU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [SpTU I, 96:1; SpTU V, 270:3'].

II. Божество.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Энки/Эа (позднее — Мардука), возможно, один из сыновей Энки (= dLaḫmu, букв. «Покрытый волосами, волосатый»). Мужская обнаженная фигура с бородой и шестью локонами, изображавшаяся в фас. Аргументы в пользу отождествления «dLaḫmu = Покрытый волосами обнаженный герой (Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held)» см. [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 XI, 164–166]; подробный анализ трудностей, связанных с этим отождествлением, см. [Ellis 1995]. На печатях появляется с эпохи I династии Ура. Первоначально имел значение речного духа, приручающего диких зверей и оберегающего домашний скот. Его имя упоминается в списке 50 слуг Энки. Изображался также с кувшином, из которого изливается вода, или просто с двумя потоками воды. Имел значение привратника и охранителя ворот. После включения в свиту Мардука, его атрибутом становится лопата [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987; Кононенко 1997, 95; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 165–166]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи–божества, см. k24KU6.

III. Символ.

Мужская стоящая или сидящая на троне фигура, из плеч которой (или из кувшина, прижатого к груди) изливаются два потока воды (в которых иногда изображаются рыбы). Символ известен со староаккадского времени и в большинстве случаев представляет бога Энки/Эа, либо обнаженного волосатого героя Лахму, который изображался также с двумя потоками воды [Van Buren 1945, 124–133; Seidl 1968, 130–131; Braun–Holzinger 1996, 328–332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. Э.Порада рассматривает фигуру обнаженного героя как прообраз зодиакального созвездия mulGU.LA. Его относительно огромные размеры на печатях III тыс. до н.э. оправдывают название GU.LA «Великан». Первоначально это была обнаженная стоящая или расположенная горизонтально фигура, в I тыс. до н.э. — одетая фигура. Некоторые изображения старовавилонского времени имеют несомненно астральное значение, так как по обе стороны головы на них изображены месяц и звезды [Porada 1987, Fig. 1, 12–16; Куртик 2007, рис. 39, 40], см. также [Куртик 1998, 33; Wallenfels 1994, 31, 155]. Два потока воды заканчиваются иногда в двух кувшинах; отсюда происходит, по–видимому, название «передняя и задняя емкости Великана». Изображения на кудурру и эллинистических печатях см. [Wallenfels 1994, No. 126–141; Seidl 1968, 41, Abb. 10; Куртик 2007, рис. 41–43]. Труднообъяснимо упоминание позвоночника Великана в BM 34452+ (см. выше).

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquarius [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014, 246].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) qup–pu IGI ša2 GU «Передняя емкость Великана» (вероятно, ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),

(2) qup–pu ar2 ša2 GU «Задняя емкость Великана» (отождествление неизвестно),

Астеризмы (1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд» и использовались в «Дневниках наблюдений», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA «Позвоночник Великана», см. BM 34452+ «Додекатемория».

(4) «Рот Великана», см. ниже (9).

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; ulgu.la — название Венеры в месяце кислиму [ACh Ištar, 8:2], см. d06Dilbat, «Таблица Дилбат».

(2) = Юпитер; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 u3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-ma mulGAL: mulGU.LA ina [A2-šu2 GUB] «Если в 28–й и 29–й день (месяца аддару Солнце) затмилось (и) Большая звезда (т.е. Юпитер?) = Великан с [его стороны стоит]» [ACh Šamaš, 11:72].

(3) = Ярмо; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

Предсказания:

(4) Затмение Луны в Великане; AN.MI ina mulxGU.LA GAR-ma «Затмение в Великане произошло» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ina iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-ma KA´MI-su TU […] ina mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «Если 14-го [x] произошло затмение Луны, (и) она затмившейся зашла […], (это означает): затмение произошло в Великане» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285, BM 47447 r. 18–19], см. также [SpTU IV, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ina KI mulGU.LA u2-lu mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 a-dir EŠ.BAR NUNki u2-lu uru dID2 «Если (Луна) в пределах Великана или Козы–Рыбы затмилась: решение для Эриду или города dID2» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], см. также [Verderame 2002, 54, IIa:1′].

(5) Великан и затмение Луны; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) Великан темный: лунное затмение произойдет в утреннюю стражу» [TU, 11:2].

(6) Гелиакический восход(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ina UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-ma «Великан, Краб, [Орел], Героический, (т.е.) Юпитер в облачный день …. восходят гелиакически» [BPO 2, III 28a].

(7) Венера или Юпитер становятся слабыми; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-ut [dDil]-bat mulSAG.ME.GAR u2-tan-na-at2-ma KI.MIN ina AN-e uḫ-ḫar-ma NU IGI «Если Великан (Великая звезда?) падает, (это означает): [Ве]нера (или) Юпитер становятся слабыми, вариант: находятся на небе позади и не видны» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+: r. 52].

(8) Луна и Великан; [DIŠ 30 ina] IGI.LA2-šu2 ina SI ZAG-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB ina ITI BI […] «[Если Луна] при своем появлении (и) Великан на ее правом роге стоит: в этом месяце […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.L]A2-šu2 ina SI GUB3-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2.KUR2 […] «[Если Луна при своем появле]нии (и) Великан на ее левом роге стоит: война […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-š]u2 ina ŠA3-bi-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A…] «[Если Луна при своем появлении] (и) Великан в ее середине стоит: царь всего трон […]» [Verderame 2002, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′–18′].

(9) Гелиакический восход Великана и Юпитер; DIŠ ulGU.LA ina IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR bi-it KA-šu2 it-ta-na-an-bi-tu UR.MAḪme IDIMme «Если при появлении Великана Юпитер сияет в области его рта: львы будут неистовствовать» [Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII:9–10].
|Example
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!Kurtik 2022, g25 (GU)
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=== GU ===
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|сокращение от mulGU.LA «Великан» (см. g27); созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующий Водолею (Aquarius), в поздних астрономических, астрологических и магических текстах [Gössman 1950, 71; Ungnad 1941–44, 257].
I. Источники.

Дневники наблюдений. 1) GU — обозначение знака зодиака Водолей [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за –384 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ]. 2) Как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 3 «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. múlGU — звезда Анташурра, см. sh20ŠUDUN.ANŠE. Анафора. А 3427: ina itiab ina še-rim ud 28 múlGU ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце тебету утром 28-го дня Великан испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:5], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina ab ina še-rim 28 múlgu.la meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 246:23]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан (= Водолей) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: b, d, n, 10–13, 15, 28; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник(=Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 11-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgu šum3-šu2 «11-я часть, ее имя Великан» [TU, 14:19; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 11-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgu.la ša2 múllu «11-я часть Наемника — Великан Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 246:24]. (4) Календарно-магические тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // qaqqad(SAG.DU) erî(TI8mušen) kappi(PA) MIN(= erî) u dām(UŠ2) MIN(= erî) MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 6 // Водолей 120 // Голова орла, крыло орла и кровь орла — ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:6, а также 104:19]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:3, 16, 29]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. a) KI múlGU MU DUG3 DUMUmeš TUK UŠ2 A.MEŠ «Область Водолея: имя доброе, сыновей будет иметь, смерть от воды» [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], параллели см. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II, 43: 27]; см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. b) KI múlGU [LBAT, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000].
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!Kurtik (2022, r01)
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|-
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=== (mul)''Rabû'' ===
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|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGU.LA «Великан» в Urra XXII: [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64], см. g27GU.LA.
См. также: mul ra-be2-e [ACh Suppl., 54:18].
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|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Aqr]]

PA.BIL.SAG

2026-01-09T21:20:02Z

InitTeam:

[[File:Pabilsag stellarium2025.jpg|thumb|Pabilsag, Mesopotamian God, in boat. his torso in the Milky Way.]]
mul / dPA.BIL.SAG (𒀯𒉺𒉈𒊕) <s>ןד</s> is an Ancient Mesopotamian asterism corresponding to [[Sagittarius|Sagittarius,]] [[Ophiuchus]], and perhaps [[Serpens]] [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 358]. The luminous area of the constellation where it crosses the Milky Way is known as the ''[[Mišḫu|mišhu]]'' of Pabilsag ([[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG]]). See also [[BURRUM AN.NA]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia</ref>==
Var. readings:
* mul dPA.BIL2.SAG,
* ulPA.BIL.SAG.GA2,
* mulpa.bil2.sag
* "Pabilsag," lit. "Elder, Priest";

Ungnad 2014 attempted to read Sumerian pa.bil2.sag as sig3.gi9.sag = Akkadian ''māḫiṣ uṣṣi'', lit. "the one who strikes with an arrow, an archer." [Ungnad 1941-44,<ref name=":1">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref> 257, note 48], depicts this deity on kudurru and seals as a bow-shooting centaur. However, the Akkadian ''māḫiṣ uṣṣi'' as a name or an epithet of Pabilsag is, to our knowledge, not attested. See also [Krebernik 2003-5, 61].

The god Pabilsaĝ, city god of Larak, was identified with Ninurta, particularly in his role as the husband of the healing goddess Gula. mul''Pa-bíl-saĝ'' (EA 14r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Abbreviations:
# PA.BIL - designation of the 9th sign of the zodiac and constellation (=Sagittarius) in later astronomical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 357].
# PA - the name of the 9th sign of the zodiac and the constellation corresponding to Sagittarius (Sagittarius) in later astronomical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 356].
See also RlA<ref>''Reallexikon der Assyriologie''.</ref> 10: 163-164.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian monolingual lists:
** (a) mul''mi-si-iḫ'' dpa.bil2.sag (list from Nippur) [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:408],
** (b) mulmi.še.eḫ dpa.bil2.sag.ga2 (Old Babylonian list from Kish) [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 24].
* (2) Urra XXII series:
** mulIN.dub.an.na = ''mi-ši-iḫ'' dpa.bil.sag
** "Indubanna = Shining Pabilsag" [SpTU III<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 A v 55],
** parallels:
*** [mulin.d]ub.an.na = ''mi-šiḫ'' dPa-bil-sag [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 133-134:18],
*** and also [SAA 8<ref name=":4">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 369 r. 1-2];
*** ''in-um an-na'' = ''mi-šiḫ'' d''Pa-bil-sag'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:312ʹ].
|Example
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: mulPA.BIL.SAG [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:15].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":17">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 224f., 281; SpTU I<ref name=":5">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 90:8].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
<s>The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.</s>

* <s>List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 11): mul˹pa.bil2˺.sag [CT 33, 9 r. 20; HBA, 105; Horowitz 1998, 176].</s>

Text Nv. 10 and Related Texts.

* (1) Intercalation scheme: mul''Pa-bil-sag'' as star Ea - star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Sabbath, see (Kurtiku19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]].
* (2) the star AN.TA.ŠUR.RA in the month of abu [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 66:15, 40; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 55-56], see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
* (3) CT 33 9 r. 20: List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 11): mul˹pa.bil2˺.sag [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 105; Horowitz 1998, 176].
* (4) LBAT, 1502.
** múlPa-bil-sag is the star Antagubba, see (Kurtik g09) [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Ea (no. 13): MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2-''nu'' GUB-''zu'' mulPA.BIL.SAG "The star that stands behind them (d''Šar''2-''ur''4 and d''Šar''2-''gaz'', the two stars on the sting of the Scorpius): Pabilsag" (I ii 33).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 15th day of kislim' (I iii 6), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (3) Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings:
** a) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mulPA.BIL.SAG ŠU2-''bi'' 'The True Shepherd of Anu rises, Pabilsag sets' (I iii 16),
** b) (I iii 27), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN|gišBAN]].
* (4) Stars "in the path of the moon": mulPA.BIL.SAG, after mulGIR2.TAB, before mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 (I iv 35).
|[[File:Pabilsag stellarium2025.jpg|thumb|Pabilsag, Mesopotamian God, in boat. his torso in the Milky Way.]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":6">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 380a; SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 350b].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag;
* (2) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: dpa.bil.sag [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:142, 229].
|
|-
|'''<s>LBAT, 1502.</s>'''
* <s>múlPa-bil-sag is the star Antagubba, see (Kurtik g09) [[GAŠAN.TIN]]</s>.
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (Q) ''šu šumēli''(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ''ša''2 ''ina'' ugu ban "the left hand of Pabilsag, which is on the bow" (δ Sag) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":8">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:27-28]; see (Kurtik m01) [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]].
* (R) mul ''tak-ša''2-''a-tu''2 kimin ''kin-ṣi'' mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 / [''u''? ''šu''? ''imittu''(15)? mulpa.bi]l2. sag ''ša''2 ''ina'' ugu mul-mul gu "The star (of) Trinity (ziqpu V: δ Her) or the knee of Zababa (η Ser), [and the right hand of Pabi]lsag, which is on the arrow (φ Sag), is a rope" [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, BM 78161:28-29]; according to [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60], here it should be, respectively: α Her, ξ Ser, SgrX.
* (S) mulpa.bil.sag ˹''ša''2˺ ''ina'' ugu ma2.˹gur8˺ "(Star) Pabilsag, which is higher than the Ship" (ι Sag) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":8" />, BM 78161:30-31], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §r. mul''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag "the sting of Pabilsag" (α CrA), see (Kurtik a02) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]].
* §t. ˹mul˺''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag "the sting of Pabilsag" (α CrA), see (Kurtik g32) [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''

'''PA.BIL'''
* Designation of the zodiac sign Sagittarius up to the Seleucid era (on a par with PA); earliest example in a diary from -567 [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":9">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, -567 r. 2, 5], then passim.

'''PA'''
* (1) Sign of the zodiac; first in a diary for -384 [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":9" />, -384 r. 3; hereafter passim].
* (2) Abbreviation used in the designation of the three "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], nos. 30-32: .
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
'''PA''' is the 9th sign of the zodiac [ACT I-III<ref name=":9" />, LBAT<ref name=":6" />, passim]; used already in the lunar tablets of the late 5th century BC. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969<ref>''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. Vol. 14. Р. 1-22.</ref>; Britton 1989<ref>''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus. 1989. Vol. 32. P. 1-52.</ref>, 30-31].

* Anaphora. А 3427: ta 5? UŠ ar2 múldili ''ša''2 ''kun-šu''2 en múl''na-ad-dul-lum'' mulPA ta sag-''šu''2 [en ''til-šu''2...] "From (the culmination of the point) 50(?) after the Separate Star on (Leo's) tail to (the culmination of) the Harness: Sagittarius from its beginning [to its end ...]";
* thus the time of rising of the zodiac sign Sagittarius is determined by the culminations of the two ziqpu stars [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":10">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 239:19; 241-242].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
'''PA.BIL.SAG'''

* (1) "Lunaries."
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulpa.bil2.sag "Region of Pabilsag," astrological meaning: threat to life, attack by spirit "lilitu" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1" />, 258-259: 9, 30, 31; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>; Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":11">''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV 19, see (Kurtik p02) PA.BIL.
* (2) "Microzodiac". Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 5th part is mulpa.bil.sag [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847], see also (Kurtik p02) PA.BIL.
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlPA.BI[L.SAG ...] 'The region of Pabi[lsag...]', ''ina'' ŠA3 ''ša''2 múlPA.BIL.SAG... 'In the middle of Pabilsag...', KI múlPA.BIL.SAG ''a-lid sa-le-e'' GIŠ.BAN ''ra-kab'' ANŠE.KUR.RA 'Born in the region of Pabilsag: (he will be skilled) in archery, in riding a horse'" [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1593: 3′-4′, rev. 8′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
* (4) Prediction of grain prices based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena [SpTU I<ref name=":5" />, 94, passim].
* (5) Predictions based on the positions of eclipses of the moon relative to zodiacal constellations [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":12">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 121, 134:136, BM 36746+: 6, r. 11, 17]. See also [SpTU I<ref name=":5" />, 93:8', 11'].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the position of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. DIŠ ''Sin ina'' mulPA.BI[L.S]AG AN.MI GAR-''ma''... "If the Moon is eclipsed in Pabi[ls]ag (= Sagittarius)..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":12" />, 135: rev. 11′ + passim], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

'''PA.BIL'''
* (1) "Lunaries." BRM IV 19: PA.BIL is the designation of the zodiac sign Sagittarius in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1" />, 274-275: i, 4, 6, 23, 38; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>].
* (2) "Microzodiac". Subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts: 9-''tu''2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlpa.bil "The 9th part of Hired Man is Pabilsag" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":10" />, 245, Sp II 202+:20].
'''PA'''
* (1) "Horoscopes." PA — the designation of the 9th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) "Microzodiac". Subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) into 12 parts:
** a) AO 6483: [9]-''i-tu''4 ''zittu''(ḫa.la) múlpa ''šum''3-''šu''2 "[9]-th part, its name is Pabilsag" [TU<ref name=":13">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:18; Sachs 1952<ref name=":14">''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66, 68],
** b) Sp II 202+: 9-''tu''2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlpa.bil ''ša''2 múllu "the 9th part of the Hired Man is Pabilsag Hired Man" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":10" />, 245:20-21].
* (3) Calendrical-ritual texts.
** a) BM 34452+: [8 17 // 3 11 // ''Sin'' ...] ''ša''2 múlPA(?) / [KI M]UL2.SIP[A GUB] MAR2.DA.KI "[(Month) Abu 17 // simanu 11 // Moon ...] Pabilsag / [Region] of the True Sheph[erd] of Anu, [place] Marada".
** (b) 9 15 // 3 15 // ''Sin ina'' EGIR múlPA KI / múlSIPA GUB ŠIR.BUR.[LA.KI] "Kislim 15 // siman 15 // Moon behind the region of Pabilsaga. / True Shepherd of Anu, place of Lagash" [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1586 + 1587; Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref>, 41, r. 1-2, 9-10].
** (b) W 22704 (recipe for making ointment + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= ŠU) 11 // PA 17 // ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''an-zi-i kappi''(PA) ''an-zi-i u dām''(UŠ2) MIN(= ''an-zi-i'') MIN (= ''tapašššaš'') "Duuzu 11 // Sagittarius 170 // Anzu's (bird) head, Anzu's wing and Anzu's blood you smear" [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 104: 11, and also 104:24]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 105:8, 21].
* (4) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlPA UDmeš DU10me UŠ2 ZU:AB "Region of Sagittarius: good days, death in the oceans" [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43: 25; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see. [TU<ref name=":13" />, 14: 24; Sachs 1952<ref name=":14" />, 66, 68; LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1600 obv. 11'], see also [Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":11" />, 192].
|
|}

* PA.BIL.SAG: See also mulPA.BIL.SAG [SpTU I<ref name=":5" />, 93:8], múlPA.BIL.SAG (WA 77824) [HC 17].
* PA: See also [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 268:18].
[[File:Pabilsag CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 193424.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Pabilsang (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Kaus Australis]]
| HIP 90185
|Constellation lines
| 1.81
|-
| 2
|[[Nunki]]
|HIP 92855
| Constellation lines
|2.067
|-
| 3
|[[Ascella]]
|HIP 93506
|Inside the Hull
|2.59
|-
|4
|[[Kaus Media]]
|HIP 89931
| Constellation lines
| 2.668
|-
|5
|[[Kaus Borealis]]
|HIP 90496
|Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|6
|[[Albaldah]]
|HIP 94141
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.88
|-
|7
|[[Alnasl]]
|HIP 88635
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.99
|-
|8
|η Sagittarii
|HIP 89642
|Constellation lines
|3.11
|-
|9
|ϕ Sagittarii
|HIP 92041
| Constellation lines
|3.14
|-
|10
|τ Sagittarii
|HIP 93864
|Constellation lines
|3.31
|-
|11
|α Telescopii
| HIP 90422
| Constellation lines
| 3.463
|-
|12
| ξ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 93085
|Constellation lines
|3.51
|-
|13
|NAME SDG
|NAME SDG
|Inside the Hull
|3.6
|-
|14
|θ Arae
| HIP 88714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.66
|-
|15
|ο Sagittarii
|HIP 93683
|Constellation lines
|3.77
|-
|16
|[[Polis]]
|HIP 89341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.85
|-
|17
|[[Rukbat]]
|HIP 95347
| Inside the Hull
|3.943
|-
| 18
|[[Arkab Prior]]
|HIP 95241
|Inside the Hull
|4.01
|-
|19
|[[Meridiana]]
|HIP 94114
|Inside the Hull
|4.087
|-
|20
|β Coronae Australis
|HIP 94160
| Inside the Hull
|4.095
|-
|21
|ζ Telescopii
|HIP 90568
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.11
|-
|22
| ι Sagittarii
|HIP 98032
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.13
|-
|23
|γ 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 93825
|Inside the Hull
| 4.21
|-
|24
|θ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 98412
| Constellation lines
|4.37
|-
|25
|ϵ Telescopii
| HIP 89112
|Constellation lines
|4.508
|-
|26
|59 Sgr
|HIP 98162
|Inside the Hull
|4.528
|-
|27
|* gam CrA A
|HIP 93825
|Inside the Hull
|4.53
|-
|28
| -
|HIP 88839
|Inside the Hull
|4.56
|-
|29
|δ Coronae Australis
|HIP 94005
| Inside the Hull
|4.571
|-
|30
|62 Sgr
|HIP 98688
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.58
|-
|31
|52 Sgr
|HIP 96465
|Constellation lines
|4.598
|-
|32
|θ Coronae Australis
|HIP 90982
|Inside the Hull
|4.614
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 89678
|Inside the Hull
|4.627
|-
|34
|[[Terebellum]]
|HIP 98066
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.7
|-
|35
|ζ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93542
|Inside the Hull
|4.725
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 98761
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.764
|-
|37
|[[Ainalrami]]
|HIP 92761
|Inside the Hull
|4.845
|-
|38
|ϵ Coronae Australis
| HIP 93174
| Inside the Hull
|4.85
|-
|39
|ψ Sagittarii
|HIP 94643
|Constellation lines
|4.86
|-
|40
| -
| HIP 91918
|Constellation lines
| 4.87
|-
|41
|δ 1 Telescopii
| HIP 90830
| Inside the Hull
|4.92
|-
|42
| -
|HIP 88726
|Inside the Hull
|4.95
|-
|43
|1 Sgr
|HIP 89153
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|44
|ν 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 92845
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|45
|χ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95477
|Constellation lines
|5.009
|-
|46
|δ 2 Telescopii
|HIP 90853
|Inside the Hull
|5.07
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 90037
|Inside the Hull
| 5.073
|-
|48
|λ Coronae Australis
| HIP 91875
|Inside the Hull
|5.111
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 90887
|Inside the Hull
|5.155
|-
|50
|M 22
|M 22
| Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|51
| μ Coronae Australis
|HIP 92226
|Inside the Hull
|5.217
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 90200
|Inside the Hull
|5.227
|-
|53
|77 G. Sgr
|HIP 91014
|Inside the Hull
|5.276
|-
|54
|θ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 98421
|Inside the Hull
|5.299
|-
|55
| V3961 Sgr
|HIP 97749
|Inside the Hull
|5.33
|-
|56
|V4050 Sgr
|HIP 90074
|Inside the Hull
|5.34
|-
| 57
| -
|HIP 92953
|Inside the Hull
|5.346
|-
|58
|28 Sgr
|HIP 92111
|Inside the Hull
|5.366
|-
|59
|V686 CrA
|HIP 92989
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|60
|75 G. Sgr
|HIP 90763
|Inside the Hull
|5.386
|-
|61
|V718 CrA
|HIP 91494
|Inside the Hull
|5.425
|-
| 62
|χ 3 Sagittarii
|HIP 95503
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 91989
| Inside the Hull
|5.439
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 90414
|Inside the Hull
|5.446
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 89507
|Inside the Hull
|5.451
|-
| 66
|η 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 92308
|Inside the Hull
|5.456
|-
|67
| 24 Sgr
|HIP 91004
|Inside the Hull
|5.461
|-
|68
|V692 CrA
|HIP 89290
|Inside the Hull
|5.462
|-
|69
|14 Sgr
|HIP 89369
|Inside the Hull
|5.473
|-
|70
|134 G. Sgr
|HIP 93667
|Inside the Hull
|5.482
|-
|71
|193 G. Sgr
|HIP 95865
|Constellation lines
|5.49
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 92630
|Inside the hull
|5.49
|-
|73
|228 G. Sgr
|HIP 97260
|Inside the Hull
|5.512
|-
|74
|60 G. Sgr
|HIP 90124
| Inside the Hull
|5.518
|-
|75
|18 Sgr
|HIP 90260
|Inside the Hull
|5.574
|-
|76
|162 G. Sgr
|HIP 94986
|Inside the Hull
|5.579
|-
|77
|165 G. Sgr
|HIP 95077
|Inside the Hull
|5.579
|-
|78
|η 2 Coronae Australis
|HIP 92382
|Inside the Hull
|5.587
|-
|79
|κ 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 90968
|Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|80
|CD-43 12272A
|HR 6749
|Inside the Hull
|5.62
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 90541
|Inside the Hull
|5.624
|-
|82
|131 G. Sgr
|HIP 93498
|Inside the Hull
|5.628
|-
| 83
|51 Sgr
|HIP 96406
|Inside the Hull
|5.64
|-
|84
|186 G. Sgr
| HIP 95619
| Inside the Hull
|5.644
|-
|85
|37 G. Sgr
|HIP 89020
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|86
|262 G. Sgr
|HIP 98470
|Inside the Hull
|5.66
|-
|87
|33 Sgr
| HIP 92747
|Inside the Hull
|5.678
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 90662
| Inside the Hull
|5.679
|-
|89
|CD-43 12272B
|HR 6750
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 90842
|Inside the Hull
|5.686
|-
|91
| 189 G. Sgr
| HIP 95823
|Inside the Hull
| 5.701
|-
|92
|V701 CrA
|HIP 93552
|Inside the Hull
|5.716
|-
| 93
|152 G. Sgr
|HIP 94434
|Inside the Hull
|5.765
|-
| 94
|84 G. Sgr
|HIP 91405
|Inside the Hull
|5.772
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 92367
|Inside the Hull
|5.798
|-
|96
|94 G. Sgr
|HIP 91974
|Inside the Hull
|5.811
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 91461
|Inside the Hull
|5.84
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 89099
|Inside the Hull
| 5.845
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 94157
|Inside the Hull
|5.855
|-
|100
| -
| HIP 91438
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 90485
| Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 94556
| Inside the Hull
|5.909
|-
|103
|V4089 Sgr
|HIP 96234
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|104
|116 G. Sgr
| HIP 92931
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|105
|180 G. Sgr
|HIP 95456
| Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|106
| 83 G. Sgr
|HIP 91347
| Inside the Hull
|5.931
|-
|107
|260 G. Sgr
|HIP 98461
| Inside the Hull
|5.948
|-
|108
|29 G. Sgr
|HIP 88694
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|109
|179 G. Sgr
|HIP 95408
|Inside the Hull
|6.011
|-
|110
| -
|HIP 90759
|Inside the Hull
|6.018
|-
|111
|140 G. Sgr
|HIP 93925
|Inside the Hull
|6.027
|-
|112
| RS Sgr
| HIP 89637
|Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|113
|233 G. Sgr
|HIP 97515
|Inside the Hull
|6.031
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 89096
|Inside the Hull
|6.069
|-
|115
|121 G. Sgr
|HIP 93134
|Inside the Hull
| 6.08
|-
|116
|108 G. Sgr
| HIP 92643
|Inside the Hull
|6.098
|-
|117
|224 G. Sgr
|HIP 97067
| Inside the Hull
|6.131
|-
| 118
|178 G. Sgr
|HIP 95396
|Inside the Hull
|6.132
|-
|119
| 123 G. Sgr
|HIP 93140
|Inside the Hull
| 6.141
|-
|120
|62 G. Sgr
|HIP 90290
|Inside the Hull
|6.142
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 98077
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
| 122
|58 G. Sgr
|HIP 90012
|Inside the Hull
|6.154
|-
|123
| 38 G. Sgr
|HIP 89086
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 92669
| Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 93858
|Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 88859
|Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|127
| 49 G. Sgr
|HIP 89622
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|128
|κ 2 Coronae Australis
|HIP 90969
|Inside the Hull
|6.169
|-
|129
|26 Sgr
|HIP 91689
|Inside the Hull
|6.205
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 93470
|Inside the Hull
|6.209
|-
|131
|128 G. Sgr
|HIP 93423
|Inside the Hull
|6.215
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 90936
|Inside the Hull
|6.217
|-
|133
|[SC96] GC 607
|[SC96] GC 607
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|134
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 135
|[[Gumala]]
| HIP 94645
| Inside the Hull
|6.237
|-
|136
|70 Sgr
|HIP 89980
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 94730
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
| 138
| -
|HIP 93049
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
| 139
|150 G. Sgr
|HIP 94272
|Inside the Hull
|6.272
|-
|140
|69 G. Sgr
|HIP 90510
|Inside the Hull
|6.276
|-
|141
|254 G. Sgr
|HIP 98351
| Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|142
| -
| HIP 93074
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 89726
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|144
|109 G. Sgr
|HIP 92635
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
| 145
|64 G. Sgr
| HIP 90336
|Inside the Hull
| 6.296
|-
|146
|143 G. Sgr
|HIP 93993
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|147
| 90 G. Sgr
|HIP 91901
|Inside the Hull
|6.308
|-
| 148
|167 G. Sgr
|HIP 95211
|Inside the Hull
|6.338
|-
|149
| -
|HIP 94243
|Inside the Hull
|6.344
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 90597
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
| 151
|127 G. Sgr
|HIP 93315
|Inside the Hull
|6.356
|-
| 152
|48 G. Sgr
|HIP 89620
|Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
|153
|80 G. Sgr
| HIP 91172
|Inside the Hull
|6.366
|-
|154
|151 G. Sgr
|HIP 94372
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|155
| -
|HIP 93371
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|156
|36 G. Sgr
|HIP 89010
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|157
|* gam CrA B
|HIP 93825
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|158
| -
|HIP 89920
|Inside the Hull
|6.434
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 94130
|Inside the Hull
| 6.435
|-
|160
| [SC96] Mis 1401
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|161
| [SC96] GC 625
|[SC96] GC 625
|Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 92608
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|163
|115 G. Sgr
|HIP 92972
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|164
| -
|HIP 92866
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|165
|244 G. Sgr
|HIP 98012
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
| 166
|166 G. Sgr
|HIP 95149
|Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 92487
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|168
|M 55
| M 55
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 93209
|Inside the Hull
|6.497
|-
| 170
| -
| HIP 90576
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Pabilsag is one of the most ancient Mesopotamian gods. His name is present in the list of gods from Fara [Krebernik 1986<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Götterlisten aus Fāra // ZA. 1986. Bd. 76, Halbband II. S. 161-204.</ref>, 176, IX 4]. In the Neo-Sumerian period he was honored in Larak, Ur, Lagash, Umma, Isin, and Nippur [Sallaberger 1993<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, I 105, 153, 248; Kraus 1951<ref name=":15">''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 75-80; Krebernik 2003-5, 164-166]. Considered the son of Enlil and consort of Gula, among his epithets: "Great warrior, Mr. Pabilsag" (ur.sag gal en dpa.bil.sag) [Kraus 1951<ref name=":15" />, 78]. The earliest evidence for its astral meaning is in the Nippur Forerunner to Urra XXII. <s>Sumerian the Sumerian list of stars from Nippur</s> (see above). As usual, it is unclear exactly when and how the constellation Pabilsag was singled out in the Mesopotamian sky. In astrological geography Pabilsag corresponds:

* a) with Mutabal and Babylon,
* b) Kish, Dilmun and Girsu,
* c) Mutabal [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>].

==== Symbol. ====
A bow-shooting centaur (winged in some images) with two heads (of a man and a lion) and two tails (of a horse and a scorpion). It occurs on seals and kudurru from the Kassite period [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 176-178; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":16">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 7). For astral images on seals from Uruk from the Hellenistic period, see. [Wallenfels 1994<ref>''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).</ref>, 42-44, 155; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":16" />, figs. 33, 34, 35]. See also [Krebernik 2003-5, 164].

==== Identification. ====
= Sagittarius + group of stars around θ Ophiuchi [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 358, I].

= Sagittarius [Waerden 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref>, 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref> 76, 125; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 77b-78a].

= Sagittarius and probably θ+ Ophiuchi [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 14; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274].

= stars from the constellations Sagittarius, Ophiuchus, Corona Australis, and Telescopium [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 118, 144, Anm. 447 + Abb. 18, 21, 22].

= Sagittarius (Sagittarius) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7" />, 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 247].

==== Constellation parts and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL2 KUR ''ša''2 KIR4 ''šil'' PA "Star with great brilliance at the end of the arrow of Pabilsag" (θ Ophiuchi).

(2) 4-AM2 IGImeš ''ša''2 PA "4 front stars of Pabilsag" (μ (13), 14, 15 and 16 Sagittarii).

(3) 4-AM2 ar2meš ''ša''2 PA "4 back stars of Pabilsag" (ν1, ν2, ξ1 and ξ2 Sagittarii).

Star (1) and asterisms (2), (3) were among the "normal stars" and used in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], nos. 30-32.

(4) ''zi-qit'' mulPA.BIL.SAG "Sting of Pabilsag" (α Coronae Austrinae?), see dbn-text.

(5) ŠU ''šumēli''(2,30) mulPA.BIL.SAG ''ša''2 ''ina'' ugu ban "Pabilsag's left hand which is on the bow", see GU-text.

(6) "Pabilsag's right hand which is on the arrow", see GU-text.

(7) ''ki-ṣir ša''2 PA.BIL "Pabilsag's elbow" [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, -567 r. 5]; MULx MURUB4 ''š''[''a''2 ''ki'']-''ṣir'' ˹''ša''2˺ PA.BIL "The star in the middle of [Pabilsag's] elbow" [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":9" />, -567 r. 2].

(8) SAG PA "The head of Pabilsag" [HCH<ref>''Hunger H., Stephenson F.R., Walker C.B.F., Yau K.K.C.'' Halley's Comet in History / Ed. by F.R.Stephenson and C.B.F.Walker. L.: British Museum Publ., 1985.</ref> 35, WA 35420:23].

(9) ''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG, lit. "The Radiance of Pabilsag," part of the constellation Pabilsag, almost certainly <s>possibly λ Scorpii and ε Sagittarii [Weidner 1959-60, 107b] or</s> the bright clouds of the Milky Way in the area (SMH; see m26 [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]).

(10) "(Star) Pabilsag, which is higher than the Ship" (ι Sgr), see GU-text.

==== Astrology. ====
In [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 358, IV A] the identities, Pabilsag = Saturn, Pabilsag = Jupiter, are assumed, which, in our opinion, are not well founded.

==== Predictions: ====
(1) Eclipse of the Moon in Sagittarius; [DIŠ] MUL ''ina'' KI mulPA.BIL.SAG ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ''Mut-tab-bal u'' KA2.DINGIR.RAki "[If] a star (=Moon_????) is eclipsed in the region of Pabilsag: a solution for Muttabal and Babylon" [SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 4:8], for parallels see. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":17" />, 224, EAE 20 text g: r. 10; 225, EAE 20 text h: r. 9; 281, App. 2.1: r. 6; SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 300 r. 11; 535 r. 7].

(2) "Sting of the Scorpius" = Pabilsag; ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB ''a-na'' mulPA.BIL.SAG ''qa-a-bi'' "Sting of the Scorpius, so they say of Pabilsag" [SAA 8, 52:5-6], ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB EN GAL-''u''2 mulPA.BIL.SAG "Sting of the Scorpius is the great lord Pabilsag" [SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 502:9], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 185:5, 550:5].

(3) Jupiter and mišḫu of Pabilsag;

* (a) DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ina mi-ši-iḫ'' / [mulPA].BIL.SAG GUB (var.: IGI-''ir'') ''šag-ga-ša''2-''a-ti ina'' KUR GAL2.ME "If Jupiter stands (var.: becomes visible) in [Pa]bilsag: there will be murdering in the country" [SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 369:3-4; 356:3-5], see also [ACh Suppl., 43:6-7],
* (b) DIŠ MUL.MIN ''ana'' mulIN.DUB.AN.NA TE / KI.LAM TUR / mulIN.DUB.AN.NA / ''mi-šiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG "If the same star (=Jupiter) comes close to Indubanna: business activity will decrease. Indubanna is mišḫu Pabilsaga" [SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 369:5-r. 2].

(4) Mercury and mišḫu of Pabilsag; [mu]lAN.TA.SUR.RA / ''mi-ši-iḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG / m[ulUDU.IDIM].GUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG / GUB-''ma'' "Antasurra is the mišḫu of Pabilsag, (meaning) Mercury stands in Sagittarius" [SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 381:4-7].

(5) Venus, Scorpius sting and Sagittarius; DIŠ mul˹ŠAR2.UR˺ [''u''] mul˹ŠAR2.GAZ ''ša zi-qit''˺ mulG[IR2.TAB] (glosses: ''ša''2-''ar-ur'', ''ṣar-gaz'') / ''it-ta-na-na-an-bi-ṭu'' gišTUKUL KUR.URIki ZI-''u''2 / mul''dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG ''in-na-mar-ma'' "If the luster of Sharur [and] Shar-gaz increases on the sting of the S[corpion]: the weapons of Akkad will be exalted. (This takes place when) Venus becomes visible (var.: stands) in Pabilsag" [SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 51:1-3], var. cf. [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 502:7-10].

(6) Mars, the Scorpius Sting, and the Pabilsag; [DIŠ mulŠAR2.UR3 ''u''] mulŠAR2.GAZ (glossa: ''ga-az'') / [''ša zi-qit'' mulG]IR2.TAB ''un-nu-tu''2 / [xxxx] KI ''ma-aq-tu''2 / mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 / mulPA. BIL.SAG GUB-''ma zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB / ''a-na'' mulPA.BIL.SAG ''qa-a-bi'' "[If Sharur and] Shargaz [on the sting of Scor]pion are dim: [.....] ruined. (This means:) Mars stands in Pabilsag; 'the sting of the Scorpius' is said of Pabilsag" [SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 52:1-6].

(7) Mars in Sagittarius; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiGAN ''iṣ-ru-uḫ-ma ittananpaḫ''(MU2.MU2): AN ''i''-[''na''] / mulxPA.BIL.SAG ''ša''2''-ru-ru naši''(IL2)-''ma'' "If a planet flares up and (re-)flares up in the month of kislim: (this is said when) Mars bears a particularly strong luster [in] Sagittarius" (late commentary on EAE Table 56) [SpTU I<ref name=":5" />, 90:7-8].

(8) The conjunction of Jupiter with the Moon in Sagittarius; see (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]'', III 6.

(9) Pabilsag and mišḫu; [DIŠ mulPA].BIL.SAG [MIN] (= ''miš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ'') [x x] KU2 GAL2-''ma'' [''ar''2]-''bu-tu'' GAR-''an'' "[If Pa]bilsag [emits mišḫu]: [...] there will be famine and desolation." [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 63 col. i 20].

For observations of the movements of Mars relative to Sagittarius, made for astrological purposes, see. [SAA 10<ref name=":6" />, 349 s. 2, 350:11-12].

See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 20.

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, p03)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: mul dPA.BIL2.SAG, ulPA.BIL.SAG.GA2, mulpa.bil2.sag «Пабилсаг», букв. «Старейшина, Священник»; созвездие, соответствующее Стрельцу и части Змееносца (Sagittarius + Ophiuchus) [Gössmann 1950, 358].
Унгнад читает pa.bil2.sag как sig3.gi9.sag = māḫiṣ uṣṣi, букв. «бьющий стрелой, стрелок» [Ungnad 1941–44, 257, note 48], в соответствии с изображениями этого божества на кудурру и печатях как стреляющего из лука кентавра. Однако аккадское māḫiṣ uṣṣi, как эпитет Пабилсага, насколько нам известно, в текстах не засвидетельствовано. См. также [Krebernik 2003–5, 161].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерские одноязычные списки: a) mulmi-si-iḫ dpa.bil2.sag (список из Ниппура) [MSL XI, 108:408], b) mulmi.še.eḫ dpa.bil2.sag.ga2 (старовавилонский список из Киша) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 24]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulIN.dub.an.na = mi-ši-iḫ dpa.bil.sag «Индубанна = Сияние Пабилсага» [SpTU III, 114 A v 55], параллель: [mulin.d]ub.an.na = mi-šiḫ dPa-bil-sag [Cavigneaux 1979, 133–134:18], а также [SAA 8, 369 r. 1–2]; in-um an-na = mi-šiḫ dPa-bil-sag [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:312ʹ]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mulPA.BIL.SAG [Oppenheim 1959, 283:15]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 224f., 281; SpTU I, 90:8]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 11): mul˹pa.bil2˺.sag [CT 33, 9 r. 20; HBA, 105; Horowitz 1998, 176]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 13): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2-nu GUB-zu mulPA.BIL.SAG «Звезда, которая стоит позади них (dŠar2-ur4 и dŠar2-gaz, двух звезд на жале Скорпиона): Пабилсаг» (I ii 33). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го кислиму» (I iii 6), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-ma mulPA.BIL.SAG ŠU2-bi «Праведный Пастух Ану восходит, Пабилсаг заходит» (I iii 16), b) (I iii 27), см. b06gišBAN. (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulPA.BIL.SAG, после mulGIR2.TAB, перед mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 (I iv 35) [MA, 39, 45, 48, 51, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380a; SAA 8, 350b]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = me-šiḫ dpa.bil.sag; (2) 7 lumāšu-звезд: dpa.bil.sag [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:142, 229]. LBAT, 1502. múlPa-bil-sag — звезда Антагубба, см. g09GAŠAN.TIN. GU-текст. (Q) šu šumēli(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ša2 ina ugu ban «левая рука Пабилсага, которая на луке» (δ Sag) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:27–28]; см. m01MA2.GUR8. (R) mul tak-ša2-a-tu2 kimin kin-ṣi mulZa-ba4-ba4 / [u? šu? imittu(15)? mulpa.bi]l2.sag ša2 ina ugu mul-mul gu «Звезда (из) Тройни (ziqpu V: δ Her) или колено Забабы (η Ser), [и правая рука Паби]лсага, которая на стреле (φ Sag), ― веревка» [ibid., BM 78161:28–29]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], здесь должно быть соответственно: α Her, ξ Ser, SgrX. (S) mulpa.bil.sag ˹ša2˺ ina ugu ma2.˹gur8˺ «(Звезда) Пабилсага, которая выше Корабля» (ι Sag) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30–31], см. также u31UZ3. Dalbanna-текст. §r. mulzi-qit mulpa.bil.sag «жало Пабилсага» (α CrA), см. a02A2mušen. §t. ˹mul˺zi-qit mulpa.bil.sag «жало Пабилсага» (α CrA), см. g32GU4.ALIM. Анафора. См. p01PA. Текст Nv. 10. (1) Схема интеркаляции: mulPa-bil-sag как звезда Эа — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце шабату, см. u19UR.GI7. (2) звезда AN.TA.ŠUR.RA в месяце абу [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 66:15, 40; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 55–56], см. g06GAM3. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulpa.bil2.sag «Область Пабилсага», астрологическое значение: угроза для жизни, нападение духа «лилиту» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 9, 30, 31; Reiner 1995; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV 19, см. p02PA.BIL. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 5-я часть — mulpa.bil.sag [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847], см. также p02PA.BIL. (3) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlPA.BI[L.SAG …] «Область Паби[лсага…]», ina ŠA3 ša2 múlPA.BIL.SAG… «В середине Пабилсага…», KI múlPA.BIL.SAG a-lid sa-le-e GIŠ.BAN ra-kab ANŠE.KUR.RA «Родился в области Пабилсага: (он будет искусен) в стрельбе из лука, в езде на лошади» [LBAT, 1593: 3′–4′, rev. 8′; Reiner 2000]. (4) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (5) Предсказания по положениям затмений Луны относительно зодиакальных созвездий [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 121, 134:136, BM 36746+: 6, r. 11, 17]. См. также [SpTU I, 93:8', 11']. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ Sin ina mulPA.BI[L.S]AG AN.MI GAR-ma… «Если Луна затмилась в Паби[лс]аге (= Стрельце)…» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135: rev. 11′ + passim], см. s20Sîn.

См. также mulPA.BIL.SAG [SpTU I, 93:8], múlPA.BIL.SAG (WA 77824) [HC 17].

II. Божество.

Пабилсаг ― один из древнейших месопотамских богов. Его имя присутствует в списке богов из Фары [Krebernik 1986, 176, IX 4]. В новошумерский период почитался в Лараке, Уре, Лагаше, Умме, Исине и Ниппуре [Sallaberger 1993, I 105, 153, 248; Krause 1951, 75–80; Krebernik 2003–5, 164–166]. Считался сыном Энлиля и супругом Гулы, среди его эпитетов: «Воин великий, господин Пабилсаг» (ur.sag gal en dpa.bil.sag) [Krause 1951, 78]. Самое раннее свидетельство о его астральном значении ― шумерский список звезд из Ниппура (см. выше). Как обычно, неясно, когда именно и каким образом было выделено созвездие Пабилсаг на месопотамском небе. В астрологической географии Пабилсаг соотносится: a) c Мутабалем и Вавилоном, b) Кишем, Дильмуном и Гирсу, с) Мутабалем [Weidner 1963].

III. Символ.

Стреляющий из лука кентавр (на некоторых изображениях ― крылатый) с двумя головами (человека и льва) и двумя хвостами (лошади и скорпиона). Встречается на печатях и кудурру с касситского периода [Seidl 1968, 176–178; Куртик 2007, рис. 7). Астральные изображения на печатях из Урука эллинистического времени см. [Wallenfels 1994, 42–44, 155; Куртик 2007, рис. 33, 34, 35]. См. также [Krebernik 2003–5, 164].

IV. Отождествление.

= Sagittarius + группа звезд вокруг θ Ophiuchi [Gössmann 1950, 358, I].

= Sagittarius [Waerden 1952–53, 219; 1974 76, 125; Weidner 1957–59, 77b–78a].

= Sagittarius и, вероятно, θ+ Ophiuchi [BPO 2, 14; MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274].

= звезды из созвездий Sagittarius, Ophiuchus, Corona Australis и Telescopium [Koch 1989, 118, 144, Anm. 447 + Abb. 18, 21, 22].

= Стрелец (Sagittarius) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 247].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 KUR ša2 KIR4 šil PA «Звезда с большим блеском на конце стрелы Пабилсага» (θ Ophiuchi).

(2) 4-AM2 IGImeš ša2 PA «4 передние звезды Пабилсага» (μ (13), 14, 15 и 16 Sagittarii).

(3) 4-AM2 ar2meš ša2 PA «4 задние звезды Пабилсага» (ν1, ν2, ξ1 и ξ2 Sagittarii).

Звезда (1) и астеризмы (2), (3) входили в число «нормальных звезд» и использовались в «Дневниках наблюдений», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 30–32.

(4) zi-qit mulPA.BIL.SAG «Жало Пабилсага» (α Coronae Austrinae?), см. dbn-текст.

(5) ŠU šumēli(2,30) mulPA.BIL.SAG ša2 ina ugu ban «Левая рука Пабилсага, которая на луке», см. GU-текст.

(6) «Правая рука Пабилсага, которая на стреле», см. GU-текст.

(7) ki-ṣir ša2 PA.BIL «локоть Пабилсага» [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, -567 r. 5]; MULx MURUB4 š[a2 ki]-ṣir ˹ša2˺ PA.BIL «Звезда в середине [лок]тя Пабилсага» [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, -567 r. 2].

(8) SAG PA «Голова Пабилсага» [HCH 35, WA 35420:23].

(9) mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG, букв. «Сияние Пабилсага» ― часть созвездия Пабилсаг, возможно λ Scorpii и ε Sagittarii [Weidner 1959–60, 107b] (см. m26).

(10) «(Звезда) Пабилсага, которая выше Корабля» (ι Sgr), см. GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

В [Gössmann 1950, 358, IV A] предполагаются тождества: Пабилсаг = Сатурн, Пабилсаг = Юпитер, которые, на наш взгляд, не имеют достаточных оснований.

Предсказания:

(1) Затмение Луны в Стрельце; [DIŠ] MUL ina KI mulPA.BIL.SAG a-dir EŠ.BAR Mut-tab-bal u KA2.DINGIR.RAki «[Если] звезда (=Луна) затмилась в области Пабилсага: решение для Муттабаля и Вавилона» [SAA 8, 4:8], параллели см. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 224, EAE 20 text g: r. 10; 225, EAE 20 text h: r. 9; 281, App. 2.1: r. 6; SAA 8, 300 r. 11; 535 r. 7].

(2) «Жало Скорпиона» = Пабилсаг; zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB a-na mulPA.BIL.SAG qa-a-bi «Жало Скорпиона», так говорят о Пабилсаге» [SAA 8, 52:5–6], zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB EN GAL-u2 mulPA.BIL.SAG «Жало Скорпиона ― великий господин Пабилсаг» [SAA 8, 502:9], см. также [ibid., 185:5, 550:5].

(3) Юпитер и mišḫu Пабилсага; a) DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ina mi-ši-iḫ / [mulPA].BIL.SAG GUB (вар.: IGI-ir) šag-ga-ša2-a-ti ina KUR GAL2.ME «Если Юпитер стоит (вар.: становится виден) в [Па]билсаге: в стране будут убийства» [SAA 8, 369:3–4; 356:3–5], см. также [ACh Suppl., 43:6–7], b) DIŠ MUL.MIN ana mulIN.DUB.AN.NA TE / KI.LAM TUR / mulIN.DUB.AN.NA / mi-šiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG «Если та же звезда (=Юпитер) подходит близко к Индубанне: деловая активность уменьшится. Индубанна есть mišḫu Пабилсага» [SAA 8, 369:5–r. 2].

(4) Меркурий и mišḫu Пабилсага; [mu]lAN.TA.SUR.RA / mi-ši-iḫ dPA.BIL.SAG / m[ulUDU.IDIM].GUD.UD ina ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG / GUB-ma «Aнтасурра есть mišḫu Пабилсага, (это означает) Меркурий стоит в Стрельце» [SAA 8, 381:4–7].

(5) Венера, Жало Скорпиона и Стрелец; DIŠ mul˹ŠAR2.UR˺ [u] mul˹ŠAR2.GAZ ša zi-qit˺ mulG[IR2.TAB] (глоссы: ša2-ar-ur, ṣar-gaz) / it-ta-na-an-bi-ṭu gišTUKUL KUR.URIki ZI-u2 / muldil-bat ina ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG in-na-mar-ma «Если Шарур [и] Шаргаз на жале С[корпиона] увеличили блеск: оружие Аккада превознесется. (Это имеет место, когда) Венера становится видна (вар.: стоит) в Пабилсаге» [SAA 8, 51:1–3], вар. см. [ibid., 502:7–10].

(6) Марс, Жало Скорпиона и Пабилсаг; [DIŠ mulŠAR2.UR3 u] mulŠAR2.GAZ (глосса: ga-az) / [ša zi-qit mulG]IR2.TAB un-nu-tu2 / [xxxx] KI ma-aq-tu2 / mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 / mulPA.BIL.SAG GUB-ma zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB / a-na mulPA.BIL.SAG qa-a-bi «[Если Шарур и] Шаргаз [на жале Скор]пиона тусклые: […..] разорены. (Это означает:) Марс стоит в Пабилсаге; «жало Скорпиона» — сказано о Пабилсаге» [SAA 8, 52:1–6].

(7) Марс в Стрельце; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM ina itiGAN iṣ-ru-uḫ-ma ittananpaḫ(MU2.MU2): AN i-[na] / mulxPA.BIL.SAG ša2-ru-ru naši(IL2)-ma «Если планета в месяце кислиму вспыхивает и (повторно) вспыхивает: (так говорят, когда) Марс [в] Стрельце особенно сильный блеск несет» (поздний комментарий к Табл. 56 EAE) [SpTU I, 90:7–8].

(8) Соединение Юпитера с Луной в Стрельце; см. n15Nēberu, III 6.

(9) Пабилсаг и mišḫu; [DIŠ mulPA].BIL.SAG [MIN] (= miš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ) [x x] KU2 GAL2-ma [ar2]-bu-tu GAR-an «[Если Па]билсаг [испускает mišḫu]: […] будет голод и опустошение» [ACh Suppl. 2, 63 col. i 20].

Наблюдения движений Марса относительно Стрельца, производившиеся в астрологических целях, см. [SAA 10, 349 s. 2, 350:11–12].

См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 20.
|Example
|-
!
=== p02 PABIL ===
|
|-
|сокращение от mulPA.BIL.SAG «Пабилсаг»; обозначение 9-го знака зодиака и созвездия (=Стрелец) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 357; Ungnad 257].
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». Обозначение знака зодиака Стрелец вплоть до эпохи Селевкидов (наравне с PA); самый ранний пример в дневнике за -567 год [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, -567 r. 2, 5], далее passim. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». BRM IV 19: PA.BIL — обозначение знака зодиака Стрелец в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: i, 4, 6, 23, 38; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: 9-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlpa.bil «9-я часть Наемника — Пабилсаг» [Schaumberger 1955, 245, Sp II 202+:20].
|
|-
!
=== p01 PA ===
|
|-
|сокращение от mulPA.BIL.SAG (mulPA.BIL) «Пабилсаг»; название 9-го знака зодиака и созвездие, соответствующее Стрельцу (Sagittarius), в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 356; Ungnad 1941–44, 257].
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». (1) Знак зодиака; впервые в дневнике за –384 год [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, -384 r. 3; далее passim]. (2) Сокращение использовалось в обозначении трех «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 30–32. Математическая астрономия. PA — 9-й знак зодиака [ACT I–III, LBAT, passim]; используется уже в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31]. Анафора. А 3427: ta 5? UŠ ar2 múldili ša2 kun-šu2 en múlna-ad-dul-lum mulPA ta sag-šu2 [en til-šu2…] «От (кульминации точки) 50(?) после Отдельной звезды на его (Льва) хвосте до (кульминации) Упряжи: Стрелец от его начала [до его конца …]»; таким образом определяется время восхода знака зодиака Стрелец по кульминациям двух ziqpu-звезд [Schaumberger 1955, 239:19; 241–242]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». PA — обозначение 9-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (Овен) на 12 частей: АО 6483: [9]-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlpa šum3-šu2 «[9]-я часть, ее имя Пабилсаг» [TU, 14:18; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], b) Sp II 202+: 9-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlpa.bil ša2 múllu «9-я часть Наемника — Пабилсаг Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:20–21]. (3) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. a) BM 34452+: a) [8 17 // 3 11 // Sin …] ša2 múlPA(?) / [KI M]UL2.SIP[A GUB] MAR2.DA.KI «[(Месяц) абу 17 // симану 11 // Луна …] Пабилсага / [Область] Праведного Пасту[ха] Ану, [место] Марада». b) 9 15 // 3 15 // Sin ina EGIR múlPA KI / múlSIPA GUB ŠIR.BUR.[LA.KI] «Кислиму 15 // симану 15 // Луна позади области Пабилсага. / Праведный Пастух Ану, место Лагаша» [LBAT, 1586 + 1587; Hunger 1975, 41, r. 1–2, 9–10]. b) W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(= ŠU) 11 // PA 17 // qaqqad(SAG.DU) an-zi-i kappi(PA) an-zi-i u dām(UŠ2) MIN(= an-zi-i) MIN (= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 11 // Стрелец 170 // Голову (птицы) Анзу, крыло Анзу и кровь Анзу ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104: 11, а также 104:24]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:8, 21]. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlPA UDmeš DU10me UŠ2 ZU:AB «Область Стрельца: хорошие дни, смерть в океане» [SpTU II, 43:25; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 11'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].

См. также [SpTU V, 268:18].
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==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]][[Category:Sumerian]][[Category:Constellation]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:Sgr]][[Category:Ser]][[Category:Oph]]
[[Category:Deity]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]
<references />

Ṣalbatānu

2026-01-09T21:19:09Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ṣalbatānu''}}

mul / d''Ṣalbatānu'' (𒀯𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡) is the most common name for Mars in cuneiform. Many names for Mars are also available, particularly in the Great Star List (Koch-Westenholz??-??) where most of these names are malefic reflecting the planet's unlucky character in astrology. For benefic and malefic planets in general see Rochberg 2010<ref>Rochberg, F. (2010). In the Path of the Moon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.</ref> reprinted in Rochberg 2022: 135-142.

==Visibility & Appearance==
{{Template:Mars}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The most common name for Mars, occurring in texts of all categories [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 360; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> Ṣ]. The exact meaning and etymology uncertain.<ref name=":17">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' (AN 21l).<ref name=":17" />

ul / d''Ṣal'' is a rarely used abbreviation for mul / d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Mars." See ''dṢal'' in [TCL 6<ref name=":1">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13 obv. ii 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, rev. ii 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.</ref>, 213-214, 221 note 19], and ''ulṢal'' GUR''4'' "Brilliant Mars" in the circular chart [TCL 6<ref name=":1" />, 13 obv.; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2" />, 224]. See also [Hunger 1969, 138].
{| class="wikitable"
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!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Urra XXII series: [mulU]DU.BAD / mul''udu-til'' = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "[P]lanet = Mars" [MSL XI, 31, section 10:10; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 106:281ʹ].
*(2) Series Ḫg. B VI, list of names for Mars: mulsa5 = ''ma-ak-ru-u''2 = d''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu''] "Red (star) = red = M[ars]", mulsa5(DIRI) = ''mi''3-''qit i-šat'' = [MIN] "Red star = Falling fire = [Mars]", mulŠul = ''lum-num''2 = MIN "Evil (star) = evil = Mars", mulnu. me.a = ''ba-lum'' = MIN "Nonexistence = lack (lack, lit. "without") = ditto(Mars)", mul lúsa.gaz = ''ḫab-ba-tum'' = MIN "(Star)-robber = robber = ditto (Mars)", mullul.la = ''sa-ar-rum'' = MIN "Lying (star) = lie = lie = ditto (Mars)", mul lúkur2.ra = ''na-kar'' = MIN "(Star)-enemy = enemy = ditto (Mars)", mul lúKUR2.RA = ''ša''2-''nu-um-ma'' = MIN "Stranger = stranger = ditto (Mars)", mulur.bar. ra = ''a-šu-u'' = MIN "Wolf = Stranger = ditto(Mars)", mulnim.ma = (space) = MIN "Asterism of Elam = (space) = ditto (Mars)", mulgig = ''kakkab''(MUL) ''šib-ṭi'' <''u''> ''mūtāni''(NAM.BAD)meš = MIN "(Star)-Disease = Star of plague and death = ditto(Mars)" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:28-38]; for a parallel see. [SpTU III<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 Rs. iii], see also related articles.
*(3) Antagal series (G 309): dsi.mu.ud = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229].
|Example
|-
|'''Early evidence from the end of the Old Babylonian (Early Kassite?) period.'''
*(1) A prediction text describing the extirpation: mul''ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-na-ap-pa-ḫa-am-ma bu-la u''2-''ḫal-la-aq'' "Mars will rise and destroy the cattle" [Nougayrol 1971<ref name=":18">''Nougayrol J.'' Nouveaux textex sur le ''ziCCu'' (II) // RA. 1971. Vol. 65, № 1. P. 67-84.</ref>, 72, AO 7539:62]; an unpublished parallel from Ras Shamra (RS 23.38* rev. 13′) is mentioned in [ibid.<ref name=":18" />, 82].
*(2) Ancient Babylonian prediction text on lunar eclipses (BM 22696:23): [''Ṣa-al-b'']''a-ta-nu-um i-ta-ab-bi-am-ma bu-lam u''2-[''ḫal-la-aq'']-''ma'', cited in [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":19">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 235, note 2].
*(3) Ancient Babylonian prediction text on lunar eclipses (BM 86381 i 22f.): ''ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-ta-bu-ma bu-lam u''2-''ḫal-la-aq'' "Mars will rise and destroy the cattle," quoted in [Rochberg-Halton 1988''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22)., 125, note 7].
*(4) A list of predictions concerning "the darkening (or eclipse) of the sun" (dUTU ''a-di-ir''): BE DINGIR ''u''2-''du-ri-iš i-ru-ub'' d''Ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu-um i-ša-aḫ-ḫ-ḫ-ḫi-iṭ-ma'' [...] / ''bu-ul'' GIR3 (possibly -''am'') ''u''2-''ḫa-al-la-aq'' "If the god (= sun?) darkens (var: gloomily flickers): Mars is angry(?) [...], livestock will die?" [Dietrich 1996<ref>''Dietrich M.'' Altbabylonische Omina zur Sonnenfinsternis // WZKM 86, 99-106.</ref>, 101: p. 26-27]; see also below III 14-15.
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe P.

*Month of Kislimu, stars of Enlil, 120 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

Astrolabe B.

*(1) List (12´3): mul ''ša ina'' igi d''E''2-''a'' gub / mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' kal mu / [''man'']-''za-za-za-za ut-ta-na-kar'' "The star that stands in front of Ea (is) Mars, (which) changes its position all year long" (B i 23-25); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":4">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 10].
*(2) List (3´12): [itigan m]ul''ṣal-bat-a-nu šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "[Kislimu]: Mars (rising) (in the path of) Ea " (C i 9).
*(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m):
**(a) [itigan] mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulud.ka.du8. a muluz3 ˹e3˺ "[Kislimu]: Mars, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, and the goat arise" (C 29),
**(b) mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulud.ka.du8.a muluz3 šu2.[a] "(Simanu): Mars, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, and the Goat desce[nd]" [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 18; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 37, 40].

BM 82923.

*Kislimu month, stars of Ea: mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' // 2 // ''mu-u''2''-tu'' "Mars // 120 // death" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:25].

BM 34713.

*itigan // 2.0 ''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' // 1.10 múlgir2.tab // 35 múl[lugal] "Kislimu: 120 Mars, 70 Scorpius, 35 [King]" [LBAT<ref name=":5">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:9].

"Round astrolabes."

*See 162. itigan.gan.u3 // mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' // 2.00 "(Stars of Ea), kislimu, Mars, 120" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 11].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":6">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 62, 125 D ii 5, 187 §II 7-8, 235 §II 2 D 8′ + note 2, 253 EAE 22 part I § I 3; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 8a-b, 11a, 11c, 13a, 26-26a, V 1a, XI 7; BPO 3<ref name=":8">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; Borger 1973<ref name=":9">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al., 38-55. Leiden, 1973.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 8′-12′, 16′, 37′-39′; Largement 1957<ref name=":10">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264.</ref>, 244:46, 248:74, 254:107, 109; Verderame 2002<ref>Verderame 2002</ref>, 248-249; SpTU I<ref name=":11">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 92:2′; SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:5,6; SpTU V<ref name=":12">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264].
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10. Intercalation scheme'''
*[...mul''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu'' as the star Anu is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of arahsamnu, see (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]].
|
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|'''"Catalog of 30 stars."'''
Ea. 10.

*MUL SA5 ''ša a-na'' IGI d''E''2-''a'' GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB-''šu''2 ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' dUTU.E3 ''mi''-[''šil'' MU] / ''i-na'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ''ka-la'' MU KI.GUB-''šu''2 ''ut-ta-na-kar'' MUL ''šu-u''2 mulUDU.IDIM d[''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''] "The red star, that stands in front of Ea, is positioned at the place where the Sun rises for half of the year, and then at the place where the Sun sets for the other half of the year, for the duration of the whole year, the position of the star changes, this star — the planet [Mars]"

(A. 11-12).

*MUL SA5 ''ša''2 IGI d''E''2-''a'' kal MU KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "The red star that is in front of Ea changes (its) position all year long, (it is) Mars" (B. 13) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":4" />, 177] (in A. 11-12: KI.GUB-''šu''2 ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' dUTU.E3 ''mi''-[''šil'' MU] / ''i-na'' dUTU.ŠU2.A, probably erroneously borrowed from Anu 1, see (Kurtik i18) ''[[Ištar]]''.
|
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|'''"Letters" and "reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 380b; ARAK<ref name=":13">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 351-352].
|
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Anu (No. 21): mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir-ma'' AN-''e ib-bir'' "Mars, its position constantly changes and it crosses the sky" (I ii 14).
*(2) Planets, "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL d''Sin'' DU''-ku'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' DU-''ak'' "Mars takes (the same) path that the Moon takes" (II i 4).
*(3) List and definition of planets: mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' in fourth place, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(4) Planetary theory:
**(a) mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' dUTU.ŠU3.A TUM3-''ma'' 2 ITI KIMIN 3 ITI 10 ''u''4-''mi'' KIMIN 6 ITI 20 ''u''4-''mi ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ''ina'' KASKAL dUTU SAR-''ḫa'' IGI.LA2 "Mars disappears in the west and remains (invisible) in the sky for 2 months, or 3 months (and) 10 days, or 6 months (and) 20 days and rises and becomes visible in the east in the path of the Sun" (II i 51-52),
**(b) mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' dUTU.E3 IGI.LA2-''ma'' MU 1 KAM 6 ITI KIMIN / MU 1 KAM 10 ITI KIMIN 2 MU.AN.NAmeš / ''ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3 MUL BI BE-''ma'' SA5 GAR ''u ba-il''3 BE-''ma un-nu-un u'' TUR "Mars becomes visible in the east, stands in the sky for 1 year (and) 6 months or 1 year (and) 10 months, or 2 years (and then) disappears in the west. This star either reveals redness and has great brilliance, or it is dim(?) and small" (II i 64-65) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 34, 70, 80, 86].
|
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|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
*(1) List of astrological names for Mars: AN AN NI x [x], mul[…], mul''ma-ak-ru-u'', mulsa5, mulsig7, [mu]lman-''ma'', mul''a-ḫu-u'', mul[''n'']''a-ka-ru'', mul''s''[''ar''6]-''ru'', mulḫul, mulka5.a, mulnim.ma, mullu2.sa.gaz, mulur.bar.ra, multi8mušen, mul''lu-um-nu'', mul''si-mu-ut'', mulla šid.meš, mulapin, mulšudun, mulšu.pa, mulbal.teš2.a, mulug5.ga, mulbir, mulnunki, mulud.ka.duḫ.a, […] = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'';
*(2) ''ul'' babbar = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "White star = Mars";
*(3) 12 stars of Amurru: mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'';
*(4) 7 names of Mars: ulman-''ma'', mul''a-ḫu-u''2 ul''na-ka-ru'' / ul''sar''6-''ru'' ulḫul ulka5.a ulnim.maki / ul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / 7 ''zik-ru-šu'' "Strange Star, Star of the Stranger, Hostile star, Lying star, Evil star, Fox, Asterism of Elam — Mars, 7 are his names";
*(5) list of planets: ul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' in last place (see Kurtik u07 [[UDU.IDIM]]) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 83-105, 168, 219, 239, 243].
|
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|'''Star List VR 46, 1:42.'''
*a) muludu.idim = ''muš-mit bu-lim'' "Planet = the one who kills cattle,"
*b) mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' = ''muš-ta-bar-ru-u''2 ''mu-ta-nu'' "Mars = the one who prolongs the plague" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:41-42; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":14">''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 353].
|
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|'''MLC 1866.'''
For a list of the 7 planets, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
|
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|'''Anaphora.'''
*А 3427: ''ina'' itigan ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "In the month of kislimu on the morning of the 28th day, Mars emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":15">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA 55 (N.F. 17), 237-251.</ref>, 238:4], parallel in Sp II 202+: ''ina'' gan ''ina še-rim'' [28 múl''ṣal'']-''bat-a-nu meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":15" />, 245:21].
|
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|'''Mathematical astronomy.'''
*d''Ṣal-bat-a-ni'' instead of AN in the singular text [ACT<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>, No. 802 r. 7].
|
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|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) The nature of the influence.
**(a) DIŠ d[''Ṣal-bat-a-nu pit''2-''ru-us na-an-ziq ḫa'']-˹''an-ṭu-su''˺ "If [Mars (appears): (this sign) is ambiguous; (it will be) qui]ck [to anger]."
**(b) DIŠ KI d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' UŠ2 GIG UŠ2 UR.MAD ''u''2-''lu'' UŠ2 GIŠ.TUKUL LUGAL "If the region of Mars: death by disease, death by a lion, or death by a king's weapon" [TCL 6<ref name=":1" />, 13 obv. ii 2, 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2" />, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b 324-325].
*(2) "Hypsoma". KI ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 ''ša''2 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MUL2.U[Z3...] "The secret place of Mars. [Capricorn?...]" [STC I<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref> 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.</ref>], quoted in [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":6" />, 55:31], see also (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(3) Zodiacal astrology. ''aš''2-''šu''2 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' múlMAŠ.MAŠ KI ''Sin'' MAŠ.TAB.BA U3.TU "Since Mars (stands) in Gemini with the Moon [or: in the place of the Moon - G.K.]: twins will be born" [LBAT<ref name=":5" />, 1593:9′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(4) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the position of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac.
*BM 36746+: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'', passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
*(5) Predictions of grain prices based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: d''Ṣal-bat-an'', d''Ṣal-bat-an-nu'', mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [SpTU I<ref name=":11" />, 94, passim].
*(6) Predictions of enemy attacks from observations of the positions and visibility of planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6<ref name=":1" />, 13 obv. ii 11, 17, 19, 21, 21, 22, 25, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2" />, 213-214, 216].
|
|}
Non-standard syllabic notation: mul''Ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu'' (AO 7539 r. 17) [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Rituels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>, 79, note 2]. See also [SpTU I<ref name=":11" />, 97:1; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42:10; SpTU V<ref name=":12" />, 261 r. 8-23, 264 passim, 269 r. 6].

===Additional===

====Deity.====
The planet Mars was associated with Nergal, lord of the underworld, who was also regarded as the god of plague, war, and destruction (see n18). The name is often spelled with the determinative d. The origin of the name Ṣalbatānu appears to be mysterious [HCH<ref>''Hunger H., Stephenson F.R., Walker C.B.F., Yau K.K.C.'' Halley's Comet in History / Ed. by F.R.Stephenson and C.B.F.Walker. L.: British Museum Publ., 1985.</ref> 16; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 7]. Lambert suggests that ṣalbatānu derives from ṣarbatānu, a rare form of the adjective formed from ṣarbû, lit. "pertaining to poplar," and connects it presumably with dlugal.giš.asal2 = [''be-el ṣa'']''r''-BE (AN:d''Anum'' VI 72 [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 205]), a deity from Nergal's retinue [Lambert 1996<ref name=":16">''Lambert W.G.'' The etymology and meaning of ialbatānu // NABU. 1996, no 4, p. 108, 123).</ref>; Brown 2000<ref>''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 55]. However, it remains unclear why the most widespread name of Mars, whose astrological significance seems to be enormous, is associated with such an insignificant figure of the Mesopotamian pantheon? The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the Babylonian name of Mars as the following: Βελέβατος. ὁ τοῡ πυρὸς ἀστήρ. Βαβυλώνιοι. "B/Celebatos: fire star: Babylonians," derived apparently from Akkadian Ṣalbatānu [TLG 4085-002 Β 479], see also [Lambert 1996<ref name=":16" />; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":14" />, 350].

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
*(1) In the Šurpu II 182 series of incantations: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' ... ''lip-ṭu-ru'' "Mars ... let him free." [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18].
*(2) On the ritual of "laying on of hands" (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) performed in front of Mars, cf. [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 206 r. 5′-6′; 240:10; 262:5-8], as well as (Kurtik k08) [[Kayyamānu(m)|''Kayyamānu'']].
*(3) On the ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revitalizing" the deity statue, see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]], II.
*(4) For the Namburbi series, see. [Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA 48, № 1, 1-15.</ref>, 12-13:7].
*(5) Deities witnessing the treaty: mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' (in the fifth place after Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, and Mercury) [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 29, 6 iv 15]; parallel in [Wiseman 1958<ref>''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.</ref>, 29: col. i 15].
*(6) Letter to Ashurbanipal from his son, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
*(7) Temple ritual at Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(8) Invocation of the blessing of the gods on the king, among whom is Mars, see (Kurtik u07) [[SAG.ME.GAR]]. [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 8:11].
*(9) A ritual against the evil portended by Mars; when the ritual was performed, a prayer was recited: ina ḪUL mul''ṣal-bat-a-n''[''u''] / ''ša a-dan-šu''2 ''u''2-''še-ti''-[''qu-u-ni''] / ''u''3 ''ina'' ŠA3 mulLU2.ḪUN.GA2 ''i''[''n-na-mir-u-ni''] ... "In the evil (foreshadowed) by Mars, who has exceeded his fixed (term) and appeared in the constellation of the Hired Man: let his evil not approach, nor pass close, nor crush me, nor affect me, my country, the men of my palace, nor my army."'" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 381: 5 - r. 4].
*(10) Ritual actions with the sacred drum before Mars and Saturn; UD-25-KAM2 ''ina nu-bat''-[''ti''] / LI.LI.IZ3 ''ina'' IGI d[U].GU[R] / ''ina'' UGU ''ku-zip-pi'' / ''ša'' LUGAL ''iš-šak-kan'' / ''ša'' dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''is-se-niš'' / ''ne''2''-pu-uš'' "On the 25th day (of the month), at nig[ht], a drum will be placed in front of [N]erga[l] (= Mars) on top of the royal robes. At the same time we will perform (the chants of) Saturn" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 340:9 - p. 2].

====Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
(1) = Red Star; see (Kurtik s04) [[SA5|SA5]], and also (Kurtik h08) [[ḪUL]], III 3.

(2) = Red planet; see (Kurtik s04) [[SA5|SA5]], II, (Kurtik m03) ''[[Makrû]]'', III 2.

(3) = The star Eridu; see (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]], VI 2.

(4) = Plow; see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN]], VI 1.

(5) = Eagle; see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]], VI 3.

(6) = Meslamtea; see (Kurtik m24) [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]].

(7) = Star Cluster; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 1, 15-16.

(8) = Wolf; mulUR.BAR.RA = mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 48:5], see also (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 1, (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]], VI

(9) = Bow; see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]], VI 13.

(10) = Yoke; see below (22).

See also the identifications: [m]ulUR.GU.LA: mulUR.BAR.RA: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Lion = Wolf = Mars", mulKA5.A: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Fox = Mars" [SpTU I, 50:37-38], SI E d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "SI E = Mars"(?) [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 132, K.2907+: I 2].

See also (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', (Kurtik g14) [[GIG]], (Kurtik h08) [[ḪUL]], (Kurtik k29) [[KUR2.RA|lúKUR2.RA]], (Kurtik L17) [[LUL.LA]], (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], (Kurtik n23) [[NIM.MA]], (Kurtik n48) [[NU.ME.A]], (Kurtik s01) [[SA.GAZ|lúSA.GAZ]], (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]], (Kurtik sh12) [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']], (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].

=====Predictions:=====
(11) General astrological meaning; [d''ṣal-bat-a-nu''] ''a-na mu-ta-ni qa-bi'' "[Mars] is said to (predict) death" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 114:3].

(12) The visibility of Mars; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM GU4.UD d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MU.NI ''ša''2-''ru-ru iš-ši'' LUGAL NIM.MAki ''i-dan''-[''nin''] "If the leaping planet, whose name is Mars, radiates: the king of Elam will be strengthen[ed]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":10" />, 244:46; TU, 16:46] (for a parallel see [SpTU I, 92:2]), Mercury's standard designation GU4.UD = ''šiḫṭu'' "Leap," here given apparently by mistake; [DIŠ] d''ṣal-bat-a-nu um-mu-liš'' KUR-''ma'' ŠE.ER.ZI.MEŠ-''šu''2 SIG7 / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 "[If] Mars rises flickering and it emits in yellow-green: the king of Elam will die" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 114:6-7], see also [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 100: 18-19], (Kurtik n19) [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']], IV 1; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu u''2-''ta-na-at-ma'' SIG5 ''ib-il-ma a-ḫi-tu''2 "If Mars becomes weak, it is good, (if it becomes) brilliant, it is bad" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 114 r. 3]; DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [ŠE.ER.ZI IL2-''ši''] / LUGAL ''i-dan-nin-''[''ma'' NIG2.TUK x x] "If Mars [bears radiance]: the power and [welfare] of the king will increase" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 104 r. 10-11]; DIŠ ''ina'' AN-''e mi-i''[''š-ḫu ša'' mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' IGI] / RI.RI.GA: [ŠUB-''tim bu-lim ina'' KUR GAL2] "If the mi[šḫu of Mars is seen in the sky: (there will be) an epidemic, var: [there will be cattle grazing in the country]" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 104 r. 12-13].

(13) The rising of Mars in various months; [DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-n'']''u ina'' itiŠU IGI.LAL KI.NA2 ''qu-ra-di'' DAGAL "[If Mar]s becomes visible in the month of duzu: cemetery of warriors will increase" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 114:2], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 143 r. 4; 341:1-2]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' IGI-[''ir''] / BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 / ŠA3-''bi'' KUR DUG3-''ab'' "If Mars becomes visible in the month of ulul: the harvest of the country will be abundant; the heart of the country will be happy" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 419:1-3]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiGUD mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' IGI.LAL MI2.KUR2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ / ''šal-pu''2-''tim'' ERIM-''man-da'' / ERIM-''man-da'' LU2.gim-''ra-a-a'' "If Mars becomes visible in the month of ayar: there will be hostilities; destruction of Umman-manda, Umman-manda (means) the Cimmerians" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 100:25].

(14) The rising/setting of Mars and the destruction of livestock; dUDU.IDIM SAR-''ma'' MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 "The planet will rise and destroy livestock" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":19" />, 235, EAE 20, § II.2 + note 2], see also (15); mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' TU-''ma'' MAŠ2.ANŠE ZA[Ḫ2] "Mars will set and destroy cattle" [ibid., 170, EAE 19, Section III, Source A: 8].

(15) The eclipse of the Moon, the rising of Mars, and the destruction of cattle; DIŠ UD.16.KAM AN.MI GAR ''im-ḫul-lu'' KUR-''ma'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 "If an eclipse (of the Moon) occurs on the 16th day (of the month): a hurricane will come, Mars will rise and rui[n] the cattle" [ibid. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":19" />, 253, EAE 22 part I § I:3].

(16) Mars stands in the east; [DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu ina'' IM.KUR.RA GUB-''iz'' ZI''-ut'' SU.BIR4ki / ''u''3 ''kaš-ši-i a-na'' KUR "[If Ma]rs stands in the east: Subartu and the Kassites will attack the country" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 81 r. 1-2; 114:4-5].

(17) Mars stands in the north; [DIŠ] ˹d˺UDU.IDIM ''ina'' IM.SI.SA2 GUB-''iz'' / UŠ2.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ ZI-''bu'' LUGAL URIki ''ana'' KUR KUR2 "[If] the planet(=Mars) stands in the north: there will be death; an attack on the king of Akkad in enemy territory" [ARAK<ref name=":13" /> 81 r 1-2; 114:5] [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 341:3-4].

(18) Mars’ influence on the stars; [DIŠ mul]UDU.IDIM MUL.MEŠ AN-''e u''2-''lap-pat'' / LUGAL KUR.KUR ''u''2-''qat-ti'' / d''ṣal-bat-a-nu i-ba-il-ma'' / MUL.MEŠ ''u''2-''lap-pat-ma'' "[If] a planet influences the stars of the heavens: the king will overpower (lit. finish off) (all) countries, (meaning): Mars has great brilliance and influences the stars" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 327 r. 3′-6′].

(19) Mars is the Star of the Western Country (=Amurru); mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MUL KUR MAR.TUki / ḪUL ''ša''2 KUR MAR.TUki ''u'' NIM.MAki "Mars is the star of Amurru; evil for Amurru and Elam" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 383 r. 5-8], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 412 r. 2].

(20) Mars is the star of Subartu; d''ṣal-bat-a''-[''nu'' MUL ''ša''2] KUR SU.BIR4ki ''ba-ʼi-il'' / ''u''3 ''ša-ru''-[''r'']''u na-ši'' SIG5 ''ša''2 KUR SU.BIR4ki ''šu-u''2 "Mar[s, the star] of Subartu, has great brilliance and shin[e]s; this is good for Subartu" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 491 r. 7-8].

(21) Mars and the Moon; ˹DIŠ˺ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' / <d>30 KUR ḪUL-''ta'' TUŠ-''ib'' "If Mars stands close to the front of the Moon: the moon-god will relocate a bad? country" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 311:1-2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SI KAB 30 GUB LUGAL ŠU2-''tu''2 DU3-''uš'' "If a planet (=Mars) stands on the left horn of the Moon: the king will succeed in ruling the world" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 311:3]; DIŠ MUL ''ina'' IGI 30 KAB GUB ... "If the star (=Mars) stands on the left horn of the Moon: (the apodosis is the same)" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 311:4]; DIŠ MUL ''ina'' EGIR 30 KAB GUB LUGAL URIki ŠU2-''tu''2 DU3-''uš'' "If the star (=Mars) stands to the left behind the Moon: the king of Akkad will succeed in ruling the world" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 311:5]; DIŠ MUL ''ina'' SI 150 30 GUB KUR KUR2 ḪUL I[GI] "If the star (=Mars) stands on the left horn of the Moon: an enemy country will exp[erience] evil" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 311 r. 1]; for close predictions relating to Mars, see also [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 311:7-10, r. 2-7; 484:1-6].

(22) Mars in the lunar halo; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' ZAḪ2 MAŠ2.ANŠE ''ina'' KUR DU3.A.BI / ''me-re-šu''2 ZU2.LUM.MA NU SI.SA2 / KI.MIN KUR MAR.TUki TUR-''ir'' "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo Mars stands within it: death of cattle in all countries; date plantations will not flourish; var.: the country of the West (=Amurru) will decrease" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 168: 10-r. 2]; ˹DIŠ˺ 30 TUR3 (NIGIN2-ma) mulŠUDUN ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL UŠ2-''ma'' KUR-''su'' TUR-''ir'' / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 / mulŠUDUN mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "If the Moon is (surrounded by) a halo and the Yoke stands in it: the king will die and his country will diminish; the king of Elam will die. Yoke (means) Mars." [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 383 r. 1-3]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB / LUGAL ERIM-''šu''2 ''u''2''-tas-sar'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and a planet (=Mars?) stands in it: the king's troops will be surrounded" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 412:5-6; for parallels and variants see. [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 41:5-8; 49:3-5; 82 r. 3-5; 169:1-4; 181:7-r.4; 317 r. 1-4; 327:8-10; 376:1-r.1; 383:7-10; 412:1-4; 416:1-3; 491:5-7].

(23) Mars and Jupiter; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 19-23.

(24) Mars behind Shulpae; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' EGIR dŠUL.PA.E3 DU-''ak'' MU BI ''dam-qat'' "If Mars stands behind Shulpae (=Jupiter): this year will be good" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 114 r. 4].

(25) Venus took the star(=Mars) on its right or left; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' A2 ZA]G-''ša''2 MUL ''le-qat-ma'' mul''Dil-bat'' GAL-''ma'' MUL TUR ... ˹d''Ṣal''˺-''bat-a-nu ina'' ZAG-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "[If Venus] takes a star from its [right] [side], and Venus is big and the star is small: The king of Elam will acquire importance and power and will rule the countries of the four regions, accepting tribute from the kings, his subjects; (this will happen if) Mars stands on the right side" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 46, VAT 10218:70], for a parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 68, BM 75 228:14; 210, K. 7936+:12; 214, K.3601+:15; 226, K. 2816+:12]; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat''] ˹''ina'' A2˺ 2,30-''ša''2 MUL ''le-qat-ma'' mul''Dil-bat'' GAL-''ma'' MUL TUR ... d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' 2,30-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "[If Venus] takes a star from its left side and Venus is large and the star is small: the King of Akkad ditto; (this will happen if) Mars stands to its left" (apodosis see. previous prediction) [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:71], for a parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 68, BM 75 228:15; 210, K. 7936+:13; 214, K.3601+:16; 226, K. 2816+:13]. see also [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 415: 1-4].

(26) The red color of Venus and Mars; ''ka-lu-šu''2-''ma'' SA5 ''ṣa-rip'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'': dGUD.UD TE''-ši-ma'' "It is entirely colored red, (meaning): Mars, var: Mercury comes close to it." [BPO 3, 132, K. 2907+: III 5]; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' ...KI.GU]B-''ša''2 SA5 ŠUB-''tim'' ANŠE.KUR.RA [...] ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ [d''Ṣal-bat-a-n'']''u''? KI-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "[If Venus, ... posit]ion is red: the fall of horses (and) [...] will be in the country, (it means): [Mar]s stands with it" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 100, K.35:16], see also [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 70, BM 75228:19; 188, K.2153+:10].

(27) Venus wears a crown; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' AGA SIG7 (var.: SA5) ''ap-rat'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' IGI-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "If Venus wears a green (var.: red) crown: Mars stands before it" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 58, K. 148+:12]. see also [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 215, K.3601+:31]; 2 AGA.MEŠ ''ap-rat'' 2 dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ ''ina pa-ni-šu''2 DU.ME''-zu-ma'' "It wears two crowns - two planets (= Mars and Mercury) stand ahead of her" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 132, K. 2907+:IV 12].

(28) Venus and the Stars (= Mars) to its right; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 16.

(29) Conjunction of Mars and Saturn in the lunar halo; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' / TUR3 30 GUB.MEŠ BALA UD.MEŠ GID2.MEŠ "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and 2 stars (= Mars and Saturn) stand in the lunar halo: reign will be long" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 168:3-4]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu u'' dUDU.IDIM ''im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma'' GUB.MEŠ / ZI-''ut'' NIM.MAki "If Mars and a planet (=Saturn) face each other (in the lunar halo) and stand (in it): the attack of Elam" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 168:5-6]; for parallels and variants see. [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 48:1-4; 49 r. 4-6; 169:8-9; 317:6-8; 383:1-2; 416 r. 3-5; 491 r. 1-4; 542 r. 1-2]; DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM ''is-sa-na-aḫ-ḫur'' ŠE-''im iq-qir'' "If Mars moves around a planet (=Saturn): barley will be expensive" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 82:4].

(30) Mars approaches Mercury; (blank) mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu a-na'' muludu.idim.gu4.ud ˹te˺ ... "Mars [is] approaching Mercury ..." (comment on an unknown prediction, with a space in its place) [Borger 1973<ref name=":9" />, 41:8′].

(31) The planet and Mars stand opposite each other; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM ''u'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma'' GUB.MEŠ ZI-''ut'' NIM.MAki [...] "If the planet (=Mercury?) and Mars stand opposite each other: the attack of Elam [...]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":10" />, 248:74; TU, 16:74], see also [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 168 r. 5-6].

(32) Mars is approaching the Scorpius; DIŠ mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE ''ina'' E2.GAL NUN BURU3-''šu''2 GAL2-''ši'' "Mars is approaching the Scorpius: there will be damage in the prince's palace" [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 8a], DIŠ mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE URU ''ina'' BURU3-''ši'' DIB-''bat'' "If Mars approaches Scorpius: the city will be taken via a breach (in the wall)" [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 8b].

(33) The backward movement of Mars in Scorpius; mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu is-su-uḫ-ur'' / ''ut-ta-me-iš ina pa-na-tu-uš-šu''2 ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB / ''il-lak lum-nu šu-u''2 "Mars turns around, starts a movement and moves forward into the Scorpius; this is a bad sign" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 53 r. 2-4]. ''e-t''[''ar-ba'' d]˹''ṣal''˺-''bat-a-nu ki-ma'' TA ŠA3-''bi'' / mulGIR2.TAB ''it-tu-ṣi-a is-suḫ-ra'' / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB ''e-ta-rab an-ni-u pi-šir''3-''šu''2 "When Mars exits [goes] from Scorpius, turns around and enters (again) into the Scorpius, its interpretation is as follows": DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ki-i i-tu-ra a-na'' ŠA3-''bi'' / mulGIR2.TAB ''e-tu-ru-ub a-na'' EN.NUN-''ka la te-eg-gi'' LUGAL UD ḪUL.GAL2 KA2 NU E3 "If Mars turns (i.e., makes a backward movement) (and) enters Scorpius: do not neglect your safety; a king should not go outdoors on an evil day." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 8:21-27].

(34) The movement of Mars in relation to the Scorpius (observations); mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ut-ta-me-iš'' / ''a-na pa-na-tu-tu-uš-šu''2 ''il-lak'' / [''ina'' Š]A3 mulGIR2.TAB ''in-ne''2-''me-da'' "Mars has begun to move, it is advancing; and it has stopped [in] the Scorpius" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 85 r. 1-3], mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ša''2 ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB ''u2''-''zu''-[''uz-zu''] / ''a-na a-ṣe-e pa-n''[''i-šu''2 / ''il-ta''-[''kan''] / ''a-di'' UD-25-KAM2 ''ša''2 ITI.[ŠU] / ''ul-tu'' mulGIR2.TAB ''uṣ''-[''ṣi''] / ''u''3 ''ša''2-''ru-ru-šu''2 ''ma-aq''-[''tu''] / ŠA3 ''ša''2 LUGAL ''be-li''2-''ia lu ṭa-a''-[''bi''] / LUGAL ''ma-a''ʼ-diš ''lu ḫa-d''[''i''] / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 / ''ma-ṣar-ti ša''2 ''ram-ni-šu''2 / LUGAL ''li-iṣ-ṣur'' "Mars, "which is in Scorpius, has turned its face towards the exit; before the 25th day of [duuzu], it will leave Scorpius and its luster will fall. The heart of the king, my lord, let it res[t]; the king should be very gla[d], (but) as long as (Mars) comes out, let the king save himself." [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 387: 3- r. 6]. "As for the ritual of replacing the king, about which my master wrote to me, (it is not necessary, since) [mul''ṣal'']-''ba''[''t''!-''a-n'']''u''! [T]A ŠA3 ''ir-ti'' / [''ša''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u''2]-''ṣa-a'' [M]a[r]s [we]nt [fr]om the chest of the [Scorpius]." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 12:6-9]. mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' TA mulGIR2.TAB ''it-tu''-[''u'']''ṣ-ṣ-ṣi a-na'' ŠA3-''bi'' / mulPA.BIL2.SAG ''pa-ni-šu''2 ''is-sa-kan'' LUGAL ''be-li''2 ''u''2-''di'' "Mars [ar]ose from the Scorpius and turned its face towards Pabilsag. The king, my lord, should know (this)." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 349 s. 1-2]. See also (Kurtik n19) [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']], IV 2.

(35) Mars in the Goat-Fish; observation: mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 / ''u''2-''tu-uk-kiš it-ti-it''!-''zi'' / ''ša''2-''ru-ru ma-aʼ-da'' "Mars has entered Goat-Fish, has stopped (there) and has great brilliance", interpretation: DIŠ [dU.GUR] / mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 ''r''[''a-kib''] / ''šal-pu-ut-ti'' ERI.DUG3ki U[N! MEŠ-''šu''2] / ''iš-šag-gi-šu'' "If [Nergal (= Mars)] go[es] into the Goat-Fish (lit. Goat-Fish is driven): the city of Eridu will be in ruins; [its] people will be exterminated" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 104 r. 2-8].

(36) The movement of Mars relative to the Old Man; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 20.

(37) Mars approaching the Old Man; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 19.

(38) Mars in Leo; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulUR.MAḪ [KUR-''ud'' x x x x] / ... / mulUR.BAR.RA mul[''ṣal-bat-a-nu''] / mulUR.MAḪ mul[UR.GU.LA] / mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 m[ulUR.GU.LA GUB-''ma''] "If the Wolf [reaches] Leo: .... Wolf = [Mars], Leo = [Leo]; Mars [stands] in [Leo]" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 45:1-6]; [DIŠ mul''ṣ'']''al-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mul[UR.GU.LA TU-''ma'' GUB] / ŠUB-''tim'' MAŠ2.ANŠE [GAR-''an''] "[If M]ars [enters] into [Leo and stands there]: a fall of the cattle [will happen]" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 81:3-4]; ''ki-ma'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu tu-u-ra'' TA ŠA3-''bi'' / SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA ''is-su-ḫur'' / mulAL.LUL d''ma-a-ši ul-tap-pit'' / ''an-ni-u''2 ''pi-šir''3''-šu''2 / TIL BALA-''e'' LUGAL MAR.TUki "When Mars returns (i.e. moves backwards) from the Lion's Head (and) touches the Crab (and) Gemini, its interpretation is: the end of the reign of King Amurru." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 8 r. 3-7].

(39) Mars approaches the Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 7.

(40) Mars’ (= Wolf star) connection with Saturn (= Sun star); see (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 3.

(41) Libra darkens = Mars stands n the Scorpius; see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 11.

(42) Current observations of Mars; d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'':. 2-''u''2 3-''šu''2 / ''ina'' UD-''me an-ni-i ni-ta-ṣar'' / ''la ne''2-''e-mur'' / ''ir-te-bi'' "Twice or thrice we observed today, (hoping to see) Mars, but we did not see (it); it went down" (observation of the last evening appearance of Mars) [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 7:5-8]; [mul''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu mu-šu an-ni-u'' / [TA ŠA3 mu]lAL.LUL ''u''2-''ṣa'' "This night [Ma]rs came out [of] the Crab" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 28:3′-4′]; mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 / mulPA.BIL.SAG ''it-te-me-di'' / ''it-ti-ti-iz'' "Mars stopped at Pabilsag and stood (there)" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 52:7-r.1]; [mul''ṣa'']''l-bat-a-nu ina'' UGU mulKU6 AN-''e'' / ... ''la iq-ri-ib'' / [T]A ''pa-ni-šu''2 ''ip-ti-e-ti'' "[M]ars, to the Heavenly Fish ... did not approach, it withdrew [from] it." [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 55:10e-11e]; mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' | ''er-bi'' | ''u''2''-ba-ni'' TA IGI mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / ''pa-a-te la iṭ-ḫi ina'' UGU-''ḫi'' ˹''la''˺ ''ik-šu-ud'' "Mars remained (at a distance of) four fingers from Saturn, it did not approach, it did not reach it" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 82:8-9]; mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' itiNE / ''a-mir en-na it-ti'' / mulZI.BA.AN.NA / [[ ]]. 150 u2-ṭu [[ ]] / ''iq-te-ru-ub'' "Mars became visible in the month of Ab; it has now approached (at a distance of) 2.5 "heels" (= 30 30′) of Libra" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 172:4′-8′].

See also: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 "Mars (appeared) ahead of the Goat-Fish " [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 26a], DIŠ mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mu 6 iti.meš DU-''ma'' gim ... "If Mars stands for a year (and) 6 months, like ..." [Borger 1973<ref name=":9" />, 41 r. 38′]. For other examples of Mars-related predictions, see. [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0" />, 360, III].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, ts02)
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|редко используемое сокращение от mul / dṢal-bat-a-nu «Марс». См. dṢal в [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, rev. ii 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 221 note 19], а также ulṢal GUR4 «Марс блестящий» в круглой диаграмме [TCL 6, 13 obv.; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 224]. См. также [Hunger 1969, 138].
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, ts02)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|самое распространенное название Марса, встречающееся в текстах всех категорий [Gössman 1950, 360; CAD Ṣ].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: [mulU]DU.BAD / muludu-til = dṣal-bat-a-nu «[П]ланета = Марс» [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:281ʹ]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI, список названий Марса: mulsa5 = ma-ak-ru-u2 = dṣal-[bat-a-nu] «Красная (звезда) = красный = М[арс]», mulsa5(DIRI) = mi3-qit i-šat = [MIN] «Красная звезда = Падение Огня = [Марс]», mulCul = lum-num2 = MIN «Злая (звезда) = зло = Марс», mulnu.me.a = ba-lum = MIN «Небытие = недостаток (отсутствие, букв. «без») = ditto(Марс)», mul lúsa.gaz = ḫab-ba-tum = MIN «(Звезда)-разбойник = разбойник = ditto (Марс)», mullul.la = sa-ar-rum = MIN «Лживая (звезда) = ложь = ditto (Марс)», mul lúkur2.ra = na-kar = MIN «(Звезда)-Враг = враг = ditto (Марс)», mul lúKUR2.RA = ša2-nu-um-ma = MIN «Чужестранец = чужой = ditto (Марс), mulur.bar.ra = a-Cu-u = MIN «Волк = Чужой = ditto(Марс)», mulnim.ma = (пробел) = MIN «Звезда Элама = (пробел) = ditto (Марс)», mulgig = kakkab(MUL) šib-ṭi <nowiki> mūtāni(NAM.BAD)</nowiki>meš = MIN «(Звезда)-Болезнь = Звезда чумы и смертей = ditto(Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:28–38]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii], см. также соответствующие статьи. (3) Серия Antagal (G 309): dsi.mu.ud = dṣal-bat-a-nu [MSL XVII, 229]. Ранние свидетельства конца старовавилонского (начала касситского?) периода. (1) Предсказательный текст c описанием экстиспиции: mulṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-na-ap-pa-ḫa-am-ma bu-la u2-ḫal-la-aq «Марс взойдет и погубит скот» [Nougayrol 1971, 72, AO 7539:62]; неопубликованная параллель из Рас-Шамры (RS 23.38* rev. 13′) упоминается в [ibid., 82]. (2) Cтаровавилонский предсказательный текст по лунным затмениям (BM 22696:23): [Ṣa-al-b]a-ta-nu-um i-ta-ab-bi-am-ma bu-lam u2-[ḫal-la-aq]-ma, цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 235, note 2]. (3) Cтаровавилонский предсказательный текст по лунным затмениям (BM 86381 i 22f.): ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-ta-bu-ma bu-lam u2-ḫal-la-aq «Марс взойдет и погубит скот», цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 125, note 7]. (4) Список предсказаний, касающихся «затемнения (или затмения) Солнца» (dUTU a-di-ir): BE DINGIR u2-du-ri-iš i-ru-ub dṢa-al-ba-ta-nu-um i-ša-aḫ-ḫi-iṭ-ma […] / bu-ul GIR3 (вероятно, -am) u2-ḫa-al-la-aq «Если бог (=Солнце?) зашел затмившимся (вар: мрачно мерцающим): Марс гневается(?) […], скот погубит?» [Dietrich 1996, 101: r. 26–27]; cм. также ниже III 14–15. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц кислиму, звезды Энлиля, 120 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul ša ina igi dE2-a gub / mulṣal-bat-a-nu kal mu / [man]-za-za ut-ta-na-kar «Звезда, которая перед Эа стоит, (это) Марс, (который) весь год положение (свое) изменяет» (B i 23–25); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 10]. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itigan m]ulṣal-bat-a-nu šu-ut dE2-a «[Кислиму]: Марс (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 9). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): а) [itigan] mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulud.ka.du8.a muluz3 ˹e3˺ «[Кислиму]: Марс, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Коза восходят» (С 29), b) mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulud.ka.du8.a muluz3 šu2.[a] «(Симану): Марс, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Коза захо[дят]» [KAV 218, C 18; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц кислиму, звезды Эа: mulṣal-bat-a-nu // 2 // mu-u2-tu «Марс // 120 // cмерть» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:25]. BM 34713. itigan // 2,0 ṣal-bat-a-nu // 1,10 múlgir2.tab // 35 múl[lugal] «Кислиму: 120 Марс, 70 Скорпион, 35 [Царь]» [LBAT, 1499:9]. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. itigan.gan.u3 // mulṣal-bat-a-nu // 2,00 «(Звезды Эа), кислиму, Марс, 120» [CT 33, 11]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 62, 125 D ii 5, 187 §II 7–8, 235 §II 2 D 8' + note 2, 253 EAE 22 part I § I 3; BPO 2, III 8a–b, 11a, 11c, 13a, 26–26a, V 1a, XI 7; BPO 3, 286; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 8′–12′, 16′, 37′–39′; Largement 1957, 244:46, 248:74, 254:107, 109; Verderame 2002, 248–249; SpTU I, 92:2'; SpTU III, 101:5,6; SpTU V, 264]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Еа. 10. MUL SA5 ša a-na IGI dE2-a GUB-zu KI.GUB-šu2 mi-šil MU i-na dUTU.E3 mi-[šil MU] / i-na dUTU.ŠU2.A ka-la MU KI.GUB-šu2 ut-ta-na-kar MUL šu-u2 mulUDU.IDIM d[Ṣal-bat-a-nu] «Красная звезда, которая стоит перед Эа, чье положение полгода там, где восходит Солнце, (и) по[лгода] там, где заходит Солнце, весь год положение свое изменяет, эта звезда — планета [Марс]» (A. 11–12). MUL SA5 ša2 IGI dE2-a kal MU KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 dṢal-bat-a-nu «Красная звезда, которая перед Эа, весь год положение (свое) изменяет, (это) Марс» (В. 13) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177] (в А. 11–12: KI.GUB-šu2 mi-šil MU i-na dUTU.E3 mi-[šil MU] / i-na dUTU.ŠU2.A, вероятно, позаимствовано ошибочно из Anu 1, см. i18Ištar). «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380b; ARAK, 351–352]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 21): mulṢal-bat-a-nu KI.GUB-su KUR2.KUR2-ir-ma AN-e ib-bir «Марс свое положение постоянно изменяет и пересекает небо» (I ii 14). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku dṢal-bat-a-nu DU-ak «Марс проходит (тот же) путь, что Луна проходит» (II i 4). (3) Список и определение планет: mulṢal-bat-a-nu на четвертом месте, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (4) Планетная теория: a) mulṢal-bat-a-nu ina dUTU.ŠU3.A TUM3-ma 2 ITI KIMIN 3 ITI 10 u4-mi KIMIN 6 ITI 20 u4-mi ina AN-e uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma ina dUTU.E3 ina KASKAL dUTU SAR-ḫa IGI.LA2 «Марс исчезает на западе и остается (невидимым) на небе 2 месяца, или 3 месяца (и) 10 дней, или 6 месяцев (и) 20 дней и восходит и становится видимым на востоке на пути Солнца» (II i 51–52), b) mulṢal-bat-a-nu ina dUTU.E3 IGI.LA2-ma MU 1 KAM 6 ITI KIMIN / MU 1 KAM 10 ITI KIMIN 2 MU.AN.NAmeš / ina AN-e GUB-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3 MUL BI BE-ma SA5 GAR u ba-il3 BE-ma un-nu-un u TUR «Марс становится виден на востоке, стоит на небе 1 год (и) 6 месяцев или 1 год (и) 10 месяцев, или 2 года (и) исчезает на западе. Эта звезда либо обнаруживает красноту и имеет большой блеск, либо она тусклая(?) и маленькая» (II i 64–65) [MA, 34, 70, 80, 86]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список астрологических имен Марса: AN AN NI x [x], mul[…], mulma-ak-ru-u, mulsa5, mulsig7, [mu]lman-ma, mula-ḫu-u, mul[n]a-ka-ru, muls[ar6]-ru, mulḫul, mulka5.a, mulnim.ma, mullu2.sa.gaz, mulur.bar.ra, multi8mušen, mullu-um-nu, mulsi-mu-ut, mulla šid.meš, mulapin, mulšudun, mulšu.pa, mulbal.teš2.a, mulug5.ga, mulbir, mulnunki, mulud.ka.duḫ.a, […] = dṣal-bat-a-nu; (2) ul babbar = dṣal-bat-a-nu «Белая звезда = Марс»; (3) 12 звезд Амурру: mulṣal-bat-a-nu; (4) 7 имен Марса: ulman-ma, mula-ḫu-u2 ulna-ka-ru / ulsar6-ru ulḫul ulka5.a ulnim.maki / ulṣal-bat-a-nu / 7 zik-ru-šu «Странная звезда, Звезда Чужак, Враждебная звезда, Лживая звезда, Злая звезда, Лиса, звезда Элама — это Марс, 7 его имен»; (5) список планет: ulṣal-bat-a-nu на последнем месте (см. u07UDU.IDIM) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 83–105, 168, 219, 239, 243]. Список звезд VR, 46, 1:42. a) muludu.idim = muš-mit bu-lim «Планета = убивающая скот», b) mulṣal-bat-a-nu = muš-ta-bar-ru-u2 mu-ta-nu «Марс = Тот, кто продлевает чуму» [HBA, 52:41–42; Wee 2016, 162–3; Reynolds 1998, 353]. MLC 1866. Список 7 планет, см. u07UDU.IDIM. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: […mulṣal-bat]-a-nu как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце арахсамну, см. u20UR.GU.LA. Анафора. А 3427: ina itigan ina še-rim ud 28 dṣal-bat-a-nu ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце кислиму утром 28-го дня Марс испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:4], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina gan ina še-rim [28 múlṣal]-bat-a-nu meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:21]. Математическая астрономия. dṢal-bat-a-ni вместо AN в единственном тексте [ACT, No. 802 r. 7]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Характер воздействия. a) DIŠ d[Ṣal-bat-a-nu pit2-ru-us na-an-ziq ḫa]-˹an-ṭu-su˺ «Если [Марс (появляется): (этот знак) двусмысленный; (он будет) быс]тр [на гнев]». b) DIŠ KI dṢal-bat-a-nu UŠ2 GIG UŠ2 UR.MAD u2-lu UŠ2 GIŠ.TUKUL LUGAL «Если область Марса: смерть от болезни, смерть от льва или смерть от царского оружия» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 2, 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b 324–325]. (2) «Гипсома». KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 dṢal-bat-a-nu MUL2.U[Z3…] «Секретное место Марса: [Козерог?…]» [STC I 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 55:31], см. также u07UDU.IDIM. (3) Зодиакальная астрология. aš2-šu2 dṢal-bat-a-nu ina múlMAŠ.MAŠ KI Sin MAŠ.TAB.BA U3.TU «Поскольку Марс в Близнецах (стоит) с Луной [или: на месте Луны — Г.К.]: близнецы родятся» [LBAT, 1593:9′; Reiner 2000]. (4) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: dṢal-bat-a-nu, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134–136], см. s20Sîn. (5) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: dṢal-bat-an, dṢal-bat-an-nu, mulṢal-bat-a-nu [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания нападения врагов из наблюдений положений и видимости планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 11, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 216].

Нестандартная силлабическая запись: mulṢa-al-ba-ta-nu (AO 7539 r. 17) [RAcc., 79, note 2]. См. также [SpTU I, 97:1; SpTU II, 42:10; SpTU V, 261 r. 8–23, 264 passim, 269 r. 6].

II. Божество.

Планета Марс была связана с Нергалом, господином преисподней, считавшимся также богом чумы, войны и разрушения (см. n18). Название нередко записывается с детерминативом d. Происхождение имени Ṣalbatānu представляется загадочным [HCH 16; Reiner 1995, 7]. Лэмберт предполагает, что ṣalbatānu происходит от ṣarbatānu, редкой формы прилагательного, образованной от ṣarbû, букв. «относящийся к тополю», и связывает его предположительно с dlugal.giš.asal2 = [be-el ṣa]r-BE (AN:dAnum VI 72 [Litke 1998, 205]), божеством из окружения Нергала [Lambert 1996; Brown 2000, 55]. Остается, однако, непонятным, почему самое распространенное имя Марса, астрологическое значение которого представлялось огромным, связано со столь малозначительной фигурой в месопотамском пантеоне? Греческий лексикограф Гесихий приводит вавилонское название Марса: Βελέβατος. ὁ τοῡ πυρὸς ἀστήρ. Βαβυλώνιοι. «Б/Cелебатос: огненная звезда: вавилоняне», происходящее, по-видимому, от аккадского Ṣalbatānu [TGL 4085–002 Β 479], см. также [Lambert 1996; Reynolds 1998, 350]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) В серии заклинаний Šurpu II 182: dṢal-bat-a-nu … lip-ṭu-ru «Марс … пусть освободит» [Reiner 1970, 18]. (2) Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM), совершаемый перед Марсом см. [SAA 10, 206 r. 5′–6′; 240:10; 262:5–8], а также k08kayyamānu. (3) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k10KAK.SI.SA2, II. (4) Серия Намбурби, см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. (5) Божества – свидетели договора: mulṢal-bat-a-nu (на пятом месте после Юпитера, Венеры, Сатурна и Меркурия) [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 29, 6 iv 15]; параллель в [Wiseman 1958, 29: col. i 15]. (6) Письмо Ашшурбанапалу от сына, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. (7) Храмовый ритуал в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (8) Призывание благословения богов на царя, среди которых —Марс, см. [SAA 10, 8:11]. (9) Ритуал против зла, предвещаемого Марсом, при исполнении ритуала звучала молитва: ina ḪUL mulṣal-bat-a-n[u] / ša a-dan-šu2 u2-še-ti-[qu-u-ni] / u3 ina ŠA3 mulLU2.ḪUN.GA2 i[n-na-mir-u-ni] … «В зле, (предвещаемом) Марсом, который прев[ысил] свой установленный (срок) и п[оявился] в созвездии Наемник: пусть его зло не приблизится, не пройдет близко, не раздавит меня, не подействует на меня, мою страну, людей моего дворца и мою армию» [SAA 10, 381: 5 – r. 4]. (10) Ритуальные действия со священным барабаном перед Марсом и Сатурном; UD-25-KAM2 ina nu-bat-[ti] / LI.LI.IZ3 ina IGI d[U].GU[R] / ina UGU ku-zip-pi / ša LUGAL iš-šak-kan / ša dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ is-se-niš / ne2-pu-uš «В 25-й день (месяца), ночь[ю], барабан будет помещен перед [Н]ергало[м] (= Марс) поверх облачения царя. В то же время мы будем совершать (песнопения) Сатурна» [SAA 10, 340:9 – r. 2].

III. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Красная звезда; см. s04SA5, а также h08ḪUL, III 3.

(2) = Kрасная планета; см. s04SA5, II, m03Makrû, III 2.

(3) = звезда Эриду; см. n50NUNki, VI 2.

(4) = Плуг; см. a43APIN, VI 1.

(5) = Орел; см. a04A2mušen, VI 3.

(6) = Месламтаэа; см. m24dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A.

(7) = Звезды; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 1, 15–16.

(8) = Волк; mulUR.BAR.RA = mulṢal-bat-a-nu [ARAK, 48:5], см. также u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 1, u31UZ3, VI

(9) = Лук; см. a04A2mušen, VI 13.

(10) = Ярмо; см. ниже (22).

См. также тождества: [m]ulUR.GU.LA: mulUR.BAR.RA: dṢal-bat-a-nu «Лев = Волк = Марс», mulKA5.A: dṢal-bat-a-nu «Лиса = Марс» [SpTU I, 50:37–38], SI E dṢal-bat-a-nu «SI E = Марс»(?) [BPO 3, 132, K.2907+: I 2].

См. также a15Aḫû, g14GIG, h08ḪUL, k29lúKUR2.RA, L17LUL.LA, m05MAN-ma, n23NIM.MA, n48NU.ME.A, s01lúSA.GAZ, sh02ŠAḪ, sh12dŠimut, sh17ŠU.PA.

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(11) Общее астрологическое значение; [dṣal-bat-a-nu] a-na mu-ta-ni qa-bi «[Марс], говорят, для (предсказания) смерти» [ARAK, 114:3].

(12) Видимость Марса; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM GU4.UD dṢal-bat-a-nu MU.NI ša2-ru-ru iš-ši LUGAL NIM.MAki i-dan-[nin] «Если прыгающая планета, чье имя Марс, излучение имеет: царь Элама усили[тся]» [Largement 1957, 244:46; TU, 16:46] (параллель см. [SpTU I, 92:2]), стандартное обозначение Меркурия GU4.UD = šiḫṭu «Прыжок», здесь приведено, по-видимому, по ошибке; [DIŠ] dṣal-bat-a-nu um-mu-liš KUR-ma ŠE.ER.ZI.MEŠ-šu2 SIG7 / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 «[Если] Марс восходит мерцая и его излучения желто-зеленое: царь Элама умрет» [ARAK, 114:6–7], см. также [SAA 10, 100:18–19], n19dNergal, IV 1; DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-nu u2-ta-na-at-ma SIG5 ib-il-ma a-ḫi-tu2 «Если Марс становится слабым — это хорошо, (если он становится) блестящим — это плохо» [ARAK, 114 r. 3]; DIŠ mulṣal-bat-a-nu [ŠE.ER.ZI IL2-ši] / LUGAL i-dan-nin-[ma NIG2.TUK x x] «Если Марс [сияние несет]: сила и [благосостояние] царя возрастут» [SAA 10, 104 r. 10–11]; DIŠ ina AN-e mi-i[š-ḫu ša mulṣal-bat-a-nu IGI] / RI.RI.GA: [ŠUB-tim bu-lim ina KUR GAL2] «Если на небе mi[šḫu Марса видна]: (будет) эпидемия, вар.: [в стране будет падеж скота]» [SAA 10, 104 r. 12–13].

(13) Восход Марса в различные месяцы; [DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-n]u ina itiŠU IGI.LAL KI.NA2 qu-ra-di DAGAL «[Если Мар]с становится виден в месяце дуузу: кладбище воинов увеличится» [ARAK, 114:2], см. также [ibid., 143 r. 4; 341:1–2]; DIŠ ina itiKIN dṣal-bat-a-nu IGI-[ir] / BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 / ŠA3-bi KUR DUG3-ab «Если Марс стал вид[ен] в месяце улулу: урожай страны будет обильным; сердце страны будет счастливо» [ARAK, 419:1–3]; DIŠ ina itiGUD mulṣal-bat-a-nu IGI.LAL MI2.KUR2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ / šal-pu2-tim ERIM–man-da / ERIM–man-da LU2.gim-ra-a-a «Если Марс становится виден в месяце айяру: будут военные действия; разрушение Умман-манда, Умман-манда (означает) киммерийцы» [SAA 10, 100:25].

(14) Восход/заход Марса и гибель скота; dUDU.IDIM SAR-ma MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 «Планета взойдет и погубит скот» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 235, EAE 20, § II.2 + note 2], см. также (15); mulṢal-bat-a-nu TU-ma MAŠ2.ANŠE ZA[Ḫ2] «Марс зайдет и погубит скот» [ibid., 170, EAE 19, Section III, Source A: 8].

(15) Затмение Луны, восход Марса и гибель скота; DIŠ UD.16.KAM AN.MI GAR im-ḫul-lu KUR-ma dṢal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 «Если затмение (Луны) произойдет в 16-й день (месяца): ураган придет, Марс взойдет и погуби[т] скот» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 253, EAE 22 part I § I:3].

(16) Марс стоит на востоке; [DIŠ mulṣal-bat]-a-nu ina IM.KUR.RA GUB-iz ZI-ut SU.BIR4ki / u3 kaš-ši-i a-na KUR «[Если Ма]рс стоит на востоке: нападение Субарту и касситов на страну» [ARAK, 81 r. 1–2; 114:4–5].

(17) Марс стоит на севере; [DIŠ] ˹d˺UDU.IDIM ina IM.SI.SA2 GUB-iz / UŠ2.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ ZI-bu LUGAL URIki ana KUR KUR2 «[Если] планета(=Марс) стоит на севере: будут смерти; нападение царя Аккада на страну врага» [ARAK, 341:3–4].

(18) Марс воздействует на звезды; [DIŠ mul]UDU.IDIM MUL.MEŠ AN-e u2-lap-pat / LUGAL KUR.KUR u2-qat-ti / dṣal-bat-a-nu i-ba-il-ma / MUL.MEŠ u2-lap-pat-ma «[Если] планета на звезды небесные воздействует: царь одолеет (букв. прикончит) (все) страны, (это означает): Марс имеет большой блеск и воздействует на звезды» [ARAK, 327 r. 3′–6′].

(19) Марс — Звезда Западной страны (=Амурру); mulṣal-bat-a-nu MUL KUR MAR.TUki / ḪUL ša2 KUR MAR.TUki u NIM.MAki «Марс — звезда Амурру; зло для Амурру и Элама» [ARAK, 383 r. 5–8], см. также [ibid., 412 r. 2].

(20) Марс — звезда Субарту; dṣal-bat-a-[nu MUL ša2] KUR SU.BIR4ki ba-ʼi-il / u3 ša-ru-[r]u na-ši SIG5 ša2 KUR SU.BIR4ki šu-u2 «Мар[с, звезда] Субарту, имеет большой блеск и несет сиян[и]е; это хорошо для Субарту» [ARAK, 491 r. 7–8].

(21) Марс и Луна; ˹DIŠ˺ mulṣal-bat-a-nu ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz / <d>30 KUR ḪUL-ta TUŠ-ib «Если Марс стоит близко у передней части Луны: лунный бог переселит плохую? страну» [ARAK, 311:1–2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SI KAB 30 GUB LUGAL ŠU2-tu2 DU3-uš «Если планета (=Марс) стоит на левом роге Луны: царь преуспеет в управлении миром» [ARAK, 311:3]; DIŠ MUL ina IGI 30 KAB GUB … «Если звезда (=Марс) стоит слева впереди Луны: (аподосис тот же)» [ARAK, 311:4]; DIŠ MUL ina EGIR 30 KAB GUB LUGAL URIki ŠU2-tu2 DU3-uš «Если звезда (=Марс) стоит слева позади Луны: царь Аккада преуспеет в управлении миром» [ARAK, 311:5]; DIŠ MUL ina SI 150 30 GUB KUR KUR2 ḪUL I[GI] «Если звезда (= Марс) стоит на левом роге Луны: вражеская страна ис[пытает] зло» [ARAK, 311 r. 1]; весьма близкие предсказания, относящиеся к Марсу, см. также [ARAK, 311:7–10, r. 2–7; 484:1–6].

(22) Марс в лунном гало; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz ZAḪ2 MAŠ2.ANŠE ina KUR DU3.A.BI / me-re-šu2 ZU2.LUM.MA NU SI.SA2 / KI.MIN KUR MAR.TUki TUR-ir «Если Луна окружена гало и внутри него Марс стоит: гибель скота во всех странах; финиковые плантации не будут процветать; вар.: Западная страна (=Амурру) уменьшится» [ARAK, 168: 10–r. 2]; ˹DIŠ˺ 30 TUR3 (NIGIN2-ma) mulŠUDUN ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz / LUGAL UŠ2-ma KUR-su TUR-ir / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 / mulŠUDUN mulṣal-bat-a-nu «Если Луна (окружена) гало и Ярмо в нем стоит: царь умрет, а его страна уменьшится; царь Элама умрет. Ярмо (означает) Марс» [ARAK, 383 r. 1–3]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB / LUGAL ERIM-šu2 u2-tas-sar «Если Луна окружена гало и планета (=Марс?) стоит в нем: царские войска будут окружены» [ARAK, 412:5–6; параллели и варианты см. [ARAK, 41:5–8; 49:3–5; 82 r. 3–5; 169:1–4; 181:7–r.4; 317 r. 1–4; 327:8–10; 376:1–r.1; 383:7–10; 412:1–4; 416:1–3; 491:5–7].

(23) Марс и Юпитер; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR, III 19–23.

(24) Марс позади Шульпаэ; DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-nu EGIR dŠUL.PA.E3 DU-ak MU BI dam-qat «Если Марс идет позади Шульпаэ (=Юпитер): этот год хороший» [ARAK, 114 r. 4].

(25) Венера взяла звезду(=Марс) справа или слева; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ina A2 ZA]G-ša2 MUL le-qat-ma mulDil-bat GAL-ma MUL TUR … ˹dṢal˺-bat-a-nu ina ZAG-ša2 DU-ma «[Если Венера] взяла звезду со своей [прав]ой [стороны], и Венера — большая, а звезда — маленькая: царь Элама приобретет значение и силу и будет управлять странами четырех регионов, принимая дань от царей, своих подданных; (это произойдет, если) Марс стоит справа от нее» [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:70], параллель см. [ibid., 68, BM 75 228:14; 210, K. 7936+:12; 214, K.3601+:15; 226, K. 2816+:12]; [DIŠ mulDil-bat] ˹ina A2˺ 2,30-ša2 MUL le-qat-ma mulDil-bat GAL-ma MUL TUR … dṢal-bat-a-nu ina 2,30-ša2 DU-ma «[Если Венера] взяла звезду со своей левой стороны и Венера — большая, а звезда — маленькая: царь Аккада ditto; (это произойдет, если) Марс стоит слева от нее» (аподосис см. предыдущее предсказание) [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:71], параллель см. [ibid., 68, BM 75 228:15; 210, K. 7936+:13; 214, K.3601+:16; 226, K. 2816+:13]. см. также [ARAK, 415: 1–4].

(26) Красный цвет Венеры и Марс; ka-lu-šu2-ma SA5 ṣa-rip dṢal-bat-a-nu: dGUD.UD TE-ši-ma «Она целиком окрашена в красный цвет, (это означает): Марс, вар.: Меркурий подходит к ней близко» [BPO 3, 132, K. 2907+: III 5]; [DIŠ mulDil-bat …KI.GU]B-ša2 SA5 ŠUB-tim ANŠE.KUR.RA […] ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ [dṢal-bat-a-n]u? KI-ša2 DU-ma «[Если Венера, … позиц]ия ее красная: падёж лошадей (и) […] будут в стране, (это означает): [Мар]с с ней стоит «[BPO 3, 100, K.35:16], см. также [ibid., 70, BM 75228:19; 188, K.2153+:10].

(27) Венера несет корону; DIŠ mulDil-bat AGA SIG7 (вар.: SA5) ap-rat dṢal-bat-a-nu ina IGI-ša2 DU-ma «Если Венера несет зеленую (вар.: красную) корону: Марс впереди нее стоит» [BPO 3, 58, K. 148+:12]. см. также [ibid., 215, K.3601+:31]; 2 AGA.MEŠ ap-rat 2 dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ ina pa-ni-šu2 DU.ME-zu-ma «Она несет 2 короны — 2 планеты (= Марс и Меркурий) стоят впереди нее» [BPO 3, 132, K. 2907+:IV 12].

(28) Венера и Звезды (= Марс) справа от нее; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 16.

(29) Соединение Марса и Сатурна в лунном гало; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma 2 MUL.MEŠ ina ŠA3-bi / TUR3 30 GUB.MEŠ BALA UD.MEŠ GID2.MEŠ «Если Луна окружена гало и 2 звезды (= Марс и Сатурн) стоят в лунном гало: царствование будет долгим» [ARAK, 168:3–4]; DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-nu u dUDU.IDIM im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma GUB.MEŠ / ZI-ut NIM.MAki «Если Марс и планета (=Сатурн) сталкиваются друг с другом (в лунном гало) и стоят (в нем): нападение Элама» [ARAK, 168:5–6]; параллели и варианты см. [ARAK, 48:1–4; 49 r.4–6; 169:8–9; 317:6–8; 383:1–2; 416 r. 3–5; 491 r. 1–4; 542 r. 1–2]; DIŠ mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulUDU.IDIM is-sa-na-aḫ-ḫur ŠE-im iq-qir «Если Марс движется вокруг планеты (=Сатурн): ячмень будет дорогим» [ARAK, 82:4].

(30) Марс приближается к Меркурию; (пробел) mulṣal-bat-a-nu a-na muludu.idim.gu4.ud ˹te] … «Марс [приближается] к Меркурию …» (комментарий к неизвестному предсказанию, вместо которого пробел) [Borger 1973, 41:8′].

(31) Планета и Марс стоят напротив; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM u dṢal-bat-a-nu im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma GUB.MEŠ ZI-ut NIM.MAki […] «Если планета (=Меркурий?) и Марс стоят напротив друг друга: нападение Элама […]» [Largement 1957, 248:74; TU, 16:74], см. также [ARAK, 168 r. 5–6].

(32) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ mulṢal-bat-a-nu ana mulGIR2.TAB TE ina E2.GAL NUN BURU3-šu2 GAL2-ši «Марс приближается с Скорпиону: во дворце принца будет повреждение» [BPO 2, III 8a], DIŠ mulṢal-bat-a-nu ana mulGIR2.TAB TE URU ina BURU3-ši DIB-bat «Если Марс приближается к Скорпиону: город будет взят из-за пробоины (в стене)» [BPO 2, III 8b].

(33) Попятное движение Марса в Скорпионе; mulṢal-bat-a-nu is-su-uḫ-ur / ut-ta-me-iš ina pa-na-tu-uš-šu2 ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB / il-lak lum-nu šu-u2 «Марс развернулся, начал движение и движется вперед в Скорпионе; это плохой знак» [ARAK, 53 r. 2–4]. e-t[ar-ba d]˹ṣal˺-bat-a-nu ki-ma TA ŠA3-bi / mulGIR2.TAB it-tu-ṣi-a is-suḫ-ra / ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB e-ta-rab an-ni-u pi-šir3-šu2 «Когда Марс вы[ходит] из Скорпиона, разворачивается и (снова) входит в Скорпион, его интерпретация такова»: DIŠ mulṣal-bat-a-nu ki-i i-tu-ra a-na ŠA3-bi / mulGIR2.TAB e-tu-ru-ub a-na EN.NUN-ka la te-eg-gi LUGAL UD ḪUL.GAL2 KA2 NU E3 «Если Марс поворачивается (т.е. совершает попятное движение) (и) входит в Скорпион: не пренебрегай своей безопасностью; царь не должен выходить за двери в злой день» [SAA 10, 8:21–27].

(34) Движения Марса относительно Скорпиона (наблюдения); mulṢal-bat-a-nu ut-ta-me-iš / a-na pa-na-tu-uš-šu2 il-lak / [ina Š]A3 mulGIR2.TAB in-ne2-me-da «Марс начал движение, он идет вперед; он остановился [в] Скорпионе» [ARAK, 85 r. 1–3], mulṢal-bat-a-nu ša2 ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB u2-zu-[uz-zu] / a-na a-ṣe-e pa-n[i-šu2 / il-ta-[kan] / a-di UD-25-KAM2 ša2 ITI.[ŠU] / ul-tu mulGIR2.TAB uṣ-[ṣi] / u3 ša2-ru-ru-šu2 ma-aq-[tu] / ŠA3 ša2 LUGAL be-li2-ia lu ṭa-a-[bi] / LUGAL ma-aʼ-diš lu ḫa-d[i] / a-di uṣ-ṣu-u2 / ma-ṣar-ti ša2 ram-ni-šu2 / LUGAL li-iṣ-ṣur «Марс, который сто[ит] в Скорпионе, к выходу лицо свое обратил; до 25-го [дуузу] он выйд[ет] из Скорпиона и его блеск упад[ет]. Сердце царя, моего господина, пусть успокои[тся]; царь должен быть очень ра[д], (но) до тех пор пока (Марс) выходит, пусть царь побережет себя» [ARAK, 387: 3– r. 6]. «Что касается ритуала замены царя, о котором мой господин писал мне, (в нем нет необходимости, поскольку) [mulṣal]-ba[t!-a-n]u! [T]A ŠA3 ir-ti / [ša2 mulGIR2.TAB u2]-ṣa-a [М]а[р]с [вы]шел [и]з груди [Скорпиона]» [SAA 10, 12:6-9]. mulṣal-bat-a-nu TA mulGIR2.TAB it-tu-[u]ṣ-ṣi a-na ŠA3-bi / mulPA.BIL2.SAG pa-ni-šu2 is-sa-kan LUGAL be-li2 u2-di «Марс вы[ш]ел из Скорпиона и к Пабилсагу лицо свое обратил. Царь, мой господин, должен знать (это)» [SAA 10, 349 s. 1–2]. см. также n19dNergal, IV 2.

(35) Марс в Козе-Рыбе; наблюдение: mulṢal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-bi mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 / u2-tu-uk-kiš it-ti-it!-zi / ša2-ru-ru ma-aʼ-da «Марс вошел в Козу-Рыбу, остановился (там) и имеет большой блеск», интерпретация: DIŠ [dU.GUR] / mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 r[a-kib] / šal-pu-ut-ti ERI.DUG3ki U[N!.MEŠ-šu2] / iš-šag-gi-šu «Если [Нергал (= Марс)] е[дет] в Козе-Рыбе (букв. Козой-Рыбой везется): разорение города Эриду; [его] л[юди] будут истреблены» [SAA 10, 104 r. 2–8].

(36) Движение Марса относительно Старика; см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 20.

(37) Марс приближается к Старику; см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 19.

(38) Марс во Льве; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulUR.MAḪ [KUR-ud x x x] / … / mulUR.BAR.RA mul[ṣal-bat-a-nu] / mulUR.MAḪ mul[UR.GU.LA] / mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 m[ulUR.GU.LA GUB-ma] «Если Волк [достигает] Льва: …. Волк = [Марс], Лев = [Лев]; Марс [стоит] во [Льве]» [ARAK, 45:1–6]; [DIŠ mulṣ]al-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 mul[UR.GU.LA TU-ma GUB] / ŠUB-tim MAŠ2.ANŠE [GAR-an] «[Если М]арс [входит] во [Льва и стоит там]: падёж скота [произойдет]» [ARAK, 81:3–4]; ki-ma dṣal-bat-a-nu tu-u-ra TA ŠA3-bi / SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA is-su-ḫur / mulAL.LUL dma-a-ši ul-tap-pit / an-ni-u2 pi-šir3-šu2 / TIL BALA-e LUGAL MAR.TUki «Когда Марс возвращается (т.е. движется попятным движением) от Головы Льва (и) касается Краба (и) Близнецов, его интерпретация такова: конец царствования царя Амурру» [SAA 10, 8 r. 3–7].

(39) Марс приближается к Крабу; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 7.

(40) Соединение Марса (= Волчья звезда) с Сатурном (= звезда Солнца); см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 3.

(41) Весы потемнели = Марс в Скорпионе стоит; см. z10Zibānītum, VI 11.

(42) Текущие наблюдения Марса; dṣal-bat-a-nu:. 2-u2 3-šu2 / ina UD-me an-ni-i ni-ta-ṣar / la ne2-e-mur / ir-te-bi «Дважды или трижды мы наблюдали сегодня, (надеясь увидеть) Марс, мы не увидели (его); он зашел» (наблюдение последнего вечернего появления Марса) [ARAK, 7:5–8]; [mulṣal-bat]-a-nu mu-šu an-ni-u / [TA ŠA3 mu]lAL.LUL u2-ṣa «Этой ночью [Ма]рс вышел [из] Краба» [ARAK, 28:3′–4′]; mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 / mulPA.BIL.SAG it-te-me-di / it-ti-ti-iz «Марс остановился в Пабилсаге и стоял (там)» [ARAK, 52:7–r.1]; [mulṣa]l-bat-a-nu ina UGU mulKU6 AN-e / … la iq-ri-ib / [T]A pa-ni-šu2 ip-ti-e-ti «[М]арс к Небесной Рыбе … не приблизился, он удалился [о]т нее» [ARAK, 55:10e–11e]; mulṣal-bat-a-nu | er-bi | u2-ba-ni TA IGI mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / pa-a-te la iṭ-ḫi ina UGU-ḫi ˹la˺ ik-šu-ud «Марс оставался (на расстоянии) 4 пальцев от Сатурна, он не приблизился, не достиг его» [ARAK, 82:8–9]; mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina itiNE / a-mir en-na it-ti / mulZI.BA.AN.NA / [[ ]] 150 u2-ṭu [[ ]] / iq-te-ru-ub «Марс стал виден в месяце абу; сейчас он приблизился (на расстояние) в 2,5 «пядей» (= 30 30′) Весов» [SAA 10, 172:4′–8′].

См. также: dṢal-bat-a-nu ina IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Марс впереди Козы-Рыбы (появился)» [BPO 2, III 26a], DIŠ mulṢal-bat-a-nu mu 6 iti.meš DU-ma gim … «Если Марс год (и) 6 месяцев стоит, подобно …» [Borger 1973, 41 r. 38′]. Примеры других предсказаний, связанных с Марсом, см. [Gössman 1950, 360, III].
|Example
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==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Mars]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

Sîn

2026-01-09T21:17:32Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Sîn''}}
[[File:Kudurru de Melishipak II.jpg|thumb|King Melishipak II presents his daughter to the goddess Nannaya. The eight-pointed star of Inanna/Ishtar is present next to the sun disc of her brother Shamash (Sumerian Utu) and the '''crescent moon''' of her father Sin (Sumerian Nanna).]]
d''Sîn'' (𒀭𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of the [[:Category:Moon|Moon]]. The lunar crescent is frequently depicted on kudurru stones and seals, in most cases together with the Sun and Venus on the top of the image. In this ritual context, the Moon is considered a divine witness and judge that observes everything from above.

==Name Variants and History==
In Mesopotamia, the Moon is considered a god (Sîn).

===Name Variants===

* The term for "month", ''[[Arḫum]]'', is occasionally also used for Moon.
* The two male gods depicted in the constellation of the [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|Great Twins]], [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|Lugalirra]] & [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|Meslamta’ea]], are gods of the Netherworld that are also connected to the Moon.
* The Sumerian goddess [[NANNA]] is a moon goddess.
* The fire deity [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']] is associated with the day of the moon's invisibility.

[[File:Taurus tablet grid 800dpi draw.jpg|thumb|drawing of the Man in the Moon on VAT 7851 by Susanne M Hoffmann (CC BY 4.0, 2025)]]

===Dark Spots on the Moon===
May (2019, 2023)<ref>May, N. N. (2019). Early Monumental Representations of Constellations in Mari: the Moon between the Giant and the Bull of Heaven. NABU.</ref><ref>May, N. N. (2023). Towards the History of Representation of the Zodiacal Constellations in Mesopotamia: The Babylonian Man in the Moon and Other Matters. Aula Orientalis 41, 41(1).</ref> comprehensively compiled the suggestion of "Men in the Moon" in ancient Mesopotamia. The Moon with a male god fighting with an animal (a lion or the ''bašmu''-snake) is prominently depicted on the microzodiac tablet VAT 7851.<ref>Weidner, E. (1967). Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln, in: ''Sitzungsberichte Bd. 254 der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', Wien</ref> Fincke (2023)<ref>Fincke, J.C. (2023) The Man in the Moon Revisited: The ''bašmu'' in the Sun, the Lion in the Moon and the ''lumašu'', ''Kaskal'' 20, 183-214</ref> comprehensively compiled various suggestions to interpret the animal and the man drawn in the moon, such as the gods Nabû, Marduk, Nergal, and Tišpak fighting with a lion or the ''bašmu''-snake. The mythologies of male gods defeating creatures within the moon are a well known motif in Mesopotamia (cf. Fincke 2023)

===Phases of the Moon===

===Lunar Eclipse===

As the obverse of tablet VAT 7851 indeed mentions a lunar eclipse.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Lunar deity Sin; var. readings and designations: d30, dEŠ, dAB2+GAN2, dEN.ZU, ZU:EN.NA [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 352]. Modern editions often use a simplified form for recording the name of Sin — Sin/dSin (without fixing the longitude) as the equivalent of 30/d30. On the numerical system of recording the names of the gods see. [Litke 1998<ref name=":0">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 37, note 150]. See also (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]], (Kurtik m32) [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]], (Kurtik L16) [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]], (Kurtik n06) [[NANNA|dNANNA]].
{| class="wikitable"
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!Sources!!Identifications
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|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Series Aa: si-inEŠ = d''Sîn'' [CT<ref name=":1">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 12, 3 iii 42], see also [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1046b].
*(2) Series AN:d''Anum'' III 1-3: d''Nanna''(ŠEŠ.KI), dEn.zu, d30 = d''Sin''(EŠ) [Litke 1998<ref name=":0" />, 116-117 + notes 2-3].
|Example
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|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":2">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 40, 56, passim; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al., 38-55. Leiden, 1973.</ref>, LB 1321; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 24b, 30a, VI 6, XVIII 9; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264.</ref>, 240:23b-25a, 246:55-56, 251: 93, 252:94-95; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, RA 51, No. 1, 21-27, 1957.</ref>; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 248; Rochberg-Halton 1987a<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F. '' The Assumed 29th ''aẖû '' Tablet of ''Enūma Anu Enlil'' / Fs. Reiner, 327-350.</ref>; Van Soldt 1995<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 149; SpTU I<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 90:15-16; 91:6'-10'; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 40].
|
|-
|'''Text HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text).'''
See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]].
|
|-
|'''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''''
See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII, 149-165.</ref>].
|
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) Stars "in the path of the Moon": DINGIRmeš ''ša i-na'' KASKAL d''Sin'' GUBmeš-''ma'' d''Sin e-ma'' ITI / ''ina pi-rik-šu''2-''nu'' DIBmeš-''ma'' TAGmeš-''šu''2-''nu-ti'' / MUL.MUL mulGU4.AN.NA mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA mulŠU.GI / mulGAM3 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA / mulAB.SIN2 mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4 mulGIR2.TAB mul''Pa-bil-sag'' / mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 mulGU.LA <mul>KUNmeš mulSIM.MAḪ / mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul lúḪUN.GA "Deities that stand in the path of the Moon, through which the Moon passes during the month and which it touches: the Star Cluster, the Celestial Bull, the True Shepherd of Anu, the Old Man, the Staff, the Great Twins, the Crab, the Lion, the Thorn, Libra, the Scorpius, the Pabilsag, the Goat-Fish, the Giant, the Tails of the Swallow, Anunitu, and the Hired Man" (I iv 31-37).
*(2) Planets "in the path of the Moon": PAP 6 DINGIRmeš ''ša''2 1''-en'' NAmeš-''su-nu'' MULme AN-''e'' / TAGmeš NAmeš-''su-nu'' KUR2.KUR2-''ru'' "Collectively 6 gods who have the same positions (as the Moon), (and) who touch the stars of the heavens and change their positions (relative to the stars)" (II i 7-8).
*(3) The first intercalation scheme: see (Kurtik u30) [[UTU|dUTU]].
*(4) Second intercalation scheme: see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
*(5) Astrological predictions: DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN ''ina'' itiAB ''ina'' itiZIZ2 SI ''Sin'' 2,30 ''tar-ṣa-at-ma'' / KI ''ina-ṭal nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u''2-''de-e'' "If in (the months of) kislim, tebetu (or) sabbat the left horn of the moon is sharp and faces towards the earth: ''nuḫḫut udê''" (II iii 38-39), for a parallel to the lengthy and apparently erroneous commentary, see. VR, 46, 1: 54-56 below [MA<ref name=":4">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 67-69, 74, 75, 89-91, 114, 135].
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|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":5">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 380; SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 351].
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| '''Late astrology.'''
*Predictions from the culminations of the stars, lunar eclipses, and the positions of the Sun relative to the constellations [SpTU III<ref name=":6">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102, passim]; see also [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 103].
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|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia"'''
* (1) muldingir.gub.bameš = d30 ''u'' dutu "Standing Gods = Sin and Shamash";
*(2) the astrological significance of the lunar quadrants: 15 30 = kur [uri]ki, 150 30 = kur nim.[maki], an.ta 30 = kur mar.[tuki], [ki.ta] 30 = kur suki ''u'' [kur ''gu''-''ti''] "The right side of the moon = Ak[kad], the left side of the moon = Ela[m], the top of the moon = Amur[ru], [the bottom] of the moon = Subartu and [the country of the Gutians]";
*(3) diš 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 ta ud.1.kam en ud.5.kam / 5 ud-''mi'' ud.sakar d''a-nim'' / ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam / 5 ud-''mi'' ''ka-li-tu''2 ''de''2-''a'' / ta ud.11.kam en ud.15.kam 5 ud-''mi'' aga ''taš-ri-iḫ-ti'' / [''ip-pir'']-''ma'' den.lil2 "The moon at its appearance from day 1 to day 5, 5 days, is sickle-shaped, Anu; from day 6 to day 10, 5 days, (resembles) a kidney, Ea; from day 11 to day 15, 5 days, it [bears] a crown of greatness, Enlil";
*(4) d30 d''a-nim'' den.lil2 d''e''2-''a par-ṣu-šu''2 "Parṣu of the moon — Anu, Enlil, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:154, 183-186, 281-287].
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|'''Star List VR 46, 1.'''
*(1) mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.la = d''Sîn''(30) ''u'' d''Nergal''(u.gur) "Great Twins = Sin and Nergal", mul<dingir>.gub.bameš = d''Sîn''(30) ''u'' d''Nergal''(u.gur) "Standing gods from Ekur = Sin and Nergal", mullu2.lal3 and d''La-ta-rak'' = d''Sîn''(30) ''u'' d''Nergal''(u.gur) "Lulal and Latarak = Sin and Nergal" (lines 5, 15, 22).
*(2) itigan itiab itiziz2 si d''sin'' 2,30 ''lal-at-ma'' KI ''ina-ṭal'' / ''nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u''2-''de-e'' / ''ša''2 3 iti.meš ''an-nu-ti'' ud.14.kam2 dingir ki dingir nu igi-''ra'' kimin ''ša''2 ud.30.kam2 nu diri-''u''2 "(If in the months of) kislim, tebet, or shabbat, the left horn of the moon is sharp and faces the earth: nuḫḫut udê; (this means) that during these three months one god did not see another god on the 14th day (viz. i.e., the Sun and the Moon were not in opposition on the 14th day of the month); or the Moon did not complete the 30th day (i.e., the length of the month was only 29 days)" (lines 54-56) [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51-52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-63], for a parallel see. [ACh Sin<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 4:23-24; MA<ref name=":4" />, 114, 135].
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|'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''
*d''Sîn''(30) ''mu-nam-mir'' <<mir>> ''ek-let'' "Sin who illuminates the darkness" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Rituels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 138:315; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220, 229].
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|'''Late astrology, magic and ritual.'''
* (1) The nature of astrological influence.
**a) DIŠ d30 ZALAG2-''at'' SIG5 ''ki-na-at u'' GID2.DA "If the Moon (appears): (this sign is) bright, good; right and long (life)".
**(b) DIŠ AN.MI 30 ''ek-let dal-ḫat'' NU ZALAG2-''at'' ˹KIN NU GI˺ "If (there is) an eclipse of the Moon: (this sign is) dark, destructive, not bright; no prosperous predictions" [TCL 6<ref name=":7">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13 obv. ii 4; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":8">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.</ref>, 212, 215; 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>, 324-325]. Parallel: LU2.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' d''Sin E''3-''a'' ZALAG2-''at'' SIG5-''at ki-na-at u'' GID2.DA "If a child is born when the Moon has come forward (i.e., there has been a neomenia): (his life will be) bright, good, right and long." LU2.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' AN.MI d''Sin'' GAR-''nu ek-let dal-ḫal'' NU ZALAG2-''at'' KIN NU GI "If a child is born (and) the Moon is eclipsed: (his life will be) dark, gloomy, not bright..." [TCL 6<ref name=":7" />, 14 obv. 34-35; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
*(2) "Horoscopes." d30 [BH, passim].
*(3) "Lunaries." See BRM IV, 19-20 [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108ff.; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 193-198].
*(4) "Hypsoma".
**(a) KI ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 ''ša''2 d30 / múlŠU.GI ''u'' MUL2.MUL2 MUL2 MUL2 ''ša''2 [KUR?].NIM.MA.[KI] "The Secret Place of the Moon: the Old Man and the Star Cluster, the Stars of Elam" [STC I<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.</ref>], cited in [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":2" />, 55: 28-29].
**(b) According to E. Weidner's interpretation, Tablet VAT 7851 contains an image of the Moon in its hypsoma (from left to right: Pleiades, seven stars with the inscription MUL.MUL, disk of the Moon, galloping humpbacked bull) [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 73, Taf. V, 1; 1967, Taf. 1-2].
*(5) Prediction on the child’s gender is based on observations of the positions of the planets and the Moon [LBAT<ref name=":5" />, 1593:7′-11′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the 12 signs of the zodiac (BM 36746+36842+37173); examples:
**a) DIŠ ''Sin ina'' mulUR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' EN.NUN ''i'']''g-mur u'' IM.SI.SA2 DU AN.MI dSAG.ME.GAR NU DU-''iz'' m[ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''u''2-''lu'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''] / ''ina'' mul lúḪUN.G[A2 ''u''2-''lu ina''] mulPA.BIL.SAG ''u''2-''lu ina'' mulAŠ.GAN2 DU-''iz'' … "If the Moon [eclipses] in the Li[on] (and nighttime) [observances are over, and the north wind is blowing, Jupiter is not present (lit. not standing) during the eclipse; [Saturn or Mars] stands in Mercenar[y (= Aries) or in] Pabilsag (= Sagittarius) or Pole (=Pisces)..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":10">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134:5′-6′];
**(b) DIŠ ''Sin ina'' mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4 AN.MI GAR-''ma'' EN.NUN ''ig''-[''mir''] IM.U18.LU ˹''u''˺ IM.MAR.TU DU ''ina'' AN.MI-''šu''2 dSAG.ME.GAR DU-''zu'' […] / dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''u''2-''lu'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' KI mulGU.LA ''u''2-''lu ina'' KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL DU.MEŠ… "If the Moon eclipses in Libra (and nocturnal) observations are ov[er], and a southwesterly wind blows; Jupiter is present during the eclipse [...], Saturn or Mars stands in the area of the Giant (=Aodoleus) or in the area of the Great Twins..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":10" />, 134:16′-17′]. According to Rochberg-Halton, this text represents the Babylonian version of what later in Greek astrology came to be called the theory of aspects, namely the trigonal aspect [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":10" />, 121; 1988a, 60ff.]; see also [Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":8" />, 208, 226-228] in this connection.
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|}
 See also [SpTU I<ref name=":3" />, 27 r. 14; SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 161], Sîn(AB2+GAN2) [SpTU I<ref name=":3" />, 84:1,3 + Bemerk.].

===Additional===

==== Deity.====
Sîn is one of the most popular astral deities of Mesopotamia.

===== Prayers and rituals: =====
 (1) The ritual of "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the statue-deity: 2 KEŠDA.MEŠ ''a-na'' d''Sin u'' dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''tara-kas''2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-''uš'') "2 altars for the Moon and Saturn you set up (and perform) the same (= washing of the mouth)" [Smith 1925<ref>''Smith S.'' The Babylonian Ritual for the Consecration and Induction of a Divine Statue // JRAS. 1925. P. 37-60.</ref>; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babylonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref> 105:30; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 141; SAALT I<ref>''Walker, C. B. F., Dick, M. B.'' Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian ''Mīs Pî'' Ritual. Helsinki, 2001 (State Archives of Assyria, Literary Texts, Vol. I).</ref>, 71:30].

 (2) Namburbi spell series: a spell "against the evil (foreshadowed) by an eclipse of the moon" [CT<ref name=":1" /> 41, 23:3; Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA 48, № 1, 1-15.</ref>, 10-11].

==== Symbol.====
Since ancient times, the symbol of the lunar deity on seals and kudurru served as months, cf. [Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figs. 15, 16, 18, 19, 21-28, 32, 34, 35, 37-39, 48].

====Astrology.====
For a corpus of astrological predictions related to the Moon, see the literature cited above, as well as other articles in this edition.

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s20)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|лунное божество Син; вар. чтения и обозначения: d30, dEŠ, dAB2+GAN2, dEN.ZU, ZU:EN.NA [Gössman 1950, 352]. В современных изданиях используется нередко упрощенная форма записи имени Сина — Sin/dSin (без фиксации долготы) как эквивалент 30/d30. О цифровой системе записи имен богов см. [Litke 1998, 37, note 150]. См. также d09DINGIR, m32MUL.GAL, L16dLUGAL.GIR3.RA, n06dNANNA.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Aa: si-inEŠ = dSîn [CT 12, 3 iii 42], см. также [AHw, 1046b]. (2) Серия AN:dAnum III 1–3: dNanna(ŠEŠ.KI), dEn.zu, d30 = dSin(EŠ) [Litke 1998, 116–117 + notes 2–3]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 40, 56, passim; Borger 1973, LB 1321; BPO 2, III 24b, 30a, VI 6, XVIII 9; BPO 3, 286; Largement 1957, 240:23b–25a, 246:55–56, 251:93, 252:94–95; Leibovici 1957; Verderame 2002, 248; Rochberg-Halton 1987a; Van Soldt 1995, 149; SpTU I, 90:15–16; 91:6'–10'; SpTU II, 40]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. a33AN.TA.GUB. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды «на пути Луны»: DINGIRmeš ša i-na KASKAL dSin GUBmeš-ma dSin e-ma ITI / ina pi-rik-šu2-nu DIBmeš-ma TAGmeš-šu2-nu-ti / MUL.MUL mulGU4.AN.NA mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA mulŠU.GI / mulGAM3 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA / mulAB.SIN2 mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 mulGIR2.TAB mulPa-bil-sag / mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 mulGU.LA <mul>KUNmeš mulSIM.MAḪ / mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Божества, которые стоят на пути Луны, через пределы которых Луна в течение месяца проходит и которых она касается: Звезды, Небесный Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану, Старик, Посох, Великие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Борозда, Весы, Скорпион, Пабилсаг, Коза-Рыба, Великан, Хвост ласточки, Ануниту и Наемник» (I iv 31–37). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: PAP 6 DINGIRmeš ša2 1-en NAmeš-su-nu MULme AN-e / TAGmeš NAmeš-su-nu KUR2.KUR2-ru «В совокупности 6 богов, у которых те же положения, (что у Луна), (и) которые касаются звезд небесных и изменяют свои положения (относительно звезд)» (II i 7–8). (3) Первая интеркаляционная схема: см. u30dUTU. (4) Вторая интеркаляционная схема: см. m35MUL.MUL. (5) Астрологические предсказания: DIŠ ina itiGAN ina itiAB ina itiZIZ2 SI Sin 2,30 tar-ṣa-at-ma / KI ina-ṭal nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u2-de-e «Если в (месяцы) кислиму, тебету (или) шабату левый рог Луны острый и смотрит по направлению к земле: nuḫḫut udê» (II iii 38–39), параллель с пространными и, по-видимому, ошибочными комментариями см. ниже VR, 46, 1: 54–56 [MA, 67–69, 74, 75, 89–91, 114, 135]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380; SAA 8, 351]. Поздняя астрология. Предсказания по кульминациям звезд, лунным затмениям и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий [SpTU III, 102, passim]; см. также [SpTU III, 103]. «Большой список звезд». (1) muldingir.gub.bameš = d30 u dutu «Стоящие Боги = Син и Шамаш»; (2) астрологическое значение лунных квадрантов: 15 30 = kur [uri]ki, 150 30 = kur nim.[maki], an.ta 30 = kur mar.[tuki], [ki.ta] 30 = kur suki u [kur gu-ti] «Правая сторона Луны = Ак[кад], левая сторона Луны = Эла[м], верх Луны = Амур[ру], [низ] Луны = Субарту и [страна гутеев]»; (3) diš 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 ta ud.1.kam en ud.5.kam / 5 ud-mi ud.sakar da-nim / ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam / 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a / ta ud.11.kam en ud.15.kam 5 ud-mi aga taš-ri-iḫ-ti / [ip-pir]-ma den.lil2 «Луна при своем появлении от 1-го дня до 5-го, 5 дней, серповидна, Ану; от 6-го дня до 10-го дня, 5 дней, (напоминает) почку, Эа; от 11-го дня до 15-го дня, 5 дней, она [несет] корону величия, Энлиль»; (4) d30 da-nim den.lil2 de2-a par-ṣu-šu2 «Parṣu Луны — Ану, Энлиль, Эа» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:154, 183–186, 281–287]. Список звезд VR, 46, 1. (1) mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.la = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur) «Большие Близнецы = Син и Нергал», mul<dingir>.gub.bameš = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur) «Стоящие боги из Экура = Син и Нергал», mullu2.lal3 и dLa-ta-rak = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur) «Лулал и Латарак = Син и Нергал» (lines 5, 15, 22). (2) itigan itiab itiziz2 si dsin 2,30 lal-at-ma KI ina-ṭal / nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u2-de-e / ša2 3 iti.meš an-nu-ti ud.14.kam2 dingir ki dingir nu igi-ra kimin ša2 ud.30.kam2 nu diri-u2 «(Если в месяцы) кислиму, тебету или шабату левый рог Луны острый и смотрит в землю: nuḫḫut udê; (это означает), что в течение этих трех месяцев один бог не увиделся с другим богом в 14-й день (т.е. Солнце и Луна не находились в оппозиции в 14-й день месяца); или Луна не завершала 30-й день (т.е. длина месяца составляла только 29 дней)» (lines 54–56) [HBA, 51–52; Wee 2016, 162–63], параллель см. [ACh Sin, 4:23–24; MA, 114, 135]. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. dSîn(30) mu-nam-mir <<mir>> ek-let «Син, освещающий тьму» [RAcc. 138:315; Linssen 2004, 220, 229]. Поздняя астрология, магия и ритуал. (1) Характер астрологического воздействия. a) DIŠ d30 ZALAG2-at SIG5 ki-na-at u GID2.DA «Если Луна (появляется): (этот знак) светлый, хороший; правильная и долгая (жизнь)». b) DIŠ AN.MI 30 ek-let dal-ḫat NU ZALAG2-at ˹KIN NU GI˺ «Если (произошло) затмение Луны: (этот знак) темный, разрушительный, не светлый; не будет благополучных предсказаний» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 4; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215; 1988b, 324–325]. Параллель: LU2.TUR a-lid-ma dSin E3-a ZALAG2-at SIG5-at ki-na-at u GID2.DA «Если ребенок родился, когда Луна вышла вперед (т.е. имела место неомения): (его жизнь будет) светлой, хорошей, правильной и долгой». LU2.TUR a-lid-ma AN.MI dSin GAR-nu ek-let dal-ḫal NU ZALAG2-at KIN NU GI «Если ребенок родился (и) Луна затмилась: (его жизнь будет) темной, мрачной, не светлой…» [TCL 6, 14 obv. 34–35; Sachs 1952, 66]. (2) «Гороскопы». d30 [BH, passim]. (3) «Лунарии». См. BRM IV, 19–20 [Ungnad 1941–44; Reiner 1995, 108ff.; Емельянов 1999, 193–198]. (4) «Гипсома». a) KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 d30 / múlŠU.GI u MUL2.MUL2 MUL2 ša2 [KUR?].NIM.MA.[KI] «Секретное место Луны: Старик и Звезды, звезды Элама» [STC I, 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 55: 28–29]. b) Cогласно интерпретации Э.Вайднера, табл. VAT 7851 содержит изображение Луны в ее гипсоме (слева направо: Плеяды, семь звезд с надписью MUL.MUL, диск Луны, скачущий горбатый бык) [Weidner 1927, 73, Taf. V, 1; 1967, Taf. 1–2]. (5) Предсказания пола ребенка, основанные на наблюдениях положений планет и Луны [LBAT, 1593:7′–11′; Reiner 2000]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно 12 знаков зодиака (BM 36746+36842+37173); примеры: a) DIŠ Sin ina mulUR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-ma EN.NUN i]g-mur u IM.SI.SA2 DU AN.MI dSAG.ME.GAR NU DU-iz m[ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ u2-lu dṢal-bat-a-nu] / ina mul lúḪUN.G[A2 u2-lu ina] mulPA.BIL.SAG u2-lu ina mulAŠ.GAN2 DU-iz … «Если Луна [затмевается] во Ль[ве] (и ночные) [наблюдения за]кончились, и северный ветер дует, Юпитер не присутствует (букв. не стоит) при затмении; [Сатурн или Марс] стоят в Наемни[ке (= Овен) или в] Пабилсаге (= Стрельце) или в Поле (=Рыбах)…» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:5′–6′]; b) DIŠ Sin ina mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 AN.MI GAR-ma EN.NUN ig-[mir] IM.U18.LU ˹u˺ IM.MAR.TU DU ina AN.MI-šu2 dSAG.ME.GAR DU-zu […] / dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ u2-lu dṢal-bat-a-nu ina KI mulGU.LA u2-lu ina KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL DU.MEŠ… «Если Луна затмевается в Весах (и ночные) наблюдения закон[чились], и юго-западный ветер дует; Юпитер присутствует при затмении […], Сатурн или Марс стоят в области Великана (=Водолея) или в области Больших Близнецов…» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:16′–17′]. Согласно Rochberg-Halton, в этом тексте представлена вавилонская версия того, что позднее в греческой астрологии получило название теории аспектов, а именно тригональный аспект [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 121; 1988a, 60ff.]; см. в этой связи также [Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 208, 226–228].

См. также [SpTU I, 27 r. 14; SpTU IV, 161], Sîn(AB2+GAN2) [SpTU I, 84:1,3 + Bemerk.].

II. Божество.

Син — одно из самых популярных астральных божеств Месопотамии. Молитвы и ритуалы: (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества: 2 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na dSin u dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ tara-kas2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-uš) «2 алтаря для Луны и Сатурна ты устанавливаешь (и совершаешь) то же (= омовение рта)» [Smith 1925; TuL 105:30; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 71:30]. (2) Серия заклинаний Намбурби: заклинание «против зла, (предвещаемого) затмением Луны» [CT 41, 23:3; Ebeling 1954, 10–11].

III. Символ.

С глубокой древности символом лунного божества на печатях и кудурру служил месяц, см. [Куртик 2007, рис. 15, 16, 18, 19, 21–28, 32, 34, 35, 37–39, 48].

IV. Астрология.

Корпус астрологических предсказаний, связанных с Луной, см. литературу, указанную выше, а также другие статьи настоящего издания.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Moon]]
[[Category:Moon Features]]
[[Category:Deity]]

UTU

2026-01-09T21:16:57Z

InitTeam:

dUTU (𒀭𒌓) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

Var. readings and notations:

* 20, d20, MAN;
* = d''Šamaš''; the solar god Shamash, the Sun [Gossman 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 135], see also (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]], (Kurtik m04) [[MAN]], (Kurtik sh03) ''[[Šamaš]]''.
* Utu/''Šamaš''. The sun god. dUTU (EA 6–7r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: mul dUTU [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:19].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 40, 87, 214; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 24b, XVIII 9; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 287; Dietrich 1996<ref>''Dietrich M.'' Altbabylonische Omina zur Sonnenfinsternis // WZKM. 1996. Bd. 86. S. 99-106.</ref>; Gossman 1950<ref name=":0" /> 373, III; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 240:20, 22, 25b, 254:114; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 249; Van Soldt 1995<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 149; SpTU I<ref name=":1">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 90:11,16,17, r. 8'; 91:11; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:28, 29, 37].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Ea (no. 7), see (Kurtik h03) ''[[Ḫaniš|Ḫanīš]]''.
* (2) Planets "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL d''Sin'' DU-''ku'' dUTU DU-''ak'' "the Sun passes (the same path) that the Moon passes" (II i 1).
* (3) First intercalation scheme:
** (a) dUTU ''ša''2 ''ina id'' imSI.SA2 KI SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA KUR-''ḫa'' / GUR-''ma ana id'' imU18.LU u4-''mu'' 40 NINDA.TA.AM3 ''ul-ta-nap-pal'' / UDmeš LUGUD2.DAmeš GI6meš GID2.DAmeš "The sun, which rises towards the north together with the head of the Lion and turns and moves down towards the south at the rate of 40 NINDA per day. The days are getting shorter and the nights longer" II i 11–13),
** (b) ''ina'' itiDU6 UD.15.KAM dUTU ''ina lib''3-''bi'' mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 ''ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ḫa'' / ''u'' d''Sin ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul lúḪUN.GA2 GUB-''az-ma'' / 3 MA.NA EN.NUN ''u''4-''mi'' 3 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 "On the 15th day of Tashrit, the Sun rises in Libra in the East, and the Moon faces the Star Cluster behind the Hired Man. 3 mins – the day guard, 3 mins – the night guard" (II i 14–15),
** (c) dUTU ''ša''2 ''ina id'' imU18.LU KI SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA KUR-''ḫa'' GUR-''ma ana id'' imSI.SA2 / UD 40 NINDA.TA.AM3 ''un-da-na-ḫar'' UDmeš GID2.DAmeš GI6 LUGUD2.DA "The sun, which rises towards the south with the head of the Lion and turns and moves towards the north at the rate of 40 NINDA per day. The days are getting longer, the nights are getting shorter" (II i 17–18),
** (d) ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 15 [KAM] d''Sin ina li-la-a-ti ina'' ŠA3 / mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''2 ''ina'' dUTU.E3 ''u'' dUTU ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A / ''ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mulḪUN.GA2 GUB-''ma'' 3 MA.NA EN.NUN ''u''4-''mi'' 3 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 "On the 15th day of Nisan, the Moon is in Libra in the east and in the evening, and the Sun stands in the west, ahead of the Star Cluster (and) behind the Hired Man. 3 mins – the day guard, 3 mins – the night guard" (II i 19–21),
** (e) ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 15 KAM ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM ''ina'' itiDU6 UD 15 KAM ''ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM / KURmeš ''ša''2 dUTU NAmeš ''ša''2 d''Sin'' IGI.DUḪ.Ameš ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 / ŠEŠ-''ar''2 UDmeš DIRImeš IGI.LA2 "On the 15th of nisan, 15th of duuzu, 15th of tashrit, and the 15th of tebet, observe the sunrises, the intervals of visibility of the Moon, the appearances of the Arrow, and find how many days are in excess" (II i 22-24), see also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
* (4) Planetary theory: KASKAL dUTU "Path of the Sun" (II i 50, 52, 53, 57), apparently the arc of the horizon within which the Sun rises.
* (5) The Sun on the paths of Anu, Enlil, and Ea:
** (a) TA UD 1 KAM ''ša''2 itiŠE EN UD 30 KAM ''ša''2 itiGU4 dUTU ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' / GUB-''ma zi-qu u'' UD.D[A] "From (the 1st of adar to the 30th of ayar the Sun stands in the path of (the stars of) Anu: wind and stor[m]. "
** (b) TA UD 1 KAM ''ša''2 itiSIG4 EN UD 30 KAM ''ša''2 itiIZI dUTU / ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 GUB-''ma'' BURU14 ''u u uš-šu'' "From the 1st of siman to the 30th of ab, the Sun stands in the way of (the stars of) Enlil: harvest and heat."
** (c) [T]A UD 1 KAM ''ša''2 itiKIN EN UD 30 KAM ''ša''2 itiAPIN dUTU / ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' GUB-''ma zi-qu u'' UD.DA "[O]n the 1st day of ulul to the 30th of arahsamnu, the Sun stands in the path of (the stars of) Anu: wind and storm."
** (d) [TA UD 1 K]AM ''ša''2 itiGAN EN UD 30 KAM ''ša''2 itiZIZ2 dUTU ''ina'' KASKAL / ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' GUB-''ma'' EN.TE.NA "[From the 1st] day of kislim to the 30th of shabbat, the Sun stands in the path of (the stars of) Ea: cold" (II Gap A 1-7).
* (6) Astrological predictions:
** (a) DIŠ KUR ''ina'' ŠA3 ''ni-di'' KUR-''ḫa'' 3.20 ŠUR2-''ma'' gišTUKUL ''i-na-ši'' "If the Sun rises in the nīdu-clouds: The king will become angry and take up arms" (II iii 40),
** (b) DIŠ dUTU ''ina'' ŠA3 ''ni-di'' ŠU2 LUGAL BE "If the Sun sets in the nīdu-clouds: the king will die" (II iii 41) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 37, 70, 72-77, 82-84, 88-89, 114].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 380b; SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 352a].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = dutu "Antasurra = Sun";
* (2) muldingir.gub.ba.meš = d30 ''u'' dutu "Standing gods = Sin and Shamash";
* (3) list of planets: dutu comes second, see [SAA 10.380b; SAA 8]. (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]];
* (4) dutu ''ina'' kur-''šu''2 den.lil2 "The Sun during its rising – Enlil";
* (5) dutu ''ina šu''2-''šu''2 d˹nin?.urta˺ "The Sun during its setting – Ninurta" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 140, 154, 241, 288, 289].
|
|-
|'''Star List VR 46, 1:30.'''
* d''Šullat''(pa) ''u'' d''Ḫaniš''(lugal) = dutu ''u'' dim "Shullat and Hanish = Shamash and Adad" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:30; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''
* dutu ''nūr''(zalag2) ''kib-rat'' "the sun, light of the whole world" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 138:314; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220, 229].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) "Horoscopes." See. [BH, passim].
* (2) "Hypsoma." KI ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 ''ša''2 dUTU múl lúḪUN.GA2 AN-''e'' [...] "'Secret place' of the Sun: Hired Man (=Aries) celestial(?) [...]" [STC I<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref> 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.</ref>], quoted in [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 55:30].
* (3) Prediction of grain prices by observations of the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena [SpTU I<ref name=":1" />, 94, passim].
* (4) Predictions according to the culminations of the stars, lunar eclipses, and the positions of the Sun relative to constellations [SpTU III, 102, passim]; see also [SpTU I<ref name=":1" />, 95; SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 161].
* (5) Predictions of eclipses of the Sun for each month, related to observations of the culminations of stars and other phenomena [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 244-247, Sp II 202+].
Namburbi's series of spells. A spell "against the evil (foreshadowed) by an eclipse of the sun" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 41, 23:3; Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1954. Vol. 48, № 1. P. 1-15.</ref>, 10-11].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== II. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Saturn; see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]], III 1-2.

(2) = Mercury; see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 5.

(3) = Libra; see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 2.

(4) = Shullāt; see (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']], I "List of Stars VR 46, 1:30".

===== Predictions: =====
See the literature cited in section I (EAE, "Letters" and "Reports") as well as numerous articles in the present edition.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения и обозначения: 20, d20, MAN; = dŠamaš; солнечный бог Шамаш, Солнце [Gossman 1950 135], см. также d09DINGIR, m04MAN, sh03Šamaš.
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mul dUTU [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 40, 87, 214; BPO 2, III 24b, XVIII 9; BPO 3, 287; Dietrich 1996; Gossman 1950 373, III; Largement 1957, 240:20, 22, 25b, 254:114; Verderame 2002, 249; Van Soldt 1995, 149; SpTU I, 90:11,16,17, r. 8'; 91:11; SpTU III, 101:28, 29, 37]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 7), см. h03Ḫanīš. (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku dUTU DU-ak «Солнце проходит (тот же путь), что Луна проходит» (II i 1). (3) Первая интеркаляционная схема: a) dUTU ša2 ina id imSI.SA2 KI SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA KUR-ḫa / GUR-ma ana id imU18.LU u4-mu 40 NINDA.TA.AM3 ul-ta-nap-pal / UDmeš LUGUD2.DAmeš GI6meš GID2.DAmeš «Солнце, которое взошло по направлению к северу с головой Льва, поворачивает и движется вниз по направлению к югу со скоростью 40 NINDA за день. Дни становятся короче, ночи длиннее» (II i 11–13), b) ina itiDU6 UD.15.KAM dUTU ina lib3-bi mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa / u dSin ina IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul lúḪUN.GA2 GUB-az-ma / 3 MA.NA EN.NUN u4-mi 3 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 «15-го ташриту Солнце восходит в Весах на востоке, и Луна стоит перед Звездами позади Наемника. 3 мины — дневная стража, 3 мины — ночная стража» (II i 14–15), c) dUTU ša2 ina id imU18.LU KI SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA KUR-ḫa GUR-ma ana id imSI.SA2 / UD 40 NINDA.TA.AM3 un-da-na-ḫar UDmeš GID2.DAmeš GI6 LUGUD2.DA «Солнце, которое взошло по направлению к югу с головой Льва, поворачивает и движется по направлению к северу со скоростью 40 NINDA за день. Дни становятся длиннее, ночи становятся короче» (II i 17–18), d) ina itiBAR2 UD 15 [KAM] dSin ina li-la-a-ti ina ŠA3 / mulzi-ba-ni-tu2 ina dUTU.E3 u dUTU ina dUTU.ŠU2.A / ina IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mulḪUN.GA2 GUB-ma 3 MA.NA EN.NUN u4-mi 3 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 «15-го нисану Луна вечером в Весах на востоке, а Солнце на западе впереди Звезд (и) позади Наемника стоит. 3 мины — дневная стража, 3 мины — ночная стража» (II i 19–21), e) ina itiBAR2 UD 15 KAM ina itiŠU UD 15 KAM ina itiDU6 UD 15 KAM ina itiAB UD 15 KAM / KURmeš ša2 dUTU NAmeš ša2 dSin IGI.DUḪ.Ameš ša2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 / ŠEŠ-ar2 UDmeš DIRImeš IGI.LA2 «15-го нисану, 15-го дуузу, 15-го ташриту, 15-го тебету, ты наблюдаешь восходы Солнца, промежутки видимости Луны, появления Стрелы и ты находишь, сколько дней в избытке» (II i 22–24), см. также k10KAK.SI.SA2. (4) Планетная теория: KASKAL dUTU «Путь Солнца» (II i 50, 52, 53, 57), по-видимому, дуга горизонта, в пределах которой восходит Солнце. (5) Солнце на путях Ану, Энлиля и Эа: a) TA UD 1 KAM ša2 itiŠE EN UD 30 KAM ša2 itiGU4 dUTU ina KASKAL šu-ut dA-nim / GUB-ma zi-qu u UD.D[A] «От 1-го аддару до 30-го айяру Солнце стоит на пути (звезд) Ану: ветер и бур[я].» b) TA UD 1 KAM ša2 itiSIG4 EN UD 30 KAM ša2 itiIZI dUTU / ina KASKAL šu-ut dEn-lil2 GUB-ma BURU14 u uš-šu «От 1-го симану до 30-го абу Солнце стоит на пути (звезд) Энлиля: жатва и жара.» с) [T]A UD 1 KAM ša2 itiKIN EN UD 30 KAM ša2 itiAPIN dUTU / ina KASKAL šu-ut dA-nim GUB-ma zi-qu u UD.DA «[О]т 1-го улулу до 30-го арахсамну Солнце стоит на пути (звезд) Ану: ветер и буря.» d) [TA UD 1 K]AM ša2 itiGAN EN UD 30 KAM ša2 itiZIZ2 dUTU ina KASKAL / šu-ut dE2-a GUB-ma EN.TE.NA «[От 1-го] кислиму до 30-го шабату Солнце стоит на пути (звезд) Эа: холод» (II Gap A 1–7). (6) Астрологические предсказания: a) DIŠ KUR ina ŠA3 ni-di KUR-ḫa 3,20 ŠUR2-ma gišTUKUL i-na-ši «Если Солнце восходит в nīdu-облаке: царь разгневается и возьмется за оружие» (II iii 40), b) DIŠ dUTU ina ŠA3 ni-di ŠU2 LUGAL BE «Если Солнце садится в nīdu-облаке: царь умрет» (II iii 41) [MA, 37, 70, 72–77, 82–84, 88–89, 114]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380b; SAA 8, 352а]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = dutu «Антасурра = Солнце»; (2) muldingir.gub.ba.meš = d30 u dutu «Стоящие боги = Син и Шамаш»; (3) список планет: на втором месте dutu, см. u07UDU.IDIM; (4) dutu ina kur-šu2 den.lil2 «Солнце при своем восходе — Энлиль»; (5) dutu ina šu2-šu2 d˹nin?.urta˺ «Солнце при своем заходе — Нинурта» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 140, 154, 241, 288, 289]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:30. dŠullat(pa) u dḪaniš(lugal) = dutu u dim «Шуллат и Ханиш = Шамаш и Адад» [HBA, 52:30; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. dutu nūr(zalag2) kib-rat «Солнце, свет мировых регионов» [RАcc. 138:314; Linssen 2004, 220, 229]. Поздняя астрология. (1) «Гороскопы». См. [BH, passim]. (2) «Гипсома». KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 dUTU múl lúḪUN.GA2 AN-e […] «“Секретное место” Солнца: Наемник (=Овен) небесный(?) […]» [STC I 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 55:30]. (3) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (4) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд, лунным затмениям и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий [SpTU III, 102, passim]; см. также [SpTU I, 95; SpTU IV, 161]. (5) Предсказания затмений Солнца на каждый месяц, связанные с наблюдениями кульминаций звезд и других явлений [Schaumberger 1955, 244–247, Sp II 202+]. Серия заклинаний Намбурби. Заклинание «против зла (предвещаемого) затмением Солнца» [CT 41, 23:3; Ebeling 1954, 10–11].

II. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Сатурн; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ, III 1–2.

(2) = Меркурий; см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 5.

(3) = Весы; см. z10Zibānītum, VI 2.

(4) = Шуллат; см. h03dḪaniš, I «Список звезд VR 46, 1:30».

Предсказания:

См. литературу, указанную в разделе I (EAE, «Письма» и «Рапорты»), а также многочисленные статьи настоящего издания.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Sun]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Sîn

2026-01-09T21:09:33Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Sîn''}}
[[File:Kudurru de Melishipak II.jpg|thumb|King Melishipak II presents his daughter to the goddess Nannaya. The eight-pointed star of Inanna/Ishtar is present next to the sun disc of her brother Shamash (Sumerian Utu) and the '''crescent moon''' of her father Sin (Sumerian Nanna).]]
d''Sîn'' (𒀭𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of the [[:Category:Moon|Moon]]. The lunar crescent is frequently depicted on kudurru stones and seals, in most cases together with the Sun and Venus on the top of the image. In this ritual context, the Moon is considered a divine witness and judge that observes everything from above.

==Name Variants and History==
In Mesopotamia, the Moon is considered a god (Sîn).

===Name Variants===

* The term for "month", ''[[Arḫum]]'', is occasionally also used for Moon.
* The two male gods depicted in the constellation of the [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|Great Twins]], [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|Lugalirra]] & [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|Meslamta’ea]], are gods of the Netherworld that are also connected to the Moon.
* The Sumerian goddess [[NANNA]] is a moon goddess.
* The fire deity [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']] is associated with the day of the moon's invisibility.

[[File:Taurus tablet grid 800dpi draw.jpg|thumb|drawing of the Man in the Moon on VAT 7851 by Susanne M Hoffmann (CC BY 4.0, 2025)]]

===Dark Spots on the Moon===
May (2019, 2023)<ref>May, N. N. (2019). Early Monumental Representations of Constellations in Mari: the Moon between the Giant and the Bull of Heaven. NABU.</ref><ref>May, N. N. (2023). Towards the History of Representation of the Zodiacal Constellations in Mesopotamia: The Babylonian Man in the Moon and Other Matters. Aula Orientalis 41, 41(1).</ref> comprehensively compiled the suggestion of "Men in the Moon" in ancient Mesopotamia. The Moon with a male god fighting with an animal (a lion or the ''bašmu''-snake) is prominently depicted on the microzodiac tablet VAT 7851.<ref>Weidner, E. (1967). Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln, in: ''Sitzungsberichte Bd. 254 der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', Wien</ref> Fincke (2023)<ref>Fincke, J.C. (2023) The Man in the Moon Revisited: The ''bašmu'' in the Sun, the Lion in the Moon and the ''lumašu'', ''Kaskal'' 20, 183-214</ref> comprehensively compiled various suggestions to interpret the animal and the man drawn in the moon, such as the gods Nabû, Marduk, Nergal, and Tišpak fighting with a lion or the ''bašmu''-snake. The mythologies of male gods defeating creatures within the moon are a well known motif in Mesopotamia (cf. Fincke 2023)

===Phases of the Moon===

===Lunar Eclipse===

As the obverse of tablet VAT 7851 indeed mentions a lunar eclipse.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Lunar deity Sin; var. readings and designations: d30, dEŠ, dAB2+GAN2, dEN.ZU, ZU:EN.NA [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 352]. Modern editions often use a simplified form for recording the name of Sin — Sin/dSin (without fixing the longitude) as the equivalent of 30/d30. On the numerical system of recording the names of the gods see. [Litke 1998<ref name=":0">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 37, note 150]. See also (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]], (Kurtik m32) [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]], (Kurtik L16) [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]], (Kurtik n06) [[NANNA|dNANNA]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Series Aa: si-inEŠ = d''Sîn'' [CT<ref name=":1">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 12, 3 iii 42], see also [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1046b].
*(2) Series AN:d''Anum'' III 1-3: d''Nanna''(ŠEŠ.KI), dEn.zu, d30 = d''Sin''(EŠ) [Litke 1998<ref name=":0" />, 116-117 + notes 2-3].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":2">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 40, 56, passim; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al., 38-55. Leiden, 1973.</ref>, LB 1321; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 24b, 30a, VI 6, XVIII 9; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264.</ref>, 240:23b-25a, 246:55-56, 251: 93, 252:94-95; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, RA 51, No. 1, 21-27, 1957.</ref>; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 248; Rochberg-Halton 1987a<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F. '' The Assumed 29th ''aẖû '' Tablet of ''Enūma Anu Enlil'' / Fs. Reiner, 327-350.</ref>; Van Soldt 1995<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 149; SpTU I<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 90:15-16; 91:6'-10'; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 40].
|
|-
|'''Text HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text).'''
See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]].
|
|-
|'''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''''
See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII, 149-165.</ref>].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) Stars "in the path of the Moon": DINGIRmeš ''ša i-na'' KASKAL d''Sin'' GUBmeš-''ma'' d''Sin e-ma'' ITI / ''ina pi-rik-šu''2-''nu'' DIBmeš-''ma'' TAGmeš-''šu''2-''nu-ti'' / MUL.MUL mulGU4.AN.NA mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA mulŠU.GI / mulGAM3 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA / mulAB.SIN2 mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4 mulGIR2.TAB mul''Pa-bil-sag'' / mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 mulGU.LA <mul>KUNmeš mulSIM.MAḪ / mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul lúḪUN.GA "Deities that stand in the path of the Moon, through which the Moon passes during the month and which it touches: the Star Cluster, the Celestial Bull, the True Shepherd of Anu, the Old Man, the Staff, the Great Twins, the Crab, the Lion, the Thorn, Libra, the Scorpius, the Pabilsag, the Goat-Fish, the Giant, the Tails of the Swallow, Anunitu, and the Hired Man" (I iv 31-37).
*(2) Planets "in the path of the Moon": PAP 6 DINGIRmeš ''ša''2 1''-en'' NAmeš-''su-nu'' MULme AN-''e'' / TAGmeš NAmeš-''su-nu'' KUR2.KUR2-''ru'' "Collectively 6 gods who have the same positions (as the Moon), (and) who touch the stars of the heavens and change their positions (relative to the stars)" (II i 7-8).
*(3) The first intercalation scheme: see (Kurtik u30) [[UTU|dUTU]].
*(4) Second intercalation scheme: see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
*(5) Astrological predictions: DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN ''ina'' itiAB ''ina'' itiZIZ2 SI ''Sin'' 2,30 ''tar-ṣa-at-ma'' / KI ''ina-ṭal nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u''2-''de-e'' "If in (the months of) kislim, tebetu (or) sabbat the left horn of the moon is sharp and faces towards the earth: ''nuḫḫut udê''" (II iii 38-39), for a parallel to the lengthy and apparently erroneous commentary, see. VR, 46, 1: 54-56 below [MA<ref name=":4">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 67-69, 74, 75, 89-91, 114, 135].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":5">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 380; SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 351].
|
|-
| '''Late astrology.'''
*Predictions from the culminations of the stars, lunar eclipses, and the positions of the Sun relative to the constellations [SpTU III<ref name=":6">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102, passim]; see also [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 103].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia"'''
* (1) muldingir.gub.bameš = d30 ''u'' dutu "Standing Gods = Sin and Shamash";
*(2) the astrological significance of the lunar quadrants: 15 30 = kur [uri]ki, 150 30 = kur nim.[maki], an.ta 30 = kur mar.[tuki], [ki.ta] 30 = kur suki ''u'' [kur ''gu''-''ti''] "The right side of the moon = Ak[kad], the left side of the moon = Ela[m], the top of the moon = Amur[ru], [the bottom] of the moon = Subartu and [the country of the Gutians]";
*(3) diš 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 ta ud.1.kam en ud.5.kam / 5 ud-''mi'' ud.sakar d''a-nim'' / ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam / 5 ud-''mi'' ''ka-li-tu''2 ''de''2-''a'' / ta ud.11.kam en ud.15.kam 5 ud-''mi'' aga ''taš-ri-iḫ-ti'' / [''ip-pir'']-''ma'' den.lil2 "The moon at its appearance from day 1 to day 5, 5 days, is sickle-shaped, Anu; from day 6 to day 10, 5 days, (resembles) a kidney, Ea; from day 11 to day 15, 5 days, it [bears] a crown of greatness, Enlil";
*(4) d30 d''a-nim'' den.lil2 d''e''2-''a par-ṣu-šu''2 "Parṣu of the moon — Anu, Enlil, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:154, 183-186, 281-287].
|
|-
|'''Star List VR 46, 1.'''
*(1) mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.la = d''Sîn''(30) ''u'' d''Nergal''(u.gur) "Great Twins = Sin and Nergal", mul<dingir>.gub.bameš = d''Sîn''(30) ''u'' d''Nergal''(u.gur) "Standing gods from Ekur = Sin and Nergal", mullu2.lal3 and d''La-ta-rak'' = d''Sîn''(30) ''u'' d''Nergal''(u.gur) "Lulal and Latarak = Sin and Nergal" (lines 5, 15, 22).
*(2) itigan itiab itiziz2 si d''sin'' 2,30 ''lal-at-ma'' KI ''ina-ṭal'' / ''nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u''2-''de-e'' / ''ša''2 3 iti.meš ''an-nu-ti'' ud.14.kam2 dingir ki dingir nu igi-''ra'' kimin ''ša''2 ud.30.kam2 nu diri-''u''2 "(If in the months of) kislim, tebet, or shabbat, the left horn of the moon is sharp and faces the earth: nuḫḫut udê; (this means) that during these three months one god did not see another god on the 14th day (viz. i.e., the Sun and the Moon were not in opposition on the 14th day of the month); or the Moon did not complete the 30th day (i.e., the length of the month was only 29 days)" (lines 54-56) [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51-52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-63], for a parallel see. [ACh Sin<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 4:23-24; MA<ref name=":4" />, 114, 135].
|
|-
|'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''
*d''Sîn''(30) ''mu-nam-mir'' <<mir>> ''ek-let'' "Sin who illuminates the darkness" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Rituels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 138:315; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220, 229].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and ritual.'''
* (1) The nature of astrological influence.
**a) DIŠ d30 ZALAG2-''at'' SIG5 ''ki-na-at u'' GID2.DA "If the Moon (appears): (this sign is) bright, good; right and long (life)".
**(b) DIŠ AN.MI 30 ''ek-let dal-ḫat'' NU ZALAG2-''at'' ˹KIN NU GI˺ "If (there is) an eclipse of the Moon: (this sign is) dark, destructive, not bright; no prosperous predictions" [TCL 6<ref name=":7">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13 obv. ii 4; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":8">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.</ref>, 212, 215; 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>, 324-325]. Parallel: LU2.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' d''Sin E''3-''a'' ZALAG2-''at'' SIG5-''at ki-na-at u'' GID2.DA "If a child is born when the Moon has come forward (i.e., there has been a neomenia): (his life will be) bright, good, right and long." LU2.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' AN.MI d''Sin'' GAR-''nu ek-let dal-ḫal'' NU ZALAG2-''at'' KIN NU GI "If a child is born (and) the Moon is eclipsed: (his life will be) dark, gloomy, not bright..." [TCL 6<ref name=":7" />, 14 obv. 34-35; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
*(2) "Horoscopes." d30 [BH, passim].
*(3) "Lunaries." See BRM IV, 19-20 [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108ff.; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 193-198].
*(4) "Hypsoma".
**(a) KI ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 ''ša''2 d30 / múlŠU.GI ''u'' MUL2.MUL2 MUL2 MUL2 ''ša''2 [KUR?].NIM.MA.[KI] "The Secret Place of the Moon: the Old Man and the Star Cluster, the Stars of Elam" [STC I<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.</ref>], cited in [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":2" />, 55: 28-29].
**(b) According to E. Weidner's interpretation, Tablet VAT 7851 contains an image of the Moon in its hypsoma (from left to right: Pleiades, seven stars with the inscription MUL.MUL, disk of the Moon, galloping humpbacked bull) [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 73, Taf. V, 1; 1967, Taf. 1-2].
*(5) Prediction on the child’s gender is based on observations of the positions of the planets and the Moon [LBAT<ref name=":5" />, 1593:7′-11′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the 12 signs of the zodiac (BM 36746+36842+37173); examples:
**a) DIŠ ''Sin ina'' mulUR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' EN.NUN ''i'']''g-mur u'' IM.SI.SA2 DU AN.MI dSAG.ME.GAR NU DU-''iz'' m[ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''u''2-''lu'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''] / ''ina'' mul lúḪUN.G[A2 ''u''2-''lu ina''] mulPA.BIL.SAG ''u''2-''lu ina'' mulAŠ.GAN2 DU-''iz'' … "If the Moon [eclipses] in the Li[on] (and nighttime) [observances are over, and the north wind is blowing, Jupiter is not present (lit. not standing) during the eclipse; [Saturn or Mars] stands in Mercenar[y (= Aries) or in] Pabilsag (= Sagittarius) or Pole (=Pisces)..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":10">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134:5′-6′];
**(b) DIŠ ''Sin ina'' mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4 AN.MI GAR-''ma'' EN.NUN ''ig''-[''mir''] IM.U18.LU ˹''u''˺ IM.MAR.TU DU ''ina'' AN.MI-''šu''2 dSAG.ME.GAR DU-''zu'' […] / dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''u''2-''lu'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' KI mulGU.LA ''u''2-''lu ina'' KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL DU.MEŠ… "If the Moon eclipses in Libra (and nocturnal) observations are ov[er], and a southwesterly wind blows; Jupiter is present during the eclipse [...], Saturn or Mars stands in the area of the Giant (=Aodoleus) or in the area of the Great Twins..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":10" />, 134:16′-17′]. According to Rochberg-Halton, this text represents the Babylonian version of what later in Greek astrology came to be called the theory of aspects, namely the trigonal aspect [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":10" />, 121; 1988a, 60ff.]; see also [Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":8" />, 208, 226-228] in this connection.
|
|}
 See also [SpTU I<ref name=":3" />, 27 r. 14; SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 161], Sîn(AB2+GAN2) [SpTU I<ref name=":3" />, 84:1,3 + Bemerk.].

===Additional===

==== Deity.====
Sîn is one of the most popular astral deities of Mesopotamia.

===== Prayers and rituals: =====
 (1) The ritual of "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the statue-deity: 2 KEŠDA.MEŠ ''a-na'' d''Sin u'' dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''tara-kas''2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-''uš'') "2 altars for the Moon and Saturn you set up (and perform) the same (= washing of the mouth)" [Smith 1925<ref>''Smith S.'' The Babylonian Ritual for the Consecration and Induction of a Divine Statue // JRAS. 1925. P. 37-60.</ref>; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babylonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref> 105:30; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 141; SAALT I<ref>''Walker, C. B. F., Dick, M. B.'' Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian ''Mīs Pî'' Ritual. Helsinki, 2001 (State Archives of Assyria, Literary Texts, Vol. I).</ref>, 71:30].

 (2) Namburbi spell series: a spell "against the evil (foreshadowed) by an eclipse of the moon" [CT<ref name=":1" /> 41, 23:3; Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA 48, № 1, 1-15.</ref>, 10-11].

==== Symbol.====
Since ancient times, the symbol of the lunar deity on seals and kudurru served as months, cf. [Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figs. 15, 16, 18, 19, 21-28, 32, 34, 35, 37-39, 48].

====Astrology.====
For a corpus of astrological predictions related to the Moon, see the literature cited above, as well as other articles in this edition.

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s20)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|лунное божество Син; вар. чтения и обозначения: d30, dEŠ, dAB2+GAN2, dEN.ZU, ZU:EN.NA [Gössman 1950, 352]. В современных изданиях используется нередко упрощенная форма записи имени Сина — Sin/dSin (без фиксации долготы) как эквивалент 30/d30. О цифровой системе записи имен богов см. [Litke 1998, 37, note 150]. См. также d09DINGIR, m32MUL.GAL, L16dLUGAL.GIR3.RA, n06dNANNA.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Aa: si-inEŠ = dSîn [CT 12, 3 iii 42], см. также [AHw, 1046b]. (2) Серия AN:dAnum III 1–3: dNanna(ŠEŠ.KI), dEn.zu, d30 = dSin(EŠ) [Litke 1998, 116–117 + notes 2–3]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 40, 56, passim; Borger 1973, LB 1321; BPO 2, III 24b, 30a, VI 6, XVIII 9; BPO 3, 286; Largement 1957, 240:23b–25a, 246:55–56, 251:93, 252:94–95; Leibovici 1957; Verderame 2002, 248; Rochberg-Halton 1987a; Van Soldt 1995, 149; SpTU I, 90:15–16; 91:6'–10'; SpTU II, 40]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. a33AN.TA.GUB. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды «на пути Луны»: DINGIRmeš ša i-na KASKAL dSin GUBmeš-ma dSin e-ma ITI / ina pi-rik-šu2-nu DIBmeš-ma TAGmeš-šu2-nu-ti / MUL.MUL mulGU4.AN.NA mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA mulŠU.GI / mulGAM3 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA / mulAB.SIN2 mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 mulGIR2.TAB mulPa-bil-sag / mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 mulGU.LA <mul>KUNmeš mulSIM.MAḪ / mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Божества, которые стоят на пути Луны, через пределы которых Луна в течение месяца проходит и которых она касается: Звезды, Небесный Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану, Старик, Посох, Великие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Борозда, Весы, Скорпион, Пабилсаг, Коза-Рыба, Великан, Хвост ласточки, Ануниту и Наемник» (I iv 31–37). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: PAP 6 DINGIRmeš ša2 1-en NAmeš-su-nu MULme AN-e / TAGmeš NAmeš-su-nu KUR2.KUR2-ru «В совокупности 6 богов, у которых те же положения, (что у Луна), (и) которые касаются звезд небесных и изменяют свои положения (относительно звезд)» (II i 7–8). (3) Первая интеркаляционная схема: см. u30dUTU. (4) Вторая интеркаляционная схема: см. m35MUL.MUL. (5) Астрологические предсказания: DIŠ ina itiGAN ina itiAB ina itiZIZ2 SI Sin 2,30 tar-ṣa-at-ma / KI ina-ṭal nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u2-de-e «Если в (месяцы) кислиму, тебету (или) шабату левый рог Луны острый и смотрит по направлению к земле: nuḫḫut udê» (II iii 38–39), параллель с пространными и, по-видимому, ошибочными комментариями см. ниже VR, 46, 1: 54–56 [MA, 67–69, 74, 75, 89–91, 114, 135]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380; SAA 8, 351]. Поздняя астрология. Предсказания по кульминациям звезд, лунным затмениям и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий [SpTU III, 102, passim]; см. также [SpTU III, 103]. «Большой список звезд». (1) muldingir.gub.bameš = d30 u dutu «Стоящие Боги = Син и Шамаш»; (2) астрологическое значение лунных квадрантов: 15 30 = kur [uri]ki, 150 30 = kur nim.[maki], an.ta 30 = kur mar.[tuki], [ki.ta] 30 = kur suki u [kur gu-ti] «Правая сторона Луны = Ак[кад], левая сторона Луны = Эла[м], верх Луны = Амур[ру], [низ] Луны = Субарту и [страна гутеев]»; (3) diš 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 ta ud.1.kam en ud.5.kam / 5 ud-mi ud.sakar da-nim / ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam / 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a / ta ud.11.kam en ud.15.kam 5 ud-mi aga taš-ri-iḫ-ti / [ip-pir]-ma den.lil2 «Луна при своем появлении от 1-го дня до 5-го, 5 дней, серповидна, Ану; от 6-го дня до 10-го дня, 5 дней, (напоминает) почку, Эа; от 11-го дня до 15-го дня, 5 дней, она [несет] корону величия, Энлиль»; (4) d30 da-nim den.lil2 de2-a par-ṣu-šu2 «Parṣu Луны — Ану, Энлиль, Эа» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:154, 183–186, 281–287]. Список звезд VR, 46, 1. (1) mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.la = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur) «Большие Близнецы = Син и Нергал», mul<dingir>.gub.bameš = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur) «Стоящие боги из Экура = Син и Нергал», mullu2.lal3 и dLa-ta-rak = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur) «Лулал и Латарак = Син и Нергал» (lines 5, 15, 22). (2) itigan itiab itiziz2 si dsin 2,30 lal-at-ma KI ina-ṭal / nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u2-de-e / ša2 3 iti.meš an-nu-ti ud.14.kam2 dingir ki dingir nu igi-ra kimin ša2 ud.30.kam2 nu diri-u2 «(Если в месяцы) кислиму, тебету или шабату левый рог Луны острый и смотрит в землю: nuḫḫut udê; (это означает), что в течение этих трех месяцев один бог не увиделся с другим богом в 14-й день (т.е. Солнце и Луна не находились в оппозиции в 14-й день месяца); или Луна не завершала 30-й день (т.е. длина месяца составляла только 29 дней)» (lines 54–56) [HBA, 51–52; Wee 2016, 162–63], параллель см. [ACh Sin, 4:23–24; MA, 114, 135]. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. dSîn(30) mu-nam-mir <<mir>> ek-let «Син, освещающий тьму» [RAcc. 138:315; Linssen 2004, 220, 229]. Поздняя астрология, магия и ритуал. (1) Характер астрологического воздействия. a) DIŠ d30 ZALAG2-at SIG5 ki-na-at u GID2.DA «Если Луна (появляется): (этот знак) светлый, хороший; правильная и долгая (жизнь)». b) DIŠ AN.MI 30 ek-let dal-ḫat NU ZALAG2-at ˹KIN NU GI˺ «Если (произошло) затмение Луны: (этот знак) темный, разрушительный, не светлый; не будет благополучных предсказаний» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 4; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215; 1988b, 324–325]. Параллель: LU2.TUR a-lid-ma dSin E3-a ZALAG2-at SIG5-at ki-na-at u GID2.DA «Если ребенок родился, когда Луна вышла вперед (т.е. имела место неомения): (его жизнь будет) светлой, хорошей, правильной и долгой». LU2.TUR a-lid-ma AN.MI dSin GAR-nu ek-let dal-ḫal NU ZALAG2-at KIN NU GI «Если ребенок родился (и) Луна затмилась: (его жизнь будет) темной, мрачной, не светлой…» [TCL 6, 14 obv. 34–35; Sachs 1952, 66]. (2) «Гороскопы». d30 [BH, passim]. (3) «Лунарии». См. BRM IV, 19–20 [Ungnad 1941–44; Reiner 1995, 108ff.; Емельянов 1999, 193–198]. (4) «Гипсома». a) KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 d30 / múlŠU.GI u MUL2.MUL2 MUL2 ša2 [KUR?].NIM.MA.[KI] «Секретное место Луны: Старик и Звезды, звезды Элама» [STC I, 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 55: 28–29]. b) Cогласно интерпретации Э.Вайднера, табл. VAT 7851 содержит изображение Луны в ее гипсоме (слева направо: Плеяды, семь звезд с надписью MUL.MUL, диск Луны, скачущий горбатый бык) [Weidner 1927, 73, Taf. V, 1; 1967, Taf. 1–2]. (5) Предсказания пола ребенка, основанные на наблюдениях положений планет и Луны [LBAT, 1593:7′–11′; Reiner 2000]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно 12 знаков зодиака (BM 36746+36842+37173); примеры: a) DIŠ Sin ina mulUR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-ma EN.NUN i]g-mur u IM.SI.SA2 DU AN.MI dSAG.ME.GAR NU DU-iz m[ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ u2-lu dṢal-bat-a-nu] / ina mul lúḪUN.G[A2 u2-lu ina] mulPA.BIL.SAG u2-lu ina mulAŠ.GAN2 DU-iz … «Если Луна [затмевается] во Ль[ве] (и ночные) [наблюдения за]кончились, и северный ветер дует, Юпитер не присутствует (букв. не стоит) при затмении; [Сатурн или Марс] стоят в Наемни[ке (= Овен) или в] Пабилсаге (= Стрельце) или в Поле (=Рыбах)…» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:5′–6′]; b) DIŠ Sin ina mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 AN.MI GAR-ma EN.NUN ig-[mir] IM.U18.LU ˹u˺ IM.MAR.TU DU ina AN.MI-šu2 dSAG.ME.GAR DU-zu […] / dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ u2-lu dṢal-bat-a-nu ina KI mulGU.LA u2-lu ina KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL DU.MEŠ… «Если Луна затмевается в Весах (и ночные) наблюдения закон[чились], и юго-западный ветер дует; Юпитер присутствует при затмении […], Сатурн или Марс стоят в области Великана (=Водолея) или в области Больших Близнецов…» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:16′–17′]. Согласно Rochberg-Halton, в этом тексте представлена вавилонская версия того, что позднее в греческой астрологии получило название теории аспектов, а именно тригональный аспект [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 121; 1988a, 60ff.]; см. в этой связи также [Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 208, 226–228].

См. также [SpTU I, 27 r. 14; SpTU IV, 161], Sîn(AB2+GAN2) [SpTU I, 84:1,3 + Bemerk.].

II. Божество.

Син — одно из самых популярных астральных божеств Месопотамии. Молитвы и ритуалы: (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества: 2 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na dSin u dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ tara-kas2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-uš) «2 алтаря для Луны и Сатурна ты устанавливаешь (и совершаешь) то же (= омовение рта)» [Smith 1925; TuL 105:30; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 71:30]. (2) Серия заклинаний Намбурби: заклинание «против зла, (предвещаемого) затмением Луны» [CT 41, 23:3; Ebeling 1954, 10–11].

III. Символ.

С глубокой древности символом лунного божества на печатях и кудурру служил месяц, см. [Куртик 2007, рис. 15, 16, 18, 19, 21–28, 32, 34, 35, 37–39, 48].

IV. Астрология.

Корпус астрологических предсказаний, связанных с Луной, см. литературу, указанную выше, а также другие статьи настоящего издания.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Moon]]
[[Category:Moon Features]]
[[Category:Deity]]

SAG.KUD

2026-01-06T15:58:48Z

InitTeam:

dSAG.KUD (𒀭𒊕𒋻) is a divine name which is equated with Ninurta in the list of names for this deity in K. 4339. Ninurta is the god most often identified with Mercury in the first millennium. This explains the apparent use of this name for Mercury in an invocation of a series of planets and stars in the series ''Šurpu'' where an identification with Mercury would be most appropriate.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. reading: dSAK.KUD; = "First in (making) decisions"(?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 336; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 440; Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 75, note 3; Litke 1998<ref name=":0">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 30, note 83]. One of the names of Ninurta, the deity of Mercury, which was sometimes used as the name of the planet. His consort was thought to be (Kurtik n39)[[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of gods.'''
* (1) dSag.kud = d''Nin-urta'' [K4339 rev. ii 34 (CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 11:34].
* (2) AN:d''Anum'' (I 83): dSag.kud = zabar.dib An.na.ke4 "dSag.kud = Treasurer(?) of Anu" [Litke 1998<ref name=":0" />, 30]
|
|-
|'''Šurpu's series of spells.'''
* dSAG.KUD dSAG.UŠ ... ''lip-ṭu-ru'' "Mercury (and) Saturn ... let them deliver<nowiki>''</nowiki> [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18, Table II 180-181].
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dSAK.KUD; = «Первый в (принятии) решений»(?) [Gössman 1950, 336; Tallqvist 1938, 440; Kraus 1951, 75, note 3; Litke 1998, 30, note 83]. Одно из имен Нинурты, божества Меркурия, которое использовалось иногда как название планеты. Его супругой считалась dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI, см. n39.
I. Источники.

Списки богов. (1) dSag.kud = dNin-urta [CT 25, 11:34]. (2) AN:dAnum (I 83): dSag.kud = zabar.dib An.na.ke4 «dSag.kud = Казначей(?) Ану» [Litke 1998, 30]. Серия заклинаний Шурпу. dSAG.KUD dSAG.UŠ … lip-ṭu-ru «Меркурий (и) Сатурн … пусть избавят» [Reiner 1970, 18, Table II 180–181].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Deity]]

SAG.DU3.A

2026-01-06T15:58:06Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulSAG.DU3.A}}

mulSAG.DU3.A (𒀯𒊕𒆕𒀀) occurs just the one time in the Sumerian only, in the Sumerian list of star-names, Nippur Forerunner to Urra XXII [see Horowitz 2005<ref>Horowitz, W. (2005). Some thoughts on Sumerian star-names and Sumerian astronomy. In Y. Sefati, P. Artzi, C. Cohen, B. L. Eichler, & V. A. Hurowitz (Eds.), An Experienced Scribe Who Neglects Nothing: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Jacob Klein (pp. 163-178). CDL Press.</ref>: 106 line 402]. The Akkadian equivalent of this term ''santakku'' refers to both geometric triangles and triangular shaped objects, including the wedges.that comprise cuneiform signs. Without any context other than the dictionary listing it is not possible to connect the term with any particular set of three stars in the sky.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= ''santakku''(?) "Triangle"; in the Sumerian list of stars from Nippur [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:402]. See. [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 332; Horowitz 2005: 106; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1024a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 149ff.].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= santakku(?) «Треугольник»; в шумерском списке звезд из Ниппура [MSL XI, 108:402]. См. [Gössman 1950, 332; AHw, 1024a; CAD S, 149ff.].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

SAG.DU

2026-01-06T15:56:43Z

InitTeam:

SAG.DU (𒀯𒊕𒁺) = ''qaqqadu,'' 'head,' literally the head of human or animal shaped asterisms, or the top part of others as in the case of the 'head of the Crook' (mul[[GAM3|GAM3]]) in the Uranology texts.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. readings: SAG, SAG.KI; = ''qaqqadu'' "head, top, upper part" [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 331];

Var. designations:

* 1) the name of Venus in the month of simanu, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', "Tablet of Dilbat" (11),
* 2) element of the figure of a number of constellations.

These include:

(1) mulANŠE.KUR.RA (see. Kurtik a39 [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]).

(2) mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM (see. Kurtik e13 [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]).

(3) mulGAM3 (see. Kurtik g06 [[GAM3|GAM3]]).

(4) mulGIR2.TAB (see. Kurtik g19 [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]).

(5) mulGU4.ALIM (see. Kurtik g32 [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]).

(6) mul lúḪUN.GA2 (see. Kurtik h12 [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]).

(7) mulMUŠ (see. Kurtik m43 [[MUŠ]]).

(8) mulPA.BIL.SAG (see. Kurtik p03 [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]).

(9) mulSIM.MAḪ (see. Kurtik s19 [[SIM.MAḪ]]).

(10) mulUR.GI7 (see. Kurtik u19 [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]).

(11) mulUR.GU.LA (see. Kurtik u20 [[UR.GU.LA]]).

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. записи: SAG, SAG.KI; = qaqqadu «Голова, вершина, верхняя часть» [Gössman 1950, 331]; 1) название Венеры в месяце симану, см. d06Dilbat, «Таблица Дилбат» (11), 2) элемент фигуры ряда созвездий.
В том числе:

(1) mulANŠE.KUR.RA (см. a39).

(2) mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM (см. e13).

(3) mulGAM3 (см. g06).

(4) mulGIR2.TAB (см. g19).

(5) mulGU4.ALIM (см. g32).

(6) mul lúḪUN.GA2 (см. h12).

(7) mulMUŠ (см. m43).

(8) mulPA.BIL.SAG (см. p03).

(9) mulSIM.MAḪ (см. s19).

(10) mulUR.GI7 (см. u19).

(11) mulUR.GU.LA (см. u20).
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

SA5

2026-01-06T15:56:29Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:SA5}}
mulSA5 (𒀯𒋛𒀀) is the shade of red seen in sky for the Moon, Mars, and a select number of stars. Horowitz 2020<ref>Horowitz, W. (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35</ref> identifies this color as orange and red-orange, both of which fall under the category 'red' in the Mesopotamian color scheme for which see Thavapalan 2020<ref>Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.</ref>: 48.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
<s>Var. reading: mulDIRI; = (d)''Makrû'' "Red, Fiery Red"</s>; ''Kurtik gives DIRI but the correct reading for red is SA5 for the same sign. - should we cross out diri''

Var. designations:

* 1) the name of Mars, fixing the observed color of the planet,
* 2) the color characteristic of some stars [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 140, 255; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 590b; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M, 138-139; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>], see also (Kurtik m03) ''[[Makrû]]''.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
See (Kurtik m03) ''[[Makrû]]''.
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 32, 34; BPO 3<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; Borger 1973<ref name=":1">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 37′; Largement 1957<ref name=":2">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 244:44b; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957.</ref>, 22; Verderame 2002<ref name=":3">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
* Ea 7, see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]];
* Ea 10, see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'';
* Anu 3, see (Kurtik s10) [[SAG.UŠ]];
* Anu 6, see (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]];
* Anu 10, see (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]''.
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) For a list of the stars of Enlil (no. 34), see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":4">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 274:3-6, 288 r. 1-2].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) List of names for Mars: mulsa5 = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Red (star) = Mars";
* (2) ulsa5 = dudu.idim "Red (star) = planet (= Mars)";
* (3) ulsa5 = ''šub-tim'' izi "Red (star) = Fall of Fire" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:86, 170, 172].
|
|-
|'''Text LB 1321.'''
* mulsa5 mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'': mul''lum-nu'' mul ˹''Ṣal''˺-[''bat-a-nu'' ...] "Red star = Mars, var.: Evil star = M[ars ...] [Borger 1973<ref name=":1" />, 41:37′].
|
|}
See also: mulSA5 ''ana''?(DIŠ) mulNUNki ... [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42 r. 3].

===Additional===

==== II. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) Red star = Evil star = Mars; see above, and also (Kurtik h08) [[ḪUL]], III 3.

(1) Red planet = Mars; see below.

See also the identity, "Red star = Libra" (Kurtik z10 ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 6).

===== Predictions: =====
(3) The special brilliance of Mars; mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' ŠE.ER.ZI ''it-tan-ši'' / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''nu-ḫuš'' UN.MEŠ / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 UŠ2.MEŠ ''šam-ru'' / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Mars bears radiation. Red planet (means): abundance (for) people; Red planet (means): the plague will be fierce. Red planet = Mars." [SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 274 r. 3-6].

(4) The conjunction of Mars with Jupiter; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''u'' mulGAL TE.MEŠ / ŠUB-''tim bu-lum'' mulUDU.IDIM SA5 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / mulGAL mulŠUL.PA.E3 "If the Red Planet and the Big Star come close together: grazing cattle. The Red Planet is Mars, the Big Star is Shulpae (=Jupiter)" [SAA 8<ref name=":4" />, 288 r. 1-3].

(5) The colors of the planets; mulSA5 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Red star = Mars" [BPO 3<ref name=":0" />, 248, K.2346+:54], for the full text see (Kurtik m03) ''[[Makrû]]'', III 2.

(6) The Red Planet is approaching the Red Star; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''ana'' ulSA5 TE AN.MI NU TAG4 "If the Red Planet approaches the Red Star: the eclipse will not pass by" [Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 244: 44b; TU<ref name=":5">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16:44].

(7) Appearance of the Moon and the Red Star (or stars); DIŠ (30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2) 2 MUL.MEŠ SA5.MEŠ ''ina'' SI ZAG-[-''šu''2 ...] "If (at the appearance of the Moon) 2 red stars [stand] on [its] right horn ... [Verderame 2002<ref name=":3" />, Ve:8′]; DIŠ (30 ''ina'' IGI. LA2-''šu''2) 1 MUL SA5 ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB [...] "If (at the appearance of the Moon) 1 red star stands on its left horn [...] [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, Ve:12′], for the parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, Vt: 3′].

(8) The Red Planet and the Yellow-Green Star; see (Kurtik s18) [[SIG7|SIG7]], II 2.

(9) The Red Planet (= Mars) and the Dark Star (= Saturn); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''ana'' A2-''šu''2 MUL.GI6 ''iṭ-ṭe-ḫi'' dIM RA-''iṣ'' "If the Red Planet approaches the Dark Star: Adad will flood" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 16:40; Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 244:40a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''ina'' MURUB4-''šu''2 MUL.GI6 GUB AN.[MI GAR-''an''] "If the Red Planet stands in the middle of the Dark Star: [there will be] an eclip[se]." [TU<ref name=":5" />, 16:40; Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 244:40b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''ina'' EGIR-''šu''2 MUL.GI6 GUB AN.MI GAR-''an'' "If the Red Planet stands behind the Dark Star: there will be an eclipse" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 16:41; Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 244:41a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ''ana'' A2-''šu''2 MUL.GI6 GUB dI[M RA-''iṣ''] "If the Red Star stands on the side of the Dark Star stands: Ad[ad will flood]" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 16:41; Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />, 244:41b];

See also (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]], I. "Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)," (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 4.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulDIRI; = (d)Makrû «Красный, Огненно Красный»; 1) название Марса, фиксирующее наблюдаемый цвет планеты, 2) цветовая характеристика некоторых звезд [Gössman 1950, 140, 255; AHw, 590b; CAD M, 138–139; Reynolds 1998], cм. также m03Makrû.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. См. m03Makrû. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 32, 34; BPO 3, 286; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 37′; Largement 1957, 244:44b; Leibovici 1957, 22; Verderame 2002, 248]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 7, см. b11BIR; Ea 10, см. ts02Ṣalbatānu; Anu 3, см. s10SAG.UŠ; Anu 6, см. s19SIM.MAḪ; Anu 10, см. n15Nēberu. MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 34), см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 274:3–6, 288 r. 1–2]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulsa5 = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Красная (звезда) = Марс»; (2) ulsa5 = dudu.idim «Красная (звезда) = планета (= Марс); (3) ulsa5 = šub-tim izi «Красная (звезда) = Падение Огня» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:86, 170, 172]. Текст LB 1321. mulsa5 mulṢal-bat-a-nu : mullum-nu mul ˹Ṣal˺-[bat-a-nu …] «Красная звезда = Марс, вар.: Злая звезда = М[арс …] [Borger 1973, 41:37′].

См. также: mulSA5 ana?(DIŠ) mulNUNki … [SpTU II, 42 r. 3].

II. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) Красная звезда = Злая звезда = Марс; см. выше, а также h08ḪUL, III 3.

(1) Красная планета = Марс; см. ниже. См. также тождество: «Красная звезда = Весы» (z10Zibānītum, VI 6).

Предсказания:

(3) Особенный блеск Марса; mulṢal-bat-a-nu ŠE.ER.ZI it-tan-ši / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 nu-ḫuš UN.MEŠ / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 UŠ2.MEŠ šam-ru / mulUDU.IDIM SA5 mulṢal-bat-a-nu «Марс излучение несет. Красная планета (означает): изобилие (для) людей; Красная планета (означает): чума будет свирепой. Красная планета = Марс» [SAA 8, 274 r. 3–6].

(4) Соединение Марса с Юпитером; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 u mulGAL TE.MEŠ / ŠUB-tim bu-lum mulUDU.IDIM SA5 dṢal-bat-a-nu / mulGAL mulŠUL.PA.E3 «Если Красная планета и Большая звезда сближаются: падеж скота. Красная планета ― Марс, Большая звезда ― Шульпаэ (=Юпитер)» [SAA 8, 288 r. 1–3].

(5) Цвета планет; mulSA5 dṢal-bat-a-nu «Красная звезда = Марс» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54], полный текст см. m03Makrû, III 2.

(6) Красная планета приближается к Красной звезде; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ana ulSA5 TE AN.MI NU TAG4 «Если Красная планета к Красной звезде приближается: затмение не пройдет мимо» [Largement 1957, 244: 44b; TU, 16:44].

(7) Появление Луны и Красная звезда (или звезды); DIŠ (30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2) 2 MUL.MEŠ SA5.MEŠ ina SI ZAG-[-šu2 …] «Если (при появлении Луны) 2 красные звезды на [ее] правом роге [стоят …] [Verderame 2002, Ve:8′]; DIŠ (30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2) 1 MUL SA5 ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB […] «Если (при появлении Луны) 1 красная звезда на ее левом роге стоит […] [ibid., Ve:12′], параллель см. [ibid., Vt: 3′].

(8) Красная планета и Желто-зеленая звезда; см. s18SIG7, II 2.

(9) Красная планета (= Марс) и Темная звезда (= Сатурн); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ana A2-šu2 MUL.GI6 iṭ-ṭe-ḫi dIM RA-iṣ «Если Красная планета к стороне Темной звезды приближается: Адад затопит» [TU, 16:40; Largement 1957, 244:40a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ina MURUB4-šu2 MUL.GI6 GUB AN.[MI GAR-an] «Если Красная планета в середине Темной звезды стоит: [произойдет] затме[ние]» [TU, 16:40; Largement 1957, 244:40b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ina EGIR-šu2 MUL.GI6 GUB AN.MI GAR-an «Если Красная планета позади Темной звезды стоит: произойдет затмение» [TU, 16:41; Largement 1957, 244:41a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SA5 ana A2-šu2 MUL.GI6 GUB dI[M RA-iṣ] «Если Красная звезда на стороне Темной звезды стоит: Ад[ад затопит]» [TU, 16:41; Largement 1957, 244:41b];

См. также L09LU.LIM, I. «Астролябии», sh16ŠU.GI, VI 4.
|Example
|}

= References =
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Mars]]

(MUL) SA4

2026-01-06T15:54:11Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:(MUL) SA4}}

SA4 (𒀯𒄷𒈿) = ''nebû,'' an adjective indicating great luminosity is applied to particularly bright stars in a number of constellations and asterisms.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. reading: DIL.BAD; = ''nebû'' "(Star) with great brilliance", lit. "brilliant, sparkling."

Var. designations:

* 1) An epithet of Venus,
* 2) a definition used in relation to a number of stars from different constellations [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 774; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/2, 148-149; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 330bis].

These include:

(1) SA4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "(Star) with the great brilliance of the Eagle" (= α Aql), see (Kurtik a04) [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]].

(2) MUL dil.bad mulgu4.an.na "Star with great brilliance of the Heavenly Bull" (γ Tau), MUL sa4 mulgu4.an.na, see (Kurtik g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]].

(3) UL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ul''is le-e'' "Star with great brilliance from the Jaws of the Bull" (α Tauri ), see (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is lê'']].

(4) MUL dil.bat šu.gi, MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulšu.gi "Star with great brilliance of the Old Man" (θ Per ), see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].

(5) MUL dil.bat ''ša''2 ''A-nu-ni-ti'' 'A star with great brilliance of Anunītum' (γ Peg), see (Kurtik a42) [[Anunitu|d''Anunītum'']].

(6) MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 muluz3 "A star with great brilliance of the Goat" (α Lyrae), see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].

(7) MUL SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Star with great brilliance of the head of the Scorpius", see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].

(8) MUL SA4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 'Star with great brilliance on the breast of the (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) (α Cygni), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].

See also (Kurtik n16) ''[[Nebû]]''.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: mulDIL.BAD; = mulnebû «(Звезда) с большим блеском», букв. «блестящая, сверкающая». 1) Эпитет Венеры, 2) определение, употребляемое по отношению к ряду звезд из разных созвездий [AHw 774; CAD N/2, 148–149; Gössman 1950, 330bis].
В том числе:

(1) SA4 ša2 mulA2mušen «(Звезда) с большим блеском Орла» (= α Aql), см. a04A2mušen.

(2) mul dil.bad mulgu4.an.na «Звезда с большим блеском Небесного Быка» (γ Tau), mul sa4 mulgu4.an.na, см. g33GU4.AN.NA.

(3) UL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ulis le-e «Звезда с большим блеском Челюсти Быка» (α Tauri ), см. i15Is lê.

(4) mul dil.bat šu.gi, mul ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulšu.gi «Звезда с большим блеском Старика» (θ Per), см. sh16ŠU.GI.

(5) mul dil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti «Звезда с большим блеском Ануниту» (γ Peg), см. a42dAnunītum.

(6) mul ne2-bu-u2 ša2 muluz3 «Звезда с большим блеском Козы» (α Lyrae), см. u31UZ3.

(7) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском головы Скорпиона», см. g19GIR2.TAB.

(8) MUL SA4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Звезда с большим блеском на его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) груди» (α Cygni), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A.

См. также n16Nebû.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]

RI.ŠI.BE

2026-01-06T15:52:07Z

InitTeam:

ulRI.ŠI.BE (𒌌𒊑𒅆𒁁). These three signs follow the UL-determinative for stars on one of two diagrams on the astrological tablet from TCL 6<ref name=":0" /> 13. The reading of the term is uncertain as each of the three signs have multiple possible readings. Rochberg-Halton's statement about the term, 'UL.RI.ŠI.BE is obscure' is certainly true.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
The name of the luminary occurs only in the circular diagram in [TCL 6<ref name=":0">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13 i; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 224-226, now reprinted in Rochbert 2010<ref>Rochberg, F. (2010). In the Path of the Moon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.</ref>: 129-131] in sectors I, II, IV. Perhaps it is one of the epithets of Venus; ul''Dil-bat'' stands in the corresponding position in sector II.
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, r04)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| название светила встречается только в круглой диаграмме в [TCL 6, 13 i; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 224–226] в секторах I, II, IV. Возможно, это один из эпитетов Венеры; в соответствующей позиции в секторе II стоит ulDil-bat.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

References (Babylonian)

2026-01-06T15:49:21Z

InitTeam:

* Kurtik (2007), updated by himself until his death in early 2022
* Gössmann (1950)
===Acknowledgements===
We additionally thank our students and colleagues, namely:

David Hilder, Youngjae Lee, Asterios Kechagias, Jan Safford, David Perugia.

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==Kurtik ==

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===Publications in Russian===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
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!Citation Form!!Bibliography
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|''Кононенко Е.И.'' Изображение скорпиона в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э. // Вестник Московского Университета. Сер. 8. История. 1997. № 2. С. 88-101.
|-
|Куртик 1990.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Астрономия древнего Египта // ИАИ. 1990. Вып. XXII. C. 207-256.
|-
|Куртик, 1995.
|''Куртик Г.Е''. История Зодиака согласно клинописным источникам // ВДИ, 1995, № 1, с. 175-188.
|-
|Куртик, 1998.
|''Куртик Г.Е. ''Астральная символика в древней Месопотамии III тыс. до н.э. // Вопросы истории естествознания и техники. 1998. Вып. 2. С. 20-44.
|-
|Куртик, 1999.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Космология древней Месопотамии // Исследования по истории физики и механики (1995- 1997). М.: Наука, 1999. С. 60-75.
|-
|Куртик, 2000a.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Созвездия древней Месопотамии (II-I тыс. до н.э.) // ИАИ. 2000. Вып. XXV. С. 128-154.
|-
|Kуртик, 2000b.
|''Куртик Г.Е''. Отождествление Инанны с планетой Венера как критерий для определения времени выделения созвездий в древней Месопотамии // ВДИ. 2000. Вып. 1. С. 89-98.
|-
|Куртик 2002.
|''Куртик Г.Е. ''О происхождении названий греческих зодиакальных созвездий // ВИЕТ. 2002. № 1. С. 76-106.
|-
|Куртик 2002a.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Ранняя история месопотамских созвездий (К проблеме происхождения созвездий) // ИАИ. 2002. Вып. 27. С. 259-308 (Перепечатка.: Петербургское востоковедение. 2002. Вып. 10. С. 186-229).
|-
|МНМ I-II.
|''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.
|-
|От начала начал.
|''От начала начал''. Антология шумерской поэзии / Вступ. статья, перевод, комментарии, словарь В.К.Афанасьевой. СПб.: Центр "Петербургское востоковедение", 1997.
|-
|Россиус 1992.
|''Небо, наука, поэзия''. Античные авторы о небесных светилах / Пер. и коммент. А.А.Россиуса, вступ. статья Г.М.Дашевского, под ред. Н.А.Федорова и П.В.Щеглова. М.: Изд-во Московского ун-та, 1992.
|-
|Саркисян 1955.
|''Cаркисян Г.Ч.'' Частные клинописные контракты селевкидского времени из собрания Государственного Эрмитажа // ВДИ. 1955. Вып. 54/4. С. 136-170.
|-
|Свят.-Четв. 1998.||''Святополк-Четвертынский И.А''. Корни Зодиака в космологической доктрине Шумера и Вавилона / Древняя астрономия: небо и человек. Труды конференции. Москва, 1998.
|-
|Шилейко 1924.||''Шилейко В.К''. Таблетка с молитвой ночным богам в собрании Лихачева //ИРАИМК. 1924, Т. 3, Ленинград, с. 144-152.
|-
|Я открою тебе.||''Я открою тебе сокровенное слово '' (Литература Вавилонии и Ассирии) / Пер. с аккадского. Сост. В.К.Афанасьевой и И.М.Дьяконова. М.: Художественная литература, 1981.
|}

== Krebernik (2023) ==

===Krebernik 's References ===
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!Citation Form!!Bibliography
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| Emar VI/1-2;
Arnaud 1985
|Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).
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|Ganzert 2011
|Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki>
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| MSL
|Landsberger, B. (1957). The Series HAR-Ra Hubullu. Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon 5.
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[[category:References]]
[[Category:Service]]

Ṣalbatānu

2026-01-06T15:49:11Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ṣalbatānu''}}

mul / d''Ṣalbatānu'' (𒀯𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡) is the most common name for Mars in cuneiform. Many names for Mars are also available, particularly in the Great Star List (Koch-Westenholz??-??) where most of these names are malefic reflecting the planet's unlucky character in astrology. For benefic and malefic planets in general see Rochberg 2010<ref>Rochberg, F. (2010). In the Path of the Moon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.</ref> reprinted in Rochberg 2022: 135-142.

==Visibility & Appearance==
{{Template:Mars}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

===Krebernik (2023)===
“Mars”. The exact meaning and etymology uncertain. mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' (AN 21l).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim, Safford===
The most common name for Mars, occurring in texts of all categories [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 360; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> Ṣ].

ul / d''Ṣal'' is a rarely used abbreviation for mul / d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Mars." See ''dṢal'' in [TCL 6<ref name=":1">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13 obv. ii 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, rev. ii 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.</ref>, 213-214, 221 note 19], and ''ulṢal'' GUR''4'' "Brilliant Mars" in the circular chart [TCL 6<ref name=":1" />, 13 obv.; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2" />, 224]. See also [Hunger 1969, 138].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Urra XXII series: [mulU]DU.BAD / mul''udu-til'' = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "[P]lanet = Mars" [MSL XI, 31, section 10:10; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 106:281ʹ].
*(2) Series Ḫg. B VI, list of names for Mars: mulsa5 = ''ma-ak-ru-u''2 = d''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu''] "Red (star) = red = M[ars]", mulsa5(DIRI) = ''mi''3-''qit i-šat'' = [MIN] "Red star = Falling fire = [Mars]", mulŠul = ''lum-num''2 = MIN "Evil (star) = evil = Mars", mulnu. me.a = ''ba-lum'' = MIN "Nonexistence = lack (lack, lit. "without") = ditto(Mars)", mul lúsa.gaz = ''ḫab-ba-tum'' = MIN "(Star)-robber = robber = ditto (Mars)", mullul.la = ''sa-ar-rum'' = MIN "Lying (star) = lie = lie = ditto (Mars)", mul lúkur2.ra = ''na-kar'' = MIN "(Star)-enemy = enemy = ditto (Mars)", mul lúKUR2.RA = ''ša''2-''nu-um-ma'' = MIN "Stranger = stranger = ditto (Mars)", mulur.bar. ra = ''a-šu-u'' = MIN "Wolf = Stranger = ditto(Mars)", mulnim.ma = (space) = MIN "Asterism of Elam = (space) = ditto (Mars)", mulgig = ''kakkab''(MUL) ''šib-ṭi'' <''u''> ''mūtāni''(NAM.BAD)meš = MIN "(Star)-Disease = Star of plague and death = ditto(Mars)" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:28-38]; for a parallel see. [SpTU III<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 Rs. iii], see also related articles.
*(3) Antagal series (G 309): dsi.mu.ud = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229].
|Example
|-
|'''Early evidence from the end of the Old Babylonian (Early Kassite?) period.'''
*(1) A prediction text describing the extirpation: mul''ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-na-ap-pa-ḫa-am-ma bu-la u''2-''ḫal-la-aq'' "Mars will rise and destroy the cattle" [Nougayrol 1971<ref>''Nougayrol J.'' Nouveaux textex sur le ''ziCCu'' (II) // RA. 1971. Vol. 65, № 1. P. 67-84.</ref>, 72, AO 7539:62]; an unpublished parallel from Ras Shamra (RS 23.38* rev. 13′) is mentioned in [ibid., 82].
*(2) Ancient Babylonian prediction text on lunar eclipses (BM 22696:23): [''Ṣa-al-b'']''a-ta-nu-um i-ta-ab-bi-am-ma bu-lam u''2-[''ḫal-la-aq'']-''ma'', cited in [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 235, note 2].
*(3) Ancient Babylonian prediction text on lunar eclipses (BM 86381 i 22f.): ''ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-ta-bu-ma bu-lam u''2-''ḫal-la-aq'' "Mars will rise and destroy the cattle," quoted in [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 125, note 7].
*(4) A list of predictions concerning "the darkening (or eclipse) of the sun" (dUTU ''a-di-ir''): BE DINGIR ''u''2-''du-ri-iš i-ru-ub'' d''Ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu-um i-ša-aḫ-ḫ-ḫ-ḫi-iṭ-ma'' [...] / ''bu-ul'' GIR3 (possibly -''am'') ''u''2-''ḫa-al-la-aq'' "If the god (= sun?) darkens (var: gloomily flickers): Mars is angry(?) [...], livestock will die?" [Dietrich 1996<ref>''Dietrich M.'' Altbabylonische Omina zur Sonnenfinsternis // WZKM 86, 99-106.</ref>, 101: p. 26-27]; see also below III 14-15.
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe P.

*Month of Kislimu, stars of Enlil, 120 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

Astrolabe B.

*(1) List (12´3): mul ''ša ina'' igi d''E''2-''a'' gub / mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' kal mu / [''man'']-''za-za-za-za ut-ta-na-kar'' "The star that stands in front of Ea (is) Mars, (which) changes its position all year long" (B i 23-25); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":4">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 10].
*(2) List (3´12): [itigan m]ul''ṣal-bat-a-nu šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "[Kislimu]: Mars (rising) (in the path of) Ea " (C i 9).
*(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m):
**(a) [itigan] mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulud.ka.du8. a muluz3 ˹e3˺ "[Kislimu]: Mars, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, and the goat arise" (C 29),
**(b) mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulud.ka.du8.a muluz3 šu2.[a] "(Simanu): Mars, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, and the Goat desce[nd]" [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 18; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 37, 40].

BM 82923.

*Kislimu month, stars of Ea: mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' // 2 // ''mu-u''2''-tu'' "Mars // 120 // death" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:25].

BM 34713.

*itigan // 2.0 ''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' // 1.10 múlgir2.tab // 35 múl[lugal] "Kislimu: 120 Mars, 70 Scorpius, 35 [King]" [LBAT<ref name=":5">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:9].

"Round astrolabes."

*See 162. itigan.gan.u3 // mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' // 2.00 "(Stars of Ea), kislimu, Mars, 120" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 11].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":6">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 62, 125 D ii 5, 187 §II 7-8, 235 §II 2 D 8′ + note 2, 253 EAE 22 part I § I 3; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 8a-b, 11a, 11c, 13a, 26-26a, V 1a, XI 7; BPO 3<ref name=":8">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; Borger 1973<ref name=":9">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al., 38-55. Leiden, 1973.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 8′-12′, 16′, 37′-39′; Largement 1957<ref name=":10">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264.</ref>, 244:46, 248:74, 254:107, 109; Verderame 2002<ref>Verderame 2002</ref>, 248-249; SpTU I<ref name=":11">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 92:2′; SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:5,6; SpTU V<ref name=":12">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264].
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10. Intercalation scheme'''
*[...mul''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu'' as the star Anu is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of arahsamnu, see (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars."'''
Ea. 10.

*MUL SA5 ''ša a-na'' IGI d''E''2-''a'' GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB-''šu''2 ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' dUTU.E3 ''mi''-[''šil'' MU] / ''i-na'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ''ka-la'' MU KI.GUB-''šu''2 ''ut-ta-na-kar'' MUL ''šu-u''2 mulUDU.IDIM d[''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''] "The red star, that stands in front of Ea, is positioned at the place where the Sun rises for half of the year, and then at the place where the Sun sets for the other half of the year, for the duration of the whole year, the position of the star changes, this star — the planet [Mars]"

(A. 11-12).

*MUL SA5 ''ša''2 IGI d''E''2-''a'' kal MU KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "The red star that is in front of Ea changes (its) position all year long, (it is) Mars" (B. 13) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":4" />, 177] (in A. 11-12: KI.GUB-''šu''2 ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' dUTU.E3 ''mi''-[''šil'' MU] / ''i-na'' dUTU.ŠU2.A, probably erroneously borrowed from Anu 1, see (Kurtik i18) ''[[Ištar]]''.
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 380b; ARAK<ref name=":13">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 351-352].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Anu (No. 21): mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir-ma'' AN-''e ib-bir'' "Mars, its position constantly changes and it crosses the sky" (I ii 14).
*(2) Planets, "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL d''Sin'' DU''-ku'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' DU-''ak'' "Mars takes (the same) path that the Moon takes" (II i 4).
*(3) List and definition of planets: mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' in fourth place, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(4) Planetary theory:
**(a) mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' dUTU.ŠU3.A TUM3-''ma'' 2 ITI KIMIN 3 ITI 10 ''u''4-''mi'' KIMIN 6 ITI 20 ''u''4-''mi ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ''ina'' KASKAL dUTU SAR-''ḫa'' IGI.LA2 "Mars disappears in the west and remains (invisible) in the sky for 2 months, or 3 months (and) 10 days, or 6 months (and) 20 days and rises and becomes visible in the east in the path of the Sun" (II i 51-52),
**(b) mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' dUTU.E3 IGI.LA2-''ma'' MU 1 KAM 6 ITI KIMIN / MU 1 KAM 10 ITI KIMIN 2 MU.AN.NAmeš / ''ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3 MUL BI BE-''ma'' SA5 GAR ''u ba-il''3 BE-''ma un-nu-un u'' TUR "Mars becomes visible in the east, stands in the sky for 1 year (and) 6 months or 1 year (and) 10 months, or 2 years (and then) disappears in the west. This star either reveals redness and has great brilliance, or it is dim(?) and small" (II i 64-65) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 34, 70, 80, 86].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
*(1) List of astrological names for Mars: AN AN NI x [x], mul[…], mul''ma-ak-ru-u'', mulsa5, mulsig7, [mu]lman-''ma'', mul''a-ḫu-u'', mul[''n'']''a-ka-ru'', mul''s''[''ar''6]-''ru'', mulḫul, mulka5.a, mulnim.ma, mullu2.sa.gaz, mulur.bar.ra, multi8mušen, mul''lu-um-nu'', mul''si-mu-ut'', mulla šid.meš, mulapin, mulšudun, mulšu.pa, mulbal.teš2.a, mulug5.ga, mulbir, mulnunki, mulud.ka.duḫ.a, […] = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'';
*(2) ''ul'' babbar = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "White star = Mars";
*(3) 12 stars of Amurru: mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'';
*(4) 7 names of Mars: ulman-''ma'', mul''a-ḫu-u''2 ul''na-ka-ru'' / ul''sar''6-''ru'' ulḫul ulka5.a ulnim.maki / ul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / 7 ''zik-ru-šu'' "Strange Star, Star of the Stranger, Hostile star, Lying star, Evil star, Fox, Asterism of Elam — Mars, 7 are his names";
*(5) list of planets: ul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' in last place (see Kurtik u07 [[UDU.IDIM]]) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 83-105, 168, 219, 239, 243].
|
|-
|'''Star List VR 46, 1:42.'''
*a) muludu.idim = ''muš-mit bu-lim'' "Planet = the one who kills cattle,"
*b) mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' = ''muš-ta-bar-ru-u''2 ''mu-ta-nu'' "Mars = the one who prolongs the plague" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:41-42; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":14">''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 353].
|
|-
|'''MLC 1866.'''
For a list of the 7 planets, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
*А 3427: ''ina'' itigan ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "In the month of kislimu on the morning of the 28th day, Mars emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":15">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA 55 (N.F. 17), 237-251.</ref>, 238:4], parallel in Sp II 202+: ''ina'' gan ''ina še-rim'' [28 múl''ṣal'']-''bat-a-nu meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":15" />, 245:21].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical astronomy.'''
*d''Ṣal-bat-a-ni'' instead of AN in the singular text [ACT<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>, No. 802 r. 7].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) The nature of the influence.
**(a) DIŠ d[''Ṣal-bat-a-nu pit''2-''ru-us na-an-ziq ḫa'']-˹''an-ṭu-su''˺ "If [Mars (appears): (this sign) is ambiguous; (it will be) qui]ck [to anger]."
**(b) DIŠ KI d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' UŠ2 GIG UŠ2 UR.MAD ''u''2-''lu'' UŠ2 GIŠ.TUKUL LUGAL "If the region of Mars: death by disease, death by a lion, or death by a king's weapon" [TCL 6<ref name=":1" />, 13 obv. ii 2, 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2" />, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b 324-325].
*(2) "Hypsoma". KI ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 ''ša''2 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MUL2.U[Z3...] "The secret place of Mars. [Capricorn?...]" [STC I<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref> 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.</ref>], quoted in [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":6" />, 55:31], see also (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(3) Zodiacal astrology. ''aš''2-''šu''2 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' múlMAŠ.MAŠ KI ''Sin'' MAŠ.TAB.BA U3.TU "Since Mars (stands) in Gemini with the Moon [or: in the place of the Moon - G.K.]: twins will be born" [LBAT<ref name=":5" />, 1593:9′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(4) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the position of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac.
*BM 36746+: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'', passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
*(5) Predictions of grain prices based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: d''Ṣal-bat-an'', d''Ṣal-bat-an-nu'', mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [SpTU I<ref name=":11" />, 94, passim].
*(6) Predictions of enemy attacks from observations of the positions and visibility of planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6<ref name=":1" />, 13 obv. ii 11, 17, 19, 21, 21, 22, 25, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2" />, 213-214, 216].
|
|}
Non-standard syllabic notation: mul''Ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu'' (AO 7539 r. 17) [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Rituels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>, 79, note 2]. See also [SpTU I<ref name=":11" />, 97:1; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42:10; SpTU V<ref name=":12" />, 261 r. 8-23, 264 passim, 269 r. 6].

===Additional===

====II. Deity.====
The planet Mars was associated with Nergal, lord of the underworld, who was also regarded as the god of plague, war, and destruction (see n18). The name is often spelled with the determinative d. The origin of the name Ṣalbatānu appears to be mysterious [HCH<ref>''Hunger H., Stephenson F.R., Walker C.B.F., Yau K.K.C.'' Halley's Comet in History / Ed. by F.R.Stephenson and C.B.F.Walker. L.: British Museum Publ., 1985.</ref> 16; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 7]. Lambert suggests that ṣalbatānu derives from ṣarbatānu, a rare form of the adjective formed from ṣarbû, lit. "pertaining to poplar," and connects it presumably with dlugal.giš.asal2 = [''be-el ṣa'']''r''-BE (AN:d''Anum'' VI 72 [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 205]), a deity from Nergal's retinue [Lambert 1996<ref name=":16">''Lambert W.G.'' The etymology and meaning of ialbatānu // NABU. 1996, no 4, p. 108, 123).</ref>; Brown 2000<ref>''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 55]. However, it remains unclear why the most widespread name of Mars, whose astrological significance seems to be enormous, is associated with such an insignificant figure of the Mesopotamian pantheon? The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the Babylonian name of Mars as the following: Βελέβατος. ὁ τοῡ πυρὸς ἀστήρ. Βαβυλώνιοι. "B/Celebatos: fire star: Babylonians," derived apparently from Akkadian Ṣalbatānu [TLG 4085-002 Β 479], see also [Lambert 1996<ref name=":16" />; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":14" />, 350].

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
*(1) In the Šurpu II 182 series of incantations: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' ... ''lip-ṭu-ru'' "Mars ... let him free." [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18].
*(2) On the ritual of "laying on of hands" (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) performed in front of Mars, cf. [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 206 r. 5′-6′; 240:10; 262:5-8], as well as (Kurtik k08) [[Kayyamānu(m)|''Kayyamānu'']].
*(3) On the ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revitalizing" the deity statue, see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]], II.
*(4) For the Namburbi series, see. [Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA 48, № 1, 1-15.</ref>, 12-13:7].
*(5) Deities witnessing the treaty: mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' (in the fifth place after Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, and Mercury) [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 29, 6 iv 15]; parallel in [Wiseman 1958<ref>''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.</ref>, 29: col. i 15].
*(6) Letter to Ashurbanipal from his son, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
*(7) Temple ritual at Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(8) Invocation of the blessing of the gods on the king, among whom is Mars, see (Kurtik u07) [[SAG.ME.GAR]]. [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 8:11].
*(9) A ritual against the evil portended by Mars; when the ritual was performed, a prayer was recited: ina ḪUL mul''ṣal-bat-a-n''[''u''] / ''ša a-dan-šu''2 ''u''2-''še-ti''-[''qu-u-ni''] / ''u''3 ''ina'' ŠA3 mulLU2.ḪUN.GA2 ''i''[''n-na-mir-u-ni''] ... "In the evil (foreshadowed) by Mars, who has exceeded his fixed (term) and appeared in the constellation of the Hired Man: let his evil not approach, nor pass close, nor crush me, nor affect me, my country, the men of my palace, nor my army."'" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 381: 5 - r. 4].
*(10) Ritual actions with the sacred drum before Mars and Saturn; UD-25-KAM2 ''ina nu-bat''-[''ti''] / LI.LI.IZ3 ''ina'' IGI d[U].GU[R] / ''ina'' UGU ''ku-zip-pi'' / ''ša'' LUGAL ''iš-šak-kan'' / ''ša'' dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''is-se-niš'' / ''ne''2''-pu-uš'' "On the 25th day (of the month), at nig[ht], a drum will be placed in front of [N]erga[l] (= Mars) on top of the royal robes. At the same time we will perform (the chants of) Saturn" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 340:9 - p. 2].

====III. Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
(1) = Red Star; see (Kurtik s04) [[SA5|SA5]], and also (Kurtik h08) [[ḪUL]], III 3.

(2) = Red planet; see (Kurtik s04) [[SA5|SA5]], II, (Kurtik m03) ''[[Makrû]]'', III 2.

(3) = The star Eridu; see (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]], VI 2.

(4) = Plow; see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN]], VI 1.

(5) = Eagle; see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]], VI 3.

(6) = Meslamtea; see (Kurtik m24) [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]].

(7) = Star Cluster; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 1, 15-16.

(8) = Wolf; mulUR.BAR.RA = mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 48:5], see also (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 1, (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]], VI

(9) = Bow; see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]], VI 13.

(10) = Yoke; see below (22).

See also the identifications: [m]ulUR.GU.LA: mulUR.BAR.RA: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Lion = Wolf = Mars", mulKA5.A: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Fox = Mars" [SpTU I, 50:37-38], SI E d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "SI E = Mars"(?) [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 132, K.2907+: I 2].

See also (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', (Kurtik g14) [[GIG]], (Kurtik h08) [[ḪUL]], (Kurtik k29) [[KUR2.RA|lúKUR2.RA]], (Kurtik L17) [[LUL.LA]], (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], (Kurtik n23) [[NIM.MA]], (Kurtik n48) [[NU.ME.A]], (Kurtik s01) [[SA.GAZ|lúSA.GAZ]], (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]], (Kurtik sh12) [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']], (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].

=====Predictions:=====
(11) General astrological meaning; [d''ṣal-bat-a-nu''] ''a-na mu-ta-ni qa-bi'' "[Mars] is said to (predict) death" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 114:3].

(12) The visibility of Mars; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM GU4.UD d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MU.NI ''ša''2-''ru-ru iš-ši'' LUGAL NIM.MAki ''i-dan''-[''nin''] "If the leaping planet, whose name is Mars, radiates: the king of Elam will be strengthen[ed]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":10" />, 244:46; TU, 16:46] (for a parallel see [SpTU I, 92:2]), Mercury's standard designation GU4.UD = ''šiḫṭu'' "Leap," here given apparently by mistake; [DIŠ] d''ṣal-bat-a-nu um-mu-liš'' KUR-''ma'' ŠE.ER.ZI.MEŠ-''šu''2 SIG7 / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 "[If] Mars rises flickering and it emits in yellow-green: the king of Elam will die" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 114:6-7], see also [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 100: 18-19], (Kurtik n19) [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']], IV 1; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu u''2-''ta-na-at-ma'' SIG5 ''ib-il-ma a-ḫi-tu''2 "If Mars becomes weak, it is good, (if it becomes) brilliant, it is bad" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 114 r. 3]; DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [ŠE.ER.ZI IL2-''ši''] / LUGAL ''i-dan-nin-''[''ma'' NIG2.TUK x x] "If Mars [bears radiance]: the power and [welfare] of the king will increase" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 104 r. 10-11]; DIŠ ''ina'' AN-''e mi-i''[''š-ḫu ša'' mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' IGI] / RI.RI.GA: [ŠUB-''tim bu-lim ina'' KUR GAL2] "If the mi[šḫu of Mars is seen in the sky: (there will be) an epidemic, var: [there will be cattle grazing in the country]" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 104 r. 12-13].

(13) The rising of Mars in various months; [DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-n'']''u ina'' itiŠU IGI.LAL KI.NA2 ''qu-ra-di'' DAGAL "[If Mar]s becomes visible in the month of duzu: cemetery of warriors will increase" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 114:2], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 143 r. 4; 341:1-2]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' IGI-[''ir''] / BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 / ŠA3-''bi'' KUR DUG3-''ab'' "If Mars becomes visible in the month of ulul: the harvest of the country will be abundant; the heart of the country will be happy" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 419:1-3]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiGUD mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' IGI.LAL MI2.KUR2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ / ''šal-pu''2-''tim'' ERIM-''man-da'' / ERIM-''man-da'' LU2.gim-''ra-a-a'' "If Mars becomes visible in the month of ayar: there will be hostilities; destruction of Umman-manda, Umman-manda (means) the Cimmerians" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 100:25].

(14) The rising/setting of Mars and the destruction of livestock; dUDU.IDIM SAR-''ma'' MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 "The planet will rise and destroy livestock" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 235, EAE 20, § II.2 + note 2], see also (15); mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' TU-''ma'' MAŠ2.ANŠE ZA[Ḫ2] "Mars will set and destroy cattle" [ibid., 170, EAE 19, Section III, Source A: 8].

(15) The eclipse of the Moon, the rising of Mars, and the destruction of cattle; DIŠ UD.16.KAM AN.MI GAR ''im-ḫul-lu'' KUR-''ma'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 "If an eclipse (of the Moon) occurs on the 16th day (of the month): a hurricane will come, Mars will rise and rui[n] the cattle" [ibid. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 253, EAE 22 part I § I:3].

(16) Mars stands in the east; [DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu ina'' IM.KUR.RA GUB-''iz'' ZI''-ut'' SU.BIR4ki / ''u''3 ''kaš-ši-i a-na'' KUR "[If Ma]rs stands in the east: Subartu and the Kassites will attack the country" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 81 r. 1-2; 114:4-5].

(17) Mars stands in the north; [DIŠ] ˹d˺UDU.IDIM ''ina'' IM.SI.SA2 GUB-''iz'' / UŠ2.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ ZI-''bu'' LUGAL URIki ''ana'' KUR KUR2 "[If] the planet(=Mars) stands in the north: there will be death; an attack on the king of Akkad in enemy territory" [ARAK<ref name=":13" /> 81 r 1-2; 114:5] [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 341:3-4].

(18) Mars’ influence on the stars; [DIŠ mul]UDU.IDIM MUL.MEŠ AN-''e u''2-''lap-pat'' / LUGAL KUR.KUR ''u''2-''qat-ti'' / d''ṣal-bat-a-nu i-ba-il-ma'' / MUL.MEŠ ''u''2-''lap-pat-ma'' "[If] a planet influences the stars of the heavens: the king will overpower (lit. finish off) (all) countries, (meaning): Mars has great brilliance and influences the stars" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 327 r. 3′-6′].

(19) Mars is the Star of the Western Country (=Amurru); mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MUL KUR MAR.TUki / ḪUL ''ša''2 KUR MAR.TUki ''u'' NIM.MAki "Mars is the star of Amurru; evil for Amurru and Elam" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 383 r. 5-8], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 412 r. 2].

(20) Mars is the star of Subartu; d''ṣal-bat-a''-[''nu'' MUL ''ša''2] KUR SU.BIR4ki ''ba-ʼi-il'' / ''u''3 ''ša-ru''-[''r'']''u na-ši'' SIG5 ''ša''2 KUR SU.BIR4ki ''šu-u''2 "Mar[s, the star] of Subartu, has great brilliance and shin[e]s; this is good for Subartu" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 491 r. 7-8].

(21) Mars and the Moon; ˹DIŠ˺ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' / <d>30 KUR ḪUL-''ta'' TUŠ-''ib'' "If Mars stands close to the front of the Moon: the moon-god will relocate a bad? country" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 311:1-2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SI KAB 30 GUB LUGAL ŠU2-''tu''2 DU3-''uš'' "If a planet (=Mars) stands on the left horn of the Moon: the king will succeed in ruling the world" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 311:3]; DIŠ MUL ''ina'' IGI 30 KAB GUB ... "If the star (=Mars) stands on the left horn of the Moon: (the apodosis is the same)" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 311:4]; DIŠ MUL ''ina'' EGIR 30 KAB GUB LUGAL URIki ŠU2-''tu''2 DU3-''uš'' "If the star (=Mars) stands to the left behind the Moon: the king of Akkad will succeed in ruling the world" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 311:5]; DIŠ MUL ''ina'' SI 150 30 GUB KUR KUR2 ḪUL I[GI] "If the star (=Mars) stands on the left horn of the Moon: an enemy country will exp[erience] evil" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 311 r. 1]; for close predictions relating to Mars, see also [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 311:7-10, r. 2-7; 484:1-6].

(22) Mars in the lunar halo; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' ZAḪ2 MAŠ2.ANŠE ''ina'' KUR DU3.A.BI / ''me-re-šu''2 ZU2.LUM.MA NU SI.SA2 / KI.MIN KUR MAR.TUki TUR-''ir'' "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo Mars stands within it: death of cattle in all countries; date plantations will not flourish; var.: the country of the West (=Amurru) will decrease" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 168: 10-r. 2]; ˹DIŠ˺ 30 TUR3 (NIGIN2-ma) mulŠUDUN ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL UŠ2-''ma'' KUR-''su'' TUR-''ir'' / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 / mulŠUDUN mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "If the Moon is (surrounded by) a halo and the Yoke stands in it: the king will die and his country will diminish; the king of Elam will die. Yoke (means) Mars." [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 383 r. 1-3]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB / LUGAL ERIM-''šu''2 ''u''2''-tas-sar'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and a planet (=Mars?) stands in it: the king's troops will be surrounded" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 412:5-6; for parallels and variants see. [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 41:5-8; 49:3-5; 82 r. 3-5; 169:1-4; 181:7-r.4; 317 r. 1-4; 327:8-10; 376:1-r.1; 383:7-10; 412:1-4; 416:1-3; 491:5-7].

(23) Mars and Jupiter; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 19-23.

(24) Mars behind Shulpae; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' EGIR dŠUL.PA.E3 DU-''ak'' MU BI ''dam-qat'' "If Mars stands behind Shulpae (=Jupiter): this year will be good" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 114 r. 4].

(25) Venus took the star(=Mars) on its right or left; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' A2 ZA]G-''ša''2 MUL ''le-qat-ma'' mul''Dil-bat'' GAL-''ma'' MUL TUR ... ˹d''Ṣal''˺-''bat-a-nu ina'' ZAG-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "[If Venus] takes a star from its [right] [side], and Venus is big and the star is small: The king of Elam will acquire importance and power and will rule the countries of the four regions, accepting tribute from the kings, his subjects; (this will happen if) Mars stands on the right side" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 46, VAT 10218:70], for a parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 68, BM 75 228:14; 210, K. 7936+:12; 214, K.3601+:15; 226, K. 2816+:12]; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat''] ˹''ina'' A2˺ 2,30-''ša''2 MUL ''le-qat-ma'' mul''Dil-bat'' GAL-''ma'' MUL TUR ... d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' 2,30-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "[If Venus] takes a star from its left side and Venus is large and the star is small: the King of Akkad ditto; (this will happen if) Mars stands to its left" (apodosis see. previous prediction) [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:71], for a parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 68, BM 75 228:15; 210, K. 7936+:13; 214, K.3601+:16; 226, K. 2816+:13]. see also [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 415: 1-4].

(26) The red color of Venus and Mars; ''ka-lu-šu''2-''ma'' SA5 ''ṣa-rip'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'': dGUD.UD TE''-ši-ma'' "It is entirely colored red, (meaning): Mars, var: Mercury comes close to it." [BPO 3, 132, K. 2907+: III 5]; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' ...KI.GU]B-''ša''2 SA5 ŠUB-''tim'' ANŠE.KUR.RA [...] ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ [d''Ṣal-bat-a-n'']''u''? KI-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "[If Venus, ... posit]ion is red: the fall of horses (and) [...] will be in the country, (it means): [Mar]s stands with it" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 100, K.35:16], see also [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 70, BM 75228:19; 188, K.2153+:10].

(27) Venus wears a crown; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' AGA SIG7 (var.: SA5) ''ap-rat'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' IGI-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "If Venus wears a green (var.: red) crown: Mars stands before it" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 58, K. 148+:12]. see also [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 215, K.3601+:31]; 2 AGA.MEŠ ''ap-rat'' 2 dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ ''ina pa-ni-šu''2 DU.ME''-zu-ma'' "It wears two crowns - two planets (= Mars and Mercury) stand ahead of her" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 132, K. 2907+:IV 12].

(28) Venus and the Stars (= Mars) to its right; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 16.

(29) Conjunction of Mars and Saturn in the lunar halo; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' / TUR3 30 GUB.MEŠ BALA UD.MEŠ GID2.MEŠ "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and 2 stars (= Mars and Saturn) stand in the lunar halo: reign will be long" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 168:3-4]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu u'' dUDU.IDIM ''im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma'' GUB.MEŠ / ZI-''ut'' NIM.MAki "If Mars and a planet (=Saturn) face each other (in the lunar halo) and stand (in it): the attack of Elam" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 168:5-6]; for parallels and variants see. [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 48:1-4; 49 r. 4-6; 169:8-9; 317:6-8; 383:1-2; 416 r. 3-5; 491 r. 1-4; 542 r. 1-2]; DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM ''is-sa-na-aḫ-ḫur'' ŠE-''im iq-qir'' "If Mars moves around a planet (=Saturn): barley will be expensive" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 82:4].

(30) Mars approaches Mercury; (blank) mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu a-na'' muludu.idim.gu4.ud ˹te˺ ... "Mars [is] approaching Mercury ..." (comment on an unknown prediction, with a space in its place) [Borger 1973<ref name=":9" />, 41:8′].

(31) The planet and Mars stand opposite each other; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM ''u'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma'' GUB.MEŠ ZI-''ut'' NIM.MAki [...] "If the planet (=Mercury?) and Mars stand opposite each other: the attack of Elam [...]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":10" />, 248:74; TU, 16:74], see also [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 168 r. 5-6].

(32) Mars is approaching the Scorpius; DIŠ mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE ''ina'' E2.GAL NUN BURU3-''šu''2 GAL2-''ši'' "Mars is approaching the Scorpius: there will be damage in the prince's palace" [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 8a], DIŠ mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE URU ''ina'' BURU3-''ši'' DIB-''bat'' "If Mars approaches Scorpius: the city will be taken via a breach (in the wall)" [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 8b].

(33) The backward movement of Mars in Scorpius; mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu is-su-uḫ-ur'' / ''ut-ta-me-iš ina pa-na-tu-uš-šu''2 ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB / ''il-lak lum-nu šu-u''2 "Mars turns around, starts a movement and moves forward into the Scorpius; this is a bad sign" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 53 r. 2-4]. ''e-t''[''ar-ba'' d]˹''ṣal''˺-''bat-a-nu ki-ma'' TA ŠA3-''bi'' / mulGIR2.TAB ''it-tu-ṣi-a is-suḫ-ra'' / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB ''e-ta-rab an-ni-u pi-šir''3-''šu''2 "When Mars exits [goes] from Scorpius, turns around and enters (again) into the Scorpius, its interpretation is as follows": DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ki-i i-tu-ra a-na'' ŠA3-''bi'' / mulGIR2.TAB ''e-tu-ru-ub a-na'' EN.NUN-''ka la te-eg-gi'' LUGAL UD ḪUL.GAL2 KA2 NU E3 "If Mars turns (i.e., makes a backward movement) (and) enters Scorpius: do not neglect your safety; a king should not go outdoors on an evil day." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 8:21-27].

(34) The movement of Mars in relation to the Scorpius (observations); mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ut-ta-me-iš'' / ''a-na pa-na-tu-tu-uš-šu''2 ''il-lak'' / [''ina'' Š]A3 mulGIR2.TAB ''in-ne''2-''me-da'' "Mars has begun to move, it is advancing; and it has stopped [in] the Scorpius" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 85 r. 1-3], mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ša''2 ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB ''u2''-''zu''-[''uz-zu''] / ''a-na a-ṣe-e pa-n''[''i-šu''2 / ''il-ta''-[''kan''] / ''a-di'' UD-25-KAM2 ''ša''2 ITI.[ŠU] / ''ul-tu'' mulGIR2.TAB ''uṣ''-[''ṣi''] / ''u''3 ''ša''2-''ru-ru-šu''2 ''ma-aq''-[''tu''] / ŠA3 ''ša''2 LUGAL ''be-li''2-''ia lu ṭa-a''-[''bi''] / LUGAL ''ma-a''ʼ-diš ''lu ḫa-d''[''i''] / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 / ''ma-ṣar-ti ša''2 ''ram-ni-šu''2 / LUGAL ''li-iṣ-ṣur'' "Mars, "which is in Scorpius, has turned its face towards the exit; before the 25th day of [duuzu], it will leave Scorpius and its luster will fall. The heart of the king, my lord, let it res[t]; the king should be very gla[d], (but) as long as (Mars) comes out, let the king save himself." [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 387: 3- r. 6]. "As for the ritual of replacing the king, about which my master wrote to me, (it is not necessary, since) [mul''ṣal'']-''ba''[''t''!-''a-n'']''u''! [T]A ŠA3 ''ir-ti'' / [''ša''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u''2]-''ṣa-a'' [M]a[r]s [we]nt [fr]om the chest of the [Scorpius]." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 12:6-9]. mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' TA mulGIR2.TAB ''it-tu''-[''u'']''ṣ-ṣ-ṣi a-na'' ŠA3-''bi'' / mulPA.BIL2.SAG ''pa-ni-šu''2 ''is-sa-kan'' LUGAL ''be-li''2 ''u''2-''di'' "Mars [ar]ose from the Scorpius and turned its face towards Pabilsag. The king, my lord, should know (this)." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 349 s. 1-2]. See also (Kurtik n19) [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']], IV 2.

(35) Mars in the Goat-Fish; observation: mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 / ''u''2-''tu-uk-kiš it-ti-it''!-''zi'' / ''ša''2-''ru-ru ma-aʼ-da'' "Mars has entered Goat-Fish, has stopped (there) and has great brilliance", interpretation: DIŠ [dU.GUR] / mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 ''r''[''a-kib''] / ''šal-pu-ut-ti'' ERI.DUG3ki U[N! MEŠ-''šu''2] / ''iš-šag-gi-šu'' "If [Nergal (= Mars)] go[es] into the Goat-Fish (lit. Goat-Fish is driven): the city of Eridu will be in ruins; [its] people will be exterminated" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 104 r. 2-8].

(36) The movement of Mars relative to the Old Man; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 20.

(37) Mars approaching the Old Man; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 19.

(38) Mars in Leo; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulUR.MAḪ [KUR-''ud'' x x x x] / ... / mulUR.BAR.RA mul[''ṣal-bat-a-nu''] / mulUR.MAḪ mul[UR.GU.LA] / mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 m[ulUR.GU.LA GUB-''ma''] "If the Wolf [reaches] Leo: .... Wolf = [Mars], Leo = [Leo]; Mars [stands] in [Leo]" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 45:1-6]; [DIŠ mul''ṣ'']''al-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mul[UR.GU.LA TU-''ma'' GUB] / ŠUB-''tim'' MAŠ2.ANŠE [GAR-''an''] "[If M]ars [enters] into [Leo and stands there]: a fall of the cattle [will happen]" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 81:3-4]; ''ki-ma'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu tu-u-ra'' TA ŠA3-''bi'' / SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA ''is-su-ḫur'' / mulAL.LUL d''ma-a-ši ul-tap-pit'' / ''an-ni-u''2 ''pi-šir''3''-šu''2 / TIL BALA-''e'' LUGAL MAR.TUki "When Mars returns (i.e. moves backwards) from the Lion's Head (and) touches the Crab (and) Gemini, its interpretation is: the end of the reign of King Amurru." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 8 r. 3-7].

(39) Mars approaches the Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 7.

(40) Mars’ (= Wolf star) connection with Saturn (= Sun star); see (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 3.

(41) Libra darkens = Mars stands n the Scorpius; see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 11.

(42) Current observations of Mars; d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'':. 2-''u''2 3-''šu''2 / ''ina'' UD-''me an-ni-i ni-ta-ṣar'' / ''la ne''2-''e-mur'' / ''ir-te-bi'' "Twice or thrice we observed today, (hoping to see) Mars, but we did not see (it); it went down" (observation of the last evening appearance of Mars) [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 7:5-8]; [mul''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu mu-šu an-ni-u'' / [TA ŠA3 mu]lAL.LUL ''u''2-''ṣa'' "This night [Ma]rs came out [of] the Crab" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 28:3′-4′]; mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 / mulPA.BIL.SAG ''it-te-me-di'' / ''it-ti-ti-iz'' "Mars stopped at Pabilsag and stood (there)" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 52:7-r.1]; [mul''ṣa'']''l-bat-a-nu ina'' UGU mulKU6 AN-''e'' / ... ''la iq-ri-ib'' / [T]A ''pa-ni-šu''2 ''ip-ti-e-ti'' "[M]ars, to the Heavenly Fish ... did not approach, it withdrew [from] it." [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 55:10e-11e]; mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' | ''er-bi'' | ''u''2''-ba-ni'' TA IGI mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / ''pa-a-te la iṭ-ḫi ina'' UGU-''ḫi'' ˹''la''˺ ''ik-šu-ud'' "Mars remained (at a distance of) four fingers from Saturn, it did not approach, it did not reach it" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 82:8-9]; mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' itiNE / ''a-mir en-na it-ti'' / mulZI.BA.AN.NA / [[ ]]. 150 u2-ṭu [[ ]] / ''iq-te-ru-ub'' "Mars became visible in the month of Ab; it has now approached (at a distance of) 2.5 "heels" (= 30 30′) of Libra" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 172:4′-8′].

See also: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 "Mars (appeared) ahead of the Goat-Fish " [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 26a], DIŠ mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mu 6 iti.meš DU-''ma'' gim ... "If Mars stands for a year (and) 6 months, like ..." [Borger 1973<ref name=":9" />, 41 r. 38′]. For other examples of Mars-related predictions, see. [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0" />, 360, III].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, ts02)
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|редко используемое сокращение от mul / dṢal-bat-a-nu «Марс». См. dṢal в [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, rev. ii 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 221 note 19], а также ulṢal GUR4 «Марс блестящий» в круглой диаграмме [TCL 6, 13 obv.; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 224]. См. также [Hunger 1969, 138].
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, ts02)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|самое распространенное название Марса, встречающееся в текстах всех категорий [Gössman 1950, 360; CAD Ṣ].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: [mulU]DU.BAD / muludu-til = dṣal-bat-a-nu «[П]ланета = Марс» [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:281ʹ]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI, список названий Марса: mulsa5 = ma-ak-ru-u2 = dṣal-[bat-a-nu] «Красная (звезда) = красный = М[арс]», mulsa5(DIRI) = mi3-qit i-šat = [MIN] «Красная звезда = Падение Огня = [Марс]», mulCul = lum-num2 = MIN «Злая (звезда) = зло = Марс», mulnu.me.a = ba-lum = MIN «Небытие = недостаток (отсутствие, букв. «без») = ditto(Марс)», mul lúsa.gaz = ḫab-ba-tum = MIN «(Звезда)-разбойник = разбойник = ditto (Марс)», mullul.la = sa-ar-rum = MIN «Лживая (звезда) = ложь = ditto (Марс)», mul lúkur2.ra = na-kar = MIN «(Звезда)-Враг = враг = ditto (Марс)», mul lúKUR2.RA = ša2-nu-um-ma = MIN «Чужестранец = чужой = ditto (Марс), mulur.bar.ra = a-Cu-u = MIN «Волк = Чужой = ditto(Марс)», mulnim.ma = (пробел) = MIN «Звезда Элама = (пробел) = ditto (Марс)», mulgig = kakkab(MUL) šib-ṭi <nowiki> mūtāni(NAM.BAD)</nowiki>meš = MIN «(Звезда)-Болезнь = Звезда чумы и смертей = ditto(Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:28–38]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii], см. также соответствующие статьи. (3) Серия Antagal (G 309): dsi.mu.ud = dṣal-bat-a-nu [MSL XVII, 229]. Ранние свидетельства конца старовавилонского (начала касситского?) периода. (1) Предсказательный текст c описанием экстиспиции: mulṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-na-ap-pa-ḫa-am-ma bu-la u2-ḫal-la-aq «Марс взойдет и погубит скот» [Nougayrol 1971, 72, AO 7539:62]; неопубликованная параллель из Рас-Шамры (RS 23.38* rev. 13′) упоминается в [ibid., 82]. (2) Cтаровавилонский предсказательный текст по лунным затмениям (BM 22696:23): [Ṣa-al-b]a-ta-nu-um i-ta-ab-bi-am-ma bu-lam u2-[ḫal-la-aq]-ma, цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 235, note 2]. (3) Cтаровавилонский предсказательный текст по лунным затмениям (BM 86381 i 22f.): ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-ta-bu-ma bu-lam u2-ḫal-la-aq «Марс взойдет и погубит скот», цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 125, note 7]. (4) Список предсказаний, касающихся «затемнения (или затмения) Солнца» (dUTU a-di-ir): BE DINGIR u2-du-ri-iš i-ru-ub dṢa-al-ba-ta-nu-um i-ša-aḫ-ḫi-iṭ-ma […] / bu-ul GIR3 (вероятно, -am) u2-ḫa-al-la-aq «Если бог (=Солнце?) зашел затмившимся (вар: мрачно мерцающим): Марс гневается(?) […], скот погубит?» [Dietrich 1996, 101: r. 26–27]; cм. также ниже III 14–15. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц кислиму, звезды Энлиля, 120 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul ša ina igi dE2-a gub / mulṣal-bat-a-nu kal mu / [man]-za-za ut-ta-na-kar «Звезда, которая перед Эа стоит, (это) Марс, (который) весь год положение (свое) изменяет» (B i 23–25); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 10]. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itigan m]ulṣal-bat-a-nu šu-ut dE2-a «[Кислиму]: Марс (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 9). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): а) [itigan] mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulud.ka.du8.a muluz3 ˹e3˺ «[Кислиму]: Марс, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Коза восходят» (С 29), b) mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulud.ka.du8.a muluz3 šu2.[a] «(Симану): Марс, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Коза захо[дят]» [KAV 218, C 18; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц кислиму, звезды Эа: mulṣal-bat-a-nu // 2 // mu-u2-tu «Марс // 120 // cмерть» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:25]. BM 34713. itigan // 2,0 ṣal-bat-a-nu // 1,10 múlgir2.tab // 35 múl[lugal] «Кислиму: 120 Марс, 70 Скорпион, 35 [Царь]» [LBAT, 1499:9]. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. itigan.gan.u3 // mulṣal-bat-a-nu // 2,00 «(Звезды Эа), кислиму, Марс, 120» [CT 33, 11]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 62, 125 D ii 5, 187 §II 7–8, 235 §II 2 D 8' + note 2, 253 EAE 22 part I § I 3; BPO 2, III 8a–b, 11a, 11c, 13a, 26–26a, V 1a, XI 7; BPO 3, 286; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 8′–12′, 16′, 37′–39′; Largement 1957, 244:46, 248:74, 254:107, 109; Verderame 2002, 248–249; SpTU I, 92:2'; SpTU III, 101:5,6; SpTU V, 264]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Еа. 10. MUL SA5 ša a-na IGI dE2-a GUB-zu KI.GUB-šu2 mi-šil MU i-na dUTU.E3 mi-[šil MU] / i-na dUTU.ŠU2.A ka-la MU KI.GUB-šu2 ut-ta-na-kar MUL šu-u2 mulUDU.IDIM d[Ṣal-bat-a-nu] «Красная звезда, которая стоит перед Эа, чье положение полгода там, где восходит Солнце, (и) по[лгода] там, где заходит Солнце, весь год положение свое изменяет, эта звезда — планета [Марс]» (A. 11–12). MUL SA5 ša2 IGI dE2-a kal MU KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 dṢal-bat-a-nu «Красная звезда, которая перед Эа, весь год положение (свое) изменяет, (это) Марс» (В. 13) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177] (в А. 11–12: KI.GUB-šu2 mi-šil MU i-na dUTU.E3 mi-[šil MU] / i-na dUTU.ŠU2.A, вероятно, позаимствовано ошибочно из Anu 1, см. i18Ištar). «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380b; ARAK, 351–352]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 21): mulṢal-bat-a-nu KI.GUB-su KUR2.KUR2-ir-ma AN-e ib-bir «Марс свое положение постоянно изменяет и пересекает небо» (I ii 14). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku dṢal-bat-a-nu DU-ak «Марс проходит (тот же) путь, что Луна проходит» (II i 4). (3) Список и определение планет: mulṢal-bat-a-nu на четвертом месте, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (4) Планетная теория: a) mulṢal-bat-a-nu ina dUTU.ŠU3.A TUM3-ma 2 ITI KIMIN 3 ITI 10 u4-mi KIMIN 6 ITI 20 u4-mi ina AN-e uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma ina dUTU.E3 ina KASKAL dUTU SAR-ḫa IGI.LA2 «Марс исчезает на западе и остается (невидимым) на небе 2 месяца, или 3 месяца (и) 10 дней, или 6 месяцев (и) 20 дней и восходит и становится видимым на востоке на пути Солнца» (II i 51–52), b) mulṢal-bat-a-nu ina dUTU.E3 IGI.LA2-ma MU 1 KAM 6 ITI KIMIN / MU 1 KAM 10 ITI KIMIN 2 MU.AN.NAmeš / ina AN-e GUB-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3 MUL BI BE-ma SA5 GAR u ba-il3 BE-ma un-nu-un u TUR «Марс становится виден на востоке, стоит на небе 1 год (и) 6 месяцев или 1 год (и) 10 месяцев, или 2 года (и) исчезает на западе. Эта звезда либо обнаруживает красноту и имеет большой блеск, либо она тусклая(?) и маленькая» (II i 64–65) [MA, 34, 70, 80, 86]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список астрологических имен Марса: AN AN NI x [x], mul[…], mulma-ak-ru-u, mulsa5, mulsig7, [mu]lman-ma, mula-ḫu-u, mul[n]a-ka-ru, muls[ar6]-ru, mulḫul, mulka5.a, mulnim.ma, mullu2.sa.gaz, mulur.bar.ra, multi8mušen, mullu-um-nu, mulsi-mu-ut, mulla šid.meš, mulapin, mulšudun, mulšu.pa, mulbal.teš2.a, mulug5.ga, mulbir, mulnunki, mulud.ka.duḫ.a, […] = dṣal-bat-a-nu; (2) ul babbar = dṣal-bat-a-nu «Белая звезда = Марс»; (3) 12 звезд Амурру: mulṣal-bat-a-nu; (4) 7 имен Марса: ulman-ma, mula-ḫu-u2 ulna-ka-ru / ulsar6-ru ulḫul ulka5.a ulnim.maki / ulṣal-bat-a-nu / 7 zik-ru-šu «Странная звезда, Звезда Чужак, Враждебная звезда, Лживая звезда, Злая звезда, Лиса, звезда Элама — это Марс, 7 его имен»; (5) список планет: ulṣal-bat-a-nu на последнем месте (см. u07UDU.IDIM) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 83–105, 168, 219, 239, 243]. Список звезд VR, 46, 1:42. a) muludu.idim = muš-mit bu-lim «Планета = убивающая скот», b) mulṣal-bat-a-nu = muš-ta-bar-ru-u2 mu-ta-nu «Марс = Тот, кто продлевает чуму» [HBA, 52:41–42; Wee 2016, 162–3; Reynolds 1998, 353]. MLC 1866. Список 7 планет, см. u07UDU.IDIM. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: […mulṣal-bat]-a-nu как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце арахсамну, см. u20UR.GU.LA. Анафора. А 3427: ina itigan ina še-rim ud 28 dṣal-bat-a-nu ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце кислиму утром 28-го дня Марс испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:4], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina gan ina še-rim [28 múlṣal]-bat-a-nu meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:21]. Математическая астрономия. dṢal-bat-a-ni вместо AN в единственном тексте [ACT, No. 802 r. 7]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Характер воздействия. a) DIŠ d[Ṣal-bat-a-nu pit2-ru-us na-an-ziq ḫa]-˹an-ṭu-su˺ «Если [Марс (появляется): (этот знак) двусмысленный; (он будет) быс]тр [на гнев]». b) DIŠ KI dṢal-bat-a-nu UŠ2 GIG UŠ2 UR.MAD u2-lu UŠ2 GIŠ.TUKUL LUGAL «Если область Марса: смерть от болезни, смерть от льва или смерть от царского оружия» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 2, 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b 324–325]. (2) «Гипсома». KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 dṢal-bat-a-nu MUL2.U[Z3…] «Секретное место Марса: [Козерог?…]» [STC I 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 55:31], см. также u07UDU.IDIM. (3) Зодиакальная астрология. aš2-šu2 dṢal-bat-a-nu ina múlMAŠ.MAŠ KI Sin MAŠ.TAB.BA U3.TU «Поскольку Марс в Близнецах (стоит) с Луной [или: на месте Луны — Г.К.]: близнецы родятся» [LBAT, 1593:9′; Reiner 2000]. (4) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: dṢal-bat-a-nu, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134–136], см. s20Sîn. (5) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: dṢal-bat-an, dṢal-bat-an-nu, mulṢal-bat-a-nu [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания нападения врагов из наблюдений положений и видимости планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 11, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 216].

Нестандартная силлабическая запись: mulṢa-al-ba-ta-nu (AO 7539 r. 17) [RAcc., 79, note 2]. См. также [SpTU I, 97:1; SpTU II, 42:10; SpTU V, 261 r. 8–23, 264 passim, 269 r. 6].

II. Божество.

Планета Марс была связана с Нергалом, господином преисподней, считавшимся также богом чумы, войны и разрушения (см. n18). Название нередко записывается с детерминативом d. Происхождение имени Ṣalbatānu представляется загадочным [HCH 16; Reiner 1995, 7]. Лэмберт предполагает, что ṣalbatānu происходит от ṣarbatānu, редкой формы прилагательного, образованной от ṣarbû, букв. «относящийся к тополю», и связывает его предположительно с dlugal.giš.asal2 = [be-el ṣa]r-BE (AN:dAnum VI 72 [Litke 1998, 205]), божеством из окружения Нергала [Lambert 1996; Brown 2000, 55]. Остается, однако, непонятным, почему самое распространенное имя Марса, астрологическое значение которого представлялось огромным, связано со столь малозначительной фигурой в месопотамском пантеоне? Греческий лексикограф Гесихий приводит вавилонское название Марса: Βελέβατος. ὁ τοῡ πυρὸς ἀστήρ. Βαβυλώνιοι. «Б/Cелебатос: огненная звезда: вавилоняне», происходящее, по-видимому, от аккадского Ṣalbatānu [TGL 4085–002 Β 479], см. также [Lambert 1996; Reynolds 1998, 350]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) В серии заклинаний Šurpu II 182: dṢal-bat-a-nu … lip-ṭu-ru «Марс … пусть освободит» [Reiner 1970, 18]. (2) Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM), совершаемый перед Марсом см. [SAA 10, 206 r. 5′–6′; 240:10; 262:5–8], а также k08kayyamānu. (3) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k10KAK.SI.SA2, II. (4) Серия Намбурби, см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. (5) Божества – свидетели договора: mulṢal-bat-a-nu (на пятом месте после Юпитера, Венеры, Сатурна и Меркурия) [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 29, 6 iv 15]; параллель в [Wiseman 1958, 29: col. i 15]. (6) Письмо Ашшурбанапалу от сына, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. (7) Храмовый ритуал в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (8) Призывание благословения богов на царя, среди которых —Марс, см. [SAA 10, 8:11]. (9) Ритуал против зла, предвещаемого Марсом, при исполнении ритуала звучала молитва: ina ḪUL mulṣal-bat-a-n[u] / ša a-dan-šu2 u2-še-ti-[qu-u-ni] / u3 ina ŠA3 mulLU2.ḪUN.GA2 i[n-na-mir-u-ni] … «В зле, (предвещаемом) Марсом, который прев[ысил] свой установленный (срок) и п[оявился] в созвездии Наемник: пусть его зло не приблизится, не пройдет близко, не раздавит меня, не подействует на меня, мою страну, людей моего дворца и мою армию» [SAA 10, 381: 5 – r. 4]. (10) Ритуальные действия со священным барабаном перед Марсом и Сатурном; UD-25-KAM2 ina nu-bat-[ti] / LI.LI.IZ3 ina IGI d[U].GU[R] / ina UGU ku-zip-pi / ša LUGAL iš-šak-kan / ša dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ is-se-niš / ne2-pu-uš «В 25-й день (месяца), ночь[ю], барабан будет помещен перед [Н]ергало[м] (= Марс) поверх облачения царя. В то же время мы будем совершать (песнопения) Сатурна» [SAA 10, 340:9 – r. 2].

III. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Красная звезда; см. s04SA5, а также h08ḪUL, III 3.

(2) = Kрасная планета; см. s04SA5, II, m03Makrû, III 2.

(3) = звезда Эриду; см. n50NUNki, VI 2.

(4) = Плуг; см. a43APIN, VI 1.

(5) = Орел; см. a04A2mušen, VI 3.

(6) = Месламтаэа; см. m24dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A.

(7) = Звезды; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 1, 15–16.

(8) = Волк; mulUR.BAR.RA = mulṢal-bat-a-nu [ARAK, 48:5], см. также u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 1, u31UZ3, VI

(9) = Лук; см. a04A2mušen, VI 13.

(10) = Ярмо; см. ниже (22).

См. также тождества: [m]ulUR.GU.LA: mulUR.BAR.RA: dṢal-bat-a-nu «Лев = Волк = Марс», mulKA5.A: dṢal-bat-a-nu «Лиса = Марс» [SpTU I, 50:37–38], SI E dṢal-bat-a-nu «SI E = Марс»(?) [BPO 3, 132, K.2907+: I 2].

См. также a15Aḫû, g14GIG, h08ḪUL, k29lúKUR2.RA, L17LUL.LA, m05MAN-ma, n23NIM.MA, n48NU.ME.A, s01lúSA.GAZ, sh02ŠAḪ, sh12dŠimut, sh17ŠU.PA.

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(11) Общее астрологическое значение; [dṣal-bat-a-nu] a-na mu-ta-ni qa-bi «[Марс], говорят, для (предсказания) смерти» [ARAK, 114:3].

(12) Видимость Марса; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM GU4.UD dṢal-bat-a-nu MU.NI ša2-ru-ru iš-ši LUGAL NIM.MAki i-dan-[nin] «Если прыгающая планета, чье имя Марс, излучение имеет: царь Элама усили[тся]» [Largement 1957, 244:46; TU, 16:46] (параллель см. [SpTU I, 92:2]), стандартное обозначение Меркурия GU4.UD = šiḫṭu «Прыжок», здесь приведено, по-видимому, по ошибке; [DIŠ] dṣal-bat-a-nu um-mu-liš KUR-ma ŠE.ER.ZI.MEŠ-šu2 SIG7 / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 «[Если] Марс восходит мерцая и его излучения желто-зеленое: царь Элама умрет» [ARAK, 114:6–7], см. также [SAA 10, 100:18–19], n19dNergal, IV 1; DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-nu u2-ta-na-at-ma SIG5 ib-il-ma a-ḫi-tu2 «Если Марс становится слабым — это хорошо, (если он становится) блестящим — это плохо» [ARAK, 114 r. 3]; DIŠ mulṣal-bat-a-nu [ŠE.ER.ZI IL2-ši] / LUGAL i-dan-nin-[ma NIG2.TUK x x] «Если Марс [сияние несет]: сила и [благосостояние] царя возрастут» [SAA 10, 104 r. 10–11]; DIŠ ina AN-e mi-i[š-ḫu ša mulṣal-bat-a-nu IGI] / RI.RI.GA: [ŠUB-tim bu-lim ina KUR GAL2] «Если на небе mi[šḫu Марса видна]: (будет) эпидемия, вар.: [в стране будет падеж скота]» [SAA 10, 104 r. 12–13].

(13) Восход Марса в различные месяцы; [DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-n]u ina itiŠU IGI.LAL KI.NA2 qu-ra-di DAGAL «[Если Мар]с становится виден в месяце дуузу: кладбище воинов увеличится» [ARAK, 114:2], см. также [ibid., 143 r. 4; 341:1–2]; DIŠ ina itiKIN dṣal-bat-a-nu IGI-[ir] / BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 / ŠA3-bi KUR DUG3-ab «Если Марс стал вид[ен] в месяце улулу: урожай страны будет обильным; сердце страны будет счастливо» [ARAK, 419:1–3]; DIŠ ina itiGUD mulṣal-bat-a-nu IGI.LAL MI2.KUR2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ / šal-pu2-tim ERIM–man-da / ERIM–man-da LU2.gim-ra-a-a «Если Марс становится виден в месяце айяру: будут военные действия; разрушение Умман-манда, Умман-манда (означает) киммерийцы» [SAA 10, 100:25].

(14) Восход/заход Марса и гибель скота; dUDU.IDIM SAR-ma MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 «Планета взойдет и погубит скот» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 235, EAE 20, § II.2 + note 2], см. также (15); mulṢal-bat-a-nu TU-ma MAŠ2.ANŠE ZA[Ḫ2] «Марс зайдет и погубит скот» [ibid., 170, EAE 19, Section III, Source A: 8].

(15) Затмение Луны, восход Марса и гибель скота; DIŠ UD.16.KAM AN.MI GAR im-ḫul-lu KUR-ma dṢal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 «Если затмение (Луны) произойдет в 16-й день (месяца): ураган придет, Марс взойдет и погуби[т] скот» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 253, EAE 22 part I § I:3].

(16) Марс стоит на востоке; [DIŠ mulṣal-bat]-a-nu ina IM.KUR.RA GUB-iz ZI-ut SU.BIR4ki / u3 kaš-ši-i a-na KUR «[Если Ма]рс стоит на востоке: нападение Субарту и касситов на страну» [ARAK, 81 r. 1–2; 114:4–5].

(17) Марс стоит на севере; [DIŠ] ˹d˺UDU.IDIM ina IM.SI.SA2 GUB-iz / UŠ2.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ ZI-bu LUGAL URIki ana KUR KUR2 «[Если] планета(=Марс) стоит на севере: будут смерти; нападение царя Аккада на страну врага» [ARAK, 341:3–4].

(18) Марс воздействует на звезды; [DIŠ mul]UDU.IDIM MUL.MEŠ AN-e u2-lap-pat / LUGAL KUR.KUR u2-qat-ti / dṣal-bat-a-nu i-ba-il-ma / MUL.MEŠ u2-lap-pat-ma «[Если] планета на звезды небесные воздействует: царь одолеет (букв. прикончит) (все) страны, (это означает): Марс имеет большой блеск и воздействует на звезды» [ARAK, 327 r. 3′–6′].

(19) Марс — Звезда Западной страны (=Амурру); mulṣal-bat-a-nu MUL KUR MAR.TUki / ḪUL ša2 KUR MAR.TUki u NIM.MAki «Марс — звезда Амурру; зло для Амурру и Элама» [ARAK, 383 r. 5–8], см. также [ibid., 412 r. 2].

(20) Марс — звезда Субарту; dṣal-bat-a-[nu MUL ša2] KUR SU.BIR4ki ba-ʼi-il / u3 ša-ru-[r]u na-ši SIG5 ša2 KUR SU.BIR4ki šu-u2 «Мар[с, звезда] Субарту, имеет большой блеск и несет сиян[и]е; это хорошо для Субарту» [ARAK, 491 r. 7–8].

(21) Марс и Луна; ˹DIŠ˺ mulṣal-bat-a-nu ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz / <d>30 KUR ḪUL-ta TUŠ-ib «Если Марс стоит близко у передней части Луны: лунный бог переселит плохую? страну» [ARAK, 311:1–2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SI KAB 30 GUB LUGAL ŠU2-tu2 DU3-uš «Если планета (=Марс) стоит на левом роге Луны: царь преуспеет в управлении миром» [ARAK, 311:3]; DIŠ MUL ina IGI 30 KAB GUB … «Если звезда (=Марс) стоит слева впереди Луны: (аподосис тот же)» [ARAK, 311:4]; DIŠ MUL ina EGIR 30 KAB GUB LUGAL URIki ŠU2-tu2 DU3-uš «Если звезда (=Марс) стоит слева позади Луны: царь Аккада преуспеет в управлении миром» [ARAK, 311:5]; DIŠ MUL ina SI 150 30 GUB KUR KUR2 ḪUL I[GI] «Если звезда (= Марс) стоит на левом роге Луны: вражеская страна ис[пытает] зло» [ARAK, 311 r. 1]; весьма близкие предсказания, относящиеся к Марсу, см. также [ARAK, 311:7–10, r. 2–7; 484:1–6].

(22) Марс в лунном гало; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz ZAḪ2 MAŠ2.ANŠE ina KUR DU3.A.BI / me-re-šu2 ZU2.LUM.MA NU SI.SA2 / KI.MIN KUR MAR.TUki TUR-ir «Если Луна окружена гало и внутри него Марс стоит: гибель скота во всех странах; финиковые плантации не будут процветать; вар.: Западная страна (=Амурру) уменьшится» [ARAK, 168: 10–r. 2]; ˹DIŠ˺ 30 TUR3 (NIGIN2-ma) mulŠUDUN ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz / LUGAL UŠ2-ma KUR-su TUR-ir / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 / mulŠUDUN mulṣal-bat-a-nu «Если Луна (окружена) гало и Ярмо в нем стоит: царь умрет, а его страна уменьшится; царь Элама умрет. Ярмо (означает) Марс» [ARAK, 383 r. 1–3]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB / LUGAL ERIM-šu2 u2-tas-sar «Если Луна окружена гало и планета (=Марс?) стоит в нем: царские войска будут окружены» [ARAK, 412:5–6; параллели и варианты см. [ARAK, 41:5–8; 49:3–5; 82 r. 3–5; 169:1–4; 181:7–r.4; 317 r. 1–4; 327:8–10; 376:1–r.1; 383:7–10; 412:1–4; 416:1–3; 491:5–7].

(23) Марс и Юпитер; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR, III 19–23.

(24) Марс позади Шульпаэ; DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-nu EGIR dŠUL.PA.E3 DU-ak MU BI dam-qat «Если Марс идет позади Шульпаэ (=Юпитер): этот год хороший» [ARAK, 114 r. 4].

(25) Венера взяла звезду(=Марс) справа или слева; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ina A2 ZA]G-ša2 MUL le-qat-ma mulDil-bat GAL-ma MUL TUR … ˹dṢal˺-bat-a-nu ina ZAG-ša2 DU-ma «[Если Венера] взяла звезду со своей [прав]ой [стороны], и Венера — большая, а звезда — маленькая: царь Элама приобретет значение и силу и будет управлять странами четырех регионов, принимая дань от царей, своих подданных; (это произойдет, если) Марс стоит справа от нее» [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:70], параллель см. [ibid., 68, BM 75 228:14; 210, K. 7936+:12; 214, K.3601+:15; 226, K. 2816+:12]; [DIŠ mulDil-bat] ˹ina A2˺ 2,30-ša2 MUL le-qat-ma mulDil-bat GAL-ma MUL TUR … dṢal-bat-a-nu ina 2,30-ša2 DU-ma «[Если Венера] взяла звезду со своей левой стороны и Венера — большая, а звезда — маленькая: царь Аккада ditto; (это произойдет, если) Марс стоит слева от нее» (аподосис см. предыдущее предсказание) [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:71], параллель см. [ibid., 68, BM 75 228:15; 210, K. 7936+:13; 214, K.3601+:16; 226, K. 2816+:13]. см. также [ARAK, 415: 1–4].

(26) Красный цвет Венеры и Марс; ka-lu-šu2-ma SA5 ṣa-rip dṢal-bat-a-nu: dGUD.UD TE-ši-ma «Она целиком окрашена в красный цвет, (это означает): Марс, вар.: Меркурий подходит к ней близко» [BPO 3, 132, K. 2907+: III 5]; [DIŠ mulDil-bat …KI.GU]B-ša2 SA5 ŠUB-tim ANŠE.KUR.RA […] ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ [dṢal-bat-a-n]u? KI-ša2 DU-ma «[Если Венера, … позиц]ия ее красная: падёж лошадей (и) […] будут в стране, (это означает): [Мар]с с ней стоит «[BPO 3, 100, K.35:16], см. также [ibid., 70, BM 75228:19; 188, K.2153+:10].

(27) Венера несет корону; DIŠ mulDil-bat AGA SIG7 (вар.: SA5) ap-rat dṢal-bat-a-nu ina IGI-ša2 DU-ma «Если Венера несет зеленую (вар.: красную) корону: Марс впереди нее стоит» [BPO 3, 58, K. 148+:12]. см. также [ibid., 215, K.3601+:31]; 2 AGA.MEŠ ap-rat 2 dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ ina pa-ni-šu2 DU.ME-zu-ma «Она несет 2 короны — 2 планеты (= Марс и Меркурий) стоят впереди нее» [BPO 3, 132, K. 2907+:IV 12].

(28) Венера и Звезды (= Марс) справа от нее; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 16.

(29) Соединение Марса и Сатурна в лунном гало; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma 2 MUL.MEŠ ina ŠA3-bi / TUR3 30 GUB.MEŠ BALA UD.MEŠ GID2.MEŠ «Если Луна окружена гало и 2 звезды (= Марс и Сатурн) стоят в лунном гало: царствование будет долгим» [ARAK, 168:3–4]; DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-nu u dUDU.IDIM im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma GUB.MEŠ / ZI-ut NIM.MAki «Если Марс и планета (=Сатурн) сталкиваются друг с другом (в лунном гало) и стоят (в нем): нападение Элама» [ARAK, 168:5–6]; параллели и варианты см. [ARAK, 48:1–4; 49 r.4–6; 169:8–9; 317:6–8; 383:1–2; 416 r. 3–5; 491 r. 1–4; 542 r. 1–2]; DIŠ mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulUDU.IDIM is-sa-na-aḫ-ḫur ŠE-im iq-qir «Если Марс движется вокруг планеты (=Сатурн): ячмень будет дорогим» [ARAK, 82:4].

(30) Марс приближается к Меркурию; (пробел) mulṣal-bat-a-nu a-na muludu.idim.gu4.ud ˹te] … «Марс [приближается] к Меркурию …» (комментарий к неизвестному предсказанию, вместо которого пробел) [Borger 1973, 41:8′].

(31) Планета и Марс стоят напротив; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM u dṢal-bat-a-nu im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma GUB.MEŠ ZI-ut NIM.MAki […] «Если планета (=Меркурий?) и Марс стоят напротив друг друга: нападение Элама […]» [Largement 1957, 248:74; TU, 16:74], см. также [ARAK, 168 r. 5–6].

(32) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ mulṢal-bat-a-nu ana mulGIR2.TAB TE ina E2.GAL NUN BURU3-šu2 GAL2-ši «Марс приближается с Скорпиону: во дворце принца будет повреждение» [BPO 2, III 8a], DIŠ mulṢal-bat-a-nu ana mulGIR2.TAB TE URU ina BURU3-ši DIB-bat «Если Марс приближается к Скорпиону: город будет взят из-за пробоины (в стене)» [BPO 2, III 8b].

(33) Попятное движение Марса в Скорпионе; mulṢal-bat-a-nu is-su-uḫ-ur / ut-ta-me-iš ina pa-na-tu-uš-šu2 ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB / il-lak lum-nu šu-u2 «Марс развернулся, начал движение и движется вперед в Скорпионе; это плохой знак» [ARAK, 53 r. 2–4]. e-t[ar-ba d]˹ṣal˺-bat-a-nu ki-ma TA ŠA3-bi / mulGIR2.TAB it-tu-ṣi-a is-suḫ-ra / ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB e-ta-rab an-ni-u pi-šir3-šu2 «Когда Марс вы[ходит] из Скорпиона, разворачивается и (снова) входит в Скорпион, его интерпретация такова»: DIŠ mulṣal-bat-a-nu ki-i i-tu-ra a-na ŠA3-bi / mulGIR2.TAB e-tu-ru-ub a-na EN.NUN-ka la te-eg-gi LUGAL UD ḪUL.GAL2 KA2 NU E3 «Если Марс поворачивается (т.е. совершает попятное движение) (и) входит в Скорпион: не пренебрегай своей безопасностью; царь не должен выходить за двери в злой день» [SAA 10, 8:21–27].

(34) Движения Марса относительно Скорпиона (наблюдения); mulṢal-bat-a-nu ut-ta-me-iš / a-na pa-na-tu-uš-šu2 il-lak / [ina Š]A3 mulGIR2.TAB in-ne2-me-da «Марс начал движение, он идет вперед; он остановился [в] Скорпионе» [ARAK, 85 r. 1–3], mulṢal-bat-a-nu ša2 ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB u2-zu-[uz-zu] / a-na a-ṣe-e pa-n[i-šu2 / il-ta-[kan] / a-di UD-25-KAM2 ša2 ITI.[ŠU] / ul-tu mulGIR2.TAB uṣ-[ṣi] / u3 ša2-ru-ru-šu2 ma-aq-[tu] / ŠA3 ša2 LUGAL be-li2-ia lu ṭa-a-[bi] / LUGAL ma-aʼ-diš lu ḫa-d[i] / a-di uṣ-ṣu-u2 / ma-ṣar-ti ša2 ram-ni-šu2 / LUGAL li-iṣ-ṣur «Марс, который сто[ит] в Скорпионе, к выходу лицо свое обратил; до 25-го [дуузу] он выйд[ет] из Скорпиона и его блеск упад[ет]. Сердце царя, моего господина, пусть успокои[тся]; царь должен быть очень ра[д], (но) до тех пор пока (Марс) выходит, пусть царь побережет себя» [ARAK, 387: 3– r. 6]. «Что касается ритуала замены царя, о котором мой господин писал мне, (в нем нет необходимости, поскольку) [mulṣal]-ba[t!-a-n]u! [T]A ŠA3 ir-ti / [ša2 mulGIR2.TAB u2]-ṣa-a [М]а[р]с [вы]шел [и]з груди [Скорпиона]» [SAA 10, 12:6-9]. mulṣal-bat-a-nu TA mulGIR2.TAB it-tu-[u]ṣ-ṣi a-na ŠA3-bi / mulPA.BIL2.SAG pa-ni-šu2 is-sa-kan LUGAL be-li2 u2-di «Марс вы[ш]ел из Скорпиона и к Пабилсагу лицо свое обратил. Царь, мой господин, должен знать (это)» [SAA 10, 349 s. 1–2]. см. также n19dNergal, IV 2.

(35) Марс в Козе-Рыбе; наблюдение: mulṢal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-bi mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 / u2-tu-uk-kiš it-ti-it!-zi / ša2-ru-ru ma-aʼ-da «Марс вошел в Козу-Рыбу, остановился (там) и имеет большой блеск», интерпретация: DIŠ [dU.GUR] / mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 r[a-kib] / šal-pu-ut-ti ERI.DUG3ki U[N!.MEŠ-šu2] / iš-šag-gi-šu «Если [Нергал (= Марс)] е[дет] в Козе-Рыбе (букв. Козой-Рыбой везется): разорение города Эриду; [его] л[юди] будут истреблены» [SAA 10, 104 r. 2–8].

(36) Движение Марса относительно Старика; см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 20.

(37) Марс приближается к Старику; см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 19.

(38) Марс во Льве; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulUR.MAḪ [KUR-ud x x x] / … / mulUR.BAR.RA mul[ṣal-bat-a-nu] / mulUR.MAḪ mul[UR.GU.LA] / mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 m[ulUR.GU.LA GUB-ma] «Если Волк [достигает] Льва: …. Волк = [Марс], Лев = [Лев]; Марс [стоит] во [Льве]» [ARAK, 45:1–6]; [DIŠ mulṣ]al-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 mul[UR.GU.LA TU-ma GUB] / ŠUB-tim MAŠ2.ANŠE [GAR-an] «[Если М]арс [входит] во [Льва и стоит там]: падёж скота [произойдет]» [ARAK, 81:3–4]; ki-ma dṣal-bat-a-nu tu-u-ra TA ŠA3-bi / SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA is-su-ḫur / mulAL.LUL dma-a-ši ul-tap-pit / an-ni-u2 pi-šir3-šu2 / TIL BALA-e LUGAL MAR.TUki «Когда Марс возвращается (т.е. движется попятным движением) от Головы Льва (и) касается Краба (и) Близнецов, его интерпретация такова: конец царствования царя Амурру» [SAA 10, 8 r. 3–7].

(39) Марс приближается к Крабу; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 7.

(40) Соединение Марса (= Волчья звезда) с Сатурном (= звезда Солнца); см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 3.

(41) Весы потемнели = Марс в Скорпионе стоит; см. z10Zibānītum, VI 11.

(42) Текущие наблюдения Марса; dṣal-bat-a-nu:. 2-u2 3-šu2 / ina UD-me an-ni-i ni-ta-ṣar / la ne2-e-mur / ir-te-bi «Дважды или трижды мы наблюдали сегодня, (надеясь увидеть) Марс, мы не увидели (его); он зашел» (наблюдение последнего вечернего появления Марса) [ARAK, 7:5–8]; [mulṣal-bat]-a-nu mu-šu an-ni-u / [TA ŠA3 mu]lAL.LUL u2-ṣa «Этой ночью [Ма]рс вышел [из] Краба» [ARAK, 28:3′–4′]; mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 / mulPA.BIL.SAG it-te-me-di / it-ti-ti-iz «Марс остановился в Пабилсаге и стоял (там)» [ARAK, 52:7–r.1]; [mulṣa]l-bat-a-nu ina UGU mulKU6 AN-e / … la iq-ri-ib / [T]A pa-ni-šu2 ip-ti-e-ti «[М]арс к Небесной Рыбе … не приблизился, он удалился [о]т нее» [ARAK, 55:10e–11e]; mulṣal-bat-a-nu | er-bi | u2-ba-ni TA IGI mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / pa-a-te la iṭ-ḫi ina UGU-ḫi ˹la˺ ik-šu-ud «Марс оставался (на расстоянии) 4 пальцев от Сатурна, он не приблизился, не достиг его» [ARAK, 82:8–9]; mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina itiNE / a-mir en-na it-ti / mulZI.BA.AN.NA / [[ ]] 150 u2-ṭu [[ ]] / iq-te-ru-ub «Марс стал виден в месяце абу; сейчас он приблизился (на расстояние) в 2,5 «пядей» (= 30 30′) Весов» [SAA 10, 172:4′–8′].

См. также: dṢal-bat-a-nu ina IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Марс впереди Козы-Рыбы (появился)» [BPO 2, III 26a], DIŠ mulṢal-bat-a-nu mu 6 iti.meš DU-ma gim … «Если Марс год (и) 6 месяцев стоит, подобно …» [Borger 1973, 41 r. 38′]. Примеры других предсказаний, связанных с Марсом, см. [Gössman 1950, 360, III].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Mars]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

References (Babylonian)

2026-01-06T09:35:53Z

InitTeam:

* Kurtik (2007), updated by himself until his death in early 2022
* Gössmann (1950)
===Acknowledgements===
We additionally thank our students and colleagues, namely:

David Hilder, Youngjae Lee, Asterios Kechagias, Jan Safford, David Perugia.

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== Krebernik (2023) ==

===Krebernik 's References ===
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!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
| Emar VI/1-2;
Arnaud 1985
|Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).
|-
|Ganzert 2011
|Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki>
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| MSL
|Landsberger, B. (1957). The Series HAR-Ra Hubullu. Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon 5.
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[[category:References]]
[[Category:Service]]

Ṣallummû

2026-01-06T09:35:37Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ṣallummû''}}

(mul)''Ṣallummû'' (𒀯𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑) is an ancient Mesopotamian term for transient phenomena.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Standard term for comets, bolides, meteors, shooting stars, auroras of obscure nature [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1077b; CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> Ṣ, 74ff.; Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 170ff.].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [AAT<ref>''Craig J.A.'' Astrological-astronomical Texts. Leipzig, 1899.</ref>, 42 r. 17; ACh Ištar<ref name=":1">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 20:79; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264.</ref>, 248:69].
|Example
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) diš ''ul ša''2 ''ina'' igi-''šu''2 ''ṣip-ru ina'' egir-''šu''2 kun ''gar-nu'' / igi-''ma'' an-''e'' zalag2-''ir'' ''ki-ma ṣal-lum-mu-u''2 / ''ki-ma'' me-šiḫ mul.meš "If a star, which has a mane in front and a tail behind, appears and lights up the sky like a meteor, (i.e.) like a flash of stars";
* (2) ''ṣal-lum-mu-u''2 = ''meš''-''ḫu'' ''ša''2 mul ''ki-šu''2 ''ia-aʼ-nu'' "Ṣallummû = shining without a star";
* (3) ''ṣal-lum-mu-u''2 = ''mi-šiḫ'' mul.meš "Ṣallummû = the shining of the stars";
* (4) ''ṣal-lum-mu-mu-u''2 = ''ṣa-ra-ar''2 mul.meš "Ṣallummû = (strong) brilliance of the stars";
* (5) ''ṣal-lum-mu-mu-u''2 = ''zi-im'' mul "Ṣallummû = radiance of the star";
* (6) ''ṣal-lum-mu-u''2 = ''ša''2-''lum-ma-tum'' "Ṣallummû = radiance";
* (7) ''ṣal-lum-mu-u''2 = ''me-lam-mu'' "Ṣallummû = radiance (of a deity)" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:174-182]. See also: mul ''ṣal-lum-mu-u''2 ''ina'' AN.MI d''Sin'' [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 135: rev. 18].
Namburbi ritual.

* ''ina lumun'' MUL x-''li mi-iš-ḫi ṣal-lum-mu-u''2 ''ša ina ḫarrān šūt'' d''Anim innamru ana ḫarrān šūt'' d''Enlil i''[''ll'']''ikuma irbû'' "Against the evil (foreshadowed by) the star x-li. mišḫu comet, which became visible in the path of Anu, mo[v]ed into the path of Enlil and went in," quoted. from [CAD<ref name=":0" /> Ṣ, 75a], see also [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 41, 23:10-12; Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA 48, № 1, 1-15.</ref>, 12-13; Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 180].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
* ITU BI ''ṣal-lum-mu-u''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' ERIN2 SU2 ... "This month, the comet that set in Libra ..." [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-137 obv. 15]. See also [HCH<ref>''Hunger H., Stephenson F.R., Walker C.B.F., Yau K.K.C.'' Halley's Comet in History / Ed. by F.R.Stephenson and C.B.F.Walker. L.: British Museum Publ., 1985.</ref>].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Astrology. ====
(1) ṣallummu and the planet; DIŠ ''ṣal-lum-mu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulUDU.IDIM IGI ''ina'' KUR DU3.A.BI ''ina'' MU BI KUR2 ZI-''ma'' KUR DU3.A.BI / ''i-da-aš'' TUR-''ar''2 KUR2 BI ''ina'' DUGUD-''šu''2 ZAḪ2-''ma a-na'' KI.GUB-''šu''2 NU GUR "If the ṣallummû of the planet becomes visible: the enemy will be attacking all over the country, (however) the whole country will reduce the enemy’s strength, (and) the enemy will lose its might, and will not return to its place" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 20:79-80; AAT<ref>''Craig J.A.'' Astrological-astronomical Texts. Leipzig, 1899.</ref>, 42 r. 17; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 r. 8; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264.</ref>, 248:69].

(2) Comet and Field; see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]], VI 8.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, ts03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|стандартный термин для обозначения комет, болидов, метеоров, падающих звезд, сияние неясной природы [AHw, 1077b; CAD Ṣ, 74ff.; Chadwick 1993, 170ff.].
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. См. [AAT, 42 r. 17; ACh Ištar, 20:79; Largement 1957, 248:69]. «Большой список звезд». (1) diš ul ša2 ina igi-šu2 ṣip-ru ina egir-šu2 kun gar-nu / igi-ma an-e zalag2-ir ki-ma ṣal-lum-mu-u2 / ki-ma me-šiḫ mul.meš «Если звезда, у которой впереди грива и позади хвост, появляется и освещает небо подобно метеору, (т.е.) подобно вспышке звезд»; (2) ṣal-lum-mu-u2 = meš-ḫu ša2 mul ki-šu2 ia-aʼ-nu «Ṣallummû = сияние без звезды»; (3) ṣal-lum-mu-u2 = mi-šiḫ mul.meš «Ṣallummû = сияние звезд»; (4) ṣal-lum-mu-u2 = ṣa-ra-ar2 mul.meš «Ṣallummû = (сильный) блеск звезд»; (5) ṣal-lum-mu-u2 = zi-im mul «Ṣallummû = сияние звезды»; (6) ṣal-lum-mu-u2 = ša2-lum-ma-tum «Ṣallummû = излучение»; (7) ṣal-lum-mu-u2 = me-lam-mu «Ṣallummû = сияние (божества)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:174–182]. См. также: mul ṣal-lum-mu-u2 ina AN.MI dSin [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135: rev. 18]. Ритуал намбурби. ina lumun MUL x-li mi-iš-ḫi ṣal-lum-mu-u2 ša ina ḫarrān šūt dAnim innamru ana ḫarrān šūt dEnlil i[ll]ikuma irbû «Против зла, (предвещаемого) звездой x-li, mišḫu кометы, которая стала видна на пути Ану, пе[ре]местилась на путь Энлиля и зашла», цит. по [CAD Ṣ, 75a], см. также [CT 41, 23:10–12; Ebeling 1954, 12–13; Chadwick 1993, 180]. «Дневники наблюдений». ITU BI ṣal-lum-mu-u2 ša2 ina ERIN2 SU2 … «В этом месяце комета, которая в Весах зашла …» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III, No.-137 obv. 15]. См. также [HCH].

II. Астрология.

(1) Цаллумму и планета; DIŠ ṣal-lum-mu-u2 ša2 mulUDU.IDIM IGI ina KUR DU3.A.BI ina MU BI KUR2 ZI-ma KUR DU3.A.BI / i-da-aš TUR-ar2 KUR2 BI ina DUGUD-šu2 ZAḪ2-ma a-na KI.GUB-šu2 NU GUR «Если ṣallummû планеты становится видно: по всей стране в этом году враг атакует, (однако) вся страна силу его уменьшит, (и) враг этот в могуществе своем исчезнет, на место свое не вернется» [ACh Ištar, 20:79–80; AAT, 42 r. 17; TU, 16 r. 8; Largement 1957, 248:69].

(2) Комета и Поле; см. a48AŠ.GAN2, VI 8.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Phenomenon]]

AN.TA.ŠUR.RA

2026-01-06T09:31:09Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA}}
[[File:Pleiades and Venus in blue dawn 2020.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Pleiades and Venus in blue twilight (not dusk, but similar); CC-By SMH.]]
AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA (𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏) with variants AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA, AN.TA.ŠUR.RA), Akkadian equivalent: (mul)''Ṣāriru'' (𒍝𒊑𒊒)'','' "sparkling (flaring) star"''.'' These terms refer to bright phenomena in ancient Mesopotamia. The syllabic spelling mainly occurs in lexical texts, the term was used to refer to meteors and "shooting stars".

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
NV 10 rev. gives two variant readings AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA and AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA, both paired with AN.TA.GUB. LBAT 1502 has AN.TA.GUB with AN.TA.ŠUR.RA. As the sign ŠUR is the same as SUR, this means that the two terms ''antasurra'' and ''antašurra'' cannot be completely differentiated. However, we take the examples in NV 10 and LBAT 1502 to refer to a group of stars that tentatively have been identified as stars that appear at dusk as to opposed to AN.TA.GUB.BA that appear at dawn (see Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 217-219).

Variant:

* MUL AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA, AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA "Star flashing overhead"; a special category of stars which were visible in the east immediately after sunset, marking the beginning of the night [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref> 55-56; Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref name=":0">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>]. ŠU2 = ''rabû'', sunset (CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> R 50-51 ''rabû'' B).

Var. readings:

* (MUL) AN.TA.ŠUR.RA; = ''ṣāriru'' "sparkling (flashing) star";
* term for meteors or "shooting stars" [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 10; Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 36];
* mulAN.TA.ŠUR.RA = ''kakkab eliš ṣāriru'' "the star above flashing" [Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 164].

{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|
==== a36. (MUL) AN.TA.ŠUR.RA (22) ====
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10'''.

* The Neo-Assyrian text from Nineveh in which for each month the constellations belonging to the category AN.TA.GUB.BA and AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref name=":0" />]'''''.'''''
|AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA are categories of stars without any specific identification
|-
|'''LBAT 1502 obv'''.

* List of the stars AN.TA.GUB.BA and AN.TA.ŠUR.RA and corresponding ''ziqpu''-star culminations. To the category AN.TA.ŠUR.RA in the preserved part of the tablet: mulGU, mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4, mulKU6, mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4, d''šar''2-''ur''4 and d''šar''2-''gaz'', mulKUN.MEŠ(?), mulLUGAL (see related articles) [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref name=":0" />, 75-77].
|AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA are categories of stars without any specific identification
|-
|
==== a34. (MUL) AN.TA.SUR.RA (21) ====
|
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''.

* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: [mulan.ta].sur.ra [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 133 col. ix 4], mulan.ta.sur.ra [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 143 col. x 25].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''ṣa-ri-ru'' [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 31 Gap j:a; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, VAT 9430:22], mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''ṣa-ri-ri'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 54; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref name=":3">Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:311′], and [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, v 30(?)].
|in this text "an.ta.sur.ra" is a bright object that cannot be identified
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 2, III 6, 6b, XIX 1-2].
|
|-
|"'''Reports'''."
See. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref> 76 r. 1, 381:1, 4].
|
|-
|"'''The Great Star List'''."

* '''(1)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = d''šullat u'' d''ḫaniš'' "Antasurra = Šullat and Haniš",
* '''(2)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = dutu "Antasurra = Sun",
* '''(3)''' mulan.ta.sur. ra = ''me-šiḫ'' mul "Antasurra = transient star" (bright meteor),
* '''(4)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag "Antasurra = the Glow (Flash?) of Pabilisag" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:139-142].
|again, something bright without any specific identification:
These include the Sun-god, the center of the Milky Way Galaxy as seen in PA.BIL.SAG (Sagitarius), or other southern stars.
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identification. ====
 In the texts of Nv. 10 and LBAT 1502, according to Koch's interpretation, the term mulAN.TA.ŠU2.UR/ŠUR.RA = ‘(der) oben aufleuchtende(r) Stern’ refers to stars that rose before sunset, became visible at the end of civil twilight, and set before sunrise in the corresponding month [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 72, 76]; see also [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref> 55-57].

==== Astrology. ====
 (1) mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ana IM ZI.GA "The shining star for the rising wind." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 6].

 (2) mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ''ma-diš'' SA5 A.KAL ''uṣ-ṣa-pa'' "The shining star is very red: the flood will increase." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 6b]; for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XIX 1-2 + Parallels; SAA 9 381:1-2].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== (a36.) (MUL) AN.TA.ŠUR.RA (22) ===
вар.: MUL AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA «Звезда, вспыхивающая наверху»; особая категория звезд, которые были видны на востоке непосредственно после захода Солнца, отмечая начало ночи [Hunger-Pingree 1999 55–56; Donbaz–Koch 1995].

I. Источники.

'''''Текст Nv. 10'''''. Новоассирийский текст из Ниневии, в котором на каждый месяц приведены созвездия, относящиеся к категории AN.TA.GUB.BA и AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA [Donbaz-Koch 1995]. '''''LBAT 1502 obv'''''. Список звезд AN.TA.GUB.BA и AN.TA.ŠUR.RA и соответствующих кульминаций ''ziqpu''-звезд. К категории AN.TA.ŠUR.RA в сохранившейся части таблички отнесены: mulGU, mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4, mulKU6, mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4, d''šar''2-''ur''4 и d''šar''2-''gaz'', mulKUN.MEŠ(?), mulLUGAL (см. соотв. статьи) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 75–77].

II. Отождествление.

В текстах Nv. 10 и LBAT 1502, согласно интерпретации Коха, термин mulAN.TA.ŠU2.UR/ŠUR.RA = «(der) oben aufleuchtende(r) Stern» относится к звездам, которые восходили перед заходом Солнца, становились видны в конце гражданских сумерек и заходили перед восходом Солнца в соответствующий месяц [Koch 1995, 72, 76]; см. также [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 55–57].||Example
|-
|
=== (a34.) (MUL) AN.TA.SUR.RA (21) ===
вар. чтения: (MUL) AN.TA.ŠUR.RA; = ''ṣāriru'' «Сверкающая (вспыхивающая) звезда»; термин для обозначения метеоров или «падающих звезд» [BPO 2, 10; Gössman 1950, 36]; mulAN.TA.ŠUR.RA = ''kakkab eliš ṣāriru'' «Звезда наверху вспыхивающая» [Chadwick 1993, 164].

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: [mulan.ta].sur.ra [MSL XI, 133 col. ix 4], mulan.ta.sur.ra [ibid., 143 col. x 25]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''ṣa-ri-ru'' [MSL XI, 31 Gap j:a; Weidner 1959–60, VAT 9430:22], mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''ṣa-ri-ri'' [SpTU III, 114A v 54; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:311′], а также [ibid., v 30(?)]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, II 2, III 6, 6b, XIX 1–2]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 8, 76 r. 1, 381:1, 4]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = d''šullat u'' d''ḫaniš'' «Антасурра = Шуллат и Ханиш», '''(2)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = dutu «Антасурра = Солнце», '''(3)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''me-šiḫ'' mul «Антасурра = вспышка звезды», '''(4)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag «Антасурра = Сияние (Вспышка?) Пабилсага» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:139–142].

II. Отождествление.

(1) Метеор, падающая звезда [Chadwick 1993, 164].

(2) Часть созвездия Пабилсаг: [mu]lAN.TA.SUR.RA / ''mi-ši-iḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG «Антасурра = ''mišḫu'' Пабилсага» [SAA 8, 381:4–5]; возможно, λ Scorpii и ε Sagittarii [Weidner 1959–60, 107]. См. m26 ''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG.

(3) ''Антасурра — Меркурий внутри Пабилсага''; см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 20.

(4) d''šullat u'' d''ḫaniš'' ― две звезды в созвездии Центавра, см. h03d''Ḫaniš''.

См. также a36AN.TA.ŠUR.RA.

III. Астрология.
(1) mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ''ana'' IM ZI.GA «Сверкающая звезда для восхода ветра» [BPO 2, III 6].

(2) mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ''ma-diš'' SA5 A.KAL ''uṣ-ṣa-pa'' «Сверкающая звезда очень красная: половодье уcилится» [BPO 2, III 6b]; параллели см. [BPO 2, XIX 1–2 + Parallels; SAA 8, 381:1–2].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, ts04)
|
|-
|
=== (mul)''Ṣāriru'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulAN.TA.SUR.RA «Сверкающая (вспыхивающая) звезда»; в основном в лексических текстах, термин использовался для обозначения метеоров и «падающих звезд», см. a34AN.TA.SUR.RA.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Ṣarru

2026-01-06T09:20:32Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ṣarru''}}
mul''Ṣarru'' (𒀯𒇡𒊒) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= "Sparkling (star)"; apparently an epithet of Mars.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* DIŠ mul''Ṣar-ru ana'' ŠA3 [...] "If the Sparkling Star to [...approaches]"(?) [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 271, 83-1-18,783: 5]; in the preceding line of the text, mul''Ṣar-ru'' is replaced by mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Mars". See also: mul.meš ... ṣar-ru-ti [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1086b].
|Example
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, ts06)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Сверкающая (звезда)»; по-видимому, это эпитет Марса.
I. Источники.

EAE. DIŠ mulṢar-ru ana ŠA3 […] «Если Сверкающая звезда к […приблизилась]»(?) [BPO 3, 271, 83-1-18,783: 5]; в предшествующей строке текста вместо mulṢar-ru стоит mulṢal-bat-a-nu «Марс». См. также: mul.meš … ṣar-ru-ti [AHw 1086b].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]

Ṣurru

2026-01-06T09:20:08Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ṣurru''}}

mul''Ṣurru'' (𒀯𒀫𒊒) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= "obsidian star." [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1114; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> Ṣ, 257ff.]; a star near or in the constellation Scorpius(?).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 98 r. 4]; for prediction texts see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]], IV 4.
|Example
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, ts06)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Обсидиан-звезда» [AHw, 1114; СAD Ṣ, 257ff.]; звезда, находившаяся вблизи или в созвездии Скорпиона(?).
I. Источники.

«Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 98 r. 4]; текст предсказания см. L07dLI9.SI4, IV 4.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

ŠAḪ

2026-01-06T09:18:50Z

InitTeam:

Sumerian ŠAḪ(A) (𒋚), Akkadian ''šaḫû'' meaning "The Pig" is a Mesopotamian constellation in the neighbourhood of the constellation of the "Demon with the Gaping Mouth" (mul[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]) in [[Cygnus]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Krebernik (2023) ===
ŠAḪ(A) = ''šaḫû'' “pig”. mulŠAḪ (EN 28r).

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= ''Šaḫû'' "Pig"; a constellation located perhaps in Delphinus (Delphinus) [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 371; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> Š/1, 105a], see also (Kurtik d02) [[DAMU|d''Damu'']].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XVII 3-4; Verderame 2002<ref name=":2">''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 249].
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Enlil (n. 28): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulŠAḪ d''Da-mu'' "The constellation which stands on its right (i.e., mulUD.KA.DU8.A): Pig, Damu" (I i 29) [MA<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 26].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46.'''
* 1:19. mulšaḫ d''Da-mu'' = d''A-nu'' "Pig, Damu = Anu," see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
| Dalbanna-text.

* F.
** mulur2.kun šaḫ (in [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0" />,147 ] erroneously mulUḪ.ŠUBUR)
** mul gir3 za[g... ... ...]
** mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i'']
** 3 mul.meš gu t[u.l]u
** [2 dal.b]a.an.na dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r''[''u'']
** "The pelvis? of a pig (α Lac?). The righ[t] leg [...] (ι Cyg). Star with great brilliance of Anuni[t] (γ Peg, β And). 3 stars. Wea[k tau]t rope. [2 inter]vals, interval. Star with the great brilliance of Anunit firs[t]." [Walker 1995, 30; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4">Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref>, 105]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":5">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 57], mul gir3 za[g... ... ...] = mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? "The righ[t] foot [of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth]".
* G.
** ˹mulgaba?˺ šaḫ
** mulgir3 zag u4.k[a.du8.a
** mu]lka.muš.i3.ku2.e
** 3 mul.meš ˹gu˺si.˹sa2 dub˺.ba
** [2 da]l.˹ba.an.na˺ d[al.ba].an.na mulka.muš.i3.ku2.e ''maḫ-ru''
** "Chest? of the Pig (ο And). The right foot of a Demon with the Op[en Mouth] (ι Cyg). Pest (α Cas?). 3 stars. A straight tight rope. [2 in]tervals, in[ter]val. Pest — the first (star)." [Walker 1995, 30; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4" />, 105; Koch 1995<ref name=":5" />, 45, 57].
* I. ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] "[Tail? Pig]" (β Lac), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §e. mul''z''[''ap-pi šaḫ'']? "Br[istles of the Pig]?" (7 And), see (Kurtik a39) [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]].
|
|}
[[File:SAH CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 122828.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ŠAḪ (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
|γ Sagittae
|HIP 98337
|Inside the Hull
|3.47
|-
|2
|δ Sagittae
|HIP 97365
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|3
|β Sagittae
|HIP 96837
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.38
|-
|4
|[[Sham]]
| HIP 96757
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.38
|-
| 5
|13 Vul
|HIP 97886
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.64
|-
|6
| -
|HIP 99824
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.75
|-
|7
|29 Vul
| HIP 101867
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.82
|-
|8
|12 Vul
| HIP 97679
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
| 9
|ζ Sagittae
|HIP 97496
|Inside the Hull
|5.034
|-
|10
|17 Vul
|HIP 99080
|Inside the Hull
|5.056
|-
|11
|η Sagittae
|HIP 98920
|Inside the Hull
|5.093
|-
|12
|22 Vul
|HIP 99853
|Inside the Hull
| 5.176
|-
|13
|24 Vul
|HIP 99951
|Inside the Hull
|5.302
|-
|14
|14 Vul
|HIP 98375
|Inside the Hull
|5.66
|-
|15
| -
| HIP 100754
| Inside the Hull
|5.672
|-
|16
|18 Sge
| HIP 99913
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
| 17
|9 Sge
|HIP 97796
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 99445
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 99479
|Inside the Hull
|6.269
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 98772
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 100876
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 101505
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
| 23
| -
|HD 189754
|Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Identification. ====
= Delphinus [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79a].

= possibly Delphinus [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 15].

= the head and first whorl of the Dragon (Draco) (?) [MA<ref name=":3" />, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4" />, 273].

= Delphinus(?) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C].

= Delphinus [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 76].

==== III. Deity. ====
''Damu'', see (Kurtik d02) [[DAMU|d''Damu'']].

==== IV. Symbol. ====
The pig (?).

==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) Mouth of the Pig, see below (3).

(2) The chest of the Pig (ο And), see dbn text (§ G).

(3) The stubble of the Pig (7 And), see dbn-text (§ e).

(4) The pelvis? of the Pig (α Lac), see dbn-text (§ F).

(5) The tail of the Pig (β Lac) (?), see dbn-text (§ I).

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars(?); mulŠAḪ = MIN "Pig = Mars" [II R<ref>''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).</ref>, 49, 4: 44a].

===== Predications: =====
(2) The Pig is massive; DIŠ mulŠAḪ ''gup-pu-uš'' x[...] "If the Pig is extremely massive [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XVII 3].

(3) The Pig has its mouth open; DIŠ mulŠAḪ KA-''šu''2 BAD NUN.MEŠ ''ana'' x [...] "If the Pig has its mouth open: princes to [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XVII 4].

(4) The Moon wears the crown of the Pig; DIŠ AGA mulŠAḪ ''a-pir'' KUR SU.KU2 IGI GIR3.BAL GAL2 [...] "If (the Moon) wears the crown of the Pig: the country will know famine, there will be desolation [...]" [Verderame 2002<ref name=":2" />, 73, 89 IIIh2:19′, 96 IIIq:4′].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Kurtik (2022, sh02) !! Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = ''Šaḫû'' «Свинья»; созвездие, находившееся, возможно, в Дельфине (Delphinus) [Gössman 1950, 371; BPO 2, 15; CAD Š/1, 105a], cм. также d02d''Damu''. || Example
|-
| I. Источники.
'''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, XVII 3–4; Verderame 2002, 249]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. Звезды Энлиля (№ 28): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulŠAḪ d''Da-mu'' «Звезда, которая справа от него (т.е. mulUD.KA.DU8.A) стоит: Свинья, Даму» (I i 29) [MA, 26]. '''''Список звезд VR 46,1:19'''''. mulšaḫ d''Da''-''mu'' = d''A-nu'' «Свинья, Даму = Ану», см. также [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''F'''. mulur2.kun šaḫ (в [Gössman 1950,147] ошибочно mulUḪ.ŠUBUR) mul gir3 za[g… … …] mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i''] 3 mul.meš gu t[u.l]u [2 dal.b]a.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r''[''u''] «Таз? свиньи (α Lac?). Прав[ая] нога […] (ι Cyg). Звезда с большим блеском Анунит[у] (γ Peg). 3 звезды. Сла[бо натяну]тая веревка. [2 интер]вала, интервал. Звезда с большим блеском Ануниту перв[ая].» [Walker 1995, 30; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 57], mul gir3 za[g… … …] = mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? «Прав[ая] нога [Демона с Разинутой Пастью]». '''G'''. ˹mulgaba?˺ šaḫ mulgir3 zag u4.k[a.du8.a mu]lka.muš.i3.ku2.e 3 mul.meš ˹gu˺si.˹sa2 dub˺.ba [2 da]l.˹ba.an.na˺ d[al.ba].an.na mulka.muš.i3.ku2.e ''maḫ-ru'' «Грудь? Свиньи (ο And). Правая нога Демона с Рази[нутой Пастью] (ι Cyg). Вредитель (α Cas?). 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. [2 ин]тервала, ин[тер]вал. Вредитель — первая (звезда)» [Walker 1995, 30; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105; Kock 1995, 45, 57]. '''I'''. ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] «[Хвост? Свиньи]» (β Lac), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. '''§e'''. mul''z''[''ap-pi'' šaḫ]? «Щ[етина Свиньи]?» (7 And), см. a39ANŠE.KUR.RA.

II. Божество.

Даму, см. d02d''Damu''.

III. Символ.

Свинья (?).

III. Отождествление.

= Delphinus [Weidner 1957–59, 79a].

= возможно, Delphinus [BPO 2, 15].

= голова и первый виток Дракона (Draco) (?) [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273].

= Delphinus(?) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= Delphinus [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

IV. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Пасть Свиньи, см. ниже (3).

(2) Грудь Свиньи (ο And), см. dbn-текст (§ G).

(3) Щетина Свиньи (7 And), см. dbn-текст (§ е).

(4) Таз? Свиньи (α Lac), см. dbn-текст (§ F).

(5) Хвост Свиньи (β Lac) (?), см. dbn-текст (§ I).

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Марс''(?); mulŠAḪ = MIN «Свинья = Марс» [II R, 49, 4: 44a].

Предсказания:

(2) ''Свинья массивная''; DIŠ mulŠAḪ ''gup-pu-uš'' x[…] «Если Свинья очень массивная […] [BPO 2, XVII 3].

(3) ''У Свиньи пасть открыта''; DIŠ mulŠAḪ KA-''šu''2 BAD NUN.MEŠ ''ana'' x […] «Если у Свиньи пасть ее открыта: князья к […]» [BPO 2, XVII 4].

(4) ''Луна корону Свиньи несет''; DIŠ AGA mulŠAḪ ''a-pir'' KUR SU.KU2 IGI GIR3.BAL GAL2 […] «Если (Луна) корону Свиньи несет: страна узнает голод, будет опустошение […]» [Verderame 2002, 73, 89 IIIh2:19′, 96 IIIq:4′].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3

2026-01-06T09:07:24Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3}}

mulŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3 (𒀯𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
"(Star) for the uterus"(?) [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15; Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 370; Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 120-121].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* mulŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3 KI.KUR2.KUR2.RA.ŠE3 ''bu-lu'' [...] "A star for the womb (for prediction) ..." [ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 25:54; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 23].
|
|}
The name occurs in a single text and is probably a distortion of the previous line mulE2.TUR3.RA (ŠA3 and E2 are graphically close signs). At the same time, the deity dŠA3.TURˆ = ''šassūru'' "womb, mother's womb" is known [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1194-5; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 78:102]. If its name is indeed connected with the name of the luminary, then the name mulŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3 must mean something like "(Star) for the womb", which corresponds to the name of the next star in this text: mulSAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA "(Star) of the Woman" (see s12).

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, sh01)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|«(Звезда) для матки»(?) [BPO 2, 15; Gössman 1950, 370; Koch 1989, 120–121].
I. Источники.

EAE. mulŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3 KI.KUR2.KUR2.RA.ŠE3 bu-lu […] «Звезда для матки (для предсказания) …» [ACh Ištar, 25:54; BPO 2, III 23].

Название встречается в единственном тексте и, возможно, есть просто искажение стоящего в предыдущей строке mulE2.TUR3.RA (ŠA3 и E2 — графически близкие знаки). В то же время, известно божество dŠA3.TUR3 = šassūru «Матка, материнская утроба» [AHw, 1194–5; Litke 1998, 78:102]. Если его имя действительно связано с названием этого светила, то название mulŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3 должно означать что-то вроде «(Звезда) для матки», что соответствует названию следующей звезды в этом тексте: mulSAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA «(Звезда) Женщины» (см. s12).
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Šamaš

2026-01-06T09:06:13Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Šamaš''}}

(d)''Šamaš'' (𒀭𒌋𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian deity and luminary.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Krebernik (2023) ===
Utu/Šamaš: The sun god. dUTU (EA 6–7r).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
The goddess of the underworld, identified with Mars and the constellation Snake (mulMUŠ) [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 128; Wiggermann 1997, 34-35].

==== I. Sources ====
Akkadian parallel to dUTU, (d)MAN, d20; = solar god Shamash, the Sun [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0" />, 373]. In astronomical and astrological texts, as a rule, logographic notations was used, see (Kurtik m04) [[MAN]], (Kurtik u30) [[UTU|dUTU]].
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, sh03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к dUTU, (d)MAN, d20; = солнечный бог Шамаш, Солнце [Gössman 1950, 373]. В астрономических и астрологических текстах использовалась, как правило, логографическая запись, см. m04MAN, u30dUTU.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Sun]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]

ŠAR2.GAZ

2026-01-06T09:05:08Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulŠAR2.GAZ}}
mulŠAR2.GAZ (𒀯𒄭𒄤) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Krebernik (2023) ===
'''Šarur & Šargaz.''' Pair of warrior gods, originally deified weapons of Ninurta. dŠár-ur4 ''u'' dŠár-gaz (EA 12–13r).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= mul''Šar''2''-gaz''; one of the two stars "on the sting of the Scorpius" (''ziqit'' GIR2.TAB); = υ Scorpii, mentioned always in pair with mul''Šar''2-''ur'' [Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 375; BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":1">Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref>, 275].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Text Nv. 10.

* (1) Intercalation scheme: [mulš]ar2.ur4 dšar2.gaz as the stars of Enlil-the stars of AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of tebet, see (Kurtik d05) [[DI]].
* (2) mul˹dšar2˺.ur4 dšar2.gaz is the star AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA in the month of duuzu, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* d''šar''2-''gaz'' and d''šar''2-''ur''4 are the stars of Antashurra, see (Kurtik t01) [[tak-ša2-a-ti|''Tak-ša''2''-a-ti'']].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 10): mulšar2.ur4 šar2.gaz [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 19; HBA<ref name=":2">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; Horowitz 1998, 176].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":3">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 352b].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* For a list of the stars of Ea (no. 12), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
|
|-
|'''"Great Start List."'''
* 7 Celestial Twins: mulšar2.ur4 <''u''> mulšar2.gaz [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:234]; for a parallel see. [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 31].
|
|-
|'''Star List V R, 46, 1:32.'''
* dšar2.ur ''u'' dšar2.gaz = d''muš-te-šir ḫab-lim u'' d gištukul dša3.zu "Sharur and Shargas = Straightener of the Liar and Weapon of Marduk" [HBA<ref name=":2" />, 52:32; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (P) mulšar2.ur mulšar2.gaz [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:26], see (Kurtik g05) [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §s. mul''Šar''2-''ur''4 ''u'' mul[''Šar''2-''ga'']''z'' "Sharur and [Sharga]s" (λ, υ Sco), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI4.SI9]].
* §t. mul''Šar''2-''ur''4 mul˹''Šar''2-''gaz''˺, see (Kurtik g32) [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
See. [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102:16]. See also dšar2.ur4 <''u''> dšar2.gaz in the list of the 12 city gods of Babylon(?) [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 54 :2].
|
|}

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Shaula]]
|HIP 85927
|within constellation lines
|1.63
|-
|2
|[[Lesath]]
|HIP 85696
|within constellation lines
|2.65
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
= λ or υ Scorpii [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 80b; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 15; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 208, App. C].

= υ Scorpii [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":1" />, 275].

==== III. Astrology. ====
(1) Visitabilty of the Stars; DIŠ dŠAR2.UR4 ''u'' dŠAR2.GAZ ''ša''2 ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB ''it-ta-na-an-bi-ṭu'' / gišTUKUL.MEŠ KUR URIki ZI.MEŠ / ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB EN GAL-''u''2 mulPA.BIL.SAG "If Sharur and Shargaz increase (their) brilliance on the sting of the Scorpius: the weapons of Akkad will attack. The sting of the Scorpius is the great lord of Pabilsag." [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 502:7-9], see also [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, 51:1-2, 185:3-5, 370:4-7]. [DIŠ dŠAR2.UR3 ''u''] dŠAR2.GAZ (glossa: ''ga-az'') / [''ša''2 ''zi-qit'' mulG]IR2.TAB ''un-nu-tu''2 / [xxxx] KI ''ma-aq-tu''2 "[If Sharur and] Shargaz are weak [on the sting of Scor]pion: [...] ... will fall" [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 52:-3].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, sh05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulŠar2-gaz; одна из двух звезд «на жале Скорпиона» (ziqit GIR2.TAB); = υ Scorpii, упоминается всегда в паре с mulŠar2-ur [Gössman 1950, 375; BPO 2, 15; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 275].
I. Источники.

«Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 10): mulšar2.ur4 šar2.gaz [CT 33, 9 r. 19; HBA, 104; Horowitz 1998, 176]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 352b]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Эа (№ 12), см. g19GIR2.TAB. «Большой список звезд». 7 Небесных Близнецов: mulšar2.ur4 <nowiki> </nowiki>mulšar2.gaz [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:234]; параллель см. [KAR, 142 i 31]. Список звезд V R, 46, 1:32. dšar2.ur u dšar2.gaz = dmuš-te-šir ḫab-lim u d gištukul dša3.zu «Шарур и Шаргаз = Выпрямитель лжеца и Оружие Мардука» [HBA, 52:32; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (P) mulšar2.ur mulšar2.gaz [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:26], см. g05GAM-ti. Dalbanna-текст. §с. mulŠar2-ur4 u mul[Šar2-ga]z «Шарур и [Шарга]з» (λ, υ Sco), см. L07LI4.SI9. §t. mulŠar2-ur4 mul˹Šar2-gaz˺, см. g32GU4.ALIM. Текст Nv. 10. (1) Интеркаляционная схема: [mulš]ar2.ur4 dšar2.gaz как звезды Энлиля — звезды AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце тебету, см. d05DI. (2) mul˹dšar2˺.ur4 dšar2.gaz — звезда AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA в месяце дуузу, см. sh16ŠU.GI. LBAT 1502. dšar2-gaz и dšar2-ur4 — звезды Анташурра, см. t01tak-ša2-a-ti. Поздняя астрология. См. [SpTU III, 102:16]. См. также dšar2.ur4 <nowiki> </nowiki>dšar2.gaz в списке 12 городских богов Вавилона(?) [Livingstone 1986, 54 :2].

II. Отождествление.

= λ или υ Scorpii [Weidner 1957–59, 80b; BPO 2, 15; MA 138; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].

= υ Scorpii [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 275].

III. Астрология.

(1) Видимость звезд; DIŠ dŠAR2.UR4 u dŠAR2.GAZ ša2 zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB it-ta-na-an-bi-ṭu / gišTUKUL.MEŠ KUR URIki ZI.MEŠ / zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB EN GAL-u2 mulPA.BIL.SAG «Если Шарур и Шаргаз на жале Скорпиона усиливают (свой) блеск: оружие Аккада будет атаковать. Жало Скорпиона — это великий господин Пабилсаг» [SAA 8, 502:7–9], см. также [ibid., 51:1–2, 185:3–5, 370:4–7]. [DIŠ dŠAR2.UR3 u] dŠAR2.GAZ (глосса: ga-az) / [ša2 zi-qit mulG]IR2.TAB un-nu-tu2 / [xxxx] KI ma-aq-tu2 «[Если Шарур и] Шаргаз [на жале Скор]пиона слабые: […] … падет» [SAA 8, 52:–3].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

KA5.A

2026-01-06T08:59:21Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:KA5.A}}
[[File:BabFox stellarium2025.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation KA5 (Fox) in Stellarium (CC BY SMH2019).]]
mulKA5.A (𒀯𒈜𒀀), (mul)''Šēlebu'' (𒀯𒊺𒇷𒁍), "The Fox", is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in ([[Ursa Major]]), [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 205; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Š/2, 270]. As suggested identification is the star 80 UMa above the pole of the Big Dipper but as the fox is drawn in the Denderah Zodiac, it likely covers a larger area rather than referring to only one star.<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Preliminary Observations on the Dendera Zodiac (Egypt). in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, pages 524-541</ref>
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* mulLUL.A, (KA5.A)
* mulKA10 (mulKA5.A)
* = ''šēlebu'' "Fox".

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian monolingual lists: mulka5.a [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 137, Forrerunner 2, rev. ii 8; Emar VI/4<ref name=":3">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:116].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulka5.a = ''še-la-bu'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":3" />, 151:177], mulka5.a = ''še-le-bu'' [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 31, Section 11:5′], mulka5 = ''še-el''(var.: ''šel'')-''le-bi'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 62; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 111:322ʹ].

|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: mulKA5.A [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:18].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."''' <nowiki>[[I think that we will simplify things by just giving Horowitz 2014 page numbers for each section with the Appendix A listing as well - right now this is all a mess - I can do this pretty easily and quickly]]</nowiki>???
Astrolabe B

* (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu'' mulka5.[a] "The star which is behind it (i.e. mul''Šul-pa-e''3 = Jupiter) (stands, it is) is "the Fox" (B iii 24).

* (2) List (3´12): [itiše] ... mulka5.a ''šu''[-''ut'' d''En-lil''2] "The month of addar: ...Fox (on the path of) Enlil (rising)" (C iii 12).
* (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is addar, sunset is ulul [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014, 39, rev. col. iii 6; 40], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]]; for a parallel see. [BPO 2, III 29].
Astrolabe P.

* Month of addar, stars of Anu, 90 [Horowitz 2014<ref name=":4">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 141, Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575]

'''[[still issue of LBAT 1499 vs mukallimtu as Alb P)??'''
|
|-
|'''BM 82923.'''

* Month of addar, stars Anu: mulKA5.A // 1,[3]0 // dEN ''mu-uš-mit'' "Fox // 90 // Lord who kills" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 29-30:35].
|
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
* Month of Nisan, stars of An: múlka5.a [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, An, and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 stars of An (no. 11): mulka5.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 3a, 4-4a, III 8, 29].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Enlil (no. 16): MUL ''ša''2 KI ''za-ri-i ša''2 mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-''zu'' / mulKA5.A d''Er''3''-ra gaš-ri'' DINGIRmeš "The star that stands on the drawbar of the Wagon: the Fox, Erra, the strong among the gods" (I i 16-17) [MA<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 23]; for a possible parallel see MLC 1866 (iii 18-19).
* mulKA5.A (EN 17r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 49 r. 9, 563:4].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia." <nowiki>[[cc at university GSL files???]]</nowiki>'''
* (1) List of the names of Mars: mulka5.a = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Fox = Mars";
* (2) mul''za-ru-u''2 = ''ma-šad-du'' "Drawbar = Drawbar";
* (3) 12 stars of Amurru: mulka5.a;
* (4) 7 names of Mars (7 ''zik-ru-šu''): ulka5.a [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:93, 162, 220, 238]; see also [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 50:37-38; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107:24 u. Anm.].
|
|-
|'''Uranology Group'''
MLC 1866'''.'''

* MUL ''ša''2 ''it-ti za-r''[''u'' mulMAR.GID2.DA] / GUB-''zu'' mul˹KA5.A d''Er''3''-ra''˺ ''gaš-ri'' [DINGIR.MEŠ] "The star that on the drawbar [of the Wagon] / stands, Lysa, the god Erra, is strong [amongst the gods]" (col. iii 18-19) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41].
|
|-
|'''The list of "7 Enlils."'''
See (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|
|-
|'''The list of "4 Enlil."'''
* Fox correlates with Enlil of Enamtila, see (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|
|-
|'''"Ishum and Erra."'''
* d''Er''3-''ra ina nap-ḫar'' DINGIR.MEŠ / ''ina'' MUL.<MEŠ> ''ša''2-''ma-mi'' mulKA5.˹A˺ […] "Erra among all the gods / Among the stars of heaven, the Fox [...]" [Al-Rawi-Black 1989<ref>''Al-Rawi F.N.H., Black J.A''. The Second Tablet of "Išum and Erra" // Iraq. 1989. V. 51. P. 111-122.</ref>, 118:15-16, 122, notes].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427:
** [… ''ina''] itibar2 ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlKA10 ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
** "[In] the month of Nisan at noon(?) on the 29th day, the Fox emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 239:25].
** ['''[for all Anaphora - add in F Rochberg article???]]'''
|
|}
[[File:KA CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 153134.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside KA5 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Thuban]]
|HIP 68756
| Constellation lines
|3.68
|-
|2
|[[Giausar]]
|HIP 56211
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.85
|-
|3
|κ Draconis
|HIP 61281
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.89
|-
|4
|[[Alcor]]
|HIP 65477
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.01
|-
|5
|RR UMi
|HIP 73199
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.54
|-
|6
|CU Dra
|HIP 67627
|Constellation lines
| 4.66
|-
| 7
|83 UMa
|HIP 66738
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.66
|-
|8
|CQ Dra
|HIP 60998
| Constellation lines
|4.95
|-
|9
| -
|HIP 56583
| Inside the Hull
|5.19
|-
|10
| [[Taiyi]]
|HIP 63076
| Constellation lines
|5.225
|-
|11
| 74 UMa
|HIP 60978
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.347
|-
|12
|9 Dra
|HIP 63432
|Inside the Hull
|5.368
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 65728
|Constellation lines
|5.4
|-
|14
|[[Tianyi]]
| HIP 62423
|Inside the Hull
|5.423
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 61532
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|16
|81 UMa
|HIP 66198
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 62512
|Constellation lines
|5.831
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 66798
| Inside the Hull
|5.85
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 62402
|Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
| 20
| -
|HIP 67485
|Inside the Hull
|5.964
|-
|21
|76 UMa
|HIP 61936
|Inside the Hull
|6.02
|-
| 22
|75 UMa
|HIP 60992
|Inside the Hull
|6.065
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 70952
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 63952
|Inside the Hull
|6.154
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 64774
| Inside the Hull
|6.189
|-
|26
|CQ UMa
|HIP 66700
|Inside the Hull
|6.273
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 60589
|Inside the Hull
|6.308
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 63152
|Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 62046
|Inside the Hull
|6.378
|-
| 30
| -
|HIP 63297
|Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 67548
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 68184
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 69107
|Inside the Hull
|6.471
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 64522
|Inside the Hull
|6.53
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Symbol. ====
Mesopotamian representations of the constellation are unknown; apparently it was a fox. A fox-like figure (jackal?) is depicted on a zodiac from Dendera among the northern constellations [EAT III, 72ff., Nr. 54 (Dendera B)]; see also [Kurtik 1990<ref>''Куртик Г.Е.'' Астрономия древнего Египта // ИАИ. 1990. Вып. XXII. C. 207-256.</ref>, 248, 253].

==== III. Deity. ====
The constellation of the Fox is associated with Erra, the god of war, anarchy, famine, and plague, sometimes identified with Nergal [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 669; Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 21-29; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 329]. Hence the correspondence of Fox - Mars and the unfavorable predictions arising because of it. The association of the Fox with Erra seems to be explained by the negative perception that developed in Mesopotamia in relation to the fox [Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 351-352]. mulKA5.A is mentioned among the constellation deities in the Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:18].

==== IV. Identification. ====
= g Ursae Majoris [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 205; Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 80a; 1959-60<ref name=":6" />, 108].

= 80-86 Ursae Majoris (?) [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, p. 7, 12; MA<ref name=":5" />, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 272].

= part of the Big Dipper [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C;

= Ursa Major, Horowitz 2014<ref name=":4" />, 246].

==== V. Astrology. ====

==== Identifications: ====
(1) = Mars; see above.

==== Predictions: ====
(2) View of Fox as planet Mars(?); (a) mulKA5.A MUL.BI NU SA5 [...] "Fox, its star is not red" [BPO 2, II 3a], (b) mulKA5.A ''ina'' SAR-''šu''2 ''ma-diš'' SA5 ''u'' [...] "The star at its rising is very red and [...] [ibid., II 4a], (c). DIŠ mulKA5.A | KUR-''šu''2 | (glossary: ''mu-ul ka-a ni-pi-iḫ'') [xxx]x a!-dir | [xxx] ... "If the Fox at its rising [...] is dark ..." [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 49 r. 9].

(3) General astrological meaning; mulKA5.A ''ana'' E2.MEŠ ''pu-lu-ši'' "Fox for (predicting) the destruction of houses" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 4]; parallel [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, III 8].

(4) The Fox (= Mars) in Scorpius; mulKA5.A ''ana'' E2.ME ''pu-lu-ši ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB DU-''ma'' "The Fox (which) for the destruction of houses stands in Scorpius" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 36, Parallels to II 4].

See also [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 54:15; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 205, III B.2].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, k06)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulLUL.A, mulKA10; = šēlebu «Лиса»; созвездие в Большой Медведице (Ursa Majoris) (?) [Gössman 1950, 205; BPO 2, 12; CAD Š/2, 270].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерские одноязычные списки: mulka5.a [MSL XI, 137, Forrerunner 2, rev. ii 8; Emar VI/4, 154:116]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mulka5.a = še-la-bu [Emar VI/4, 151:177], mulka5.a = še-le-bu [MSL XI, 31, Section 11:5′], mulka5 = še-el(вар.: šel)-le-bi [SpTU III, 114A v 62; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 111:322ʹ]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mulKA5.A [Oppenheim 1959, 283:18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц аддару, звезды Ану, 90 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu mulka5.[a] «Звезда, которая позади него (т.е mulŠul-pa-e3 = Юпитер) (стоит, это) Лиса» (B iii 24). (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiše] … mulka5.a šu[-ut dEn-lil2] «Месяц аддару: …Лиса (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 12). (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход — аддару, заход — улулу [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014, 39, rev. col. iii 6; 40], см. k24KU6; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 29]. BM 82923. Месяц аддару, звезды Ану: mulKA5.A // 1,[3]0 // dEN mu-uš-mit «Лиса // 90 // Господин, который убивает» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 29–30:35]. BM 34713. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану: múlka5.a [LBAT, 1499:1], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 11): mulka5.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, II 3a, 4–4a, III 8, 29]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Энлиля (№ 16): MUL ša2 KI za-ri-i ša2 mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-zu / mulKA5.A dEr3-ra gaš-ri DINGIRmeš «Звезда, которая на дышле Повозки стоит: Лиса, Эрра, сильный среди богов» (I i 16–17) [MA, 23]; возможная параллель см. MLC 1866 (iii 18–19). «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 49 r. 9, 563:4]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulka5.a = dmin(=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Лиса = Марс»; (2) mulza-ru-u2 = ma-šad-du «Дышло = Дышло»; (3) 12 звезд Амурру: mulka5.a; (4) 7 имен Марса (7 zik-ru-šu): ulka5.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:93, 162, 220, 238]; см. также [SpTU I, 50:37–38; Weidner 1959–60, 107:24 u. Anm.]. MLC 1866. MUL ša2 it-ti za-r[u mulMAR.GID2.DA] / GUB-zu mul˹KA5.A dEr3-ra˺ gaš-ri [DINGIR.MEŠ] «Звезда, которая на дышле [Повозки] / стоит, Лиса, бог Эрра сильный [среди богов]» (col. iii 18–19) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41]. Список «7 Энлилей». См. e10dEn-lil2. Список «4-х Энлилей». Лиса соотносится с Энлилем из Энамтилы, см. e10dEn-lil2. «Ишум и Эрра». der3-ra ina nap-ḫar DINGIR.MEŠ / ina MUL.<MEŠ> ša2-ma-mi mulKA5.˹A˺ […] «Эрра среди всех богов / Среди звезд небесных, Лиса […]» [Al-Rawi–Black 1989, 118:15–16, 122, notes]. Анафора. А 3427: [… ina] itibar2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlKA10 ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[В] месяце нисану в полдень(?) 29-го дня Лиса испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:25].

II. Символ.

Месопотамские изображения созвездия неизвестны; по-видимому, это была лиса. Похожая на лису фигура (шакал?) изображена на зодиаке из Дендеры среди северных созвездий [EAT III, 72ff., Nr. 54 (Dendera B)]; см. также [Куртик 1990, 248, 253].

III. Божество.

Созвездие Лиса связано с Эррой, богом войны, анархии, голода и чумы, отождествляемым иногда с Нергалом [МНМ II, 669; Roberts 1972, 21–29; Tallqvist 1938, 329]. Отсюда соответствие Лиса ― Марс и возникающие из-за этого неблагоприятные предсказания. Связь Лисы с Эррой объясняется, по-видимому, тем негативным восприятием, которое сложилось в Месопотамии по отношению к лисе [Reynolds 1998, 351–352]. mulKA5.A упоминается среди божеств-созвездий в новоассирийской молитве ночным богам [Oppenheim 1959, 283:18].

IV. Отождествление.

= g Ursae Majoris [Gössman 1950, 205; Weidner 1957–59, 80a; 1959–60, 108].

= 80–86 Ursae Majoris (?) [BPO 2, p. 7, 12; MA, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272].

= часть Большой Медведицы [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 246].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. выше.

Предсказания:

(2) Вид Лисы как планеты Марс(?); a) mulKA5.A MUL.BI NU SA5 […] «Лиса, звезда его не красная» [BPO 2, II 3a], b) mulKA5.A ina SAR-šu2 ma-diš SA5 u […] «Звезда при своем восходе очень красная и […] [ibid., II 4a], с). DIŠ mulKA5.A | KUR-šu2 | (глосса: mu-ul ka-a ni-pi-iḫ) [xxx]x a!-dir | [xxx] … «Если Лиса при своем восходе [...] темная …» [SAA 8, 49 r. 9].

(3) Общее астрологическое значение; mulKA5.A ana E2.MEŠ pu-lu-ši «Лиса для (предсказания) разрушения домов» [BPO 2, II 4]; параллель [ibid., III 8].

(4) Лиса (= Марс) в Скорпионе; mulKA5.A ana E2.ME pu-lu-ši ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB DU-ma «Лиса, (которая) для разрушения домов, в Скорпионе стоит» [BPO 2, 36, Parallels to II 4].

См. также [ACh Suppl., 54:15; Gössman 1950, 205, III B.2].
| Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, sh07)
|
|-
|
=== (mul)''Šēlebu'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulKA5.A «Лиса» в лексических текстах, см. k06KA5.A
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

[[Category:UMa]]

Šību

2026-01-06T08:58:53Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Šību''}}

mul''Šību'' (𒀯𒅆𒁍𒌑) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Akkadian parallel to mulŠU.GI "Old Man"; constellation in Perseus [Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 378, 387; BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15]; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 25:72; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 32]; for the text see. (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]], I.
|Example
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
* "Catalog of 30 stars." Anu 6, see (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]], I.
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, sh08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulŠU.GI «Старик»; созвездие в Персее (Perseus) [Gössman 1950, 378, 387; BPO 2, 15]; см. sh16ŠU.GI.
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. См. [ACh Ištar 25:72; BPO 2, III 32]; текст см. L09LU.LIM, I. «Астролябии». «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 6, см. s19SIM.MAḪ, I.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

Šiḫṭu

2026-01-06T08:58:14Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Šiḫṭu''}}

(mul)''Šiḫṭu'' (𒀯𒅆𒄴𒂅) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Lit. "Leap"; a rarely used Akkadian parallel to mulGU4.UD "Mercury," see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].

See ''ši-iḫ-ṭu lu-u''2 d''ṣal-bat''-[''a-nu''] "Mercury or Ma[rs]" [LBAT<ref name=":0">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1611:22′], ''ši-iḫ-ṭu'' [ibid.<ref name=":0" />, 1611:21′], and also [ibid.<ref name=":0" />, p. XXXVII; AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1209b; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> Š/2, 417a].

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, sh09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|букв. «Прыжок»; редко используемая аккадская параллель к mulGU4.UD «Меркурий», см. g34GU4.UD.
См.: ši-iḫ-ṭu lu-u2 dṣal-bat-[a-nu] «Меркурий или Ма[рс]» [LВАТ, 1611:22′], ši-iḫ-ṭu [ibid., 1611:21′], а также [ibid., p. XXXVII; AHw, 1209b; CAD Š/2, 417a].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Mars]]

References (Babylonian)

2026-01-04T11:48:37Z

InitTeam:

* Kurtik (2007), updated by himself until his death in early 2022
* Gössmann (1950)
===Acknowledgements===
We additionally thank our students and colleagues, namely:

David Hilder, Youngjae Lee, Asterios Kechagias, Jan Safford, David Perugia.

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|}

==Kurtik ==

===Kurtik's References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! citation form!!bibliography
|-
|IR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).
|-
|IIR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).
|-
|IIIR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''
|-
|IVR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''
|-
|VR
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|''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babylonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.
|-
|TU.
?
|''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
|-
|Thureau-Dangin 1913.
|''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.
|-
|UET 7
|''Gurney, Oliver R.'' Middle Babylonian Legal Documents and Other Texts. Ur Excavations. Texts 7. London: The Trustees of the two museums. 1974.
|-
|Unger 1954.
|''Unger S. E.'' Die Milchstrasse Nibiru, Sternbild des Marduk // WO. 1954. Bd. 2. S. 454-464.
|-
|Ungnad 1941-1944.
|''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.
|-
|Urgud.
|'''''??????????????????????? name of a lex. commentary, in MSL'''''
|-
|Van Buren 1934.
|''Van Buren E.D.'' The God Ningizzida // Iraq. 1934. Vol. 1. P. 60f.
|-
|Van Buren 1945.
|''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.
|-
|Van Buren 1946.
|''Van Buren E.D''. The Dragon in Ancient Mesopotamia // Or. 1946. Vol. 15. P. 1-45.
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|''Texte aus dem Rēs-Heiligtum in Uruk-Warka'' / Kopien von Jan van Dijk. Zur Veröff. vorbereitet u. eingeleitet von Werner R.Mayer. — Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 1980 (BaM, Beiheft 2).
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|''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.
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|Waerden 1949.
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|Waerden 1952-53.
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|Waerden 1974.
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|Waerden 1991.
|???????????????????
|-
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|-
|Walker 1983a.
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|Walker 1993.
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|-
|Walker 1995.
|'''''??????????????????????'''''
|-
|Walker-Hunger 1977.
|''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.
|-
|Wallenfels 1993.
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|-
| Watanabe 1991.
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|-
|Watanabe 1992.
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|Weidner 1921-23.
|''Weidner E''. Studien zur babylonischen Himmelskunde // Rivista degli studi orientali. 1921-23. Vol. IX. P. 287-300.
|-
|Weidner 1923-24.
|Weidner, E. F., Ein babylonisches Kompendium der Himmelskunde. American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 40, 186-208
|-
|Weidner 1924-25.
|''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.
|-
|Weidner 1925.
|''Weidner E.'' Ein astrologischer Kommentar aus Uruk // Studia Orientalia. 1925. Vol. 1. P. 347-358.
|-
|Weidner 1927.

|''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.
|-
|Weidner 1931-1932.
|''Weidner E. '' Der Tierkreis und Wege am Himmel // AfO. 1931-32. Bd. 7. S. 170-178.
|-
|Weidner 1941-1944.
|''Weidner E.'' Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14. S. 172-195, 308-312.
|-
|Weidner, 1954-1956.
|''Weidner E.'' Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil // AfO. 1954-1956. Bd. 17. S. 71-89.
|-
|Weidner 1957-1958.
|''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
|-
|Weidner 1959-1960.
|''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.
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|Weidner 1963.
|''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.
|-
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|-
|Weidner, 1968-1969.
|''Weidner E.'' Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil // AfO. 1968-1969. Bd. 22. S. 65-75.
|-
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|''Weiher E. von.'' Der babylonische Gott Nergal. Kevelaer, 1971.
|-
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|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 1988.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 1989.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 1992.
| '''????????????????????''' |'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 1993-1997.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 1997.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
|Wiggermann 2001.
|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
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|''Wilcke C., Seidl U.'' Inanna/Ištar // RlA. 1976. Bd. 5, Lief. 1-2. S. 74-89.
|-
|Wiseman 1958. ||''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.
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|}

===Publications in Russian===

{| class="wikitable"
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!Citation Form!!Bibliography
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|''Боровская Н. Ф.'' Лиры из “Царских гробниц” Ура как памятник шумерской культуры раннединастического периода // ВДИ. 1997, № 4. С. 3-13.
|-
|Ван дер Варден 1991.
|''Ван дер Варден Б.Л''. Пробуждающаяся наука II. Рождение астрономии / Пер. с англ. М.: Наука, 1991.
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| Емельянов 1999.
|''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.
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| Емельянов 2001.
|''Емельянов В.В''. Древний Шумер. СПб: "Петербургское востоковедение", 2001.
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|Емельянов 2002.
|''Емельянов В.В.'' Шумерский космогонический миф "Энки и устройство мироздания" // Петербургское востоковедение. 2002. Вып. 10. С. 94-122.
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|Клочков 1983.
|''Клочков И.С.'' Духовная культура Вавилонии: человек, судьба, время. М.: Наука, 1983
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|Кононенко 1997.
|''Кононенко Е.И.'' Изображение скорпиона в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э. // Вестник Московского Университета. Сер. 8. История. 1997. № 2. С. 88-101.
|-
|Куртик 1990.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Астрономия древнего Египта // ИАИ. 1990. Вып. XXII. C. 207-256.
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|Куртик, 1995.
|''Куртик Г.Е''. История Зодиака согласно клинописным источникам // ВДИ, 1995, № 1, с. 175-188.
|-
|Куртик, 1998.
|''Куртик Г.Е. ''Астральная символика в древней Месопотамии III тыс. до н.э. // Вопросы истории естествознания и техники. 1998. Вып. 2. С. 20-44.
|-
|Куртик, 1999.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Космология древней Месопотамии // Исследования по истории физики и механики (1995- 1997). М.: Наука, 1999. С. 60-75.
|-
|Куртик, 2000a.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Созвездия древней Месопотамии (II-I тыс. до н.э.) // ИАИ. 2000. Вып. XXV. С. 128-154.
|-
|Kуртик, 2000b.
|''Куртик Г.Е''. Отождествление Инанны с планетой Венера как критерий для определения времени выделения созвездий в древней Месопотамии // ВДИ. 2000. Вып. 1. С. 89-98.
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|Куртик 2002.
|''Куртик Г.Е. ''О происхождении названий греческих зодиакальных созвездий // ВИЕТ. 2002. № 1. С. 76-106.
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|Куртик 2002a.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Ранняя история месопотамских созвездий (К проблеме происхождения созвездий) // ИАИ. 2002. Вып. 27. С. 259-308 (Перепечатка.: Петербургское востоковедение. 2002. Вып. 10. С. 186-229).
|-
|МНМ I-II.
|''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.
|-
|От начала начал.
|''От начала начал''. Антология шумерской поэзии / Вступ. статья, перевод, комментарии, словарь В.К.Афанасьевой. СПб.: Центр "Петербургское востоковедение", 1997.
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|Россиус 1992.
|''Небо, наука, поэзия''. Античные авторы о небесных светилах / Пер. и коммент. А.А.Россиуса, вступ. статья Г.М.Дашевского, под ред. Н.А.Федорова и П.В.Щеглова. М.: Изд-во Московского ун-та, 1992.
|-
|Саркисян 1955.
|''Cаркисян Г.Ч.'' Частные клинописные контракты селевкидского времени из собрания Государственного Эрмитажа // ВДИ. 1955. Вып. 54/4. С. 136-170.
|-
|Свят.-Четв. 1998.||''Святополк-Четвертынский И.А''. Корни Зодиака в космологической доктрине Шумера и Вавилона / Древняя астрономия: небо и человек. Труды конференции. Москва, 1998.
|-
|Шилейко 1924.||''Шилейко В.К''. Таблетка с молитвой ночным богам в собрании Лихачева //ИРАИМК. 1924, Т. 3, Ленинград, с. 144-152.
|-
|Я открою тебе.||''Я открою тебе сокровенное слово '' (Литература Вавилонии и Ассирии) / Пер. с аккадского. Сост. В.К.Афанасьевой и И.М.Дьяконова. М.: Художественная литература, 1981.
|}

== Krebernik (2023) ==

===Krebernik 's References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
| Emar VI/1-2;
Arnaud 1985
|Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).
|-
|Ganzert 2011
|Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki>
|-
| MSL
|Landsberger, B. (1957). The Series HAR-Ra Hubullu. Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon 5.
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[[category:References]]
[[Category:Service]]

ŠU.GI

2026-01-04T11:48:36Z

InitTeam:

[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg|thumb|Old Man behind (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]
mulŠU.GI (𒀯𒋗𒄀) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= mul''šību'' "Old Man"; constellation in Perseus (Perseus) [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 378; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15], see also (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra V 3 series: giš.nig2 šu.gi = ''nar-kab-tu'', cited in [CAD<ref name=":2">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> N/1, 353b].
* (2) Antagal (E c 5): giš.gigir šu.gi = ''ma-ḫa-rum'' ša2 giš.gigir [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 19, 49, K. 26 rev. iii 4; CAD<ref name=":2" /> N/1, 353b].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of Ayar, stars of Ea, 110 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 573].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(bi) gub mulšu.gi / d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dmar.tu "The constellation which stands behind it (i.e. the Demon with the Gaping Mouth), (it is) the Old Man, Enmesharra, the West-deity" (B ii 13-14); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 5], see also (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
** (2) List (3´12): itigu4 ... mulšu.gi ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "The month of ayar: ... The old man (rises) (on the way) of Anu " (C ii 2).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising — ayar, setting — arahsamnu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 15, 28; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":4">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, 40]; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
* BM 82923. The month of ayar, stars of Anu: [mulŠU.G]I // 1,30 // d''En-lil''2 "Old Man // 90 // Enlil" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:5].
* BM 34713. The month of siman, stars of Anu [LBAT<ref name=":5">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:3], see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* Text Nv. 10. [''ina''] ˹iti˺šu mulšu.gi // mul.mul / [u] mulku6 // mulAN.TA.GUB.BA / mulšu.pa // mul''zi''-˹''ba-nit''˺? / ''u'' mul˹dšar2˺.ur4 dšar2.gaz // mulAN.TA.ŠU.˹UR˺.[RA] "[In] the month of duuzu: the Old Man, the Star Cluster, / [and] the Fish — the Upward Standing Star. / Shupa, Libra, and Sharur, Shargaz— Upwards-flar[ing] star" (Rev. 33-36) [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":6">Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref>, 56].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 2): mulšu.gi [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":7">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
* Anu 5. MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu'' [GUB-''zu''] ˹mul˺ŠU.GI d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dKUR.G[AL] "The asterism that [stands] behind it (i.e., the Demon with the Gaping Mouth), the Old Man, Enmesharra, Amur[ru]" (A.19, B.20) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3" />, 178].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1998, 222, EAE 20 text e: r. 11; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 34a, XV 6-10b XVI 5, 7; BPO 3<ref name=":8">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 288; Largement 1957<ref name=":9">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264. </ref>, 254:107; Verderame 2002<ref name=":10">''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 249; SpTU III<ref name=":11">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101 r. 9, 11].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 3): mulŠU.GI d''En-me-šar''2''-ra'' "Old Man, Enmesharra" (I i 3).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 15th of Addaru' (I iii 12), see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrisings and sunsets:
** a) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]],
** b) (I iii 33), see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]].
* (4) List of ziqpu stars: mulŠU.GI between mulLU.LIM and mulGAM3 (I iv 5).
* (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** a) on the 15th of duuzu the Old Man culminates, the Arrow rises (I iv 21-22), see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]] (for parallel see BM 77054),
** b) on the 15th day of ab the weak stars of the Old Man culminates, the Bow rises (I iv 22-23), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]] (for parallel see BM 77054).
* (6) Stars 'in the path of the Moon': mulŠU.GI (I iv 33), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (7) Scheme for determining the winds with stars: mulŠU.GI — east, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (8) Second intercalation scheme: see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]] [MA<ref name=":12">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 18, 47, 50, 52, 59, 63-64, 68, 87, 92-93].
BM 77054.
* a) ''ina'' itišu ud.16.kam ''in''[''a'' ''ri-bi''?...] / 3 mul.meš šu.[gi?...] / mulkak.si.sa2 [...] "On the 16th day of duuzu before the en[tering...] / 3 stars of the Old M[an...] / Arrow [...]".
* b) ''ina'' itiizi ud.5.ka[m...] / 4 mul.meš [šu.gi?...] / mulban ˹mul˺[...] "5th of ab [...] / 4 stars [of the Old Man ...] / Bow [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA 81, 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, obv. 7′-9′, 10′-12′].
|[[File:OldMan+h+chiPer stellarium+myFoto.jpg|thumb|Old Man (ShU.GI) with star cluster in Stellarium (CC BY S. Hoffmann and J. Gullberg)]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports".'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 380b; SAA 8<ref name=":13">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 352b].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) 12 Amurru stars: mulšu.gi;
* (2) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: mulšu.gi [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":14">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 215, 226]; see also the list of "7 tikpi-stars" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 35].
|
|-
|'''List of "7 Enlils."'''
* The old man corresponds with Enlil of Nippur, see (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) [2½ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 27 IGI DANNA ''ina'' [KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL ''um-mu-lu-ti'' | EN MUL ''ni-bi-i ša''2 [mulŠU.GI] "[2½ min weight], 150 on earth, 27,000 miles [in the sky] / From the dim stars to the star with great brilliance [Old Man]",
** (b) [1⅔ MA. NA MIN | 10] UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN] / [TA MUL ''ni-bi-i ša''2 ŠU.GI] / TA MUL ''na''-[''aṣ-ra-pu''] "[1⅔ min of weight, 100] on earth, 18000 [in the sky] / [From the star with great brilliance of the Old Man] to Na[tsrapu]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:29-32; TU<ref name=":15">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:29-32; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":16">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA ''a-na'' MUL ''ni-bu-u ša''2 mulŠ[U.GI] "150 to the brilliant star of of the Old M[an]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":16" />, 224-225:9].
* (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 múlŠU.GI // 1 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "A star with great brilliance in the Old Man // 1 (star) // 7200 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":16" />, 226-227:6].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA SI ''ša'' mulLU.LIM EN MUL ''ni''-[''bi-i''] / ''ša'' mulŠU.GI [...] "From the Stag's horn to the shin[ing] star of the Old Man [...]",
** b) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM3 [...] "From the (shining star) of the Old Man to the Staff [...]" [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:6-8].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ''ana'' MUL ''ni-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI "½ mile (150) to the Old Man's shining star" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:14]. See also: ''a-na'' SA4 ''ša''2 múlŠU.GI [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES 58 (2004) 537-572.</ref>, BM 36609+: obv. ii 17].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §A. [mul ga]ba šu.gi "[Che]st of the Old Man" (η Per) [Walker 1995, 29; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 44; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":6" />, 105].
* §H. [mu]ldil.bat šu.gi "[Star with great brilliance of the Old Man" (θ Per), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §U. mulgir3 zag šu.gi "The right foot of the Old Man" (ρ Per), see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* [...múlLU]GAL MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | 10 ˹UŠ˺ ''ar''2 S˹A4˺ ''ša''2 [múlŠU.GI ''ana ziq-pi'' ...] "[...Ca]r is the star of Antashurra. (Point) at 100 after the star c great brilliance [Old Man culminates ...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 17ʹ, ii 16ʹ].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) AO 6483: [...: mul2 ''ni-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 múlšu.]gi ''e''3-''a'' uš2 giš[...] "(If a child is born when) [... the brilliant star of the Old M]an appears: death by we[apons](?)" [TU<ref name=":15" />, 14 r. 35; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
* (2) "Hypsoma". KI ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 ''ša''2 d30 múlŠU.GI ''u'' MUL2.MUL2 "The place of the moon's niṣirti: the Old Man and the Star Cluster," see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
|
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
See (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
|
|}
See also mulŠU.GI [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1593:17′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>], SA4 ''ša''2 múlŠU.GI ''a''-[''n'']''a ziq-pi'' GUB-''zu'' "The Old Man's brilliant star culminates" [Sach-Hunger Diaries II<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-214 obv. 2-3].
[[File:SUGI CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 171701.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ŠU.GI (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
! Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Mirfak]]
|HIP 15863
|Constellation lines
|1.79
|-
|2
|[[Algol]]
|HIP 14576
| Constellation lines
|2.12
|-
|3
|ζ Persei
|HIP 18246
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.85
|-
| 4
|ϵ Persei
| HIP 18532
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.89
|-
|5
|γ Persei
|HIP 14328
|Constellation lines
|2.93
|-
|6
|δ Persei
|HIP 17358
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.01
|-
|7
|ρ Persei
|HIP 14354
|Constellation lines
|3.39
|-
|8
|[[Miram]]
|HIP 13268
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.79
|-
|9
|ν Persei
|HIP 17529
|Inside the Hull
|3.8
|-
|10
|[[Misam]]
|HIP 14668
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|11
|[[Atik]]
|HIP 17448
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.91
|-
|12
|τ Persei
|HIP 13531
|Inside the Hull
| 3.96
|-
|13
|ι Persei
|HIP 14632
|Inside the Hull
|4.04
|-
|14
|[[Menkib]]
|HIP 18614
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.06
|-
|15
|θ Persei
| HIP 12777
|Constellation lines
|4.11
|-
| 16
| -
|HIP 13254
|Constellation lines
|4.21
|-
|17
|ψ Persei
|HIP 16826
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|18
|σ Persei
|HIP 16335
|Inside the Hull
|4.36
|-
|19
|ω Persei
|HIP 14817
|Inside the Hull
|4.607
|-
| 20
|π Persei
|HIP 13879
|Inside the Hull
|4.7
|-
|21
|65 And
| HIP 11313
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.71
|-
|22
|34 Per
| HIP 16244
|Inside the Hull
| 4.735
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 14382
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.766
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 15416
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|25
|12 Per
|HIP 12623
|Inside the Hull
|4.92
|-
|26
|24 Per
|HIP 13905
|Inside the Hull
| 4.93
|-
|27
|32 Per
| HIP 15648
|Inside the Hull
| 4.946
|-
|28
| -
|HIP 16147
|Inside the Hull
|4.97
|-
|29
| 40 Per
|HIP 17313
|Inside the Hull
|4.972
|-
|30
|Cl Melotte 20 772
|Cl Melotte 20 772
|Inside the Hull
|4.989
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 15219
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|32
|31 Per
|HIP 15444
|Inside the Hull
|5.032
|-
|33
|42 Per
|HIP 17886
|Inside the Hull
|5.11
|-
|34
|14 Tri
| HIP 11784
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.144
|-
| 35
|29 Per
| HIP 15404
|Inside the Hull
|5.157
|-
|36
|64 And
|HIP 11220
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.19
|-
| 37
| -
|HIP 14043
|Inside the Hull
| 5.219
|-
| 38
|V575 Per
|HIP 15770
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|39
|36 Per
|HIP 16499
|Inside the Hull
|5.32
|-
|40
|20 Per
|HIP 13490
|Inside the Hull
|5.343
|-
|41
|14 Per
|HIP 12768
|Inside the Hull
|5.435
|-
|42
|V396 Per
|HIP 16470
|Inside the Hull
| 5.461
|-
|43
|30 Per
| HIP 15338
|Inside the Hull
|5.476
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 13965
|Inside the Hull
|5.485
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 18434
| Inside the Hull
|5.488
|-
|46
| -
| HIP 17203
| Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 16210
|Inside the Hull
|5.572
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 17460
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 17584
|Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|50
| -
| HIP 12072
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 16168
| Inside the Hull
| 5.73
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 18081
|Inside the Hull
|5.772
|-
|53
|IW Per
|HIP 16591
|Inside the Hull
|5.776
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 15876
|Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 16340
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 12686
|Inside the Hull
|5.835
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 13339
|Inside the Hull
| 5.859
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 13949
|Inside the Hull
|5.877
|-
| 59
| -
|HIP 16518
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 12181
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 15004
|Inside the Hull
|5.913
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 15669
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 15334
| Inside the Hull
|5.967
|-
|64
|V376 Per
|HIP 17846
|Inside the Hull
|5.97
|-
| 65
| -
|HIP 13832
|Inside the Hull
|6.028
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 13713
| Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
| 67
| -
| HIP 14365
|Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
|68
| -
| HIP 15118
|Inside the Hull
|6.06
|-
|69
|V576 Per
|HIP 15988
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|70
| -
| HIP 17475
|Inside the Hull
|6.091
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 14392
|Inside the Hull
|6.105
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 13997
| Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 14887
|Inside the Hull
|6.139
|-
|74
|66 And
| HIP 11465
|Inside the Hull
|6.156
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 15209
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 12287
|Inside the Hull
|6.191
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 13462
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 13732
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 16252
|Inside the Hull
|6.217
|-
|80
|V423 Per
|HIP 15204
|Inside the Hull
|6.229
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 12982
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 12990
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 17732
|Inside the Hull
|6.252
|-
|84
| -
| HIP 12690
|Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 16424
|Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|86
| -
| HIP 12305
|Inside the Hull
| 6.287
|-
|87
| -
|HIP 14566
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
| 88
| -
|HIP 14914
| Inside the Hull
|6.327
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 12057
|Inside the Hull
|6.345
|-
|90
|V521 Per
|HIP 14544
|Inside the Hull
|6.375
|-
|91
| -
|HIP 12990
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 16938
| Inside the Hull
|6.402
|-
|93
|KP Per
|HIP 16516
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 16447
|Inside the Hull
|6.411
|-
|95
| -
| HIP 13257
| Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|96
| -
|HIP 17558
|Inside the Hull
|6.443
|-
|97
| -
| HIP 13176
| Inside the Hull
|6.448
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 15282
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|99
|V509 Per
|HIP 14264
|Inside the Hull
|6.467
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 13036
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 13275
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 16425
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|}
==== Additional ====
==== II. Deity. ====
Almost nothing is known of Shugi as a deity. His name is absent in the lists of gods, as well as in the main lexical texts, where the constellation gišgigir is widely represented. Mythologemes in which Shugi would appear as an actor, as well as rituals associated with him, are unknown. His role as charioteer to Enmesharra's chariot, indicated as if by the identification šu.gi = maḫāru ša gišgigir, can hardly be accepted, since it is known from other texts that the constellation gišgigir formed only a part of mulšu.gi. The astrological texts add nothing more definite.

==== III. Symbol. ====
A clothed male figure with a beard. Description in VAT 9428 obv. 1-3: ˹mulŠU.GI˺ ''ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''z''[''i-iq-na za-qi'']''n'' / [...] ''i-na'' ZAG-''šu''2 [''dir-rat na'']-''ši'' / GUB3-''šu''2 ''ina'' UGU MUL.MUL LA2-''at''2 ''ina'' SAG-[''šu''2 1 MUL] ˹''e''˺-''ṣir'' "An old man, a clothed human figure with a [bea]rd, / [...] in his right hand, [hol]ds [a whip]. / His left [hand] extends above the Star Cluster. [A star] is depicted on [his] head." [Weidner 1927<ref name=":17">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 74; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":18">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 21, 24].

==== IV. Identification. ====
The constellation of Shuga generally corresponds to the modern Perseus, but it extended much further south and towards the northern stars of Taurus, which forms the Chariot constellation (gišGIGIR = d''En-me-šar''2-''ra''), which was in the feet of Shuga [Weidner 1927<ref name=":17" />, 77-78; 3. Erg.<ref>J.Schaumberger, 3. Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von ''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Münster, 1935.</ref> 2, 327; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 378, I].

= Perseus + northern part of Taurus (?) [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13].

= Perseus + the northern stars of the Hyades (Hyades) [Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":19">''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79a].

= Perseus [Waerden 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref>, 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 72; Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":19" />, 74; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 15; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":14" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":6" />, 274; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":4" />, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":18" />, 76].

= Perseus; when the constellation GIGIR(=Enmešarra) was included, it reached as far north as Taurus [MA<ref name=":12" />, 137].

==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) "Star of great brilliance in the Old Man"; = ziqpu XIV (α Persei), see ziqpu-stars.

(2) MUL.MEŠ ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI "The dim stars of the Old Man," MUL.APIN I iv 22 [MA<ref name=":12" /> 64].

(3) Star with great brilliance in the Old Man (θ Per), see ziqpu-stars, dbn-text (§ H).

(4) The head of the Old Man, see VAT 9428.

(5) The Old Man's chest (η Per), see dbn-text (§ A).

(6) The Old Man's right leg (ρ Per), see dbn-text (§ U).

(7) The right hand, the left hand, see VAT 9428.

(8) The Old Man's feet, see below (6), (20).

(9) The Old Man's Kurkurru, see below (7).

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Enmesharra; [mulŠU].GI TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''2 EN ''a-si-di-šu''2: d''En-me-šar''2-''ra šum''-[''šu''] "The [Ol]d Man, from his knee to his heel = [his] name Enmesharra" [TU<ref name=":15" />, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20">''Weidner E.'' Ein astrologischer Kommentar aus Uruk // Studia Orientalia. 1925. Vol. 1. P. 347-358.</ref>, 352].

(2) = Mars (?); cf. [Bezold 1920<ref name=":21">Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 110:72, 122:174; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 378, IV A 1].

(3) = Jupiter (?) [Bezold 1920<ref name=":21" />, 122:173; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 378, IV A 2].

(3ʹ) = mulMAR.GID2.DA, see prediction (16) below.

The constellation name mulŠU.GI was undoubtedly used as a name for one of the planets (see, e.g., predictions 14, 15 below), but to which planet is not entirely clear. Bezold's arguments in favor of identifying mulŠU.GI with Mars and Jupiter do not seem to be convincing.

(4) = Enlil; mulSA5 ''ša''2 ''ana'' IGI d''En-lil''2 IGI-''it'' IM.KUR.RA / d''En-lil''2 ''a-na'' mulŠU.GI ''i-qab-bi'' "The red star, which (stands) ahead of Enlil and (facing) the east. 'Enlil,' is what they say, referring to the Old Man." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 34-34a].

===== Predictions: =====
(5) The Old Man's chest is dark; DIŠ ulŠU.GI GABA-''su du-ʼ-u''2-''mat''2 E2.GAL ''šar-ra-qu i-pal-la''-[''šu''2] "If the Old Man's chest is very dark: thieves will breach into the palace." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XV 9, XVI 7 + Parallels], see parallel and explanation: dSAG.UŠ ''ina'' mul[...] "Saturn [...stands] in" [SpTU III<ref name=":11" />, 101 r. 11]. See also: mulŠU.GI ''a-dir'': dGENNA ''ina'' ŠA3 IGI-[''ma'' ...] "The old man darkens, (meaning): Saturn appeared in him [...]" [TU<ref name=":1" />, 18:10-11; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20" />, 351].

(6) The Old Man's feet are not visible; DIŠ ulŠU.GI GIR3.MEŠ-''šu''2 NU IGI.MEŠ LUGAL TA [gišGIGIR x x x]-''u''[''š''] "If the Old Man's feet are not visible: the king from [the chariot...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XV 10 + Parallels, XVI 5].

(7) The Old Man's Kurkurru shines; [DIŠ mu]lŠU.GI ''kur-kur-ru-šu''2 ''i-nam-bu-uṭ'' / [ARAD ''ana''] E2 EN-''šu''2 ḪI.GAR DU3-''uš'' / [mul''Dil-b'']''at'' KI GIR3 mulŠU.GI GUB-''ma'' "[If] the Old Man's kurkurru has great luster: [the servant] will plot a rebellion [against] his master's house. (This means): [Ven]us stands near the Old Man's foot." [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 380:1-3], see also [Verderame 2002<ref name=":10" />, 93, IIIm:3′, 94 IIIn:13; SpTU III<ref name=":11" />, 101 r. 9].

(8) The Old Man's stars and ''mišḫu''; DIŠ MIN (= MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2) ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'': GU4.UD ''ina'' mulŠU.GI ''ša-ru''-[''ru''] / [IL2-''ma''] ''a-dan-šu''2 DIB-''ma'' "If his (i.e., the Old Man's) stars emit mišḫu, (it means): Mercury shin[es] in the Old Man, exceeding the norm" [TU, 18:11-12; Weidner 1925, 352]; DIŠ MIN ''meš-ḫa'' GAR AN ''ina'' mulŠU.GI IGI-''m''[''a''] "If his (=the Old Man's) stars give rise to mišḫu, (it means): Mars appears in the Old Man [...]" [TU<ref name=":1" />, 18: 12; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20" />, 352].

(9) Eclipse of the Moon in the Star Cluster or the Old Man; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 9.

(10) The Old Man, the lunar halo and the planets; DIŠ mulŠU.GI TUR3 MUL.ME NIGIN.ME ''Sin ina'' ŠA3 mulŠU.G[I TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mu]lUDU.BAD.ME KI-''šu''2 DU.ME-''zu-ma'' "If the Old Man is surrounded by stars (lit. halo of stars), (it means): The Moon is surrounded by a halo within the Old Man, the planets stand with it." [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 246, K.2346+:43].

(11) The Old Man is surrounded by a halo that has the “gate” within it; DIŠ mulŠU.GI TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' KA2-''šu''2 ''ana'' IM.ULU3.LU (var.: IM.SI.SA2, IM.KUR.RA, IM.MAR.TU) BAD ''ina'' MU BI KUR.URIki (var.: SU.BIR4ki, NIM.MAki, MAR.TUki) [...] "If the Old Man is surrounded by a halo and his gates are open to the south (var.: north, east, west): in this year Akkad (var.: Subartu, Elam, Amurru) [...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":22">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 45:9-12], see also [TU<ref name=":1" />, 18:9-10; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20" />, 351].

(12) The Moon rides on the Chariot; [DIŠ gišGI]GIR U5 AN.MI GAR-''ma'' DINGIR.ME UB.DA.LIMMU2.BA LU3.ME KI GIR3 mulŠU.GI GUB "[If (the Moon)] rides on the [Chariot]: there will be an eclipse, the gods of the four regions (of the earth) will cause confusion; (this will happen if) this occurs near the Old Man's leg" [Verderame 2002, 93, IIIm:6′ + note 285]. DIŠ 30 ''ina'' ITI ''si-li-li-ti'' gišGIGIR ''ra-kib'' / LUGAL URIki ''ni-ir-šu''2 ''iš-šir''3-''ma'' / ''a-a-bi-šu''2 ŠUII-''su'' KUR-''ad''2 / ITI ''si-li-li-ti'' itiZIZ2 / ˹''ša''2˺ itiZIZ2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulŠU.GI / TUR3 NIGIN-''mi-ma'' "If the Moon, in the month of sililiti, rides the Chariot: the reign of the king of Akkad will be prosperous, his hand will smite his enemies. Sililiti (means) Shabbat, i.e. (there is a situation where) (the Moon) is surrounded by a halo in the Old Man on Shabbat" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 298:1-6], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 112 r. 3-5; 364:6- r.1].

(13) The Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Old Man is in it; DIŠ MIN-''ma'' (= 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'') mulŠU.GI ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 G[UB-''i'']''z'' / ''ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim a-me-lu''-[''ti''] / ''a-na'' AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A NU TE "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the Old Man s[ta]nds in it: is there going to be an epidemic this year? among people[s]; (this sign) does not apply to cattle and sheep" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 5 r. 4-6]; variant apodosis: BALA-˹''e''˺ UD.MEŠ GID2.DA.MEŠ "the reign will be long" [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 112 r. 6-7], see also [ACh Suppl., 45:8]; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2) TUR3 NIGIN: d30 ''ina'' ŠU.GI TUR3 [NIGIN ...AN].MI GAR-''an'' "If his (i.e., the Old Man's) stars are surrounded by a halo, (it means): The moon [is] surrounded by a halo in the Old Man, [...an eclipse] will take place." [TU<ref name=":1" />, 18:8-9; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20" />, 351].

(14) The constellation of the Old Man approaches the top of the Moon; DIŠ mulŠU.GI ''ana'' UGU 30 / SI4-''ma'' GUB ''ana'' ŠA3 30 TU ... "If the constellation of the Old Man (= planet?) approaches and stands close to the top of the Moon and enters inside it: the king's triumph will be permanent, he will live to an old age and expand his country; he will be happy (in the affairs) of his country; there will be truth and justice in the country" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 30:1-7], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 408:1-7; SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 117:3-4].

(15) The Old Man leaves his Staff behind; DIŠ ulŠU.GI ulGAM3 ''e-zib'' LUGAL PA.AN.MEŠ-''šu''2 TAK4.MEŠ-[''šu''2] "If the Old Man (= planet) leaves the Staff (= Jupiter) behind: his royal duties? will leave [him]" [BPO 2<ref name=":13" />, XV 8 + Parallels], in one commentary a clarification: LUGAL URIki "King of Ur", and an explanation: GAM3 = dSAG.ME.GAR "Staff = Jupiter" [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, Parallels to XV 8], see also [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 90, K.3111+:7].

(16) Venus before the Old Man; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulMAR.GID2.DA DU-''ma'' / ''a-me-ru'' IGI SUḪ3 ''ana'' UD.3.KAM ZI-''ma'' KUR ''ir-ri-im'' / d''Dil-bat ina'' IGI mulŠU.GI GUB-''ma'' "If Venus flares up and moves towards the Wagon (i.e. northward) and someone sees (it): a storm? will start in three days and cover the country. (It means): Venus stands ahead of the Old Man." [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 100, K.35:4], see also (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]], IV 2.

(17) The Old Man's stars follow each other; DIŠ mulŠU.GI MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''nen-mu-du'' ERUB KUR BUR2-''tu''2 G[AL2] d''Dil-bat'' KI-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Old Man's stars follow each other: the crops of the country will peri[sh]?", (this means): Venus stands within it." [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 246, K.2346+:44], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":22" />, 45:7; TU<ref name=":15" />, 18:7-8; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20" />, 351].

(18) Mercury reaches the Old Man (observ.); see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 23.

(19) Mars approaches the Old Man; [mul''ṣal-bat-a-n'']''u ana'' mulŠU.GI TE... [If Mar]s approaches the Old Man: in the Western country (=Amurru) there will be a coup d'état and brothers will kill each other; the symbols of the country will be overthrown; the secrets of the country will pass to another country; the gods will abandon the city and turn away from it" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 400:5-r.3], see also [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 100:9-12; Largement 1957<ref name=":9" />, 254:107-108].

(20) Movement of Mars in relation to the Old Man (observations); [mul''ṣal'']-''bat-a-nu ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' dEN.LIL2 ''it-ti'' GIR3II.MEŠ / [mul]ŠU.GI ''it-tan-mar un-nu-ut pu-ṣu ša''2-''ki''n "[M]ars appears in Enlil's path at the feet of the Old Man; it is dim with a whitish (tinge)" [SAA 10, 100:5-6]; [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-n''[''u''] / [''š'']''ap-la še-e''-[''pi''] / [''š'']''a'' 15 ''ša'' mulŠU.[GI] / [''i'']''z-za-a''[''z-ma''] / [''ina'' Š]A3-''šu''2 ''la e-ru''-[''ub''] / [''ina''] ''ka-qi-ri-šu''2 / [''i'']''z-za''-[''az''] "Mar[s] [s]tan[ds] [lo]wer and to the right foo[t] of the Old Ma[n]. It does not [enter] [into] [him], (but) stands [in] its realms." [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 216:1′-6′].

See also: BE-''ma'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠU.GI ''lu'' AŠ.GAN2 GUR4 ... "If ... Mercury has great brilliance in the Old Man or Field (=Pisces) ..." [TU<ref name=":1" />,13, obv. ii 19-20; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":7" />, 213]. See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 14.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, sh16)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulšību «Старик»; созвездие в Персее (Perseus) [Gössmann 1950, 378; BPO 2, 15], cм. также e11EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra V 3: giš.nig2 šu.gi = nar-kab-tu, цит. по [CAD N/1, 353b]. (2) Antagal (E c 5): giš.gigir šu.gi = ma-ḫa-rum ša2 giš.gigir [CT 19, 49, K. 26 rev. iii 4; CAD N/1, 353b]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц айяру, звезды Эа, 110 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) Cписок (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub mulšu.gi / dEn-me-šar2-ra dmar.tu «Созвездие, которое позади него (т.е. Демона с Разинутой Пастью) стоит, (это) Старик, Энмешарра, божество-Запад» (B ii 13–14); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 5], см. также s19SIM.MAḪ. (2) Список (3´12): itigu4 … mulšu.gi šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц айяру: … Старик (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 2). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — айяру, заход — арахсамну [KAV 218, С 15, 28; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]; см. m35MUL.MUL. BM 82923. Месяц айяру, звезды Ану: [mulŠU.G]I // 1,30 // dEn-lil2 «Старик // 90 // Энлиль» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:5]. BM 34713. Месяц симану, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:3], см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 2): mulšu.gi [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 5. MUL ša2 EGIR-šu [GUB-zu] ˹mul˺ŠU.GI dEn-me-šar2-ra dKUR.G[AL] «Звезда, которая [стоит] после него (т.е. после Демона с Разинутой Пастью), Старик, Энмешарра, Амур[ру]» (A.19, B.20) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1998, 222, EAE 20 text e: r. 11; BPO 2, III 34a, XV 6–10б XVI 5, 7; BPO 3, 288; Largement 1957, 254:107; Verderame 2002, 249; SpTU III, 101 r. 9, 11]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 3): mulŠU.GI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Старик, Энмешарра» (I i 3). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го аддару» (I iii 12), см. k24KU6. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, b) (I iii 33), см. a06AB.SIN2. (4) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulŠU.GI между mulLU.LIM и mulGAM3 (I iv 5). (5) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: a) 15-го дуузу Старик кульминирует, Стрела восходит (I iv 21–22), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2 (параллель см. BM 77054), b) 15-го абу слабые звезды Старика кульминируют, Лук восходит (I iv 22–23), см. b06BAN (параллель см. BM 77054). (6) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulŠU.GI (I iv 33), см. s20Sîn. (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulŠU.GI — восток, см. k24KU6. (8) Вторая интеркаляционная схема: см. k24KU6 [MA, 18, 47, 50, 52, 59, 63–64, 68, 87, 92–93]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380b; SAA 8, 352b]. Текст BM 77054. a) ina itišu ud.16.kam in[a ri-bi?…] / 3 mul.meš šu.[gi?…] / mulkak.si.sa2 […] «16-го дуузу при за[ходе…] / 3 звезды Ста[рика…] / Стрела […]». b) ina itiizi ud.5.ka[m…] / 4 mul.meš [šu.gi?…] / mulban ˹mul˺[…] «5-го абу […] / 4 звезды [Старика …] / Лук […]» [George 1991, 304–305, obv. 7′–9′, 10′–12′]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Амурру: mulšu.gi; (2) 7 lumāšu-звезд: mulšu.gi [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 215, 226]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 35]. Список «7 Энлилей». Старик соотносится с Энлилем из Ниппура, см. e10dEn-lil2. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 27 IGI DANNA ina [KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) / TA MUL um-mu-lu-ti | EN MUL ni-bi-i ša2 [mulŠU.GI] «[2½ мины веса], 150 на земле, 27000 миль [на небе] / От Тусклых звезд до звезды с большим блеском [Старика]», b) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10] UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN] / [TA MUL ni-bi-i ša2 ŠU.GI] / TA MUL na-[aṣ-ra-pu] «[1⅔ мины веса, 100] на земле, 18000 [на небе] / [От звезды с большим блеском Старика] до На[црапу]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:29–32; TU, 21:29–32; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na MUL ni-bu-u ša2 mulŠ[U.GI] «150 до блестящей звезды С[тарика]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:9]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 SA4 ša2 múlŠU.GI // 1 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Звезда с большим блеском в Старике // 1 (звезда) // 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:6]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA SI ša mulLU.LIM EN MUL ni-[bi-i] / ša mulŠU.GI […] «От рога Оленя до блес[тящей] звезды Старика […]», b) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM3 […] «От (блестящей звезды) Старика до Посоха […]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:6–8]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana MUL ni-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «½ мили (150) до блестящей звезды Старика» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:14]. См. также: a-na SA4 ša2 múlŠU.GI [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, BM 36609+: obv. ii 17]. Dalbanna-текст. §A. [mul ga]ba šu.gi «[Гру]дь Старика» (η Per) [Walker 1995, 29; Koch 1995, 44; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105]. §H. [mu]ldil.bat šu.gi «Звезда с большим блеском Старика» (θ Per), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. §U. mulgir3 zag šu.gi «Правая нога Старика» (ρ Per), см. g06GAM3. Текст Nv. 10. [ina] ˹iti˺šu mulšu.gi // mul.mul / [u] mulku6 // mulAN.TA.GUB.BA / mulšu.pa // mulzi-˹ba-nit˺? / u mul˹dšar2˺.ur4 dšar2.gaz // mulAN.TA.ŠU.˹UR˺.[RA] «[В] месяце дуузу: Старик, Звезды, / [и] Рыба — Наверху стоящая звезда. / Шупа, Весы и Шарур, Шаргаз — Наверху вспыхиваю[щая] звезда» (Rev. 33–36) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 56]. LBAT 1502. […múlLU]GAL MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | 10 ˹UŠ˺ ar2 S˹A4˺ ša2 [múlŠU.GI ana ziq-pi …] «[…Ца]рь — звезда Анташурра. (Точка) в 100 после звезды c большим блеском [Старика кульминирует…]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 17ʹ, ii 16ʹ]. Поздняя астрология. (1) AO 6483: […: mul2 ni-bu-u2 ša2 múlšu.]gi e3-a uš2 giš[…] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) [… блестящая звезда Ста]рика появляется: смерть от ор[ужия](?)» [TU, 14 r. 35; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. (2) «Гипсома». KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 d30 múlŠU.GI u MUL2.MUL2 «Место niṣirti Луны: Старик и Звезды», см. s20Sîn. Текст W22281a. См. h12lúḪUN.GA2.

См. также mulŠU.GI [LBAT, 1593:17′; Reiner 2000], SA4 ša2 múlŠU.GI a-[n]a ziq-pi GUB-zu «Блестящая звезда Старика кульминирует» [Sach-Hunger Diaries II, No.-214 obv. 2–3].

II. Божество.

О Шуги как божестве почти ничего не известно. Его имя отсутствует в списках богов, а также в основных лексических текстах, где широко представлено созвездие gišgigir. Неизвестны мифологемы, в которых Шуги выступал бы в качестве действующего лица, а также связанные с ним ритуалы. Его роль возницы при колеснице Энмешарры, на что указывает как будто отождествление šu.gi = maḫāru ša gišgigir, едва ли может быть принята, поскольку из других текстов известно, что созвездие gišgigir составляло лишь часть mulšu.gi. Астрологические тексты не добавляют ничего более определенного.

III. Символ.

Мужская одетая бородатая фигура. Описание в VAT 9428 obv. 1–3: ˹mulŠU.GI˺ ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu4 z[i-iq-na za-qi]n / […] i-na ZAG-šu2 [dir-rat na]-ši / GUB3-šu2 ina UGU MUL.MUL LA2-at2 ina SAG-[šu2 1 MUL] ˹e˺-ṣir «Старик, одетая человеческая фигура с [бород]ой, / […] в его правой руке [плеть не]сет. / Его левая (рука) простирается выше Звезд. На [его] голове [звезда] изображена» [Weidner 1927, 74; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 21, 24].

IV. Отождествление.

Созвездие Шуги в целом соответствовало современному Персею, однако простиралось значительно южнее, до северных звезд Тельца, которые образовывали созвездие Колесница (gišGIGIR = dEn-me-šar2-ra), находившееся в ногах Шуги [Weidner 1927, 77–78; 3. Erg. 2, 327; Gössmann 1950, 378, I].

= Perseus + северная часть Тельца (Taurus) (?) [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Perseus + северные звезды Гиад (Hyades) [Weidner 1957–59, 79a].

= Perseus [Waerden 1952–53, 219; 1974, 72; Weidner 1957–59, 74; BPO 2, 15; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Perseus; когда включалось созвездие GIGIR(=Enmešarra), доходило до северной части Тельца [MA, 137].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) «Звезда с большим блеском в Старике»; = ziqpu XIV (α Persei), см. ziqpu-звезды.

(2) MUL.MEŠ um-mu-lu-tu4 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Тусклые звезды Старика», MUL.APIN I iv 22 [MA 64].

(3) Звезда с большим блеском Старика (θ Per), см. ziqpu-звезды, dbn-текст (§ Н).

(4) Голова Старика, см. VAT 9428.

(5) Грудь Старика (η Per), см. dbn-текст (§ А).

(6) Правая нога Старика (ρ Per), см. dbn-текст (§ U).

(7) Правая рука, левая рука, см. VAT 9428.

(8) Ноги Старика, см. ниже (6), (20).

(9) Kurkurru Старика, см. ниже (7).

VI. Астрология.

Отождестствления:

(1) = Энмешарра; [mulŠU].GI TA kin-ṣi-šu2 EN a-si-di-šu2: dEn-me-šar2-ra šum-[šu] «[Ста]рик от его колена до его пятки = [его] имя Энмешарра» [TU, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925, 352].

(2) = Марс (?); см. [Bezold 1920, 110:72, 122:174; Gössmann 1950, 378, IV A 1].

(3) = Юпитер (?) [Bezold 1920, 122:173; Gössmann 1950, 378, IV A 2].

(3ʹ) = mulMAR.GID2.DA, см. ниже предсказание (16).

Имя созвездия mulŠU.GI, несомненно, использовалось в качестве названия для одной из планет (см., например, ниже предсказания 14, 15), однако какой именно, не вполне ясно. Аргументы Бецольда в пользу отождествления mulŠU.GI с Марсом и Юпитером не кажутся нам убедительными.

(4) = Энлиль; mulSA5 ša2 ana IGI dEn-lil2 IGI-it IM.KUR.RA / dEn-lil2 a-na mulŠU.GI i-qab-bi «Красная звезда, которая впереди Энлиля (стоит), (обратившись) к востоку. “Энлиль”, — так говорят, имея в виду Старика» [BPO 2, III 34–34a].

Предсказания:

(5) Грудь Старика темная; DIŠ ulŠU.GI GABA-su du-ʼ-u2-mat2 E2.GAL šar-ra-qu i-pal-la-[šu2] «Если грудь Старика очень темная: воры сделают пролом во дворце» [BPO 2, XV 9, XVI 7 + Parallels], см. параллель и пояснение: dSAG.UŠ ina mul[…] «Сатурн в […стоит]» [SpTU III, 101 r. 11]. См. также: mulŠU.GI a-dir: dGENNA ina ŠA3 IGI-[ma …] «Старик потемнел, (это означает): Сатурн в нем появился […]» [TU, 18:10–11; Weidner 1925, 351].

(6) Ноги Старика не видны; DIŠ ulŠU.GI GIR3.MEŠ-šu2 NU IGI.MEŠ LUGAL TA [gišGIGIR x x x]-u[š] «Если ноги Старика не видны: царь из [колесницы…]» [BPO 2, XV 10 + Parallels, XVI 5].

(7) Kurkurru Старика сияет; [DIŠ mu]lŠU.GI kur-kur-ru-šu2 i-nam-bu-uṭ / [ARAD ana] E2 EN-šu2 ḪI.GAR DU3-uš / [mulDil-b]at KI GIR3 mulŠU.GI GUB-ma «[Если] kurkurru Старика имеет большой блеск: [слуга] затеет бунт [против] дома своего господина. (Это означает): [Вене]ра в области ноги Cтарика стоит» [SAA 8, 380:1–3], см. также [Verderame 2002, 93, IIIm:3′, 94 IIIn:13; SpTU III, 101 r. 9].

(8) Звезды Старика и mišḫu; DIŠ MIN (= MUL.MEŠ-šu2) meš-ḫa im-šuḫ: GU4.UD ina mulŠU.GI ša-ru-[ru] / [IL2-ma] a-dan-šu2 DIB-ma «Если звезды его (т.е. Старика) испускают mišḫu, (это означает): Меркурий в Старике сиян[ие несет], превышает свою норму» [TU, 18:11–12; Weidner 1925, 352]; DIŠ MIN meš-ḫa GAR AN ina mulŠU.GI IGI-m[a] «Если звезды его (=Старика) порождают mišḫu, (это означает): Марс в Старике появляется […]» [TU, 18: 12; Weidner 1925, 352].

(9) Затмение Луны в Звездах или Старике; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 9.

(10) Старик, лунное гало и планеты; DIŠ mulŠU.GI TUR3 MUL.ME NIGIN.ME Sin ina ŠA3 mulŠU.G[I TUR3 NIGIN-ma mu]lUDU.BAD.ME KI-šu2 DU.ME-zu-ma «Если Старик окружен звездами (букв. гало из звезд), (это означает): Луна окружена гало внутри Старика, планеты стоят с ней» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:43].

(11) Старик окружен гало и в нем “ворота”; DIŠ mulŠU.GI TUR3 NIGIN-ma KA2-šu2 ana IM.ULU3.LU (вар.: IM.SI.SA2, IM.KUR.RA, IM.MAR.TU) BAD ina MU BI KUR.URIki (вар.: SU.BIR4ki, NIM.MAki, MAR.TUki) […] «Если Старик окружен гало и его ворота открыты на юг (вар.: север, восток, запад): в этом году Аккад (вар.: Субарту, Элам, Амурру) […]» [ACh Suppl., 45:9–12], см. также [TU, 18:9–10; Weidner 1925, 351].

(12) Луна едет на Колеснице; [DIŠ gišGI]GIR U5 AN.MI GAR-ma DINGIR.ME UB.DA.LIMMU2.BA LU3.ME KI GIR3 mulŠU.GI GUB «[Если (Луна)] на [Колес]нице едет: произойдет затмение, боги четыре региона (земли) приведут в замешательство; (это произойдет, если) она в области ноги Старика стоит» [Verderame 2002, 93, IIIm:6′ + note 285]. DIŠ 30 ina ITI si-li-li-ti gišGIGIR ra-kib / LUGAL URIki ni-ir-šu2 iš-šir3-ma / a-a-bi-šu2 ŠUII-su KUR-ad2 / ITI si-li-li-ti itiZIZ2 / ˹ša2˺ itiZIZ2 ina ŠA3-bi mulŠU.GI / TUR3 NIGIN-mi-ma «Если Луна в месяце cилилити едет на Колеснице: господство царя Аккада будет благополучным, рука его поразит его врагов. Силилити (означает) шабату, т.е. (имеет место ситуация, когда) (Луна) в шабату окружена гало в Старике» [SAA 8, 298:1–6], см. также [ibid., 112 r. 3–5; 364:6– r.1].

(13) Луна окружена гало и в нем Старик; DIŠ MIN-ma (= 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma) mulŠU.GI ina ŠA3-šu2 G[UB-i]z / ina MU BI ŠUB-tim a-me-lu-[ti] / a-na AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A NU TE «Если Луна окружена гало и Старик в нем с[то]ит: в этом году будет эпидемия? среди люд[ей]; (этот знак) не относится к крупному рогатому скоту и овцам» [SAA 8, 5 r. 4–6]; вариант аподосиса: BALA-˹e˺ UD.MEŠ GID2.DA.MEŠ «царствование будет продолжительным» [ibid., 112 r. 6–7], см. также [ACh Suppl., 45:8]; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MEŠ-šu2) TUR3 NIGIN: d30 ina ŠU.GI TUR3 [NIGIN …AN].MI GAR-an «Если звезды его (т.е. Старика) окружены гало, (это означает): Луна в Старике [окружена] гало [… затм]ение произойдет» [TU, 18:8–9; Weidner 1925, 351].

(14) Звезда Старика подходит к верху Луны; DIŠ mulŠU.GI ana UGU 30 / SI4-ma GUB ana ŠA3 30 TU … «Если звезда Старика (= планета?) подходит и стоит близко у верхней части Луны и входит внутрь Луны: торжество царя будет постоянным, он доживет до старости и расширит свою страну; он будет счастлив (в делах) своей страны; в стране будет правда и справедливость» [SAA 8, 30:1–7], см. также [ibid., 408:1–7; SAA 10, 117:3–4].

(15) Старик оставляет Посох позади; DIŠ ulŠU.GI ulGAM3 e-zib LUGAL PA.AN.MEŠ-šu2 TAK4.MEŠ-[šu2] «Если Старик (= планета) оставляет Посох (= Юпитер) позади: царские обязанности? оставят [его]» [BPO 2, XV 8 + Parallels], в одном из комментариев уточнение: LUGAL URIki «Царь Ура», и пояснение: GAM3 = dSAG.ME.GAR «Посох = Юпитер» [ibid., Parallels to XV 8], см. также [BPO 3, 90, K.3111+:7].

(16) Венера перед Стариком; DIŠ mulDil-bat SUR-ma ana IGI mulMAR.GID2.DA DU-ma / a-me-ru IGI SUḪ3 ana UD.3.KAM ZI-ma KUR ir-ri-im / dDil-bat ina IGI mulŠU.GI GUB-ma «Если Венера вспыхивает и по направлению к Повозке (т.е. на север) движется и некто видит (ее): буря? начнется через три дня и накроет страну. (Это означает): Венера стоит впереди Старика» [BPO 3, 100, K.35:4], см. также e11dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, IV 2.

(17) Звезды Старика следуют друг за другом; DIŠ mulŠU.GI MUL.MEŠ-šu2 nen-mu-du ERUB KUR BUR2-tu2 G[AL2] dDil-bat KI-šu2 GUB-ma «Если звезды Старика следуют друг за другом: урожай страны погиб[нет]?, (это означает): Венера стоит внутри него» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:44], см. также [ACh Suppl., 45:7; TU, 18:7–8; Weidner 1925, 351].

(18) Меркурий достигает Старика (наблюд.); см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 23.

(19) Марс приближается к Старику; [mulṣal-bat-a-n]u ana mulŠU.GI TE… [Если Мар]с к Старику приближается: в Западной стране (=Амурру) случится переворот и брат будет убивать брата; символы страны будут низвергнуты; секреты страны перейдут к другой стране; боги покинут ее и отвернутся от нее» [SAA 8, 400:5–r.3], см. также [SAA 10, 100:9–12; Largement 1957, 254:107–108].

(20) Движение Марса относительно Старика (наблюдения); [mulṣal]-bat-a-nu ina KASKAL šu-ut dEN.LIL2 it-ti GIR3II.MEŠ / [mul]ŠU.GI it-tan-mar un-nu-ut pu-ṣu ša2-kin «[M]арс появился на пути Энлиля в ногах Старика; он тусклый c беловатым (оттенком)» [SAA 10, 100:5–6]; [mu]lṣal-bat-a-n[u] / [š]ap-la še-e-[pi] / [š]a 15 ša mulŠU.[GI] / [i]z-za-a[z-ma] / [ina Š]A3-šu2 la e-ru-[ub] / [ina] ka-qi-ri-šu2 / [i]z-za-[az] «Мар[с] [с]то[ит] [н]иже правой ног[и] Стар[ика]. Он не вош[ел] [в не]го, (но) сто[ит] в его области» [SAA 8, 216:1′–6′].

См. также: BE-ma … dGU4.UD ina ŠU.GI lu AŠ.GAN2 GUR4… «Если … Меркурий в Старике или Поле (=Рыбы) имеет большой блеск…» [TU,13, obv. ii 19–20; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213]. См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 14.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

(MUL2) šil PA

2026-01-03T07:46:27Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:(MUL2) ''šil'' PA}}

(MUL2) ''šil'' PA (𒋼𒋻𒉺) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
[Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 397]; abbreviation for MUL2 KUR ''ša''2 KIR4 ''šil'' PA "Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow" (θ Ophiuchi), used in a number of diaries; see, e.g., [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-278, B:7′; No.-277, A Rev. A5, A23].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, sh10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|[Gössman 1950, 397]; сокращение от MUL2 KUR ša2 KIR4 šil PA «Звезда с большим блеском на конце стрелы Пабилсага» (θ Ophiuchi), используемое в ряде дневников; см., например, [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No.-278, B:7′; No.-277, A Rev. A5, A23].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Šimut

2026-01-03T07:45:24Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Šimut''}}

d''Šimut'' (𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. reading: d''Simut'';

Var. designations:

* 1) an Elamite deity corresponding to Nergal and identified with Mars,
* 2) a constellation, one of the names of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth(?) [Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 351; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":0">''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 354-355; Tallqvist 1938<ref>Tallqvist</ref>, 441].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Antagal series (G 309):
* dsi.mu.ud = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Shimut = Mars" [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229:309].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVIII 14-16].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
List of names for Mars:

* mul''si-mu-ut'' = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Shimut = Mars" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:99].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Astrology. ====
(1) Identifications; d''ši-mut'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ša''2-''niš'' d''ba-lu šal-m''[''u''] mulud.ka.duḫ.a "Šimut is Mars, secondly, Balu, thirdly, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 7:9; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":0" />, 353]; see also [ibid.<ref name=":0" />, note 55].

(2) View of the constellation at the beginning of the year; UD ''ina'' IGI MU.KAM d''Ši-mu-ut'' MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 MI.MEŠ BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ "If at the beginning of the year, the stars of Šimut are black: there will be pestilence" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XVIII 14]; [UD ''ina''] IGI MU.KAM d''Ši-mu-ut'' MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 BABBAR ''na-ag''2-''lu bar-tum'' GAL2-''ši'' "[If at] the beginning of the year, Shimut's stars are covered with white spots(?): there will be a coup" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XVIII 15]; [UD ina IG]I MU.KAM d''Ši-mu-ut'' 2 MUL.M[EŠ-''šu''2 S]IG7.MEŠ: MUL EGIR-''u''2 SIG7 ŠUB-''di'' [...] "[If at the beginning of the year, the 2 stars of Šimut are [yellow-green], var.: the star in the back has a yellow-green spot: [...] [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XVIII 16]; see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":2" />, 24:2-5].

See also (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]], VI 14.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, sh12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: dSimut; 1) эламское божество, соответствующее Нергалу и отождествляемое с Марсом, 2) созвездие, одно из названий Демона с Разинутой Пастью(?) [Gössman 1950, 351; Reynolds 1998, 354–355; Tallqvist 1938, 441].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Antagal (G 309): dsi.mu.ud = dṣal-bat-a-nu «Шимут = Марс» [MSL XVII, 229:309]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XVIII 14–16]. «Большой список звезд». Список имен Марса: mulsi-mu-ut = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Шимут = Марс» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:99].

II. Астрология.

(1) Отождествления; dši-mut dṣal-bat-a-nu ša2-niš dba-lu šal-m[u] mulud.ka.duḫ.a «Шимут есть Марс, во-вторых, Балу, в-треть[их], Демон с Разинутой Пастью» [ACh Suppl., 7:9; Reynolds 1998, 353]; см. также [ibid., note 55].

(2) Вид созвездия в начале года; UD ina IGI MU.KAM dŠi-mu-ut MUL.MEŠ-šu2 MI.MEŠ BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ «Если в начале года звезды Шимута черные: будет мор» [BPO 2, XVIII 14]; [UD ina] IGI MU.KAM dŠi-mu-ut MUL.MEŠ-šu2 BABBAR na-ag2-lu bar-tum GAL2-ši «[Если в] начале года звезды Шимута покрыты пятнами(?) с белым: будет переворот» [BPO 2, XVIII 15]; [UD ina IG]I MU.KAM dŠi-mu-ut 2 MUL.M[EŠ-šu2 S]IG7.MEŠ : MUL EGIR-u2 SIG7 ŠUB-di […] «[Если в нача]ле года 2 звезд[ы] Шимута [желто-зел]еные, вар.: задняя звезда имеет желто-зеленое пятно: […] [BPO 2, XVIII 16]; см. также [ACh Ištar, 24:2–5].

См. также u06UD.KA.DU8.A, VI 14.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]
[[Category:Deity]]

ŠU.PA

2026-01-03T07:42:26Z

InitTeam:

[[File:Shupa Boo Stellarium.png|thumb|ŠU.PA in Bootes, represented as God Enlil (CC BY Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium).]]
mul / dŠU.PA (𒀯𒋗𒉺) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Bootes]]: depending on the context, either the bright star (Arcturus) or the entire constellation identified with the god Enlil. While the Mesopotamian god Enlil is a god of agriculture, the Greek man depicted in the constellation Bootes is a Ploughman. The Greek Ploughman was transformed into a shepherd for oxen, due to the homophony of Greek "boo" (ox) and "bootes" (ploughman). The transformation could have happened via Greek folk etymology, or with the conscious attempt to merge the Roman idea of "Seven Oxen" in Ursa Major and/or the Egyptian idea of a guard with the Greek and Mesopotamian images (perhaps in one of the first millennium empires). In any case, this (hi)story of transformation suggests an original Mesopotamian image of a male deity, the god Enlil, represented with the asterism of mulŠU.PA.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Krebernik (2023) ===
Most probably a pseudo-sumerogram (influenced by Sum. pa-è “to shine”) for Akk. ''šūpû'' “brilliant, exalted”, cf. the syllabic spelling ''šu-pu'' in BM 68593 rev. 8 cited in Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 148, fn. 1043. mulŠU.PA (EN 13l).

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
Var. reading: mulŠU4.PA; = (mul)''Šūpû'' "Magnificent, brilliant"(?);

Var. designations:

* 1) a constellation in [[Bootes|Boötes]],
* 2) [[Arcturus]] (α Bootis) [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 385; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15; MA<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 125], see also (Kurtik sh18) [[ŠUDUN]].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Malku II 103 series: šu-pu-u = kak-ka(var.: ka3)-bu, quoted from [CAD<ref name=":4">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> K, 46a].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 27a, IX 21, XII 8, XVII 1-2; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 288, Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al., 38-55. Leiden, 1973.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 36′].
|
|-
|'''Text HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text).'''
See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe P.

* Month of Ulul, stars of Ea, 45 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (12´3):
** a) mul ''ša i-na ṭu-ri-ša'' gub-[''zu''] / sa5 ''i-na pu-ut ni-ru'' d''En''-[''lil''2] "The star which stand[s] on its (i.e. mulmar.gid2.da.<an.na>) rope , (it is) the red (star) on the front of the yoke, En[lil]" (B iii 11-12); presumably mulšu.pa [BPO 2, 5] is meant here, cf, however, (Kurtik m09) [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]],
** (b) mul gal ''nam-ru ša ina'' zi im.[xx] / gub mulšu.pa uš.uš ki.gub ku[r2.kur2] / mul''Šul-pa-e''3 sukkal da[mar.utu] "The great shining star, where the wind rises [...], stands (is) Shupa (= Jupiter), (who) changes (its) position constantly: Shulpae, the messenger of M[arduk]" (B iii 21-23).
* (2) List (3´12): itikin ... mulšu.pa ''šu-ut'' [d''En-lil''2] "Ulul: ...Shupa (on the path of) [Enlil] (rising)" (C iii 6).
* (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising is ulul, setting is adar [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 39, 40], see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]].

BM 82923.

* Ulul, stars of Enlil: mulŠU4.PA // 45 // ''šar-rat'' d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Shupa // 45 // Queen of the Igigs" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:18]; parallel: ''šar-rat'' digigi ''u'' d''a-nu-na-ki'' "Queen of the Igigs and Anunnaki" = dšu.pa, as an epithet of Ishtar [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 238].

BM 34713.

* Month of Tashritu, stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:7], see (Kurtik n35) [[NIN.MAḪ]].

Text Nv. 10.

* (1) Intercalation scheme: mulšu.pa as Enlil's star — star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of kislimu, see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].
* (2) ''ina'' ˹iti˺[sig4 mulšu.p]a? // mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 / ''u'' [… mulsim.]˹maḫ˺? // mulAN.TA.GUB.BA / ˹mul˺[… mul]uz3? // mulab.sin2 / ''u'''(( mul<li9>.˹si4˺??? lugal // - check why Donbaz read SI4 here and go back and fix Lisi if necessary)''''') mulAN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA "In the month of [siman: Shup]a, Anunitu / and [...the Swallo]w — upward standing star. / [...] Goat, Furroe, and the [Fo]x, the King — the Upward-flaring star." (Rev. 29-32) [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 56].
* (3) mulšu.pa is the star AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA in the month of duuzu, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* a) List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 10): mulšu.[pa] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 5; Horowitz 1998, 176].
* (b) List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 6): mulšu.pa [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 12): mulŠU.PA d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' KUR ''i-šim-mu'' "Shupa, Enlil, who sets the destiny of the country" ( I i 12); for a parallel see. [VR<ref>''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''</ref>, 46, 1: 11; PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI; Horowitz 1989-90<ref name=":6">''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:1'].
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiKIN UD 15 KAM mulŠU.PA d''En-lil''2 IGI "on the 15th day of ulul, Shupa, Enlil, becomes visible" ( I ii 46); for an early parallel see. BM 77054.
* (3) Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings:
** a) mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mulŠU.PA ŠU2-''bi'' "the Heavenly Bull rises, Shupa sets" ( I iii 15),
** b) mulŠU.PA d''En-lil''2 KUR-''ma'' mulAŠ.IKU ŠU2-''bi'' "Shupa, Enlil, rises, the Field sets" ( I iii 21).
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 1 ''šu'' UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulŠU.PA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR mulAB.SIN2 "60 days from the rising of the Arrow to the rising of Shupa. 10 days from the rising of Shupa to the rising of the Furrow" (I iii 35-36).
* (5) List of ziqpu-stars: mulŠU.PA in first place (I iv 4).
* (6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** a) The Great Gemini culminates, Shupa and the asterism of Eridu ascends (I iv 24), see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], see also [Horowitz 1989-90<ref name=":6" />, 117, BM 73815: 3'],
** b) [''ina'' itiG]AN UD 15 KAM mulŠU.PA MIN(=''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'') MIN(= GUB-''ma'') mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A KUR-''ḫa'' "On the 15th day of [kis]lim, Shupa stands in the middle of the sky, opposite your chest, and the Demon with the Gaping Mouth rises" (I iv 27).
* (7) Observations of heliacal risings and the direction of the wind: see (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]].
* (8) Second intercalation scheme:
** a) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN UD 15 KAM2 mul]ŠU.PA IGI.LA2 MU BI [GI.NA-''at''2] "[If] Shupa becomes visible [on the 15th day of ulul], that year is [normal]" (II Gap A 14),
** b) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 UD 15] KAM mulŠU.PA IGI.LA2 MU BI [DIRI-''at''2] "[If] Shupa becomes visible [on the 15th day of tashrit], that year is a [leap year]" (II Gap A 15) [MA<ref name=":3" />, 21, 42, 48, 49, 49, 53, 58, 58, 64, 66, 77, 91].
Text BM 77054.
* a) ''ina'' itikin u[d.15.kam ...] / mulŠU.˹PA ''u''˺ mu[l?...] "[15th] of ulul [...] / Shupa and [...]."
* b) ''ina'' itigan ud.15.kam mulŠU.PA ''ina r''[''a-be''2''-e''...] / mulud.ka.duḫ.a [...] "On the 15th of kislim, Shupa ri[ses] / The Demon with the Gaping Mouth [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA 81, 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, rev. 1′-2′, 7′-8′].
|[[File:Shupa Boo Stellarium.png|thumb|ŠU.PA in Bootes, represented as God Enlil (CC BY Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium).]]
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia"'''
* (1) List of names for Mars: mulšu.pa = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Shupa = Mars";
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: mulšu.pa [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:103, 210].
|
|-
|'''Star List VR, 46, 1:11, 52.'''
* (1) mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu "Shupa, Enlil, who sets the destiny of the country: the greatness of Enlil, Marduk",
* (2) mulšu.pa = mul ''na-am-ru'' "Shupa = Brilliant star" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:11, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
BM 38369+:

* (a) [TA ''i'']''s-ḫu-un-na-at'' KUN-[''šu''] / ˹EN˺ mulŠU.PA 1 DAN[NA] "[From the br[ushes] of [his] (= Lion) tail to Shupa 1 mi[l] (= 300)",
* (b) TA mulŠU.PA EN m[ulx. x] "From Shupa to [...]" [Horowitz 1994a<ref name=":8">''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 92:18-19, 22].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa (ziqpu I: α Boo) [Pingree-Walker 1988, 321], see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
|
|-
|'''The list of "7 Enlil."'''
* Shupa is related to Enlil of Babylon and Marduk, see (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|
|-
|'''New Year's ritual in Babylon.'''
* múlšu.pa en den.lil2.meš "Shupa, the lord of Enlil (of the gods of the highest rank)" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Rituels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 138:310; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220, 229].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations. ''ki-i'' múlŠU.PA ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu d''Sîn''(30) ''at''[''tal'']''û''(A[N.G]I6) ''u''2-''šar-ru-u''2 / múlŠU.PA múlGIŠ.ERIN2 dŠAR2.UR4 dŠAR2.GAZ / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-še''[''r''3-''ša''2 ''att'']''alû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar''-[''ra'']-''a'' "If Shupa culminates and a lunar eclipse begins, / Shupa, Libra, Sharur (and) Shargaz, / Until the Sun reaches Libra. [Its] meani[ng]: the eclipse shall not begin." [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102:15-17].
|
|}
[[File:SHUPA CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182814.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ŠU.PA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| [[Arcturus]]
| HIP 69673
| Inside the Hull
| -0.05
|-
| 2
| [[Izar]]
| HIP 72105
| Constellation lines
| 2.45
|-
| 3
| [[Muphrid]]
| HIP 67927
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.68
|-
| 4
| [[Seginus]]
| HIP 71075
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.02
|-
| 5
| δ Boötis
| HIP 74666
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.49
|-
| 6
| [[Nekkar]]
| HIP 73555
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.52
|-
| 7
| ρ Boötis
| HIP 71053
| Constellation lines
| 3.59
|-
|8
|ζ Boötis
|HIP 71795
|Constellation lines
|3.78
|-
| 9
| [[Alkalurops]]
| HIP 75411
| Inside the Hull
| 4.31
|-
| 10
| σ Boötis
| HIP 71284
| Inside the Hull
| 4.47
|-
| 11
| * zet Boo B
| HIP 71795
| Constellation lines
| 4.51
|-
|12
|* zet Boo A
|HIP 71795
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.51
|-
| 13
| ο Boötis
| HIP 72125
| Inside the Hull
| 4.6
|-
| 14
| W Boo
| HIP 71995
| Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
| 15
| * eps Boo B
| -
| Inside the Hull
| 4.801
|-
| 16
| 12 Boo
| HIP 69226
| Inside the Hull
| 4.83
|-
| 17
| -
| HIP 70027
| Inside the Hull
| 4.85
|-
| 18
| π 1 Boötis
| HIP 71762
| Inside the Hull
| 4.893
|-
| 19
| 22 Boo
| HIP 70602
| Inside the Hull
| 5.394
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 72582
| Constellation lines
| 5.48
|-
| 21
| -
| HIP 73634
| Inside the Hull
| 5.513
|-
| 22
| 40 Boo
| HIP 73369
| Inside the Hull
| 5.634
|-
| 23
| * pi.02 Boo
| HR 5476
| Inside the Hull
| 5.761
|-
| 24
| -
| HIP 72552
| Inside the Hull
| 5.8
|-
| 25
| HP Boo
| HIP 72567
| Inside the Hull
| 5.867
|-
| 26
| 26 Boo
| HIP 71115
| Inside the Hull
| 5.897
|-
| 27
| -
| HIP 71571
| Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
| 28
| V* CN Boo
| HR 5343
| Inside the Hull
| 5.957
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 71277
| Inside the Hull
| 5.999
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 71094
| Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 70892
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 73068
| Inside the Hull
| 6.122
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 72469
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 72139
| Inside the Hull
| 6.145
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 71729
| Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
| 36
| -
| HIP 70762
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 71490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 38
| -
| HIP 70310
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 72124
| Inside the Hull
| 6.28
|-
| 40
| -
| HIP 71243
| Inside the Hull
| 6.306
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 73941
| Inside the Hull
| 6.351
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 71406
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 43
| -
| HIP 69592
| Inside the Hull
| 6.377
|-
| 44
| -
| HIP 71168
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 45
| -
| HIP 71857
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 46
| -
| HR 5346
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 70385
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 48
| -
| HIP 70051
| Inside the Hull
| 6.445
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
Arcturus, one of the brightest stars in the northern sky, was heavily venerated in Mesopotamia as a deity. Specific evidence, however, is not abundant. Most of them point to Shupa's special connection with Enlil. The epithet "queen of the Igigs," recorded in the astrolabe and other texts, perhaps indicates a connection with Ishtar.

===== Prayers and rituals: =====
* (1) Neo-Assyrian menologies: diš ''ina'' itikin kimin-''ma'' mulšu.pa ga gu7 i3.nun.na tu5 ''u''2-''ta-ṭa-al'' "If in the month of ulul (there is an eclipse) and Shupa (rises): he drinks milk, smears himself with melted butter, he will recover." [Koch-Westenholz 2001<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Babylonian Views of Eclipses // Res Orientales. 2001. Vol. XIII, 71-84.</ref>, 77:21].
* (2) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revitalizing" the statue-deity, see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.
* (3) The New Year ritual in Babylon (see above).

==== III. Identification. ====
As a constellation:

= Bootes (Bootes) [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 15; MA<ref name=":3" />, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276].

As a ziqpu-star:

= Arcturus (α Bootis) [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1" />, 385, I 3; Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 111; 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 59:23-24; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7" />, 208, App. C; Pingree-Walker 1988,<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref> 321, N1; Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 74a].

On the identification: mulŠU.PA = mulŠUDUN = ''nīru,'' see. [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>, 218; CAD<ref name=":4" /> N/2, 264b; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 15; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 156; 1994a<ref name=":8" />, 96, note 19].

ŠU.PA is subdivided into 4 parts, similar to the constellation AŠ.GAN2, in the VAT 9437 Text (unpublished), with each part corresponding to one of the four terrestrial regions see [Kurtik 2010, 39, note 62; Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 117, Anm. 8]

==== IV. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; see the "Great Star List and Miscellenia," and the prediction: [DIŠ] mulŠU.PA ''a-na'' mulGU4.AN.NA TE d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mu[l ...] "[If] Shupa approaches the Celestial Bull, (it means): Mars is in [...] [ACh Ištar<ref name=":9">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 30:2].

(2) = Jupiter; see Three Stars Each (Astrolabes) above, and also predictions (7); in [BPO 3, 134: 27′] the identity is given: dŠU.PA = dSA[G.UŠ] "Shupa = Sa[turn]", which can also be read as: dŠU.PA = dSAG.[ME.GAR] "Shupa = Jup[iter]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":9" />, 7:61].

(3) = Yoke; ''ina'' itiKIN mulBIR mulŠUDUN KUR-''ma'' / mulBIR mulNUNki mulŠUD[UN mulŠU].PA "In the month of ulul, the Kidney (and) Yoke rise; Kidney = Asterism of Eridu, Yo[ke = Shu]pa" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 27-27a].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Shupa is seen with the Field; DIŠ KI-''šu''2 mulŠU.PA IGI KI.MIN KI.TA mulŠU.PA IGI [BIR-''aḫ'' KUR.KUR] "If Shupa is seen with it (= mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"), var.: seen below Shupa: [the division of (all) countries]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XII 8], and also [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, IX 21].

(5) Shupa flashes again and again; [DIŠ] mulŠU.PA ''ina'' SAR-''šu''2 ''it-ta-na-an-paḫ ina'' MU.BI ŠEG3.MEŠ ''u'' A.KAL.MEŠ ''uš-ta-bar-ru-u'' "[If] Shupa flashes again and again during its appearance: rain and flood will continue this year" ( K.1776 +) [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 77, Parallel to XVII 2], see also [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, XVII 2].

(6) Shupa stands before the appearance of Venus; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiŠ[E: i]tiDIRI.ŠE d''Sin'' mulŠU.PA: MUL.MU[L ...D]U.MEŠ SU.KU ... "If Venus (becomes visible) in the month of adar, var.: second adar, (and at the same time) the Moon (and) Shupa, var: Star Cluster [...s]tand: there will be famine in the country for barley and straw [...]" [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 194, K.42+ :9].

(7) Shupa darkens; DIŠ ŠU.PA ''e-kil'' dSAG.ME.GAR ''u''2-''tan-nat-ma'' "If Shupa darkens, (it means): Jupiter becomes weak" [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:51]; DIŠ mulŠU.PA ''a-dir'' LUGAL URIki ZI-''ma'' ERIN2 NIM.MAki ''ina'' gišTUKUL SIG3-''ar'' "If Shupa darkens: the king of Akkad will rise and smite the armies of Elam with (his) weapon" [ACh Sin<ref name=":9" />, 19:13; Ištar<ref name=":9" />, 21:29].

(8) Shupa emits mišḫu; DIŠ mulŠU.PA ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ina'' KUR DU3.A.[BI ...] / TA ŠA3 mulŠU.PA-''ma ka-a-a-ma-ni'' IGI AN.M[I ...] / KUR DU3.A. BI ''a-na'' KUR URIki ''qa-bi'' SIG5 [...] ... "If Shūpa emits mišḫu: in all countries [...] (this means): from the region of Shūpa, Saturn? appears, eclips[ing] ...], all countries will speak well of Akkad [...]..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":9" /> 2, 64 col. ii 1-4; 63 col. i 7; Ištar<ref name=":9" />, 21:30].
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, sh17)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар.: mulŠU4.PA; = (mul)Šūpû «Великолепный, блестящий»(?); 1) созвездие в Волопасе (Boоtes), 2) Арктур (α Bootis) [Gössmann 1950, 385; BPO 2, 15; MA, 125], см. также sh18ŠUDUN.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Malku II 103: šu-pu-u = kak-ka(вар.: ka3)-bu, цит. по [CAD K, 46a]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 27a, IX 21, XII 8, XVII 1–2; BPO 3, 288, Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 36′]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. a33AN.TA.GUB. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа, 45 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul ša i-na ṭu-ri-ša gub-[zu] / sa5 i-na pu-ut ni-ru dEn-[lil2] «Звезда, которая на ее (т.е. mulmar.gid2.da.<an.na>) веревке сто[ит], (это) красная (звезда) на передней части ярма, Эн[лиль]» (B iii 11–12); предположительно здесь речь идет о mulšu.pa [BPO 2, 5], см., однако, m09MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA, b) mul gal nam-ru ša ina zi im.[xx] / gub mulšu.pa uš.uš ki.gub ku[r2.kur2] / mulŠul-pa-e3 sukkal da[mar.utu] «Большая блестящая звезда, которая там, где поднимается ветер, […] стоит, (это) Шупа (= Юпитер), (который) место (свое) постоянно изменяет: Шульпаэ, посланник М[ардука]» (B iii 21–23). (2) Cписок (3´12): itikin … mulšu.pa šu-ut [dEn-lil2] «Улулу: …Шупа (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит)» (C iii 6). (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход — улулу, заход — аддару [KAV 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014, 39, 40], см. b11BIR. BM 82923. Улулу, звезды Энлиля: mulŠU4.PA // 45 // šar-rat dI2-gi3-gi3 «Шупа // 45 // Царица Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:18]; параллель: šar-rat digigi u da-nu-na-ki «Царица Игигов и Ануннаков» = dšu.pa, как эпитет Иштар [Tallqvist 1938, 238]. BM 34713. Месяц ташриту, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:7], см. n35NIN.MAḪ. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 10): mulšu.[pa] [CT 33, 9 r. 5; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 6): mulšu.pa [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 12): mulŠU.PA dEn-lil2 ša2 ši-mat KUR i-šim-mu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны» ( I i 12); параллель см. [VR, 46, 1: 11; PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI; Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:1']. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 15 KAM mulŠU.PA dEn-lil2 IGI «15-го улулу Шупа, Энлиль, становится видимым» (I ii 46); ранняя параллель см. BM 77054. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-ma mulŠU.PA ŠU2-bi «Небесный Бык восходит, Шупа заходит» (I iii 15), b) mulŠU.PA dEn-lil2 KUR-ma mulAŠ.IKU ŠU2-bi «Шупа, Энлиль, восходит, Поле заходит» ( I iii 21). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 1 šu UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA / TA KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ana KUR mulAB.SIN2 «60 дней от восхода Стрелы до восхода Шупа. 10 дней от восхода Шупа до восхода Борозды» (I iii 35–36). (5) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulŠU.PA на первом месте (I iv 4). (6) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: a) Великие близнецы кульминируют, Шупа и звезда Эриду восходят (I iv 24), см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 3'], b) [ina itiG]AN UD 15 KAM mulŠU.PA MIN(=ina MURUB4 AN-e IGI-it GABA-ka) MIN(= GUB-ma) mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A KUR-ḫa «15-го [кис]лиму Шупа в середине неба напротив твоей груди стоит, и Демон с Разинутой Пастью восходит» (I iv 27). (7) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: см. n50NUNki. (8) Вторая интеркаляционная схема: a) [DIŠ ina itiKIN UD 15 KAM2 mul]ŠU.PA IGI.LA2 MU BI [GI.NA-at2] «[Если] Шупа становится виден [15-го улулу], этот год [нормальный]» (II Gap A 14), b) [DIŠ ina itiDU6 UD 15] KAM mulŠU.PA IGI.LA2 MU BI [DIRI-at2] «[Если] Шупа становится виден [15-го ташриту], этот год [високосный]» (II Gap A 15) [MA, 21, 42, 48, 49, 53, 58, 64, 66, 77, 91]. Текст BM 77054. a) ina itikin u[d.15.kam …] / mulŠU.˹PA u˺ mu[l?…] «[15-го] улулу […] / Шупа и […]». b) ina itigan ud.15.kam mulŠU.PA ina r[a-be2-e…] / mulud.ka.duḫ.a […] «15-го кислиму Шупа в[осходит…] / Демон с Разинутой Пастью […]» [George 1991, 304–305, rev. 1′–2′, 7′–8′]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulšu.pa = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Шупа = Марс»; (2) 12 звезд Аккада: mulšu.pa [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:103, 210]. Список звезд VR, 46, 1:11, 52. (1) mulšu.pa den-lil2 ša2 ši-mat kur i-šim-mu: gal den-lil2meš damar.utu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны: величие Энлилей, Мардук», (2) mulšu.pa = mul na-am-ru «Шупа = Блестящая звезда» [HBA, 52:11, 52; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. BM 38369+: a) [TA i]s-ḫu-un-na-at KUN-[šu] / ˹EN˺ mulŠU.PA 1 DAN[NA] «[От к]исти [его] (= Льва) хвоста до Шупы 1 ми[ля] (= 300)», b) TA mulŠU.PA EN m[ulx.x] «От Шупы до […]» [Horowitz 1994, 92:18–19, 22]. GU-текст. (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa (ziqpu I: α Boo) [Pingree–Walker 1988, 321], см. g19GIR2.TAB. Текст Nv. 10. (1) Схема интеркаляции: mulšu.pa как звезда Энлиля — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце кислиму, см. a02A.EDIN. (2) ina ˹iti˺[sig4 mulšu.p]a? // mulA-nu-ni-tu4 / u [… mulsim.]˹maḫ˺? // mulAN.TA.GUB.BA / ˹mul˺[… mul]uz3? // mulab.sin2 / u mul<li9>.˹si4˺ lugal // mulAN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA «В месяце [симану: Шуп]а, Ануниту / и […Ласточк]а — Наверху стоящая звезда. / […] Коза, Борозда и [Ли]си, Царь — Наверху вспыхивающая звезда.» (Rev. 29–32) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 56]. (3) mulšu.pa — звезда AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA в месяце дуузу, см. sh16ŠU.GI. Список «7 Энлилей». Шупа связан с Энлилем из Вавилона и Мардуком, см. e10dEn-lil2. Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне. múlšu.pa en den.lil2.meš «Шупа, господин Энлилей (богов наивысшего ранга)» [RAcc. 138:310; Linssen 2004, 220, 229]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ki-i múlŠU.PA a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu dSîn(30) at[tal]û(A[N.G]I6) u2-šar-ru-u2 / múlŠU.PA múlGIŠ.ERIN2 dŠAR2.UR4 dŠAR2.GAZ / a-di-i dŠamaš(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-še[r3-ša2 att]alû(AN.GI6) ul u2-šar-[ra]-a «Если Шупа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться, / Шупа, Весы, Шарур (и) Шаргаз, / Пока Солнце не достигает Весов. [Его] значен[ие: затме]ние не нач[нет]ся» [SpTU III, 102:15–17].

II. Божество.

Арктур, одна из самых ярких звезд северного неба, пользовалась несомненно большим почитанием в Месопотамии как божество. Конкретных свидетельств, однако, не так уж много. Большинство из них указывает на особую связь Шупы с Энлилем. Эпитет «царица Игигов», зафиксированный в астролябии и других текстах, возможно, указывает на связь с Иштар. Молитвы и ритуалы: (1) Новоассирийские менологии: diš ina itikin kimin-ma mulšu.pa ga gu7 i3.nun.na tu5 u2-ta-ṭa-al «Если в месяце улулу (произошло затмение) и Шупа (восходит): он выпьет молоко, намажет себя топленым маслом, он выздоровеет» [Koch-Westenholz 2001, 77:21]. (2) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z10Zibānītu, II. (3) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне (см. выше).

III. Отождествление.

Как созвездие:

= Волопас (Bootes) [BPO 2, 15; MA, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276].

Как ziqpu-звезда:

= Arcturus (α Bootis) [Gössmann 1950, 385, I 3; Koch 1989, 111; 1992, 59:23–24; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; Pingree–Walker 1988, 321, N1; Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 74a].

Об отождествлении: mulŠU.PA = mulŠUDUN = nīru см. [Schaumberger 1952, 218; CAD N/2, 264b; BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 1993, 156; 1994, 96, note 19].

ŠU.PA подразделяется на 4 части, подобно созвездию AŠ.GAN2, в тексте VAT 9437 (не опубликован), причем каждая часть соотносится с одним из четырех земных регионов см. [Куртик 2010, 39, прим. 62; Weidner 1963, 117, Anm. 8]

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. «Большой список звезд», а также предсказание: [DIŠ] mulŠU.PA a-na mulGU4.AN.NA TE dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 mu[l …] «[Если] Шупа к Небесному Быку приближается, (это означает): Марс в […] [ACh Ištar, 30:2].

(2) = Юпитер; см. выше «Астролябии», а также предсказание (7); в [BPO 3, 134: 27′] приводится тождество: dŠU.PA = dSA[G.UŠ] «Шупа = Са[турн]», которое может быть прочитано также как: dŠU.PA = dSAG.[ME.GAR] «Шупа = Юп[итер]» [ACh Ištar, 7:61].

(3) = Ярмо; ina itiKIN mulBIR mulŠUDUN KUR-ma / mulBIR mulNUNki mulŠUD[UN mulŠU].PA «В месяце улулу Почка (и) Ярмо восходят; Почка = Звезда Эриду, Яр[мо = Шу]па» [BPO 2, III 27–27a].

Предсказания:

(4) Шупа видна с Полем; DIŠ KI-šu2 mulŠU.PA IGI KI.MIN KI.TA mulŠU.PA IGI [BIR-aḫ KUR.KUR] «Если Шупа видна с ним (= mulAŠ.GAN2 «Поле»), вар.: видна ниже Шупа: [разделение (всех) стран]» [BPO 2, XII 8], а также [ibid., IX 21].

(5) Шупа вспыхивает опять и опять; [DIŠ] mulŠU.PA ina SAR-šu2 it-ta-na-an-paḫ ina MU.BI ŠEG3.MEŠ u A.KAL.MEŠ uš-ta-bar-ru-u «[Если] Шупа при своем появлении вспыхивает опять и опять: в этом году дожди и наводнения продолжатся» ( K.1776+) [BPO 2, 77, Parallels to XVII 2], см. также [ibid., XVII 2].

(6) Шупа стоит при появлении Венеры; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiŠ[E: i]tiDIRI.ŠE dSin mulŠU.PA: MUL.MU[L …D]U.MEŠ SU.KU … «Если Венера (становится видна) в месяце аддару, вар.: второй аддару, (и при этом) Луна (и) Шупа, вар.: Звезды […с]тоят: в стране будет голод на ячмень и солому […]» [BPO 3, 194, K.42+ :9].

(7) Шупа потемнел; DIŠ ŠU.PA e-kil dSAG.ME.GAR u2-tan-nat-ma «Если Шупа потемнел, (это означает): Юпитер становится слабым» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:51]; DIŠ mulŠU.PA a-dir LUGAL URIki ZI-ma ERIN2 NIM.MAki ina gišTUKUL SIG3-ar «Если Шупа потемнел: царь Аккада поднимется и оружием (своим) поразит войска Элама» [ACh Sin, 19:13; Ištar, 21:29].

(8) Шупа испускает mišḫu; DIŠ mulŠU.PA meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ina KUR DU3.A.[BI…] / TA ŠA3 mulŠU.PA-ma ka-a-a-ma-ni IGI AN.M[I …] / KUR DU3.A.BI a-na KUR URIki qa-bi SIG5 […] … «Если Шупа испускает mišḫu: во всех странах […] (это означает): из области Шупы Сатурн? появляется, затме[ние …], все страны будут говорить хорошо об Аккаде […]…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 1–4; 63 col. i 7; Ištar, 21:30].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]][[Category:Boo]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

Ummulūtu

2026-01-01T21:29:37Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ummulūtu''}}

(MUL.MEŠ) ''ummulūtu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Lit. "dim (misty, twinkling) stars";

Var. designations:

* 1) = ziqpu XIII, a group of stars in Perseus (Perseus),
* 2) groups of stars in some constellations.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) List of Enlil's stars (No. 10):
** (a) MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tum ša''2 ''ina'' KUN mulUR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' "The dim stars that stands on the tail of the Lion" (I i 10-11) (5, 21 Leonis? ),
** (b) MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 ''ša''2 ''ina'' GABA mul''lu-lim'' "The dim stars on the chest of the Stag" (I i 32) (18, 31 and 32 Andromedae?).
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings with simultaneous culminations: MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI "The dim stars of the Old Man" (I iv 22) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 21, 27, 64, 137-138].
|Example
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) [2½ M]A.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 27 IGI DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') | TA IV ''ša''2 mulLU.LIM | EN MUL ''um-mu-lu-lu''-[''ti''] "[2½ mi]n of weight, 150 on earth, 27,000 miles [in the sky] / From 4 stars of the Stag to the dim stars,"
** (b) [2½ MA.NA MIN] | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 27 IGI DANNA ''ina'' [KI.MIN] / TA MUL ''um-mu-lu-ti'' | EN MUL ''ni-bi-i ša''2 [mulŠU.GI] "[2½ min. of weight], 150 on earth, 27,000 miles [in the sky] / From the Dim stars to the star with great brilliance on the [Old Man]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:27-30; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:27-30; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''um-mu-lu-tu''2 "150 to the dim stars" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 224-225:8].
* (3) VAT 16436: múl''um-mu-nu-tu''2 // 5 // 8 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "dim (stars) // 5 (stars) // 8200 cubits [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 226-227:5].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ''ana'' mul''um-mu-lu-ti'' "½ mile(=150) to the Faint (stars)" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:13].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'', see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]]; 5 [U]Š ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Calendar of the daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 247-251]. See also: ''um-mu-lut'' [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, BM 36609+: obv. ii 16].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
Ziqpu XIII:

= a group of 5 stars in the h and χ Persei region [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 221, 229:XIII].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u14)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|букв. «Тусклые (туманные, мерцающие) звезды»; 1) = ziqpu XIII, группа звезд в Персее (Perseus), 2) группы звезд в некоторых созвездиях.
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 10): a) MULmeš um-mu-lu-tum ša2 ina KUN mulUR.GU.LA GUB-zu «Тусклые звезды, которые стоят на хвосте Льва» (I i 10–11) (5, 21 Leonis?), b) MULmeš um-mu-lu-tu4 ša2 ina GABA mullu-lim «Тусклые звезды на груди Оленя» (I i 32) (18, 31 и 32 Andromedae?). (2) Список дат гелиакических восходов с одновременными кульминациями: MULmeš um-mu-lu-tu4 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Тусклые звезды Старика» (I iv 22) [MA, 21, 27, 64, 137–138]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ M]A.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 27 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) | TA IV ša2 mulLU.LIM | EN MUL um-mu-lu-[ti] «[2½ ми]ны веса, 150 на земле, 27000 миль [на небе] / От 4 звезд Оленя до Тускл[ых] звезд», b) [2½ MA.NA MIN] | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 27 IGI DANNA ina [KI.MIN] / TA MUL um-mu-lu-ti | EN MUL ni-bi-i ša2 [mulŠU.GI] «[2½ мины веса], 150 на земле, 27000 миль [на небе] / От Тусклых звезд до звезды с большим блеском [Старика]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:27–30; TU, 21:27–30; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na mulum-mu-lu-tu2 «150 до Тусклых звезд» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:8]. (3) VAT 16436: múlum-mu-nu-tu2 // 5 // 8 IGI 2ME KUŠ3 «Тусклые (звезды) // 5 (звезд) // 8200 локтей [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:5]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana mulum-mu-lu-ti «½ мили(=150) до Тусклых (звезд)» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:13]. Анафора. BM 36609+: 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut, см. a21ALLA; 5 [U]Š ar2 um-mu-lut, см. u17UR.A. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. См. также: um-mu-lut [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, BM 36609+: obv. ii 16].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XIII:

= группа из 5 звезд в области h и χ Persei [hunger-Pingree 1999, 88; Schaumberger 1952, 221, 229:XIII].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

ŠAR2.UR4

2026-01-01T21:28:49Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulŠAR2.UR4}}

mulŠAR2.UR4 (𒀯𒄭𒌴) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Krebernik (2023) ===
'''Šarur & Šargaz.''' Pair of warrior gods, originally deified weapons of Ninurta. dŠár-ur4 ''u'' dŠár-gaz (EA 12–13r).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var.: mulŠAR2.UR; = mul''Šar''2-''ur''/''ur''4; one of the two stars "on the sting of the Scorpius" (ziqit GIR2.TAB); = λ Scorpii, mentioned always in pair with mulŠar2-gaz [Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 375; BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":1">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 275].

==== I. Sources & Identification(s) ====
See the previous article, (Kurtik sh05) [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]].

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Shaula]]
|HIP 85927
| within constellation lines
|1.63
|-
|2
|[[Lesath]]
|HIP 85696
|within constellation lines
|2.65
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
= λ or υ Scorpii [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 80b; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 15; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 208, App. C].

= λ Scorpii [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":1" />, 275].

==== III. Astrology. ====
See the preceding article.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, sh6)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: mulŠAR2.UR; = mulŠar2-ur/ur4; одна из двух звезд «на жале Скорпиона» (ziqit GIR2.TAB); = λ Scorpii, упоминается всегда в паре с mulŠar2-gaz [Gössman 1950, 375; BPO 2, 15; Hunger-Pingree 1999 275].
I. Источники.

См. предыдущую статью.

II. Отождествление.

= λ или υ Scorpii [Weidner 1957–59, 80b; BPO 2, 15; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].

= λ Scorpii [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 275].

III. Астрология.

См. предыдущую статью.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

SAR.U5

2026-01-01T21:26:23Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulSAR.U5}}

mulSAR.U5 (𒀯𒊬𒄷𒋛) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Only in dalbanna-text (§aa); = MUL SAR U5 x [...], according to [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 111], = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis), according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 51, 64]; see also (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s14)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|только в dalbanna-тексте (§aa); = MUL SAR U5 x […], согласно [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111], = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis), согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64]; cм. также g27GU.LA.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU

2026-01-01T21:25:31Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU}}

mulŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU (𒀯𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
== Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. reading: mulŠUDUN.IM.Ux.LU, mulŠUDUN.IM.ULU3lu; = "Southern Yoke" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 276]; no identifications are established.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)".'''
Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (12´3): [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, B iii 25-26; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 39]. mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.[ra] / igi-''it'' aga/šudun gub aga/šudun.im.u18.˹lu˺ "The red star, which is where the east wind rises, stands in front of the Crown/Yoke: the Crown/South Yarm".
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, sh22)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulŠUDUN.IM.Ux.LU, mulŠUDUN.IM.ULU3lu; = «Южное Ярмо» [BPO 2, 15; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276]; отождествление не установлено.
I. Источники.

«Астролябии». Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul sa5 ša ina zi im.kur.[ra] / igi-it aga/šudun gub aga/šudun.im.u18.˹lu˺ «Красная звезда, которая там, где поднимается вос[точный] ве[тер], перед Короной/Ярмом стоит: Корона/Южное Ярмо» [KAV 218, B iii 25–26; Horowitz 2014, 39].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

References (Babylonian)

2026-01-01T21:22:15Z

InitTeam:

* Kurtik (2007), updated by himself until his death in early 2022
* Gössmann (1950)
===Acknowledgements===
We additionally thank our students and colleagues, namely:

David Hilder, Youngjae Lee, Asterios Kechagias, Jan Safford, David Perugia.

== Newer References ==
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|-
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|'''??????????????????????'''
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==Kurtik ==

===Kurtik's References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! citation form!!bibliography
|-
|IR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).
|-
|IIR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).
|-
|IIIR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''
|-
|IVR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''
|-
|VR
|''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''
|-
|Aaboe 1980.
|''Aaboe A.'' Observation and Theory in Babylonian Astronomy// Centaurus. Vol. 24, 14-35
|-
|Aaboe-Sachs 1969.
|''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. 14, 1-22.
|-
|AAT.
|''Craig J.A.'' Astrological-astronomical Texts. Leipzig, 1899.
|-
|ABCD.
|''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).
|-
|ACh Suppl.
|''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
|-
|ACT
|''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.
|-
|<s>AD I, II, III.</s> ADRT.
|''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.
|-
|AHw.
|''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
|-
|Al-Rawi and Black 1989
|''Al-Rawi F.N.H., Black J.A''. The Second Tablet of "Išum and Erra". Iraq 51, 111-122.
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|Verderame 2002.
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|Waerden 1949.
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|''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.
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|'''''??????????????????????'''''
|-
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|Weidner 1931-1932.
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|-
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|'''????????????????????'''
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|-
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|'''????????????????????'''
|
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|-
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|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
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| '''????????????????????''' |'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
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|'''????????????????????'''
|
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|'''????????????????????'''
|
|
|-
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|'''????????????????????'''
|
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===Publications in Russian===

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|''Емельянов В.В''. Древний Шумер. СПб: "Петербургское востоковедение", 2001.
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|''Кононенко Е.И.'' Изображение скорпиона в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э. // Вестник Московского Университета. Сер. 8. История. 1997. № 2. С. 88-101.
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|''Куртик Г.Е''. История Зодиака согласно клинописным источникам // ВДИ, 1995, № 1, с. 175-188.
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|Куртик, 1998.
|''Куртик Г.Е. ''Астральная символика в древней Месопотамии III тыс. до н.э. // Вопросы истории естествознания и техники. 1998. Вып. 2. С. 20-44.
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|Куртик, 1999.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Космология древней Месопотамии // Исследования по истории физики и механики (1995- 1997). М.: Наука, 1999. С. 60-75.
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|Куртик, 2000a.
|''Куртик Г.Е.'' Созвездия древней Месопотамии (II-I тыс. до н.э.) // ИАИ. 2000. Вып. XXV. С. 128-154.
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|Kуртик, 2000b.
|''Куртик Г.Е''. Отождествление Инанны с планетой Венера как критерий для определения времени выделения созвездий в древней Месопотамии // ВДИ. 2000. Вып. 1. С. 89-98.
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|''Куртик Г.Е. ''О происхождении названий греческих зодиакальных созвездий // ВИЕТ. 2002. № 1. С. 76-106.
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|МНМ I-II.
|''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.
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|''От начала начал''. Антология шумерской поэзии / Вступ. статья, перевод, комментарии, словарь В.К.Афанасьевой. СПб.: Центр "Петербургское востоковедение", 1997.
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|''Небо, наука, поэзия''. Античные авторы о небесных светилах / Пер. и коммент. А.А.Россиуса, вступ. статья Г.М.Дашевского, под ред. Н.А.Федорова и П.В.Щеглова. М.: Изд-во Московского ун-та, 1992.
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|Саркисян 1955.
|''Cаркисян Г.Ч.'' Частные клинописные контракты селевкидского времени из собрания Государственного Эрмитажа // ВДИ. 1955. Вып. 54/4. С. 136-170.
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|Свят.-Четв. 1998.||''Святополк-Четвертынский И.А''. Корни Зодиака в космологической доктрине Шумера и Вавилона / Древняя астрономия: небо и человек. Труды конференции. Москва, 1998.
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|Шилейко 1924.||''Шилейко В.К''. Таблетка с молитвой ночным богам в собрании Лихачева //ИРАИМК. 1924, Т. 3, Ленинград, с. 144-152.
|-
|Я открою тебе.||''Я открою тебе сокровенное слово '' (Литература Вавилонии и Ассирии) / Пер. с аккадского. Сост. В.К.Афанасьевой и И.М.Дьяконова. М.: Художественная литература, 1981.
|}

== Krebernik (2023) ==

===Krebernik 's References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
| Emar VI/1-2;
Arnaud 1985
|Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).
|-
|Ganzert 2011
|Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki>
|-
| MSL
|Landsberger, B. (1957). The Series HAR-Ra Hubullu. Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon 5.
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[[category:References]]
[[Category:Service]]

GAM3

2026-01-01T21:21:51Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAM3}}
[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
mul / dGAM3 (𒀯𒆛) = ''gamlu'', 'The Crook,' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism the corresponds to [[Capella]] with the eastern half of classical [[Auriga]]. The Uranology Text E (MLC 1884) places 'The Crook' in the hand of 'The Old Man' ([[Perseus]]), and speaks of a number of its component parts including its head which is in the shape of a ram's head, its handle, and its shaft. The remaining stars and star-clusters of Auriga that are not part of 'The Crook' may be understood as groups of sheep standing in the background of the image. The asterism is also identified as Marduk's star (Jupiter or Mercury) in Kislev (Month IX).

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Variant readings:

* mulZUBI;
* = mul''gamlu'' "staff (with a crooked handle)";
* = ''gamlu'' “throwing stick”. mulGÀM (EN 4l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:

* 1) a constellation in Ascendant (Auriga),
* 2) ziqpu XVI (α Aurigae, Capella) [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 279a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> G, 35b; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 64; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>, 228].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Urra XXII series:

* mulGÀM = [''gam-lu''] [Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:291ʹ], Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolaires du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105: col. iii 14;],.
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 9a, 29a, VI 4-4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.3111+:7].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each.'''
Text Nv. 10.

* ˹diš˺ ''ina'' itine mulgam3 // mulsipa.zi.[an.na] // ''u'' mulAN.U2.GI.E // mulAN.TA.GUB.[BA] / mulur.gi7 // muldingir.tuš.a.[meš] / u mul''Pa-bil-sag'' // mulA[N. T]A.Š[U.UR.RA]
** "In the month of ab: the Staff, the True Shepherd [Anu], / and AN.U2.GI.E — The upward stan[ding] Asterism. / The Hound, the Sitting Gods and Pabilsag— The up[ward]ly fla[ring] star" (Rev. 37-40) [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''
* (1) ... "The Crook, ''Gamlu''" (I i 4)
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 "On the 20th of Nisan the Staff becomes visible" (I ii 37); for a quote from MUL.APIN see. [LABS<ref name=":4">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 62:17-18].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 28), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ša2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL "35 days from the rising of the Fish to the rising of the Staff. 10 days from the rising of the Staff to the rising of the Star Cluster" (I iii 43-44).
* (5) List of ziqpu-stars: mulGAM3 after mulŠU.GI before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations simultaneous with heliacal risings: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa'' "20th of Nisan...the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of heaven / opposite your chest, and the staff is rising" (I iv 13-14).
* (7) Stars "in the way of the moon": mulGAM3, after mulŠU.GI, before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68].
|[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [LABS<ref name=":4" />, 160:13, 62 e. 18; ARAK<ref name=":6">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) 7 tikpu-stars: mulgam3;
* (2) ''gam-lum'', in an unclear sense [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107-108].
* (3) The star of Marduk in Month IX (Kislev). See [[AMAR.UTU]].
|
|-
|List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 49.

* (1) mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "The staff is a weapon in the hands of Marduk";
* (2) muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 "Star-Baran = Top of the Staff". [HBA<ref name=":8">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51-52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a) [2½ MA.NA KI. LA2] | ½ DANNA ''i-n''[''a qaq-q'']''a-ri'' | 27 IGI DANNA ''ina'' AN-[''e''] / TA mul''na-aṣ-ra-pi'' | EN mul[GAM3]
*** "[2½ min. weight], 150 o[n the lan]d, 27000 miles in the sky / From Natsrapu to the [Staff],"
** b) [1⅔ MA. NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3
*** "[1⅔ weight mines], 100 on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From the Staff to the Hand on the Staff". [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:1-4; TU<ref name=":9">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 1-4; HBA<ref name=":8" />, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''gam-l''[''u''] "150 to the Staff." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 224-225:11].
* (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 "Marduk's staff // 1 (star) // 14400 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:8].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM3 [...] "From the Old Man to the Staff [...]",
** b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL...[GAL...] "From the Staff to the Great Twi[ns]..." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:8-9].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ''ana'' mul''gam-lu'' "½ mile(150) to the Staff. [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":10">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:16]; for a parallel see BM 61677 [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 180:8']. See also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] "Staff (ζ, η Aur), the right foot of the Old Man (ρ Per), the left foot [x x] of Gemini (μ Gem): [...3 stars]. Straight, tight rope. 2 inter[va]ls, ditto [x x]." [Walker 1995, 34; ASM<ref name=":11">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107]; according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] "Left leg of [Great] Twins" (μ Gem).
|
|-
|'''Uranology''' (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 63-64)
* r'1'–2' (traces only)
* 3' [A hu]man figure it is, dress[ed],
* 4' bearded, set with a kurkurru.
* 5' 1 star stands in its kurkurru.
* 6' In its right hand it carries a crook.
* 7' In the crook a (star called) “The Crook” stands.
* 8' The head of the crook is the head of a ram.
* 9' 2(or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn.
* 10' [x] star(s) in the handle of the crook stand.
* 11' A bright [st]ar in its shaft stands.
* 12' Its [x], fire, bearing a Naṣrapu.
* 13' [. . .] in the Naṣrapu are drawn.
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3...[TU...] "If (he), when the Staff (culminates), is born..." [SpTU V, 265:x+1].
* (2) AO 6483: [...: múlzubi] ''e''3-''a'' nig2.tuk uš2 giš[...] "(If the child is born when) [... the Staff] appears: he will be healthy, death by we[apons](?)" [TU<ref name=":9" />, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
|
|-
!
==== Kurtik (2022, n01) ====
!
|-
|Var. reading:

* ulNAD3; = "bed-star"; the name of Jupiter in the month of kislimu [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 291]. Only in IIIR, 53, 2, see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]. Likely a scribe's error; instead of NA2 it should be GAM3(?).

* XVIX. K. 3384 (Reiner-Pigree, BPO 3, 1998<ref name=":3" />, 262-63 Group G) + K. 5990 (IIIR<ref name=":13">''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''</ref> 43, 2 = ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> VIII
* 11<reverse only>)

Venus -Names;

* see also BM 45697 (81-7-6, 102) (LBAT<ref name=":4" /> 1564), BM 37391, and maybe BM 32314.

Text has MA sign form of TIM and NA.
|
|}
See also (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
[[File:GAM3 CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 172016.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAM3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| [[Capella]]
| HIP 24608
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.08
|-
| 2
| [[Menkalinan]]
| HIP 28360
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.9
|-
| 3
| [[Mahasim]]
| HIP 28380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.62
|-
| 4
| ν Aurigae
| HIP 27673
| Inside the Hull
| 3.95
|-
| 5
| -
| HIP 27319
| Inside the Hull
| 6.292
|-
| 6
| -
| HIP 27777
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''gamlu'' — a shepherd's staff and/or weapon characterized by its curvature. Marduk and other deities possessed suchobjects [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 279; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":14">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 310]. Immediately after múlGAM3 in VAT 16436:9 follows múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA "the hand on the staff of Damkinunna". [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227], most likely a variant of the name of the Sumerian goddess dDam.ki.na (var.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), considered the wife of Ea [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 88; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":14" />, 280]. For ''gamlu'' as a divine symbol and as a tool of the caster see also [Wiggermann 1992, 61-62].

==== Symbol. ====
A staff with a rounded handle in the form of a ram's head, at least for certain in the case of the asterism. The symbol is known from the Old Babylonian time on the seals, and later on the kudurru [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 165-167; Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 149-151], where it was depicted often next to a goat-fish, which suggests its connection with the god Ea.

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation:

= [[Auriga]] [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 64; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78; MA<ref name=":5" />, 137; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7" />, 207, App. C; ASM<ref name=":11" />, 272; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 72].

Ziqpu XVI:

= α Aurigae ([[Capella]]) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229; MA<ref name=":5" />, 142; ASM, 88].

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae ([[Menkalinan]]) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229; Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref>, 319, note 15], see also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].<gallery>
File:Papke Ori+Crook.jpg|Gamlu as part of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA's shepherd's staff; interpretation by Papke (1989).
File:White-Gavin2014 GamluGrook.jpg|Gamlu, The Crook, in the reconstruction by Gavin White (2014).
File:Ori+shepherdStaff stellarium.jpg|The True Shepherd of Anu with a staff reaching to Auriga (CC BY SMH in Stellarium with drawing by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster 2016).
File:Crook stellarium.jpg|Crook as a standalone constellation (Stellarium CC BY J. Gullberg and SMH).
</gallery>Papke (1989) is wrong, as his Shepherd has only the leg formed by the stars of Ori which is rather nonsensical image. A much more fitting representation of the Gamlu-Crook as Shepherd's Staff was designed by LWL Planetarium Münster, Germany, in 2016: their figure of the shepherd fits the stars of Orion and the shepherd's staff only appears strangly long.

White (2014) gives three images: A sketch of the Greek shepherd in Auriga just called "Crook" which is not justified by any text, a Babylonian "bison-man" which is (a) in our mind a wrong wording because bisons live only in North America and not in Mesopotamia, and (b) also not attested in any text: The constellation of the "bison-man" (GU.ALIM) occurs only in the dal.ba.an.na text, and needs to be identified with a different area in the sky. White's last version of "Gamlu" as a simply throwing stick is correct: Our drawing differs, but the object can be considered in more than one way.

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) kišib gam3 "Handle on the Staff", see (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]]. Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 64)

(2) sag.du mulgam3 "Top of the Staff", see list of stars in VR 46.1, also (Kurtik u10) [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Jupiter; mulGAM3 — the name of Marduk (dAMAR.UTU = Jupiter) in the month Kislimu [IIIR<ref name=":13" /> 53, 2:10; CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49, S. 777:10], see also [HBA<ref name=":8" />, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The asterism of Marduk — so said of the Staff". [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 29a + Parallels]; see also: ''Ga''2-''am''3-''lum lum-''[''m'']''un'': d''Sag-me-gar u''2-''ta-an-na-at-ma'' "(Constellation) ominous Staff, (it means): the luster of Jupiter is weak" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 84:14], and also [Brown 2000<ref>''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 61].

(2) = Mars(?); so considered by Bezold, quoted by Gesman [Bezold 1920<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 122:175; Gössmann<ref name=":0" />, III, A 2 ], but we find no confirmation in the texts.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) General astrological meaning; [mulGAM3 ''ana'' BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 ''lum-mu-un'' BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 ''zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l'']''a-mu'' BALA ḪA.A''-ma'' MAN-''ma'' DU6+DU-''a'' "[Staff (to predict) the end of a dynasty]. / The staff is evil: the dynasty will perish. / If the staff becomes dark]: a dynasty will perish and another will arise. [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, VI 4-4b + Parallels].

(4) Radiation in the Staff; [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI ''na-ši'' / SUDUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-''an'' "If the Staff emits radiations: the foundation of the throne remains solid" [ARAK<ref name=":6" />, 170 r. 1-2]; for parallels see. [ibid.<ref name=":6" />, 115 r. 4; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVI 13; LABS<ref name=":4" />, 160:13]; perhaps the reference here is to the rising of Jupiter near the Ascendant, cf. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Jupiter approaches the Staff; DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGAM3 TE ERUB KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] "If Jupiter approaches the staff: the harvest of Akkad will be abundant" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) The Old Man and the Staff; DIŠ mulŠU.GI ''gam-lum'' TAK4-''ib'' [...] "If the Old Man leaves the Staff behind [...] [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, K.2111+:7], see also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 15, and Uranology above.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, a6) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulZUBI; = mulgamlu «Посох (с кривой ручкой)»; 1) созвездие в Возничем (Auriga), 2) ziqpu XVI (α Aurigae, Капелла) [AHw, 279a; CAD G, 35b; G. 64; Schaumberger 1952, 228].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul˹zubi˺ = [gam-lu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105: col. iii 14; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:291ʹ]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 9a, 29a, VI 4–4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3, K.3111+:7]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 4): mulGAM3 dGam-lum «Посох» (I i 4). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 «20-го нисану Посох становится видимым» (I ii 37); цитата из MUL.APIN см. [LABS, 62:17–18]. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 28), см. b06BAN. (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ša2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 MUL.MUL «35 дней от восхода Рыбы до восхода Посоха. 10 дней от восхода Посоха до восхода Звезд» (I iii 43–44). (5) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulGAM3 после mulŠU.GI перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5). (6) Кульминации, одновременные гелиакическим восходам: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ku-ma-ru ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulGAM3 KUR-ḫa «20-го нисану...плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Посох восходит» (I iv 13–14). (7) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGAM3, после mulŠU.GI, перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), см. s20Sîn [MA, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 160:13, 62 e. 18; ARAK, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 7 tikpu-звезд: mulgam3; (2) gam-lum, в неясном значении [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959–60, 107–108]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 49. (1) mulgam3 = gištukul ša2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руках Мардука»; (2) muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 «Звезда–Баран = Вершина Посоха» [HBA, 51–52; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA i-n[a qaq-q]a-ri | 27 IGI DANNA ina AN-[e] / TA mulna-aṣ-ra-pi | EN mul[GAM3] «[2½ мины веса], 150 н[а зем]ле, 27000 миль на небе / От Нацрапу до [Посоха]», b) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3 «[1⅔ мины веса], 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Посоха до Руки на Посохе» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:1–4; TU, 21 r. 1–4; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na mulgam-l[u] «150 до Посоха» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:11]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 «Посох Мардука // 1 (звезда) // 14400 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:8]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM, [...] «От Старика до Посоха [...]», b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.[GAL...] «От Посоха до Больших Близне[цов...]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:8–9]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana mulgam-lu «½ мили(150) до Посоха» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:16]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid., 180:8']. См. также k21KIŠIB. Dalbanna-текст. §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] «Посох (ζ, η Aur), правая нога Старика (ρ Per), левая нога [x x] Близнецов (μ Gem): […3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интер[ва]ла, ditto [x x]» [Walker 1995, 34; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] «Левая нога [Больших] Близнецов» (μ Gem). Текст Nv. 10. ˹diš˺ ina itine mulgam3 // mulsipa.zi.[an.na] // u mulAN.U2.GI.E // mulAN.TA.GUB.[BA] / mulur.gi7 // muldingir.tuš.a.[meš] / u mulPa-bil-sag // mulA[N.T]A.Š[U.UR.RA] «В месяце абу: Посох, Праведный Пастух [Ану], / и AN.U2.GI.E — Наверху стоя[щая] звезда. / Пес, Сидящие боги и Пабилсаг — На[вер]ху вспы[хивающая] звезда» (Rev. 37–40) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66]. Поздняя астрология. (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3.[TU…] «Если (он), когда Посох (кульминирует), родился…» [SpTU V, 265:x+1]. (2) AO 6483: […: múlzubi] e3-a nig2.tuk uš2 giš[…] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) [… Посох] появляется: он будет здоровым, смерть от ор[ужия](?)» [TU, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

См. также m16MAŠ.TAB.BA.

II. Божество.

dgamlu ― оружие (kakku) или какой-то другой предмет (посох!), которому свойственна кривизна; имелся не только у Мардука [AHw, 279; Tallqvist 1938, 310]. Непосредственно за múlGAM3 в VAT 16436:9 следует múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA «Рука на Посохе Дамкинунны» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227]. dDAM.KI.NUN.NA, возможно, есть вариант имени шумерской богини dDam.ki.na (вар.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), считавшейся супругой Эа [Litke 1998, 88; Tallqvist 1938, 280]. О gamlu как божественном символе и как инструменте заклинателя см. также [Wiggermann 1992, 61–62].

III. Символ.

Посох с закругленной ручкой в виде бараньей головы(?). Символ известен со старовавилонского времени на печатях, а позднее на кудурру [Seidl 1968, 165–167; Van Buren 1945, 149–151], где изображался нередко рядом с козой-рыбой, что свидетельствует о его связи с богом Эа.

IV. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= Auriga [G. 64; Weidner 1957–59, 78; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

Ziqpu XVI:

= α Aurigae (Capella) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; MA, 142; ASM, 88].

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 319, note 15], см. также k21KIŠIB.

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) kišib gam3 «Рука на Посохе», см. k21KIŠIB.

(2) sag.du mulgam3 «Вершина Посоха», см. список звезд в VR 46,1, а также u10UDU.NITA2.

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Юпитер; mulGAM3 ― имя Мардука (dAMAR.UTU = Юпитер) в месяце кислиму [III R 53, 2:10; CT 26, 49, S. 777:10], см. также [HBA, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU a-na mulGAM3 i-qab-bi «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят о Посохе» [BPO 2, III 29a + Parallels]; cм. также: Ga2-am3-lum lum-[m]un: dSag-me-gar u2-ta-an-na-at-ma «(Созвездие) Посох зловещее, (это означает): блеск Юпитера слабый» [SpTU I, 84:14], а также [Brown 2000, 61].

(2) = Марс(?); так считает Бецольд, которого цитирует Гесман [Bezold 1920, 122:175; G., III, A 2 ], однако подтверждений в текстах не находим.

Предсказания:

(3) Общее астрологическое значение; [mulGAM3 ana BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 lum-mu-un BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l]a-mu BALA ḪA.A-ma MAN-ma DU6+DU-a «[Посох (для предсказания) конца династии]. / (Если) Посох зловещий: династия погибнет. / [Если при своем появлении Посох становится темны]м: династия погибнет и другая возникнет» [BPO 2, VI 4–4b + Parallels].

(4) Излучение в Посохе; [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI na-ši / SUDUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-an «Если Посох излучение несет: основание трона останется прочным» [ARAK, 170 r. 1–2]; параллели см. [ibid., 115 r. 4; BPO 2, XVI 13; LABS, 160:13]; возможно, здесь речь идет о восходе Юпитера вблизи Возничего, см. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Юпитер приближается к Посоху; DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ana mulGAM3 TE ERUB KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] «Если Юпитер приближается к Посоху: урожай Аккада будет обильным» [BPO 2, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) Старик и Посох; DIŠ mulŠU.GI gam-lum TAK4-ib [...] «Если Старик оставляет Посох позади [...] [BPO 3, K.2111+:7], см. также sh16ŠU.GI, VI 15.
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, a7) ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGAM3(=ZUBI) «Посох», см. g06GAM3.
|
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, n01) ===
!
|-
|вар. чтения: ulNAD3; = «Звезда-ложе»; имя Юпитера в месяце кислиму [G. 291]. Только в IIIR, 53, 2, см. a28dAMAR.UTU. Возможно, это ошибка переписчика; вместо NA2 должно быть GAM3(?).
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Aur]]

Marduk

2026-01-01T21:05:43Z

InitTeam:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Marduk''}}
[[File:Marduk and pet.svg|thumb|The Statue of Marduk depicted on a cylinder seal of the 9th century BC Babylonian king Marduk-zakir-shumi I. Detailed info, from Schaudig (2008), p. 559:]]
d''Marduk'' (𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌) is the supreme deity of the city of Babylon, identified for the most part with Jupiter or Mercury; for a syllabic entry in lexical texts, but sometimes other planets and asterisms. His name is most often written with Sumerograms [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]. For the astronomical information concerning '''''dMarduk =''''' '''[[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]] ''=''''' '''[[Nēberu|Neberu]]''' (as Marduk's Star), with the list of the names of Marduk's asterism for each month of the year also given in this entry.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The supreme deity is surprisingly few mentioned in MUL.APIN's "catalog of asterisms" (first list), suggesting that this list was written before the former city god was promoted to the supreme god. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023): <blockquote>City god of Babylon, identified with Enki’s son Assalluḫi, became head of the Babylonian pantheon towards the end of the 2nd mill. BCE. dAMAR.UTU (EN 33r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref></blockquote>Yet, there are "Stars of Marduk" for each month mentioned in other texts, see also Kurtik (2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, n01: NA2).

=== Marduk-Names ===
Measurements: 72 × 120.5 × 21 mm

obv. 1 [M]U AD.ḪAL d[AMAR.UTU]

2 [DIŠ ina ITU].BÁR dŠUL.PA.È dAMAR.[UTU]

3 [DIŠ ina I]TU.GUD dUD.AL.TAR dAMAR.U[TU]

4 [DIŠ ina IT]U.SIG4 dAŠ.GÁN KÁ.DINGIR.MEŠ dAMAR.UT[U]

5 DIŠ ina ITU.ŠU dda-pi-nu dAMAR. UT[U]

6 DIŠ ina ITU.NE dma-ak-ru-ú dAMAR.UTU

7 DIŠ ina ITU.KIN dSAG.ME.GAR dAMAR.UTU

8 ┌DIŠ┐ ina ITU.DUL dni-bi-ru dAMAR. UT[U]]214

9 [DIŠ i]na ITU.APIN drap-pu dAMAR. UT[U]]

10 [DIŠ ina I]TU.GÁN UL.GÀM dAMAR. UT[U]

11 [DIŠ ina I]TU.AB UL.LUGAL dAMAR. UT[U]

12 [DIŠ ina IT]U.ZÍZ UL.GAL dAMAR. UT[U]

13 [DIŠ ina IT]U.ŠE UL.KU6 dé-a dAMAR.┌UTU ┐

<s>XVIX. K. 3384 (Reiner-Pigree, BPO 3, 1998, 262-63 Group G) + K. 5990 (IIIR 43, 2 = ACh Ištar VIII</s>

<s>11<reverse only>)</s>

<s>Venus -Names; see also BM 45697 (81-7-6, 102) (LBAT 1564), BM 37391, and maybe BM 32314.</s>

<s>Text has MA sign form of TIM and NA.</s>

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mul dAMAR.UTU; Мардук — верховное божество города Вавилон, отождествляемое с Юпитером или Меркурием; силлабическая запись в лексических текстах см. a28dAMAR.UTU.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

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