All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

ERU (Goddess)

2026-03-29T11:50:30Z

JanSafford:

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> mul / dA.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-''[''a''] ''3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]].
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''[[sissinnu]]''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 8***, 350a].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes) Horowitz 2014***: 246'''
CT 33 9, NV 10, and parallels.

* CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12),
* See previously Horowitz 2014***: 223, Donbaz and Koch 1995***: 64-65, 69.
* T<s>he stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>

*<s>Intercalation scheme, (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz and Koch 64-65, 69]<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>.:</s>
**'''<s>[''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulPE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [...] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' dE2-PaR / [GIŠ ... mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR</s>'''
**<s>"[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [...] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, (to) the height of the Swallow"</s>
*
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''E''4-''ru''6, between mulUR.GU.LA and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).

*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''ADD Uranology Text Here = J??'''
'''ABC Section 6 = pp. 22, 25'''
'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46. - moved to GSL category'''
* <s>mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</s>
* <s>“Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].</s>
* <s>BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.</s>
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6 "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3" /> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''
А 3427:

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955*** 238:21-25].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List and Miscellenia'''
* '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see Thureau-Dangin 1921<ref>F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139</ref>; Linssen 2004<ref>Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</ref>.
** “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1" /> 52:46].
* Nv 10:
** 5', rev. 31' '''Jan add entry???''' (Fincke 2025***: 66-68), LBAT 1502:
** 11' ... 18: '''Jan add entry??''' (Fincke 2025***: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025***: 70-71), LBAT 1508: 5 (Fincke 2025***: 72).
**
* BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.
* The list of the "6 palace women".
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.é.gal.meš
** "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
81-7-27, 22 (ACh 2. Suppl. 118) (Rochberg-Halton AfO Beih. 22, 175, 207-208, 223 (transliteration - without translation): EAE 20 manuscript f [§ IX]: imgidda

* K. 6507: 7': 7’ [MU]L.''sis-sin-ni'' dE4.RU4 dx [ . . .

|'''WAYNE messed that up'''
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) ''mulE4-ru6'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist*** 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), with whom Erua was identified with.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. Cf. K. 6507: 7' above.

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

==== Symbol. ====
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mulE4-ru6 ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927*** 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018***: 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019***, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8***, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8***, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturn;
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920*** 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019***, 142; Pingree-Walker*** 320; Koch 1992*** 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

UR.GU.LA

2026-03-29T11:44:18Z

JanSafford:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Leo Tontafel 600dpi Weidner1967 scanSMH.jpg|alt=Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847|thumb|Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967.*** ]]
mulUR.GU.LA (𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), = ''urgulû, nēšu,'' is a Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo|Leo, The Lion]]. Abbreviated forms were UR and UR.A, and in late epochs even just (mul)A was used. Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Horowitz, W. and S. M. Hoffmann. Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 33-43</ref> now demonstrate that mulUR.MAH and mulUR.GU.LA are two names for the same asterism, which is depicted as a winged lion in the microzodiac drawings (see the drawing to the right). Akkadian ''urgulû'' is a loan-word from the Sumerian.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia. </ref>==
Akkadian ''urgulû'') is used only for the constellation and never for the animal. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>: <blockquote>The sumerogram (literally “great predator”) seems to be a learned synonym of [[UR.MAḪ]] “lion” (literally “foremost predator”). The Akk. equivalent is a loanword from the Sum. It also designates a disease and musical instrument. mulUR.GU.LA (EN 10l, 11l, 12l). GABA mulUR.GU.LA “breast of the lion” (EN 11l). KUN mulUR.GU.LA “tail of the lion” (EN 12l).</blockquote>In Kurtik's original dictionary (Kurtik 2007)<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> see: (Kurtik u17) UR.A, (Kurtik a01) A and (Kurtik u16) UR are separate entries that we merge here because they are all abbreviations of the same constellation name ([[UR.GU.LA]]). For the symbol, identification, and individual parts of the constellation Leo, see (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA.

See also [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref> 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 </ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 74b; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 137; Mesop. Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 249; Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 2018, 76].

====UR.GU.LA (Kurtik u20)====
= mul''urgullû'' “Lion”; constellation, corresponding to contemporary Lion (Leo) [G. 162; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1429a; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16],

====UR.A (Kurtik u17) and A (Kurtik a01)====
''= nēšu'' "Lion,"
#UR.A: abbreviation of mul[[UR.GU.LA]] in astronomical and astrological texts of the first millennium BCE. [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 425a, 783a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/2, 197; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 160; Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, note 45],
#A: In the late time of cuneiform, is a designation of the constellation and zodiacal sign Leo (Leo) in both astronomical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 1; Ungnad<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref> 257, Anm. 44].
Transition from UR.A to А occurred ca. –300 year. (see, for example, [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-291], where both designations are present in the same text), although individual examples occur before [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-380 A 4, -321 obv. 4]. Included in the names of the three "normal stars".

====UR (Kurtik u16)====
A nonstandard designation for the zodiac sign "Leo"; abbreviation for mulUR.A or perhaps a scribal error.

See also:

*(Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].

==== SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA (Kurtik s06) ====
(2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2) SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA (𒈫𒀯𒈨𒌍𒃻𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), The head ''(qaqqadu'') of the Lion ''(urgullû''). An asterism in the Lion constellation ([[Leo]]).

The entry seems to refer to two distinct stars in the Head of the Lion, making this a distinct two star asterism.
Var.:

* 2 MUL2.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG A "2 stars of the Lion's head";
* = ziqpu XXI (ε, μ Leonis) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 162, IV 5; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":02">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88], see (Kurtik z11) ''[[Ziqpu]]''.

==== Sources and Identifications ====
{| class="wikitable"
!I Sources
|'''Identification'''
|-
|'''''Lexical texts'''''.

*'''(1)''' ''Urra'' XXII series: mulur.gu.la = ''la-ta-rak'' “Lion = LatSAA 8” [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 79.B.1 / 5 iv 10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:287ʹ], [mul''e-tu-r]a''?''-am-me'' = mulur.gu.la “[Etur]amme? = Lion” [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:20].
*'''(2)''' Series AN: d''Anum'' (VI 118): dur.gu.la = ''kat-til-lu'' “Lion = a beast that preys” [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 209; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 466a].
'''UR.A in Lexical texts.'''

*[ur?].a = ''ne''2-''e-šu''2 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 18, 43 ii 39].
|
|-
|'''''“Prayers to the Gods of the Night.”'''''
Neo-Assyrian prayer: amidst the astral gods is also mentioned mulUR.GU.LA [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:17].
|[[File:BabLion gateKeeper b.jpg|alt=Assyrian Gate-Keepers (on display in museums, here: Berlin)|thumb|Assyrian Gate-Keepers (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|'''''Enuma Anu Enlil (ЕАЕ)'''''.
See also [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XV 14, XVI 15, XIX 4; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 249; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101 r. 14–15; Stev. O.T<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref> 232:9–11, Pl. XVII 11–13].
|
|-
|'''''“Astrolabes”.'''''
* Astrolabe P. The month of Simanu, Anu stars, 120 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].
*Astrolabe B.
**'''(1)''' List (12´3): ˹mul˺ ''ša'' ''ina'' igi-''it'' m[ul… ''gub''-''z'']''u'' / [mulur.gu.la…] «Constellation, which [stands] before … [this Lion]» (B ii 18–19); for a parallel see. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>–98, ''Anu'' 7].
**'''(2)''' List (3´12): itisig4 … mulur.gu.la ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Month of Simanu: … the Lion (in the way of) Anu (it appears)» (C ii 3).
**'''(3)''' List (sunrise–sunset=6m): sunrise — ''simanu'', sunset — ''kislimu'' [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, 40], see also (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
*''BM 82923''. Month of Simanu, stars of Anu: mu[lUR.GU.LA // 2] // GU.LA GAL-''u''2 «[Leo // 120] // Great …» [Walker–Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:8, 32 note 8].
*''BM 34713.'' See also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]. “Circular astrolabes”.
*''K.14943+'': itiab.ba.e3 // mulur.gu.la // 2,20 “(Stars of Ea), month of Tebetu, Lion, 140” [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 12].
*''Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil''.
**a) List of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 8): mulur.gu.[la] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 4; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
** b) List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): mul˹ur.gu˺.la [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
*''Text Nv. 10''.
**[''ina'' itiapin ki.min mulu]˹r.gu.la˺ //
**4 ''šu-ut'' ˹d˺[''En-lil''2] / […mul''ṣal-bat'']''-a-nu'' //
** 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A''-[''nim''] / […mul''Nin-maḫ''] //
**2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-[''a''] / […mul]˹AN.TA˺.GUB.BA //
**1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.[maḫ] “[In the month of SAA 8samnu respectively, the L]ion,
**4, (stars in the path of) [Enlil], / [… Ma]rs,
** 3, (stars in the path of) A[nu], / [… Ninmah],
**2, (stars in the path of) E[a], / [… (from)] On top of the standing stars
**1 (to) the heights of the Swall[ow]”
**(Obv. 1'–4') [Donbaz–Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 64–65, 69]; according to [ibid.<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 79, Anm. 63], mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' — planetary name for mulmuš, “Serpent (main star — α Hya).
'''UR.A in Astrolabes.'''

*''BM 34713.'' The month of duuzu, stars of Anu [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955. </ref>, 1499:4], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
|[[File:Urgula Stellarium.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA|center|thumb|UR.GU.LA as an Assyrian gatekeeper (Jessica Gullberg 2021)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
|-
|'''''“Catalog of 30 stars”.'''''
*''Anu'' 7. [mulUR.GU.LA ''ša''2 EGI]R.BI GUB-''zu'' d''La-ta-ra-a''[''k''…] “[The Lion, which] stands [aft]er it, the Latara[k…]” (B. 22) [Oelsner–Horowitz<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref> 1997–98, 178].
|
|-
|'''''MUL.APIN'''''.

*'''(1)''' Stars of Enlil (no. 8, 9, 10):
**a) mulUR.GU.LA d''La-ta-ra-ak'' “Lion, LatSAA 8 (I i 8),
**b) MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' GABA mulUR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' mulLUGAL “Stars, which stands on the Lion’s chest, King» (I i 9),
**c) MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tum'' ''ša''2 ''ina'' KUN mulUR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' “Faint stars, which stand in the Lion’s tail.” (I i 10–11)].
*'''(2)''' Dates of heliacal risings: “On the 15th of Duuzu, the Arrow, Serpent and the Lion rises” (I ii 42), see also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
*'''(3)''' Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets:
** а) “The Arrow, Serpent and the Lion rises, the Giant and the Eagle goes in” (I iii 17–18), see. (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]],
**b) “The Field, Giant and Deer rises, the Lion, Serpent and Enenabarhum goes in» (I iii 31–32), see also (Kurtik a48) [[IKU|AŠ.GAN2]].
*'''(4)''' List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulUR.GU.LA after mul[[AL.LUL]] “the Crab,” and before mul''E''4-''ru''6 “Erua” (I iv 6).
*'''(5)''' Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: the Lion culminates, and the Scales rise (I iv 25), see. (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', see also [Horowitz 1989–90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 117, BM 73815: 4′].
*'''(6)''' Stars “in the path of the moon”: mulUR.GU.LA, after [[AL.LUL|mulAL.LUL]], and before mulAB.SIN2 (I iv 34), see. (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
*'''(7)''' First intercalation scheme: SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA “Head of the Lion” (II i 11, 17) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 20, 21, 41, 48, 52, 59, 65, 68, 72, 75].
|[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA as winged lion|thumb|UR.GU.LA as winged lion with the bright star Regulus at its heart. Drawing by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster 2016). ]]
|-
|'''''“Letters and Reports”'''''. See. [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 381; SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 352].
|
|-
|'''''“The Great star List”.'''''
*'''(1)''' mul''ra-ap-pu'' = mulur.gu.la “Bridle = Lion”, mul''e-tu!-ram-mi'' = mulmin “Eturammi = Lion”, mul sag ur.gi7 = mulmin “Head of the Dog = Lion”.
*'''(2)''' 12 Stars of Elam: [mulur.gu.la] [Mesop. Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:136–138, 202]; see also the List “7 ''tikpi''-stars” [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 36].
|
|-
|'''''List of ziqpu-stars.'''''
*See(Kurtik s06) [[SAG.DU]]
in mulUR.GU.LA,
*(g03) (MUL) 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2,
*(g23) [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2]],
*(d08) [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]].
|
|-
|'''''List “4-x of Enlil”'''''.
See (Kurtik e10) d''En-lil''2.
|
|-
|'''''GU-text'''''. (E), (G), (H), (I), (J),
See (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]]
|same as in MUL.APIN [[File:Urgula Stellarium.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA in MUL.APIN (painted by J. Gullberg)|thumb|The GU-text dates half a millennium later and the name of the constellation is abbreviated. We are not sure that the creature is still considerd with the wing or a simple, normal Lion (as the constellation is depicted on the circular Dendera-zodiac) but as it has been a Babylonian/ Assyrian gate keeper before and after, this interpretation is still likely.]]
|-
|'''GU text: UR.A'''
* (F) 2 mul ˹ša2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ "2 stars on the Lion's head." (G4 ˹mul˺.meš ša2 gaba mulur.a kimin gir3II ''imittu''(15) igi-''tum ša''2 mulur.a / murub4 mul˹muš?˺ ''u'' mulnunki gu "4 stars on the chest of the Lion (''ziqpu'' XXII: ζ, γ, η, α Leo) or the frontal right hand side paw of the Lion (π Leo), the middle of the Serpent (κ Hydr) and (constellation) Eridu (λ Vel): rope".
*(H) ½ danna egir 4 ''ša''2 gaba-''šu''2 kimin / gir3II murub4-˹''tu''2 ''ša''2˺ mulur.a ''u'' šu mulnin.maḫ ''ša''2 ugu ka.kešda gu " (The point corresponding to) half of bēru(150) behind the 4 (stars) on its (i.e. the Lion’s) chest, or the paw on the middle section of the Lion (ρ Leo) and the hand of Ninmah, which is on the knot (φ Vel), – rope."
*(I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ''ša''2 giš.kun mulur.a kimin kun muluga ''u'' ''ni''-˹''šik''˺ / ''ša''2 mul gišgan2.ur3 gu "2 stars on the thigh of the Lion (ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo) or the tail of the Raven (α Crt) and the bite(?) of the Harrow (μ Vel): rope".
*(J) ''ēdu''(AŠ) ''ša''2 kun mulur.a kimin murub4 muluga ''u''3 šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum gu "The separate star on the tail of the Leo (ziqpu XXIV: β Leo) or the middle part of the Raven (γ Crv) and the arm of Entenabarhum (δ Cen): rope" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:9, 11-16]. According to [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 57-58], gir3II ''imittu''(15) igi-''tum ša''2 mulur.a — ο Leo, murub4 mul˹muš?˺ — ζ, θ Hya, mulnunki — α Car, šu mul''Nin-maḫ ša''2 ugu KA.kešda — 196G. '''''PupQ, kun muluga — Pi 140, ni-˹šik˺ ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 — ε Cen, murub4 muluga — β Crv, šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — CenM.'''''
|[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA (MUL.APIN)|thumb|UR.GU.LA (MUL.APIN)]][[File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|alt=star chart with the Leo-Vir region and Dendera images mapped to it|thumb|part of Leo-Vir region of the Babylonian zodiac in Egyptized painting style (Denderah temple, "circular zodiac", now: Louvre Paris).]]The GU-text always abbreviates the name of the constellation that is written [[UR.GU.LA]] in MUL.APIN when referring to the same area in the sky.
It is a lion-like figure but it is under debate whether or not this creature is considered with wings. Hoffmann (2022) compared the GU-text with the depiction in the circular (so-called) "zodiac" in Dendera and found some interesting similarities (random coincidence or trace of exchange?). There, the creature is a normal lion without wings. However, the Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian gate-keepers typically have wings - although the procession to the Ishtar Gate of Babylon (that dates only a few decades earlier than this text) also has lions without wings. We assume that the imagination of the constellation has not been changed in this time between the earlier MUL.APIN and the later VAT 7847 (from Uruk), and suggest that the creature referred to in the GU-text with UR.A is the same as UR.GU.LA in the MUL.APIN.
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|'''''Dalbanna-text'''''.

*'''§N'''. [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] “Upper [stars] of the Lion (μ Leo); = [mul]˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] Upp[er] from the [stars] of the Lion’s head”, according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 46, 58].
*'''§O'''.
**a) [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' “Lower [stars …] the Lion” (ε Leo); = [mul]˹sag˺? ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' “Lower (stars…) head of the Lion”, according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 46, 58],
**b) [mul s]u6? ur.g[u.la] “[Furr]ow of the Lio[n]” (λ Leo), с) […giš.kun ur.gu.la]? “[…furrow of the Lion]” (θ Leo), see. (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
*'''§Q'''. […ur]gu.la ''ḫe-pi''2 ˹3 mul˺.[meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na min “[…], [L]ion, damage: 3 sta[rs …]. 2 intervals, ditto» '''''[Walker 1995''''', 33; Hunger-Pingree 1999***, 106–107; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 46, 59].
|There is a note in the edition by Hunger and Pingree (1999)*** that one of the Lions mentioned here may possibly be female. This interpretation is changed in Horowitz and Hoffmann (2024).***
[[File:Dalbanna N.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Map for the Babylonian Dalbanna-Text, §N, Susanne M Hoffmann (2024). ]][[File:Dalbanna O.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|star chart for Dalbanna pattern number "O"; for this pattern two versions are given, here distinguished in blue and green (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]]
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|'''''Astronomical Diaries and Related Text (ADRT).'''''
Within the constellation, 5 "normal stars" are distinguished, see below, as well as (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].

'''UR.A''' was used during the pre-Seleucid period for the designation of the Leo constellation and zodiac, see, for example: mulxUR.A ''u'' mulxALLA ''ina'' ŠA3 TUR3 "Leo and Crab (standing) in the lunar halo " [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-567 rev. 7′, 15′], ''Dele-bat'' <''u''> GU4.UD ''ina'' UR.A "Venus (and) Mercury in Leo" [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-463:3′], AN ''ina qi''2-''it'' UR.A "Mars (standing) at the end of Leo " [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-418:10′], GU4.UD ''ina'' ŠU2 ''ina'' UR.A IGI "First appearance of Mercury in the west in Leo" [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-418:18], as well as individual stars (e.g., MULx KUR4 ''ša''2 TIL GIR3 UR.A "Brilliant star at the end of Leo's paw" [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, no.-567 :14]), including three "normal stars":
*(1) SAG UR.A "Lion's head" (ε Leonis);
* (2) GIŠ.KUN UR.A "Lion's thigh" (q Leonis);
*(3) GIR3 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 UR.A "Lion's hind paw" (b Virginis) [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim]
'''''there abbreviated as A.'''''
*(1) SAG A "Head of the Lion" (ε Leonis);
*(2) GIŠ.KUN A "Thigh of the Lion" (q Leonis);
*(3) GIR3 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 A "Hind paw of the Lion" (b Virginis) [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref> 18],
see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], nos 17, 20, 21
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|'''Anaphora (used UR.A)'''
BM 36609+:
*(a) [TA...] ''a-na'' SA4 ''ša''2 múlŠU.GI / [EN...] SA4 KI ''ša''2 múlUR.A "[From...] – the Brilliant Star of the Old Man / [to...] The Brilliant Star: the place of the Lion" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 17-18].
*(b) ˹TA˺ 5 [U]Š ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / [E]N 5 UŠ ''ar''2 GAM3 / [UR.A]? ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL-''šu''2 KUR "From (a point located) 50 behind the Dull (stars) / [t]o (a point located) 50 behind the Staff. / [The Lion], rises from its beginning to its end." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 26-28]; time of rising: 400 [ibid., 549].
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|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy (used A)'''
*A
**the standard designation of the zodiac sign Leo [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; found as early as the lunar tables year –474 [Aaboe-Sachs 1969<ref>''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. Vol. 14. Р. 1-22.</ref>; Britton 1989<ref>''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus. 1989. Vol. 32. P. 1-52.</ref>].
|[[File:Leo urgula+hyaCrv.jpg|alt=drawing of constellations on a star map|thumb|Winged Lion (UR.GU.LA) standing upon a huge, dog-headed creature with snake-like body and front legs.]]
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
*"Horoscopes." See. [BH, passim], the earliest example is from year –297 ['''''BH 58, 3:2'''''].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalogue BM 46083 (used A)'''
*(a) gi[š].kun [...] 20(?) a(?) "The loin? [Lion ...]: 20 of the Lion" (θ Leonis).
*(b) gir3 ''ar''2-''tu''2 ''ša''2 a 30(?): 1 absin "The hind paw of the Lion: 30(?) (Lion? or?) 1 Beard/furrows" (β Virginis) [Sachs 1952a<ref>''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.</ref> 146:1′-2′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 149-150];
For a new edition of the text see. [Roughton-Steele-Walker<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref> 563-564];

See also (Kurtik g23) [[GIŠ.KUN]].
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|'''In designation ziqpu XXI (used A)'''
*MUL 2 ''ša''2 SAG A "2 stars of the head of the Lion". [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 226-7],
* 2 MUL2.ME ''ša''2 SAG A [Schaumberger 1955 <ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>238:1-2],
* 2 MUL2.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG A [Roughton-Steele-Walker<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref> 565].
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|-
|'''''Late astrology'''''.

*'''(1)''' Hypsoma. The constellation Leo was considered a hypsoma, i.e., the place where planetary action reaches its maximum:
**'''a)''' Venus, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.
**'''b)''' Jupiter, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
*'''(2''') Prediction of the prices of cereal via the observation of the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlUR.GU.LA [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94:31].
*'''(3)''' Predictions of lunar eclipses via the culmination of stars and the position of the Sun relative to constellations. ''ki-i'' múlUR.GU.LA ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' [...] / múlUR.A múl dMUŠ [...] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlUR.A ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''u''[''l'' ...] "If Leo culminates [...] / Leo, Serpent [...] / As long as the Sun reaches Leo. Its meaning: eclipse n[ot (will be)]" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102:9-11].
*'''(4)''' Predictions based on observations of lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. DIŠ ''Sin ina'' mulUR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'']... "If the Moon [eclipses] in the Li[on]..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134:5′ + passim], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

*See also [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "[If within the regi]on, two stars are on the Lion’s head (he is born)", DIŠ KI MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 "If within the region, there are 4 stars on his (=Leo) chest (he is born)", DIŠ KI MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ. KUN-''šu''2 "If within the region, 2 stars are on his (= Lion) sacrum (he is born)", [DIŠ K]I mul''e-du ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 "[If within the regi]on, an Individual star is on his (= Lion) tail (he is born)". [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265: 4'-7'].
*See also [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 97:3; SpTU V, 270:1].
|
|-
|'''UR.A in Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
*(1) "Horoscopes." In one of the earliest horoscopes (-287) UR.A is the designation of the zodiac sign Leo '''''[BH, 61, 4 r. 1].'''''
*(2) "Lunaries."
**(a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulur.a "Region of Leo," that has the following astrological meaning attached to it: a change of attitude, whay you see is nice to look at [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 258-259:1, 16; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 194-195].
**(b) BRM IV, 19: UR.A is the zodiac sign Leo in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 274-275: a, i, k, 3, 25; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>].
*(3) "Microzodiac".
**(a) Division of the sign of the zodiac Leo into 12 parts: the 1st part is mulur.a [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
**(b) The division of the zodiac sign Mercenary (=Aries) into 12 parts: [5-''i-t'']''um'' ḫa.la múlur.a šum3-''šu''2 "[5th] part, her name is Leo" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:16; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
*(4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 8 // UR.A 26 // ''dām''(UŠ2)
*''nēši''(UR.MAḪ) ''lipî''(I3.UDU) ''nēši''(UR.MAḪ) ''lu šārat''(SIG2) ''nēši''(UR.MAḪ) MIN(= ''tapaššaš'')"Duuzu 8 // Lev 260 // You put the lion's blood, lion's fat, or lion's hair on" [SpTU III, 104:8, and also 104:21]; parallel for the month of arahsamnu W22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 105: 1(NE), 14(<UR>.A), 27(UR.A)].
*(5) Zodiacal astrology. KI UR.ME? ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of Leo, was born..." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1593 rev. 4′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(6) Prediction of grain prices based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mul4UR.A [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94:5, 29].
*(7) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on the culminations of the stars and the positions of the Sun relative to the constellations [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102:10, 11].
* (8) Prediction on ''izbu'': ''iz-bu ša''2 TA UGU <mul>UR.A ''u''2''-šar-ru-u''2 / ''ina'' ŠA3 ''ša''2 <mul>UR.A ''ina'' IGI múl dA.EDIN " izbu, which begins with the Leo, within (the constellation) Leo and before the constellation Erua" [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 54:12-13].
*See also U.197 obv. 1': mul2.me ''ša''2 múlur.a [...] "The stars of Leo" [Sachs 1952, 74]; KA2 mulxUR.A "Gates of the Lion" [Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 38, Text Ii:4].
See also [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1595:3, 5; SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 96:5; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 268:17].
|[[File:Leo newDrawing2025 Capture.JPG|thumb|Drawing of UR.GU.LA on Seleucid tablet VAT 7847. (Horowitz and Hoffmann 2025)<ref name=":0">Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025). Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 33-43</ref>]]
|-
|'''UR in ''Late astrology'''''.

* KI múlUR SIG UŠ2 BAR NI3.TUK ''ša''2-''niš'' KUR EN DU11-''šu''2 "The area of the Leo: (first) he will live long (lit. late death) (and) leave riches, secondly, he will gain an upper hand over his adversary." [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43: 22];

For a parallel see. [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14: 23; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 192].
|
|-
|'''Parts of the constellation and individual stars'''
(1) SAG A “Head of the Lion” (ε Leonis).

(2) LUGAL “King” (α Leonis).

(3) MUL2 TUR ''ša''2 4 KUŠ3 ''ar''2 LUGAL “Small star four cubits behind the King” (ρ Leonis).

(4) GIŠ.KUN A “The hip of the Lion” (θ Leonis).

(5) GIR3 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 A “Hind paw of the Lion” (β Virginis); GIR3 ''ša''2 UR.<A> “Lion’s paw” в [Sach-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 70, No.-384: 9′].

Stars (1)–(5) used as “normal stars” within diaries and other observational texts, see. (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 17–21.

(6) 2 stars on the head of the Lion (= ziqpu XXI: μ , ε Leo).

(7) Front right paw of the Lion, see. (Kurtik u17) UR.A, GU-text '''(G)'''.

(8) Paw in the central portion of the Lion (ρ Leo), see. (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]], GU-text ('''H''')

(9) 2 stars on the Lion’s hip (= ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo).

(10) Individual star on the Lion’s tail (= ziqpu XXIV: β Leo).

(11) “Upper (star) Lion” or “Upper from the star on the head of the Lion” (μ Leo), see Dalbana-text (§ N).

(12) “Lower (star) Lion” or “Lower from the star on the head of the Lion” (ε Leo), see Dalbana-text (§ О).

(13) Lion’s Beard (λ Leo), see Dalbana-text (§ О).

(14) KA2 mulxUR.A “Lion’s gate” [Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 38, Text Ii:4].
|
|-
|
==== SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA ====
|
|-
|'''List of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, 200 on earth, 36000 miles in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the Lion's head",
** (b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA | EN MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 "1⅔ minas of weight, 100 on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From 2 stars on the Lion's head to 4 stars on his breast" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:11-14; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 11-14; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' 2 MUL ''ša''2 SAG.GU mulUR.G[U.L]A "200 to 2 stars of the head of the L[io]n" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 225:15].
* (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 2 ''ša''2 SAG múlA // 2 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 "2 (stars) of the Lion's head // 2 // 14600 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:12].
* (4) BM 38369+: TA SAG.DU ''ša'' mulUR.[GU.LA] / 10 UŠ ''a-na'' GABA ''ša'' mulUR.˹GU˺.[LA] "From the head of the Li[on] / 100 to the breast of the Li[on]" [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:12-13].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** (a) [⅔] DANNA ''ana'' 2 ''ša''2 MUL SAG.D[U U]R.GU.LA «[⅔] minas (=200) to 2 (stars) on the hea[d of the L]ion (rev. 20),
** (b) <2 ''ša''2> MUL SAG.DU <<A>> mulUR.GU.LA «<2 (stars)> head of the lion», the diagram shows 2 points (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:20, 176-177].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (F) 2 mul ˹''ša''2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ "2 stars on the head of Leo" (ziqpu XXI, μ Leo, ε Leo) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM78161:9], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
A 3427:

* The time of the rising of the first part of Scorpius (ḫa.la ''reš-tu ša''2 múlgir2.tab) is determined by the interval between the culminations of two points: 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ''ša''2 sag múlA (50 after the 2 stars of Leo's head) and 8 UŠ 20 gar ar2 2 mul2.me ''ša''2 sag A (8020' after the 2 stars of Leo's head) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:1-2].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
W 23313/3:

* [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA U3.TU [...] "[If] he, when two stars on the head of the Leo (culminates) in the [reg]ion, was born [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:4'].
|
|}
[[File:URGULA CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 181910.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside UR.GU.LA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Regulus]]
|HIP 49669
|Constellation lines
|1.4
|-
|2
|[[Algieba]]
| HIP 50583
|Constellation lines
|1.98
|-
|3
|[[Denebola]]
| HIP 57632
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.13
|-
|4
|γ 1 Leonis ([[Algieba]])
|HIP 50583
|Constellation lines
| 2.37
|-
|5
|[[Zosma]]
|HIP 54872
|Constellation lines
|2.53
|-
|6
| ϵ Leonis
|HIP 47908
|Constellation lines
|2.98
|-
|7
|[[Chertan]]
|HIP 54879
|Constellation lines
|3.35
|-
|8
|[[Adhafera]]
|HIP 50335
|Constellation lines
| 3.41
|-
|9
|η Leonis
|HIP 49583
| Constellation lines
|3.41
|-
|10
|[[Alula Borealis]]
|HIP 55219
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.49
|-
|11
|[[Alula Australis]]
|HIP 55203
|Constellation lines
| 3.79
|-
| 12
|[[Shaomin]]
| HIP 51624
|Constellation lines
|3.87
|-
|13
|[[Rasalas]]
| HIP 48455
|Constellation lines
|3.88
|-
|14
|ι Leonis
|HIP 55642
|Constellation lines
|4.01
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 55203A
|Inside the Hull
|4.25
|-
|16
|[[Alterf]]
|HIP 46750
|Constellation lines
| 4.31
|-
|17
|54 Leo
|HIP 53417
|Constellation lines
|4.32
|-
|18
|[[Yunü]]
|HIP 49637
|Constellation lines
|4.38
|-
| 19
|60 Leo
|HIP 53954
| Inside the Hull
|4.398
|-
|20
|κ Leonis
|HIP 46146
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
| 21
|* 54 Leo A
|HIP 53417
|Constellation lines
|4.477
|-
|22
|χ Leonis
|HIP 54182
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.62
|-
|23
|72 Leo
|HIP 54951
|Inside the Hull
| 4.63
|-
| 24
|π Leonis
|HIP 49029
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.7
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 50564
|Inside the Hull
|4.76
|-
| 26
| -
|HIP 55203B
|Inside the Hull
|4.77
|-
|27
|41 LMi
|HIP 52457
|Inside the Hull
|5.07
|-
|28
|ν Leonis
|HIP 48883
|Inside the Hull
|5.26
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 48390
|Inside the Hull
|5.28
|-
|30
|53 Leo
|HIP 52911
|Inside the Hull
|5.312
|-
|31
|73 Leo
|HIP 55016
|Inside the Hull
|5.32
|-
|32
|42 LMi
| HIP 52638
|Inside the Hull
|5.352
|-
|33
|37 Leo
|HIP 50333
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|34
|46 Leo
|HIP 51585
|Inside the Hull
|5.46
|-
| 35
|52 Leo
|HIP 52689
|Inside the Hull
| 5.478
|-
|36
|23 LMi
|HIP 50303
|Inside the Hull
|5.488
|-
|37
|51 Leo
|HIP 52686
|Inside the Hull
|5.492
|-
|38
|40 LMi
|HIP 52422
|Inside the Hull
|5.506
|-
|39
|86 Leo
|HIP 56146
|Inside the Hull
|5.549
|-
| 40
|81 Leo
|HIP 55765
|Inside the Hull
|5.572
|-
|41
|44 Leo
|HIP 51008
|Inside the Hull
|5.61
|-
|42
|EO Leo
|HIP 49220
|Inside the Hull
|5.663
|-
|43
|67 Leo
|HIP 54487
|Inside the Hull
| 5.698
|-
| 44
| 85 Leo
|HIP 56080
|Inside the Hull
|5.734
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 55716
|Inside the Hull
|5.788
|-
|46
|* 49 Leo A
| HIP 51802
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|47
|39 Leo
|HIP 50384
|Inside the Hull
| 5.82
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 50336
|Inside the Hull
|5.84
|-
|49
|90 Leo
|HIP 56473
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 50
| -
|HIP 50319
|Inside the Hull
|5.96
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 50174
|Inside the Hull
|6.02
|-
|52
|45 Leo
|HIP 51213
|Inside the Hull
|6.04
|-
|53
|44 LMi
|HIP 52959
|Inside the Hull
|6.047
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 50109
| Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|55
|20 Leo
| HIP 48218
|Inside the Hull
|6.077
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 51161
|Inside the Hull
| 6.132
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 53472
|Inside the Hull
|6.139
|-
|58
| 43 LMi
|HIP 52882
|Inside the Hull
|6.149
|-
|59
|42 Leo
|HIP 50755
|Inside the Hull
| 6.163
|-
|60
|48 LMi
|HIP 53355
|Inside the Hull
|6.187
|-
|61
|13 Leo
|HIP 47550
|Inside the Hull
|6.249
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 46938
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 56242
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 52513
|Inside the Hull
|6.266
|-
|65
|* 90 Leo A
| HIP 56473
|Inside the Hull
| 6.289
|-
|66
|* 54 Leo B
| HIP 53417
|Constellation lines
|6.29
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 54688
|Inside the Hull
| 6.295
|-
|68
| 50 LMi
|HIP 53492
|Inside the Hull
|6.354
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 49445
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|70
| -
| HIP 50904
|Inside the Hull
|6.367
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 54319
|Inside the Hull
| 6.392
|-
| 72
| -
|HIP 50516
|Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
|73
|34 Leo
|HIP 49929
|Inside the Hull
|6.427
|-
| 74
|[[Formosa]]
| HIP 56508
|Inside the Hull
|6.438
|-
|75
|23 Leo
| HIP 48324
|Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
|76
|HN Leo
|HIP 48895
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|77
|24 LMi
|HIP 50316
|Inside the Hull
|6.465
|-
|78
| 64 Leo
|HIP 54388
|Inside the Hull
|6.468
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 47779
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 48023
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 52484
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 53737
|Inside the Hull
|6.52
|}

===Additions===

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation UR.GU.LA (= UR.A = A)

= Leo constellation

Asterism SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "Head of ..."

= ε, μ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":12">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229:XXI; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":03">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86, 88].

= ε (+μ?) Leonis [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 565].

====Deity.====
[[Lātarāk|dLātarāk]] (see Kurtik L05).

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
*(1) Namburbi series, cf. [Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1954. Vol. 48, № 1. P. 1-15.</ref>, 12-13:7]. In astrological geography, Leo is correlated with a number of cities and temples, including:
**(a) Enamhe,
** (b) Isin, Egalmah,
** (c) Eridu,
**(d) Kulaba, etc. [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>].
[[File:Leo newDrawing2025 Capture.JPG|thumb|UR.GU.LA labelled creature on VAT 7847 (detail).<ref name=":0" /> ]]

====Symbol.====
The Walking Lion. The image of a lion (upon which is the inscription: mulUR.GU.LA) strolling on the serpent-dragon's back mulMUŠ see on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847 [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, Taf. V. 2; 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, Taf. 5-6; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 11]. For a description of this scene see the fragmentary text: [MUL] dUR.GU.LA ''ṣa-mi-du'' / [...] MUL dMUŠ ''ka-bi-is'', quoted in ['''''Wiggermann 1997***, 34, note''''' 13]. See also the astral images of the Lion on Hellenistic Uruk seals [Wallenfels 1994<ref>''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).</ref>, no. 783-785, 811, 813, 814, 816, 819, 820; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figures 28, 29, 30]. According to [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 107], text W 22646 contains a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations in which the month Abu (itiNE) is associated with the Lion (múlUR), corresponding to UR.MAḪ "lion" [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43:5, 22].
[[File:Leo 4versionsVAT7847 Capture.JPG|Reconstruction of the versions of the drawing of UR.GU.LA on VAT 7847 by Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":0" />. |thumb]]

====Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
(1) = mulUR.MAḪ "Lion"; see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|d''Ṣalbatānu'']], III 38.

(2) = mul''Rappu'' "bridle"; see (Kurtik r03) ''[[Rappu]]'', II 2.

(3) = mul''Eturammi'' "Star of Eturammi," see Lexical Texts, “''The Great Star lists''”, and also (Kurtik e06) [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]].

(4) = Wolf Star = Mars; [m]ulUR.GU.LA = mulUR.BAR.RA = d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Lion = Wolf = Mars" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 50:37].

=====Predictions:=====
(5) If the Lion is black, Mercury stands in Leo; mulGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA ''it-ti-ti-zi'' / DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA GI6 / ŠA3-''bi'' KUR NU DUG3.GA / DIŠ mulLUGAL GI6 / ''mu-ʼi-ir-ru'' E2.GAL UŠ2 "Mercury stands within Leo. If the Lion is black: the hearts of people in the country will not be happy. If Regulus is black: the governor of the palace will die." [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 146:1-6], see also [ibid.<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 180:3-4]; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA MI (var.: ''ma-diš'' MI) ŠA3 KUR NU DUG3-''ab'' "If the Lion is dark (var.: very dark): the heart of the country will not be happy". [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XV 14, XVI 15 + Parallels, XIX 4; SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 180 r. 3; 337:3].

(6) If the Lion is black, the first morning appearances of Saturn is in Leo; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA ''a-dir'' / 3 MU.MEŠ [UR].MAḪ.MEŠ / ''u'' UR.BAR.R[A.ME]Š LU2.U18.LU GAZ A.RA2 KUR [MAR.T]U KUD.MEŠ "If the Lion is dark: within 3 years, [li]ons and wol[ves] will kill off people and cut short lines of communication with [Weste]rn portions of the country." [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 324:3-6; 437:6-r. 2].

(7) The moon eclipses within the regions of the Leo; [...mulUR.GU.L]A ˹''a-dir''˺ EŠ.BAR LUGAL UŠ2-''ma'' UR.A.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ "(If the Moon) eclipses [in the region of) the [Leo]: a decision for the king, (the king) will die and the lions will become fierce" [Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 54, Text IIa: 2′], see also [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, MNB 1849*** r. 45].

(8) If the stars of Leo flare (the first morning appearance of Jupiter in Leo); see (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAḪ]], IV 3.

(9) Jupiter's retracting motion moving away from the chest of the Lion (i.e., from Regulus); "And as for Jupiter, the following can be said of it: If it comes back right away from the chest of the Lion (''šum-ma'' TA ŠA3 GABA ''ša''2 mulUR.GU.LA / ''a-na qi2-in-niš is-si-ḫur''): it is a sinister (sign)". [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 8 r. 12-14].

(10) ''Venus stands in Leo''; DIŠ ul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB''-iz'' ME3 (GAL) GAL2 "If Venus stands within Leo: (a great) battle will occur". [Stev. O.T<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref> 232:9, Pl. XVII 11], see also [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 104, K.3632:21; 217, K.3601+: r. 14].

(11) Venus stands in the eastern portion of the Leo; DIŠ ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 ''ina'' ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB ''ina'' KUR NIM.MA(ki) ME3 GAL2 "If Venus stands in the inner and eastern portion of the Leo: a (great) battle will occur in Elam". [Stev. O.T.<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>, 232:10, Pl. XVII 12], see also [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 104, K.3632:22; 217, K.3601+: r. 15; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101 r. 14].

(12) Venus stands in the western portion of the Leo; DIŠ ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A MIN (= ''ina'' ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB) ''ina'' KUR URIki ME3 GAL2 "If Venus stands in the inner and western portion of the Leo: a (great) battle will occur in Akkad [Stev. O.T.<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>, 232:11, Pl. XVII 13], see also [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 104, K.3632:23; 217, K.3601+: r. 16; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101 r. 15].

(13) Venus reaches Leo, its "secret place"; see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', Late Astrology, Hipsoma (a).

(14) The Wolf Star (= Mars) reaches Leo; see (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 7.

(15) Mars standing in Leo; (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 38.

(16) Mars' retracting motion moving away from the head of the Leo; (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 38.

(17) Leo (= Mars) rises towards Zababa; [DIŠ mulU]R.GU.LA ''ana'' A2 d''Za-ba4-ba4 iš-qu'' A.KAL.MEŠ KUD.MEŠ [...] "[If the L]ion rises towards Zababa: flooding will cease? '''''[...]" [ACh Ištar, 34:15].'''''

(18) Predicting the first morning appearance of Venus in Leo; ina ŠA3 ITI ''a-ga-a ina'' dUTU.E3 / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA ''in-nam-mar'' "During this month (Venus) will become visible in the east end of Leo" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 247 r. 2-3].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Kurtik (2022)
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
====(Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA====
= mul''urgullû'' «Лев»; созвездие, соответствующее современному Льву (Leo) [G. 162; AHw, 1429a; BPO 2, 16], см. также a01A, u16UR, u17UR.A, u22UR.MAḪ.

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: mulur.gu.la = ''la-ta-rak'' «Лев = Латарак» [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 / 5 iv 10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:287ʹ], [mul''e-tu-r'']''a''?''-am-me'' = mulur.gu.la «[Этур]амме? = Лев» [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:20]. '''(2)''' Серия AN:d''Anum'' (VI 118): dur.gu.la = ''kat-til-lu'' «Лев = хищный зверь» [Litke 1998, 209; AHw 466a]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». Новоассирийская молитва: среди астральных богов упоминается также mulUR.GU.LA [Oppenheim 1959, 283:17]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, XV 14, XVI 15, XIX 4; BPO 3, 289; Verderame 2002, 249; SpTU III, 101 r. 14–15; Stev. O.T 232:9–11, Pl. XVII 11–13]. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц симану, звезды Ану, 120 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): ˹mul˺ ''ša'' ''ina'' igi-''it'' m[ul… gub-''z'']''u'' / [mulur.gu.la…] «Созвездие, которое [стоит] впереди … [это Лев…]» (B ii 18–19); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Anu'' 7]. '''(2)''' Список (3´12): itisig4 … mulur.gu.la ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Месяц симану: … Лев (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 3). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — симану, заход — кислиму [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. BM 82923. Месяц симану, звезды Ану: mu[lUR.GU.LA // 2] // GU.LA GAL-''u''2 «[Лев // 120] // Большой …» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:8, 32 note 8]. BM 34713. См. k10KAK.SI.SA2. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: itiab.ba.e3 // mulur.gu.la // 2,20 «(Звезды Эа), месяц тебету, Лев, 140» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 8): mulur.gu.[la] [CT 33, 9 r. 4; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 3): mul˹ur.gu˺.la [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Anu'' 7. [mulUR.GU.LA ''ša''2 EGI]R.BI GUB-''zu'' d''La-ta-ra-a''[''k''…] «[Лев, который] стоит [пос]ле него, Латара[к…]» (B. 22) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 8, 9, 10): a) mulUR.GU.LA d''La-ta-ra-ak'' «Лев, Латарак» (I i 8), b) MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' GABA mulUR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' mulLUGAL «Звезда, которая стоит на груди Льва, Царь» (I i 9), c) MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tum'' ''ša''2 ''ina'' KUN mulUR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' «Тусклые звезды, которые стоят на хвосте Льва» (I i 10–11)]. '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го дуузу Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят» (I ii 42), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) «Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят, Великан и Орел заходят» (I iii 17–18), см. a04A2mušen, b) «Поле, Великан и Олень восходят, Лев, Змея и Энтенабархум заходят» (I iii 31–32), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. '''(4)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulUR.GU.LA после mul[[AL.LUL]] «Краб» перед mul''E''4-''ru''6 «Эруа» (I iv 6). '''(5)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: Лев кульминирует, Весы восходят (I iv 25), см. z10''Zibānītum'', см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 4′]. '''(6)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulUR.GU.LA, после mul[[AL.LUL]], перед mulAB.SIN2 (I iv 34), см. s20''Sîn''. '''(7)''' Первая интеркаляционная схема: SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «Голова Льва» (II i 11, 17) [MA, 20, 21, 41, 48, 52, 59, 65, 68, 72, 75]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 381; SAA 8, 352]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mul''ra-ap-pu'' = mulur.gu.la «Узда = Лев», mul''e-tu''!-''ram-mi'' = mulmin «Этурамми = Лев», mul sag ur.gi7 = mulmin «Голова Пса = Лев». '''(2)''' 12 звезд Элама: [mulur.gu.la] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:136–138, 202]; см. также список «7 ''tikpi''-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 36]. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд.''''' См. s06SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA, g03(MUL) 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2, g23MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2, d08MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2. '''''Список «4-х Энлилей»'''''. См. e10d''En-lil''2. '''''GU-текст'''''. (E), (G), (H), (I), (J), см. a18[[AL.LUL]], u17UR.A. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''§N'''. [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] «Верхняя [звезда] Льва (μ Leo); = [mul]˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] «Верхн[яя] из [звезд] головы Льва», согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 58]. '''§O'''. a) [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' «Нижняя [звезда …] Льва» (ε Leo); = [mul]˹sag˺? ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' «Нижняя (звезда) головы Льва», согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 58], b) [mul s]u6? ur.g[u.la] «[боро]да Ль[ва]»(λ Leo), с) […giš.kun ur.gu.la]? «[…бедро Льва]» (θ Leo), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. '''§Q'''. […ur]gu.la ''ḫe-pi''2 ˹3 mul˺.[meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na min «[…], [Л]ев, повреждение: 3 зве[зды …]. 2 интервала, ditto» [Walker 1995, 33; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 106–107; Koch 1995, 46, 59]. '''''Текст Nv. 10'''''. [''ina'' itiapin ki.min mulu]˹r.gu.la˺ // 4 ''šu-ut'' ˹d˺[''En-lil''2] / […mul''ṣal-bat'']''-a-nu'' // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A''-[''nim''] / […mul''Nin-maḫ''] // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-[''a''] / […mul]˹AN.TA˺.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.[maḫ] «[В месяце арахсамну соответственно Л]ев, 4, (звезда на пути) [Энлиля], / [… Ма]рс, 3, (звезда на пути) А[ну], / [… Нинмах], 2, (звезда на пути) Э[а], / [… (от)] Наверху стоящей звезды 1 (до) высоты Ласто[чки]» (Obv. 1'–4') [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64–65, 69]; согласно [ibid., 79, Anm. 63], mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' — планетное имя для mulmuš «Змея (главная звезда — α Hya). «'''''Дневники наблюдений'''''». В пределах созвездия выделялось 5 «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. '''''Поздняя астрология.''''' '''(1)''' «Гипсома». Созвездие Лев считалось гипсомой, т.е. местом, где действие планеты достигает максимума: '''a)''' Венеры, см. d06''Dilbat''. '''b)''' Юпитера, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. '''(2)''' Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlUR.GU.LA [SpTU I, 94:31]. '''(3)''' Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' múlUR.GU.LA ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' […] / múlUR.A múl dMUŠ […] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlUR.A ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''u''[''l'' …] «Если Лев кульминирует […] / Лев, Змея […] / До тех пор пока Солнце достигает Льва. Его значение: затмения н[е (будет)]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:9–11]. '''(4)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ ''Sin'' ''ina'' mulUR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'']… «Если Луна [затмилась] во Ль[ве]…» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:5′ + passim], см. s20''Sîn''.

См. также [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «[Если в обла]сти 2 звезд головы Льва (он родился)», DIŠ KI MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2 «Если в области 4 звезд его (= Льва) груди (он родился)», DIŠ KI MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2 «Если в области 2 звезд на его (= Льва) крестце (он родился)», [DIŠ K]I mul''e-du'' ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 «[Если в обла]сти Отдельной звезды на его (= Льва) хвосте (он родился)» [SpTU V, 265: 4'–7'].

См. также [SpTU I, 97:3; SpTU V, 270:1].

II. Божество.

Латарак (см. L05)''. '''Молитвы и ритуалы'''''. '''(1)''' Серия Намбурби, см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Лев соотносится с рядом городов и храмов, в том числе: a) c Энамхе, b) Исином, Эгальмахом, c) Эриду, d) Кулабой и др. [Weidner 1963].

III. Символ.

Идущий Лев. Изображение Льва (над которым надпись: mulUR.GU.LA), идущего по спине змеиного дракона mulMUŠ, см. на селевкидской табличке VAT 7847 [Weidner 1927, Taf. V. 2; 1967, Taf. 5–6; Куртик 2007, рис. 11]. Описание этой сцены см. в фрагментарном тексте: [MUL] dUR.GU.LA ''ṣa-mi-du'' / […] MUL dMUŠ ''ka-bi-is'', цит. по [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. См. также астральные изображения Льва на печатях из эллинистического Урука [Wallenfels 1994, No. 783–785, 811, 813, 814, 816, 819, 820; Куртик 2007, рис. 28, 29, 30]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в нем месяцу абу (itiNE), связанному со Львом (múlUR), соответствует UR.MAḪ «лев» [SpTU II, 43:5, 22].

IV. Отождествление.

= Leo [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 74b; BPO 2, 16; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) SAG A «Голова Льва» (ε Leonis).

(2) LUGAL «Царь» (α Leonis).

(3) MUL2 TUR ''ša''2 4 KUŠ3 ''ar''2 LUGAL «Маленькая звезда в 4 локтях позади Царя» (ρ Leonis).

(4) GIŠ.KUN A «Бедро Льва» (θ Leonis).

(5) GIR3 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 A «Задняя лапа Льва» (β Virginis); GIR3 ''ša''2 UR.<nowiki><A> «лапа Льва» в [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, 70, No.-384: 9′]. </nowiki>

Звезды (1)–(5) использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд» в дневниках и других текстах наблюдений, см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 17–21.

(6) 2 звезды головы Льва (= ''ziqpu'' XXI: μ , ε Leo).

(7) Передняя правая лапа Льва, см. u17UR.A, GU-текст ('''G''').

(8) Лапа в средней части Льва (ρ Leo), см. u17UR.A, GU-текст ('''H''')

(9) 2 звезды на бедре Льва (= ''ziqpu'' XXIII: δ, θ Leo).

(10) Отдельная звезда на хвосте Льва (= ''ziqpu'' XXIV: β Leo).

(11) «Верхняя (звезда) Льва» или «Верхняя из звезд головы Льва» (μ Leo), см. dbn-текст (§ N).

(12) «Нижняя (звезда) Льва» или «Нижняя из звезд головы Льва» (ε Leo), см. dbn-текст (§ О).

(13) Борода Льва (λ Leo), см. dbn-текст (§ О).

(14) KA2 mulxUR.A «Ворота Льва» [Verderame 2002, 38, Text I'''i''':4].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = mulUR.MAḪ «Лев»; см. ts02d''Ṣalbatānu'', III 38.

(2) = mul''Rappu'' «Узда»; см. r03''Rappu'', II 2.

(3) = mul''Eturammi'' «Звезда Этурамми», см. ''Лексич. тексты'', «''Большой список звезд''», а также e06E2.TUR3.

(4) = ''Волчья звезда = Марс''; [m]ulUR.GU.LA = mulUR.BAR.RA = d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Лев = Волк = Марс» [SpTU I, 50:37].

Предсказания:

(5) ''Лев черный'', ''Меркурий стоит во Льве''; mulGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA ''it-ti-ti''-''zi'' / DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA GI6 / ŠA3-''bi'' KUR NU DUG3.GA / DIŠ mulLUGAL GI6 / ''mu''-ʼ''i-ir-ru'' E2.GAL UŠ2 «Меркурий стоял внутри Льва. Если Лев черный: сердце страны не будет счастливо. Если Регул черный: управляющий дворцом умрет» [SAA 8, 146:1–6], cм. также [ibid., 180:3–4]; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA MI (вар.: ''ma-diš'' MI) ŠA3 KUR NU DUG3-''ab'' «Если Лев темный (вар.: очень темный): сердце страны не будет счастливо» [BPO 2, XV 14, XVI 15 + Parallels, XIX 4; SAA 8, 180 r. 3; 337:3].

(6) ''Лев черный'', ''первое утреннее появление'' ''Сатурна во Льве''; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA ''a-dir'' / 3 MU.MEŠ [UR].MAḪ.MEŠ / ''u'' UR.BAR.R[A.ME]Š LU2.U18.LU GAZ A.RA2 KUR [MAR.T]U KUD.MEŠ «Если Лев темный: в течение 3 лет [ль]вы и вол[ки] будут убивать людей и перережут пути сообщения с [Запад]ной страной» [SAA 8, 324:3–6; 437:6–r. 2].

(7) ''Луна в области Льва затмилась''; […mulUR.GU.L]A ˹''a-dir''˺ EŠ.BAR LUGAL UŠ2-''ma'' UR.A.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ «(Если Луна в области) [Льв]а затмилась: решение для царя, (царь) умрет и львы станут свирепыми» [Verderame 2002, 54, Text II'''a''': 2′], см. также [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 r. 45].

(8) ''Если звезды Льва вспыхивают'' (''первое утреннее появление Юпитера во Льве''); см. u22UR.MAḪ, IV 3.

(9) ''Попятное движение Юпитера от груди Льва'' (''т.е. от'' ''Регула''); «А что касается Юпитера, можно сказать следующее: Если он возвращается обратно от груди Льва (''šum-ma'' TA ŠA3 GABA ''ša''2 mulUR.GU.LA / ''a-na qi''2-''in-niš is-si-ḫur''): это зловещий (знак)» [SAA 10, 8 r. 12–14]. '' ''

(10) ''Венера во Льве стоит''; DIŠ ul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB-''iz'' ME3 (GAL) GAL2 «Если Венера стоит внутри Льва: (большое) сражение будет» [Stev. O.T 232:9, Pl. XVII 11], см. также [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:21; 217, K.3601+: r. 14].

(11) ''Венера на востоке во Льве стоит''; DIŠ ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 ''ina'' ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB ''ina'' KUR NIM.MA(ki) ME3 GAL2 «Если Венера стоит на востоке внутри Льва: в Эламе (большое) сражение будет» [Stev. O.T., 232:10, Pl. XVII 12], см. также [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:22; 217, K.3601+: r. 15; SpTU III, 101 r. 14].

(12) ''Венера на западе во Льве стоит''; DIŠ ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A MIN (= ''ina'' ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB) ''ina'' KUR URIki ME3 GAL2 «Если Венера стоит на западе внутри Льва: в Аккаде (большое) сражение будет» [Stev. O.T., 232:11, Pl. XVII 13], см. также [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:23; 217, K.3601+: r. 16; SpTU III, 101 r. 15].

(13) ''Венера достигает Льва, своего “секретного места''”; см. d06''Dilbat'', ''Поздняя астрология'', ''Гипсома'' (а).

(14) ''Волчья звезда'' (= ''Марс'') ''достигает Льва''; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.

(15) ''Стояние Марса во Льве''; ts02''Ṣalbatānu'', III 38.

(16) ''Попятное движение Марса от головы Льва''; ts02''Ṣalbatānu'', III 38.

(17) ''Лев'' (= ''Марс'') ''в сторону'' ''Забабы поднялся''; [DIŠ mulU]R.GU.LA ''ana'' A2 d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 ''iš-qu'' A.KAL.MEŠ KUD.MEŠ […] «[Если Л]ев в сторону Забабы поднялся: наводнения прекратятся? […]» [ACh Ištar, 34:15].

(18) ''Предсказание первого утреннего появления Венеры во Льве''; ''ina'' ŠA3 ITI ''a-ga-a'' ''ina'' dUTU.E3 / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA ''in-nam-mar'' «В течение этого месяца (Венера) станет видна на востоке во Льве» [SAA 8, 247 r. 2–3].
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====(Kurtik u17) UR.A====
= ''nēšu'' «Лев», сокращение от mulUR.GU.LA в астрономических и астрологических текстах I тыс. до н.э. [AHw, 425a, 783a; CAD N/2, 197; G. 160; Weidner 1963, 118, note 45], cм. u20UR.GU.LA, а также a01A, u16UR, u22UR.MAḪ. I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. [ur?].a = ''ne''2-''e-šu''2 [CT 18, 43 ii 39]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». BM 34713. Месяц дуузу, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:4], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(F)''' 2 mul ˹''ša''2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ «2 звезды головы Льва». '''(G)''' 4 ˹mul˺.meš ''ša''2 gaba mulur.a kimin gir3II ''imittu''(15) igi-''tum'' ''ša''2 mulur.a / murub4 mul˹muš?˺ ''u'' mulnunki gu «4 звезды на груди Льва (''ziqpu'' XXII: ζ, γ, η, α Leo) или передняя правая лапа Льва (π Leo), середина Змеи (κ Hydr) и (созвездие) Эриду (λ Vel) : веревка». '''(H)''' ½ danna egir 4 ''ša''2 gaba-''šu''2 kimin / gir3II murub4-˹''tu''2 ''ša''2˺ mulur.a ''u'' šu mulnin.maḫ ''ša''2 ugu ka.kešda gu «(Точка, соответствующая) половине ''bēru''(150) позади 4-х (звезд) на его (т.е. Льва) груди, или лапа средней части Льва (ρ Leo) и рука Нинмах, которая на узле (φ Vel), — веревка». '''(I)''' 2 ˹mul˺.meš ''ša''2 giš.kun mulur.a kimin kun muluga ''u'' ''ni''-˹''šik''˺ / ''ša''2 mul gišgan2.ur3 gu «2 звезды на бедре Льва (''ziqpu'' XXIII: δ, θ Leo) или хвост Ворона (α Crt) и укус(?) Бороны (μ Vel) : веревка». '''(J)''' ''ēdu''(AŠ) ''ša''2 kun mulur.a kimin murub4 muluga ''u''3 šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum gu «Отдельная звезда на хвосте Льва (''ziqpu'' XXIV: β Leo) или средняя часть Ворона (γ Crv) и рука Энтенабархум (δ Cen) — веревка» [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:9, 11–16]. Cогласно [Koch 1992, 57–58], gir3II ''imittu''(15) igi-''tum'' ''ša''2 mulur.a — ο Leo, murub4 mul˹muš?˺ — ζ, θ Hya, mulnunki — α Car, šu mul''Nin-maḫ'' ''ša''2 ugu KA.kešda — 196G. Pup''Q'', kun muluga — Pi 140, ''ni''-˹''šik''˺ ''ša''2 mul gišgan2.ur3 — ε Cen, murub4 muluga — β Crv, šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — Cen''M''. '''''Дневники наблюдений'''''. UR.A использовалось в доселевкидский период для обозначения созвездия и знака зодиака Лев, см., например: mulxUR.A ''u'' mulxALLA ''ina'' ŠA3 TUR3 «Лев и Краб в лунном гало (стоят)» [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, No.-567 rev. 7′, 15′], ''Dele-bat'' <''u''> GU4.UD ''ina'' UR.A «Венера (и) Меркурий во Льве» [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, No.-463:3′], AN ''ina'' ''qi''2-''it'' UR.A «Марс в конце Льва (стоит)» [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, No.-418:10′], GU4.UD ''ina'' ŠU2 ''ina'' UR.A IGI «Первое появление Меркурия на западе во Льве» [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, No.-418:18], а также отдельных звезд (например, MULx KUR4 ''ša''2 TIL GIR3 UR.A «Блестящая звезда на конце лапы Льва» [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, No.-567:14]), в том числе трех «нормальных звезд»: (1) SAG UR.A «Голова Льва» (ε Leonis); (2) GIŠ.KUN UR.A «Бедро Льва» (q Leonis); (3) GIR3 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 UR.A «Задняя лапа Льва» (b Virginis) [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, passim], см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 17, 20, 21, а также a01A. «'''''Анафора'''''». BM 36609+: '''a)''' [TA…] ''a-na'' SA4 ''ša''2 múlŠU.GI / [EN…] SA4 KI ''ša''2 múlUR.A «[От…] — Блестящей звезды Старика / [до…] Блестящей звезды: место Льва» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 17–18]. '''b)''' ˹TA˺ 5 [U]Š ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / [E]N 5 UŠ ''ar''2 GAM3 / [UR.A]? ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL-''šu''2 KUR «От (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых (звезд) / [д]о (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Посоха. / [Лев], от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 26–28]; время восхода: 400 [ibid., 549]. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Гороскопы». В одном из ранних гороскопов (-287) UR.A — обозначение знака зодиака Лев [BH, 61, 4 r. 1]. '''(2)''' «Лунарии». а) BRM IV, 20: ki mulur.a «Область Льва», которой соответствуют астрологические значения: изменение настроения, виденное тобой на взгляд приятно [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:1, 16; Емельянов 1999, 194–195]. b) BRM IV, 19: UR.A — знак зодиака Лев в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: a, i, k, 3, 25; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. '''(3)''' «Микрозодиак». a) Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 1-я часть — mulur.a [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. b) Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: [5-''i''-''t'']''um'' ḫa.la múlur.a ''šum''3-''šu''2 «[5-я] часть, ее имя Лев» [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952, 66]. '''(4)''' Календарно-ритуальные тексты'''.''' W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 8 // UR.A 26 // ''dām''(UŠ2) ''nēši''(UR.MAḪ) ''lipî''(I3.UDU) ''nēši''(UR.MAḪ) ''lu'' ''šārat''(SIG2) ''nēši''(UR.MAḪ) MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') «Дуузу 8 // Лев 260 // Кровь льва, жир льва или шерсть льва намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:8, а также 104:21]; параллель для месяца арахсамну W22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105: 1(NE), 14(<UR>.A), 27(UR.A)]. '''(5)''' Зодиакальная астрология'''.''' KI UR.ME? ''a-lid …'' «В области Льва родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 4′; Reiner 2000]. '''(6)''' Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений: mul4UR.A [SpTU I, 94:5, 29]. '''(7)''' Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий [SpTU III, 102:10, 11]. '''(8)''' Предсказания ''izbu'': ''iz-bu'' ''ša''2 TA UGU <mul>UR.A ''u''2-''šar-ru-u''2 / ''ina'' ŠA3 ''ša''2 <mul>UR.A ''ina'' IGI múl dA.EDIN «''izbu'', которое началось со Львом, внутри (созвездия) Лев перед созвездием Эруа» [Biggs 1968, 54:12–13]. См. также U.197 obv. 1': mul2.me ''ša''2 múlur.a […] «Звезды Льва» [Sachs 1952, 74]; KA2 mulxUR.A «Ворота Льва» [Verderame 2002, 38, Text I'''i''':4].

См. также [LBAT, 1595:3, 5; SpTU I, 96:5; SpTU V, 268:17].

Символ, отождествление и отдельные части созвездия Лев см. (u20) UR.GU.LA.
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====(Kurtik u16) UR====
нестандартное обозначение знака зодиака «Лев»; сокращение от mulUR.A или, возможно, ошибка писца.

I. Источники.

'''''Поздняя астрология'''''.

KI múlUR SIG UŠ2 BAR NI3.TUK ''ša''2-''niš'' KUR EN DU11-''šu''2 «Область Льва: (во-первых), он будет жить долго (букв. поздняя смерть) (и) оставит богатства, во-вторых, он возьмет верх над своим противником» [SpTU II, 43: 22]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
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====(Kurtik a01) A====
R.A "Лев", обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Лев (Leo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [G. 1; Ungnad 257, Anm. 44]. См. также u16UR, u17UR.A, u20UR.GU.LA, u22UR.MAD. I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". Переход от UR.A к А совершился ок. –300 г. (см., например, [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, No.-291], где в одном и том же тексте присутствуют оба обозначения), хотя отдельные примеры встречаются и раньше [Sach-Hunger Diaries I, No.-380 A 4, -321 obv. 4]. Входило в названия трех "нормальных звезд":*(1) SAG A "Голова Льва" (ε Leonis);
*(2) GIŠ.KUN A "Бедро Льва" (q Leonis);
*(3) GIR3 ar2 ša2 A "Задняя лапа Льва" (b Virginis) [Sach-Hunger Diaries I 18], см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 17, 20, 21, а также u17UR.A.
Математическая астрономия.

A — стандартное обозначение знака зодиака Лев [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; встречается уже в лунных таблицах –474 года [Aaboe-Sachs 1969; Britton 1989]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. "Гороскопы". См. [BH, passim], самый ранний пример относится к –297 году [BH 58, 3:2].

Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083.
*a) gi[š].kun […] 20(?) a(?) "Поясница? [Льва …]: 20 Льва" (θ Leonis).
*b) gir3 ar2-tu2 ša2 a 30(?) : 1 absin "Задняя лапа Льва: 30(?) (Льва? или?) 1 Борозды" (β Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:1′-2′; Hunger-Pingree 1999 149-150]; сокращение от (mul)Uновое издание текста см. [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564]; см. также g23GIŠ.KUN.
В обозначении ziqpu XXI:*MUL 2 ša2 SAG A "2 звезды головы Льва" [Schaumberger 1952 226-7],
*2 MUL2.ME ša2 SAG A [Schaumberger 1955 238:1-2],
*2 MUL2.MEŠ ša2 SAG A [Roughton-Steele-Walker 565]
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==== (Kurtik s06) SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA ====
вар.: 2 MUL2.MEŠ ša2 SAG A «2 звезды головы Льва»; = ziqpu XXI (ε, μ Leonis) [Gössman 1950, 162, IV 5; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88], см. z11Ziqpu.

I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) АО 6478: a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=šuqultu) | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA | EN MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на голове Льва до 4 звезд на его груди» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:11–14; TU, 21 r. 11–14; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA a-na 2 MUL ša2 SAG.GU mulUR.G[U.L]A «200 до 2 звезд головы Ль[в]а» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:15]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 2 ša2 SAG múlA // 2 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «2 (звезды) головы Льва // 2 // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:12]. (4) BM 38369+: TA SAG.DU ša mulUR.[GU.LA] / 10 UŠ a-na GABA ša mulUR.˹GU˺.[LA] «От головы Ль[ва] / 100 до груди Л[ьва]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:12–13]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: a) [⅔] DANNA ana 2 ša2 MUL SAG.D[U U]R.GU.LA «[⅔] мили(=200) до 2 (звезд) голов[ы Л]ьва» (rev. 20), b) <2 ša2> MUL SAG.DU <<A>> mulUR.GU.LA «<2 (звезды)> головы Льва», на диаграмме изображены 2 точки (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:20, 176–177]. GU-текст. (F) 2 mul ˹ša2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ «2 звезды головы Льва» (ziqpu XXI, μ Leo, ε Leo) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM78161:9], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. Анафора. A 3427: время восхода первой части Скорпиона (ḫa.la reš-tu ša2 múlgir2.tab) определяется промежутком между кульминациями двух точек: 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA (50 после 2 звезд головы Льва) и 8 UŠ 20 gar ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag A (8020' после 2 звезд головы Льва) [Schaumberger 1955, 238:1–2]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда [обл]асть 2 звезд головы Льва (кульминирует), родился […]» [SpTU V, 265:4'].

II. Отождествление.

= ε, μ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229:XXI; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86, 88].

= ε (+μ?) Leonis [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 565].
|Example
|}

==Transformation from UR.GU.LA to Leo==
<gallery>
File:Urgula Stellarium.jpg|UR.GU.LA as Assyrian Gate Keeper (painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021)
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|UR.GU.LA next to The Furrow and above the MUŠ-dragon (MUL.APIN scenario by S. M Hoffmann, based on a Stellarium map and artwork by R. Perdok and J. Gullberg).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|UR.GU.LA next to a goddess as seen in Seleucid time; based on a Stellarium map with artwork by R. Perdok and J. Gullberg (composition by S. Hoffmann).
File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|The Babylonian zodiacal lion constellation as depicted in Denderah (Egypt) with Egyptian painting style but in Roman-reigned time when the culture in this country was mixed with foreign influences.
</gallery>The templates for the drawings and paintings on our star charts originate from depictions of lions and lion-like daemons that are found in the preserved architecture (e.g. in temple walls, on ceilings, on the wall of the procession street leading towards the Ishtar Gate of the city of Babylon). Here is a gallery of these preserved historical depictions. <gallery>
File:BabLion gateKeeper b.jpg|Assyrian Gate Keepers (Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin, drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2023)
File:Susa griffin smh b.jpg|lion-like griffin, frieze from the ancient Persian palace in the city of Susa (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2023)
File:BabLion ishtar b.jpg|depiction of a lion from the procession street towards the Ishtar Gate of Babylon (Berlin, drawing:Susanne M Hoffmann 2023)
</gallery>

==References==

[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]][[Category:Leo]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

<references />

Mesopotamian (All Terms)

2026-03-28T13:42:54Z

JanSafford: /* Month Names */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}

Cite as: Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online in the IAU-All Skies Encyclopaedia (2021-202x).
----
[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BCE]]

== Introduction ==
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. We translated his unfinished manuscript to English, relaced many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations, titles, translations, hyperlinked all (or most of) the references and are still updating his (largely outdated or indistinguished) astronomical identifications which is a research project on its own within this corpus. Still, some information is missing, as Kurtik passed away while working on it: so, we also try to reconstruct what he had in mind. For now, the beta-version still is undergoing some sorting and restructuring of the Assyriological material. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.
=== Pronunciation ===
Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu2.hun.ga2 and pa.bil2.sag. Each shows a nasalized g of the order of Spanish "señor" (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga2 rather than ga1 (here g as in goat) for lu2.hun.ga2, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

=== Month Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Sumerian
!Sumerian (alternate)
!Akkadian
!Hebrew
|-
|Month I
|ITIBARA2.ZAG(.GAR)
Month (images) placed by throne
|ITI.BAR(.SAG.SAG)
|''Nisānu''
|Nisan נִיסָן
|-
|Month II
|ITI(EZEM.)GU4.SI.SU
Month horned oxen marched forth
|ITI.GU4(.SI.SÁ)
|''Ayyāru''
|Iyar אִייָר‎
|-
|Month III
|ITISIG4.U5.ŠUB.BA.GÁ.GAR
Month the brick is placed in the mold
|ITI.SIG4.A
|''simānu''
|Sivan סִיוָן
|-
|Month IV
|ITIŠU.NUMUN
Month preparing seed
|ITI.ŠU(.NUMUN.A/NA);
ITI.ŠU.GAR.NUMUN.NA
|''Dûzu''
|Tammuz תַּמּוּז
|-
|Month V
|ITINE.IZI.GAR
Month braziers are lit
|ITI.NE(.NE.GAR)
|''Abu''
|Av אָב
|-
|Month VI
|ITIKIN.dINANNA
Month of rectification of Inanna
|ITI.KIN
|''Ulūlu /'' ''Elūlu''
|Elul אֱלוּל
|-
|Month VII
|ITIDU6.KÙ
Month of Sacred Mound
|ITI.DU6/DUL(.KÙ)
|''tašrītu''
|Tishrei תִּשְׁרֵי
|-
|Month VIII
|ITI(GIŠ)APIN.DU8.A
Month the plow is let go
|ITI.APIN(.DU8.A)
|''Arahsamnu''
|(Mar)Cheshvan
מַרְחֶשְׁוָן/חֶשְׁוָן
|-
|Month IX
|ITIGAN.GAN.(MU.)E3
Month when the clouds(?) come out
|ITI.GAN(.GAN.NA)
|''Kisilīmu''
|Kislev כִּסְלֵו
|-
|Month X
|ITIAB.E3
Month of the father
|ITI.AB(.BA.È)
|''ṭebētu''
|Tevet טֵבֵת
|-
|Month XI
|ITIZIZ2.A
Month for emmer
|ITI.ZÍZ(.A.AN)
|''Šabāṭu''
|Shevat שְׁבָט
|-
|Month XII
|ITIŠE.KIN.KU5
Month of the cutting of barley
|ITI.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Ad(d)aru''
|Adar אֲדָר
|-
|Intercalary
Month XIII
|ITIDIRI.ŠE.KIN.KU5 Additional harvest month
|ITI.DIRIG.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Adaru arkû''
|Adar II
אֲדָר שֵׁנִי
|}

== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

* Kurtik, G. (2007):
** Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил
** [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies],
** Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik. The terms we added bear no numbers.

=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
|-
|𒀀
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀀𒂔
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒆪
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|dA.KU]]
|Moon
|Redirect to [[A.GI7|A.GI7]]
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]]
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|-
|𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|
|-
|𒀊𒉆
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]]
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|-
|𒀜𒈨
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|𒈕
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD6]]
|The Corpse
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG2.AN.BUR2]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|𒂆
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|The Crown
|
|-
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']]
|The Crown of Anu
|
|-
|𒀝𒊒
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|Sister
|
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|The Stranger
|
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|dAḪUD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|Alammuš
|
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|Crab
|
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|a19. AL.TAR
|Jupiter, Heroic
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|𒀩
|
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|Sun, Venus
|
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|Crab
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|
|
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|𒀠𒁍
|
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|Bull
|
|-
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4:
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]
|-
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒀫𒄈
|
|a27. AMAR.GIR2
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
*mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
|-
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|a28. *dAMAR.UD -> [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|
|
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|Western asterism
|
|-
|𒀭
|
|a30. [[AN]]
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Andurunna]]''
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky (home of gods before Marduk created the heavens), see Horowitz (1998, 225)
|-
|𒀭𒆠
|
|a31. AN.KI
|
|Merged into [[NUNki|mulNUNki]]
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|a32. AN.ŠU2.TE
|
|Merged into [[AN]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Standing star
|
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|
|-
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|
|a37. [[AN.U2.GI.E|AN.U2.GI.E]]
|Wind demons
|
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|
|a38. AN.ZU
|
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|mul dIM.DUGUDmušen]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIMDUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|Horse
|
|-
|
|
|a40. d''Antum''
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul d''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) d''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies–the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: d''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|-
|
|
|a41. d''Anum''
|
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|dAnunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|-
|
|
|''Anu-rabû''
|Great Anu
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. d''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|-
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mul[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|𒄑𒀳
|
|a43. [[APIN|giš]] [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|-
|
|
|a44. ''Āribu''
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGAmušen]].
|-
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|Shield
|
|-
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|Month
|
|-
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|𒀸𒈨
|
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Sun, Saturn
|
|-
|
|
|Aya
|
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Baba
|
|dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associtated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|
|b01. dBA.LIM
|
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|-
|
|
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|-
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]]
|Asterism of Dignity
|
|-
|𒁆
|
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|b05. [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|b06. gišBAN
|
|See [[PAN|giš]][[PAN]]
|-
|
|
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|mul / dGAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR3]]
|
|
|-
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|
|-
|𒄵
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|The Kidney
|
|-
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|-
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Buššānītu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|
|d01. [[DA|gišDA]]
|Bull's Jaw
|
|-
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]] (The Great Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|d02. [[DAMU|d''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|
|-
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]]
|Mars; Rooster
|
|-
|𒁲
|
|d05. [[DI]]
|Judgment, sentence
|
|-
|𒀸𒁁
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|𒀸
|
|d07. [[DILI]]
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
|
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|𒀭
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|Deity designation
|
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|Standing Gods
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]]
|Sitting Gods
|variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|
|e01. ''E-pa''2-''e''
|one time use for Jupiter
|probably from ''Šul-pa2-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]]
|Venus
|
|}

=== Page 2 (e04. d''E''2''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|e04. [[E2-a|d''E''2''-a'']]
|Water deity
|
|-
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E2 ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]]
|Enclosure, cattle pen
|
|-
|𒂊𒁺
|
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|Ištar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
|Stag
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]].
|-
|𒂍𒆳
|
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E2-kur'')]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN3.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations

* (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and
* (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|mulUR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|Water deity
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|d''En-lil'']]2
|Supreme deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]
|Primordial deity; Lord of all me
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|
|e12. [[EN.MUL|dEN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|
|-
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|-
|
|
|e14. ''Enzu''
|
|see [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|-
|
|
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|d''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|ki]]
|
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Wagon
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]]
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|e20. [[Erra|d''Erra'']]
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|
|e21. [[Erragal|d''Erragal'']]
|Great Erra
|
|-
|
|
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|mulTE8/TI8mušen]] "Eagle"
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|Deity
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂵𒂵
|
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|Mercury, Deity
|
|-
|𒃮
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|Breast
|
|-
|
|
|g03. 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|The Circle
|
|-
|𒆛
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|The Crook
|
|-
|
|
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|
|An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM3]], merged.
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|g08. [[GAN2.UR3|giš]][[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|The Harrow
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|The Lady of Life
|
|-
|𒌉
|
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|Saturn; "Constant"
|
|-
|𒄀𒄀
|
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|-
|𒈪
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI6]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|
|-
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|
|g13. [[GIBIL6|dGIBIL6]]
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|
|-
|𒈪𒉭
|
|g14. [[GIG]]
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|-
|𒄑𒇀
|
|g15. [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]
|The Chariot
|
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|The Furrow
|
|-
|𒄈
|
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2]]
|The Scorpion
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|-
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]]
|Heavenly Sword
|
|-
|𒄈𒋰
|
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|The Scorpion
|
|-
|𒄊
|
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR3]]
|Leg (Paw)
|
|-
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁇
|
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|Mars; Mercury
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|-
|
|
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|𒄑𒆲
|
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|Thigh
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN2]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|Enraged Goat (?)
|
|-
|𒄖
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|Great, Giant
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|
|g28. GU2.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄘𒄬
|
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU2.ḪAL]]
|(Star) Throat
|
|-
|𒄘𒄯
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU2.MUR]]
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄞
|
|g31. GU4
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|𒄞𒄋
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= d''Kusarikku''
|-
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|The Heavenly Bull
|
|-
|𒄞𒌓
|
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]]
|Bull of the Sun
|
|-
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|
|g35. [[Gula|d''Gula'']]
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒆸
|
|g36. [[GUR4|GUR4]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|mul lúSA.GAZ]]
|-
|𒀭𒈗
|
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|-
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|d''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|-
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'']]
|The Asterism of Abundance
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]]
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]] to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|
|-
|𒅆𒌨
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|
|-
|𒈝𒁀
|
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|-
|𒂠
|
|h10. ḪUN
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA2
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]
|
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|
|
|-
|𒃷
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|The Field
|Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|𒀭𒅎
|
|i06. [[IM|dIM]]
|Storm Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
|
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]
|(Bird) Anzû
|
|-
|𒅎𒄀
|
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|The Furnace
|
|-
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]
|The Seven Gods
|
|-
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒈹
|
|i13. [[INANNA|dINANNA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI4.IL]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒄑𒇷
|
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' 
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|}

=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|
|i17. [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]
|Scorpius
|
|-
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|i18. [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']]
|Venus; Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|
|i19. [[Ištaran|d''Ištaran'']]
|Deity; The Snake
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒅗
|
|k01. [[KA]]
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU8]]
|Portable Altar
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒅗𒆟
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ2]]
|The Knot
|
|-
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]]
|Obliterator
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|-
|
|
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒈜𒀀
|
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|The Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|-
|𒆕𒉼
|
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|The Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|(Types of) Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]]
|Arrow
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|The Dog
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|-
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|The Kidney
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]]
|
|
|-
|𒆜𒌓
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|The Path of the Sun
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|𒆥𒍮
|
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|Knee, shin
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|The Circle
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|-
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|
|-
|𒈩
|
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]
|Hand
|
|-
|𒆤𒌓
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|
|-
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|k23. *KU.RU.NA
|
|To be read [[Andurunna]] - cosmic region and divine name - see Horowitz MCG 225
|-
|𒄩
|
|k24. [[KU6|KU6]]
|The Fish
|
|-
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]] ''
|Shoulder
|
|-
|𒆲
|
|k26. [[KUN]]
|Tail
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUNme(š)]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|mulSIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.Amušen]]
|Chicken
|
|-
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|lu2KUR2.RA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|d''Kusarikkum'']]
|Buffalo
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|
|
|Kusu
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|𒆵
|
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]]
|Water animal
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|
|L02. dLA.KU.DU
|Mercury
|read mul''šu!-ku-du'', i.e. 'The Arrow' = Mercury, merged into [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒆗
|
|L03. [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]
|The She-Goat
|
|-
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|
|L05. [[Lātarāk|d''Lātarāk'']]
|The Lion
|
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|-
|𒇻
|
|L08. LU
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇻𒅆
|
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|
|-
|𒇻𒈦
|
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇽
|
|L11. LU2
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|dLU2.LAL3]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|-
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|(Asterism) Garment
|
|-
|𒈗
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|King
|
|-
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|-
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]]
|Mighty Lord
|
|-
|
|
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒈜𒆷
|
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|False (Lying) Star
|
|-
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|Evil Star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|-
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|gišMA2.DIRI.GA]]
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|-
|𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋
|
|m03. ''[[Makrû]]''
|Mars; Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|m04. [[MAN]]
|Sun God, Šamaš
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒈠
|
|m05. [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']]
|Strange Star
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈
|
|m06. ''[[TIR.AN.NA|Manzât]]''
|Rainbow
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[TIR.AN.NA]], Rainbow
|-
|𒈥
|
|m07. [[MAR]]
|Wagon (shortened form)
|
|-
|𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕
|
|m08. [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]]
|Wagon
|
|-
|𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾
|
|m09. [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]]
|The Wagon of Heaven
|
|-
|𒈥𒌅
|
|m10. [[MAR.TU]]
|Western Star
|
|-
|
|
|Mār-bīti
|
|“Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL ''šá'' dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌
|
|m11. [[Marduk|d''Marduk'']]
|Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
|
|-
|𒈥𒊏𒌈
|
|m12. ''[[Marratu]]''
|Rainbow
|
|-
|𒈦
|
|m13. [[MAŠ.MAŠ|MAŠ]]
|
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈦𒀀𒋾
|
|m14. [[Maš-a-ti|''Maš''-''a-ti'']]
|Pair of Stars (general)
|
|-
|𒈦𒈦)
|
|m15. [[MAŠ.MAŠ]]
|The Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀
|
|m16. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲
|
|m17. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉
|
|m18. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]
|Small Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|m20. ''[[GAN2.UR3|Maškakātu]]''
|The Harrow
|Akkadian parallel to [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|-
|𒈠𒀀𒋗
|
|m21. ''[[MAŠ.MAŠ|Māšū]]''
|Gemini
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈧
|
|m22. [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]]
|Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
|
|-
|
|
|m23. ME.GAR
|Jupiter
|abbreviation for [[SAG.ME.GAR]], merged there
|-
|𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀
|
|m24. [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]]
|Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚
|
|m25. ''[[mišḫu]]''
|Radiance
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|m26. [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|The radiance of Pabilsag
|
|-
|
|
|[[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU]]
|
|abbreviation for [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕
|
|m27. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|(Bound/hitched) yoke
|
|}

=== Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA to p07. ''Puššaītu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|m28. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒀯
|
|m29. [[MUL]]
|Star, luminary
|
|-
|𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀
|
|m30. [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]]
|Venus; The dominant star of the sky
|
|-
|𒀯𒀭𒈾
|
|m31. [[MUL.AN.NA]]
|Moon deity; Celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒃲
|
|m32. [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]]
|Big celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒆠𒃲
|
|m33. [[MUL.KI.GAL]]
|Venus; Star of the great earth
|
|-
|𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅
|
|m34. [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']]
|Reliable stars
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯
|
|m35. [[MUL.MUL]]
|Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯𒆷
|
|m36. [[MUL.MUL.LA]]
|Arrow
|or: ''mulmullu''. “arrow”: see [[KAK.SI.SA2|GAG.SI.SÁ]].
|-
|𒋼
|
|m37. [[MUL2|MUL2]]
|Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒋼𒌓
|
|m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|Jupiter; White Star
|
|-
|𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|m39. [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Stars (for) counting
|"normal stars"
|-
|𒌌
|
|m40. [[MUL4|MUL4]]
|Star, constellation
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|
|
|m41. [[MULx|MULx]]
|
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌘
|
|m42. [[MURUB4|MURUB4]]
|Middle (part)
|
|-
|𒈲
|
|m43. [[MUŠ]]
|Snake
|
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|m44. [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ]]
|Ferocious serpent
|
|-
|
|
|[[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)''mušḫuššu'']]
|
|see (Kurtik m44)
|-
|𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵
|
|m45. [[MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA]]
|
|Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in [[ALLA]] ([[Cancer]])
|-
|𒄷
|
|m46. [[MUŠEN]]
|The Bird
|
|-
|𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻
|
|m47. ''[[Muštarīlu]]''
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈿
|
|n01. [[NA2|NA2]]
|Jupiter; Bed-star
|
|-
|𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾
|
|n02. [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]
|Mercury; Deity of wisdom
|
|-
|𒉄
|
|n03. [[NAGAR]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|n04. ''[[KUR2.RA|Nakaru]]''
|Enemy, Stranger
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[KUR2.RA|KUR2.RA]]
|-
|
|
|n05. ''[[NU.MUŠ.DA|Nammaššû]]''
|Herds of (wild) animals
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋀𒆠
|
|n06. [[NANNA|dNANNA]]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|
|
|n07. ''[[GIGIR|Narkabtu]]''
|The Chariot
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIGIR|mul gišGIGIR]], "Chariot"
|-
|𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍
|
|n08. ''[[Naṣrapu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|n09. ''[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|Nattullu]]''
|Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|-
|
|
|n10. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|''Nattullu'' ''arkīti'']]
|Back of the Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|-
|𒉈
|
|n11. [[NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒃻
|
|n12. [[NE.GAR]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻
|
|n13. [[NE.GI.IZI.GAR]]
|Torch of Girra
|
|-
|𒉈𒉈𒃻
|
|n14. [[NE.NE.GAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒁉𒊒
|
|n15. ''[[Nēberu]]''
|Ferry, ford, crossing
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑
|
|n16. ''[[Nebû]]''
|Brilliant star
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|n17. ''[[UR.NIG|Nēltu]]''
|Lioness
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.NIG]]
|-
|𒀭𒌋𒄥
|
|n18. [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']]
|Deity of the underworld
|
|-
|
|
|n19. ''[[UR.MAH|Nēšu]]''
|The Lion
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.MAḪ]]
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙
|
|n20. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
|A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀
|
|n21. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] '' ''
|(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
|
|-
|𒉎𒍪
|
|n22. [[NI2.ZU|NI2.ZU]]
|Thief
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒆠
|
|n23. [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]]
|Star of Elam
|
|-
|
|
|n24. ''[[UD.KA.DU8.A|Nimru]]''
|Panther
|Akkadian parallel to [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪
|
|n25. [[NIN.A.ZU|dNIN.A.ZU]]
|Deity; Lord who knows water
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾
|
|n26. [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]]
|Ištar; Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|gišNÍNDA
|
|= ''ittû'' “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢
|
|n27. [[NIN.GIR2.SU|dNIN.GIR2.SU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊
|
|n28. [[NIN.GIR3|dNIN.GIR3]]
|Lord of strength
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕
|
|n29. [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]
|Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺
|
|n30. [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Ningublaga
|
|Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾
|
|n31. [[NIN.GUL.TI]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛
|
|n32. [[NIN.KA.SI]]
|(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷
|
|n33. [[NIN.KILIM]]
|Mongoose
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒆤
|
|n34. [[NIN.LIL2|NIN.LIL2]]
|Deity; Lady of the Air
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒈤
|
|n35. [[NIN.MAḪ]]
|Deity; Foremost lady
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯
|
|n36. [[NIN.MUL|dNIN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lady Stars
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕
|
|n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA
|Deity; Lady of the great stars
|occurs in one text only, '''Text K. 2054.''' "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀
|
|n38. [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]
|Deity; Lady of the red star
|
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
|Deity
|Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒊬
|
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
|
|n41. [[NIN.SI4|NIN.SI4]]
|Red Lady
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾
|
|n42. [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]]
|Red Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁
|
|n43. [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]
|Agriculture deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷
|
|n44. [[Niraḫ|d''Niraḫ'']]
|Snake deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒄿𒊒
|
|n45. ''[[Nīru]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍑𒀀𒂠
|
|n46. [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒊨𒅇
|
|n47. [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒈨𒀀
|
|n48. [[NU.ME.A]]
|(Star of) nothingness
|
|-
|𒉡𒈲𒁕
|
|n49. [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|n50. [[NUNki|NUNki]]
|
|
|-
|𒉣𒉽𒉽
|
|n51. [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉣𒈨
|
|n52. [[NUN.ME]]
|(Star)-Sage
|
|-
|𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀
|
|n53. [[NUN.SAR.A|dNUN.SAR.A]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒉡
|
|n54. ''[[Nūnu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒌆
|
|n55. [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|p01. PA
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒉼
|
|[[PAN]]
|Bow
|
|-
|𒉺𒉈
|
|p02. PA.BIL
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|p03. d[[PA.BIL.SAG]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|p04. ''[[AD6|Pagru]]''
|Body, corpse
|see a06. [[AD6|AD6]]
|-
|𒀭𒉽𒈛
|
|p05. [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]
|Messenger deity
|
|-
|𒉿𒍮𒌑
|
|p06. ''[[Peṣû]]''
|
|see m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|-
|𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈
|
|p07. ''[[Puššānītu|Puššanītu]]''
|
|
|}

=== Page 5 (q01. ''Qaštu'' to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|
|
|q01. ''Qaštu''
|Bow
| rowspan="2" |merged into [[PAN|mulPAN]] as it occurs only in lexical lists
|-
|
|
|''Qaštum Elamātum''
|Elamite Bow
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊏𒁍𒌑
|
|r01. ''[[GU.LA|Rabû]]''
|Great (man)
|Akkadian parallel to [[GU.LA]] - should just be a link to GU.LA
|-
|𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈
|
|r02. ''[[GIŠ.KUN|Rapaštu]]''
|Thigh
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|-
|𒊐𒁍
|
|r03. ''[[Rappu]]''
|Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒊑𒅆𒁁
|
|r04. [[RI.ŠI.BE]]
|
|
|-
|𒈩𒌓
|
|r05. ''[[KIŠIB|Rittu]]''
|Hand
|Akkadian parallel to mul[[KIŠIB]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒇽𒌑𒄤
|
|s01. [[SA.GAZ|lu2]][[SA.GAZ]]
|Bandit, Outlaw
|
|-
|𒌑𒊑
|
|s02. [[SA.RI]]
|Wild Cat
|
|-
|𒄷𒈿
|
|s03. [[(MUL) SA4|SA4]]
|(Star) with great brilliance
|
|-
|𒋛𒀀
|
|s04. [[SA5|SA5]]
|Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺
|
|s05. [[SAG.DU]]
|Head, top, upper part
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|s06. SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA
|Lion's head
|merged into (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
|
|s07. [[SAG.DU3.A|SAG.DU3.A]]
|Triangle
|?
|-
|𒊕𒋻
|
|s08. [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]]
|First in (making) decisions
|
|-
|𒊕𒈨𒃻
|
|s09. [[SAG.ME.GAR]]
|Jupiter
|var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
|-
|𒊕𒍑
|
|s10. [[SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
|
|-
|𒊩𒀀𒂠
|
|s11. [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus; (Star for) Women
|
|-
|𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵
|
|s12. [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]]
|Venus; (Star of) Woman
|
|-
|𒊬𒀀
|
|s13. [[SAR.A]]
|
|
|-
|𒊬𒄷𒋛
|
|s14. [[SAR.U5|SAR.U5]]
|
|
|-
|𒊓𒅈𒊒
|
|s15. ''[[LUL.LA|Sarru]]''
|False (Lying) Star
|Akkadian parallel to [[LUL.LA]]
|-
|
|
|''Sebettu''
|
|“The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀
|
|s16. [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; growing(?) horn
|
|-
|𒋛
|
|SI
|
|= ''qarnu''. “horn”: see [[GIR2.TAB|mulGÍR.TAB]].
|-
|𒋜
|
|s17. [[SI4|SI4]]
|Red, Lisi
|Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 [[LI9.SI4|mul / dLI9.SI4]]
|-
|𒅊
|
|s18. [[SIG7|SIG7]]
|Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
|
|-
|𒋆𒈤
|
|s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|Swallow
|
|-
|𒀭𒌍
|
|s20. [[Sîn|d''Sîn'']]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻
|
|s21. SIPA
|True Shepherd of Anu
|merged into (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|True Shepherd of Heaven
|
|-
|𒋀𒌍𒉡
|
|''[[Sissinnu]]''
|Frond, branch
|
|-
|𒋦
|
|s23. SUḪUR
|Goat-Fish
|merged into (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|s24. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|The Goat-Fish
|
|-
|
|
|s25. ''[[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|Suḫurmāšu]]''
|
|Akkadian parallel to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌
|
|ts01. ''[[Ṣalbatānu|Ṣal]]''
|abbreviation
|merged into ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|-
|𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡
|
|ts02. ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|Mars
|
|-
|𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑
|
|ts03. [[Ṣallummû|Ṣ''allummu'']]
|Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
|
|-
|𒍝𒊑𒊒
|
|ts04. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA|Ṣ''āriru'']]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|Akkadian parallel to [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒇡𒊒
|
|ts05. [[Ṣarru|Ṣ''arru'']]
|Sparkling (star)
|
|-
|𒀫𒊒)
|
|ts06. [[Ṣurru|Ṣ''urru'']]
|Obsidian star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠
|
|sh01. [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]]
|(Star) for the uterus
|
|-
|𒋚
|
|sh02. [[ŠAḪ]]
|The Pig
|
|-
|
|
|''Šala''
|
|Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la ''šubu-ul-tu''4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|sh03. [[Šamaš|d''Šamaš'']]
|Sun god
|
|-
|𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠
|
|sh04. ''[[Šanûmma]]''
|Strange (star)
|
|-
|𒄭𒄤
|
|sh05. [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒄭𒌴
|
|sh06. [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒊺𒇷𒁍
|
|sh07. ''[[KA5.A|Šēlebu]]''
|The Fox
|Akkadian parallel to [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|-
|𒅆𒁍𒌑
|
|sh08. ''[[Šību]]''
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒅆𒄴𒂅
|
|sh09. ''[[Šiḫṭu|Šiḫtu]]''
|Mercury, Mars; Leap
|
|-
|𒋻𒉺
|
|sh10. [[(MUL2) šil PA|''šil'' PA]]
|Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
|
|-
|𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷
|
|sh11. ''[[Šiltāḫu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓
|
|sh12. [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|
|
|sh13. ''Šinūnūtu''
|
|see s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|-
|
|
|sh14. ''Šitadallu''
|
|see s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒋗
|
|sh15. [[ŠU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|''[[šubtu]]''
|
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
|-
|
|
|''šubultu''(''m'')
|
|“ear (of grain)”: see Šala
|-
|𒋗𒄀
|
|sh16. [[ŠU.GI]]
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒋗𒉺
|
|sh17. [[ŠU.PA]]
|Magnificent, brilliant
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈
|
|sh18. [[ŠUDUN]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|sh19. [[ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA|ŠUDUN ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲
|
|sh20. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾
|
|sh21. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻
|
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|mul[[ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MA|ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MAki]]
|
|
|-
|𒋗𒆪𒁺
|
|sh23. ''[[Šukūdu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒂄𒄀
|
|sh24. [[ŠUL.GI|dŠUL.GI]]
|Shulgi
|
|-
|𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺
|
|sh25. [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|A youngster appears with brilliance
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|sh26. ''[[Šullat]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|t01. [[Tak-ša2-a-ti|''Tak-ša''2''-a-tu2'']]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|... [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀
|
|t02. [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; Sparkling
|
|-
|𒋾𒅅𒁍
|
|t03. ''[[Tikpu]]''
|Spot, speckled
|
|-
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|
|t04. ''Tinūru''
|Furnace
|see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|-
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
|
|t05. [[TIR.AN.NA]]
|Rainbow
|
|-
|
|
|''Tišpak''
|
|Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
|-
|𒀭𒌅𒌅
|
|t06. [[TU.TU|dTU.TU]]
|Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
|
|-
|
|
|gišTUKUL
|
|= kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬
|
|t07. ''[[Tūʼamū]]''
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍
|
|t08. [[Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ|''Tūʼamū'' GAL.MEŠ]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒌋𒌆𒌈
|
|t09. ''[[Tūltu]]''
|Worm, larva
|
|-
|𒉣𒇬
|
|t10. [[TUR3|TUR3]]
|Venus; Corral
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒌋𒊑𒊑
|
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒌓𒉌𒇷
|
|u02. [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]]
|Venusl Star of radiance/morning
|
|-
|𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔
|
|u03. [[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]]
|
|
|-
|𒇇
|
|u04. [[U8|U8]]
|Ewe
|= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|u05. [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|Jupiter; Heroic
|
|-
|𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀
|
|u06. [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|Demon with the Gaping Mouth
|var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A
|}

=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒇻𒁁
|
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGAmušen]]
|Raven
|
|-
|
|
|[[UG5.GA|UG5.GA]]
|Mars, Raven?
|
|-
|𒌌
|
|u12. [[UL]]
|(Shooring) Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌢
|
|u13. [[UMBIN]]
|
|
|-
|𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈
|
|u14. ''[[ummulūtu]]''
|Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
|
|-
|𒌦𒉡𒌓
|
|u15. ''[[unnutu]]''
|Dim star
|
|-
|𒌨
|
|u16. [[UR]]
|Leo; The Lion
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒌨𒀀
|
|u17. [[UR.A]]
|Leo; The Lion
|UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]] in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].
|-
|𒌨𒁇𒊏
|
|u18. [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|Wolf
|
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|u19. [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|u20. [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁
|
|u21. [[UR.IDIM]]
|Mad Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒈤
|
|u22. [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|u23. [[UR.NIG]]
|Lioness
|
|-
|𒌨𒆪
|
|[[UR.GI7|UR.KU]]
|The Dog
|now read UR.GI7
|-
|𒌫𒆲
|
|u24. [[UR2.KUN|UR2.KUN]]
|Hip, Pelvis
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁𒈬
|
|u25. ''[[Uridimmu|Ur(i)dimmu]]''
|Mad Dog
|see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|u26. ''Ur-um'' AN.NA
|Celestial Light
|see (Kurtik b13) [[BURRUM AN.NA|BURRUM]] [[BURRUM AN.NA|AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
|
|u27. [[USAN2.PA.SIKIL|dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL]]
|Venus; Goddess of the Stars
|
|-
|𒌑𒋩𒋾
|
|u28. ''[[Uṣurtu]]''
|Drawing, Image
|
|-
|𒅜𒍪
|
|u29. [[UŠ12.ZU|UŠ12.ZU]]
|Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
|
|-
|𒀭𒌓
|
|u30. [[UTU|dUTU]]
|Sun deity
|
|-
|𒍚
|
|u31. [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|Goat
|
|-
|𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷
|
|z01. [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]]
|Warlike deity
|
|-
|𒍠𒃻
|
|z02. [[ZAG.GAR]]
|Consort of the Lady of the plains
|
|-
|𒈽𒀖𒁍
|
|z03. ''[[Zappu]]''
|Stubble (Mane)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈
|
|z04. [[Zapānītu|d''Za(r)pānītu'']] ''/''
''Zerpānītu''
|Deity, wife of Marduk
|
|-
|𒍝𒊒𒌑
|
|z05. ''[[Zarû]]''
|Drawbar, Cart pole
|
|-
|𒍣
|
|z06. [[ZI]]
|
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
|
|z07. [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒍦𒈨
|
|z08. [[ZIB|ZIBme]]
|Tails
|
|-
|𒀭𒍨
|
|z09. [[ZIB2|dZIB2]]
|Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|
|z10. ''Zibānītum''
|Balance
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍨𒁍
|
|z11. ''[[Ziqpu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|
|z12. ''Zuqaqīpu''
|Scorpius
|see [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|}

=== Acknowledgements ===
Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

* David Hilder
* Euin Choung Kim
* Roland Laffitte
* Youngjea Lee
* Jan Safford

[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Mesopotamian (All Terms)

2026-03-28T13:25:57Z

JanSafford: /* Month Names */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}

Cite as: Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online in the IAU-All Skies Encyclopaedia (2021-202x).
----
[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BCE]]

== Introduction ==
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. We translated his unfinished manuscript to English, relaced many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations, titles, translations, hyperlinked all (or most of) the references and are still updating his (largely outdated or indistinguished) astronomical identifications which is a research project on its own within this corpus. Still, some information is missing, as Kurtik passed away while working on it: so, we also try to reconstruct what he had in mind. For now, the beta-version still is undergoing some sorting and restructuring of the Assyriological material. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.
=== Pronunciation ===
Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu2.hun.ga2 and pa.bil2.sag. Each shows a nasalized g of the order of Spanish "señor" (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga2 rather than ga1 (here g as in goat) for lu2.hun.ga2, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

=== Month Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Sumerian
!Sumerian (alternate)
!Akkadian
!Hebrew
|-
|Month I
|ITIBARA2.ZAG(.GAR)
Month (images) placed by throne
|ITI.BAR(.SAG.SAG)
|''Nisānu''
|Nisan נִיסָן
|-
|Month II
|ITI(EZEM.)GU4.SI.SU
Month horned oxen marched forth
|ITI.GU4(.SI.SÁ)
|''Ayyāru''
|Iyar אִייָר‎
|-
|Month III
|ITISIG4.U5.ŠUB.BA.GÁ.GAR
Month the brick is placed in the mold
|ITI.SIG4.A
|''simānu''
|Sivan סִיוָן
|-
|Month IV
|ITIŠU.NUMUN
Month preparing seed
|ITI.ŠU(.NUMUN.A/NA);
ITI.ŠU.GAR.NUMUN.NA
|''Dûzu''
|Tammuz תַּמּוּז
|-
|Month V
|ITINE.IZI.GAR
Month braziers are lit
|ITI.NE(.NE.GAR)
|''Abu''
|Av אָב
|-
|Month VI
|ITIKIN.dINANNA
Month of rectification of Inanna
|ITI.KIN
|''Ulūlu /'' ''Elūlu''
|Elul אֱלוּל
|-
|Month VII
|ITIDU6.KÙ
Month of Sacred Mound
|ITI.DU6/DUL(.KÙ)
|''tašrītu''
|Tishrei תִּשְׁרֵי
|-
|Month VIII
|ITI(GIŠ)APIN.DU8.A
Month the plow is let go
|ITI.APIN(.DU8.A)
|''Arahsamnu''
|(Mar)Cheshvan
מַרְחֶשְׁוָן/חֶשְׁוָן
|-
|Month IX
|ITIGAN.GAN.(MU.)E3
Month when the clouds(?) come out
|ITI.GAN(.GAN.NA)
|''Kisilīmu''
|Kislev כִּסְלֵו
|-
|Month X
|ITIAB.E3
Month of the father
|ITI.AB(.BA.È)
|''ṭebētu''
|Tevet טֵבֵת
|-
|Month XI
|ITIZIZ2.A
Month for emmer
|ITI.ZÍZ(.A.AN)
|''Šabāṭu''
|Shevat שְׁבָט
|-
|Month XII
|ITIŠE.KIN.KU5
Month of the cutting of barley
|ITI.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Ad(d)aru''
|Adar אֲדָר
|-
|Month XIII
|ITIDIRI.ŠE.KIN.KU5 Additional harvest month
|ITI.DIRIG.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Adaru arkû''
|Adar II
אֲדָר שֵׁנִי
|}

== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

* Kurtik, G. (2007):
** Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил
** [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies],
** Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik. The terms we added bear no numbers.

=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
|-
|𒀀
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀀𒂔
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒆪
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|dA.KU]]
|Moon
|Redirect to [[A.GI7|A.GI7]]
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]]
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|-
|𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|
|-
|𒀊𒉆
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]]
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|-
|𒀜𒈨
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|𒈕
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD6]]
|The Corpse
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG2.AN.BUR2]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|𒂆
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|The Crown
|
|-
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']]
|The Crown of Anu
|
|-
|𒀝𒊒
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|Sister
|
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|The Stranger
|
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|dAḪUD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|Alammuš
|
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|Crab
|
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|a19. AL.TAR
|Jupiter, Heroic
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|𒀩
|
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|Sun, Venus
|
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|Crab
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|
|
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|𒀠𒁍
|
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|Bull
|
|-
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4:
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]
|-
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒀫𒄈
|
|a27. AMAR.GIR2
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
*mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
|-
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|a28. *dAMAR.UD -> [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|
|
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|Western asterism
|
|-
|𒀭
|
|a30. [[AN]]
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Andurunna]]''
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky (home of gods before Marduk created the heavens), see Horowitz (1998, 225)
|-
|𒀭𒆠
|
|a31. AN.KI
|
|Merged into [[NUNki|mulNUNki]]
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|a32. AN.ŠU2.TE
|
|Merged into [[AN]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Standing star
|
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|
|-
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|
|a37. [[AN.U2.GI.E|AN.U2.GI.E]]
|Wind demons
|
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|
|a38. AN.ZU
|
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|mul dIM.DUGUDmušen]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIMDUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|Horse
|
|-
|
|
|a40. d''Antum''
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul d''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) d''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies–the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: d''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|-
|
|
|a41. d''Anum''
|
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|dAnunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|-
|
|
|''Anu-rabû''
|Great Anu
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. d''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|-
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mul[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|𒄑𒀳
|
|a43. [[APIN|giš]] [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|-
|
|
|a44. ''Āribu''
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGAmušen]].
|-
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|Shield
|
|-
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|Month
|
|-
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|𒀸𒈨
|
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Sun, Saturn
|
|-
|
|
|Aya
|
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Baba
|
|dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associtated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|
|b01. dBA.LIM
|
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|-
|
|
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|-
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]]
|Asterism of Dignity
|
|-
|𒁆
|
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|b05. [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|b06. gišBAN
|
|See [[PAN|giš]][[PAN]]
|-
|
|
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|mul / dGAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR3]]
|
|
|-
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|
|-
|𒄵
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|The Kidney
|
|-
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|-
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Buššānītu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|
|d01. [[DA|gišDA]]
|Bull's Jaw
|
|-
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]] (The Great Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|d02. [[DAMU|d''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|
|-
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]]
|Mars; Rooster
|
|-
|𒁲
|
|d05. [[DI]]
|Judgment, sentence
|
|-
|𒀸𒁁
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|𒀸
|
|d07. [[DILI]]
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
|
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|𒀭
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|Deity designation
|
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|Standing Gods
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]]
|Sitting Gods
|variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|
|e01. ''E-pa''2-''e''
|one time use for Jupiter
|probably from ''Šul-pa2-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]]
|Venus
|
|}

=== Page 2 (e04. d''E''2''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|e04. [[E2-a|d''E''2''-a'']]
|Water deity
|
|-
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E2 ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]]
|Enclosure, cattle pen
|
|-
|𒂊𒁺
|
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|Ištar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
|Stag
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]].
|-
|𒂍𒆳
|
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E2-kur'')]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN3.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations

* (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and
* (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|mulUR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|Water deity
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|d''En-lil'']]2
|Supreme deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]
|Primordial deity; Lord of all me
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|
|e12. [[EN.MUL|dEN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|
|-
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|-
|
|
|e14. ''Enzu''
|
|see [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|-
|
|
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|d''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|ki]]
|
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Wagon
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]]
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|e20. [[Erra|d''Erra'']]
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|
|e21. [[Erragal|d''Erragal'']]
|Great Erra
|
|-
|
|
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|mulTE8/TI8mušen]] "Eagle"
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|Deity
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂵𒂵
|
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|Mercury, Deity
|
|-
|𒃮
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|Breast
|
|-
|
|
|g03. 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|The Circle
|
|-
|𒆛
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|The Crook
|
|-
|
|
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|
|An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM3]], merged.
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|g08. [[GAN2.UR3|giš]][[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|The Harrow
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|The Lady of Life
|
|-
|𒌉
|
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|Saturn; "Constant"
|
|-
|𒄀𒄀
|
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|-
|𒈪
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI6]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|
|-
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|
|g13. [[GIBIL6|dGIBIL6]]
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|
|-
|𒈪𒉭
|
|g14. [[GIG]]
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|-
|𒄑𒇀
|
|g15. [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]
|The Chariot
|
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|The Furrow
|
|-
|𒄈
|
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2]]
|The Scorpion
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|-
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]]
|Heavenly Sword
|
|-
|𒄈𒋰
|
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|The Scorpion
|
|-
|𒄊
|
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR3]]
|Leg (Paw)
|
|-
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁇
|
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|Mars; Mercury
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|-
|
|
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|𒄑𒆲
|
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|Thigh
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN2]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|Enraged Goat (?)
|
|-
|𒄖
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|Great, Giant
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|
|g28. GU2.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄘𒄬
|
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU2.ḪAL]]
|(Star) Throat
|
|-
|𒄘𒄯
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU2.MUR]]
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄞
|
|g31. GU4
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|𒄞𒄋
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= d''Kusarikku''
|-
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|The Heavenly Bull
|
|-
|𒄞𒌓
|
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]]
|Bull of the Sun
|
|-
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|
|g35. [[Gula|d''Gula'']]
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒆸
|
|g36. [[GUR4|GUR4]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|mul lúSA.GAZ]]
|-
|𒀭𒈗
|
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|-
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|d''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|-
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'']]
|The Asterism of Abundance
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]]
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]] to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|
|-
|𒅆𒌨
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|
|-
|𒈝𒁀
|
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|-
|𒂠
|
|h10. ḪUN
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA2
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]
|
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|
|
|-
|𒃷
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|The Field
|Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|𒀭𒅎
|
|i06. [[IM|dIM]]
|Storm Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
|
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]
|(Bird) Anzû
|
|-
|𒅎𒄀
|
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|The Furnace
|
|-
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]
|The Seven Gods
|
|-
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒈹
|
|i13. [[INANNA|dINANNA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI4.IL]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒄑𒇷
|
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' 
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|}

=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|
|i17. [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]
|Scorpius
|
|-
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|i18. [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']]
|Venus; Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|
|i19. [[Ištaran|d''Ištaran'']]
|Deity; The Snake
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒅗
|
|k01. [[KA]]
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU8]]
|Portable Altar
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒅗𒆟
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ2]]
|The Knot
|
|-
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]]
|Obliterator
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|-
|
|
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒈜𒀀
|
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|The Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|-
|𒆕𒉼
|
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|The Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|(Types of) Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]]
|Arrow
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|The Dog
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|-
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|The Kidney
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]]
|
|
|-
|𒆜𒌓
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|The Path of the Sun
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|𒆥𒍮
|
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|Knee, shin
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|The Circle
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|-
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|
|-
|𒈩
|
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]
|Hand
|
|-
|𒆤𒌓
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|
|-
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|k23. *KU.RU.NA
|
|To be read [[Andurunna]] - cosmic region and divine name - see Horowitz MCG 225
|-
|𒄩
|
|k24. [[KU6|KU6]]
|The Fish
|
|-
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]] ''
|Shoulder
|
|-
|𒆲
|
|k26. [[KUN]]
|Tail
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUNme(š)]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|mulSIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.Amušen]]
|Chicken
|
|-
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|lu2KUR2.RA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|d''Kusarikkum'']]
|Buffalo
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|
|
|Kusu
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|𒆵
|
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]]
|Water animal
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|
|L02. dLA.KU.DU
|Mercury
|read mul''šu!-ku-du'', i.e. 'The Arrow' = Mercury, merged into [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒆗
|
|L03. [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]
|The She-Goat
|
|-
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|
|L05. [[Lātarāk|d''Lātarāk'']]
|The Lion
|
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|-
|𒇻
|
|L08. LU
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇻𒅆
|
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|
|-
|𒇻𒈦
|
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇽
|
|L11. LU2
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|dLU2.LAL3]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|-
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|(Asterism) Garment
|
|-
|𒈗
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|King
|
|-
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|-
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]]
|Mighty Lord
|
|-
|
|
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒈜𒆷
|
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|False (Lying) Star
|
|-
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|Evil Star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|-
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|gišMA2.DIRI.GA]]
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|-
|𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋
|
|m03. ''[[Makrû]]''
|Mars; Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|m04. [[MAN]]
|Sun God, Šamaš
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒈠
|
|m05. [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']]
|Strange Star
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈
|
|m06. ''[[TIR.AN.NA|Manzât]]''
|Rainbow
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[TIR.AN.NA]], Rainbow
|-
|𒈥
|
|m07. [[MAR]]
|Wagon (shortened form)
|
|-
|𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕
|
|m08. [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]]
|Wagon
|
|-
|𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾
|
|m09. [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]]
|The Wagon of Heaven
|
|-
|𒈥𒌅
|
|m10. [[MAR.TU]]
|Western Star
|
|-
|
|
|Mār-bīti
|
|“Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL ''šá'' dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌
|
|m11. [[Marduk|d''Marduk'']]
|Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
|
|-
|𒈥𒊏𒌈
|
|m12. ''[[Marratu]]''
|Rainbow
|
|-
|𒈦
|
|m13. [[MAŠ.MAŠ|MAŠ]]
|
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈦𒀀𒋾
|
|m14. [[Maš-a-ti|''Maš''-''a-ti'']]
|Pair of Stars (general)
|
|-
|𒈦𒈦)
|
|m15. [[MAŠ.MAŠ]]
|The Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀
|
|m16. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲
|
|m17. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉
|
|m18. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]
|Small Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|m20. ''[[GAN2.UR3|Maškakātu]]''
|The Harrow
|Akkadian parallel to [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|-
|𒈠𒀀𒋗
|
|m21. ''[[MAŠ.MAŠ|Māšū]]''
|Gemini
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈧
|
|m22. [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]]
|Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
|
|-
|
|
|m23. ME.GAR
|Jupiter
|abbreviation for [[SAG.ME.GAR]], merged there
|-
|𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀
|
|m24. [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]]
|Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚
|
|m25. ''[[mišḫu]]''
|Radiance
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|m26. [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|The radiance of Pabilsag
|
|-
|
|
|[[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU]]
|
|abbreviation for [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕
|
|m27. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|(Bound/hitched) yoke
|
|}

=== Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA to p07. ''Puššaītu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|m28. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒀯
|
|m29. [[MUL]]
|Star, luminary
|
|-
|𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀
|
|m30. [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]]
|Venus; The dominant star of the sky
|
|-
|𒀯𒀭𒈾
|
|m31. [[MUL.AN.NA]]
|Moon deity; Celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒃲
|
|m32. [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]]
|Big celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒆠𒃲
|
|m33. [[MUL.KI.GAL]]
|Venus; Star of the great earth
|
|-
|𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅
|
|m34. [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']]
|Reliable stars
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯
|
|m35. [[MUL.MUL]]
|Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯𒆷
|
|m36. [[MUL.MUL.LA]]
|Arrow
|or: ''mulmullu''. “arrow”: see [[KAK.SI.SA2|GAG.SI.SÁ]].
|-
|𒋼
|
|m37. [[MUL2|MUL2]]
|Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒋼𒌓
|
|m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|Jupiter; White Star
|
|-
|𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|m39. [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Stars (for) counting
|"normal stars"
|-
|𒌌
|
|m40. [[MUL4|MUL4]]
|Star, constellation
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|
|
|m41. [[MULx|MULx]]
|
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌘
|
|m42. [[MURUB4|MURUB4]]
|Middle (part)
|
|-
|𒈲
|
|m43. [[MUŠ]]
|Snake
|
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|m44. [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ]]
|Ferocious serpent
|
|-
|
|
|[[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)''mušḫuššu'']]
|
|see (Kurtik m44)
|-
|𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵
|
|m45. [[MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA]]
|
|Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in [[ALLA]] ([[Cancer]])
|-
|𒄷
|
|m46. [[MUŠEN]]
|The Bird
|
|-
|𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻
|
|m47. ''[[Muštarīlu]]''
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈿
|
|n01. [[NA2|NA2]]
|Jupiter; Bed-star
|
|-
|𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾
|
|n02. [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]
|Mercury; Deity of wisdom
|
|-
|𒉄
|
|n03. [[NAGAR]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|n04. ''[[KUR2.RA|Nakaru]]''
|Enemy, Stranger
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[KUR2.RA|KUR2.RA]]
|-
|
|
|n05. ''[[NU.MUŠ.DA|Nammaššû]]''
|Herds of (wild) animals
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋀𒆠
|
|n06. [[NANNA|dNANNA]]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|
|
|n07. ''[[GIGIR|Narkabtu]]''
|The Chariot
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIGIR|mul gišGIGIR]], "Chariot"
|-
|𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍
|
|n08. ''[[Naṣrapu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|n09. ''[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|Nattullu]]''
|Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|-
|
|
|n10. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|''Nattullu'' ''arkīti'']]
|Back of the Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|-
|𒉈
|
|n11. [[NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒃻
|
|n12. [[NE.GAR]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻
|
|n13. [[NE.GI.IZI.GAR]]
|Torch of Girra
|
|-
|𒉈𒉈𒃻
|
|n14. [[NE.NE.GAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒁉𒊒
|
|n15. ''[[Nēberu]]''
|Ferry, ford, crossing
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑
|
|n16. ''[[Nebû]]''
|Brilliant star
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|n17. ''[[UR.NIG|Nēltu]]''
|Lioness
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.NIG]]
|-
|𒀭𒌋𒄥
|
|n18. [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']]
|Deity of the underworld
|
|-
|
|
|n19. ''[[UR.MAH|Nēšu]]''
|The Lion
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.MAḪ]]
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙
|
|n20. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
|A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀
|
|n21. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] '' ''
|(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
|
|-
|𒉎𒍪
|
|n22. [[NI2.ZU|NI2.ZU]]
|Thief
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒆠
|
|n23. [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]]
|Star of Elam
|
|-
|
|
|n24. ''[[UD.KA.DU8.A|Nimru]]''
|Panther
|Akkadian parallel to [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪
|
|n25. [[NIN.A.ZU|dNIN.A.ZU]]
|Deity; Lord who knows water
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾
|
|n26. [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]]
|Ištar; Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|gišNÍNDA
|
|= ''ittû'' “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢
|
|n27. [[NIN.GIR2.SU|dNIN.GIR2.SU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊
|
|n28. [[NIN.GIR3|dNIN.GIR3]]
|Lord of strength
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕
|
|n29. [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]
|Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺
|
|n30. [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Ningublaga
|
|Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾
|
|n31. [[NIN.GUL.TI]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛
|
|n32. [[NIN.KA.SI]]
|(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷
|
|n33. [[NIN.KILIM]]
|Mongoose
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒆤
|
|n34. [[NIN.LIL2|NIN.LIL2]]
|Deity; Lady of the Air
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒈤
|
|n35. [[NIN.MAḪ]]
|Deity; Foremost lady
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯
|
|n36. [[NIN.MUL|dNIN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lady Stars
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕
|
|n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA
|Deity; Lady of the great stars
|occurs in one text only, '''Text K. 2054.''' "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀
|
|n38. [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]
|Deity; Lady of the red star
|
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
|Deity
|Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒊬
|
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
|
|n41. [[NIN.SI4|NIN.SI4]]
|Red Lady
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾
|
|n42. [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]]
|Red Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁
|
|n43. [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]
|Agriculture deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷
|
|n44. [[Niraḫ|d''Niraḫ'']]
|Snake deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒄿𒊒
|
|n45. ''[[Nīru]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍑𒀀𒂠
|
|n46. [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒊨𒅇
|
|n47. [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒈨𒀀
|
|n48. [[NU.ME.A]]
|(Star of) nothingness
|
|-
|𒉡𒈲𒁕
|
|n49. [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|n50. [[NUNki|NUNki]]
|
|
|-
|𒉣𒉽𒉽
|
|n51. [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉣𒈨
|
|n52. [[NUN.ME]]
|(Star)-Sage
|
|-
|𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀
|
|n53. [[NUN.SAR.A|dNUN.SAR.A]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒉡
|
|n54. ''[[Nūnu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒌆
|
|n55. [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|p01. PA
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒉼
|
|[[PAN]]
|Bow
|
|-
|𒉺𒉈
|
|p02. PA.BIL
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|p03. d[[PA.BIL.SAG]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|p04. ''[[AD6|Pagru]]''
|Body, corpse
|see a06. [[AD6|AD6]]
|-
|𒀭𒉽𒈛
|
|p05. [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]
|Messenger deity
|
|-
|𒉿𒍮𒌑
|
|p06. ''[[Peṣû]]''
|
|see m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|-
|𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈
|
|p07. ''[[Puššānītu|Puššanītu]]''
|
|
|}

=== Page 5 (q01. ''Qaštu'' to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|
|
|q01. ''Qaštu''
|Bow
| rowspan="2" |merged into [[PAN|mulPAN]] as it occurs only in lexical lists
|-
|
|
|''Qaštum Elamātum''
|Elamite Bow
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊏𒁍𒌑
|
|r01. ''[[GU.LA|Rabû]]''
|Great (man)
|Akkadian parallel to [[GU.LA]] - should just be a link to GU.LA
|-
|𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈
|
|r02. ''[[GIŠ.KUN|Rapaštu]]''
|Thigh
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|-
|𒊐𒁍
|
|r03. ''[[Rappu]]''
|Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒊑𒅆𒁁
|
|r04. [[RI.ŠI.BE]]
|
|
|-
|𒈩𒌓
|
|r05. ''[[KIŠIB|Rittu]]''
|Hand
|Akkadian parallel to mul[[KIŠIB]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒇽𒌑𒄤
|
|s01. [[SA.GAZ|lu2]][[SA.GAZ]]
|Bandit, Outlaw
|
|-
|𒌑𒊑
|
|s02. [[SA.RI]]
|Wild Cat
|
|-
|𒄷𒈿
|
|s03. [[(MUL) SA4|SA4]]
|(Star) with great brilliance
|
|-
|𒋛𒀀
|
|s04. [[SA5|SA5]]
|Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺
|
|s05. [[SAG.DU]]
|Head, top, upper part
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|s06. SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA
|Lion's head
|merged into (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
|
|s07. [[SAG.DU3.A|SAG.DU3.A]]
|Triangle
|?
|-
|𒊕𒋻
|
|s08. [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]]
|First in (making) decisions
|
|-
|𒊕𒈨𒃻
|
|s09. [[SAG.ME.GAR]]
|Jupiter
|var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
|-
|𒊕𒍑
|
|s10. [[SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
|
|-
|𒊩𒀀𒂠
|
|s11. [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus; (Star for) Women
|
|-
|𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵
|
|s12. [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]]
|Venus; (Star of) Woman
|
|-
|𒊬𒀀
|
|s13. [[SAR.A]]
|
|
|-
|𒊬𒄷𒋛
|
|s14. [[SAR.U5|SAR.U5]]
|
|
|-
|𒊓𒅈𒊒
|
|s15. ''[[LUL.LA|Sarru]]''
|False (Lying) Star
|Akkadian parallel to [[LUL.LA]]
|-
|
|
|''Sebettu''
|
|“The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀
|
|s16. [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; growing(?) horn
|
|-
|𒋛
|
|SI
|
|= ''qarnu''. “horn”: see [[GIR2.TAB|mulGÍR.TAB]].
|-
|𒋜
|
|s17. [[SI4|SI4]]
|Red, Lisi
|Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 [[LI9.SI4|mul / dLI9.SI4]]
|-
|𒅊
|
|s18. [[SIG7|SIG7]]
|Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
|
|-
|𒋆𒈤
|
|s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|Swallow
|
|-
|𒀭𒌍
|
|s20. [[Sîn|d''Sîn'']]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻
|
|s21. SIPA
|True Shepherd of Anu
|merged into (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|True Shepherd of Heaven
|
|-
|𒋀𒌍𒉡
|
|''[[Sissinnu]]''
|Frond, branch
|
|-
|𒋦
|
|s23. SUḪUR
|Goat-Fish
|merged into (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|s24. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|The Goat-Fish
|
|-
|
|
|s25. ''[[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|Suḫurmāšu]]''
|
|Akkadian parallel to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌
|
|ts01. ''[[Ṣalbatānu|Ṣal]]''
|abbreviation
|merged into ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|-
|𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡
|
|ts02. ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|Mars
|
|-
|𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑
|
|ts03. [[Ṣallummû|Ṣ''allummu'']]
|Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
|
|-
|𒍝𒊑𒊒
|
|ts04. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA|Ṣ''āriru'']]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|Akkadian parallel to [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒇡𒊒
|
|ts05. [[Ṣarru|Ṣ''arru'']]
|Sparkling (star)
|
|-
|𒀫𒊒)
|
|ts06. [[Ṣurru|Ṣ''urru'']]
|Obsidian star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠
|
|sh01. [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]]
|(Star) for the uterus
|
|-
|𒋚
|
|sh02. [[ŠAḪ]]
|The Pig
|
|-
|
|
|''Šala''
|
|Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la ''šubu-ul-tu''4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|sh03. [[Šamaš|d''Šamaš'']]
|Sun god
|
|-
|𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠
|
|sh04. ''[[Šanûmma]]''
|Strange (star)
|
|-
|𒄭𒄤
|
|sh05. [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒄭𒌴
|
|sh06. [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒊺𒇷𒁍
|
|sh07. ''[[KA5.A|Šēlebu]]''
|The Fox
|Akkadian parallel to [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|-
|𒅆𒁍𒌑
|
|sh08. ''[[Šību]]''
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒅆𒄴𒂅
|
|sh09. ''[[Šiḫṭu|Šiḫtu]]''
|Mercury, Mars; Leap
|
|-
|𒋻𒉺
|
|sh10. [[(MUL2) šil PA|''šil'' PA]]
|Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
|
|-
|𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷
|
|sh11. ''[[Šiltāḫu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓
|
|sh12. [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|
|
|sh13. ''Šinūnūtu''
|
|see s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|-
|
|
|sh14. ''Šitadallu''
|
|see s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒋗
|
|sh15. [[ŠU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|''[[šubtu]]''
|
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
|-
|
|
|''šubultu''(''m'')
|
|“ear (of grain)”: see Šala
|-
|𒋗𒄀
|
|sh16. [[ŠU.GI]]
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒋗𒉺
|
|sh17. [[ŠU.PA]]
|Magnificent, brilliant
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈
|
|sh18. [[ŠUDUN]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|sh19. [[ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA|ŠUDUN ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲
|
|sh20. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾
|
|sh21. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻
|
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|mul[[ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MA|ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MAki]]
|
|
|-
|𒋗𒆪𒁺
|
|sh23. ''[[Šukūdu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒂄𒄀
|
|sh24. [[ŠUL.GI|dŠUL.GI]]
|Shulgi
|
|-
|𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺
|
|sh25. [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|A youngster appears with brilliance
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|sh26. ''[[Šullat]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|t01. [[Tak-ša2-a-ti|''Tak-ša''2''-a-tu2'']]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|... [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀
|
|t02. [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; Sparkling
|
|-
|𒋾𒅅𒁍
|
|t03. ''[[Tikpu]]''
|Spot, speckled
|
|-
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|
|t04. ''Tinūru''
|Furnace
|see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|-
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
|
|t05. [[TIR.AN.NA]]
|Rainbow
|
|-
|
|
|''Tišpak''
|
|Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
|-
|𒀭𒌅𒌅
|
|t06. [[TU.TU|dTU.TU]]
|Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
|
|-
|
|
|gišTUKUL
|
|= kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬
|
|t07. ''[[Tūʼamū]]''
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍
|
|t08. [[Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ|''Tūʼamū'' GAL.MEŠ]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒌋𒌆𒌈
|
|t09. ''[[Tūltu]]''
|Worm, larva
|
|-
|𒉣𒇬
|
|t10. [[TUR3|TUR3]]
|Venus; Corral
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒌋𒊑𒊑
|
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒌓𒉌𒇷
|
|u02. [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]]
|Venusl Star of radiance/morning
|
|-
|𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔
|
|u03. [[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]]
|
|
|-
|𒇇
|
|u04. [[U8|U8]]
|Ewe
|= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|u05. [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|Jupiter; Heroic
|
|-
|𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀
|
|u06. [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|Demon with the Gaping Mouth
|var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A
|}

=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒇻𒁁
|
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGAmušen]]
|Raven
|
|-
|
|
|[[UG5.GA|UG5.GA]]
|Mars, Raven?
|
|-
|𒌌
|
|u12. [[UL]]
|(Shooring) Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌢
|
|u13. [[UMBIN]]
|
|
|-
|𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈
|
|u14. ''[[ummulūtu]]''
|Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
|
|-
|𒌦𒉡𒌓
|
|u15. ''[[unnutu]]''
|Dim star
|
|-
|𒌨
|
|u16. [[UR]]
|Leo; The Lion
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒌨𒀀
|
|u17. [[UR.A]]
|Leo; The Lion
|UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]] in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].
|-
|𒌨𒁇𒊏
|
|u18. [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|Wolf
|
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|u19. [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|u20. [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁
|
|u21. [[UR.IDIM]]
|Mad Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒈤
|
|u22. [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|u23. [[UR.NIG]]
|Lioness
|
|-
|𒌨𒆪
|
|[[UR.GI7|UR.KU]]
|The Dog
|now read UR.GI7
|-
|𒌫𒆲
|
|u24. [[UR2.KUN|UR2.KUN]]
|Hip, Pelvis
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁𒈬
|
|u25. ''[[Uridimmu|Ur(i)dimmu]]''
|Mad Dog
|see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|u26. ''Ur-um'' AN.NA
|Celestial Light
|see (Kurtik b13) [[BURRUM AN.NA|BURRUM]] [[BURRUM AN.NA|AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
|
|u27. [[USAN2.PA.SIKIL|dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL]]
|Venus; Goddess of the Stars
|
|-
|𒌑𒋩𒋾
|
|u28. ''[[Uṣurtu]]''
|Drawing, Image
|
|-
|𒅜𒍪
|
|u29. [[UŠ12.ZU|UŠ12.ZU]]
|Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
|
|-
|𒀭𒌓
|
|u30. [[UTU|dUTU]]
|Sun deity
|
|-
|𒍚
|
|u31. [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|Goat
|
|-
|𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷
|
|z01. [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]]
|Warlike deity
|
|-
|𒍠𒃻
|
|z02. [[ZAG.GAR]]
|Consort of the Lady of the plains
|
|-
|𒈽𒀖𒁍
|
|z03. ''[[Zappu]]''
|Stubble (Mane)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈
|
|z04. [[Zapānītu|d''Za(r)pānītu'']] ''/''
''Zerpānītu''
|Deity, wife of Marduk
|
|-
|𒍝𒊒𒌑
|
|z05. ''[[Zarû]]''
|Drawbar, Cart pole
|
|-
|𒍣
|
|z06. [[ZI]]
|
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
|
|z07. [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒍦𒈨
|
|z08. [[ZIB|ZIBme]]
|Tails
|
|-
|𒀭𒍨
|
|z09. [[ZIB2|dZIB2]]
|Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|
|z10. ''Zibānītum''
|Balance
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍨𒁍
|
|z11. ''[[Ziqpu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|
|z12. ''Zuqaqīpu''
|Scorpius
|see [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|}

=== Acknowledgements ===
Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

* David Hilder
* Euin Choung Kim
* Roland Laffitte
* Youngjea Lee
* Jan Safford

[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Asidu

2026-01-18T18:53:12Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Asīdu''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Heel of UKADUA.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Heel of the "Demon with the Gaping Mouth" in Mesopotamian astral science, typically identified with lambda Andromedae (in the first millennium). Depiction in Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
The body part ''asīdu'' (𒀀𒋛𒁺) is the heel of human figures and parallel part in composites. For the asidu as part of any constellation see those entries.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul''Asīdu'' "Heel" is used as designation for a body part of constellations [Gössmann 1950, 38; AHw 73-74; CAD A/2, 330], including:

# Heel of mul[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]] (The Demon with the Gaping Mouth): '''λ And'''
# Heel of Enmešarra, see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]], V 2 ('''ζ Per'''?, ι Aur would also be possible - within Mesopotamian uranography, there is no argument against it, except for the proposed identification of The Old Man with Greek Perseus).
# Heel of the Old Man, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]], III 4 ('''ζ Per'''?).
# The Rear Heel of the True Shepherd of Anu, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]], V 1 (GU-text: '''η Lep''')<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>.

The "heel of UD.KA.DU8.A" is a ''ziqpu''-star (= ''ziqpu'' XI, in the constellation of Andromeda) and has, thus, a metrical significance.
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 70%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / IGI''-it'' GABA''-ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ḫa''
** "On the 10th of Simanu the Heel of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky / opposite your chest, and the True Shepherd of Anu ascends" (I iv 19-20) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 63].
|
* .
** λ And
** λ And
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** [3 ⅓] MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN (= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' [KI. MIN] (= ''ina šamê'') / TA mul''kin-ṣi'' EN mul''a-si''-[''di'']
*** "[3⅓] mina weight, ⅔ ''bēru'' on the ground, 36000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Knee to the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth)",
** b)
*** [1⅔ M]A.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''i''[''na'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') / TA mul''a-si-di'' EN 4 ''ša''2 mulLU.[LIM]
*** "[1⅔ mi]na weight, 10° on the ground, 18000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Heel to the 4 (stars) of the Sta[g]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:23-26; TU, 21:23-26; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229]; for a parallel see [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:14-15].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''a-si-''[''du'']
** "⅔ ''bēru'' to the Heel (of the Demon with an Gaping Mouth)" [Schaumberger 1952, 224-225:6].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** múl''a-si-du'' // 1 // 8 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Heel // 1 (star) // 8200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952, 226-227:3].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA d''ki-in-ṣi-šu'' EN ''a-si-di-šu''2 ˹⅔˺ [DANNA] "From its Knee to its Heel ⅔ [''bēru''],"
** b) TA d''a-si-di-šu'' EN SI ''ša'' mulLU.[LIM ...] "From its Heel to the Horns of the Sta[g]..." [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:5-7].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mul''a-si-du''
** "⅔ ''bēru'' (200) to the Heel" [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:11].
|
* (1)
** (a) λ And
** (b) λ And
* (2) λ And
* (3) λ And
* (4)
** (a) λ And
** (b) λ And
* (5)
** λ And
** λ And
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+:
** EN ''a-si-du'', see (Kurtik m15) [[MAŠ.MAŠ]];
** TA ''a-si-du'', see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
|
* λ And
* λ And
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.”'''
* múl''a-si-du ziq-pi sin'' AN.KU10 "(When) the Heel culminated, an eclipse of the Moon (took place)." [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III, no.-90 obv. 6]. For a Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ''ziqpu''-stars, see [Schaumberger 1955, 247-251].
|λ And
|}
See also:

* TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''2 EN ''a-si-di-šu''2
** "From its (the Demon with an Open Mouth) knee to its heel" [TCL 6, 18 r. 15];
* ''a-na a-si-du'' [LBAT, 1501:10];
* EN ''a-si-di'' [mul]''En-me-šar''2-''ra''
** "to the heel of Enmešarra" [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15];
* múl''a''-[''si-du''] [Sachs 1952, 75, U. 197:9′].

===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
Ziqpu XI:

= α Andromedae [Gössmann 1950, 38];

= múl''a-si-du'' includes 1 star, according to VAT 16436:3; = σ Andromedae(?) [Schaumberger 1952, 227-227, 229];

= α Cassiopeiae [Hunger and Steele 2019,143];

= λ Andromedae [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86, 275].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a47)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Пятка (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)»; 1) = ziqpu XI, звезда в созвездии Андромеды (Andromeda), 2) элемент фигуры ряда созвездий [Gössmann 1950, 38; AHw 73–74; CAD A/2, 330].||Example
|-
|MUL.APIN. В списке кульминаций и одновременных гелиакических восходов: ina itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM a-si-du ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mul<nowiki>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-ḫa «10-го симану Пятка Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 63]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [3 ⅓] MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN (= ina qaqqari) | 36 IGI DANNA ina [KI.MIN] (= ina šamê) / TA </nowiki>mulkin-ṣi EN mula-si-[di] «[3⅓] мины веса, 200<nowiki> на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Колена до Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)», b) [1⅔ M]A.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA i[na KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) / TA </nowiki>mula-si-di EN IV ša2 mulLU.[LIM] «[1⅔ ми]ны веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Пятки до 4 звезд Оле[ня]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:23–26; TU, 21:23–26; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:14–15]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA a-na mula-si-[du] «200 до Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:6]. (3) VAT 16436: múla-si-du // 1 // 8 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Пятка // 1 (звезда) // 8200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:3]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA dki-in-ṣi-šu EN a-si-di-šu2 ˹⅔˺ [DANNA] «От его Колена до его Пятки ⅔ [мили]», b) TA da-si-di-šu EN SI ša mulLU.[LIM …] «От его Пятки до Рога Оле[ня]…» [Horowitz 1994а, 91–92:5–7]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ⅔ DANNA ana mula-si-du «⅔ мили (200) до (его) Пятки» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:11]. Анафора. BM 36609+: EN a-si-du, см. m15MAŠ.MAŠ; TA a-si-du, см. a21ALLA. «Дневники наблюдений». múla-si-du ziq-pi sin AN.KU10 «(Когда) Пятка кульминировала, затмение Луны (имело место)» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III, No.-90 obv. 6]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251].
Cм. также: TA kin-ṣi-šu2 EN a-si-di-šu2 «От его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) колена до его пятки» [TCL 6, 18 r. 15]; a-na a-si-du [LBAT, 1501:10]; EN a-si-di [mul]En-me-šar2-ra «до пятки Энмешарры» [AСh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15]; múla-[si-du] [Sachs 1952, 75, U. 197:9′].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XI:

= α Andromedae [Gössmann 1950, 38];

= múla-si-du включало 1 звезду, согласно VAT 16436:3; = σ Andromedae(?) [Schaumberger 1952, 227–227, 229];

= α Cassiopeiae [Hunger and Steele 2019, 143];

= λ Andromedae [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86, 275].

Как элемент фигуры созвездия:

(1) Пятка Энмешарры, см. e11EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, V 2.

(2) Задняя пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, V 1.

(3) Пятка Старика, см. sh16ŠU.GI, e11EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, III 4.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Aritum

2026-01-18T18:50:57Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Arītum''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Pleiades and Venus in blue dawn 2020.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Venus in the morning sky, just above the mountain.]]
''Arītum'' (𒀯𒀀𒊑𒌈) = "Shield"; an ancient Mesopotamian epithet of Venus [Gössmann 1950, 41; CAD A/2, 270].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''''"The Great Star List".'''''
*(1) mul''a-ri-tum'' = d''iš-tar'' min(= ''be-let'' kur.kur) "Shield = Ishtar, ruler of countries",
* (2) mul''a-ri-tum'' = mulmin(= ab.sin2) "Shield = Furrow" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:32, 44].
|Example

|-
|'''''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night".'''''
*Neo-Assyrian prayer: mul''E-ri-tu''2 [Oppenheim 1959, 283:20].
|
|-
|'''''LBAT 1564:2.'''''
*The name of Venus in the month of Ayaru: mul''a-ri-tum'' mul''dil-bat ina'' itigu4 "Shield = Venus in the month of Ayaru".
|Example

|}

===Additional===
The deity d''a-ri-tum'' is mentioned in Šurpu VIII 28; see also [Tallqvist 1938, 256].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a45)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Щит»; эпитет Венеры [Gössmann 1950, 41; CAD A/2, 270].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
«'''''Большой список звезд»'''''. '''(1)''' mul''a-ri-tum'' = d''iš-tar'' min(= ''be-let'' kur.kur) «Щит = Иштар, владычица стран», '''(2)''' mul''a-ri-tum'' = mulmin(= ab.sin2) «Щит = Борозда» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:32, 44]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам»'''''. Новоассирийская молитва: mul''E-ri-tu''2 [Oppenheim 1959, 283:20]. '''''LBAT 1564:2.''''' Имя Венеры в месяце айяру: mul''a-ri-tum'' mul''dil-bat ina'' itigu4 «Щит = Венера в месяце айяру».

Божество d''a-ri-tum'' упоминается в ''Šurpu'' VIII 28; см также [Tallqvist 1938, 256].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

APIN

2026-01-18T18:44:46Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAPIN}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]
[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]
mulAPIN (𒀯𒀳; or mul gišAPIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Horowitz (2022) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var.:

*mulAPIN
*mul gišAPIN (The double determinative MUL.GIŠ indicates that the asterism is an astral manifestation of the wooden instrument the plough.)
*= ''epinnu'' "Plough"
The Mesopotamian constellation has a sub-constellation/ asterism gišNÍNDA ''šá'' mulAPIN “seed funnel of the plough” which might refer to a single star or a group of three.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''''Lexical texts.'''''
* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].
*'''(2)''' Urra XXII series: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].
|
|-
|'''''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''''
*Astrolabe P.
**Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].
*Astrolabe B.
** '''(1)''' List (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' MUL BI d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] "The plough, which stands at the rising of the east wind opposite the Wagon, this asterism (?) is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (B iii 1-3); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Enlil 1].
**'''(2)''' List (3´12): itibara2 ...mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The month of Nisanu ...the Plough (on the way towards) Enlil (rises)" (C iii 1).
**'''(3)''' List (rising-sunset=6m): rising—Nisanu, setting—Tešritu [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* BM 82923:3. The month of Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].
*BM 34713.
**The month Ayaru, the stars of Enlil: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
**The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. A list of 12 asterisms of Enlil (no. 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See. [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The plough, Enlil, which goes ahead of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).
*'''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN "Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).
|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*'''(1)''' List of names of Mars: mulapin = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Plough = Mars";
* '''(2)''' 12 stars of Akkad: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:1.'''
*mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) "Plough = Aššur", according to [HBA, 51],
*mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 "Plough = Anšar (lit. Heaven in all its entirety)", according to [Wee 2016, 162-3:1]. '''''??I cannot find AN.ŠAR2 on these pages???'''''
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere."'''
In sector of the 1 inscription:

*mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> [''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2]
*"Plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of [Enlil]." [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology'''.
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars, see (Kurtik a20) [[ALLA]].

See also (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|gišGAN2.UR3]].
|
|}
[[File:APIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 170005.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside APIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Schedar]]
|HIP 3179
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.23
|-
| 2
|[[Caph]]
|HIP 746
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.27
|-
|3
|γ Cassiopeiae ([[Tiansi]])
|HIP 4427
|Constellation lines
|2.39
|-
|4
|[[Ruchbah]]
|HIP 6686
|Constellation lines
| 2.68
|-
|5
|[[Segin]]
|HIP 8886
|Constellation lines
|3.37
|-
|6
|[[Achird]]
|HIP 3821
|Inside the Hull
|3.44
|-
| 7
|κ Cassiopeiae ([[Cexing]])
|HIP 2599
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.16
|-
|8
|θ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 5542
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.33
|-
|9
|* iot Cas A
|HIP 11569
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|10
|[[Castula]]
|HIP 4422
|Inside the Hull
|4.622
|-
|11
|χ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 7294
|Inside the Hull
|4.681
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 4151
|Constellation lines
|4.8
|-
| 13
|υ 1 Cassiopeiae
|HIP 4292
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|14
|ϕ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 6242
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 9312
| Inside the Hull
|5.278
|-
|16
| -
| HIP 3951
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.362
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5566
|Inside the Hull
|5.548
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 4440
|Inside the Hull
|5.566
|-
|19
|53 Cas
|HIP 9573
|Inside the Hull
|5.614
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 8362
|Inside the Hull
|5.63
|-
| 21
|44 Cas
|HIP 8046
|Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 5361
|Inside the Hull
|5.767
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 2876
|Inside the Hull
|5.792
|-
| 24
| -
|HIP 5021
|Inside the Hull
| 5.833
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 2377
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|26
|52 Cas
|HIP 9564
|Inside the Hull
|5.986
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 4962
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|28
|55 Cas
|HIP 10438
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 3334
|Inside the Hull
|6.171
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 3988
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 4383
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
| 32
| 35 Cas
|HIP 6312
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 8020
|Inside the Hull
|6.323
|-
|34
| -
| HIP 6486
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|35
|NGC 457
|NGC 457
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 5240
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 3649
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 4475
|Inside the Hull
|6.437
|-
|39
|NGC 129
| NGC 129
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|40
|NGC 654
|NGC 654
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

====Deity. ====
 The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On the seals of the 3rd millennium B.C. it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [Amier 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected with. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30—with Ninurta (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
 (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', II.

 (2) The prayer of the flour-miller over the millstone: mulAPIN ''ina ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' "O Plough-Star, they have harnessed (oxen) to the seeder-plough in the field" (beginning of the prayer) [CAD E, 236-237; RAcc. 63:44].

====Symbol.====
Plough. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plough see [Salonen 1968; ]. [Salonen 1968; Black and Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plough constellation corresponds probably to the images of plough-sowing (found on seals and ''kudurru''s), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].

====Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
 (1) = Mars; [...mul]APIN d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).

(2) = Mercury; [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' "[If the Yo]ke approaches the Plough, (it means:) Venus approaches Mercury" [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

 (3) = Saturn; see above for identifications with Ninurta.

 (4) = Jupiter(?); the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.

=====Predictions:=====
(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šu-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars); DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) Plough (= Mars) and Saturn: DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' ... mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2-''ad-ma'' "If the Plough constellation reaches the path of the Sun (= Saturn): ... Mars reaches Saturn" [SAA 8, 49 r. 4-6]; for parallels see. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. This prediction assumes identities: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Plough = Mars", KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Path of the Sun = Saturn", see (Kurtik k17) [[KASKAL.UTU]].

 (8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE ... d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].

(9) Crab and Plough; DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] ... "If The Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." SAA 8, 452:1-3].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
===Kurtik (2022)===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
===Gössmann (1950, 39)===
|-
|вар.: mulAPIN; = ''epinnu'' «Плуг»; созвездие в пределах Северного Треугольника и Андромеды (Triangulum Borealе + Andromeda), по другой версии, только Андромеды (Andromeda) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 39; Koch 1989, 104–110].||mul gišAPIN (44)
|-
|
====I. Источники.====
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar IV/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu''/''ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:299′]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Нисану, звезды Энлиля, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' mul ''šu''(bi) (в тексте: ''dil-bat'', см. примечание Хунгера в [Koch 1989, 104, Anm. 344]) / d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šеm-''[''mu''] «Плуг, который при восходе восточного ветра напротив Колесницы стоит, звезда эта(?) ― Энлиль, который судьбу страны определяет» (B iii 1–3); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Enlil'' 1]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): itibara2 …mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Месяц нисану …Плуг (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 1). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту [KAV 218, С 13, 26; Horowitz 2014], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923:3. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 «Плуг // 50 // Энлиль» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:3]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд Энлиля» (I 1). '''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Волк, приспособление Плуга (для сева) » (I i 2) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 18]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1]. «'''''Письма'''''». Упоминание трактата MUL.APIN: [GIŠ].DA ''ša'' MUL.APIN / [''ki'']-''i an-ni-i-e'' / [''iq-ṭ'']''i-bi ma-a ina'' itiBARAG / [UD-1-K]AM2 mulḪUN.GA2 IGI-''m''[''ar''] / [''ina'' iti]BARAG UD-20-KAM2 / [mulZ]UBI IGI-''mar'' «В [таб]лице MUL.APIN об этом сказано следующее: «[1-г]о нисана Наемник появляет[ся]; 20-го нисана Посох появляется» [SAA 10, 62:13–18]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulapin = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Плуг = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Аккада: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208]. '''''Список звезд V R 46'', ''1:1'''''. mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) «Плуг = Ашшур», согласно [HBA, 51], mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 «Плуг = Аншар (букв. Небо во всей полноте)», согласно [Wee 2016, 162–3:1]. «'''''Планисфера'''''». В секторе 1 надпись: mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> ''šu-ut'' [d''En-lil''2] «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд [Энлиля]» [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. '''''Поздняя астрология.''''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a20ALLA.

См. также g08gišGAN2.UR3.

====II. Божество.====
Как религиозный символ плуг известен с раннединастического периода. На печатях III тыс. до н.э. он изображался как атрибут «божества в лодке», как атрибут богини или божества, в сценах религиозных процессий, в сценах пахоты и т.д. [Amier 1961; Boеhmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125–128]. С каким именно божеством связано созвездие Плуг, неизвестно. На кудурру плуг отождествляется с богом Нингирсу [Seidl 1968, 127], в списке богов K.4339 rev. iii 30 — c Нинуртой (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), однако неясно, имеют ли эти отождествления астральное значение. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Ритуал «омовения рта» (''mīs pî'') или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.'' '''(2)''' Молитва мукомола над жерновом: mulAPIN ''ina'' ''ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' «О, Звезда-Плуг, они в поле запрягли (пару быков) в плуг-сеялку» (начало молитвы) [CAD E, 236–237; i 91а; RAcc., 63:44].

====III. Символ.====
Плуг. Описание и изображения в глиптике различных моделей месопотамского плуга см. [Salonen 1968; Black–Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38–40]. Фигура созвездия Плуг, соответствовала, вероятно, изображениям плуга-сеялки (встречающимся на печатях и кудурру), который включал приспособление для сева семян [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI–VII; Куртик 2007, рис. 47, 48].

====IV. Отождествление.====
= Andromeda или Triangulum Boreale [Gössmann 1950, 39];

= вероятно, Triangulum + γ Andromeda [Waerden 1949 13; Waerden 1974 72; Weidner 1957–59, 78; BPO 2, 10];

= α, β Trianguli и γ Andromedae [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 275];

= Треугольник и часть Андромеды [Horowitz 2014, 245];

= треугольник, включающий 41χβγ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 104–110];

= часть Андромеды (Andromeda) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

====V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.====
(1) mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Звезда Волк, Сеятель (= конструктивный элемент для высева семян) Плуга» (MUL.APIN I 2); = α Trianguli [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 286]; = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 106, Anm. 347].

==== VI. Астрология.====
Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; […mul]APIN d''ial-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], параллель [ibid., 102, K.35:24]; см. также «Большой список звезд» и ниже (6)–(8).

(2) = ''Меркурий''; [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' «[Если Ярм]о к Плугу приближается, (это означает:) Венера к Меркурию приближается» [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

(3) = ''Сатурн''; отождествления с Нинуртой см. выше.

(4) ''= Юпитер''(?); предполагаемое в [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] отождествление с Юпитером, насколько нам известно, не имеет текстового подтверждения.

Предсказания:

(5) ''Плуг и начало пахоты'': mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šu-ri-i'' «Плуг для начала борозды» [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) ''Венера и Плуг''(= ''Марс''); DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE… «Если Венера подходит близко к Плугу: жены будут нарушать супружескую верность, прелюбодеяние распространится в стране, женщины не будут жить со своими мужьями, мужчины не будут жить со своими женами» [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; параллель [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс'') и ''Сатурн''; DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' … mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2''-ad-ma'' «Если звезда Плуг достигает Пути Солнца (= Сатурн): голод скота; будет голод. Марс достигает Сатурна» [SAA 8, 49 r. 4–6]; параллели см. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. Данное предсказание предполагает тождества: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Плуг = Марс», KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «Путь Солнца = Сатурн», см. k17KASKAL.UD.

(8) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс) и Скорпион''; DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE… d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' «Если звезда Плуг подходит близко к Скорпиону: правитель умрет от жала скорпиона, вариант: он будет схвачен в своем дворце; [после него] его [сын] не наследует трон; разум страны изменится, страна получит другого господина и жизнь страны не будет стабильной; плач великих богов о стране. (Это означает): Марс стоит в Скорпионе» [SAA 8, 502 r. 1–3]; параллель [ibid., 219].

(9) ''Краб и Плуг''; DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] … «Если Ра[к подходит близко к звезде Плуг]: плуг страны [будет (праздно) висеть на колышке], наводнение [будет] в стране…» [SAA 8, 452:1–3].
|
====I kakkabepinnu, das "Pflug-Gestirn", ====
Katasterismus des Pfluges: AO 6451 Vs 44: "Der Ackerbaustern hat auf dem Felde den Pflug des Saatgetreides angeschirrt" (Meiss. B.u.A. II 151 Racc p. 82).
Identifizierungen:

*- Cassiopeia (Weid. Hdb. S.109; 144f; AfOF 2 S.129; dagegen Hdb. S. 69.72; Bab. VI p. 157)
*- Andromeda (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309)
*- Triangulum Boreale (ZÄF S. 38f; Ungn. ZDMG 77, S. 84).

Bemerkung: "Es ist auch möglich, dass APIN weiter nach Norden reichte, als unser Triangulum, etwa bis zum Nachbarstern γ Andromedae, der nie ganz verschwand." 3. Erg. S. 328

mulAPIN ist

#Monatsfixstern des Nisannu, Astrol. Pinch. Astrol. B III 1
# unter den Enlil-Sternen, Br.M. 86378 I 1 (ZA N.F. 9. S.143).
#unter den Akkad-Sternen, K8067 II 7; K 250 IV 5
#zu den Gottheiten des Nergal (K 250 II 23), Aššur (VR 46,1) und Ninib (K 4339 III 30) in Beziehung gebracht.

====II Astronomische Angaben: ====

#Über die Lage des APIN am Fixsternhimmel: Astrol. B (K) III 1 ff (gegenüber dem Großen Wagen)
# Hel. Aufgang: im Nisannu, Astrol.B. III 1; dagegen ib. 26: der mulAPIN steht das ganze Jahr da (= ist zirkumpolar); vgl. 3. Erg. S. 328.
#ein Teil des Pflug-Gestirns ist mulUR.BAR.RA als Sterz (gišNINDA2) desselben, Br.M. 86378 I2.

====III Astrologische Angaben:====

*A. Allgemeines: mulAPIN ist Deckname für folgende Planeten:

#Mars (Gottheit Nergal, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 104, 27; 106, 58; 122,186; vgl. VACh Jšt. V16.
#Saturn (Gottheit Ninib, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 103, 8
#Merkur, VACh Jšt. XXX 17; Bez. Farb. ". 113, 115 e.
# Jupiter (?) Bez. Farb. S. 122, 185.

*B. APIN-Omina

#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn den Sonnenweg (=Saturn) erreicht, wird Mangel an Vieh, Not sein (Mars-Saturn), Rep. 103 Rs 1 f; VACh 1. Sup. I 28; LV 27; XLIX 9; Bez. Farb. S. 106; RA VII 1657.
#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn (=Mars) sich Scorpius naht, wird ein Fürst durch einen Skorpionstich sterben usw. Rep. 239, 1ff; Rep. 272 Rs 1ff; Bez. Farb., S. 106.

Weitere Belege: R III 53, 2a (VACh Jšt. XXV 2f); 1. Su LV 31 (sehr gelb, Bez. Farb. S. 145); Br. M. 45749 Vs. 32 (JRAS 1925, 37ff.)

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== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cas]]

Anunitu

2026-01-18T18:35:47Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Anunītu''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|thumb|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is the Mesopotamian name of the area (constellation) that is now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. It was transformed into the image of Andromeda.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
mul / d''An(n)unītu(m)'' (436), = "''Anunītu''" (constellation): a constellation corresponding to the eastern fish in [[Pisces]] (Pisces) [Gössmann 27].
Goddess:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>Anunītu(m). By-name of the goddess Ištar, originally a local hypostasis of particular importance to the dynasty of Akkad. The association with ‘fish’ (cf. SpTU III 114A v 46, mul''Nu-nu'' ‘fish’ = d''A-nu-ni-tú/ti'') seems to be based on the partial homophony with Akk. ''nūnu'' ‘fish’, cf. the association of ''Anunītu(m)'' with the ‘Tigris-star’ in Hg: mul.ídIdigna = d''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (MSL 11, 40: 229). mu''l''''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (AN 3r).</blockquote>Introduced in MUL.APIN I i 42 (Hunger & Steele 2019):
* Transliteration: DIŠ MUL ''ša'' EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB''-zu'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4
* Akkadian: ''kakkabu ša arki Ikî izzazzu Anunītu''
* English: The asterism which stands behind the Field: Anunitu.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra XXII series: mul dnu.nu = d''A-nu-ni-ti''/''tu''2 "Fish = Anunitu" [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 109:303]; see also [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]].
Variant MUL NU.NU without the divine determinative as also in Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29'.
|
|-
|'''"Astrolabes”'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of Ayaru, stars of Enlil, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573].
* Astrolabe B:
** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša''2 igi-''it'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' zi im.[ULU.lu gub] / mul.bi d''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= mulapin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (B iii 4-5). '''??changed according to Horowitz 2014!! ??'''
** (2) List (3´12): itigu4 ... mul''A-nu-ni-tum šu-ut'' d''En''-[''lil''2] "Month of Ayaru: ... Anunitu, (the path of) Enlil" (C iii 2).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise–ayaru, sunset– arahsamnu [KAV 218, C 15, 28 '''??where is C 15, 28 in Horowitz 2014???'''; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4-5, 40-41 '''??cannot find 40-41 in Horowitz 2014, 39??''']; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
* BM 82923. Month of Ayaru, stars of Enlil: [mul''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // dINNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''2-''tim'' d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Anunītu // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:6].
* BM 34713. múl''A-nu-ni-tu''2 (twice!):
** a) Month of Simanu, stars of Enlil, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]];
** b) Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Anu, see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8].
* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.
** a) A list of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): [mul''A-nu'']-''ni-tu''4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176].
** b) A list of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 2): mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120].
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Simanu, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502'''
* [múl''A-nu-ni-t'']''u''4 is the star of Antašurra, see (Kurtik m14) [[Maš-a-ti|''maš-a-ti'']].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 3): MUL ''ša''2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' ''A-nu-ni-tu''4 "The star that stands behind the Field: Anunītu" (I i 42); parallel in MLC 1866 i 6 [Beaulieu et al. 2018].
* (2) Dates of heliacal rising: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 IGI.LA2 "On the 25th of Šabaṭu, Anunītu becomes visible" (I iii 11).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-''ma'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ŠU2-''bi'' "Ninmaḫ rises and Anunītu sets" (I iii 22).
* (4) Stars "in the path of the moon": mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4, after mulSIM.MAḪ, before mul lúḪUN.GA2 (I iv 37), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger and Steele (2019), 30, 46, 49, 69].
Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
* (1) mul''a-nu-ni-tum'' = dištar min(= ''bēlet'' kur.kur) "Anunītum = Ištar, ruler of countries";
* (2) mul ídidigna = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Tigris River = Anunītum";
* (3) multul-''tum'' = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Worm = Anunītum", the next line probably contains a commentary: ku6.meš ''tu-la-a-tum'' ''u'' mušen.meš ''ḫu-u''8-''u''2 "Fishes–worms, and birds..." whose meaning is unclear, cf. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b];
* (4) the 12 stars of Akkad [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; see also [Weidner 1959-60, 107ff].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere" K 8538.'''
* In sector 1, the inscription on the outer circle: mul''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] [Koch 1989, 56].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §D.
** [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i'' [mul ...-''ḫu''?-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3]
*** "Left [star]. New [da]mage. A star with great brilliance of Anuni[tu] (γ Peg) ... ri]ght of the Field (α Peg). 3 stars. a triangle.";
** According to [Koch 1995, 44, 57],
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 = [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ša''2 zag AŠ-''iku''] "The left star of the right side of the Field,"
*** [mul.u2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ-''iku'' = [mul ''a-ḫu''2-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ-''iku'' "side star on the right side of the Field."
* §E. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ˹''a''˺-[''nu-ni-ti''] "star with great luster of Anu[nitu]" (γ Peg), see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §F. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i''], mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r''[''u''], see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].
* §J. m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §K.
** [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]
*** [mu]l ka x x x [...] x-''ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti'' 3 mul.meš maš ''šar''2 "mulKA[...],
*** fin of Anunitu (υ Psc): 3 stars, maš šar2";
** according to [Koch 1995, 45, 58],
*** [mu]l ka x x = [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? "Deer's mouth"(ε Cas), [...] = [mul ''giš-ši'' lu.lim]? "[Deer's thigh]" (γ Cas),
*** x-''ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti'' = ˹mul˺''ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti'' "Fin of Anunitu".
* §L. [mul ...] x [...] = [muldil.bat ''ša''2 ''A-nu-ni-ti'']? "[Star with great brilliance of Anunitu]" (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58].
* §T. muldil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §x. muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:34.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 = ídidigna ''u'' ídburanun "Anunitu and Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates", see also [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts"'''
* DUR ''ša''2 ''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] "Ribbon of Anunitu" [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20].
|
|-
|'''MLC 1866??not a diary but uranology??''' . See (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ''qaran''(SI) mul''lu-lim'' mul''A-nu-ni-tum u'' MURUB4 mulKU6 ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d (UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3

"On the 15th of Du'uzu with the rise of the Sun, the Horn of the Stag, Anunitu and the middle of the Fish are in equilibrium; on the 15th of Ṭebetu in the evening with sunset the same thing takes place." [SpTU I, 95:7′-8′; ASM, 99; Steele (2017) 29f. = J. M. Steele, ''Rising Time Schemes in Babylonian Astronomy'', Springer 2017].
|
|}
[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
[[File:Anuniti CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 150855.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Anunitu (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Mirach
| HIP 5447
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.05
|-
|2
|δ Andromedae
|HIP 3092
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.28
|-
| 3
|μ Andromedae
|HIP 4436
|Constellation lines
|3.87
|-
|4
| Shimu
|HIP 3693
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.06
|-
|5
|π Andromedae
|HIP 2912
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.36
|-
| 6
|τ Piscium
|HIP 5586
| Constellation lines
|4.511
|-
|7
|ν Andromedae
|HIP 3881
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.53
|-
|8
|υ Piscium
|HIP 6193
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.748
|-
|9
|82 Psc
|HIP 5544
|Inside the Hull
|5.152
|-
|10
|32 And
|HIP 3231
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.33
|-
|11
|68 Psc
|HIP 4510
|Inside the Hull
|5.438
|-
|12
|σ Piscium
|HIP 4889
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 4552
|Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 4185
|Inside the Hull
|6.057
|-
|15
|67 Psc
|HIP 4366
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 5034
|Inside the Hull
| 6.202
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5679
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
| 18
|76 Psc
|HIP 5175
|Inside the Hull
| 6.26
|-
|19
|* 65 Psc B
|HIP 3885
| Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|20
|* 65 Psc A
|HIP 3885
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|21
|BD+26 128
|BD+26 128
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|22
|DT Psc
|HIP 5772
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|}

== Transformation of the constellation ==
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|thumb|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]Originally, "Anunītu" was a by-name of the goddess Ištar of particular importance to the Old Akkadian dynasty of the third millennium BCE. The name first appears as a name for a constellation in Astrolabe B ca. 1200 BCE (Horowitz 2014: 115) but is not in any way associated with fish. In contrast, the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian fish constellation is mul[[KU6|KU6]] = ''[[Nūnu]]'', ‘The Fish’ = [[Piscis Austrinus]], south of Aquarius and separated from this region by the Babylonian constellations of The Swallow.

Later in the first millennium, the northern parts of the constellation ''Anunītu'' were changed into the Syrian image of the goddess Derketo (from Bambyke, depicted with accompanying fish), the goddess of Ashkelon (which was a syncretism of Babylonian Ištar and Egyptian Isis, depicted with fish-tail), and the chained maiden Andromeda honoured with a rock in Jaffa (Tel Aviv). The southern parts of the region of ''Anunītu'' and the constellation mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'' were transformed into the two fish of classical Pisces. An intermediate step between the original image of "a giant swallow and a goddess" and the later (Greco-Egyptian) "two fish connected with a ribbon", there was a Mesopotamian constellation called "Swallow-Fish". This connects most commonly Anunītu as a fish and mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'', ‘The Swallow,’ as a bird (see fig. 44-46 = Kurtik’s plates, p. 738-739). The outline of the two figures held together by a V-shaped ribbon with a star called mulZIB at its tip. mulZIB means ‘The Tails' and was later translated to Al-Risha, The Cord, in Arabic. The V-shaped cord apparently reminded Ancient Mesopotamians of the courses of the middle Tigris and Euphrates, which nearly touched in the vicinity of Babylon (Beaulieu et al. 2018: 44-45).
[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg|alt=geo map|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
A related philological link between the two constellations and fish is that the Akkadian word for ‘fish,’ ''Nūnu'', forms part of both Akkadian constellation names, ''A'''nun'''ītu'' and ''Ši'''nūnū'''tu,'' making classical Pisces in Babylonian terms a super-constellation.

The lexical text Urra XXII 303: mul dNU-NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum'', makes use of a pseudo-Sumerian name for the constellation in the left Sumerian column that is meant to be understood as a loan-word from Akkadian ''Nūnu, s''o too Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29' mulNU.NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum.''

There is yet no native Sumerian name for the group of stars that are later seen as the goddess Anunitu from at least the end of the second millennium onwards. One might guess that an original Sumerian name for an asterism in this area of the sky was forgotten when it became associated with the Akkadian goddess Anunitum, perhaps even as early as the Old Akkadian period when the goddess Anunitum first became important. <gallery>
File:Ishtar Eshnunna Louvre AO12456.jpg|Ishtar holding her symbol. Terracotta relief, early 2nd millennium BC. From Eshnunna (figurine AO 12456, Louvre, dating between 2004 and 1595 BCE)
File:Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ishtar. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum.jpg|Ishtar as naked beauty. Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ishtar (Inanna), wearing the horned headdress and a necklace. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany (CC By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin).
File:And-rock2023.png|Andromeda's Rock in front of the skyline of modern Tel Aviv. (Susanne M Hoffmann, 2023)
File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail.
File:Andromeda-pisces.jpg|Andromeda on the marble globe of the Atlas Farnese (2nd c. CE) with one of the fish of Pisces next to her. Engraving of the Farnese globe by Louis-Philippe Boitard (fl. 1733–58).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Andromeda in as-Sufi's illustrated book (10th century) depicted as Syrian Derketo with two fish as attribute
</gallery>
=== Addition (Kurtik and Horowitz) ===

==== Deity. ====
Anunit—goddess, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, perhaps to be connected with Akkadian 'anantu,' a poetic term for 'battle, strife,' with reference to Inanna's role as a goddess of war. She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BC in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (gašan me3 ''na-ša''2-''ta'' gišpan ''u''3 ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of Anunit see [Gelb 1987: 130-132]. [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].

Exactly when Anunitu acquired astral significance is unknown. The earliest texts in which Anunitu is mentioned as a constellation is Astrolabe B (Horowitz 2014, 115).

==== Symbol. ====
Anunitu as a deity originally had no attributes of water. However, in the astronomical texts she is closely connected with water. In the 1st millennium BCE her symbol in the sky was considered to be a fish. In the only lexical text where we meet the name Anunitu, it corresponds to mul.nu.nu "fish" in the column of Sumerian (?!) names. For Seleucid depictions of fish in various combinations and especially of the astral pair "fish (=Anunitu) and bird (= flying fish or Swallow)" on the seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, 128-12]. [AUWE 19, 128-129, 156; Kurtik 2007, Figures 25-27, 44-46)]. See also the astrological prediction in which two fish are mentioned when describing Mercury's position in the constellation Tails, (Kurtik k27) [[KUNmeš|KUNmeš]], III 2.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Eclipse of the Moon in Anunitu; [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] KI mul''A-nu-ni-tum a-d''[''ir'' EŠ.BAR ídIdigna ''u'' EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] "[If the Moon] eclipses within Anunitu: decision for the Tigris River and for Akkad" [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; for a parallel see. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Kurtik 2010]; apodosis variant: ...EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA ''u'' ''A-ga-de''3ki ''u''3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki "...: decision for the Tigris River and Akkad and decision for the sea country and Dilmun" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa:7′].

(2) Venus and Anunitu; DIŠ ''mu''[''l t'']''ul''!-''tum gup-pu''!-''šat'' / ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / mul''dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 mul''A-nu-ni-tum'' GUB-''ma'' "If the Worm is extremely big: / in the country will be welfare and peace. / (This means:) Venus stands within Anunitu" [SAA 8, 357:3-5]; for parallels see. [ibid. 538:3-5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Saturn stands within the Swallow or Anunitu; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

See also (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]], IV 1.

=== Historical Dictionaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a42)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950) in German
|-
| «Ануниту»; созвездие, соответствующее восточной рыбе в Рыбах (Pisces) [Gössmann 1950 27].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul dnu.nu = dA-nu-ni-ti/tu2 «Рыба = Ануниту» [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:303′]; cм. также E2.TUR3. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B: (1) Cписок (12´3): mul ša2 igi-it dEn-lil2 ina zi im.[kur.ra] <gub-zu> / mul.bi dA-nu-ni-[tum] «Звезда, которая впереди Энлиля (= mulapin «Плуг») при восходе восточного ветра [стоит], / Звезда эта Ануниту» (B iii 4–5). (2) Список (3´12): itigu4 … mulA-nu-ni-tum šu-ut dEn-[lil2] «Месяц айяру: … Ануниту (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 2). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — айяру, заход — арахсамну [KAV 218, С 15, 28; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4–5, 40–41]; см. m35MUL.MUL. BM 82923. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: [mula-nu-ni-tu]m // 45 // dINNIN be-let mat nu-kur2-tim dI2-gi3-gi3 «Ануниту // 45 // Иштар, госпожа враждебной страны, Игиги» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:6]. BM 34713. múlA-nu-ni-tu2 (дважды!): a) месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA; b) месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, см. u19UR.GI7 [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 3): [mulA-nu]-ni-tu4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 2): mulA-nu-ni-tu4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. Cм. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 3): MUL ša2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-zu A-nu-ni-tu4 «Звезда, которая позади Поля стоит: Ануниту» (I i 42); параллель в MLC 1866 (i 6) [Beaulieu et al. 2018]. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mulA-nu-ni-tu4 IGI.LA2 «25-го шабату Ануниту становится видна» (I iii 11). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-ma mulA-nu-ni-tu4 ŠU2-bi «Нинмах восходит, Ануниту заходит» (I iii 22). (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulA-nu-ni-tu4, после mulSIM.MAḪ, перед mul lúḪUN.GA2 (I iv 37), см. s20Sîn [Hunger and Steele (2019), 30, 46, 49, 69]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5]. Текст BM 77054. См. u31UZ3. «Большой список звезд». (1) mula-nu-ni-tum = dištar min(= bēlet kur.kur) «Анунитум = Иштар, владычица стран»; (2) mul ídidigna = da-nu-ni-tum «Река Тигр = Анунитум»; (3) multul-tum = da-nu-ni-tum «Червь = Анунитум», следующая строка, возможно, содержит комментарий: ku6.meš tu-la-a-tum u mušen.meš ḫu-u8-u2 «Рыбы — черви, птицы — …», смысл которого неясен, см. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b]; (4) 12 звезд Аккада [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; см. также [Weidner 1959–60, 107ff]. «Планисфера» К 8538. В секторе 1 надпись по внешнему кругу: mulA-nu-n[i-tu4] [Koch 1989, 56]. Dalbanna-текст. §D. [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3] «Левая [звезда]. Новое [пов]реждение. Звезда с большим блеском Анунит[у (γ Peg) … пр]авая Поля (α Peg). 3 звезды. Треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 44, 57], [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 = [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ša2 zag AŠ-iku] «Левая звезда правой стороны Поля», [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku = [mul a-ḫu2-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku «боковая звезда с правой стороны Поля». §E. mul dil.bat ša2 ˹a˺-[nu-ni-ti] «Звезда с большим блеском Ану[ниту]» (γ Peg), см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §F. mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i], mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r[u], см. sh02ŠAD. §J. m[ul dil.bat ša2] ˹a˺-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. §K. [mu]l ka x x x […] x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti 3 mul.meš maš šar2 «mulKA[…], плавник Ануниту (υ Psc): 3 звезды, maš šar2» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 58], [mu]l ka x x x = [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? «Рот Оленя»(ε Cas), […] = [mul giš-ši lu.lim]? «[бедро Оленя]» (γ Cas), x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti = ˹mul˺ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту». §L. [mul …] x […] = [muldil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti]? «[Звезда с большим блеском Ануниту]» (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58]. §T. muldil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti, см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §x. muldil.bat a-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. Список звезд VR 46, 1:34. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mulŠi-nu-nu-tu4 = ídidigna u ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34]. Текст Nv. 10. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA. LBAT 1502. [múlA-nu-ni-t]u4 — звезда Анташурра, см. m14maš-a-ti. «Дневники наблюдений». DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту» [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20]. MLC 1866. См. s19SIM.MAḪ. Текст W. 22281a. ina itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) qaran(SI) mulLU.LIM mulA-nu-ni-tum u MURUB4 mulKU6 šit-qu-lu ina itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ina li-la-a-ti KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го дуузу при восходе Солнца Рог Оленя, Ануниту и середина Рыбы в равновесии (=кульминируют). 15-го тебету вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое.» [SpTU I, 95:7′–8′; ASM, 99].

II. Божество.

Ануниту ― богиня, вероятно, западно-семитского происхождения, имевшая воинственный характер. Ее имя, первоначально употреблявшееся как эпитет Инанны, означает букв. «Относящаяся к схватке». Почиталась в Месопотамии как самостоятельная богиня уже в эпоху III династии Ура и далее до конца I тыс. до н.э., сохраняла признаки воинственности. Согласно Набониду, она «госпожа битвы, та, кто несет лук и колчан» (gašan me3 na-ša2-ta gišpan u3 iš-pa-ti) [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. О ранней истории Ануниту см. [Gelb 1987, 130–132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34–35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

Когда именно Ануниту приобрела астральное значение, неизвестно. Самые ранние тексты, в которых Ануниту упоминается как созвездие, это «Астролябии».

III. Символ.

Ануниту как божество первоначально не имела никаких водных признаков. Однако в астрономических текстах она тесно связана с водой. В I тыс. до н.э. ее символом на небе считалась рыба. В единственном лексическом тексте, где мы встречаем имя Ануниту, ей в соответствие в колонке шумерских(?!) названий поставлено mulnu.nu «Рыба». Изображения селевкидского времени на печатях из Урука рыбы в различных сочетаниях и в особенности астральной пары “рыба (=Ануниту) и птица (= летающая рыба или Ласточка)” см. [AUWE 19, 128–129, 156; Куртик 2007, рис. 25–27, 44–46). См. также астрологическое предсказание, в котором при описании положения Меркурия в созвездии Хвосты упомянуты две рыбы, k27KUNmeš, III 2.

IV. Отождествление.

= северо-восточная часть Рыб [Gössmann 1950 27];

= северо-восточная часть Рыб + средняя часть Андромеды [Waerden 1952–53, 219; 197, 72];

= восточная рыба в созвездии Pisces до ν Andromedae [Weidner 1957–59, 76, 78];

= восточная рыба в Pisces [BPO 2, 10; Mesop. Astrol., 207; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= восточная рыба и часть ленты Рыб [Hunger and Steele (2019), 138; ASM, 270];

= τυφχψ64 Piscium + γ Pegasi [Koch 1989, 108–111].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 KUR ša2 DUR nu-nu «Звезда с большим блеском ленты Рыб» (= η Piscium) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, 17]; звезда входила в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Возможно, здесь nu-nu «рыба» (единственное число) — символ созвездия Ануниту.

(2) DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту», см. «Дневники».

(3) Хвост Ануниту, см. MLC 1866.

(4) ˹mul˺abri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту» (= υ Piscium), см. dbn-текст.

(5) mul dil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti «Блестящая звезда Ануниту» (γ Peg), см. dbn-текст.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Затмение Луны в Ануниту; [DIŠ 30 ina] KI mulA-nu-ni-tum a-d[ir EŠ.BAR ídIdigna u EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] «[Если Луна] затмилась в пределах Ануниту: решение для реки Тигр и для Аккада» [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; параллель см. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Куртик 2010]; вариант аподосиса: …EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA u A-ga-de3ki u3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki «…: решение для реки Тигр и Аккада и решение для приморской страны и Дильмуна» [Verderame 2002, Table IIa:7′].

(2) Венера и Ануниту; DIŠ mu[l t]ul!-tum gup-pu!-šat / ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu ina KUR GAL2-ši / muldil-bat ina ŠA3 mulA-nu-ni-tum GUB-ma «Если Червь очень массивный: / в стране будет благополучие и мир. / (Это означает:) Венера стоит внутри Ануниту» [SAA 8, 357:3–5]; параллели см. [ibid. 538:3–5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Сатурн стоит внутри Ласточки или Ануниту; см. k24KU6, V 10.

См. также k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E, IV 1.
| I. Gewöhnliche Schreibung: A-nu-ni-tum (Panth. 91); Bedeutung "Himmelsbewohnerin" (asibat [samê], Hinke, A new boundary stone, 53). Sachlich ist nach K250 IV 4: ilA-nu-ni-tum = multul-tum, "Wurmstern", Weid. Hdb. S.13; Bab.VI S. 162.
Identifizierungen:

* Pisces W (Bez. Kopff ZÄF S.17).
* südwestl. Fisch + omega to xi Piscium (Kugl. SSB Erg. S. 14).
* beta, gamma, theta, iota, kappa, lambda Piscium (Weid. Hbd. S. 144; Bab. VI 153; AfOF 2 S. 129; OLZ 16 Sp. 151).
* Piscis NE (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309; 3. Erg. S. 330; KAO 4 S. 43 f; Bez. Farb. S. 127).

Ergebnis: mulAnunîtum ist die nordöstliche Fischellipse , mulSIM2.MAH die südwestliche.

mulAnunîtum ist:

# Monatsfixstern des Aiaru, Astrol. Rnch.
# unter den Anu-Sternen, 82-5-22 512 Rs 9; Astrol. B III 2 (unter den Enlil-Sternen, 3. Erg. S. 326)
# unter den Sternen Akkads, K 8067 II x; K 250 IV 5.

II Astronomische Angaben:

# Über die Stellung des A. am Fixsternhimmel, Astrol. B (K) III4; Br.M. 86378 I 42 (hinter IKU).
# Hel. Aufgang des Anunîtu: am 25. Shabâtu nach Br.M.86378 III 11; dagegen Astrol. B III 15: im Aiaru.
# Gleichzeitige Auf- und Untergänge: im Aiaru geht Anunîtum hel. auf und mulLUGAL unter, Astrol. B III 15; im SAA 8hsammu umgekehrt; ib. Z. 27: wenn mulNIN.MAH (Puppis) im Osten erscheint, geht Anunîtum im Westen unter, Br.M. 86378 III 23; Erg. S. 27 f; 3. Erg. S. 334.

III Astrologische Angaben

Im astrologischen Sprachgebrauch stellt Anunîtum den himmlischen Tigris dar, wie Sinunutu den Eufrat: VR 46 Vs 34 (vgl. auch AL.LUL!). Ein diesbezügliches Omen bietet VACh 1. Sup. I 7: Wenn Anunîtum dunkel ist, so ist das ein Omen für den Tigris und für Akkad desgl. ein Omen..; vgl. AfOF 2 S.130; 14 S. 194102; Bab. VI S. 160.

Des weiteren ist Anunîtum Deckname für folgende Planeten:

# Venus: K250 I 3; K11283+79-7-8, 352,9; Bez.Farb. S. 104, 36.
# Jupiter(?): Bez.Farb. S. 122, 156.
|}
== Transformation from Anunitu to Andromeda ==
[[File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|alt=Coin dating around 100 BCE showing Derketo with fish-tail|thumb|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail. ]]
Ištar is a Babylonian goddess of love (and war), so she has analogies in all other cultures. The ''Dea Syria'' was also a goddess of love. She was worshipped as Derketo or Goddess of Ashkelon in the area of present day Israel, and as Atargatis further north in Manbij (Bambyke) in present day Syria. The Goddess of Ashkelon is a syncretism of the Babylonian Ištar and the Egyptian Isis for the area of Ashkelon belonging occasionally to one or the other kingdom.

The ancient lore of Andromeda is said to originate from Jaffa (Joppa/ Yafo, modern day Tel Aviv) by the ancient historians (Strabo, Flavius Josephus), and the city of Ashkelon is only 40 km south along the Mediterranean coastline.

Derketo, the goddess of love from Ashkelon is depicted with fish around her or even with a fish-tail. This way, she is depicted on Greek coins. So, Derketo is half-fish.

The Babylonian name "Anunitu" is homophon with the Akkadian term "''nūnu''" for fish, so the name contains a reference to the fish-like goddess (who is known as a syncretism anyway). <gallery>
File:Farnese atlas détaillé smh-and.jpg|detail of the drawing of the Farnese Atlas (marble, 2nd century CE), showcasing Andromeda and adjacent figures
File:And+cet area.png|Andromeda and Cetus on the Farnese Globe - with highlighted lines by Susanne M Hoffmann (zodiac conference Berlin 2022).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Latin copy of the Al-Sufi manuscript (so-called Sufi Latinus text). Andromeda is depicted with two fish, a remainder of the Derketo-tradition. This specific manuscript was produced in 1428 in northern Italy (Gotha, Forschungsbibliothek, MS. Memb. II 141).
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

* [https://scilogs.spektrum.de/uhura-uraniae/andromeda-engl/ Blog entry by Susanne M Hoffmann on Andromeda's rock]

== Reference ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]
* Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:And]][[Category:Psc]]

ANŠE.KUR.RA

2026-01-18T18:28:30Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulANŠE.KUR.RA (𒀯𒀲𒆳𒊏) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
ANŠE.KUR.RA = ''sisû'' “horse”.

= ''sīsû'' "horse" [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 32, Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023]; a constellation in the vicinity of [[Cepheus]]

(historically also identified with stars in [[Pegasus]] but this is less likely, as it would overlap with other constellations which are given next to it in some texts).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''MUL.APIN.'''
* List of the stars of Enlil (no. 29):
** MUL ''ša2 ina'' GUB3''-šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulANŠE.KUR.RA
** "The star that stands on its (i.e. mulUD.KA.DU8.A) left side: the Horse" (I i 30) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 27].
| MUL.APIN I i 29-32 lists a set of constellations as entourage of the UD.KA.DU8.A-demon: <blockquote>"The asterism which stands at its right side: the Pig, Damu. The asterism which stands at its left side: the Horse. The asterism which stands behind it: The Stag, [...]. The dusky stars which stand in the breast of the Stag: ...". </blockquote>The image of the UD.KA.DU8.A-demon can be attached to the stars because its heel (λ And) and its breast (α Cyg) are well-determined ''ziqpu''-stars. Thus, the Horse and the Pig can be arranged according to the text at the demon's left and right side, squeezed in between the well-defined constellations of [[IKU]], [[APIN]], and [[Anunitu]].[[File:UDKADUHA+.jpg|alt=stellarium map of the area of UD.KA.DUḪ.A|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A and its entourage in Stellarium: The Horse, The Stag, The Pig to its left and right (paintings by Jessica Gullberg 2021). The identification of The Pig is uncertain; it could also be in the area of Delphinus, but as the two stars at the end of Sagitta form a pair like a pig's nose, this orientation was chosen. The terms "left" and "right" are not well defined, especially with regard to a figure that is seen from the side.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellania".'''
* mul dim.dugudmušen = mulanše.kur.ra "
* Anzu bird = Horse". [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:159; Weidner 1959-60, 107:21, 108]; for a parallel see. [SpTU I, 50:36].
|[[File:2017-08-01 Lion-headed Imdugud (Anzu) Bird on Top of Two Stags, c. 2500 BC.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Mesopotamia 6000-1500 BC Gallery, British Museum, London, England, UK. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com.]][[File:Middle Assyrian winged horse cylinder seal.png|thumb|Cylinder seal and modern impression: winged horse with claws and horns. Ca. 14th–13th century BCE. Middle Assyrian.]]By the classical period the Horse constellation in Assyria and Babylonia came to be a Greek Pegasus-like figure identified with Sumerian mulIM.DUGUD = ''anzû''. Earlier the IM.DUGUD. mulIM.DUGUD = ''anzû'' although the earlier flying constellation was depicted as a Lion-headed eagle.
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:20.'''
* mulanše.kur.ra = dim.dugudmušen
* "Horse = Anzu bird",
* see also [HBA 51:20; Wee 2016, 162-3:20]; for a parallel see. [SpTU I, 50:36]; identity in BM 52938: ''an-zu-u''2 = ''si-su''-[''u''2] [CAD S, 334a].
|
|-
| '''Dalbanna-text.'''
* '''§e.''' mul x [x x x x x x] ˹mul!˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ ''u'' mulsim.maḫ 4 mul.meš [x x x x x 2 da]l.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulsag sim.m[aḫ x x x] x dal. ba.an.na murub4 suḫuš ''ki-lal-la-an ma''[''ḫ-ru'']
* "Asterism [...] (7 And, β Cas) head of Horse and Swallow (β,ε Peg): 4 stars [...2 in]tervals, interval. Swall[ow’s] head x interval. Middle (and?) foundation, both first[s]." [Walker 1995, 36; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48, 61],
* mulx [x x] = mul''z''[''ap-pi šaḫ'']? "Pig’s Bristle" (7 And), [x x x x] = [multir.an.na]? "[Rainbow]" (β Cas), ˹mulǃ˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ = (β Peg), mulsim.maḫ = (ω Psc), mulsag sim.m[aḫ] = (ε Peg).
| These sections of the text remain unclear.
|-
|'''In astrological commentaries:'''
* ''eq''(TUG!)-''bu ša''2 mulANŠE.KUR.RA "Horse's hoof". [ACh Ištar, 34:19; CAD S, 334a].
|
|}
[[File:ANSEKURRA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 123156.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ANŠE.KUR.RA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|Eltanin
|HIP 87833
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.23
|-
|2
|Alderamin
|HIP 105199
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.46
|-
| 3
|Rastaban
|HIP 85670
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.81
|-
|4
|Altais
|HIP 94376
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.07
|-
|5
| Alfirk
|HIP 106032
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.23
|-
|6
|η Cephei
|HIP 102422
|Constellation lines
|3.41
|-
|7
|Grumium
|HIP 87585
| Constellation lines
|3.75
|-
|8
|ι 2 Cygni
| HIP 95853
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.755
|-
|9
|κ Cygni
|HIP 94779
|Constellation lines
|3.76
|-
|10
|ϵ Draconis
| HIP 97433
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.91
|-
|11
|θ Cephei
|HIP 101093
|Constellation lines
|4.22
|-
| 12
|33 Cyg
|HIP 99655
|Inside the Hull
|4.271
|-
|13
|ρ Draconis
|HIP 98702
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|14
|π Draconis
|HIP 95081
| Inside the Hull
| 4.59
|-
|15
| ο Draconis
|HIP 92512
| Inside the Hull
|4.636
|-
|16
|45 Dra
|HIP 90905
|Inside the Hull
|4.761
|-
|17
|ν 2 Draconis
|HIP 85829
|Inside the Hull
| 4.85
|-
| 18
|ν 1 Draconis
|HIP 85819
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.89
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 98073
|Inside the Hull
| 4.96
|-
| 20
|54 Dra
|HIP 94490
|Inside the Hull
|5.003
|-
| 21
|46 Dra
|HIP 91755
|Inside the Hull
|5.02
|-
| 22
| * b Dra A
|HIP 90156
|Inside the Hull
|5.05
|-
| 23
|53 Dra
|HIP 94302
|Inside the Hull
|5.125
|-
|24
|23 Cyg
|HIP 97870
|Inside the Hull
|5.132
|-
|25
| 6 Cep
|HIP 105268
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|26
| 64 Dra
|HIP 98583
|Inside the Hull
|5.27
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 91013
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|28
|51 Dra
|HIP 93713
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|29
|66 Dra
|HIP 98962
|Inside the Hull
|5.408
|-
|30
|49 Dra
|HIP 93340
|Inside the Hull
| 5.513
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 92549
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|32
|AC Dra
|HIP 100261
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|33
|4 Cep
|HIP 102253
|Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 92969
|Inside the Hull
|5.621
|-
|35
|48 Dra
|HIP 92997
|Inside the Hull
| 5.663
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 100357
|Inside the Hull
|5.69
|-
|37
|68 Dra
|HIP 99500
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|38
|DE Dra
| HIP 100221
|Inside the Hull
|5.709
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 91315
|Inside the Hull
|5.74
|-
|40
|ι 1 Cygni
| HIP 95656
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
|41
|Alruba
| HIP 86782
|Inside the Hull
|5.76
|-
|42
| -
|HIP 99663
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
| 43
| -
|HIP 96620
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|44
|V1762 Cyg
|HIP 94013
|Inside the Hull
|5.893
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 97122
|Inside the Hull
|5.899
|-
|46
|CX Dra
|HIP 92133
|Inside the Hull
| 5.9
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 95038
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 100017
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 89047
|Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 91525
| Inside the Hull
|5.992
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 102011
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 97892
|Inside the Hull
|6.058
|-
|53
| -
|HIP 87744
|Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|54
| -
| HIP 91606
|Inside the Hull
|6.091
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 98044
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
| 56
| -
|HR 7075
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 91915
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
| 58
| -
|HIP 98308
| Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 98111
|Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 102216
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 98946
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 91843
|Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 94974
|Inside the Hull
|6.231
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 92731
|Inside the Hull
|6.232
|-
|65
| 65 Dra
|HIP 98658
|Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 91985
|Inside the Hull
|6.259
|-
|67
|55 Dra
|HIP 94140
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 98890
|Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|69
| -
| HIP 97070
|Inside the Hull
| 6.282
|-
|70
| -
| HIP 98872
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 71
| -
|HIP 96164
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 97033
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|73
|CN Dra
| HIP 97326
| Inside the Hull
|6.331
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 90146
|Inside the Hull
|6.352
|-
|75
|V1817 Cyg
| HIP 96003
|Inside the Hull
|6.369
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 95576
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 96316
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 93466
|Inside the Hull
|6.389
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 104788
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 90476
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 100714
|Inside the Hull
|6.441
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 93068
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 102771
|Inside the Hull
|6.451
|-
| 84
| -
|HIP 96297
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
| 85
|V1351 Cyg
|HIP 96919
| Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 102370
| Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
| 87
| -
|HIP 93053
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 99294
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
| 89
| -
|HIP 96771
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
The Horse constellation is identified with Anzu, a well-known Sumero-Akkadian mythical character (see Kurtik i07 [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]). For what reasons and when exactly in astral mythology Anzu was associated with the Horse, remains unclear. Texts containing this identity date back to the 1st millennium B.C. The absence of the name in lexical texts indicate a rather late origin of the name. On the probable mythological basis of the identification see. [CAD A/2, 155; Livingstone 1986, 147-148].

==== III. Symbol. ====
The identification of this constellation with Pegasus suggested by J. Koch (see section IV) '''''(if it took place in reality!?)''''' suggests that at the period when Mesopotamian tradition connected with the stars was known to the Greeks (8-5 cc. BCE) the figure of horse was already considered as its symbol in Mesopotamia. The images of the horse's head on the kudurrus see [Seidl 1968. [Seidl 1968, 145, XXIX; Kurtik 2007, fig. 8].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a39)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = sīsû «Конь» [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 32]; созвездия в области Пегаса (Pegasus) или Кассиопеи (Cassiopeia). ||
|-
| MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 29): MUL ša2 ina GUB3-šu2 GUB-zu mulANŠE.KUR.RA «Звезда, которая стоит с его (т.е. mulUD.KA.DU8.A) левой стороны: Конь» (I i 30) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 27]. «Большой список звезд». mul dim.dugudmušen = mulanše.kur.ra «Птица Анзу = Конь» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:159; Weidner 1959–60, 107:21, 108]; параллель см. [SpTU I, 50:36]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:20. mulanše.kur.ra = dim.dugudmušen «Конь = птица Анзу», см. также [HBA 51:20; Wee 2016, 162–3:20]; параллель см. [SpTU I, 50:36]; тождество в BM 52938: an-zu-u2 = si-su-[u2] [CAD S, 334а]. Dalbanna-текст. §e. mul x [x x x x x x] ˹mul!˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ u mulsim.maḫ 4 mul.meš [x x x x x 2 da]l.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulsag sim.m[aḫ x x x x] x dal.ba.an.na murub4 suḫuš ki-lal-la-an ma[ḫ-ru] «Звезда […] (7 And, β Cas) голова Коня и Ласточка (β,ε Peg): 4 звезды […2 ин]тервала, интервал. Голова Ласточ[ки …] x интервал. Середина (и?) основание, оба пер[вые].» [Walker 1995, 36; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48, 61], mulx [x x] = mulz[ap-pi šaḫ]? «Щетина Свиньи» (7 And), [x x x x] = [multir.an.na]? «[Радуга]» (β Cas), ˹mul!˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ = (β Peg), mulsim.maḫ = (ω Psc), mulsag sim.m[aḫ] = (ε Peg). В астрологическом комментарии: eq(TUG!)-bu ša2 mulANŠE.KUR.RA «Копыто Лошади» [ACh Ištar, 34:19; CAD S, 334a]. ||
|-
|II. Божество.
Созвездие Конь отождествлялось с Анзу, известным персонажем шумеро-аккадских мифов (см. i07dIM.DUGUDmušen). Вследствие каких причин и когда именно в астральной мифологии Анзу был связан с Конем, остается невыясненным. Тексты, содержащие это тождество, относятся к I тыс. до н.э. Отсутствие названия в лексических текстах свидетельствует о достаточно позднем его происхождении. О вероятной мифологической основе отождествления см. [CAD A/2, 155; Livingstone 1986, 147–148].

III. Символ.

Предполагаемое Й.Кохом (см. раздел IV) отождествление данного созвездия с Пегасом (если, конечно, оно имело место в действительности!?) наводит на мысль, что в период, когда месопотамская традиция, связанная со звездами, стала известна грекам (VIII–V вв. до н.э.), фигура коня уже считалась его символом в Месопотамии. Изображения головы коня на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 145, XXIX; Куртик 2007, рис. 8].

IV. Отождествление.

= Equuleus [Gössmann 1950, 32; Weidner 1957–59, 79a];

= α, β, γ, δ+ Cassiopeiae (?) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 138];

= β, η, ι, κ, λ, μ Pegasi [Koch 1995, 61, Anm. 20];

= часть Кассиопеи (Cassiopeia) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C];

= α, β, γ, δ Cassiopeiae [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 273];

= Пегас и Кассиопея [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 71].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Голова Коня, см. dbn-текст.

(2) Копыто Коня, см. выше.
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]

[[Category:Peg]][[Category:Cep]]

ANŠE.KUR.RA

2026-01-18T18:22:09Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulANŠE.KUR.RA (𒀯𒀲𒆳𒊏) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
ANŠE.KUR.RA = ''sisû'' “horse”.

= ''sīsû'' "horse" [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 32, Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023]; a constellation in the vicinity of [[Cepheus]]

(historically also identified with stars in [[Pegasus]] but this is less likely, as it would overlap with other constellations which are given next to it in some texts).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''MUL.APIN.'''
* List of the stars of Enlil (no. 29):
** MUL ''ša2 ina'' GUB3''-šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulANŠE.KUR.RA
** "The star that stands on its (i.e. mulUD.KA.DU8.A) left side: the Horse" (I i 30) [MA 27].
| MUL.APIN I i 29-32 lists a set of constellations as entourage of the UD.KA.DU8.A-demon: <blockquote>"The asterism which stands at its right side: the Pig, Damu. The asterism which stands at its left side: the Horse. The asterism which stands behind it: The Stag, [...]. The dusky stars which stand in the breast of the Stag: ...". </blockquote>The image of the UD.KA.DU8.A-demon can be attached to the stars because its heel (λ And) and its breast (α Cyg) are well-determined ''ziqpu''-stars. Thus, the Horse and the Pig can be arranged according to the text at the demon's left and right side, squeezed in between the well-defined constellations of [[IKU]], [[APIN]], and [[Anunitu]].[[File:UDKADUHA+.jpg|alt=stellarium map of the area of UD.KA.DUḪ.A|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A and its entourage in Stellarium: The Horse, The Stag, The Pig to its left and right (paintings by Jessica Gullberg 2021). The identification of The Pig is uncertain; it could also be in the area of Delphinus, but as the two stars at the end of Sagitta form a pair like a pig's nose, this orientation was chosen. The terms "left" and "right" are not well defined, especially with regard to a figure that is seen from the side.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellania".'''
* mul dim.dugudmušen = mulanše.kur.ra "
* Anzu bird = Horse". [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:159; Weidner 1959-60, 107:21, 108]; for a parallel see. [SpTU I, 50:36].
|[[File:2017-08-01 Lion-headed Imdugud (Anzu) Bird on Top of Two Stags, c. 2500 BC.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Mesopotamia 6000-1500 BC Gallery, British Museum, London, England, UK. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com.]][[File:Middle Assyrian winged horse cylinder seal.png|thumb|Cylinder seal and modern impression: winged horse with claws and horns. Ca. 14th–13th century BCE. Middle Assyrian.]]By the classical period the Horse constellation in Assyria and Babylonia came to be a Greek Pegasus-like figure identified with Sumerian mulIM.DUGUD = ''anzû''. Earlier the IM.DUGUD. mulIM.DUGUD = ''anzû'' although the earlier flying constellation was depicted as a Lion-headed eagle.
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:20.'''
* mulanše.kur.ra = dim.dugudmušen
* "Horse = Anzu bird",
* see also [HBA 51:20; Wee 2016, 162-3:20]; for a parallel see. [SpTU I, 50:36]; identity in BM 52938: ''an-zu-u''2 = ''si-su''-[''u''2] [CAD S, 334a].
|
|-
| '''Dalbanna-text.'''
* '''§e.''' mul x [x x x x x x] ˹mul!˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ ''u'' mulsim.maḫ 4 mul.meš [x x x x x 2 da]l.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulsag sim.m[aḫ x x x] x dal. ba.an.na murub4 suḫuš ''ki-lal-la-an ma''[''ḫ-ru'']
* "Asterism [...] (7 And, β Cas) head of Horse and Swallow (β,ε Peg): 4 stars [...2 in]tervals, interval. Swall[ow’s] head x interval. Middle (and?) foundation, both first[s]." [Walker 1995, 36; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48, 61],
* mulx [x x] = mul''z''[''ap-pi šaḫ'']? "Pig’s Bristle" (7 And), [x x x x] = [multir.an.na]? "[Rainbow]" (β Cas), ˹mulǃ˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ = (β Peg), mulsim.maḫ = (ω Psc), mulsag sim.m[aḫ] = (ε Peg).
| These sections of the text remain unclear.
|-
|'''In astrological commentaries:'''
* ''eq''(TUG!)-''bu ša''2 mulANŠE.KUR.RA "Horse's hoof". [ACh Ištar, 34:19; CAD S, 334a].
|
|}
[[File:ANSEKURRA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 123156.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ANŠE.KUR.RA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|Eltanin
|HIP 87833
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.23
|-
|2
|Alderamin
|HIP 105199
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.46
|-
| 3
|Rastaban
|HIP 85670
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.81
|-
|4
|Altais
|HIP 94376
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.07
|-
|5
| Alfirk
|HIP 106032
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.23
|-
|6
|η Cephei
|HIP 102422
|Constellation lines
|3.41
|-
|7
|Grumium
|HIP 87585
| Constellation lines
|3.75
|-
|8
|ι 2 Cygni
| HIP 95853
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.755
|-
|9
|κ Cygni
|HIP 94779
|Constellation lines
|3.76
|-
|10
|ϵ Draconis
| HIP 97433
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.91
|-
|11
|θ Cephei
|HIP 101093
|Constellation lines
|4.22
|-
| 12
|33 Cyg
|HIP 99655
|Inside the Hull
|4.271
|-
|13
|ρ Draconis
|HIP 98702
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|14
|π Draconis
|HIP 95081
| Inside the Hull
| 4.59
|-
|15
| ο Draconis
|HIP 92512
| Inside the Hull
|4.636
|-
|16
|45 Dra
|HIP 90905
|Inside the Hull
|4.761
|-
|17
|ν 2 Draconis
|HIP 85829
|Inside the Hull
| 4.85
|-
| 18
|ν 1 Draconis
|HIP 85819
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.89
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 98073
|Inside the Hull
| 4.96
|-
| 20
|54 Dra
|HIP 94490
|Inside the Hull
|5.003
|-
| 21
|46 Dra
|HIP 91755
|Inside the Hull
|5.02
|-
| 22
| * b Dra A
|HIP 90156
|Inside the Hull
|5.05
|-
| 23
|53 Dra
|HIP 94302
|Inside the Hull
|5.125
|-
|24
|23 Cyg
|HIP 97870
|Inside the Hull
|5.132
|-
|25
| 6 Cep
|HIP 105268
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|26
| 64 Dra
|HIP 98583
|Inside the Hull
|5.27
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 91013
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|28
|51 Dra
|HIP 93713
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|29
|66 Dra
|HIP 98962
|Inside the Hull
|5.408
|-
|30
|49 Dra
|HIP 93340
|Inside the Hull
| 5.513
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 92549
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|32
|AC Dra
|HIP 100261
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|33
|4 Cep
|HIP 102253
|Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 92969
|Inside the Hull
|5.621
|-
|35
|48 Dra
|HIP 92997
|Inside the Hull
| 5.663
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 100357
|Inside the Hull
|5.69
|-
|37
|68 Dra
|HIP 99500
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|38
|DE Dra
| HIP 100221
|Inside the Hull
|5.709
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 91315
|Inside the Hull
|5.74
|-
|40
|ι 1 Cygni
| HIP 95656
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
|41
|Alruba
| HIP 86782
|Inside the Hull
|5.76
|-
|42
| -
|HIP 99663
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
| 43
| -
|HIP 96620
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|44
|V1762 Cyg
|HIP 94013
|Inside the Hull
|5.893
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 97122
|Inside the Hull
|5.899
|-
|46
|CX Dra
|HIP 92133
|Inside the Hull
| 5.9
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 95038
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 100017
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 89047
|Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 91525
| Inside the Hull
|5.992
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 102011
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 97892
|Inside the Hull
|6.058
|-
|53
| -
|HIP 87744
|Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|54
| -
| HIP 91606
|Inside the Hull
|6.091
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 98044
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
| 56
| -
|HR 7075
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 91915
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
| 58
| -
|HIP 98308
| Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 98111
|Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 102216
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 98946
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 91843
|Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 94974
|Inside the Hull
|6.231
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 92731
|Inside the Hull
|6.232
|-
|65
| 65 Dra
|HIP 98658
|Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 91985
|Inside the Hull
|6.259
|-
|67
|55 Dra
|HIP 94140
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 98890
|Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|69
| -
| HIP 97070
|Inside the Hull
| 6.282
|-
|70
| -
| HIP 98872
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 71
| -
|HIP 96164
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 97033
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|73
|CN Dra
| HIP 97326
| Inside the Hull
|6.331
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 90146
|Inside the Hull
|6.352
|-
|75
|V1817 Cyg
| HIP 96003
|Inside the Hull
|6.369
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 95576
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 96316
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 93466
|Inside the Hull
|6.389
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 104788
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 90476
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 100714
|Inside the Hull
|6.441
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 93068
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 102771
|Inside the Hull
|6.451
|-
| 84
| -
|HIP 96297
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
| 85
|V1351 Cyg
|HIP 96919
| Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 102370
| Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
| 87
| -
|HIP 93053
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 99294
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
| 89
| -
|HIP 96771
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
The Horse constellation is identified with Anzu, a well-known Sumero-Akkadian mythical character (see Kurtik i07 [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]). For what reasons and when exactly in astral mythology Anzu was associated with the Horse, remains unclear. Texts containing this identity date back to the 1st millennium B.C. The absence of the name in lexical texts indicate a rather late origin of the name. On the probable mythological basis of the identification see. [CAD A/2, 155; Livingstone 1986, 147-148].

==== III. Symbol. ====
The identification of this constellation with Pegasus suggested by J. Koch (see section IV) '''''(if it took place in reality!?)''''' suggests that at the period when Mesopotamian tradition connected with the stars was known to the Greeks (8-5 cc. BCE) the figure of horse was already considered as its symbol in Mesopotamia. The images of the horse's head on the kudurrus see [Seidl 1968. [Seidl 1968, 145, XXIX; Kurtik 2007, fig. 8].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a39)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = sīsû «Конь» [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 32]; созвездия в области Пегаса (Pegasus) или Кассиопеи (Cassiopeia). ||
|-
| MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 29): MUL ša2 ina GUB3-šu2 GUB-zu mulANŠE.KUR.RA «Звезда, которая стоит с его (т.е. mulUD.KA.DU8.A) левой стороны: Конь» (I i 30) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 27]. «Большой список звезд». mul dim.dugudmušen = mulanše.kur.ra «Птица Анзу = Конь» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:159; Weidner 1959–60, 107:21, 108]; параллель см. [SpTU I, 50:36]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:20. mulanše.kur.ra = dim.dugudmušen «Конь = птица Анзу», см. также [HBA 51:20; Wee 2016, 162–3:20]; параллель см. [SpTU I, 50:36]; тождество в BM 52938: an-zu-u2 = si-su-[u2] [CAD S, 334а]. Dalbanna-текст. §e. mul x [x x x x x x] ˹mul!˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ u mulsim.maḫ 4 mul.meš [x x x x x 2 da]l.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulsag sim.m[aḫ x x x x] x dal.ba.an.na murub4 suḫuš ki-lal-la-an ma[ḫ-ru] «Звезда […] (7 And, β Cas) голова Коня и Ласточка (β,ε Peg): 4 звезды […2 ин]тервала, интервал. Голова Ласточ[ки …] x интервал. Середина (и?) основание, оба пер[вые].» [Walker 1995, 36; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48, 61], mulx [x x] = mulz[ap-pi šaḫ]? «Щетина Свиньи» (7 And), [x x x x] = [multir.an.na]? «[Радуга]» (β Cas), ˹mul!˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ = (β Peg), mulsim.maḫ = (ω Psc), mulsag sim.m[aḫ] = (ε Peg). В астрологическом комментарии: eq(TUG!)-bu ša2 mulANŠE.KUR.RA «Копыто Лошади» [ACh Ištar, 34:19; CAD S, 334a]. ||
|-
|II. Божество.
Созвездие Конь отождествлялось с Анзу, известным персонажем шумеро-аккадских мифов (см. i07dIM.DUGUDmušen). Вследствие каких причин и когда именно в астральной мифологии Анзу был связан с Конем, остается невыясненным. Тексты, содержащие это тождество, относятся к I тыс. до н.э. Отсутствие названия в лексических текстах свидетельствует о достаточно позднем его происхождении. О вероятной мифологической основе отождествления см. [CAD A/2, 155; Livingstone 1986, 147–148].

III. Символ.

Предполагаемое Й.Кохом (см. раздел IV) отождествление данного созвездия с Пегасом (если, конечно, оно имело место в действительности!?) наводит на мысль, что в период, когда месопотамская традиция, связанная со звездами, стала известна грекам (VIII–V вв. до н.э.), фигура коня уже считалась его символом в Месопотамии. Изображения головы коня на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 145, XXIX; Куртик 2007, рис. 8].

IV. Отождествление.

= Equuleus [Gössmann 1950, 32; Weidner 1957–59, 79a];

= α, β, γ, δ+ Cassiopeiae (?) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 138];

= β, η, ι, κ, λ, μ Pegasi [Koch 1995, 61, Anm. 20];

= часть Кассиопеи (Cassiopeia) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C];

= α, β, γ, δ Cassiopeiae [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 273];

= Пегас и Кассиопея [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 71].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Голова Коня, см. dbn-текст.

(2) Копыто Коня, см. выше.
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]

[[Category:Peg]][[Category:Cep]]

AN.U2.GI.E

2026-01-18T18:18:58Z

JanSafford:

{{distinguish|UGA}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAN.U2.GI.E}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulAN.U2.GI.E (𒀯𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊) is a Mesopotamian term. Probably to be read MUL d''u''2-''ge-e.'' Akkadian to be read ''ugu'u'' or ''ugû'', and so perhaps to be connected with wind-demons (see CAD U/W 40 ''ugu'u''). This name has been confused with mul[[UGA|UG(G)A]] , 'translation, identification,' in the past but is located in a completely different area of the sky.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul d''u''2-''ge-e''(?); star or constellation [Gössmann 1950, 28; Horowitz 2014, 222].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Incantation'''
* Ugu'u , I am Pazuzu, son of Hanbi, king of the evil wind demons (see CAD U/W 40 ''ugu'u'')
|
|-
|'''List of 12 stars of Ea.'''
* mulAN.U2.GI.E (text 82-5-22,512) [CT 33, 9:17; HBA, 104; Horowitz 1998, 176].
* located between The Fish (PsA) and the Rooster (Lep).
|[[File:BetweenRooster+Fish MULAPINstellarium.jpg|thumb|Between Rooster and Fish in the Mesopotamian uranography is half of the southern sky, as the Rooster rises when the Fish sets. ]]
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* mulAN.U2.GI.E is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Abu, see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
|
|}
'''Previous Identification.'''

= β Cet [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 75]. '''(probably wrong)'''
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a37)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mul du2-ge-e(?); звезда или созвездие [Gössmann 1950, 28; Horowitz 1998, 176].
I. Источники.

Список 12 звезд Эа. mulAN.U2.GI.E (текст 82-5-22,512) [CT 33, 9:17; HBA, 104; Horowitz 1998, 176]. Текст Nv. 10. mulAN.U2.GI.E — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце абу, см. g06GAM3.

II. Отождествление.

= β Cet [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 75].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

AN.U2.GI.E

2026-01-18T18:17:18Z

JanSafford:

{{distinguish|UGA}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAN.U2.GI.E}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulAN.U2.GI.E (𒀯𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊) is a Mesopotamian term. Probably to be read MUL d''u''2-''ge-e.'' Akkadian to be read ''ugu'u'' or ''ugû'', and so perhaps to be connected with wind-demons (see CAD U/W 40 ''ugu'u''). This name has been confused with mul[[UGA|UG(G)A]] , 'translation, identification,' in the past but is located in a completely different area of the sky.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul d''u''2-''ge-e''(?); star or constellation [Gössmann 28; Horowitz 2014, 222].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Incantation'''
* Ugu'u , I am Pazuzu, son of Hanbi, king of the evil wind demons (see CAD U/W 40 ''ugu'u'')
|
|-
|'''List of 12 stars of Ea.'''
* mulAN.U2.GI.E (text 82-5-22,512) [CT 33, 9:17; HBA, 104; Horowitz 1998, 176].
* located between The Fish (PsA) and the Rooster (Lep).
|[[File:BetweenRooster+Fish MULAPINstellarium.jpg|thumb|Between Rooster and Fish in the Mesopotamian uranography is half of the southern sky, as the Rooster rises when the Fish sets. ]]
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* mulAN.U2.GI.E is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Abu, see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
|
|}
'''Previous Identification.'''

= β Cet [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 75]. '''(probably wrong)'''
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a37)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mul du2-ge-e(?); звезда или созвездие [Gössmann 1950 28; Horowitz 1998, 176].
I. Источники.

Список 12 звезд Эа. mulAN.U2.GI.E (текст 82-5-22,512) [CT 33, 9:17; HBA, 104; Horowitz 1998, 176]. Текст Nv. 10. mulAN.U2.GI.E — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце абу, см. g06GAM3.

II. Отождествление.

= β Cet [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 75].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

AN.TA.ŠUR.RA

2026-01-18T18:15:02Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Pleiades and Venus in blue dawn 2020.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Pleiades and Venus in blue twilight (not dusk, but similar); CC-By SMH.]]
AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA (𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏) with variants AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA, AN.TA.ŠUR.RA), Akkadian equivalent: (mul)''Ṣāriru'' (𒍝𒊑𒊒)'','' "sparkling (flaring) star"''.'' These terms refer to bright phenomena in ancient Mesopotamia. The syllabic spelling mainly occurs in lexical texts, the term was used to refer to meteors and "shooting stars".

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
NV 10 rev. gives two variant readings AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA and AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA, both paired with AN.TA.GUB. LBAT 1502 has AN.TA.GUB with AN.TA.ŠUR.RA. As the sign ŠUR is the same as SUR, this means that the two terms ''antasurra'' and ''antašurra'' cannot be completely differentiated. However, we take the examples in NV 10 and LBAT 1502 to refer to a group of stars that tentatively have been identified as stars that appear at dusk as to opposed to AN.TA.GUB.BA that appear at dawn (see Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 217-219).

Variant:

* MUL AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA, AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA "Star flashing overhead"; a special category of stars which were visible in the east immediately after sunset, marking the beginning of the night [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref>, 55-56; Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref name=":0">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>]. ŠU2 = ''rabû'', sunset (CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> R 50-51 ''rabû'' B).

Var. readings:

* (MUL) AN.TA.ŠUR.RA; = ''ṣāriru'' "sparkling (flashing) star";
* term for meteors or "shooting stars" [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 10; Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 36];
* mulAN.TA.ŠUR.RA = ''kakkab eliš ṣāriru'' "the star above flashing" [Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 164].

{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|
==== a36. (MUL) AN.TA.ŠUR.RA (22) ====
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10'''.

* The Neo-Assyrian text from Nineveh in which for each month the constellations belonging to the category AN.TA.GUB.BA and AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref name=":0" />]'''''.'''''
|AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA are categories of stars without any specific identification
|-
|'''LBAT 1502 obv'''.

* List of the stars AN.TA.GUB.BA and AN.TA.ŠUR.RA and corresponding ''ziqpu''-star culminations. To the category AN.TA.ŠUR.RA in the preserved part of the tablet: mulGU, mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4, mulKU6, mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4, d''šar''2-''ur''4 and d''šar''2-''gaz'', mulKUN.MEŠ(?), mulLUGAL (see related articles) [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref name=":0" />, 75-77].
|AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA are categories of stars without any specific identification
|-
|
==== a34. (MUL) AN.TA.SUR.RA (21) ====
|
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''.

* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: [mulan.ta].sur.ra [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 133 col. ix 4], mulan.ta.sur.ra [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 143 col. x 25].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''ṣa-ri-ru'' [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 31 Gap j:a; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, VAT 9430:22], mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''ṣa-ri-ri'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 54; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref name=":3">Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:311′], and [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, v 30(?)].
|in this text "an.ta.sur.ra" is a bright object that cannot be identified
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 2, III 6, 6b, XIX 1-2].
|
|-
|"'''Reports'''."
See. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref> 76 r. 1, 381:1, 4].
|
|-
|"'''The Great Star List'''."

* '''(1)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = d''šullat u'' d''ḫaniš'' "Antasurra = Šullat and Haniš",
* '''(2)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = dutu "Antasurra = Sun",
* '''(3)''' mulan.ta.sur. ra = ''me-šiḫ'' mul "Antasurra = transient star" (bright meteor),
* '''(4)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag "Antasurra = the Glow (Flash?) of Pabilisag" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:139-142].
|again, something bright without any specific identification:
These include the Sun-god, the center of the Milky Way Galaxy as seen in PA.BIL.SAG (Sagitarius), or other southern stars.
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identification. ====
 In the texts of Nv. 10 and LBAT 1502, according to Koch's interpretation, the term mulAN.TA.ŠU2.UR/ŠUR.RA = ‘(der) oben aufleuchtende(r) Stern’ refers to stars that rose before sunset, became visible at the end of civil twilight, and set before sunrise in the corresponding month [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 72, 76]; see also [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref> 55-57].

==== Astrology. ====
 (1) mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ana IM ZI.GA "The shining star for the rising wind." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 6].

 (2) mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ''ma-diš'' SA5 A.KAL ''uṣ-ṣa-pa'' "The shining star is very red: the flood will increase." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 6b]; for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XIX 1-2 + Parallels; SAA 9 381:1-2].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== (a36.) (MUL) AN.TA.ŠUR.RA (22) ===
вар.: MUL AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA «Звезда, вспыхивающая наверху»; особая категория звезд, которые были видны на востоке непосредственно после захода Солнца, отмечая начало ночи [Hunger-Pingree 1999 55–56; Donbaz–Koch 1995].

I. Источники.

'''''Текст Nv. 10'''''. Новоассирийский текст из Ниневии, в котором на каждый месяц приведены созвездия, относящиеся к категории AN.TA.GUB.BA и AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA [Donbaz-Koch 1995]. '''''LBAT 1502 obv'''''. Список звезд AN.TA.GUB.BA и AN.TA.ŠUR.RA и соответствующих кульминаций ''ziqpu''-звезд. К категории AN.TA.ŠUR.RA в сохранившейся части таблички отнесены: mulGU, mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4, mulKU6, mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4, d''šar''2-''ur''4 и d''šar''2-''gaz'', mulKUN.MEŠ(?), mulLUGAL (см. соотв. статьи) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 75–77].

II. Отождествление.

В текстах Nv. 10 и LBAT 1502, согласно интерпретации Коха, термин mulAN.TA.ŠU2.UR/ŠUR.RA = «(der) oben aufleuchtende(r) Stern» относится к звездам, которые восходили перед заходом Солнца, становились видны в конце гражданских сумерек и заходили перед восходом Солнца в соответствующий месяц [Koch 1995, 72, 76]; см. также [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 55–57].||Example
|-
|
=== (a34.) (MUL) AN.TA.SUR.RA (21) ===
вар. чтения: (MUL) AN.TA.ŠUR.RA; = ''ṣāriru'' «Сверкающая (вспыхивающая) звезда»; термин для обозначения метеоров или «падающих звезд» [BPO 2, 10; Gössman 1950, 36]; mulAN.TA.ŠUR.RA = ''kakkab eliš ṣāriru'' «Звезда наверху вспыхивающая» [Chadwick 1993, 164].

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: [mulan.ta].sur.ra [MSL XI, 133 col. ix 4], mulan.ta.sur.ra [ibid., 143 col. x 25]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''ṣa-ri-ru'' [MSL XI, 31 Gap j:a; Weidner 1959–60, VAT 9430:22], mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''ṣa-ri-ri'' [SpTU III, 114A v 54; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:311′], а также [ibid., v 30(?)]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, II 2, III 6, 6b, XIX 1–2]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 8, 76 r. 1, 381:1, 4]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = d''šullat u'' d''ḫaniš'' «Антасурра = Шуллат и Ханиш», '''(2)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = dutu «Антасурра = Солнце», '''(3)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''me-šiḫ'' mul «Антасурра = вспышка звезды», '''(4)''' mulan.ta.sur.ra = ''me-šiḫ'' dpa.bil.sag «Антасурра = Сияние (Вспышка?) Пабилсага» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:139–142].

II. Отождествление.

(1) Метеор, падающая звезда [Chadwick 1993, 164].

(2) Часть созвездия Пабилсаг: [mu]lAN.TA.SUR.RA / ''mi-ši-iḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG «Антасурра = ''mišḫu'' Пабилсага» [SAA 8, 381:4–5]; возможно, λ Scorpii и ε Sagittarii [Weidner 1959–60, 107]. См. m26 ''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG.

(3) ''Антасурра — Меркурий внутри Пабилсага''; см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 20.

(4) d''šullat u'' d''ḫaniš'' ― две звезды в созвездии Центавра, см. h03d''Ḫaniš''.

См. также a36AN.TA.ŠUR.RA.

III. Астрология.
(1) mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ''ana'' IM ZI.GA «Сверкающая звезда для восхода ветра» [BPO 2, III 6].

(2) mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ''ma-diš'' SA5 A.KAL ''uṣ-ṣa-pa'' «Сверкающая звезда очень красная: половодье уcилится» [BPO 2, III 6b]; параллели см. [BPO 2, XIX 1–2 + Parallels; SAA 8, 381:1–2].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, ts04)
|
|-
|
=== (mul)''Ṣāriru'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulAN.TA.SUR.RA «Сверкающая (вспыхивающая) звезда»; в основном в лексических текстах, термин использовался для обозначения метеоров и «падающих звезд», см. a34AN.TA.SUR.RA.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AN.TA.GUB

2026-01-18T18:12:58Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAN.TA.GUB}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Mesopotamian term: mulAN.TA.GUB (𒀯𒀭𒋫𒁺; AN.TA.RE6) refers to an asterism in The Scorpion ([[Scorpius]], see also [[Antares|Antares)]]. AN.TA.GUB.BA (𒀯𒀭𒋫𒁺𒁀) refers to an asterism or (larger) group of stars, whereas AN.TA.GUB refers to a single star or small asterism of two or three stars within Scorpius.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
MUL AN.TA.GUB.BA 'The standing star' or 'the star standing aloft' [Hunger and Pingree 1999 55; Donbaz-Koch 1995; Gössmann 1950 34].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Text HS 245 (earlier HS 229, the Hilprecht Text).'''
A Middle-Babylonian text from Nippur, probably a copy of the Old Babylonian original. Content-wise it is a procedural mathematical text in which the distances between eight luminaries are determined, of which the first is the moon, and the others–constellations:

* 19 ad dsin mul.mul 17 ad mul.[mul] / mulsipa.an.na 14 ad mulsipa.an.na / mulkak.tag.ga 11 ad mulkak.tag.ga / mulban 9 ad mulban mulšu.pa / 7 ad mulšu.pa mulgir2.tab / 4 ad mulgir2.tab mulan.ta. gub "19 from the Moon to the Star Cluster, 17 from the Star Cluster / to the True Shepherd of Anu, 14 from the True Shepherd of Anu to / the Arrow, 11 from the Arrow / to the Bow, 9 from the Bow to šu.pa / 7 from ŠU.PA to the Scorpion, / 4 from Scorpion to AN.TA.GUB", (Horowitz 2014, 228-229, with previous bibliography 225-226.)

This star-name occurs only one time in ‘The Hilprecht Text’, HS 245 as the 7th and last star in the sequence beginning with the Moon and mul.mul (Pleiades) (Horowitz 2014: 234-235): 4 ad mulGIR2.TAB mulAN.TA.GUB, ‘4 (units) from ‘The Scorpion’ to AN.TA.GUB. This is the smallest distance between asterisms in ‘The Hilprecht Text’ allowing for mulAN.TA.GUB to be an asterism within the ‘The Scorpion Constellation.’ The meaning of the signs AN.TA.GUB in Sumerian is something akin to ‘it stands above’ suggesting a connection with the stinger of a scorpion.

Horowitz 2017 suggested a different reading of the GUB-sign yielding a star-name, mulAN.TA.RE6, with the sense of it moves up nd down, referring to the up-down movement of the stinger of the scorpion as it moves its stinger from an at rest position to attack mode. Horowitz speculates that this may be the ultimate origin of the classical Greek star name Antares in Scorpius. Later parallels to the Hilprecht Text remove this star-name (Horowitz 2014: 236). In any case, there is no clear connection between the star-name and the groups of stars known as AN.GUB.BA = ''angubbû''- or [[DINGIR.GUB.BA]]-stars or AN.TA.GUB.BA in Nv 10.
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
Neo-Assyrian text from Nineveh, which gives for each month the constellations belonging to the category AN.TA.GUB.BA and AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA [Donbaz-Koch 1995].
|Example
|-
|'''LBAT 1502'''
Obv. List of stars

* AN.TA.GUB.BA and AN.TA.ŠUR.RA, to which the culminations of the ziqpu stars are assigned. The category AN.TA.GUB.BA in the preserved part of the tablet belongs to: [[DAR.LUGAL|mulDAR.LUGAL]], mulnunki, mulnin.maḫ, dPA and dLUGAL, mulPa-bil-sag, mulsuḫur.maš [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 75-77].
|
|}

==== Identifications ====
(1) The meaning of mulan.ta.gub in HS 245 remains unclear; the suggestion that it is a variant spelling of mulDINGIR.GUB.BA.MEŠ (Akkadian ''angubbû'' [CAD A/2, 118; AHw 51]) ‘Standing Gods’ [Rochberg-Halton 1983, 213, note 18; Horowitz 1993, 157] is hardly true; see in this connection [Koch 1995, 71, Anm. 24-25].

(2) In the texts of Nv. 10 and LBAT 1502, according to Koch's interpretation, the term mulAN.TA.GUB.BA = ‘(der) oben stehende(r) Stern’ refers to the stars that marked the end of the night; they rose after sunset, were still visible in the west at morning dawn, and set after sunrise, in the corresponding month [Koch 1995, 71, 76]; see also [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 55-57].

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a33)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: MUL AN.TA.GUB.BA «Стоящая звезда», или «Звезда, стоящая наверху» [Hunger and Pingree 1999 55; Donbaz-Koch 1995; Gössmann 1950 34].
I. Источники.

Текст HS 245 (ранее HS 229, The Hilprecht Text). Средневавилонский текст из Ниппура, возможно, копия старовавилонского оригинала. По своему содержанию это процедурный математический текст, в котором определяются расстояния между восемью светилами, из которых первое ― Луна, остальные ― созвездия: 19 ad dsin mul.mul 17 ad mul.[mul] / mulsipa.an.na 14 ad mulsipa.an.na / mulkak.tag.ga 11 ad mulkak.tag.ga / mulban 9 ad mulban mulšu.pa / 7 ad mulšu.pa mulgir2.tab / 4 ad mulgir2.tab mulan.ta.gub «19 от Луны до Звезд, 17 от Звезд / до Праведного Пастуха Ану, 14 от Праведного Пастуха Ану до / Стрелы, 11 от Стрелы / до Лука, 9 от Лука до šu.pa / 7 от šu.pa до Скорпиона, / 4 от Скорпиона до an.ta.gub», цит. по [Horowitz 1993, 150–151], см. также [Hunger and Pingree 1999 53–54; Horowitz 1998, 179–180; Koch 2001; RLA 7, 536; Rochberg-Halton 1983, 209, note 1; Waerden 1974, 62–64; Weidner 1957–58], на русском языке см. [Ван дер Варден 1991, 71–73]; частичная параллель в Sm. 1113 и Sm. 162 rev. см. [Horowitz 1993]. Текст Nv. 10. Новоассирийский текст из Ниневии, в котором приведены на каждый месяц созвездия, относящиеся к категории AN.TA.GUB.BA и AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA [Donbaz–Koch 1995]. LBAT 1502 obv. Список звезд AN.TA.GUB.BA и AN.TA.ŠUR.RA, которым поставлены в соответствие кульминации ziqpu-звезд. К категории AN.TA.GUB.BA в сохранившейся части таблички отнесены: muldar.lugal, mulnunki, mulnin.maḫ, dPA и dLUGAL, mulPa-bil-sag, mulsuḫur.maš [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 75–77].

II. Отождествление.

(1) Значение mulan.ta.gub в HS 245 остается невыясненным; предположение о том, что это вариант написания mulDINGIR.GUB.BA.MEŠ (аккадское angubbû [CAD A/2, 118; AHw 51]) «Стоящие Боги» [Rochberg-Halton 1983, 213, note 18; Horowitz 1993, 157], едва ли соответствует действительности; см. в связи с этим [Koch 1995, 71, Anm. 24–25].

(2) В текстах Nv. 10 и LBAT 1502, согласно интерпретации Коха, термин mulAN.TA.GUB.BA = «(der) oben stehende(r) Stern» относится к звездам, которые отмечали конец ночи; они восходили после захода Солнца, были еще видны на западе при наступлении утренней зари и заходили после восхода Солнца, в соответствующий месяц [Koch 1995, 71, 76]; см. также [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 55–57].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sco]]

AMAR.UTU

2026-01-18T18:10:08Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Marduk and pet.svg|thumb|The Statue of Marduk depicted on a cylinder seal of the 9th century BCE.]]
AMAR.UTU (𒀫𒌓) is the Sumerian writing for the name of the Babylonian King of the Gods, [[Marduk]].

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The name AMAR.UD, to be read AMAR.UTU is the standard Sumerian writing for Marduk, the city god of Babylon. The name is traditionally interpreted as 'The Calf of the Sun' and reflects the identification of Marduk with Mercury that goes back to the Second Millennium BCE. Marduk's name can be written as a star name with the MUL-determinative, a divine name with determinative DINGIR, or both indicating the deification of Marduk's asterism(s). The issue of Marduk and his asterisms, which include identifications with Mercury, Jupiter (as in MUL.APIN) and others, is considered sub. [[Nēberu]].

'''Var. readings:'''

* MUL dAMAR.UD,
* mul dAMAR.UTU;
* = mul d''Marduk'' "(Asterism) of Marduk" (AMAR.UTU), lit. "The calf of the Sun" — a standard epithet of Marduk, the supreme deity of Babylon [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 362f.]); a name of Jupiter or Mercury [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 260].

{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''.

* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list from Emar: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:109].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 112:324′]; parallels [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 228:128; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:25].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru''6 = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 40:25].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the night gods."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3">''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:19].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [Rochberg and Halton 1988,<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 29-29a; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973<ref name=":6">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:14]. See (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]''.
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
* Astrolabe P. Month Addaru, stars of Enlil, 45 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = dAMAR.UTU at the end of the list of 12 stars of Anu (B ii 32).
** (2) List (3´12): [itiŠE] ... mulAMAR.UTU ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "[(Month) addaru]: ... Marduk, (Path of) Anu" (C ii 12).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise—''addaru'', sunset—''ululu'' [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29].
* BM 82923.
** Month Addaru, the star of Enlil: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Marduk // 45 // King of the Igigi deities". [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:36].
* BM 34713.
** The month of Nisanu, the stars of Enlil:
** múl dAMAR.UTU [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN]].
** The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 12): mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 33):
** ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ''-mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2-''bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN''-e ib-bir''
** "When the stars of Enlil have completed (their movements), one great star—(though) its light be dim— divides the sky in half and stands there: (this is) the star of Marduk, the Crossing, Jupiter; it constantly changes its position and crosses the sky" (I i 36-38).
* '''(2)''' Astrological part: 6 predictions concerning mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1-6) [Hunger and Steele 2019<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 28-29, 117-118].
|
|-
|"'''''Letters'''''" and "'''''Reports'''''."
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 67 r. 1; SAA 8<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1].
|
|-
|"'''The Great Star List'''".

* mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu "Numušda = Marduk"; this here is probably Numušda = Mercury [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:132].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26.'''
* '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "The staff—a weapon in the hand of Marduk.” [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> G 35];
* '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu "King = Marduk";
* '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu "Šupa, Enlil, who sets the fate of the country: the great one among the Enlil deities, Marduk";
* '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "Glitter = a weapon in the hand of Marduk," see also [HBA<ref name=":10">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''List of 12 names of Marduk <s>(IIIR 53:2)</s>. . K. 3384 (Reiner-Pigree, BPO 3, 1998, 262-63 Group G) + K. 5990 (IIIR 43, 2 = ACh Ištar VIII'''
A list of the names of Marduk in different months of the Babylonian calendar:

* '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu,
* '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu,
* '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu,
* '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.
* '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu,
* '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu,
* '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu,
* '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigam3 = damar.utu
* '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu,
* '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu,
* '''(12)''' ''ina'' iti''še'' ul''ku''6 d''E''2-''a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2-13) [IIIR 53,2:2-13]; parallel in S. 777 [CT<ref name=":11">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49:1-13; HBA<ref name=":10" /> 24-25]. See also [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3" />, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].
| Example
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity ====
 The name of Marduk, as the patron of Babylon, has been mentioned since the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century BCE). Among his epithets: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina šamê''(AN)e "The star of all that is in the sky". [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) "[Star of] abundance" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. It is not known when this deity acquired astral significance. The earliest evidence is from the 13th century B.C. (list from Emar). The name of Jupiter in Old Babylonian texts—dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963<ref>''Falkenstein A.'' Sumerische religiöse Texte // ZA. 1963. Bd. XXI. S. 11-67.</ref>, 33]; see also (Kurtik a27) AMAR.GIR2.

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= Jupiter; the identity follows from MUL.APIN, and from a number of other texts, see also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12">''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 57].

= Mercury; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Jupiter = Mercury" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGU4.UD ''i-qab-bi'' "The star of Marduk is so said, (when referring to) Mercury" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; perhaps this is the name of Mercury when its heliacal rising occurs at the beginning of the year in the month of Nisanu. For a prayer to Marduk as Mercury see [Lambert 1957-58<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Two Texts from the Early Part of the Reign of Ashurbanipal // AfO. 1957-59. Bd. 18. S. 382-387.</ref>, 386]. See also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12" />, 57]. See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 19.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
* (1) = ''Staff''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The Star of Marduk—so it is said (when referring to) the Staff" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a + Parallels].

===== Predictions: =====
* (2) ''Jupiter and the Pleiades''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI dIM RA "If Marduk's star reaches the Star Cluster, this year Adad will bring devastation" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [Hunger and Steele 2019<ref name=":7" />, 117]; for a parallel see. [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 326:7].
* (3) ''Pleiades and Jupiter''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the star of Marduk: there will be fever this year and summer he[at...] [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, Nr. 101:14].
* (4) ''Jupiter and Raven'' (= Mercury?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM GIŠ "If Marduk's star reaches the Raven: the early sesame will prosper" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 117], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41:24′; ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 88:22-23].
* (5) ''The heliacal rising of Mercury at the beginning of the year''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' "If the Marduk star becomes visible at the beginning of the year: then this year’s harvest will be in abundance. - Mercury becomes visible in Nisan." [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; for a parallel see (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" />, 117].
* (6) ''Connection between Jupiter and Mercury during heliacal risings''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (gloss: ''ṣa-li-im-''˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (gloss: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) "If Marduk’s star is dark and is seen again and again: in this year [there will be ''as''[''akku''] (disease) [SAA 10<ref name=":8" />, 67 r. 1-3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' "If Marduk's star is dark when it becomes visible: this year, there will be ''asakku'' (disease)" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 118].
* (7) ''Magical prohibition''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' "If the star of Marduk sees a man's body: epilepsy(?) will seize him" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' "If a man bathes before the star of Marduk: there will be guilt" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 118-9].
* (8) The name of Jupiter depending on its position relative to the horizon; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' "The star of Marduk, when it appears, (is called) Šulpae; when it rises 1 "double hour" - Sagmegar; when it stands in the middle of the sky, - Crossing." [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 147:7-r.1], for a parallel to the reference to d''Da-pi-nu'' see. [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, K.3124:5′-6′] (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]).

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a28)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 260)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL dAMAR.UD, mul dAMAR.UTU; = mul d''Marduk'' «(Звезда) Мардука» (AMAR.UTU, букв. «Теленок Солнца» ― стандартный эпитет Мардука, верховного божества Вавилона [МНМ II, 110; Tallqvist 1938, 362f.]); название Юпитера или Меркурия [Gössmann 1950, 260].

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычный шумерский список из Эмара: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4, 154:109]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 112:324′]; параллели [SpTU III, 228:128; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:25]. '''(3)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru6'' = […] [MSL XI, 40:25]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». Новоассирийская молитва: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2, III 29–29a; BPO 3, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III, 101:14]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля, 45 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Cписок (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu в конце списка 12 звезд Ану (B ii 32), см. n15''Nēberu''. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiše] … mulamar.utu ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[(Месяц) аддару]: …Мардук (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 12). '''(3)''' Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход – аддару, заход – улулу [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], см. k24KU6; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 29]. BM 82923. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2''-gi''3''-gi''3 «Мардук // 45 // Царь божеств Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:36]. BM 34713. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: múl damar.utu [LBAT, 1499:1], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 12): mul d''Marduk''(amar.utu) [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 33): ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ-''mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2''-bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN-''e'' ''ib-bir'' «Когда звезды Энлиля завершили (свои движения), одна большая звезда ― (хотя) ее свет тусклый ― делит небо пополам и стоит там: (это) звезда Мардука, Паром, Юпитер; он постоянно изменяет свое положение и пересекает небо» (I i 36–38). '''(2)''' Астрологическая часть: 6 предсказаний, касающихся mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1–6) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 28–29, 117–118]. «'''''Письма'''''» и «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 67 r. 1; SAA 8, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu «Нумушда = Мардук»; здесь, вероятно, Нумушда = Меркурий [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:132]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26'''''. '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руке Мардука» [CAD G 35]; '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu «Царь = Мардук»; '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны: великий среди Энлилей, Мардук»; '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Блистание = оружие в руках Мардука», см. также [HBA 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''Список 12 имен Мардука'' (IIIR''' '''53''','''2)'''. Список имен Мардука в различные месяцы вавилонского календаря: '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu, '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu, '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu, '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu, '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu, '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu, '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu, '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu, '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigan ulNA2 (так в автографии, но должно быть, по-видимому, ulgam3, см. [Gössmann 1950, 260] и n01NA2) = damar.utu, '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu, '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu, '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2''-a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2–13) [IIIR 53,2:2–13]; параллель в S. 777 [CT 26, 49:1–13; HBA 24–25]. См. также [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].

II. Божество.

Имя Мардука, как покровителя Вавилона, упоминается со времени III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Среди его эпитетов: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šamê''(AN)e «Звезда всего, что на небе» [CT 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) «[Звезда] изобилия» [CT 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. Неизвестно, когда это божество приобрело астральное значение. Самое раннее свидетельство относится к XIII в. до н.э. (список из Эмара). Название Юпитера в старовавилонских текстах ― dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963, 33]; см. также a27AMAR.GIR2.

III. Отождествление.

= ''Юпитер''; тождество следует из MUL.APIN, и из ряда других текстов, см. также [Brown 2000, 57].

= ''Меркурий''; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Юпитер = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGUD.UD ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Меркурий» [BPO 2, III 29а], см. также [SAA 8, 503:1–3]; возможно, это название Меркурия, когда его гелиакический восход происходит в начале года в месяце нисану. Молитва к Мардуку как Меркурию см. [Lambert 1957–58, 386]. См. также [Brown 2000, 57]. См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 19.

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Посох''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Посох» [BPO 2, III 29а + Parallels].

Предсказания:

(2) ''Юпитер и Плеяды''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI dIM RA «Если звезда Мардука достигает Звезд, в этом году Адад принесет опустошение» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 117]; параллель см. [SAA 8, 326:7].

(3) ''Плеяды и Юпитер''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2…] «Если Звезды достигают звезды Мардука: в этом году лихорадка и летняя жа[ра…] [SpTU III, Nr. 101:14].

(4) ''Юпитер и Ворон'' (= ''Меркурий''?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM.GIŠ «Если звезда Мардука достигает Ворона: ранний сезам будет обильным» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 117], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:24′; ACh Suppl. 2, 88:22–23].

(5) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в начале года''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' «Если звезда Мардука становится видна в начале года: в этом году урожай будет обильным. ― Меркурий становится виден в нисане» [SAA 8, 503:1–3]; параллель см. (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 117].

(6) ''Соединение Юпитера и Меркурия'' ''при гелиакическом восходе''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (глосса: ''ṣa-li-im''-˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (глосса: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''as''[''akku''] [SAA 10, 67 r. 1–3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''asakku''» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 118].

(7) ''Магическое запрещение''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' «Если звезда Мардука увидит тело человека: эпилепсия(?) поразит его» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' «Если человек купается перед звездой Мардука: будет вина» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 118–9].

(8) ''Названия Юпитера'' ''в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта''; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' «Звезда Мардука, когда она появляется, (называется) Шульпаэ; когда проходит 1 «двойной час» после восхода, ― Сагмегар; когда она стоит в середине неба, ― Паром» [SAA 8, 147:7–r.1], параллель с упоминанием d''Da-pi-nu'' см. [BPO 3, K.3124:5′–6′] (d03d''Dāpinu'').
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

<references />

AMA.ME.TIL

2026-01-18T18:03:09Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AMA.ME.TIL}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Pleiades and Venus in blue dawn 2020.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Pleiades and Venus in the morning sky. (by Susanne M Hoffmann)]]
dAMA.ME.TIL (𒀭𒂼𒈨𒁁) is a Sumerian name for Ishtar of the Stars, namely Venus.

'''''??should be AMA.ME.BAD I think - needs to be checked and an etymology needs to be offered??'''''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant reading:

* dAMA.ME.BAD, lit. "the mother goddess, ME gathering";
* an epithet of the goddess Ishtar like the planet Venus [Gössmann 1950, 18; Tallqvist 1938, 37, 261].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|In the list of the gods AN:

* dAnum (IV 180):
** [d]˹ama˺.me.til = min(= d''Iš''8-''tar''2 mul.<meš>)
** "Amametil = Goddess of the stars" [CT 25, 31:12; Litke 1996, 161:180].
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a26)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dAMA.ME.BAD, букв. «Богиня-мать, ME собирающая»; эпитет богини Иштар как планеты Венера [Gössmann 1950, 18; Tallqvist 1938, 37, 261].
I. Источники.

В списке богов AN:dAnum (IV 180): [d]˹ama˺.me.til = min(= dIš8-tar2 mul.<meš>) «Амаметил = Богиня звезд» [CT 25, 31:12; Litke 1996, 161:180].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

AL.LUL

2026-01-18T18:00:37Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AL.LUL}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Liocarcinus vernalis.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Vernal crab from the Belgian coastal waters on board of RV Belgica. CC BY-SA 4.0]]
The Mesopotamian term mulAL.LUL (𒀯𒀠𒈜) = ''Alluttu'' means "Crab" and in astronomy refers to the constellation [[Cancer]], The Crab. ALLA is a later Mesopotamian term, alternatively used for mulAL.LUL.
A schematic drawing of the ‘The Crab’ constellation is available on the Sippar Planisphere,<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> Sector 2: 4. It shows a quadrilateral with six dots inside representing the central star cluster M44. It may also be interpreted as a tiny crab formed of the four corner stars for the crab's 2 front claws and 2 swimming legs, and 6 other smaller stars inside the square for the main part of its body. The small smudge at the top of the drawing might just be a partially erased 11th dot for ‘The Crab’s’ head as described in the Uranology D (MLC 1866) Beaulieu et. al 2018:<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 36, 40):<blockquote>''The Crab is the seat of Anu, (It is shaped like) a quadrilateral 4 stars are depicted on its sides, with 6 stars next to each other inside it. 1 star is depicted on its head.'' </blockquote>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
In Kurtik (2007), the terms (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik a21) mulALLA and (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|mulKUŠU2]] have been separate lemmas. The Akkadian equivalent for mulAL.LUL "Crab" is mul''Alluttu.'' Syllabic writings occur mostly in lexical texts and 'Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'-group. Here we merge them as Sumerian mulAL.LUL or AL.LUL = ''alluttu'' (Akkadian) “crab”,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> and mul[[ALLA]];<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> = mul''alluttu'' (Akkadian) "Crab". In the sky, they all refer to the same asterism and zodiacal sign in [[Cancer]].

'''Variant readings:'''

* mulALLA, mulALLAx , mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB

*mulNAGAR,
*mulKUŠU2 (ePSD2:<ref>ePSD2 [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux/o0032779 kušu]

</ref> a creature, crab or snapping turtle)
*mulALLA, on the reading ALLA for NAGAR in non-astronomical texts see: [Lambert 1969, 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.],
* mulALLAx, on the reading ALLAx in astronomical texts see [Neugebauer-Sachs 1967; Aaboe-Sachs 1969, 11].
'''Var. designations (ALLA):'''
*1) The constellation in [[Cancer]],
*2) the zodiacal sign [[Cancer]],
*3) ''ziqpu''-asterism XX in later astronomical and astrological texts
'''Relation to Planet:''' Crab is ''Bit nişirtu'' of Jupiter
[AHw 38; CAD A/1, 361b; CAD A/1, 360-361; Gössmann 1950. 294; Gössmann 1950, 14; MSL VIII/2, 90-93; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156-158; Ungnad 1941-44, 256-7, fn. 42].

'''Philology:''' The reading of the Sumerian name mulal.lub rather than mulAL.LUL in the series Urra XXII is based on that in a school text from Susa (see CAD A/1, 351-352). mulALLA (formerly ALLAx) is a first millennium Sumerian name for the constellation written with the sign NAGAR.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts (AL.LUL)'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115].
* (2) Urra XXII: mul''al-lub'' = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103].
* (3) Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki "Crab = Sippar" [MSL XVII, 229]. "
'''Lexical texts (ALLA)'''

* In monolingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulNAGAR [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27].

|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes). --- AL.LUL'''
* Astrolabe P.
** (1) The month of Simanu, stars of Enlil, 60;
** (2) the month of Ṭebetu, stars of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574-575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing the crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27); for a likely parallel see [BPO 2, III, 33-33a; Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 181]; see also (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]].
** (2) List (3´12): [itiab ... mul''al-lu-ut-tum šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "The month Ṭebetu: ... Crab (in the path of) Anu" (C ii 10).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is Ṭebetu, sunset is Du'uzu [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]]; for a parallel see. [BPO 2, III 28a].
* BM 82923.
** Month Ṭebetu, stars of Anu: mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An "Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014].
* BM 34713. múlalla (twice!), see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* '''"Round astrolabes."'''
** K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. The list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9: mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|"'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''" -- '''ALLA'''
*BM 34713. múlALLA (twice!):
** a) the month of Šabatu, the stars of Anu, see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]] [LBAT, 1499:4, 11].
**b) The misreading ALLA in the Path of Enlil in Du'uzu has been corrected to mulMUŠ [Horowitz 2014, 126]
|[[File:Cnc Hya KAKSISA stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with additional label "KAK.SI.SA2"|thumb|The Crab, the MUŠ-Dragon and the Arrow in the Babylonian Uranography. Stellarium mapwith paintings by Jessica Gullberg. ]]
|-
|'''EAE'''
* '''AL.LUL''' See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a-b, 28a-b, 33a, 35a, XV 11-13; Verderame2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5-7].
* '''ALLA''' See [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''MUL.APIN (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) The list of the stars of Enlil (no. 7):
** mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat dA-nim''
** "Constellation Crab, the seat of Anu" (I i 7), parallel in MLC 1866 (col. ii 18).
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme
** "On the 5th of Du'uzu the Small Twins and Crab become visible" (I ii 41).
* (3) The list of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6).
* (4) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon":
** mulAL.LUL, after mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, before mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]].
* (5) Astrological predictions: (II iii 25-27).
'''MUL.APIN (ALLA).'''
*Astrological predictions: U.RI.RI and ALLA (II iii 25-27), see (Kurtik u01) [[U.RI.RI]] .
|[[File:CNC Cancer Anu smh.jpg|alt=drawing of "Anu's Seat" in Cancer (star chart)|thumb|MUL.APIN lists "The Crab, The Seat of Anu" where "the seat" might be his throne or his temple. According to the reconstruction of the Anu-temple of Uruk by the German Archaeological Institute, this temple looks like a box. Here, we depict Anu sitting on his temple as his throne (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024, after Kay Elzner's drawing for Hoffmann 2021<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2021). Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart</ref>).]]
|-
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellania”'''
* (1) mulal.lul = ídidigna "Crab = Tigris River";
* (2) mul.meš igi.meš ''ša''2 mulal.lul = ídidigna "Front stars of Crab = Tigris River";
* (3) egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki "the rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates River";
* (4) See also Reynolds 2019: 297-298
* (5) astrological predictions:
** (a) igi.meš kur4.meš-''ma'' sa5.me-''ma'' ídidigna du-''kam''2 "(If) the front stars (of the Crab) have great brilliance and are red: the Tigris will overflow,"
** (b) murub4.meš sa5.me-''ma'' zi im "(If) the middle ones (of the Crab star) are red: the wind will rise",
** (c) egir.meš sa5.me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 nim.meš / si.sa2.meš "(If) the rear ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the Euphrates will overflow and the early (harvest) will be abundant";
* (6) 12 Amurru stars [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:145, 148, 149, 150-153, 219].
|
|-
|'''"Letters and Reports"'''
The name of the constellation occurs in 27 reports and 4 letters [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* Description in VAT 9428, Obv. 13-15:
** mulAL.LUL ''ap2-sa3-[m]a-ak-[ku'' 4] MUL.MEŠ ''ina i-tu-ti-ša2 eṣ-ru / i-na li[b3-b]i-šu2-nu'' [6 MUL.MEŠ ''a-ḫi-i]n-nu-u2'' ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir.'' . mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI''-šu2 e-ṣir''
** "The crab (has the shape of) an ''apsamakku'' (trapezoid, rectangle or square) ([AHw 61; CAD A/2, 192]). [4] stars are depicted on its circumference; within them [6 stars] follow [side by side] one after another; 1 star is depicted on its head. [Ju]piter is depicted in its front." [Weidner 1927, 73-76, 80-81; CAD A/1, 361; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22-25].
* Description in MLC 1866 (col. ii 18-20) = Uranology Text D:
** mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺-''ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-u''ʼ ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a''-[''ḫ'']''a-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i-šu''2 mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu''
** "The crab is the seat of Anu. (It is shaped like) a quadrangle. 4 stars are depicted on its sides; 6 stars inside it side by side straddle one another. 1 star is depicted on its head. In front of it [Jupiter sta]nds." [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40].
** See (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
* In the diagram on the Sippar Planisphere, the Crab corresponds to 10 dots, of which the 4 outermost ones form a square with 6 smaller dots inside [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001,<ref name=":0" /> 176-177, Segment 2], see also "''ziqpu''" below.
* See also (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
|[[File:Cnc AlRawi2001 details 300dpi.jpg|alt=illustration from paper |thumb|Drawing of AL.LUL on the Sippar Planisphere (W. Horowitz and F. N. H. Al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":0" />), highlighting by Hoffmann 2024.]]
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB. BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL "3[⅓] mina in weight, 2/3 ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the rear Twin [Gemini] to the Crab [Cancer]",
** (b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, 2/3 ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the head of the Lion" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:9-12; TU 21 r. 9-12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL]
** "2/3 ''bēru'' to Crab" [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14].
* (3) VAT 16436: see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''...]
** "From the Greater Twins to the Cra[b...]". [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:11].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere (description, see above: Uranologies):
** a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL "⅔ miles (20°) to Crab" (rev. 19),
** b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:19, 177]; see also BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180].
'''Lists of ziqpu-stars (ALLA).'''

* VAT 16436:
** múlALLA // 10 // 14 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Crab // 10 (stars) // 14600 cubits". [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (D)
** mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu
** "Crab (ε Cnc) or Snake (β Cnc), Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the Arrow constellation (π Pup): rope". [Pingree-Walker 1988, 315:5-6].
* (E)
** 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu''-<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu
** "5 uš behind the Crab, or Jupiter, who stands behind the Crab before the Lion, and the constellation Arrow (ρ Pup): rope [ibid. 315:7-8];
|[[File:GU IV.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart for GU IV|thumb|star chart for GU IV (fourth GU, Kurtik GU D), published by Hoffmann (2022) in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy.]][[File:GU V (Kurtik- GU E).jpg|alt=star chart for GU V|thumb|map of the GU V in the GU-text (Kurtik GU E), published in Hoffmann (2022) in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy. ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §O. mulal.lul "Crab" (δ, θ Cnc), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
|[[File:Dalbanna O.jpg|alt=star chart for Dalbanna "O"|thumb|Dalbanna pattern "O"; for this line two versions are preserved and the patterns here distinguished with different colours (plot by Susanne M Hoffmann, 2024)]]
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
* [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB...] / [...mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 ...]
* "[On 1]5 [Ṭebetu] at sunrise, (the point) 5° east of the Cr[ab] [...] culminates(?) [...] Sir[us...]" [SpTU I, 95:15'-16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy (ALLA).'''
*ALLA is the zodiacal sign of the Crab [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; first as allax in the lunar tables of the late 5th century BCE. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989].
*(2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ''ar''2 <<ut>> ''ša''2 múlalla "Rear stars of the Crab" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11].
*(3) BM 36609+:
**a) Anaphora.
***(1) А 3427: [...''ina''] itiziz2 ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
****"[...In] the month of Šabaṭu at noon(?) of the 29th day the Crab emits a ''mišḫu'' and ascends(?)" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23].
***(2) A...] x ''a-na'' 4 ''ša''2 múl''lu-lim'' / [EN...] ''um-mu-lut'' KI ''ša''2 ALLA
****"[From ...] ... 4 stars of the Stag / [to...] the Dusky [stars]: in place of the Crab" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15-16].
**(b)
***TA ''a-si-du'' / EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL-''šu''2 KUR
***"From the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) / To (the point located) 5 UŠ behind the Dull Stars. / The Crab, from its beginning to its end, ascends." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23-25];
***rising time: 30° [ibid. 550].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts." (ALLA)'''
*The constellation and zodiacal sign of the Crab [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III, passim]; first in [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, no. -567:10];
* As a designation of the constellation included in the names of the 4 "normal stars", see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]] and (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) The Lunaries.
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 "in the vicinity of the Crab" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (2) Microzodiac. See (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (3) "Hypsomata." The Crab— Jupiter's hypsoma, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
* (4) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU [...] "[If] he is born when the Crab (culminates),." [SpTU V, 265:3']
* (5) AO 6483: [...: múlal.lul] ''e''3-''a'' uš2 gištukul [...] "[If a child is born ..., (when) the Crab] appears: death by arms" [TU 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (7) In the "calendar" ritual texts of the Crab (ŠU/ALLA) corresponds to a recipe for an ointment: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "The blood of a crab, and the crab’s fat you smear" [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; ingredients for medical treatment are derived from the animal seen in the zodiacal sign concerned, see Reiner 1995, 116f.
* (8) An extispicy including the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik a21) ALLA.

'''Late Astrology, Magic and the Calendar (ALLA).'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ALLA is the sign of the zodiac "Crab"(= Cancer) [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaries." BRM IV, 19: ALLA is the designation of the zodiacal sign Crab (=Cancer) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: g, h, m, 23; Neugebauer-Sachs 1952-53].
*(3) Microzodiac.
**The division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**4-ni!-''tum'' ḫa.la múlalla šum3-''šu''2
**"4th part, its name is the Crab" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66].
*(3) "Calendar-magical texts".
*(a) BM 34452+:**4 26 // 3 8 // ''Sin'' [''ina'' x x x] x múlALLA / [...] dNAMMU
**"Du'uzu 26 // Simanu 8 // Moon [in x x x] x Crab. / [...] Nammu."
**[LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15].
*(b) Recipe for making an ointment W 22619/9+:
**MIN(=APIN) 10 // ALLA 10 // UŠ2 ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u'' I3.UDU MIN(=''alluttu'') MIN(=''tapaššaš'')
** "Arahsamnu 10 // Cancer 10° // blood of a crab and fat of a crab you smear"
**[SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; for a parallel (abbreviation ŠU = ALLA) see [SpTU III, 104:13, 17, 26].
*(4) Zodiacal astrology.
** KI múlALLA UŠ2 ''a-ab-bu''
** "Area of Cancer: death in the ocean."
** [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
*(5) Predicting prices of grain based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlNAGAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim].
*(6) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on observations of the culmination of stars and positions of the Sun relative to constellations:
** ''ki-i'' múlNAGAR ''a-na ziq-pi'' ''izzazu''(GUB)zu-''m''[''a''...] / mulNAGAR múlGAG.SI.SA2 [...] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlNAGAR ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.[GI6)...]
**"If the Crab culminates and the [(lunar) eclipse should begin], the Crab, the Arrow... until the Sun has reached the Crab. It means: eclipse[s]..."
**(W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6-8].
*(7) between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:
**KAL d''Uraš''(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // ''da''-x[...] / d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a''
**"Strength of Urash; Du'uzu; Crab, Plow; [...] Shulpae";
**perhaps ''da-p''[''i-nu''] should be an extispicy including correspondences here [SpTU IV, 159:8-9; Reiner 1995, 78].
|
|}
See also [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]].
[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
[[File:ALUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 173653.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AL.LUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Tarf]]
|HIP 40526
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.52
|-
|2
| κ Geminorum
|HIP 37740
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.57
|-
|3
|[[Asellus Australis]]
|HIP 42911
|Constellation lines
|3.94
|-
|4
|ι 1 Cancri
|HIP 43103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.018
|-
| 5
|[[Acubens]]
|HIP 44066
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.249
|-
|6
|[[Asellus Borealis]]
|HIP 42806
|Constellation lines
|4.652
|-
| 7
|[[Tegmine]]
|HIP 40167
|Inside the Hull
|4.67
|-
|8
|μ 2 Cancri
|HIP 39780
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|9
| zet01 Cnc
|HIP 40167A
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|10
|η Cancri
|HIP 41909
|Constellation lines
|5.325
|-
|11
|θ Cancri
|HIP 41822
|Constellation lines
|5.337
|-
|12
|85 Gem
|HIP 38722
|Inside the Hull
|5.365
|-
| 13
|27 Cnc
|HIP 41400
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|14
|3 Cnc
|HIP 39177
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|15
| 45 Cnc
|HIP 42795
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|16
|υ 1 Cancri
|HIP 41816
|Inside the Hull
|5.694
|-
|17
|ψ Cancri
|HIP 40023
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 40167C
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 40866
|Inside the Hull
|5.798
|-
|20
|[AKS95] 73
|[AKS95] 73
|Inside the Hull
|5.832
|-
|21
| ω 1 Cancri
|HIP 39191
|Inside the Hull
| 5.853
|-
|22
|50 Cnc
|HIP 43121
|Inside the Hull
| 5.885
|-
|23
| Piautos
|HIP 40881
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|24
|20 Cnc
|HIP 41117
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 25
|29 Cnc
|HIP 41578
|Inside the Hull
|5.948
|-
|26
|5 Cnc
|HIP 39236
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|27
|μ 1 Cancri
|HIP 39659
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 40231
| Inside the Hull
| 6.047
|-
|29
| 28 Cnc
|HIP 41574
| Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|30
| 21 Cnc
|HIP 41163
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 41319
|Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
|32
| * phi02 Cnc A
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 40167B
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|34
|[AKS95] 69
|[AKS95] 69
|Inside the Hull
|6.176
|-
|35
|* phi02 Cnc B
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 40058
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|37
|82 Gem
|HIP 38106
|Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 39535
| Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|39
| 12 Cnc
|HIP 39874
|Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 42010
|Inside the Hull
|6.247
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 39180
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|42
| [[Meleph]]
|HIP 42556
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|43
|ω 2 Cancri
|HIP 39263
|Inside the Hull
|6.297
|-
|44
| -
| HIP 39194
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 45
| -
|HIP 42187
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|46
|υ 2 Cancri
| HIP 41940
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 40354
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|48
| 54 Cnc
|HIP 43454
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|49
|39 Cnc
| HIP 42516
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 42549
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 51
| -
|HIP 40675
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|52
|ψ1 Cnc
|HIP 40007
| Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|53
| -
| HIP 43427
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 41833
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 40342
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

==== Deity. ====
The name was recorded, as a rule, without the determinative d; absent from the lists of gods. On its connection with Anu see MUL.APIN, I i 7 and BM 82923:29, and [BPO 2, III 33a]: ''dA-nim'' mulAL.LUL; see also MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. The connection with Ninurta is attested in VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) ''dnin-[g]ir2-su'' "The crab—the river of the god Ningirsu" [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, fn. 99; 1963 117, fn. 9]; for a parallel see [SpTU III, 101:5]. For the namburbi series, see [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7; Maul 1994 = Stefan M. Maul, Zukunftsbewältigung. Eine Untersuchung altorientalischen Denkens anhand der babylonisch-assyrischen Löserituale (Namburbi). Baghdader Forschungen 18, Mainz 1994]. In astrological geography, the Crab correlates (a) with Sippar, (b) the Tigris River; stars in front of the Crab—with the Tigris, the stars in the back—with the Euphrates [Weidner 1963] (see below)

==== Symbol. ====
For astral images of the crab on seals from Uruk during the time of the Seleucids, see [Wallenfels 1994, 154, 154]. See [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994-1000; Kurtik 2007, fig. 22-27, 46]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlALLA (designation of the zodiacal sign Cancer) corresponds to A.MEŠ "waters". [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

==== Previous Identifications ====
Koch's identification of the stars in this equation: mul.al.lul is ε Cnc, mul.muš is 1 Hya, or 30 Mon, or 2 Hya, mul.ban is ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 is 11 CMa, or Pulk55 1121m, or Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; see Pingree's objections. [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 90-98].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL "Lyra Asterism = Crab" [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) = Goat-Fish; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 "The Crab is so said to denote the Goat-Fish, namely, ''suḫurmāšu''." [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = Entenabarhum; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulŠU.GI) is Entenabarhum. Entenabarhum = Crab" [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Lunar halo and Crab; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the Crab stands in it: the life of the king of Akkad will last" [SAA 10, 113:6-7]; for parallels see. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1-3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) Saturn & the Crab (observations); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (gloss.: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL. LUL [xxxxxx] "Their position is stable, [(this) means that Saturn stands] in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:4-5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] "Saturn stands in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:8-r.1 ].

(6) Jupiter & the Crab (observations); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma [0] it-ta-an-ta-ḫ[a] / a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' "Later it (Jupiter) continued to move and approached the Crab" [SAA 8, 84 r. 2-3]; see also [ibid. 323: 1-3].

(7) Mars approaches the Crab; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' "If the Strange Star (= Mars) approaches the Crab: the ruler will die. / If it had become stationary (and) stopped, that would have been [a bad sign]; this (now) is an evil (sign) for Akkad." [SAA 8, 101:7-9]; observations and warnings: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u''2 ''i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 "Mars reached the Crab; [the king should] know (about it) and be careful until it goes out." [SAA 8, 380:4-r.3]; for other examples, see [SAA 8, 28:4-r.3]. [SAA 8, 80 r. 3, 452:6-r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' [...] "If Mars approaches the Crab: the Elamites will attack, and the city will be captured [...]". [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) The Goat (=Venus) approaches the Crab; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ ... mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' "[If] the Goat approaches the Crab: there will be reconciliation and peace in the country; the gods will have mercy on the country; ... (because) Goat = Venus." [SAA 8, 175: r. 1-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 247:8-r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5-11].

(9) Heliacal rising of Mercury in the Crab: DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If the Crab is dark: the spirit of a wronged man will possess the country, deaths will occur in the country". [SAA 8, 477:6-r. 1].

(10) ''Uriri'' and the Crab; DIŠ mul5.U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul5.ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme "If the star Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Crab, ḪUR AL will die" (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) The Lunar eclipse in the Crab; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ídIdigna ...] "If the Moon eclipses in the area of the front stars of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the River Tiger" [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ina KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''...] "If the Moon eclipses in the hind region of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Euphrates river..." [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; for a parallel see [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′-6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47-48] as well as the “Great Star List.”

(12) Mercury in the Crab; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 GUB-''ma'' "If the front stars of the Crab are red: rising of the wind. (It means) that Mercury is standing in it." [BPO 2, III 7-b-c].

See also [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a21)
|
|-
|
=== (a21) ALLA ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulNAGAR, mulKUŠU2, mulalla, mulallax, mulkušu2; = «Краб»(?). О чтении alla для NAGAR в не-астрономических текстах см. [Lambert 1969, 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.], о чтении allax в астрономических текстах см. [Neugebauer–Sachs 1967; Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11]. 1) Созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующие современному Раку (Cancer), 2) = ziqpu XX в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [CAD A/1, 361b; Gössmann 1950, 294; MSL VIII/2, 90–93; Ungnad 1941–44, 256–7, Anm. 42].
I. Источники.

Лексич тексты. В одноязычных шумерских списках звезд: mulNAGAR [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27]. EAE. См. [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!): a) месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля (ошибка: д.б. múlmuš «Змея» симану, звезды Энлиля), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2; b) месяц шабату, звезды Ану, см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA [LBAT, 1499:4, 11]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: U.RI.RI и ALLA (II iii 25–27), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110–111]. MLC 1866. См. a18AL.LUL, k09KAK.BAN. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436: múlALLA // 10 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Краб // 10 (звезд) // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11]. «Дневники наблюдений». Созвездие и знак зодиака Краб [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; впервые в [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No. -567:10]; как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 4 «нормальных звезд», см. a18AL.LUL и m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. ALLA – знак зодиака Краб [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; впервые как allax в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989]. Анафора. (1) А 3427: [… ina] itiziz2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[…В] месяце шабату в полдень(?) 29-го дня Краб испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23]. (2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ar2 <<ut>> ša2 múlalla «Задние звезды Краба» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11]. (3) BM 36609+: a) [TA…] x x a-na 4 ša2 múllu-lim / [EN…] um-mu-lut KI ša2 ALLA «[От …] …4 звезд Оленя / [до…] Тусклых [звезд]: место Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15–16]. b) TA a-si-du / EN 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «От Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) / До (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых звезд. / Краб, от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23–25]; время восхода: 300 [ibid. 550]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ALLA — знак зодиака «Краб»(= Рак) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: ALLA — обозначение знака зодиака Краб (=Рак) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: g, h, m, 23; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: 4-ni!-tum ḫa.la múlalla šum3-šu2 «4-я часть, ее имя Краб» [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. (3) «Календарно-магические тексты». a) BM 34452+: 4 26 // 3 8 // Sin [ina x x x] x múlALLA / […] dNAMMU «Дуузу 26 // симану 8 // Луна [в x x x] x Крабе. / […] Намму.» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15]. b) Рецепт изготовления мази W 22619/9+: 10 MIN(=APIN) // 10 KUŠU2 // UŠ2 al-lut-tu2 u I3.UDU MIN(=alluttu) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Арахсамну 10 // Рак 100 // Кровь рака и жир рака ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; параллель (сокращение ŠU = KUŠU2) см. [SpTU III, 104]. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlALLA UŠ2 a-ab-bu «Область Рака: смерть от врага» [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlNAGAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания лунных затмений по наблюдениям кульминаций звезд и положений Солнца относительно созвездий: ki-i múlNAGAR a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-m[a…] / mulNAGAR múlGAG.SI.SA2 […] / a-di-i dŠamaš múlNAGAR ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN.[GI6)…] «Если Краб кульминирует и [(лунное) затмение должно начаться], Краб, Стрела… до тех пор пока Солнце Краба не достигнет. Его значение: затме[ние…]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6–8]. (7) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: KAL dUraš(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // da-x[…] / dŠul-pa-e3-a «‘Сила’ — Ураш; дуузу; Краб, Плуг; […] Шульпаэ»; возможно здесь должно быть da-p[i-nu] [SpTU IV, 159:8–9; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

См. также a18AL.LUL, k31KUŠU2.
|
|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL.
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a18 & a22)
!
|-
|
==== (a18) mulAL.LUL ====
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB, mulALLA; = mul''alluttu'' «Краб»; 1) созвездие в Раке (Canсer), 2) ''ziqpu'' XX, группа звезд в Раке [AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360–361; Gössmann 1950, 14; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156–158]. См. также a21ALLA, k31KUŠU2.
I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Ura'' XXII: mulal-lub = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103]. '''(3)''' Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki «Краб=Сиппар» [MSL XVII, 229]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. '''(1)''' Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, 60; '''(2)''' месяц тебету, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574–575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal «Красная звезда, которая стоит на востоке поcле Близнецов, Гула, несущая корону, (это) Краб, звезда Ану, вблизи Царя» (B ii 24–27); вероятная параллель см. [BPO 2, III, 33–33a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181]; см. также u11UGA. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiab … mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Месяц тебету: … Краб (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 10). '''(3)''' Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], см. g27GU.LA; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 28a]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану: mulAL.LUL // 1,10 // ''šu-bat'' ''An'' «Краб // 70 // Сидение Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014]. BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!), см. a21ALLA. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1,10 «Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Краб, 70» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''ЕАЕ'''.'' См. [Snake 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a–b, 28a–b, 33a, 35a, XV 11–13; Verderame2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5–7]. '''''MUL.APIN'''.'' '''(1)''' Список звезд Энлиля (№ 7): mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat'' d''A-nim'' «Созвездие Краб, место Ану» (I i 7), параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18). '''(2)''' Список дат гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme «5-го дуузу Малые Близнецы и Краб становятся видны» (I ii 41). '''(3)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulAL.LUL, после mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, перед mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Астрологические предсказания: (II iii 25–27) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 20, 41, 59, 68, 110–111]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulal.lul = ídidigna «Краб = река Тигр»; '''(2)''' mul.meš igi.meš ''ša''2 mulal.lul = ídidigna «Передние звезды Краба = река Тигр»; '''(3)''' egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = река Евфрат»; '''(4)''' астрологические предсказания: a) igi.meš kur4.meš-''ma'' sa5.me-''ma'' ídidigna du-''kam''2 «(Если) передние звезды (Краба) имеют большой блеск и красные: Тигр разольется», b) murub4.meš sa5.me-''ma'' zi im «(Если) средние (звезды Краба) красные: поднимется ветер», c) egir.meš sa5.me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 nim.meš / si.sa2.meš «(Если) задние (звезды Краба) красные: Евфрат разольется и ранний (урожай) будет обильным»; '''(5)''' 12 звезд Амурру [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:145, 148, 149, 150–153, 219]. «'''''Письма''» ''и'' «''Рапорты''»''.''''' Название созвездия встречается в 27 рапортах и 4 письмах [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a]. '''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.''''' См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. См. ниже «Символ», а также k09KAK.BAN. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''.'' '''(1)''' AO 6478: a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL «3[⅓ ми]ны веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Заднего Близнеца до Рака», b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва» [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:9–12; TU, 21 r. 9–12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. '''(2)''' VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL] «200 до Краба» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14]. '''(3)''' VAT 16436: см. a21ALLA. '''(4)''' BM 38369+: TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''…] «От Больших Близнецов до Кра[ба…]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:11]. '''(5''') Sippar Planisphere: a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL «⅔ мили (200) до Краба» (rev. 19), b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:19, 177]; см. также BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(D)''' mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu «Краб (ε Cnc) или Змея (β Cnc), Лук (η CMa) и левая нога созвездия Стрела (π Pup): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 315:5–6]. '''(E)''' 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu-''<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu «5 uš позади Краба, или Юпитер, который стоит позади Краба перед Львом, и созвездие Стрела (ρ Pup): веревка [ibid. 315:7–8]; отождествление Коха звезд в этом уравнивании: mulal.lul — ε Cnc, mulmuš — 1 Hya, или 30 Mon, или 2 Hya, mulban — ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 — 11 CMa, или Pulk55 1121''m'', или Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; возражения Пингри см. [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 90–98]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''.'' '''§O'''. mulal.lul «Краб» (δ, θ Cnc), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. '''''Текст''''' '''''W22281a'''''. [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB…] / […mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 …] «[1]5-го [тебету] при восходе Солнца (точка) в 50 к востоку от Кр[аб]а […] в кульминации […] Сири[ус…]» [SpTU I, 95:15'–16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99]. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 «Область Краба» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. a21ALLA. '''(2)''' «Микрозодиак». См. a21ALLA. '''(3)''' «Гипсома». Краб — гипсома Сатурна, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. '''(4)''' W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда Краб (кульминирует), родился» [SpTU V, 265:3']. '''(5)''' AO 6483: […: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul […] «[Если ребенок родился, когда…, (когда) Краб] появляется: смерть от оружия» [TU, 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. '''(6)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], см. s20''Sîn''. '''(7)''' В «календарных» ритуальных текстах Крабу (ŠU/ALLA) соответствует рецепт мази: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') «Кровь краба, жир краба ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; что при этом конкретно имеется в виду, остается неясным. '''(8)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a21ALLA.

II. Божество.

Название записывалось, как правило, без детерминатива d; отсутствует в списках богов. О его связи с Ану см. MUL.APIN, I i 7 и BM 82923:29, а также [BPO 2, III 33a]: d''A''-''nim'' mulAL.LUL; см. также MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. Связь с Нинуртой засвидетельствована в VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) d''nin''-[''g'']''ir2''-''su'' «Краб ― река бога Нингирсу» [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, Anm. 99; 1963 117, Anm. 9]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 101:5]. В серии намбурби см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Краб соотносится: a) c Сиппаром, b) рекой Тигр; передние звезды Краба — с Тигром, задние звезды — с Евфратом [Weidner 1963] (см. ниже).

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428, Obv. 13–15: mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-''[''m'']''a-ak''-[''ku'' 4] MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ''i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru'' / ''i-na li''[''b''3''-b'']''i-šu''2''-nu'' [6 MUL.MEŠ ''a-ḫi''-''i'']''n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e''-[''ṣir''... mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir'' «Краб (имеет форму) ''apsamakku'' (трапеция, прямоугольник или квадрат) ([AHw 61; CAD A/2, 192]). [4] звезды изображены на его окружности; внутри их [6 звезд] следуют [рядом] друг за другом; 1 звезда на его голове изображена. [Ю]питер впереди его изображен» [Weidner 1927, 73–76, 80–81; CAD A/1, 361; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 22–25]. Описание в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18–20): mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺''-ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-uʼ'' ''ina'' ''lib''3-''bi''-''šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a-''[''ḫ'']a''-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+ ''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu2'' ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i''-''šu2'' mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu'' «Краб — сидение Ану. (Он имеет форму) четырехугольника. 4 звезды изображены по его сторонам, внутри его 6 звезд рядом друг за другом следуют. 1 звезда на его голове изображена. Впереди [Юпитер сто]ит» [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40]. На диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere Крабу соответствует 10 точек, из них 4 крайние образуют квадрат, внутри которого 6 более мелких точек [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 176–177, Segment 2]. Астральные изображения краба на печатях из Урука селевкидского времени см. [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994–1000; Куртик 2007, рис. 22–27, 46]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlALLA (обозначение знака зодиака Рак) соответствует A.MEŠ «воды» [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= приблизительно Cancer, в особенности ι Cancri [Gössmann 1950, 14];

= α CМi, хотя признается, что в некоторых случаях al.lu5 обозначает знак зодиака Cancer [Waerden 1949, 21, note 21; 1974, 73, 76];

= Э.Вайднер рассматривает α CMi в качестве ведущей звезды созвездия [Weidner 1957–59, 77];

= Cancer [BPO 2, 7, 10; Hunger and Steele 2019, 137; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= γ δ ε (Praesepe) + η θ ι Cancri [Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 15]; см. также [Koch 1993, 187, Anm. 10].

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

Число звезд в múlALLA = 10, согласно, VAT 16436:11 [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

= Praesepe (Ясли) in Cancer (группа звезд) [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

''='' ε Cnc + Praesepe [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Передняя звезда Краба к северу» (η Cancri);

(2) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Передняя звезда Краба к югу» (θ Cancri);

(3) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Задняя звезда Краба к северу» (γ Cancri);

(4) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Задняя звезда Краба к югу» (δ Cancri);

четыре указанные звезды входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

В «Большом списке звезд» подразделяется на три части:

(5) «Передние звезды...» (см. выше);

(6) murub4.meš «Cрединные (звезды)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:151];

(7) «Задние (звезды)» (см. выше).

В астрологии подразделяется на две части:

(9) MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Передние звезды Краба» [BPO 2, III 7b], см. также [BPO 2, XV 13 + Parallels; Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 1'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 47].

(10) MUL.MEŠ EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Задние звезды Краба» [Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 2'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 48]; cм. также: MUL2 ''ar''2me ''ša''2 ALLA «Задние звезды Краба» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -381:4].

(11) Правая и левая стороны ALLA упоминаются в MUL.APIN II iii 26–27, см. u01U.RI.RI.

(12) MUL2?MEŠ IGI?.˹MEŠ˺ ''u ar''2.MEŠ ''ša''2 ALLA «передние и задние звезды Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker, Sect. 10: rev. v 2′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL «Звезда Лжец = Краб» [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) ''= Коза-Рыба''; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 «Краб ― так говорят, чтобы обозначить Козу-Рыбу, а именно, ''suḫurmāšu''» [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = ''Энтенабархум''; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 DU-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL «Звезда, которая позади него (т.е. позади mulŠU.GI) стоит — Энтенабархум. Энтенабархум = Краб» [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

Предсказания:

(4) ''Лунное гало и Краб''; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu2'' GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' «Если Луна окружена гало, и Краб стоит в нем: жизнь царя Аккада продлится» [SAA 10, 113:6–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1–3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) ''Сатурн и Краб'' (''наблюдения''); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (глосса: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL.LUL [xxxxx] «Их положения стабильны, [(это) означает, что Сатурн стоит] в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:4–5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] «Сатурн стоит в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:8–r.1].

(6) ''Юпитер и Краб'' (''наблюдение''); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma'' [0] ''it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] / ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' «Позднее он (Юпитер) продолжил движение и приблизился к Крабу» [SAA 8, 84 r. 2–3]; см. также [ibid. 323: 1–3].

(7) ''Марс приближается к Крабу''; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma'' ''ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' «Если Странная Звезда (= Марс) приближается к Крабу: правитель умрет. / Если он останавливается (и) стоит, это [зловещий знак]; это злое (предзнаменование) для Аккада» [SAA 8, 101:7–9]; наблюдение и предупреждение: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u2 i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 «Марс достиг Краба; [царь дол]жен знать (об этом) и быть осторожным, пока он не вышел» [SAA 8, 380:4–r.3]; другие примеры см. [SAA 8, 28:4, 80 r. 3, 452:6–r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' […] «Если Марс к Крабу приближается: нападение Элама, город будет захвачен […]» [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''приближается к Крабу''; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ … mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' «[Если] Коза приближается в Крабу: в стране наступит примирение и мир; боги смилуются над страной; пустые закрома наполнятся; урожай страны будет обильным; беременные женщины будут вынашивать своих младенцев положенное время; великие боги покинут (временно) святилища страны; храмы великих богов будут восстановлены, (это произойдет, поскольку): Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175: r. 1–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 247:8–r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5–11].

(9) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в Крабе'': DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если Краб темный: дух злого человека овладеет страной, смерти будут в стране» [SAA 8, 477:6–r. 1].

(10) ''Урири и Краб''; DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme «Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Крабу, ḪUR AL умрут» (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) ''Лунное затмения в Крабе''; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Idigna'' …] «Если Луна затмилась в области передних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Тигр» [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''…] «Если Луна затмилась в области задних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Евфрат…» [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; параллель см. [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′–6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47–48], а также «Большой список звезд».

(12) ''Меркурий в Крабе''; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 DU-''ma'' «Если передние звезды Краба красные: восход ветра. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в нем» [BPO 2, III 7–b–c].

См. также [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
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==== (a22) mul''Alluttu'' ====
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|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Cnc]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AL.LUL

2026-01-18T17:53:20Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AL.LUL}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Liocarcinus vernalis.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Vernal crab from the Belgian coastal waters on board of RV Belgica. CC BY-SA 4.0]]
The Mesopotamian term mulAL.LUL (𒀯𒀠𒈜) = ''Alluttu'' means "Crab" and in astronomy refers to the constellation [[Cancer]], The Crab. ALLA is a later Mesopotamian term, alternatively used for mulAL.LUL.
A schematic drawing of the ‘The Crab’ constellation is available on the Sippar Planisphere,<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> Sector 2: 4. It shows a quadrilateral with six dots inside representing the central star cluster M44. It may also be interpreted as a tiny crab formed of the four corner stars for the crab's 2 front claws and 2 swimming legs, and 6 other smaller stars inside the square for the main part of its body. The small smudge at the top of the drawing might just be a partially erased 11th dot for ‘The Crab’s’ head as described in the Uranology D (MLC 1866) Beaulieu et. al 2018:<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 36, 40):<blockquote>''The Crab is the seat of Anu, (It is shaped like) a quadrilateral 4 stars are depicted on its sides, with 6 stars next to each other inside it. 1 star is depicted on its head.'' </blockquote>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
In Kurtik (2007), the terms (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik a21) mulALLA and (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|mulKUŠU2]] have been separate lemmas. The Akkadian equivalent for mulAL.LUL "Crab" is mul''Alluttu.'' Syllabic writings occur mostly in lexical texts and 'Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'-group. Here we merge them as Sumerian mulAL.LUL or AL.LUL = ''alluttu'' (Akkadian) “crab”,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> and mul[[ALLA]];<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> = mul''alluttu'' (Akkadian) "Crab". In the sky, they all refer to the same asterism and zodiacal sign in [[Cancer]].

'''Variant readings:'''

* mulALLA, mulALLAx , mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB

*mulNAGAR,
*mulKUŠU2 (ePSD2:<ref>ePSD2 [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux/o0032779 kušu]

</ref> a creature, crab or snapping turtle)
*mulALLA, on the reading ALLA for NAGAR in non-astronomical texts see: [Lambert 1969, 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.],
* mulALLAx, on the reading ALLAx in astronomical texts see [Neugebauer-Sachs 1967; Aaboe-Sachs 1969, 11].
'''Var. designations (ALLA):'''
*1) The constellation in [[Cancer]],
*2) the zodiacal sign [[Cancer]],
*3) ''ziqpu''-asterism XX in later astronomical and astrological texts
'''Relation to Planet:''' Crab is ''Bit nişirtu'' of Jupiter
[AHw 38; CAD A/1, 361b; CAD A/1, 360-361; Gössmann 1950. 294; Gössmann 1950, 14; MSL VIII/2, 90-93; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156-158; Ungnad 1941-44, 256-7, fn. 42].

'''Philology:''' The reading of the Sumerian name mulal.lub rather than mulAL.LUL in the series Urra XXII is based on that in a school text from Susa (see CAD A/1, 351-352). mulALLA (formerly ALLAx) is a first millennium Sumerian name for the constellation written with the sign NAGAR.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts (AL.LUL)'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115].
* (2) Urra XXII: mul''al-lub'' = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103].
* (3) Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki "Crab = Sippar" [MSL XVII, 229]. "
'''Lexical texts (ALLA)'''

* In monolingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulNAGAR [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27].

|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes). --- AL.LUL'''
* Astrolabe P.
** (1) The month of Simanu, stars of Enlil, 60;
** (2) the month of Ṭebetu, stars of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574-575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing the crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27); for a likely parallel see [BPO 2, III, 33-33a; Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 181]; see also (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]].
** (2) List (3´12): [itiab ... mul''al-lu-ut-tum šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "The month Ṭebetu: ... Crab (in the path of) Anu" (C ii 10).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is Ṭebetu, sunset is Du'uzu [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]]; for a parallel see. [BPO 2, III 28a].
* BM 82923.
** Month Ṭebetu, stars of Anu: mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An "Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014].
* BM 34713. múlalla (twice!), see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* '''"Round astrolabes."'''
** K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. The list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9: mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|"'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''" -- '''ALLA'''
*BM 34713. múlALLA (twice!):
** a) the month of Šabatu, the stars of Anu, see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]] [LBAT, 1499:4, 11].
**b) The misreading ALLA in the Path of Enlil in Du'uzu has been corrected to mulMUŠ [Horowitz 2014, 126]
|[[File:Cnc Hya KAKSISA stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with additional label "KAK.SI.SA2"|thumb|The Crab, the MUŠ-Dragon and the Arrow in the Babylonian Uranography. Stellarium mapwith paintings by Jessica Gullberg. ]]
|-
|'''EAE'''
* '''AL.LUL''' See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a-b, 28a-b, 33a, 35a, XV 11-13; Verderame2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5-7].
* '''ALLA''' See [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''MUL.APIN (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) The list of the stars of Enlil (no. 7):
** mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat dA-nim''
** "Constellation Crab, the seat of Anu" (I i 7), parallel in MLC 1866 (col. ii 18).
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme
** "On the 5th of Du'uzu the Small Twins and Crab become visible" (I ii 41).
* (3) The list of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6).
* (4) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon":
** mulAL.LUL, after mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, before mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]].
* (5) Astrological predictions: (II iii 25-27).
'''MUL.APIN (ALLA).'''
*Astrological predictions: U.RI.RI and ALLA (II iii 25-27), see (Kurtik u01) [[U.RI.RI]] .
|[[File:CNC Cancer Anu smh.jpg|alt=drawing of "Anu's Seat" in Cancer (star chart)|thumb|MUL.APIN lists "The Crab, The Seat of Anu" where "the seat" might be his throne or his temple. According to the reconstruction of the Anu-temple of Uruk by the German Archaeological Institute, this temple looks like a box. Here, we depict Anu sitting on his temple as his throne (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024, after Kay Elzner's drawing for Hoffmann 2021<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2021). Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart</ref>).]]
|-
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellania”'''
* (1) mulal.lul = ídidigna "Crab = Tigris River";
* (2) mul.meš igi.meš ''ša''2 mulal.lul = ídidigna "Front stars of Crab = Tigris River";
* (3) egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki "the rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates River";
* (4) See also Reynolds 2019: 297-298
* (5) astrological predictions:
** (a) igi.meš kur4.meš-''ma'' sa5.me-''ma'' ídidigna du-''kam''2 "(If) the front stars (of the Crab) have great brilliance and are red: the Tigris will overflow,"
** (b) murub4.meš sa5.me-''ma'' zi im "(If) the middle ones (of the Crab star) are red: the wind will rise",
** (c) egir.meš sa5.me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 nim.meš / si.sa2.meš "(If) the rear ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the Euphrates will overflow and the early (harvest) will be abundant";
* (6) 12 Amurru stars [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:145, 148, 149, 150-153, 219].
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|'''"Letters and Reports"'''
The name of the constellation occurs in 27 reports and 4 letters [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8 349a].
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|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].
|
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|'''Uranologies'''
* Description in VAT 9428, Obv. 13-15:
** mulAL.LUL ''ap2-sa3-[m]a-ak-[ku'' 4] MUL.MEŠ ''ina i-tu-ti-ša2 eṣ-ru / i-na li[b3-b]i-šu2-nu'' [6 MUL.MEŠ ''a-ḫi-i]n-nu-u2'' ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir.'' . mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI''-šu2 e-ṣir''
** "The crab (has the shape of) an ''apsamakku'' (trapezoid, rectangle or square) ([AHw 61; CAD A/2, 192]). [4] stars are depicted on its circumference; within them [6 stars] follow [side by side] one after another; 1 star is depicted on its head. [Ju]piter is depicted in its front." [Weidner 1927, 73-76, 80-81; CAD A/1, 361; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22-25].
* Description in MLC 1866 (col. ii 18-20) = Uranology Text D:
** mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺-''ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-u''ʼ ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a''-[''ḫ'']''a-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i-šu''2 mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu''
** "The crab is the seat of Anu. (It is shaped like) a quadrangle. 4 stars are depicted on its sides; 6 stars inside it side by side straddle one another. 1 star is depicted on its head. In front of it [Jupiter sta]nds." [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40].
** See (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
* In the diagram on the Sippar Planisphere, the Crab corresponds to 10 dots, of which the 4 outermost ones form a square with 6 smaller dots inside [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001,<ref name=":0" /> 176-177, Segment 2], see also "''ziqpu''" below.
* See also (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
|[[File:Cnc AlRawi2001 details 300dpi.jpg|alt=illustration from paper |thumb|Drawing of AL.LUL on the Sippar Planisphere (W. Horowitz and F. N. H. Al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":0" />), highlighting by Hoffmann 2024.]]
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB. BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL "3[⅓] mina in weight, 2/3 ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the rear Twin [Gemini] to the Crab [Cancer]",
** (b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, 2/3 ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the head of the Lion" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:9-12; TU 21 r. 9-12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL]
** "2/3 ''bēru'' to Crab" [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14].
* (3) VAT 16436: see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''...]
** "From the Greater Twins to the Cra[b...]". [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:11].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere (description, see above: Uranologies):
** a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL "⅔ miles (20°) to Crab" (rev. 19),
** b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:19, 177]; see also BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180].
'''Lists of ziqpu-stars (ALLA).'''

* VAT 16436:
** múlALLA // 10 // 14 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Crab // 10 (stars) // 14600 cubits". [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11].
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|'''GU-text.'''
* (D)
** mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu
** "Crab (ε Cnc) or Snake (β Cnc), Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the Arrow constellation (π Pup): rope". [Pingree-Walker 1988, 315:5-6].
* (E)
** 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu''-<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu
** "5 uš behind the Crab, or Jupiter, who stands behind the Crab before the Lion, and the constellation Arrow (ρ Pup): rope [ibid. 315:7-8];
|[[File:GU IV.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart for GU IV|thumb|star chart for GU IV (fourth GU, Kurtik GU D), published by Hoffmann (2022) in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy.]][[File:GU V (Kurtik- GU E).jpg|alt=star chart for GU V|thumb|map of the GU V in the GU-text (Kurtik GU E), published in Hoffmann (2022) in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy. ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §O. mulal.lul "Crab" (δ, θ Cnc), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
|[[File:Dalbanna O.jpg|alt=star chart for Dalbanna "O"|thumb|Dalbanna pattern "O"; for this line two versions are preserved and the patterns here distinguished with different colours (plot by Susanne M Hoffmann, 2024)]]
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
* [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB...] / [...mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 ...]
* "[On 1]5 [Ṭebetu] at sunrise, (the point) 5° east of the Cr[ab] [...] culminates(?) [...] Sir[us...]" [SpTU I, 95:15'-16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99].
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|'''Mathematical Astronomy (ALLA).'''
*ALLA is the zodiacal sign of the Crab [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; first as allax in the lunar tables of the late 5th century BCE. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989].
*(2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ''ar''2 <<ut>> ''ša''2 múlalla "Rear stars of the Crab" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11].
*(3) BM 36609+:
**a) Anaphora.
***(1) А 3427: [...''ina''] itiziz2 ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
****"[...In] the month of Šabaṭu at noon(?) of the 29th day the Crab emits a ''mišḫu'' and ascends(?)" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23].
***(2) A...] x ''a-na'' 4 ''ša''2 múl''lu-lim'' / [EN...] ''um-mu-lut'' KI ''ša''2 ALLA
****"[From ...] ... 4 stars of the Stag / [to...] the Dusky [stars]: in place of the Crab" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15-16].
**(b)
***TA ''a-si-du'' / EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL-''šu''2 KUR
***"From the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) / To (the point located) 5 UŠ behind the Dull Stars. / The Crab, from its beginning to its end, ascends." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23-25];
***rising time: 30° [ibid. 550].
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|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts." (ALLA)'''
*The constellation and zodiacal sign of the Crab [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III, passim]; first in [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, no. -567:10];
* As a designation of the constellation included in the names of the 4 "normal stars", see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]] and (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
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|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) The Lunaries.
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 "in the vicinity of the Crab" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (2) Microzodiac. See (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (3) "Hypsomata." The Crab— Jupiter's hypsoma, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
* (4) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU [...] "[If] he is born when the Crab (culminates),." [SpTU V, 265:3']
* (5) AO 6483: [...: múlal.lul] ''e''3-''a'' uš2 gištukul [...] "[If a child is born ..., (when) the Crab] appears: death by arms" [TU 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (7) In the "calendar" ritual texts of the Crab (ŠU/ALLA) corresponds to a recipe for an ointment: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "The blood of a crab, and the crab’s fat you smear" [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; ingredients for medical treatment are derived from the animal seen in the zodiacal sign concerned, see Reiner 1995, 116f.
* (8) An extispicy including the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik a21) ALLA.

'''Late Astrology, Magic and the Calendar (ALLA).'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ALLA is the sign of the zodiac "Crab"(= Cancer) [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaries." BRM IV, 19: ALLA is the designation of the zodiacal sign Crab (=Cancer) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: g, h, m, 23; Neugebauer-Sachs 1952-53].
*(3) Microzodiac.
**The division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**4-ni!-''tum'' ḫa.la múlalla šum3-''šu''2
**"4th part, its name is the Crab" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66].
*(3) "Calendar-magical texts".
*(a) BM 34452+:**4 26 // 3 8 // ''Sin'' [''ina'' x x x] x múlALLA / [...] dNAMMU
**"Du'uzu 26 // Simanu 8 // Moon [in x x x] x Crab. / [...] Nammu."
**[LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15].
*(b) Recipe for making an ointment W 22619/9+:
**MIN(=APIN) 10 // ALLA 10 // UŠ2 ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u'' I3.UDU MIN(=''alluttu'') MIN(=''tapaššaš'')
** "Arahsamnu 10 // Cancer 10° // blood of a crab and fat of a crab you smear"
**[SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; for a parallel (abbreviation ŠU = ALLA) see [SpTU III, 104:13, 17, 26].
*(4) Zodiacal astrology.
** KI múlALLA UŠ2 ''a-ab-bu''
** "Area of Cancer: death in the ocean."
** [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
*(5) Predicting prices of grain based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlNAGAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim].
*(6) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on observations of the culmination of stars and positions of the Sun relative to constellations:
** ''ki-i'' múlNAGAR ''a-na ziq-pi'' ''izzazu''(GUB)zu-''m''[''a''...] / mulNAGAR múlGAG.SI.SA2 [...] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlNAGAR ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.[GI6)...]
**"If the Crab culminates and the [(lunar) eclipse should begin], the Crab, the Arrow... until the Sun has reached the Crab. It means: eclipse[s]..."
**(W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6-8].
*(7) between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:
**KAL d''Uraš''(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // ''da''-x[...] / d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a''
**"Strength of Urash; Du'uzu; Crab, Plow; [...] Shulpae";
**perhaps ''da-p''[''i-nu''] should be an extispicy including correspondences here [SpTU IV, 159:8-9; Reiner 1995, 78].
|
|}
See also [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]].
[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
[[File:ALUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 173653.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AL.LUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Tarf]]
|HIP 40526
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.52
|-
|2
| κ Geminorum
|HIP 37740
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.57
|-
|3
|[[Asellus Australis]]
|HIP 42911
|Constellation lines
|3.94
|-
|4
|ι 1 Cancri
|HIP 43103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.018
|-
| 5
|[[Acubens]]
|HIP 44066
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.249
|-
|6
|[[Asellus Borealis]]
|HIP 42806
|Constellation lines
|4.652
|-
| 7
|[[Tegmine]]
|HIP 40167
|Inside the Hull
|4.67
|-
|8
|μ 2 Cancri
|HIP 39780
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|9
| zet01 Cnc
|HIP 40167A
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|10
|η Cancri
|HIP 41909
|Constellation lines
|5.325
|-
|11
|θ Cancri
|HIP 41822
|Constellation lines
|5.337
|-
|12
|85 Gem
|HIP 38722
|Inside the Hull
|5.365
|-
| 13
|27 Cnc
|HIP 41400
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|14
|3 Cnc
|HIP 39177
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|15
| 45 Cnc
|HIP 42795
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|16
|υ 1 Cancri
|HIP 41816
|Inside the Hull
|5.694
|-
|17
|ψ Cancri
|HIP 40023
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 40167C
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 40866
|Inside the Hull
|5.798
|-
|20
|[AKS95] 73
|[AKS95] 73
|Inside the Hull
|5.832
|-
|21
| ω 1 Cancri
|HIP 39191
|Inside the Hull
| 5.853
|-
|22
|50 Cnc
|HIP 43121
|Inside the Hull
| 5.885
|-
|23
| Piautos
|HIP 40881
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|24
|20 Cnc
|HIP 41117
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 25
|29 Cnc
|HIP 41578
|Inside the Hull
|5.948
|-
|26
|5 Cnc
|HIP 39236
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|27
|μ 1 Cancri
|HIP 39659
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 40231
| Inside the Hull
| 6.047
|-
|29
| 28 Cnc
|HIP 41574
| Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|30
| 21 Cnc
|HIP 41163
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 41319
|Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
|32
| * phi02 Cnc A
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 40167B
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|34
|[AKS95] 69
|[AKS95] 69
|Inside the Hull
|6.176
|-
|35
|* phi02 Cnc B
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 40058
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|37
|82 Gem
|HIP 38106
|Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 39535
| Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|39
| 12 Cnc
|HIP 39874
|Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 42010
|Inside the Hull
|6.247
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 39180
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|42
| [[Meleph]]
|HIP 42556
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|43
|ω 2 Cancri
|HIP 39263
|Inside the Hull
|6.297
|-
|44
| -
| HIP 39194
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 45
| -
|HIP 42187
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|46
|υ 2 Cancri
| HIP 41940
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 40354
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|48
| 54 Cnc
|HIP 43454
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|49
|39 Cnc
| HIP 42516
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 42549
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 51
| -
|HIP 40675
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|52
|ψ1 Cnc
|HIP 40007
| Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|53
| -
| HIP 43427
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 41833
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 40342
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

==== Deity. ====
The name was recorded, as a rule, without the determinative d; absent from the lists of gods. On its connection with Anu see MUL.APIN, I i 7 and BM 82923:29, and [BPO 2, III 33a]: ''dA-nim'' mulAL.LUL; see also MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. The connection with Ninurta is attested in VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) ''dnin-[g]ir2-su'' "The crab—the river of the god Ningirsu" [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, fn. 99; 1963 117, fn. 9]; for a parallel see [SpTU III, 101:5]. For the namburbi series, see [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7; Maul 1994 = Stefan M. Maul, Zukunftsbewältigung. Eine Untersuchung altorientalischen Denkens anhand der babylonisch-assyrischen Löserituale (Namburbi). Baghdader Forschungen 18, Mainz 1994]. In astrological geography, the Crab correlates (a) with Sippar, (b) the Tigris River; stars in front of the Crab—with the Tigris, the stars in the back—with the Euphrates [Weidner 1963] (see below)

==== Symbol. ====
For astral images of the crab on seals from Uruk during the time of the Seleucids, see [Wallenfels 1994, 154, 154]. See [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994-1000; Kurtik 2007, fig. 22-27, 46]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlALLA (designation of the zodiacal sign Cancer) corresponds to A.MEŠ "waters". [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

==== Previous Identifications ====
Koch's identification of the stars in this equation: mul.al.lul is ε Cnc, mul.muš is 1 Hya, or 30 Mon, or 2 Hya, mul.ban is ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 is 11 CMa, or Pulk55 1121m, or Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; see Pingree's objections. [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 90-98].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL "Lyra Asterism = Crab" [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) = Goat-Fish; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 "The Crab is so said to denote the Goat-Fish, namely, ''suḫurmāšu''." [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = Entenabarhum; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulŠU.GI) is Entenabarhum. Entenabarhum = Crab" [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Lunar halo and Crab; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the Crab stands in it: the life of the king of Akkad will last" [SAA 10, 113:6-7]; for parallels see. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1-3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) Saturn & the Crab (observations); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (gloss.: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL. LUL [xxxxxx] "Their position is stable, [(this) means that Saturn stands] in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:4-5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] "Saturn stands in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:8-r.1 ].

(6) Jupiter & the Crab (observations); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma [0] it-ta-an-ta-ḫ[a] / a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' "Later it (Jupiter) continued to move and approached the Crab" [SAA 8, 84 r. 2-3]; see also [ibid. 323: 1-3].

(7) Mars approaches the Crab; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' "If the Strange Star (= Mars) approaches the Crab: the ruler will die. / If it had become stationary (and) stopped, that would have been [a bad sign]; this (now) is an evil (sign) for Akkad." [SAA 8, 101:7-9]; observations and warnings: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u''2 ''i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 "Mars reached the Crab; [the king should] know (about it) and be careful until it goes out." [SAA 8, 380:4-r.3]; for other examples, see [SAA 8, 28:4-r.3]. [SAA 8, 80 r. 3, 452:6-r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' [...] "If Mars approaches the Crab: the Elamites will attack, and the city will be captured [...]". [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) The Goat (=Venus) approaches the Crab; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ ... mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' "[If] the Goat approaches the Crab: there will be reconciliation and peace in the country; the gods will have mercy on the country; ... (because) Goat = Venus." [SAA 8, 175: r. 1-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 247:8-r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5-11].

(9) Heliacal rising of Mercury in the Crab: DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If the Crab is dark: the spirit of a wronged man will possess the country, deaths will occur in the country". [SAA 8, 477:6-r. 1].

(10) ''Uriri'' and the Crab; DIŠ mul5.U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul5.ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme "If the star Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Crab, ḪUR AL will die" (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) The Lunar eclipse in the Crab; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ídIdigna ...] "If the Moon eclipses in the area of the front stars of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the River Tiger" [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ina KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''...] "If the Moon eclipses in the hind region of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Euphrates river..." [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; for a parallel see [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′-6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47-48] as well as the “Great Star List.”

(12) Mercury in the Crab; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 GUB-''ma'' "If the front stars of the Crab are red: rising of the wind. (It means) that Mercury is standing in it." [BPO 2, III 7-b-c].

See also [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a21)
|
|-
|
=== (a21) ALLA ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulNAGAR, mulKUŠU2, mulalla, mulallax, mulkušu2; = «Краб»(?). О чтении alla для NAGAR в не-астрономических текстах см. [Lambert 1969, 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.], о чтении allax в астрономических текстах см. [Neugebauer–Sachs 1967; Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11]. 1) Созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующие современному Раку (Cancer), 2) = ziqpu XX в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [CAD A/1, 361b; Gössmann 1950, 294; MSL VIII/2, 90–93; Ungnad 1941–44, 256–7, Anm. 42].
I. Источники.

Лексич тексты. В одноязычных шумерских списках звезд: mulNAGAR [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27]. EAE. См. [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!): a) месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля (ошибка: д.б. múlmuš «Змея» симану, звезды Энлиля), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2; b) месяц шабату, звезды Ану, см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA [LBAT, 1499:4, 11]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: U.RI.RI и ALLA (II iii 25–27), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110–111]. MLC 1866. См. a18AL.LUL, k09KAK.BAN. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436: múlALLA // 10 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Краб // 10 (звезд) // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11]. «Дневники наблюдений». Созвездие и знак зодиака Краб [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; впервые в [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No. -567:10]; как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 4 «нормальных звезд», см. a18AL.LUL и m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. ALLA – знак зодиака Краб [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; впервые как allax в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989]. Анафора. (1) А 3427: [… ina] itiziz2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[…В] месяце шабату в полдень(?) 29-го дня Краб испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23]. (2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ar2 <<ut>> ša2 múlalla «Задние звезды Краба» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11]. (3) BM 36609+: a) [TA…] x x a-na 4 ša2 múllu-lim / [EN…] um-mu-lut KI ša2 ALLA «[От …] …4 звезд Оленя / [до…] Тусклых [звезд]: место Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15–16]. b) TA a-si-du / EN 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «От Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) / До (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых звезд. / Краб, от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23–25]; время восхода: 300 [ibid. 550]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ALLA — знак зодиака «Краб»(= Рак) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: ALLA — обозначение знака зодиака Краб (=Рак) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: g, h, m, 23; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: 4-ni!-tum ḫa.la múlalla šum3-šu2 «4-я часть, ее имя Краб» [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. (3) «Календарно-магические тексты». a) BM 34452+: 4 26 // 3 8 // Sin [ina x x x] x múlALLA / […] dNAMMU «Дуузу 26 // симану 8 // Луна [в x x x] x Крабе. / […] Намму.» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15]. b) Рецепт изготовления мази W 22619/9+: 10 MIN(=APIN) // 10 KUŠU2 // UŠ2 al-lut-tu2 u I3.UDU MIN(=alluttu) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Арахсамну 10 // Рак 100 // Кровь рака и жир рака ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; параллель (сокращение ŠU = KUŠU2) см. [SpTU III, 104]. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlALLA UŠ2 a-ab-bu «Область Рака: смерть от врага» [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlNAGAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания лунных затмений по наблюдениям кульминаций звезд и положений Солнца относительно созвездий: ki-i múlNAGAR a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-m[a…] / mulNAGAR múlGAG.SI.SA2 […] / a-di-i dŠamaš múlNAGAR ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN.[GI6)…] «Если Краб кульминирует и [(лунное) затмение должно начаться], Краб, Стрела… до тех пор пока Солнце Краба не достигнет. Его значение: затме[ние…]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6–8]. (7) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: KAL dUraš(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // da-x[…] / dŠul-pa-e3-a «‘Сила’ — Ураш; дуузу; Краб, Плуг; […] Шульпаэ»; возможно здесь должно быть da-p[i-nu] [SpTU IV, 159:8–9; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

См. также a18AL.LUL, k31KUŠU2.
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|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL.
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!Kurtik (2022, a18 & a22)
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==== (a18) mulAL.LUL ====
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|вар. чтения: mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB, mulALLA; = mul''alluttu'' «Краб»; 1) созвездие в Раке (Canсer), 2) ''ziqpu'' XX, группа звезд в Раке [AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360–361; Gössmann 1950, 14; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156–158]. См. также a21ALLA, k31KUŠU2.
I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Ura'' XXII: mulal-lub = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103]. '''(3)''' Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki «Краб=Сиппар» [MSL XVII, 229]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. '''(1)''' Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, 60; '''(2)''' месяц тебету, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574–575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal «Красная звезда, которая стоит на востоке поcле Близнецов, Гула, несущая корону, (это) Краб, звезда Ану, вблизи Царя» (B ii 24–27); вероятная параллель см. [BPO 2, III, 33–33a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181]; см. также u11UGA. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiab … mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Месяц тебету: … Краб (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 10). '''(3)''' Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], см. g27GU.LA; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 28a]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану: mulAL.LUL // 1,10 // ''šu-bat'' ''An'' «Краб // 70 // Сидение Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014]. BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!), см. a21ALLA. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1,10 «Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Краб, 70» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''ЕАЕ'''.'' См. [Snake 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a–b, 28a–b, 33a, 35a, XV 11–13; Verderame2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5–7]. '''''MUL.APIN'''.'' '''(1)''' Список звезд Энлиля (№ 7): mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat'' d''A-nim'' «Созвездие Краб, место Ану» (I i 7), параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18). '''(2)''' Список дат гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme «5-го дуузу Малые Близнецы и Краб становятся видны» (I ii 41). '''(3)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulAL.LUL, после mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, перед mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Астрологические предсказания: (II iii 25–27) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 20, 41, 59, 68, 110–111]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulal.lul = ídidigna «Краб = река Тигр»; '''(2)''' mul.meš igi.meš ''ša''2 mulal.lul = ídidigna «Передние звезды Краба = река Тигр»; '''(3)''' egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = река Евфрат»; '''(4)''' астрологические предсказания: a) igi.meš kur4.meš-''ma'' sa5.me-''ma'' ídidigna du-''kam''2 «(Если) передние звезды (Краба) имеют большой блеск и красные: Тигр разольется», b) murub4.meš sa5.me-''ma'' zi im «(Если) средние (звезды Краба) красные: поднимется ветер», c) egir.meš sa5.me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 nim.meš / si.sa2.meš «(Если) задние (звезды Краба) красные: Евфрат разольется и ранний (урожай) будет обильным»; '''(5)''' 12 звезд Амурру [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:145, 148, 149, 150–153, 219]. «'''''Письма''» ''и'' «''Рапорты''»''.''''' Название созвездия встречается в 27 рапортах и 4 письмах [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a]. '''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.''''' См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. См. ниже «Символ», а также k09KAK.BAN. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''.'' '''(1)''' AO 6478: a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL «3[⅓ ми]ны веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Заднего Близнеца до Рака», b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва» [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:9–12; TU, 21 r. 9–12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. '''(2)''' VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL] «200 до Краба» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14]. '''(3)''' VAT 16436: см. a21ALLA. '''(4)''' BM 38369+: TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''…] «От Больших Близнецов до Кра[ба…]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:11]. '''(5''') Sippar Planisphere: a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL «⅔ мили (200) до Краба» (rev. 19), b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:19, 177]; см. также BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(D)''' mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu «Краб (ε Cnc) или Змея (β Cnc), Лук (η CMa) и левая нога созвездия Стрела (π Pup): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 315:5–6]. '''(E)''' 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu-''<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu «5 uš позади Краба, или Юпитер, который стоит позади Краба перед Львом, и созвездие Стрела (ρ Pup): веревка [ibid. 315:7–8]; отождествление Коха звезд в этом уравнивании: mulal.lul — ε Cnc, mulmuš — 1 Hya, или 30 Mon, или 2 Hya, mulban — ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 — 11 CMa, или Pulk55 1121''m'', или Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; возражения Пингри см. [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 90–98]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''.'' '''§O'''. mulal.lul «Краб» (δ, θ Cnc), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. '''''Текст''''' '''''W22281a'''''. [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB…] / […mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 …] «[1]5-го [тебету] при восходе Солнца (точка) в 50 к востоку от Кр[аб]а […] в кульминации […] Сири[ус…]» [SpTU I, 95:15'–16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99]. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 «Область Краба» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. a21ALLA. '''(2)''' «Микрозодиак». См. a21ALLA. '''(3)''' «Гипсома». Краб — гипсома Сатурна, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. '''(4)''' W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда Краб (кульминирует), родился» [SpTU V, 265:3']. '''(5)''' AO 6483: […: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul […] «[Если ребенок родился, когда…, (когда) Краб] появляется: смерть от оружия» [TU, 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. '''(6)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], см. s20''Sîn''. '''(7)''' В «календарных» ритуальных текстах Крабу (ŠU/ALLA) соответствует рецепт мази: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') «Кровь краба, жир краба ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; что при этом конкретно имеется в виду, остается неясным. '''(8)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a21ALLA.

II. Божество.

Название записывалось, как правило, без детерминатива d; отсутствует в списках богов. О его связи с Ану см. MUL.APIN, I i 7 и BM 82923:29, а также [BPO 2, III 33a]: d''A''-''nim'' mulAL.LUL; см. также MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. Связь с Нинуртой засвидетельствована в VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) d''nin''-[''g'']''ir2''-''su'' «Краб ― река бога Нингирсу» [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, Anm. 99; 1963 117, Anm. 9]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 101:5]. В серии намбурби см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Краб соотносится: a) c Сиппаром, b) рекой Тигр; передние звезды Краба — с Тигром, задние звезды — с Евфратом [Weidner 1963] (см. ниже).

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428, Obv. 13–15: mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-''[''m'']''a-ak''-[''ku'' 4] MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ''i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru'' / ''i-na li''[''b''3''-b'']''i-šu''2''-nu'' [6 MUL.MEŠ ''a-ḫi''-''i'']''n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e''-[''ṣir''... mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir'' «Краб (имеет форму) ''apsamakku'' (трапеция, прямоугольник или квадрат) ([AHw 61; CAD A/2, 192]). [4] звезды изображены на его окружности; внутри их [6 звезд] следуют [рядом] друг за другом; 1 звезда на его голове изображена. [Ю]питер впереди его изображен» [Weidner 1927, 73–76, 80–81; CAD A/1, 361; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 22–25]. Описание в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18–20): mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺''-ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-uʼ'' ''ina'' ''lib''3-''bi''-''šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a-''[''ḫ'']a''-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+ ''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu2'' ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i''-''šu2'' mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu'' «Краб — сидение Ану. (Он имеет форму) четырехугольника. 4 звезды изображены по его сторонам, внутри его 6 звезд рядом друг за другом следуют. 1 звезда на его голове изображена. Впереди [Юпитер сто]ит» [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40]. На диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere Крабу соответствует 10 точек, из них 4 крайние образуют квадрат, внутри которого 6 более мелких точек [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 176–177, Segment 2]. Астральные изображения краба на печатях из Урука селевкидского времени см. [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994–1000; Куртик 2007, рис. 22–27, 46]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlALLA (обозначение знака зодиака Рак) соответствует A.MEŠ «воды» [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= приблизительно Cancer, в особенности ι Cancri [Gössmann 1950, 14];

= α CМi, хотя признается, что в некоторых случаях al.lu5 обозначает знак зодиака Cancer [Waerden 1949, 21, note 21; 1974, 73, 76];

= Э.Вайднер рассматривает α CMi в качестве ведущей звезды созвездия [Weidner 1957–59, 77];

= Cancer [BPO 2, 7, 10; Hunger and Steele 2019, 137; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= γ δ ε (Praesepe) + η θ ι Cancri [Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 15]; см. также [Koch 1993, 187, Anm. 10].

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

Число звезд в múlALLA = 10, согласно, VAT 16436:11 [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

= Praesepe (Ясли) in Cancer (группа звезд) [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

''='' ε Cnc + Praesepe [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Передняя звезда Краба к северу» (η Cancri);

(2) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Передняя звезда Краба к югу» (θ Cancri);

(3) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Задняя звезда Краба к северу» (γ Cancri);

(4) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Задняя звезда Краба к югу» (δ Cancri);

четыре указанные звезды входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

В «Большом списке звезд» подразделяется на три части:

(5) «Передние звезды...» (см. выше);

(6) murub4.meš «Cрединные (звезды)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:151];

(7) «Задние (звезды)» (см. выше).

В астрологии подразделяется на две части:

(9) MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Передние звезды Краба» [BPO 2, III 7b], см. также [BPO 2, XV 13 + Parallels; Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 1'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 47].

(10) MUL.MEŠ EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Задние звезды Краба» [Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 2'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 48]; cм. также: MUL2 ''ar''2me ''ša''2 ALLA «Задние звезды Краба» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -381:4].

(11) Правая и левая стороны ALLA упоминаются в MUL.APIN II iii 26–27, см. u01U.RI.RI.

(12) MUL2?MEŠ IGI?.˹MEŠ˺ ''u ar''2.MEŠ ''ša''2 ALLA «передние и задние звезды Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker, Sect. 10: rev. v 2′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL «Звезда Лжец = Краб» [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) ''= Коза-Рыба''; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 «Краб ― так говорят, чтобы обозначить Козу-Рыбу, а именно, ''suḫurmāšu''» [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = ''Энтенабархум''; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 DU-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL «Звезда, которая позади него (т.е. позади mulŠU.GI) стоит — Энтенабархум. Энтенабархум = Краб» [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

Предсказания:

(4) ''Лунное гало и Краб''; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu2'' GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' «Если Луна окружена гало, и Краб стоит в нем: жизнь царя Аккада продлится» [SAA 10, 113:6–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1–3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) ''Сатурн и Краб'' (''наблюдения''); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (глосса: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL.LUL [xxxxx] «Их положения стабильны, [(это) означает, что Сатурн стоит] в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:4–5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] «Сатурн стоит в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:8–r.1].

(6) ''Юпитер и Краб'' (''наблюдение''); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma'' [0] ''it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] / ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' «Позднее он (Юпитер) продолжил движение и приблизился к Крабу» [SAA 8, 84 r. 2–3]; см. также [ibid. 323: 1–3].

(7) ''Марс приближается к Крабу''; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma'' ''ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' «Если Странная Звезда (= Марс) приближается к Крабу: правитель умрет. / Если он останавливается (и) стоит, это [зловещий знак]; это злое (предзнаменование) для Аккада» [SAA 8, 101:7–9]; наблюдение и предупреждение: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u2 i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 «Марс достиг Краба; [царь дол]жен знать (об этом) и быть осторожным, пока он не вышел» [SAA 8, 380:4–r.3]; другие примеры см. [SAA 8, 28:4, 80 r. 3, 452:6–r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' […] «Если Марс к Крабу приближается: нападение Элама, город будет захвачен […]» [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''приближается к Крабу''; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ … mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' «[Если] Коза приближается в Крабу: в стране наступит примирение и мир; боги смилуются над страной; пустые закрома наполнятся; урожай страны будет обильным; беременные женщины будут вынашивать своих младенцев положенное время; великие боги покинут (временно) святилища страны; храмы великих богов будут восстановлены, (это произойдет, поскольку): Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175: r. 1–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 247:8–r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5–11].

(9) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в Крабе'': DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если Краб темный: дух злого человека овладеет страной, смерти будут в стране» [SAA 8, 477:6–r. 1].

(10) ''Урири и Краб''; DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme «Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Крабу, ḪUR AL умрут» (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) ''Лунное затмения в Крабе''; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Idigna'' …] «Если Луна затмилась в области передних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Тигр» [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''…] «Если Луна затмилась в области задних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Евфрат…» [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; параллель см. [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′–6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47–48], а также «Большой список звезд».

(12) ''Меркурий в Крабе''; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 DU-''ma'' «Если передние звезды Краба красные: восход ветра. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в нем» [BPO 2, III 7–b–c].

См. также [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
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==== (a22) mul''Alluttu'' ====
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|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Cnc]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AḪUD

2026-01-18T17:41:03Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AḪUD}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
__FORCETOC__
[[File:Mercury, Venus and the Moon Align.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|A conjunction of Mercury and Venus, aligned above the Moon, as seen from the Paranal Observatory. CC-BY ESO/Y. Beletsky]]
dAḪUD is a Mesopotamian name for Mercury whose standard term is [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UTU]] (𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓).

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Mercury}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Philology:'''

A name for Mercury in the commentary K. 4387 = IIR 47 ii 22: GIBa-hu-udGIB = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UTU. The sign GIBxGIB glossed with the reading ''a-hu-ud'' apparently comes from the sense of GIB = ''parāku,'' which has the sense of to lie laterally across the sky in astronomical contexts (CAD P 154-155); hence Mercury which stands at the horizon at sunrise or sunset. For the reading GIB see the gloss GILgi-ib''pa-ra-ku'' (CAD P 153).
{| class="wikitable"
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!Sources!!Identifications
|-
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* Identity: UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD = dAḪUD (glossary: ''a-ḫu-ud'') in the single text [II R, 47: 22c-d], see also [Gössmann 1950. 12; Tallqvist 1938, 258].
* In the list of the gods K.4339 the sign AḪUD is read as dMermer, “storm, wind”;
* d me.er.me.erAḪUD = dU4.GIŠGAL.lu = ''min'' 'Mermer = Ninurta'. [CT 25, 13, K. 4339 rev. iii 31; Litke 1998, 44-45; Tallqvist 1938, 375].
* Ninurta is a deity identified with Mercury and Saturn, (see Kurtik n43) d[[NIN.URTA]].
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===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a16)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|эпитет Меркурия.
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|I. Источники.
Тождество: udu.idim.gu4.ud = dAḪUD (глосса: a-ḫu-ud) в единственном тексте [II R, 47: 22c–d], см. также [Gössmann 1950. 12; Tallqvist 1938, 258]. В списке богов K.4339 знак AḪUD читается как dMermer «буря, ветер»; d me.er.me.erAḪUD = dU4.GIŠGAL.lu = min «Мермери = Нинурта» [CT 25, 13, K. 4339 rev. iii 31; Litke 1998, 44–45; Tallqvist 1938, 375]. Нинурта — божество, отождествлявшееся с Меркурием и Сатурном, см. n43 dNIN.URTA.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

AGA A-nim

2026-01-18T17:37:45Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AGA ''A-nim''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
__FORCETOC__
[[File:Iades and Pleiades (32446251210).jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|The Pleiades (top left) and the Hyades at the bottom right. Overlapping them in the projection is Aldebaran, an orange giant clearly identifiable in the photograph near the lower right corner. Near the upper right-hand corner is the star λ Tauri. Also recognisable near the lower edge of the image is the open cluster NGC 1647 (CC0, by Giuseppe Donatiello)]]
AGA d''A-nim'' (𒂇𒀭𒀀𒉏) is a Babylonian asterism, usually identified with the Hyades star cluster in [[Taurus]].
[[File:Victory stele of Naram Sin 9062.jpg|alt=photograph |thumb|Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, CC-BY Rama 2007]]
The Crown of Anu consists of the front part of classical Taurus = Mesopotamian mulGU4.AN.NA, and includes Akkadian mul Akkadian ''is lê'', ‘the Jaw of the Bull,’ which consists of α Tauri (Aldebaren) and the Hyades, and horns extending outwards from the crown. Ancient Mesopotamian royal and crowns typically including a horned head-piece. See e.g. The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin (figure = Crown of Naram-Sin on Victory Stele of Naram-Sin).
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant designations:

* mulAGA.AN.NA/NE,
* mul''Anu'' AGA,
* AGA AN-''nim'',
* mulAN.NA AGA,
* mulAG2.AN.NAx(BUR2),
* mulAG2.AN.NE; = "Crown of Anu"; one of Hyades’ names [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 25], see also a10.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE'''
See. [BPO 2, VI 3].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each and Related Texts"'''
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* (1) In the menologies:
** iti''sig''4 mul''gu3.an.na aga''?(in the text: IL2).''an.na.ke''ˆ // iti''sig4 is le-e a-ge da-nim''
** "The month of Simanu, Bull of Anu (acc.: Jaw of the Bull), Crown of Anu"
** (Section A i 26, 32); parallel [Çağirgan 403:12]; for transcription see. [BPO 2, 151-152; CAD I, 188].
* (2) List (12´3):
** ''mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu'' / mul''Is le-e a-ge dA-nim''
** "The asterism that stands behind him (i.e. behind MUL.MUL), Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu"
** (Section B i 7-8) [KAV 218; Horowitz 2014].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 Asterisms"'''
* (A) MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-''nim'',
* (B) [MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul''is le]-e!'' AGA d[A-nim] "The star that stands behind him (i.e., behind MUL.MUL) is the “Bull of Heaven” (B: Bull's Jaw), the Crown of Anu." [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 3; Horowitz 2014].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8 68:2, 298 r. 1, 364 r. 2].
|
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of stars of Anu (no. 7): mulGU4.AN.NA ''dis le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' "Bull of Heaven, Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (I ii 1).
|
|-
|'''"The Great Stars List and Miscellenia"'''
* mul''ag2.an.bur2 ana bala til.lum nap-šur-tum gam-lum'' [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161]; meaning is unclear, cf. [Weidner 1959-60, 107-108, Z. 23].
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|}

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= Hyades [Gössmann 1950, 25];

= α Tauri + Hyades [BPO 2, p. 8; Hunger and Steele 2019, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271];

= α, θ12, γ, δ, ε Tauri [Koch 1989, 79].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) [mulA]G2.AN.NE ''ana'' BALA TIL.LA "Crown of Anu for (predicting) the end of a dynasty." [BPO 2, VI 3 + Parallels];

(2) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' / mul''A-nu'' AGA (glossary: ''a-gu-u) īpa'' ŠA3-''bi-šu2'' GUB''-iz'' / [LUGAL] ''ša2-lim! kit[tu2 u mi-ša2-ru] ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "If a halo surrounds the moon, and the 'Crown of Anu' stands in it: [the king] will thrive; there will be right[eosness] and justice in the land." [SAA 8 68:1-3]; parallel [ibid. 298 r. 1-3; 364 r. 2-3].

See also (Kurtik g11) [[GI.GI]], (Kurtik g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], (Kurtik i15) ''Is lê'', (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 13.

List (12´3):

* ''mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu'' / mul''is le-e a-ge'' d''A-nim''
* "The asterism that stands behind him (i.e. behind [[MUL.MUL]]), Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (Section B i 7-8)

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. обозначения: mulAGA.AN.NA/NE, mulAnu AGA, AGA AN-nim, mulAN.NA AGA, mulAG2.AN.NAx(BUR2), mulAG2.AN.NE; = «Корона Ану»; одно из наименований Гиад (Hyades) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 25], см. также a10.
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 2, VI 3]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. (1) В менологиях: itisig4 mulgu3.an.na aga?(в тексте: IL2).an.na.ke4 // itisig4 is le-e a-ge da-nim «Месяц симану, Бык Ану (акк.: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» (Section A i 26, 32); параллель [Çağirgan 403:12]; транскрипция см. [BPO 2, 151–152; CAD I, 188]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu / mulIs le-e a-ge dA-nim «Звезда, что позади него стоит (т.е. позади MUL.MUL), Челюсть Быка, Корона Ану» (Section B i 7-8) [KAV 218; Horowitz 2014]. «Каталог 30 звезд». (A) MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-nim, (B) [MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulis le]-e! AGA d[A-nim] «Звезда, которая стоит позади него (т.е. позади MUL.MUL), это “Бык Небес” (В: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 3; Horowitz 2014]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 68:2, 298 r. 1, 364 r. 2]. MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Ану (№ 7): mulGU4.AN.NA dis le-e AGA dA-nim «Бык Небес, Челюсть Быка, Корона Ану» (I ii 1). «Большой список звезд». mulag2.an.bur2 ana bala til.lum nap-šur-tum gam-lum [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161]; смысл неясен, см. [Weidner 1959–60, 107–108, Z. 23].

II. Отождествление.

= Hyades [Gössmann 1950, 25];

= α Tauri + Hyades [BPO 2, р. 8; МА, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271];

= αθ12γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 79].

III. Астрология.

(1) [mulA]G2.AN.NE ana BALA TIL.LA «Корона Ану для (предсказания) конца династии» [BPO 2, VI 3 + Parallels];

(2) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma / mulA-nu AGA (глосса: a-gu-u) inа ŠA3-bi-šu2 GUB-iz / [LUGAL] ša2-lim! kit[tu2 u mi-ša2-ru] ina KUR GAL2-ši «Если Луна окружена гало, и “Корона Ану” стоит в нем: [царь] будет благоденствовать; в стране будут прав[да и справедливость]» [SAA 8, 68:1–3]; параллель [ibid. 298 r. 1–3; 364 r. 2–3].

См. также g11 GI.GI, g33 GU4.AN.NA, i15 Is lê, z10 Zibānītum, VI 13.
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[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Tau]]

AGA A-nim

2026-01-18T17:36:37Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AGA ''A-nim''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
__FORCETOC__
[[File:Iades and Pleiades (32446251210).jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|The Pleiades (top left) and the Hyades at the bottom right. Overlapping them in the projection is Aldebaran, an orange giant clearly identifiable in the photograph near the lower right corner. Near the upper right-hand corner is the star λ Tauri. Also recognisable near the lower edge of the image is the open cluster NGC 1647 (CC0, by Giuseppe Donatiello)]]
AGA d''A-nim'' (𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏) is a Babylonian asterism, usually identified with the Hyades star cluster in [[Taurus]].
[[File:Victory stele of Naram Sin 9062.jpg|alt=photograph |thumb|Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, CC-BY Rama 2007]]
The Crown of Anu consists of the front part of classical Taurus = Mesopotamian mulGU4.AN.NA, and includes Akkadian mul Akkadian ''is lê'', ‘the Jaw of the Bull,’ which consists of α Tauri (Aldebaren) and the Hyades, and horns extending outwards from the crown. Ancient Mesopotamian royal and crowns typically including a horned head-piece. See e.g. The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin (figure = Crown of Naram-Sin on Victory Stele of Naram-Sin).
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant designations:

* mulAGA.AN.NA/NE,
* mul''Anu'' AGA,
* AGA AN-''nim'',
* mulAN.NA AGA,
* mulAG2.AN.NAx(BUR2),
* mulAG2.AN.NE; = "Crown of Anu"; one of Hyades’ names [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 25], see also a10.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE'''
See. [BPO 2, VI 3].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each and Related Texts"'''
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* (1) In the menologies:
** iti''sig''4 mul''gu3.an.na aga''?(in the text: IL2).''an.na.ke''ˆ // iti''sig4 is le-e a-ge da-nim''
** "The month of Simanu, Bull of Anu (acc.: Jaw of the Bull), Crown of Anu"
** (Section A i 26, 32); parallel [Çağirgan 403:12]; for transcription see. [BPO 2, 151-152; CAD I, 188].
* (2) List (12´3):
** ''mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu'' / mul''Is le-e a-ge dA-nim''
** "The asterism that stands behind him (i.e. behind MUL.MUL), Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu"
** (Section B i 7-8) [KAV 218; Horowitz 2014].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 Asterisms"'''
* (A) MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-''nim'',
* (B) [MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul''is le]-e!'' AGA d[A-nim] "The star that stands behind him (i.e., behind MUL.MUL) is the “Bull of Heaven” (B: Bull's Jaw), the Crown of Anu." [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 3; Horowitz 2014].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8 68:2, 298 r. 1, 364 r. 2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of stars of Anu (no. 7): mulGU4.AN.NA ''dis le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' "Bull of Heaven, Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (I ii 1).
|
|-
|'''"The Great Stars List and Miscellenia"'''
* mul''ag2.an.bur2 ana bala til.lum nap-šur-tum gam-lum'' [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161]; meaning is unclear, cf. [Weidner 1959-60, 107-108, Z. 23].
|
|}

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= Hyades [Gössmann 1950, 25];

= α Tauri + Hyades [BPO 2, p. 8; Hunger and Steele 2019, 138; ASM, 271];

= α, θ12, γ, δ, ε Tauri [Koch 1989, 79].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) [mulA]G2.AN.NE ''ana'' BALA TIL.LA "Crown of Anu for (predicting) the end of a dynasty." [BPO 2, VI 3 + Parallels];

(2) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' / mul''A-nu'' AGA (glossary: ''a-gu-u) īpa'' ŠA3-''bi-šu2'' GUB''-iz'' / [LUGAL] ''ša2-lim! kit[tu2 u mi-ša2-ru] ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "If a halo surrounds the moon, and the 'Crown of Anu' stands in it: [the king] will thrive; there will be right[eosness] and justice in the land." [SAA 8 68:1-3]; parallel [ibid. 298 r. 1-3; 364 r. 2-3].

See also (Kurtik g11) [[GI.GI]], (Kurtik g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], (Kurtik i15) ''Is lê'', (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 13.

List (12´3):

* ''mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu'' / mul''is le-e a-ge'' d''A-nim''
* "The asterism that stands behind him (i.e. behind [[MUL.MUL]]), Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (Section B i 7-8)

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. обозначения: mulAGA.AN.NA/NE, mulAnu AGA, AGA AN-nim, mulAN.NA AGA, mulAG2.AN.NAx(BUR2), mulAG2.AN.NE; = «Корона Ану»; одно из наименований Гиад (Hyades) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 25], см. также a10.
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 2, VI 3]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. (1) В менологиях: itisig4 mulgu3.an.na aga?(в тексте: IL2).an.na.ke4 // itisig4 is le-e a-ge da-nim «Месяц симану, Бык Ану (акк.: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» (Section A i 26, 32); параллель [Çağirgan 403:12]; транскрипция см. [BPO 2, 151–152; CAD I, 188]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu / mulIs le-e a-ge dA-nim «Звезда, что позади него стоит (т.е. позади MUL.MUL), Челюсть Быка, Корона Ану» (Section B i 7-8) [KAV 218; Horowitz 2014]. «Каталог 30 звезд». (A) MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-nim, (B) [MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulis le]-e! AGA d[A-nim] «Звезда, которая стоит позади него (т.е. позади MUL.MUL), это “Бык Небес” (В: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 3; Horowitz 2014]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 68:2, 298 r. 1, 364 r. 2]. MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Ану (№ 7): mulGU4.AN.NA dis le-e AGA dA-nim «Бык Небес, Челюсть Быка, Корона Ану» (I ii 1). «Большой список звезд». mulag2.an.bur2 ana bala til.lum nap-šur-tum gam-lum [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161]; смысл неясен, см. [Weidner 1959–60, 107–108, Z. 23].

II. Отождествление.

= Hyades [Gössmann 1950, 25];

= α Tauri + Hyades [BPO 2, р. 8; МА, 138; ASM, 271];

= αθ12γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 79].

III. Астрология.

(1) [mulA]G2.AN.NE ana BALA TIL.LA «Корона Ану для (предсказания) конца династии» [BPO 2, VI 3 + Parallels];

(2) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma / mulA-nu AGA (глосса: a-gu-u) inа ŠA3-bi-šu2 GUB-iz / [LUGAL] ša2-lim! kit[tu2 u mi-ša2-ru] ina KUR GAL2-ši «Если Луна окружена гало, и “Корона Ану” стоит в нем: [царь] будет благоденствовать; в стране будут прав[да и справедливость]» [SAA 8, 68:1–3]; параллель [ibid. 298 r. 1–3; 364 r. 2–3].

См. также g11 GI.GI, g33 GU4.AN.NA, i15 Is lê, z10 Zibānītum, VI 13.
|
|-
|
|
|}

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Tau]]

AGA

2026-01-18T17:31:32Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Hörnerkronen.jpg|alt=drawing of types of horncrowns|thumb|Customised after Boehmer: Top from left: simple horns, crown with plant elements, idol crown (Early Dynastic) and standard crown (Old Babylonian) Bottom from left: horn polos (Old Babylonian), horn crown and feather polos (Neo-Assyrian), pointed horn crown (Late Hittite). [CC-BY 4.0 DieLöffelente]]

AGA (𒂇) is a term for crown in ancient Mesopotamia, designates crown-shaped asterisms in several constellations including ‘The Crown of Anu’ (see below).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul''Agû'' "Crown, Tiara"; when describing the figures of a series of constellations.

Including:

# mul[[AGA A-nim|AGA d''Anim'']] (see Kurtik a12).
# mulAGA [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] (see Kurtik s22).
# mulAGA [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]] (see Kurtik u06).
# mulAGA d[[ZA.BA4.BA4|''Za-ba4-ba''4]] (see Kurtik z01).
# AGA as attributive to mul''[[AL.LUL|al-lu-ut-tum]]'' (see Kurtik a18).

This term was also used to describe phenomena associated with Venus, the Moon, and the Sun. Venus and the crowns, cf. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 51 r.1, 461:3; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 20; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 11-12; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/1, 156-157], the Moon and the Crown, cf. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 310; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/1, 156-157; SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 13 r. 9, 59:13, 101 r. 9, 110:5, 121:5], the Sun and the Crown, cf. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 384:7; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/1, 157; van Soldt<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, Table 26 IV 7, A 8].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulagû «Корона, Тиара»; при описании фигур ряда созвездий.
В том числе:

(1) mulAGA dAnim (см. a12).

(2) mulAGA SIPA.ZI.AN.NA (см. s22).

(3) mulAGA UD.KA.DU8.A (см. u06).

(4) mulAGA dZa-ba4-ba4 (см. z01).

(5) AGA как атрибут mulal-lu-ut-tum (см. a18).

Этот термин употреблялся также для описания явлений, связанных с Венерой, Луной и Солнцем. Венера и короны, см. [SAA 8, 51 r.1, 461:3; BPO 2, 20; BPO 3, 11–12; CAD A/1, 156–157], Луна и Корона, см. [SAA 8, 310; CAD A/1, 156–157; SAA 10, 13 r. 9, 59:13, 101 r. 9, 110:5, 121:5], Солнце и корона, см. [SAA 8, 384:7; CAD A/1, 157; van Soldt, Table 26 IV 7, A 8].
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AGA

2026-01-18T17:29:30Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Hörnerkronen.jpg|alt=drawing of types of horncrowns|thumb|Customised after Boehmer: Top from left: simple horns, crown with plant elements, idol crown (Early Dynastic) and standard crown (Old Babylonian) Bottom from left: horn polos (Old Babylonian), horn crown and feather polos (Neo-Assyrian), pointed horn crown (Late Hittite). [CC-BY 4.0 DieLöffelente]]

AGA (𒂆) is a term for crown in ancient Mesopotamia, designates crown-shaped asterisms in several constellations including ‘The Crown of Anu’ (see below).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul''Agû'' "Crown, Tiara"; when describing the figures of a series of constellations.

Including:

# mul[[AGA A-nim|AGA d''Anim'']] (see Kurtik a12).
# mulAGA [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] (see Kurtik s22).
# mulAGA [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]] (see Kurtik u06).
# mulAGA d[[ZA.BA4.BA4|''Za-ba4-ba''4]] (see Kurtik z01).
# AGA as attributive to mul''[[AL.LUL|al-lu-ut-tum]]'' (see Kurtik a18).

This term was also used to describe phenomena associated with Venus, the Moon, and the Sun. Venus and the crowns, cf. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 51 r.1, 461:3; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 20; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 11-12; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/1, 156-157], the Moon and the Crown, cf. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 310; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/1, 156-157; SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 13 r. 9, 59:13, 101 r. 9, 110:5, 121:5], the Sun and the Crown, cf. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 384:7; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/1, 157; van Soldt<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, Table 26 IV 7, A 8].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulagû «Корона, Тиара»; при описании фигур ряда созвездий.
В том числе:

(1) mulAGA dAnim (см. a12).

(2) mulAGA SIPA.ZI.AN.NA (см. s22).

(3) mulAGA UD.KA.DU8.A (см. u06).

(4) mulAGA dZa-ba4-ba4 (см. z01).

(5) AGA как атрибут mulal-lu-ut-tum (см. a18).

Этот термин употреблялся также для описания явлений, связанных с Венерой, Луной и Солнцем. Венера и короны, см. [SAA 8, 51 r.1, 461:3; BPO 2, 20; BPO 3, 11–12; CAD A/1, 156–157], Луна и Корона, см. [SAA 8, 310; CAD A/1, 156–157; SAA 10, 13 r. 9, 59:13, 101 r. 9, 110:5, 121:5], Солнце и корона, см. [SAA 8, 384:7; CAD A/1, 157; van Soldt, Table 26 IV 7, A 8].
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AD6

2026-01-18T17:25:08Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AD6}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|thumb|The Corpse (Dead Man) next to The Eagle, paintings by Jessica Gullberg ([[References (Babylonian)|References]])]]
mulAD6 (𒀯𒈕) = ''pagru,'' "body" or "corpse," commonly translated "The Dead Man". It refers to a Babylonian constellation listed in MUL.APIN I ii 12 in the same entry immediately after [[ZA.BA4.BA4|Zababa]] and [[A2.mušen|mulTI8mušen]] The Eagle ([[Aquila]]), implying that they form a super-constellation. The Corpse could perhaps be identified with Ptolemy's [[Antinous]], a deified dead person, which is located in [[Aquila]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

The name of mulAD6 (with the longer reading ADDA) = ''pagru'', ‘corpse,’ is written with the logograms literally for a dead human being (LÚ = man, BAD/ÚŠ (dead). In astro-mythology ‘the Corpse-star’ is identified with gods that have been killed, for example ‘The Corpse’ = the dead-body of the deity Asakku, which is used to create ''zalāqu''-stone as the Underworld in the Sumerian version Lugale (Horowitz 2011: 348-349).<blockquote>[''From now''] ''on it will not be called asakku, stone will be its name''

Zalāqu''-stone will be its name.''

''Its body will be the underworld'' </blockquote>AD6 = '''''pagru, šalamtu''''' “body, corpse” is interpreted as ''pa-gar'' Á.SÀG ‘corpse of the Asakku-demon/monster' (who was slain by Ninurta) in 5R 46: 28.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> In MUL.APIN, the constellation is associated with Zababa, a warlike god, city god of Kish, identified with Ninurta. MUL d''Za-ba''4''-ba''4 as the 18th and 19th constellation in the Path of Anu.<ref name=":0" />

Var. readings:

* mulLU2.BAD
* mulLU2.UŠ2
* mul''adda'', ad6
* = mul''pagru'' "Dead Man, Corpse".
Sumerian adda for LÚ.BAD is preferred over the shorter ad6 on the basis of Diri VI B: 49-50: ''ad-da'' LÚ.BAD = ''pagru'', ''šalamtu'' (MSL XV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. ''The Series DIRI = (w)Atru'' . Ed. by M.Civil. Roma, 2004.</ref> 190) and cf. parallel lexical entries cited in CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> ŠI 203-04 sub. ''šalamtu''.[[AD6#sdfootnote1sym|1]] The Akkadian equivalent ''šalamtu'' is preferred over the synonym ''pagru'' because of the explicit evidence in RA 101 99: 19'.

CAD P 17 lists the star-name sub ''pagru''.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical List'''
* muladda = ''šá-lam-tú'' [Fadhil and Hilgert<ref>Abduillah Fadhil and Markus Hilgert (2007). ZUR IDENTIFIKATION DES LEXIKALISCHEN KOMPENDIUMS 2R 50 + (K 2035a + K 4337), Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (Published by: Presses Universitaires de France), Vol. 101, pp. 95-105, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23281275</ref>, RA 101 99: 19']
* not in the Urra 22 list or forerunners.
|
|-
| '''MUL.APIN.'''
Star List of Anu (I ii 12):

* mul dZa-ba4-ba4 mulTI8mušen u mulAD6

* "Zababa, Eagle and Deadman".

The counting within the first list of MUL.APIN has always been controversial. This line is

* nos. 17-19 in Kurtik's counting,
* nos. 18-19 in Hoffmann+Krebernik's counting.
|Hunger and Pingree (1999) identifies this constellation with the area of Delphinus.
[[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|thumb|Corpse and Eagle (MUL.APIN), painted for Stellarium by J. Gullberg (2022)]]
|-
| '''"The Great List of Stars".'''
* mulka = mullu2.uš2 "Mouth = Dead Man." [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:160; Weidner 1959-60, 108];

* parallel [STC II<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, Pl. LXXI, Rev. ii 12].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:28.'''
* mulADDA = ''pa-gar'' ''Asakki''(a2.sag3)
* ‘The Corpse, the carcass of Asakku'
|
|-
|'''"Dead man = corpse of Asakku",'''
See also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:28; Reynolds 2019, 206-209 which replaces Reynolds 1999 and STC II];
|
|}
[[File:AD6 CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 172912.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AD6, Pagru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
! Label
!IAU design.
! description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Kitalpha
|HIP 104987
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.933
|-
| 2
|71 Aql
|HIP 101847
|Constellation lines
|4.33
|-
|3
|δ Equulei
|HIP 104858
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.49
|-
|4
|70 Aql
|HIP 101692
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.88
|-
|5
|69 Aql
|HIP 101101
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.9
|-
|6
|κ Delphini
|HIP 101916
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.07
|-
| 7
|1 Aqr
| HIP 101936
|Inside the hull
|5.153
|-
|8
|132 G. Aql
|HIP 100541
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.301
|-
|9
|ζ Equ
|HIP 104031
|Inside the hull
|5.585
|-
|10
|13 Del
|HIP 102633
|Inside the hull
|5.64
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 104101
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|12
|* eps Equ A
|HIP 103569
|Inside the hull
|5.96
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 103652
|Inside the hull
|5.995
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 103301
|Inside the hull
| 6.05
|-
| 15
| -
|HIP 104357
|Inside the hull
|6.18
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 102833
| Inside the hull
|6.188
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 100969
|Inside the hull
|6.195
|-
| 18
|145 G. Aql
| HIP 101746
|Inside the hull
|6.211
|-
|19
| * eps Equ B
| HIP 103569
|Inside the hull
|6.31
|-
|20
|14 Del
|HIP 102819
|Inside the hull
|6.318
|-
|21
| -
|HR 8010
| Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
| 22
| -
|HIP 102631
| Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 101489
| Inside the hull
|6.418
|-
|24
|142 G. Aql
|HIP 101339
|Inside the hull
|6.46
|-
|25
| -
| HIP 104202
|Inside the hull
|6.487
|}
==== Deity. ====
(Translation of Kurtik, page 33-34)

''Asakku'' (ASAG) – demon of disease (headach in particular), son of Anu; together with Anzu and Kingu was considered an evil demon [Tallqvist<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref> 256; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 73; Reynolds 1999<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Stellar Representations of Tiāmat and Qingu in a Learned Calendar Text // RAI. 1999. Vol. 42. P. 369-378.</ref>/ 2019].

In Neo-Assyrian mythological texts, the star of the Deadman, called "the Stone", is identified with Asakku'':''

* [''abn'']''u'' mul''pagru''(adda) ''ki-i iqbû''/''qabû''(dug4.ga)[ ] /[mul''pa'']''gru''([ad]da) ''pa-gar Asakki''(a2.sag3) ''abnu a-sak''-[''ku'']
* "["Kame]n" refers to the Dead Man's star, so they say; / [The Dead Man's star means Asakku's corpse. (Therefore) the stone is Asakku-[ku]"
[Lambert 1989, 216:4-5; Livingstone 1986, 64:4-5], for the full text see (Kurtik z01) [[ZA.BA4.BA4|ZA.BA4.BA4]], II

'''(also see our updated version above)'''

==== Previous Identifications. ====
Since the Dead Man was located near the [[Aquila|Eagle]], he is identified presumably with [[Antinous]] or [[Delphinus]] [Gössmann 1950, 243; Weidner 1957-59 79; 1959-60 108];

= Delphinus(?) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272]. See also (Kurtik k01) [[KA]], (Kurtik g24) ''[[Gizzānītu]]''.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 257)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulLU2.BAD, mulLU2.UŠ2, muladda, ad6; = mulpagru "Мертвец, Труп"; созвездие в Дельфине(?) (Delphinus) [Gössmann 1950, 243; AHw 809; Borger 1978, 73; Reynolds 1999]. || Example
|-
| MUL.APIN. Список звезд Ану (№ 17-19): mul dZa-ba4-ba4 mulTI8mušen u mulAD6 "Забаба, Орел и Мертвец" (I ii 12). "Большой список звезд". mulka = mullu2.uš2 "Рот = Мертвец" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:160; Weidner 1959-60 108]; параллель [STC II, Pl. LXXI, Rev. ii 12]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:28. muladda = pa-gar Asakki(a2.sag3) "Мертвец = труп Асакку", см. также [HBA 52:28; Reynolds 1999 375]; параллель см. [STC II, Pl. LXXI rev. ii 16].
II. Божество.

Асакку ― демон болезни, сын Ану; вместе с Анзу и Кингу считался злым демоном [Tallqvist 256; AHw 73; Reynolds 1999]. В новоассирийском мифологическом тексте звезда Мертвец, называемая «Камнем», отождествляется с Асакку: [abn]u mulpagru(adda) ki-i iqbû/qabû(dug4.ga)[] / [mulpa]gru([ad]da) pa-gar Asakki(a2.sag3) abnu a-sak-[ku] "[«Каме]нь» относится к звезде Мертвец, так говорят; / [Звезда Мерт]вец означает труп Асакку. (Поэтому) камень — это Асак[ку]" [Lambert 1989 216:4-5; Livingstone 1986 64:4-5], полный текст см. z01ZA.BA4.BA4, II.

III. Отождествление.

Поскольку Мертвец располагался вблизи Орла, его отождествляют предположительно с Антиноем (Antinous) или Дельфином (Delphinus) [Gössmann 1950, 243; Weidner 1957-59 79; 1959-60 108];

= Delphinus(?) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999,272]. См. также k01KA, (g24) Gizzānītu.
| Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, p04)
|
|-
|''pagru'' = mulAD6, muladda «Мертвец»;
звезда или созвездие в области Антиноя или Дельфина,
см. (a09) AD6, (k01) KA
|
|}

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:Aql]]
[[Category:Del]]

AB.SIN

2026-01-18T17:22:15Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AB.SIN2, ABSIN (𒀊𒉆)}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
AB.SÍN2/ABSIN = '''''šerʾu,''''' 'The Furrow.' We give together Kurtig a06, 𒀊𒉆 AB.SIN2 (Kurtik a06) and Kurtik a07, 𒆠𒀸𒀸 ABSIN (Kurtik a07), the later being a diri-compound whose reading is proved by Diri IV 276-277: ab-si-in KI.AŠ.AŠ = ''abšennu'', ''šer'u''. The constellation includes stars in classical Virgo for which an illustration is available in the set of drawings related to the Uranology Group (see the drawing on AO 6448 below). It is not certain how much of the drawing corresponds to Mesopotamian perceptions of the constellation over time, but it is clear that the Mesopotamian asterism certainly included the barley stalk that the goddess is holding.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
mulAB.SIN2 (137)

= ''šir'u,''

= ''šerʾu,''

"the Furrow," [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> point out that AHw. 7 refers to CT 33, 1: 11 in favour of a reading ''absinnu'', but the correct restoration there is [''sis'']-''sin-nu''. In MUL.APIN's explanatory list, the term mulAB.SÍN occurs in the Anu-path 15th line (explanandum). It is associated with the goddess Šala:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>'''''Šala''.''' Goddess, wife of the NAAM god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain:
* d''Ša-la'' ''šu-bu-ul-tu4'' (AN 15r),
* Shala, the stalk/ ear/ spike of grain.
</blockquote>ABSIN is a later version of the name.

Var. reading:

* mulKI.AŠ.AŠ,
* mulKI.DILI.DILI,
* mulKI.DIDLI,
* mulKI.ḪAL

Var. designations:

* ABSIN0(KI); = ''šer'u'' "Furrow". [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 257; Gössmann 1950, 4].
* On the probable translation of ABSIN "Barley Stalk" see [Sachs 1952 146]. [Sachs 1952a 146, note 3].
* Constellation and zodiacal sign mulAB.SIN2 "Furrow" (= Virgo) in later astronomical and astrological texts.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== AB.SIN2 ====
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra 22: 302: mulAB.SIN2 = ''ši-ir-'u'' "Furrow.", (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3 B K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each” (astrolabes)'''
* Text Nv. 10
** mulAB.SIN2 like the star of Anu in the months of Kislimu and Ṭebetu (Obv. 6, 10), and as the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month Simanu (Rev. 31) [Donbaz-Koch 65-66].

* CT 33, 9.
** The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A list of the 12 asterisms of Anu (no. 9): [mul]AB.SIN2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 15):
** mulAB.SIN2 ''dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4''
** "The furrow, the goddess Shala, the spike" (I ii 10).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI
** "On the 25th day of Ululu the Furrow becomes visible" ( I ii 47).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and sunsets:
** mulKU6 ''u'' mulŠU.GI KURmeš-''ma'' mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš
** "The Fish and the Old Man rise and the Furrow and the Mad Dog set" (I iii 33).
* (4) Intervals between the dates of heliacal risings:
** TA KUR ''ša2'' mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4
** "10 days from the rising of ''Šupa'' to the rising of the Furrow, 20 days from the rising of the Furrow to the rising of Libra" (I iii 36-37).
* (5) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon": mulAB.SIN2, after mulUR.GU.LA, before mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu4'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.
* (6) Astrological predictions: star U.RI.RI and AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), see (Kurtik u01)[[U.RI.RI]] [Hunger and Steele 2019, 33, 43, 52-54, 68, 110].
|[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
|-
|'''Letters and Reports:'''

* SAA 8 295 rev. 1-2:
** AB.SIN2 and E4.RU6 in halo of the Moon.
* [SAA 8 82 r. 8, 325:2, 378:5].
* SAA 10 "Letters" and "Reports." See [SAA 10, 224:10, 206:9]
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List" (SAG.ME.GAR = ŠUL.PA.E3)'''
* Astrological association:
** mulBAN / mulAB.SIN2,
** mulGILIM / mulMIN,
** mulTIR.AN.NA / mulMIN,
** mul''a-ri-tum'' / mulMIN,
** mulMAR.GID2.DA / mul[MIN], [...], where mulMIN apparently = mulAB.SIN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]
|this does not affect the identification, it's just an association
|-
|'''GU-text'''.

* (K) or GU XI
** mulE4-ru6 (A.EDIN) KI.MIN mulAB.SIN2 d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]AB.SIN2 ''ina'' IGI muluga gub-''zu'' gu
** translation: "Erua, or the Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš (ε Cen), Mercury, who stands towards the Furrow before the Raven – a string" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:17-18];
* Identifications:
** ''ziqpu'' XXV (Erua): γ Com
** the Furrow is the area around α, γ, and ε Vir
** Šullat and Ḫaniš: (ε Cen according to Kurtik, according to [Koch 1992 58] it is β, α Cen); see also [ASM 92].
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|alt=the constellation as visualized in Stellarium|thumb|Furrow with Ear of Grain next to the Lion and the Mušḫuššu Dragon with Raven]][[File:GU XI.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with the GU XI|thumb|GU XI star chart (Hoffmann 2022) ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a. mulab.sin2 "the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §v. mulSUḪUŠ AB.SIN2 "The base of the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]].
[Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54].
|[[File:Dalb a.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "a" (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]][[File:Dalb v.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "v"... sorry: cut-off (Hoffmann 2024)]]
|-
|'''Uranology Texts'''
* Related Drawings: Uranology 99 Bottom, ''bīt niṣirti'' of dgu4-utu: /mulab/-s[in2] to the right of Mercury
|[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|alt=Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|alt=The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.|thumb|The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== ABSIN, ABSIN0 (spelling variants) ====
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* ABSIN = KI.AŠ.AŠ = KI.DILI.DILI = KI.DIDLI = KI.ḪAL
* ABSIN0 = KI

All this are designations of the 6th sign of the zodiac in the ephemerides [ACT 38, 467], for the earliest example see [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7]. However, the term was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation KI for ABSIN0 appears in the lunar tables dated to the year – 474 [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) The standard designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac; for the earliest example see [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], but it was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation ABSIN – ABSIN0(KI) appears in the lunar tables dated to the year – 474 [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
* (2) Included in the name of two "normal stars":
** a) DELE ''ša2'' IGI ABSIN "Separate (star) ahead of the Furrow" (γ Vir),
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "(Star) with great brilliance of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|
|-
|'''Normal Stars'''
* Hunger and Pingree (1999, 22-23) included in the name of two "normal stars" (see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ)
** a) DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir), var.: ''e-du ša''2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54, No. -463 Obv. 6].
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "(Star) with great brilliance of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: ... KI ''ša''2 ABSIN [Roughton-Steele-Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) DELE ''ša'' IGI ABSIN 16 ""Single (star) ahead of the Furrow" (γ Virginis).
* (b) s[a4] ''ša''2(?) ABSIN(?) 28(?) "Brilliant (star) of the Barley Stalk (corresponding to) 28(?) (Virgo)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; [[References (Babylonian)|ASM]] 150].
|
|}
[[File:ABSIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 171538.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AB.SIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Spica]]
|HIP 65474
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|0.97
|-
|2
|[[Porrima]]
|HIP 61941
|Constellation lines
|2.74
|-
|3
|[[Vindemiatrix]]
|HIP 63608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.79
|-
|4
| [[Minelauva]]
|HIP 63090
|Constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
|5
|* gam Vir B
|HR 4826
|Inside the Hull
|3.49
|-
|6
| ν Virginis
|HIP 57380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.04
|-
|7
|θ Virginis
|HIP 64238
| Inside the Hull
|4.397
|-
|8
| π Virginis
| HIP 58590
|Inside the Hull
| 4.642
|-
|9
|16 Vir
|HIP 60172
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|10
|d2 Vir
|HIP 62267
|Inside the Hull
|5.207
|-
|11
|31 Vir
| HIP 61968
|Inside the Hull
| 5.573
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 62325
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
| 13
|FW Vir
|HIP 61658
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59309
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|15
|44 Vir
|HIP 63414
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|16
|79 G. Vir
|HIP 62103
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
|17
|37 Vir
|HIP 62757
|Inside the Hull
|6.003
|-
|18
|56 G. Vir
| HIP 61103
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|19
|* 46 Vir A
|HIP 63494
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 20
|38 Vir
|HIP 62875
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|21
|68 G. Vir
|HIP 61637
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|22
| EP Vir
|HIP 62376
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|23
|51 G. Vir
|HIP 60804
|Inside the Hull
|6.342
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 58809
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|25
|35 Vir
|HIP 62443
|Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
|26
|91 G. Vir
|HIP 62915
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|27
|17 Vir
|HIP 60353
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identifications: ====

* = the eastern section of the constellation Virgo (without β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

* = Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

* = α + other stars of Vir [BPO 2 10; Hunger and Steele 2019, 138; ASM 272];

* = 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

* = Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].
*

===== Late astrology, magic and the calendar. =====
* (1) The Lunaria. BRM IV, 20: ki mulab.sin2, ki muSAA 10[in] "in the vicinity of the Furrow" [Ungnad 258-259: 3, 18], see also (Kurtik a07) AB.SIN.
* (2) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts in VAT 7847: the 2nd part is mulab.sin2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], see also (Kurtik a07) ABSIN.
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI AB.SIN2 ''ša''2 ''edi''(SIG) ''ni-ziq-tu''4 "in the vicinity of the Furrow (= Virgo): loneliness, rage" [SpTU II, 43:23]; parallel: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-ti'' "in the vicinity of the Furrow: wealth, rage" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999 192].
* (4) Hypsomata. The Furrow (= Virgo) – Mercury's hypsomata, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
* (5) Predicting prices for grain based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31].
* (6) Predictions based on lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac. DIŠ 30 ''ina'' mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-''ma''...] "If the Moon eclipses within the Furrow (= in the Virgo)..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136: rev. 20], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].

See also [TCL 6 13: col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

===== Spelling variant (ABSIN, ABSIN0) =====
* (1) Horoscopes: ABSIN – is the designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) The “Lunaries”.
** a) BRM IV, 20, see (Kurtik a06) AB.SIN2,
** b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN – is the designation of the zodiac sign Furrow (= Virgo) in the zodiacal scheme, famously known as the "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
** '''(a) AO 6483: 6-''i-tum'' Ca.la absin ''šum''3-''šu''2 "6th part, its name is the Furrow." [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66],'''
** '''(b) Sp II 202+: 6-tu2 Ca.la ''ša''2 lu absin / ''ša''2 lu "the 6th part of Aries - Aries' Furrow". [Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15].'''
* (4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // KIdidli 24 // ''ši-gu-šu''2 ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''a-ri-bi u kappi''(PA) ''a-ri-bi'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Duzu 12 // Virgin 240 // Flour from ''šigūšu''-barley, raven’s head and raven’s wing – you smear" [SpTU III, 104: 12, and also 104:25]; parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI KI.DAL a-lid ... "In the vicinity of the Furrow was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. See also [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. '''In the new edition of BM 46083: ''šur-ši'' PABSINR 15 PSA4 ša2 ABSIN 24R + [x...] "Root of Furrow 15. Brilliant Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564]'''

==== Deity. ====
The goddess Shala, probably of Hurrian origin, was considered the consort of Adad, the god of thunder (in other versions – Dagan). It is mentioned in texts dating to the Old Babylonian times. Among the known epithets, not a single one indicates its astral meaning [Tallqvist 453]. The symbol on the kudurru – an ear, sometimes next to the symbol of Adad [Seidl 1968 138], or a ram on a plinth with an ear [ibid. 74, 147] (Fig. 48).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.

==== Symbol. ====

* In MUL.APIN I ii 10 is given the identity: "Furrow, goddess Shala, ear".
* On the Seleucid tablet AO 6448 is depicted a standing female figure in a long garment, draped at the waist, with an ear in her hand, and next to her are symbolic images of Mercury, the Raven and Snake [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (fig. 12). This is probably the figure of the constellation mulAB.SIN2. A similar figure is presented on one poorly preserved Seleucid gemma imprint [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 107] (Fig. 31).
* The image of the ear is also found on Seleucid seals from Uruk in combination with other astral symbols (Capricornus, bull, month) [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (fig. 38). The standing female figure with an ear in her hand–just like the symbol of the Virgin found on Egyptian monuments of the late Hellenistic times–is probably of Mesopotamian origins [Kurtik 2002, ill. 5, 7].
* On the "Planisphere" K 8538, according to Koch's interpretation, the schematic picture of mulAB.SIN2 is given in the 5th sector in the form of a triangle, in which is the inscription BAD BAD. [Koch 1989 80-85] (ill. 9).
* According to D. Foxvog, the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols; in it AB.SIN2 (sign of the zodiac sign Virgo) is put in correspondence with ŠE.BAR "grain". [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====

* (1) = Bow; /DIŠ mulKU6/ ''ana'' mulBAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN2] "If the Fish approaches the Bow ... (it means:) Mercury (approaches) the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8, 325:4-7].

* (2) = Arrow; DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-''ma'' "If the Bow reaches the Arrow ... (it means:) Mercury stands within the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

* (3) = The Field; cf. [SAA 8, 82 r. 8].

See also “The Great Star List”

===== Predictions: =====

* (4) A lunar eclipse within the Furrow;
** DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' ...''taš-nin-tu''4 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši ina'' KI AB.SIN2 ''u'' GENNA BAD.MEŠ "If in the 14th of Adar a lunar eclipse occurs, ... there will be a conflict in the country. (If it occurs) within the Furrow and Saturn, (there will be) a plague." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29];
** [...mulA]B.SIN2 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-''ša''2 '''''i-Car-ra-ar''''' SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' PIN.NUR "[If the Moon] is eclipsed in the Furrow: solution for the furrow; income from the furrows will decrease, there will be hunger for barley and straw" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

* (5) Venus and the Furrow;
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma '''me-Cu-u'''''<nowiki/>'''2''' ZI-''a na-ram-ti'' LUGAL [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and a hurricane wind accumulates: the king's beloved woman ..." [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-''ti Gu-ti''-[''i''...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the southern winds blow: the fall of the Guti..." [ibid., rev. 27],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the northern winds blow: the main wife ..." [ibid., rev 28]; for a parallel see. [ibid., ND4362: 18-20].

* (6) Uriri and the Furrow; DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' AB.SIN2 KU.NU-''ma'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If the star Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Furrow: the same will happen (= horse pestilence)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

* (7) Mercury in the Furrow has great brilliance; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 3.

* (8) Observations for astrological purposes;
** ''mu-ši a-ga-a'' d30 TUR3 ''il-ta-mi'' / mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulA.EDIN ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi u''2-''šu-uz-zu'' "That night a halo surrounded the moon, the Furrow and Erua stood on the moon" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2];
** mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 0! / ''ina qaq-qar'' mulAB.SIN2 ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east within the Furrow" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2];
** TUR3 ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 / ''a-na'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL / ''ina'' EN.TE.NA ''i-lap-pat'' "The halo (around and within the Moon) of the Furrow foretells rain and flood in the winter season" [SAA 8, 378: 1-2]. [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1];
** mul''Dil-bat a-na'' mulAB!.SIN2 / ''i-kaš-šad'' "Venus will reach (the limits of) the Furrow" [SAA 10 224: 10]; for observations on Mars and its approach to the Furrow, see [ibid. 206: 4-9].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a06+a07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 4)
|-
|
==== a07. mulABSIN (353), ====

вар. чтения: mulKI.AŠ.AŠ, mulKI.DILI.DILI, mulKI.DIDLI, mulKI.DAL; вар. обозначения: ABSIN0(KI); = šersu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 257; Gössmann 1950, 4]. O вероятном переводе ABSIN "Ячменный Стебель" см. [Sachs 1952а 146, note 3]. Созвездие и знак зодиака mulAB.SIN2 "Борозда" (= Дева, Virgo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. См. также a06AB.SIN2.

I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". (1) Стандартное обозначение 6-го знака зодиака; самый ранний пример см. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], но несомненно употреблялось и раньше, поскольку сокращение от ABSIN ― ABSIN0(KI) встречается уже в лунных таблицах, датируемых –474 годом [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31]. (2) Входило в название двух "нормальных звезд": a) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная (звезда) впереди Борозды" (γ Vir), b) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "(Звезда) с большим блеском Борозды" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim]. Математическая астрономия. ABSIN, ABSIN0 ― обозначения 6-го знака зодиака в эфемеридах [ACT 38, 467]. "Анафора". BM 36609+: … KI ša2 ABSIN [Roughton-Steele-Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Гороскопы: ABSIN — обозначение 6-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) "Лунарии". а) BRM IV, 20, см. a06AB.SIN2, b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN — обозначение знака зодиака Борозда (=Дева) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием "додекатемория" [Ungnad 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. (3) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: a) АО 6483: 6-i-tum Ca.la absin šum3-šu2 "6-я часть, ее имя Борозда" [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66], b) Sp II 202+: 6-tu2 Ca.la ša2 lu absin / ša2 lu "6-я часть Овна — Борозда Овна" [Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + "додекатемория"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // KIdidli 24 // ši-gu-šu2 qaqqad(SAG.DU) a-ri-bi u kappi(PA) a-ri-bi MIN(= tapaššaš) "Дуузу 12 // Дева 240 // Муку из šigūšu-ячменя, голову ворона и крыло ворона — ты намазываешь" [SpTU III, 104: 12, а также 104:25]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI KI.DAL a-lid … "В области Борозды родился…" [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. См. также [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) šur-ši absin 16 "Корень Ячменого Стебля(?):16 (Девы)" (γ Virginis). b) s[a4] ša2(?) absin(?) 28(?) "Блестящая (звезда) Ячменного Стебля (соответствует) 28(?) (Девы)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; ASM 150]. В новом издании BM 46083: šur-ši PABSINR 15 PSA4 ša2 ABSIN 24R + [x…] "Корень Борозды 15. Блестящая звезда Борозды 24 [+x]" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564].
|In den rein astron. Texten der S.Ä. wird zumeist Ki ·AS·AS ( = ABSIN), zuweilen auch bloss Ki (93 (81-7-6) Vs.7.9.; RmIV 397, 10; Epp.Astrono. S.149) geschrieben, und zwar ohne Determinativ {Sp 129, 38; Sp 128, 22; SH 272 ll 7; dagegen AO 6483 Vs16: rnul2Ki ·AŠ·AŠ).
In den früheren astron. sowie in den astrol. Texten wird AB•SiN2 (=ABSIN) geschrieben.
|-
|
==== a06. mul AB.SIN2 (137) ====

= še/irsu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4]; созвездие, соответствующее современной Деве (Virgo). См. также a07ABSIN.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mulab.sin2 = ši-ir-su "Борозда" [SpTU III, 114A v 109]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]. "Астролябии". Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): [mul]ab.sin2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]. "Письма" и "Рапорты". См. [SAA 10, 224:10, 206:9; SAA 8, 82 r. 8, 295 r. 2, 6].325:2, 378:5]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 15): mulAB.SIN2 dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4 "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос" (I ii 10). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI "25-го улулу Борозда становится видна" ( I ii 47). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulKU6 u mulŠU.GI KURmeš-ma mulAB.SIN2 u mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš "Рыба и Старик восходят, а Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят" (I iii 33). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ana KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 "10 дней от восхода Шупы до восхода Борозды. 20 дней от восхода Борозды до восхода Весов" (I iii 36-37). (5) Звезды "на пути Луны": mulAB.SIN2, после mulUR.GU.LA, перед mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Астрологические предсказания: звезда U.RI.RI и AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 33, 43, 52-54, 68, 110]. "Большой список звезд". Соответствия: mulban = mulab.sin2, mulgilim = mulmin, multir.an.na = mulmin, mula-ri-tum = mulmin, mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min], […], где mulmin, по-видимому, = mulab.sin2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]. GU-текст. (K) mulE4-Pru6R(A.EDIN) kimin mulab.sin2 dŠullat(PA) u Daniš(LUGAL) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu gu "Эруа (ziqpu XXV: γ Com) или Борозда (α Vir), Шуллат и Ханиш (ε Cen), Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит, ― веревка" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:17-18]; согласно [Koch 1992 58], dŠullat(PA) u Daniš (LUGAL) — β, α Cen; см. также [ASM 92]. Dalbanna-текст. §a. mulab.sin2 "Борозда" (α Vir), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §v. mulsuCuš ab.sin2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir), см. L07dLI9.SI4. Текст Nv. 10. mulAB.SIN2 как звезда Ану в месяцы кислиму и тебету (Obv. 6, 10), и как звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану (Rev. 31) [Donbaz-Koch 65-66]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) "Лунарии". BRM IV, 20: ki mulab.sin2, ki muSAA 10[in] "Область Борозды" [Ungnad 258-259: 3, 18], см. также a07ABSIN. (2) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей в VAT 7847: 2-я часть — mulab.sin2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], см. также a07ABSIN. (3) "Гипсома". Борозда (=Дева) — гипсома Меркурия, см. g34GU4.UD. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI AB.SIN2 ša2 edi(SIG) ni-ziq-tu4 "Область Борозды (= Дева): одиночество, гнев" [SpTU II, 43:23]; параллель: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ni-ziq-ti "Область Борозды: богатство, гнев" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ 30 ina mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-ma…] "Если Луна затмилась в Борозде (= в Деве)…" [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136: rev. 20], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [TCL 6 13: col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

II. Божество.

Богиня Шала, имеющая, вероятно, хурритское происхождение, считалась супругой бога грозы Адада (по другой версии ― Дагана). Упоминается в текстах со старовавилонского времени. Среди известных эпитетов ни один не указывает на ее астральное значение [Tallqvist 453]. Символ на кудурру ― колос, расположенный иногда рядом с символом Адада [Seidl 1968 138], или баран на цоколе с колосом [ibid. 74, 147] (илл. 48). Молитвы и ритуалы. Ритуал "омовения рта" (mīs pî) или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

III. Символ.

В MUL.APIN I ii 10 приведено тождество: "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос". На селевкидской табличке AO 6448 изображена стоящая женская фигура в длинном одеянии, перетянутая в талии, с колосом в руках, рядом ― символические изображения Меркурия, Ворона и Змеи [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (илл. 12). Вероятно, это и есть фигура созвездия mulAB.SIN2. Похожая фигура представлена на одном плохо сохранившемся селевкидском оттиске геммы [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 107] (илл. 31). Изображение колоса встречается также на селевкидских печатях из Урука в сочетании с другими астральными символами (козерог, бык, месяц) [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (илл. 38). Стоящая женская фигура с колосом в руке, как символ Девы встречается на египетских памятниках позднеэллинистического времени и имеет, по-видимому, месопотамское происхождение [Куртик 2002, илл. 5, 7]. На "Планисфере" К 8538, согласно интерпретации Коха, схематическое изображение mulAB.SIN2 приводится в 5-м секторе в виде треугольника, внутри которого надпись BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (илл. 9). Согласно Д. Фоксвогу, текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий; в нем AB.SIN2 (обозначение знака зодиака Дева) поставлено в соответствие ŠE.BAR "зерно" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

IV. Отождествление:

= восточная часть созвездия Virgo (без β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

= Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

= α + другие звезды Vir [BPO 2 10; МА 138; ASM 272];

= 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

= Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "Блестящая (звезда) Борозды" (α Vir, Спика);

(2) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная звезда впереди Борозды" (γ Vir); вар.: e-du ša2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54, No. -463 Obv. 6].

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число "нормальных звезд", см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) mulSUDUŠ AB.SIN2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir, Спика), см. Dbn-text (§v) [Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54].

(4) šur-ši absin "Корень Ячменного стебля" (γ Virginis), см. [Sachs 1952a 146; ASM 150].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Лук; PDIŠ mulKU6R ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2] "Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (это означает:) Меркурий (подходит) к Борозде" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8 325:4-7].

(2) = Стрела; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud … dGU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-ma "Если Лук достигает Стрелы … (это означает:) Меркурий стоит в пределах Борозды" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

(3) = Поле; см. [SAA 8 82 r. 8].

См. также "Большой список звезд".

Предсказания:

(4) Лунное затмение в Борозде; DIŠ ina itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-ma …taš-nin-tu4 ina KUR GAL2-ši ina KI AB.SIN2 u GENNA BAD.MEŠ "Если 14-го аддару происходит лунное затмение, … в стране будет конфликт. (Если оно происходит) в пределах Борозды и Сатурна, (будет) чума" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29]; […mulA]B.SIN2 a-dir EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-ša2 i-Car-ra-ar SU.KU2 ŠE u PIN.NUR "[Если Луна] затмилась в Борозде: решение для борозды; доход от борозды уменьшится, голод на ячмень и солому" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

(5) Венера и Борозда; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma me-Cu-u2 ZI-a na-ram-ti LUGAL […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и ураганный ветер поднимается: любимая женщина царя …" [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-ti Gu-ti-[i…] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и южный ветер дует: падение гутиев…" [ibid., rev. 27], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и северный ветер дует: главная жена …" [ibid., rev 28]; параллель см. [ibid., ND4362: 18-20].

(6) Урири и Борозда; DIŠ U.RI.RI ana AB.SIN2 KU.NU-ma ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Борозде: (произойдет) то же самое (= лошадиный мор)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(7) Меркурий в Борозде имеет большой блеск; см. u11UGA, VI 3.

(8) Наблюдения в астрологических целях; mu-ši a-ga-a d30 TUR3 il-ta-mi / mulAB.SIN2 u mulA.EDIN ina ŠA3-bi u2-šu-uz-zu "Этой ночью гало окружало Луну, Борозда и Эруа стояли в нем" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2]; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB.SIN2 it-tan-mar "Меркурий стал виден на востоке в пределах Борозды" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2]; TUR3 ša2 mulAB.SIN2 / a-na A.AN u A.KAL / ina EN.TE.NA i-lap-pat "Гало (вокруг Луны в пределах) Борозды предвещает дождь и наводнение зимой" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1]; mulDil-bat a-na mulAB!.SIN2 / i-kaš-šad "Венера достигнет (пределов) Борозды" [SAA 10 224: 10]; наблюдение Марса, приближающегося к Борозде, см. [ibid. 206: 4-9].
|Example
|}

== Transformation of the Constellations ==
<gallery>
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo MULAPIN.jpg|Babylonian pre-zodiac (MUL.APIN-based, visualisation by Jessica Gullberg, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo seleucid.jpg|Babylonian zodiac (Seleucid time, visualisation by Rober Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Zod asSufi.jpg|Classical zodiac visualized by as-Sufi (10th century CE), implemented in Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji.
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|The image of the Furrow with the Ear of Grain as painted by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|The image of the Goddess with the Ear of Grain (copied from tablet AO 6448 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|The double-goddess in Egyptian painting style as depicted in the circular zodiac in the temple of Denderah (Roman epoch). The Babylonian goddess Shala is left (east) whiie the other lady, on the lion's tail might be the Babylonian goddess Erua or the Egyptian deified queen Berenice.
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Vir]]

AB.SIN

2026-01-18T17:18:29Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AB.SIN2, ABSIN (𒀊𒉆)}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
AB.SÍN2/ABSIN = '''''šerʾu,''''' 'The Furrow.' We give together Kurtig a06, 𒀊𒉆 AB.SIN2 (Kurtik a06) and Kurtik a07, 𒆠𒀸𒀸 ABSIN (Kurtik a07), the later being a diri-compound whose reading is proved by Diri IV 276-277: ab-si-in KI.AŠ.AŠ = ''abšennu'', ''šer'u''. The constellation includes stars in classical Virgo for which an illustration is available in the set of drawings related to the Uranology Group (see the drawing on AO 6448 below). It is not certain how much of the drawing corresponds to Mesopotamian perceptions of the constellation over time, but it is clear that the Mesopotamian asterism certainly included the barley stalk that the goddess is holding.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
mulAB.SIN2 (137)

= ''šir'u,''

= ''šerʾu,''

"the Furrow," [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> point out that AHw. 7 refers to CT 33, 1: 11 in favour of a reading ''absinnu'', but the correct restoration there is [''sis'']-''sin-nu''. In MUL.APIN's explanatory list, the term mulAB.SÍN occurs in the Anu-path 15th line (explanandum). It is associated with the goddess Šala:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>'''''Šala''.''' Goddess, wife of the NAAM god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain:
* d''Ša-la'' ''šu-bu-ul-tu4'' (AN 15r),
* Shala, the stalk/ ear/ spike of grain.
</blockquote>ABSIN is a later version of the name.

Var. reading:

* mulKI.AŠ.AŠ,
* mulKI.DILI.DILI,
* mulKI.DIDLI,
* mulKI.ḪAL

Var. designations:

* ABSIN0(KI); = ''šer'u'' "Furrow". [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 257; Gössmann 1950, 4].
* On the probable translation of ABSIN "Barley Stalk" see [Sachs 1952 146]. [Sachs 1952a 146, note 3].
* Constellation and zodiacal sign mulAB.SIN2 "Furrow" (= Virgo) in later astronomical and astrological texts.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== AB.SIN2 ====
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra 22: 302: mulAB.SIN2 = ''ši-ir-'u'' "Furrow.", (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3 B K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each” (astrolabes)'''
* Text Nv. 10
** mulAB.SIN2 like the star of Anu in the months of Kislimu and Ṭebetu (Obv. 6, 10), and as the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month Simanu (Rev. 31) [Donbaz-Koch 65-66].

* CT 33, 9.
** The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A list of the 12 asterisms of Anu (no. 9): [mul]AB.SIN2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 15):
** mulAB.SIN2 ''dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4''
** "The furrow, the goddess Shala, the spike" (I ii 10).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI
** "On the 25th day of Ululu the Furrow becomes visible" ( I ii 47).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and sunsets:
** mulKU6 ''u'' mulŠU.GI KURmeš-''ma'' mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš
** "The Fish and the Old Man rise and the Furrow and the Mad Dog set" (I iii 33).
* (4) Intervals between the dates of heliacal risings:
** TA KUR ''ša2'' mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4
** "10 days from the rising of ''Šupa'' to the rising of the Furrow, 20 days from the rising of the Furrow to the rising of Libra" (I iii 36-37).
* (5) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon": mulAB.SIN2, after mulUR.GU.LA, before mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu4'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.
* (6) Astrological predictions: star U.RI.RI and AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), see (Kurtik u01)[[U.RI.RI]] [MA 33, 43, 52-54, 68, 110].
|[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
|-
|'''Letters and Reports:'''

* SAA 8 295 rev. 1-2:
** AB.SIN2 and E4.RU6 in halo of the Moon.
* [SAA 8 82 r. 8, 325:2, 378:5].
* SAA 10 "Letters" and "Reports." See [SAA 10, 224:10, 206:9]
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List" (SAG.ME.GAR = ŠUL.PA.E3)'''
* Astrological association:
** mulBAN / mulAB.SIN2,
** mulGILIM / mulMIN,
** mulTIR.AN.NA / mulMIN,
** mul''a-ri-tum'' / mulMIN,
** mulMAR.GID2.DA / mul[MIN], [...], where mulMIN apparently = mulAB.SIN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]
|this does not affect the identification, it's just an association
|-
|'''GU-text'''.

* (K) or GU XI
** mulE4-ru6 (A.EDIN) KI.MIN mulAB.SIN2 d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]AB.SIN2 ''ina'' IGI muluga gub-''zu'' gu
** translation: "Erua, or the Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš (ε Cen), Mercury, who stands towards the Furrow before the Raven – a string" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:17-18];
* Identifications:
** ''ziqpu'' XXV (Erua): γ Com
** the Furrow is the area around α, γ, and ε Vir
** Šullat and Ḫaniš: (ε Cen according to Kurtik, according to [Koch 1992 58] it is β, α Cen); see also [ASM 92].
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|alt=the constellation as visualized in Stellarium|thumb|Furrow with Ear of Grain next to the Lion and the Mušḫuššu Dragon with Raven]][[File:GU XI.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with the GU XI|thumb|GU XI star chart (Hoffmann 2022) ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a. mulab.sin2 "the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §v. mulSUḪUŠ AB.SIN2 "The base of the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]].
[Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54].
|[[File:Dalb a.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "a" (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]][[File:Dalb v.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "v"... sorry: cut-off (Hoffmann 2024)]]
|-
|'''Uranology Texts'''
* Related Drawings: Uranology 99 Bottom, ''bīt niṣirti'' of dgu4-utu: /mulab/-s[in2] to the right of Mercury
|[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|alt=Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|alt=The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.|thumb|The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== ABSIN, ABSIN0 (spelling variants) ====
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* ABSIN = KI.AŠ.AŠ = KI.DILI.DILI = KI.DIDLI = KI.ḪAL
* ABSIN0 = KI

All this are designations of the 6th sign of the zodiac in the ephemerides [ACT 38, 467], for the earliest example see [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7]. However, the term was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation KI for ABSIN0 appears in the lunar tables dated to the year – 474 [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) The standard designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac; for the earliest example see [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], but it was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation ABSIN – ABSIN0(KI) appears in the lunar tables dated to the year – 474 [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
* (2) Included in the name of two "normal stars":
** a) DELE ''ša2'' IGI ABSIN "Separate (star) ahead of the Furrow" (γ Vir),
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "(Star) with great brilliance of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|
|-
|'''Normal Stars'''
* Hunger and Pingree (1999, 22-23) included in the name of two "normal stars" (see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ)
** a) DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir), var.: ''e-du ša''2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54, No. -463 Obv. 6].
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "(Star) with great brilliance of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: ... KI ''ša''2 ABSIN [Roughton-Steele-Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) DELE ''ša'' IGI ABSIN 16 ""Single (star) ahead of the Furrow" (γ Virginis).
* (b) s[a4] ''ša''2(?) ABSIN(?) 28(?) "Brilliant (star) of the Barley Stalk (corresponding to) 28(?) (Virgo)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; [[References (Babylonian)|ASM]] 150].
|
|}
[[File:ABSIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 171538.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AB.SIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Spica]]
|HIP 65474
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|0.97
|-
|2
|[[Porrima]]
|HIP 61941
|Constellation lines
|2.74
|-
|3
|[[Vindemiatrix]]
|HIP 63608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.79
|-
|4
| [[Minelauva]]
|HIP 63090
|Constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
|5
|* gam Vir B
|HR 4826
|Inside the Hull
|3.49
|-
|6
| ν Virginis
|HIP 57380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.04
|-
|7
|θ Virginis
|HIP 64238
| Inside the Hull
|4.397
|-
|8
| π Virginis
| HIP 58590
|Inside the Hull
| 4.642
|-
|9
|16 Vir
|HIP 60172
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|10
|d2 Vir
|HIP 62267
|Inside the Hull
|5.207
|-
|11
|31 Vir
| HIP 61968
|Inside the Hull
| 5.573
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 62325
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
| 13
|FW Vir
|HIP 61658
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59309
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|15
|44 Vir
|HIP 63414
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|16
|79 G. Vir
|HIP 62103
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
|17
|37 Vir
|HIP 62757
|Inside the Hull
|6.003
|-
|18
|56 G. Vir
| HIP 61103
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|19
|* 46 Vir A
|HIP 63494
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 20
|38 Vir
|HIP 62875
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|21
|68 G. Vir
|HIP 61637
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|22
| EP Vir
|HIP 62376
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|23
|51 G. Vir
|HIP 60804
|Inside the Hull
|6.342
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 58809
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|25
|35 Vir
|HIP 62443
|Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
|26
|91 G. Vir
|HIP 62915
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|27
|17 Vir
|HIP 60353
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identifications: ====

* = the eastern section of the constellation Virgo (without β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

* = Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

* = α + other stars of Vir [BPO 2 10; MA 138; ASM 272];

* = 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

* = Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].
*

===== Late astrology, magic and the calendar. =====
* (1) The Lunaria. BRM IV, 20: ki mulab.sin2, ki muSAA 10[in] "in the vicinity of the Furrow" [Ungnad 258-259: 3, 18], see also (Kurtik a07) AB.SIN.
* (2) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts in VAT 7847: the 2nd part is mulab.sin2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], see also (Kurtik a07) ABSIN.
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI AB.SIN2 ''ša''2 ''edi''(SIG) ''ni-ziq-tu''4 "in the vicinity of the Furrow (= Virgo): loneliness, rage" [SpTU II, 43:23]; parallel: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-ti'' "in the vicinity of the Furrow: wealth, rage" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999 192].
* (4) Hypsomata. The Furrow (= Virgo) – Mercury's hypsomata, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
* (5) Predicting prices for grain based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31].
* (6) Predictions based on lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac. DIŠ 30 ''ina'' mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-''ma''...] "If the Moon eclipses within the Furrow (= in the Virgo)..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136: rev. 20], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].

See also [TCL 6 13: col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

===== Spelling variant (ABSIN, ABSIN0) =====
* (1) Horoscopes: ABSIN – is the designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) The “Lunaries”.
** a) BRM IV, 20, see (Kurtik a06) AB.SIN2,
** b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN – is the designation of the zodiac sign Furrow (= Virgo) in the zodiacal scheme, famously known as the "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
** '''(a) AO 6483: 6-''i-tum'' Ca.la absin ''šum''3-''šu''2 "6th part, its name is the Furrow." [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66],'''
** '''(b) Sp II 202+: 6-tu2 Ca.la ''ša''2 lu absin / ''ša''2 lu "the 6th part of Aries - Aries' Furrow". [Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15].'''
* (4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // KIdidli 24 // ''ši-gu-šu''2 ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''a-ri-bi u kappi''(PA) ''a-ri-bi'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Duzu 12 // Virgin 240 // Flour from ''šigūšu''-barley, raven’s head and raven’s wing – you smear" [SpTU III, 104: 12, and also 104:25]; parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI KI.DAL a-lid ... "In the vicinity of the Furrow was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. See also [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. '''In the new edition of BM 46083: ''šur-ši'' PABSINR 15 PSA4 ša2 ABSIN 24R + [x...] "Root of Furrow 15. Brilliant Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564]'''

==== Deity. ====
The goddess Shala, probably of Hurrian origin, was considered the consort of Adad, the god of thunder (in other versions – Dagan). It is mentioned in texts dating to the Old Babylonian times. Among the known epithets, not a single one indicates its astral meaning [Tallqvist 453]. The symbol on the kudurru – an ear, sometimes next to the symbol of Adad [Seidl 1968 138], or a ram on a plinth with an ear [ibid. 74, 147] (Fig. 48).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.

==== Symbol. ====

* In MUL.APIN I ii 10 is given the identity: "Furrow, goddess Shala, ear".
* On the Seleucid tablet AO 6448 is depicted a standing female figure in a long garment, draped at the waist, with an ear in her hand, and next to her are symbolic images of Mercury, the Raven and Snake [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (fig. 12). This is probably the figure of the constellation mulAB.SIN2. A similar figure is presented on one poorly preserved Seleucid gemma imprint [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 107] (Fig. 31).
* The image of the ear is also found on Seleucid seals from Uruk in combination with other astral symbols (Capricornus, bull, month) [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (fig. 38). The standing female figure with an ear in her hand–just like the symbol of the Virgin found on Egyptian monuments of the late Hellenistic times–is probably of Mesopotamian origins [Kurtik 2002, ill. 5, 7].
* On the "Planisphere" K 8538, according to Koch's interpretation, the schematic picture of mulAB.SIN2 is given in the 5th sector in the form of a triangle, in which is the inscription BAD BAD. [Koch 1989 80-85] (ill. 9).
* According to D. Foxvog, the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols; in it AB.SIN2 (sign of the zodiac sign Virgo) is put in correspondence with ŠE.BAR "grain". [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====

* (1) = Bow; /DIŠ mulKU6/ ''ana'' mulBAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN2] "If the Fish approaches the Bow ... (it means:) Mercury (approaches) the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8 325:4-7].

* (2) = Arrow; DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-''ma'' "If the Bow reaches the Arrow ... (it means:) Mercury stands within the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

* (3) = The Field; cf. [SAA 8 82 r. 8].

See also “The Great Star List”

===== Predictions: =====

* (4) A lunar eclipse within the Furrow;
** DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' ...''taš-nin-tu''4 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši ina'' KI AB.SIN2 ''u'' GENNA BAD.MEŠ "If in the 14th of Adar a lunar eclipse occurs, ... there will be a conflict in the country. (If it occurs) within the Furrow and Saturn, (there will be) a plague." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29];
** [...mulA]B.SIN2 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-''ša''2 '''''i-Car-ra-ar''''' SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' PIN.NUR "[If the Moon] is eclipsed in the Furrow: solution for the furrow; income from the furrows will decrease, there will be hunger for barley and straw" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

* (5) Venus and the Furrow;
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma '''me-Cu-u'''''<nowiki/>'''2''' ZI-''a na-ram-ti'' LUGAL [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and a hurricane wind accumulates: the king's beloved woman ..." [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-''ti Gu-ti''-[''i''...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the southern winds blow: the fall of the Guti..." [ibid., rev. 27],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the northern winds blow: the main wife ..." [ibid., rev 28]; for a parallel see. [ibid., ND4362: 18-20].

* (6) Uriri and the Furrow; DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' AB.SIN2 KU.NU-''ma'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If the star Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Furrow: the same will happen (= horse pestilence)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [MA 110].

* (7) Mercury in the Furrow has great brilliance; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 3.

* (8) Observations for astrological purposes;
** ''mu-ši a-ga-a'' d30 TUR3 ''il-ta-mi'' / mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulA.EDIN ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi u''2-''šu-uz-zu'' "That night a halo surrounded the moon, the Furrow and Erua stood on the moon" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2];
** mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 0! / ''ina qaq-qar'' mulAB.SIN2 ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east within the Furrow" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2];
** TUR3 ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 / ''a-na'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL / ''ina'' EN.TE.NA ''i-lap-pat'' "The halo (around and within the Moon) of the Furrow foretells rain and flood in the winter season" [SAA 8, 378: 1-2]. [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1];
** mul''Dil-bat a-na'' mulAB!.SIN2 / ''i-kaš-šad'' "Venus will reach (the limits of) the Furrow" [SAA 10 224: 10]; for observations on Mars and its approach to the Furrow, see [ibid. 206: 4-9].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a06+a07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 4)
|-
|
==== a07. mulABSIN (353), ====

вар. чтения: mulKI.AŠ.AŠ, mulKI.DILI.DILI, mulKI.DIDLI, mulKI.DAL; вар. обозначения: ABSIN0(KI); = šersu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 257; Gössmann 1950, 4]. O вероятном переводе ABSIN "Ячменный Стебель" см. [Sachs 1952а 146, note 3]. Созвездие и знак зодиака mulAB.SIN2 "Борозда" (= Дева, Virgo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. См. также a06AB.SIN2.

I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". (1) Стандартное обозначение 6-го знака зодиака; самый ранний пример см. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], но несомненно употреблялось и раньше, поскольку сокращение от ABSIN ― ABSIN0(KI) встречается уже в лунных таблицах, датируемых –474 годом [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31]. (2) Входило в название двух "нормальных звезд": a) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная (звезда) впереди Борозды" (γ Vir), b) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "(Звезда) с большим блеском Борозды" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim]. Математическая астрономия. ABSIN, ABSIN0 ― обозначения 6-го знака зодиака в эфемеридах [ACT 38, 467]. "Анафора". BM 36609+: … KI ša2 ABSIN [Roughton-Steele-Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Гороскопы: ABSIN — обозначение 6-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) "Лунарии". а) BRM IV, 20, см. a06AB.SIN2, b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN — обозначение знака зодиака Борозда (=Дева) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием "додекатемория" [Ungnad 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. (3) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: a) АО 6483: 6-i-tum Ca.la absin šum3-šu2 "6-я часть, ее имя Борозда" [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66], b) Sp II 202+: 6-tu2 Ca.la ša2 lu absin / ša2 lu "6-я часть Овна — Борозда Овна" [Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + "додекатемория"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // KIdidli 24 // ši-gu-šu2 qaqqad(SAG.DU) a-ri-bi u kappi(PA) a-ri-bi MIN(= tapaššaš) "Дуузу 12 // Дева 240 // Муку из šigūšu-ячменя, голову ворона и крыло ворона — ты намазываешь" [SpTU III, 104: 12, а также 104:25]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI KI.DAL a-lid … "В области Борозды родился…" [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. См. также [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) šur-ši absin 16 "Корень Ячменого Стебля(?):16 (Девы)" (γ Virginis). b) s[a4] ša2(?) absin(?) 28(?) "Блестящая (звезда) Ячменного Стебля (соответствует) 28(?) (Девы)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; ASM 150]. В новом издании BM 46083: šur-ši PABSINR 15 PSA4 ša2 ABSIN 24R + [x…] "Корень Борозды 15. Блестящая звезда Борозды 24 [+x]" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564].
|In den rein astron. Texten der S.Ä. wird zumeist Ki ·AS·AS ( = ABSIN), zuweilen auch bloss Ki (93 (81-7-6) Vs.7.9.; RmIV 397, 10; Epp.Astrono. S.149) geschrieben, und zwar ohne Determinativ {Sp 129, 38; Sp 128, 22; SH 272 ll 7; dagegen AO 6483 Vs16: rnul2Ki ·AŠ·AŠ).
In den früheren astron. sowie in den astrol. Texten wird AB•SiN2 (=ABSIN) geschrieben.
|-
|
==== a06. mul AB.SIN2 (137) ====

= še/irsu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4]; созвездие, соответствующее современной Деве (Virgo). См. также a07ABSIN.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mulab.sin2 = ši-ir-su "Борозда" [SpTU III, 114A v 109]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]. "Астролябии". Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): [mul]ab.sin2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]. "Письма" и "Рапорты". См. [SAA 10, 224:10, 206:9; SAA 8, 82 r. 8, 295 r. 2, 6].325:2, 378:5]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 15): mulAB.SIN2 dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4 "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос" (I ii 10). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI "25-го улулу Борозда становится видна" ( I ii 47). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulKU6 u mulŠU.GI KURmeš-ma mulAB.SIN2 u mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš "Рыба и Старик восходят, а Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят" (I iii 33). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ana KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 "10 дней от восхода Шупы до восхода Борозды. 20 дней от восхода Борозды до восхода Весов" (I iii 36-37). (5) Звезды "на пути Луны": mulAB.SIN2, после mulUR.GU.LA, перед mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Астрологические предсказания: звезда U.RI.RI и AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), см. u01U.RI.RI [MA 33, 43, 52-54, 68, 110]. "Большой список звезд". Соответствия: mulban = mulab.sin2, mulgilim = mulmin, multir.an.na = mulmin, mula-ri-tum = mulmin, mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min], […], где mulmin, по-видимому, = mulab.sin2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]. GU-текст. (K) mulE4-Pru6R(A.EDIN) kimin mulab.sin2 dŠullat(PA) u Daniš(LUGAL) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu gu "Эруа (ziqpu XXV: γ Com) или Борозда (α Vir), Шуллат и Ханиш (ε Cen), Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит, ― веревка" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:17-18]; согласно [Koch 1992 58], dŠullat(PA) u Daniš (LUGAL) — β, α Cen; см. также [ASM 92]. Dalbanna-текст. §a. mulab.sin2 "Борозда" (α Vir), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §v. mulsuCuš ab.sin2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir), см. L07dLI9.SI4. Текст Nv. 10. mulAB.SIN2 как звезда Ану в месяцы кислиму и тебету (Obv. 6, 10), и как звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану (Rev. 31) [Donbaz-Koch 65-66]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) "Лунарии". BRM IV, 20: ki mulab.sin2, ki muSAA 10[in] "Область Борозды" [Ungnad 258-259: 3, 18], см. также a07ABSIN. (2) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей в VAT 7847: 2-я часть — mulab.sin2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], см. также a07ABSIN. (3) "Гипсома". Борозда (=Дева) — гипсома Меркурия, см. g34GU4.UD. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI AB.SIN2 ša2 edi(SIG) ni-ziq-tu4 "Область Борозды (= Дева): одиночество, гнев" [SpTU II, 43:23]; параллель: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ni-ziq-ti "Область Борозды: богатство, гнев" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ 30 ina mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-ma…] "Если Луна затмилась в Борозде (= в Деве)…" [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136: rev. 20], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [TCL 6 13: col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

II. Божество.

Богиня Шала, имеющая, вероятно, хурритское происхождение, считалась супругой бога грозы Адада (по другой версии ― Дагана). Упоминается в текстах со старовавилонского времени. Среди известных эпитетов ни один не указывает на ее астральное значение [Tallqvist 453]. Символ на кудурру ― колос, расположенный иногда рядом с символом Адада [Seidl 1968 138], или баран на цоколе с колосом [ibid. 74, 147] (илл. 48). Молитвы и ритуалы. Ритуал "омовения рта" (mīs pî) или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

III. Символ.

В MUL.APIN I ii 10 приведено тождество: "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос". На селевкидской табличке AO 6448 изображена стоящая женская фигура в длинном одеянии, перетянутая в талии, с колосом в руках, рядом ― символические изображения Меркурия, Ворона и Змеи [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (илл. 12). Вероятно, это и есть фигура созвездия mulAB.SIN2. Похожая фигура представлена на одном плохо сохранившемся селевкидском оттиске геммы [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 107] (илл. 31). Изображение колоса встречается также на селевкидских печатях из Урука в сочетании с другими астральными символами (козерог, бык, месяц) [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (илл. 38). Стоящая женская фигура с колосом в руке, как символ Девы встречается на египетских памятниках позднеэллинистического времени и имеет, по-видимому, месопотамское происхождение [Куртик 2002, илл. 5, 7]. На "Планисфере" К 8538, согласно интерпретации Коха, схематическое изображение mulAB.SIN2 приводится в 5-м секторе в виде треугольника, внутри которого надпись BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (илл. 9). Согласно Д. Фоксвогу, текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий; в нем AB.SIN2 (обозначение знака зодиака Дева) поставлено в соответствие ŠE.BAR "зерно" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

IV. Отождествление:

= восточная часть созвездия Virgo (без β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

= Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

= α + другие звезды Vir [BPO 2 10; МА 138; ASM 272];

= 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

= Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "Блестящая (звезда) Борозды" (α Vir, Спика);

(2) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная звезда впереди Борозды" (γ Vir); вар.: e-du ša2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54, No. -463 Obv. 6].

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число "нормальных звезд", см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) mulSUDUŠ AB.SIN2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir, Спика), см. Dbn-text (§v) [Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54].

(4) šur-ši absin "Корень Ячменного стебля" (γ Virginis), см. [Sachs 1952a 146; ASM 150].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Лук; PDIŠ mulKU6R ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2] "Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (это означает:) Меркурий (подходит) к Борозде" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8 325:4-7].

(2) = Стрела; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud … dGU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-ma "Если Лук достигает Стрелы … (это означает:) Меркурий стоит в пределах Борозды" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

(3) = Поле; см. [SAA 8 82 r. 8].

См. также "Большой список звезд".

Предсказания:

(4) Лунное затмение в Борозде; DIŠ ina itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-ma …taš-nin-tu4 ina KUR GAL2-ši ina KI AB.SIN2 u GENNA BAD.MEŠ "Если 14-го аддару происходит лунное затмение, … в стране будет конфликт. (Если оно происходит) в пределах Борозды и Сатурна, (будет) чума" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29]; […mulA]B.SIN2 a-dir EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-ša2 i-Car-ra-ar SU.KU2 ŠE u PIN.NUR "[Если Луна] затмилась в Борозде: решение для борозды; доход от борозды уменьшится, голод на ячмень и солому" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

(5) Венера и Борозда; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma me-Cu-u2 ZI-a na-ram-ti LUGAL […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и ураганный ветер поднимается: любимая женщина царя …" [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-ti Gu-ti-[i…] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и южный ветер дует: падение гутиев…" [ibid., rev. 27], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и северный ветер дует: главная жена …" [ibid., rev 28]; параллель см. [ibid., ND4362: 18-20].

(6) Урири и Борозда; DIŠ U.RI.RI ana AB.SIN2 KU.NU-ma ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Борозде: (произойдет) то же самое (= лошадиный мор)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [MA 110].

(7) Меркурий в Борозде имеет большой блеск; см. u11UGA, VI 3.

(8) Наблюдения в астрологических целях; mu-ši a-ga-a d30 TUR3 il-ta-mi / mulAB.SIN2 u mulA.EDIN ina ŠA3-bi u2-šu-uz-zu "Этой ночью гало окружало Луну, Борозда и Эруа стояли в нем" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2]; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB.SIN2 it-tan-mar "Меркурий стал виден на востоке в пределах Борозды" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2]; TUR3 ša2 mulAB.SIN2 / a-na A.AN u A.KAL / ina EN.TE.NA i-lap-pat "Гало (вокруг Луны в пределах) Борозды предвещает дождь и наводнение зимой" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1]; mulDil-bat a-na mulAB!.SIN2 / i-kaš-šad "Венера достигнет (пределов) Борозды" [SAA 10 224: 10]; наблюдение Марса, приближающегося к Борозде, см. [ibid. 206: 4-9].
|Example
|}

== Transformation of the Constellations ==
<gallery>
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo MULAPIN.jpg|Babylonian pre-zodiac (MUL.APIN-based, visualisation by Jessica Gullberg, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo seleucid.jpg|Babylonian zodiac (Seleucid time, visualisation by Rober Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Zod asSufi.jpg|Classical zodiac visualized by as-Sufi (10th century CE), implemented in Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji.
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|The image of the Furrow with the Ear of Grain as painted by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|The image of the Goddess with the Ear of Grain (copied from tablet AO 6448 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|The double-goddess in Egyptian painting style as depicted in the circular zodiac in the temple of Denderah (Roman epoch). The Babylonian goddess Shala is left (east) whiie the other lady, on the lion's tail might be the Babylonian goddess Erua or the Egyptian deified queen Berenice.
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Vir]]

A2.GU2.ZI.GA

2026-01-18T17:14:25Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:A2.GU2.ZI.GA 𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Pleiades and Venus in blue dawn 2020.jpg|alt=photograph of Venus in dawn|thumb|Venus just above the mountain in dawn. ]]
MUL A2.GU2.ZI.GA (𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵) = ''kakkab še-re-e-tu'', 'star of the morning,' is a Mesopotamian term for an asterism rising at dawn, but not necessarily Venus.

__FORCETOC__

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Jupiter-mars-plejaden 2024-07-08 IMG 2438 engl.gif|alt=photograph with labels|thumb|Jupiter, Mars, and Pleiades in dawn. Photograph on July 8 2024 03:57 by Susanne M Hoffmann, animated GIF displays labels (English)]]'''Var. readings:'''

* A2.GU2.ZIG3.GA

*= ''šēru'' (Akkadian)

* "(star) of the morning"

*Most often Venus (AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1219a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956</ref> Š/2 312f., 331f.), in this case epithet of the goddess Inanna/Ishtar as the morning star
*But also possible for other celestial objects, e.g. Mercury and Jupiter

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|
'''Lexical texts.'''

*Antagal III 294; Igituh I 408; Erimhuš VI 168; CT 17, 19 i 38; CT 17, 30:35; STT 173:57; Malku VI 211; Malku III 132.
*Urra 22: 327’: mul''a-gu-zi-ga'' = MIN (''kakkab'') ''še-re-e-tu'' ('''''Bloch-Horowitz ???) But check the CAD AHw entries for other attestations to put in below??'''''
*<s>Series DC XXII: mula2.gu2.zi.ga = min(''kab-kab'') ''še-re-ti'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 31, Section 11, A col. v 9]; mula2!.g[u2].zi.g[a] = min(''kak-ka-bi'') ''še-re-e-ti'' [SpTU<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> III, 114 A col. v 67].</s>
|
|}
See also: mul''a''2-''gu''2-''zi-ga u''4-''sa''9-''dagal-la-ke''4 "The morning star, (shining even) at noon" ("Ludingirra's epistle to his mother") [Civil 1964<ref>Civil M. The “Message of Lú-dingir-ra to His Mother” and a Group of Akkado-Hittite “Proverbs” // JNES. 1964. V. 23. P. 1-11.</ref> 2:23; ETCSL<ref>''Black J.A., Cunningham G., Fluckiger-Hawker E., Robson'' ''E., and Zólyomi G. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature'' (<nowiki>http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/</nowiki>), Oxford 1998-.</ref>, 5.5.1:23].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: A2.GU2.ZIG3.GA; = šēru "(звезда) утра"; эпитет богини Инанны/Иштар как утренней звезды [AHw 1219a; CAD Š/2 312f., 331f.].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mula2.gu2.zi.ga = min(kab-kab) še-re-ti [MSL XI 31, Section 11, A col. v 9]; mula2!.g[u2].zi.g[a] = min(kak-ka-bi) še-re-e-ti [SpTU III, 114 А col. v 67]. См также: mula2-gu2-zi-ga u4-sa9-dagal-la-ke4 "Утренняя звезда, (сияющая даже) в полдень" ("Послание Лудингирры к своей матери") [Civil 1964 2:23; ETCSL, 5.5.1:23].
|
|}

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Phenomenon]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

ERU (Goddess)

2026-01-18T16:58:39Z

JanSafford:

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' She is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN|mul / dA.EDIN]] (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' (Leo).

The asterism Eru = ''Erua'' is not to be confused with Sumerian mulTE8mušen = Akkadian ''erû.''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''sissinnu''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 8, 350a].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each'''
''Text Nv. 10.''
*Intercalation scheme:
*'''[''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulPE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [...] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' dE2-PaR / [GIŠ ... mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR'''
*"[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [...] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, (to) the height of the Swallow"
*(Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz and Koch 64-65, 69]<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>.
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''E''4-''ru''6, between mulUR.GU.LA and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).

*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
* mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4
* “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6 "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3" /> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
А 3427:

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25].
* '''??the following is a different type of text, nothing to do with Anaphora, listing asterisms in groups; needs a separate paragraph??'''
* The list of the "6 palace women". mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.é.gal.meš "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) ''mulE4-ru6'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Shullat and Hanish / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If it, when Erua (culminates?), is born: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

===II. Deity.===
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), from whom Erua was identified with.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle the waters before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84].

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

===III. Symbol. ===
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mul''E4-ru6 ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

===V. Astrology.===

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturn;
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019,142; Pingree-Walker 320; Koch 1992 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

Asidu

2026-01-18T16:26:17Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Asīdu''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Heel of UKADUA.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Heel of the "Demon with the Gaping Mouth" in Mesopotamian astral science, typically identified with lambda Andromedae (in the first millennium). Depiction in Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
The body part ''asīdu'' (𒀀𒋛𒁺) is the heel of human figures and parallel part in composites. For the asidu as part of any constellation see those entries.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul''Asīdu'' "Heel" is used as designation for a body part of constellations [Gössmann 1950, 38; AHw 73-74; CAD A/2, 330], including:

# Heel of mul[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]] (The Demon with the Gaping Mouth): '''λ And'''
# Heel of Enmešarra, see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]], V 2 ('''ζ Per'''?, ι Aur would also be possible - within Mesopotamian uranography, there is no argument against it, except for the proposed identification of The Old Man with Greek Perseus).
# Heel of the Old Man, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]], III 4 ('''ζ Per'''?).
# The Rear Heel of the True Shepherd of Anu, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]], V 1 (GU-text: '''η Lep''')<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>.

The "heel of UD.KA.DU8.A" is a ''ziqpu''-star (= ''ziqpu'' XI, in the constellation of Andromeda) and has, thus, a metrical significance.
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 70%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / IGI''-it'' GABA''-ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ḫa''
** "On the 10th of Simanu the Heel of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky / opposite your chest, and the True Shepherd of Anu ascends" (I iv 19-20) [MA 63].
|
* .
** λ And
** λ And
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** [3 ⅓] MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN (= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' [KI. MIN] (= ''ina šamê'') / TA mul''kin-ṣi'' EN mul''a-si''-[''di'']
*** "[3⅓] mina weight, ⅔ ''bēru'' on the ground, 36000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Knee to the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth)",
** b)
*** [1⅔ M]A.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''i''[''na'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') / TA mul''a-si-di'' EN 4 ''ša''2 mulLU.[LIM]
*** "[1⅔ mi]na weight, 10° on the ground, 18000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Heel to the 4 (stars) of the Sta[g]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:23-26; TU, 21:23-26; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229]; for a parallel see [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:14-15].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''a-si-''[''du'']
** "⅔ ''bēru'' to the Heel (of the Demon with an Gaping Mouth)" [Schaumberger 1952, 224-225:6].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** múl''a-si-du'' // 1 // 8 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Heel // 1 (star) // 8200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952, 226-227:3].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA d''ki-in-ṣi-šu'' EN ''a-si-di-šu''2 ˹⅔˺ [DANNA] "From its Knee to its Heel ⅔ [''bēru''],"
** b) TA d''a-si-di-šu'' EN SI ''ša'' mulLU.[LIM ...] "From its Heel to the Horns of the Sta[g]..." [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:5-7].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mul''a-si-du''
** "⅔ ''bēru'' (200) to the Heel" [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:11].
|
* (1)
** (a) λ And
** (b) λ And
* (2) λ And
* (3) λ And
* (4)
** (a) λ And
** (b) λ And
* (5)
** λ And
** λ And
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+:
** EN ''a-si-du'', see (Kurtik m15) [[MAŠ.MAŠ]];
** TA ''a-si-du'', see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
|
* λ And
* λ And
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.”'''
* múl''a-si-du ziq-pi sin'' AN.KU10 "(When) the Heel culminated, an eclipse of the Moon (took place)." [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III, no.-90 obv. 6]. For a Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ''ziqpu''-stars, see [Schaumberger 1955, 247-251].
|λ And
|}
See also:

* TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''2 EN ''a-si-di-šu''2
** "From its (the Demon with an Open Mouth) knee to its heel" [TCL 6, 18 r. 15];
* ''a-na a-si-du'' [LBAT, 1501:10];
* EN ''a-si-di'' [mul]''En-me-šar''2-''ra''
** "to the heel of Enmešarra" [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15];
* múl''a''-[''si-du''] [Sachs 1952, 75, U. 197:9′].

===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
Ziqpu XI:

= α Andromedae [Gössmann 1950, 38];

= múl''a-si-du'' includes 1 star, according to VAT 16436:3; = σ Andromedae(?) [Schaumberger 1952, 227-227, 229];

= α Cassiopeiae [Hunger and Steele 2019,143];

= λ Andromedae [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86, 275].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a47)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Пятка (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)»; 1) = ziqpu XI, звезда в созвездии Андромеды (Andromeda), 2) элемент фигуры ряда созвездий [Gössmann 1950, 38; AHw 73–74; CAD A/2, 330].||Example
|-
|MUL.APIN. В списке кульминаций и одновременных гелиакических восходов: ina itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM a-si-du ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mul<nowiki>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-ḫa «10-го симану Пятка Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 63]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [3 ⅓] MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN (= ina qaqqari) | 36 IGI DANNA ina [KI.MIN] (= ina šamê) / TA </nowiki>mulkin-ṣi EN mula-si-[di] «[3⅓] мины веса, 200<nowiki> на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Колена до Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)», b) [1⅔ M]A.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA i[na KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) / TA </nowiki>mula-si-di EN IV ša2 mulLU.[LIM] «[1⅔ ми]ны веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Пятки до 4 звезд Оле[ня]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:23–26; TU, 21:23–26; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:14–15]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA a-na mula-si-[du] «200 до Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью)» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:6]. (3) VAT 16436: múla-si-du // 1 // 8 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Пятка // 1 (звезда) // 8200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:3]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA dki-in-ṣi-šu EN a-si-di-šu2 ˹⅔˺ [DANNA] «От его Колена до его Пятки ⅔ [мили]», b) TA da-si-di-šu EN SI ša mulLU.[LIM …] «От его Пятки до Рога Оле[ня]…» [Horowitz 1994а, 91–92:5–7]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ⅔ DANNA ana mula-si-du «⅔ мили (200) до (его) Пятки» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:11]. Анафора. BM 36609+: EN a-si-du, см. m15MAŠ.MAŠ; TA a-si-du, см. a21ALLA. «Дневники наблюдений». múla-si-du ziq-pi sin AN.KU10 «(Когда) Пятка кульминировала, затмение Луны (имело место)» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III, No.-90 obv. 6]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251].
Cм. также: TA kin-ṣi-šu2 EN a-si-di-šu2 «От его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) колена до его пятки» [TCL 6, 18 r. 15]; a-na a-si-du [LBAT, 1501:10]; EN a-si-di [mul]En-me-šar2-ra «до пятки Энмешарры» [AСh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15]; múla-[si-du] [Sachs 1952, 75, U. 197:9′].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XI:

= α Andromedae [Gössmann 1950, 38];

= múla-si-du включало 1 звезду, согласно VAT 16436:3; = σ Andromedae(?) [Schaumberger 1952, 227–227, 229];

= α Cassiopeiae [Hunger and Steele 2019, 143];

= λ Andromedae [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86, 275].

Как элемент фигуры созвездия:

(1) Пятка Энмешарры, см. e11EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, V 2.

(2) Задняя пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, V 1.

(3) Пятка Старика, см. sh16ŠU.GI, e11EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, III 4.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AŠ.ME

2026-01-18T16:15:44Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
AŠ.ME (𒀸𒈨) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''šamšatu,''

* 1) solar disk, the Sun,
* 2) mock Sun (parhelion),
* 3) mock Moon (paraselene),
* 4) Saturn, which was considered the Star of the Sun.

The term was used mainly in the EAE series texts. When the solar disk was meant directly, the expression AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ = ''šamšatu kajamāntu'' (or ''kajāntu'') or AŠ.ME ''ša''2 ''ginâ'' was used, probably meaning "normal solar disk". [AHw, 1158b; CAD Š/1, 332-334].
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Verderame 2002, 239; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 24 I-III, passim; 25 I 18-19].
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8, 337b].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== II. Astrology. ====
(1) The solar disk; DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ša''2 ''gi-na-a'' IGI.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''kat''3-''mu-ma'' IM.ULU3.LU ''rak-bat'' ... "If the eyes of the normal solar disk are closed and it rides the south wind: locusts will devastate the country, variant: the country will commit sin" [van Soldt 1995, 18, Tablet 24 I 2]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ša''2 ''gi-na-a'' ŠE.ER.ZI-''ša''2 ''ma-aq-tu''4 ... "If the shining of the normal solar disk is diminished [van Soldt 1995, 20-21, Tablet 24 I 14].

(2) Parhelion: DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-''ma'' 1 AŠ.ME ''ina'' ZAG 1 AŠ.ME ''ina'' GUB3 GUB ... "If the normal sun disk is present and one disk stands to the right (and) one disk to the left ... [van Soldt 1995, 29, Tablet 24 III 29]; DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-''ma'' 1 AŠ. ME ''ina'' GUB3 GUB ... 'If the normal sun disk is present and one disk stands on the left side [van Soldt 1995, 29, Tablet 24 III 31]; DIŠ 2 AŠ.ME KUR.MEŠ-''nim-ma uš-tab-ra-a u'' GUB.MEŠ-''za'' ... "If two disks rise, and they linger, standing for some time ... [van Soldt 1995, 30, Tablet 24 III 37]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD.1.KAM 2 AŠ.ME-''tum'' E3.MEŠ-''ni'' LUGAL URI.KI BE "If on the 1st of Nisan, 2 sun disks come up: the king of Akkad will die" [van Soldt 1995, 32, Tablet 24 III 45].

(3) Paraselene: DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ina'' GE6 KUR-''ma'' GUB SAG.DU 20 ''i-qal-lil'' KI.MIN KUR ''i-ḫa''[''d-du''] .... "If the disk of the sun rises during the night and stands: the king will be despised, alternatively: the country will become joyous ..." [ACh Šamaš, 4:13; CAD Š/1, 334a]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ina'' KUR-''šu''2 ''ina'' A2 30 GUB... "If a solar disk, during its rising, stands at the side of the moon..." [ACh Suppl.2, 33:2; CAD Š/1, 334b]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 297:3-7, 426 r. 6-7, 431: 1-5; 501:4′-6′, 521:4-5; van Soldt 1995, 22, Table 24 II b1]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ''u'' 30 ''šu-ta-tu-u'' / LUGAL KUR ''uz-nu u''2-''rap-pa-aš''2 "If the solar disk and the moon (are) in opposition: the king of the country will expand his understanding" [SAA 8, 95:6-7; van Soldt 1995, 22, Tablet 24 II d3]; DIŠ AGA AŠ.ME ''a-pir ina'' ITI BI SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''3 ŠA3-''ši-na'' NITA.MEŠ U3.[TU.MEŠ] "If (the moon) wears the sun's crown: in this month pregnant women will give birth to boys." [Verderame 2002, 83, III c:ver. 15′]; ˹DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ina'' EN.˺NUN dUSAN KUR-''ma ana'' IGI-''ša''2 dNIN.URTA GUB... "If a disc ascends during the evening watch and Ninurta (=Mercury) stands before it" [van Soldt 1995, 26, Tablet 24 III 21]; [DIŠ AŠ.ME ''i'']''na'' KUR-˹''ša''2˺ ''ina'' Š[A3-''š'']''a''2 mul''Dil-bat'' ˹GUB˺ ... "[If a disk] rises (and) Venus stands in[side i]t [van Soldt 1995, 23, Tablet 24 III 5].

(4) Saturn; DIŠ AŠ.ME AN.TA-''nu'' 30 KI.TA-''nu'' 30 GUB-''iz'' / SUḪUŠ gišGU.ZA ''i-ka-na'' / LUGAL KUR ''ina kit-ti-šu''2 GUB-''az'' "If the solar disk (=Saturn) stands above the moon (or) below the moon: the foundations of the throne will become stable; the king of the country will be committed to truth" [SAA 8, 95:3-5; 297:3-7], it is clear from the context of the report that AŠ.ME in this case denotes Saturn, see also [Brown 2000, 58].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a49)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= šamšatu, 1) солнечный диск, Солнце, 2) ложное Солнце (парагелий, parhelion), 3) ложная Луна (параселена, paraselene), 4) Сатурн, который считался Звездой Солнца. Термин использовался главным образом в текстах серии ЕАЕ. Когда имелся в виду солнечный диск непосредственно, употреблялось выражение AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ = šamšatu kajamātu (или kajāntu) или AŠ.ME ša2 ginâ, вероятное значение «нормальный солнечный диск» [AHw, 1158b; CAD Š/1, 332–334].||Example
|-
|ЕАЕ. См. [Verderame 2002, 239; van Soldt 1995, Table 24 I–III, passim; 25 I 18–19]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 337b].
II. Астрология.

(1) Солнечный диск; DIŠ AŠ.ME ša2 gi-na-a IGI.MEŠ-šu2 kat3-mu-ma IM.Ux.LU rak-bat … «Если глаза нормального солнечного диска закрыты и южный ветер дует: саранча опустошит страну, вариант: страна совершит грех» [van Soldt 1995, 18, Table 24 I 2]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ša2 gi-na-a ŠE.ER.ZI-ša2 ma-aq-tu4 … «Если сияние нормального солнечного диска уменьшилось: зловещие предзнаменования будут в стране и боги прогневаются; в стране будет голод, вариант: в стране будет эпидемия» [van Soldt 1995, 20–21, Table 24 I 14].

(2) Парагелий; DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-ma 1 AŠ.ME ina ZAG 1 AŠ.ME ina GUB3 GUB … «Если нормальный солнечный диск присутствует и один диск справа (и) один диск слева (от него) стоят … [van Soldt 1995, 29, Table 24 III 29]; DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-ma 1 AŠ.ME ina GUB3 GUB … «Если нормальный солнечный диск присутствует и один диск слева (от него) стоит: с престола своими верными войсками царь Амурру будет низвергнут, вариант: он возьмет трон» [van Soldt 1995, 29, Table 24 III 31]; DIŠ 2 AŠ.ME KUR.MEŠ-nim-ma uš-tab-ra-a u GUB.MEŠ-za BAD3.MEŠ… «Eсли два диска восходят, задерживаются и стоят некоторое время: стены заброшенного города будут восстановлены, рассеянные люди соберутся вместе» [van Soldt 1995, 30, Table 24 III 37]; DIŠ ina itiBAR2 UD.1.KAM 2 AŠ.ME-tum E3.MEŠ-ni LUGAL URI.KI BE «Если 1-го нисану 2 диска появляются: царь Аккада умрет» [van Soldt 1995, 32, Table 24 III 45].

(3) Параселена; DIŠ AŠ.ME ina GE6 KUR-ma GUB SAG.DU 20 i-qal-lil u3 KUR i-ḫa[d-du] …. «Если солнечный диск в ночи вспыхивает (и) стоит: царская голова умалится и страна испытает голод…» [ACh Šamaš, 4:13; CAD Š/1, 334a]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ina KUR-šu2 ina A2 30 GUB… «Если солнечный диск при восходе своем на стороне Луны стоит…» [ACh Suppl.2, 33:2; CAD Š/1, 334b]; [DIŠ] AŠ.ME AN.TA-nu 30 KI.TA-nu 30 GUB-iz / SUḪUŠ GIŠ.GU.ZA i-ka-na / LIGAL KUR ina kit-ti-šu2 GUB-az «[Если] солнечный диск стоит выше Луны, вариант: ниже Луны: основание трона укрепится; царь страны в своей правде пребудет» [SAA 8, 95:3-5]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 297:3–7, 426 r. 6–7, 431: 1–5; 501:4′–6′, 521:4–5; van Soldt 1995, 22, Table 24 II b1]; DIŠ AŠ.ME u 30 šu-ta-tu-u / LUGAL KUR uz-nu u2-rap-pa-aš2 «Если солнечный диск и Луна (находятся) в оппозиции: царь страны понимание свое расширит» [SAA 8, 95:6–7; van Soldt 1995, 22, Table 24 II d3]; DIŠ AGA AŠ.ME a-pir ina ITI BI SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša3 ŠA3-ši-na NITA.MEŠ U3.[TU.MEŠ] «Если (Луна) корону Солнца одевает: в этом месяце беременные женщины мальчиков будут рожать» [Verderame 2002, 83, III c:ver. 15′]; ˹DIŠ AŠ.ME ina EN.˺NUN dUSAN KUR-ma ana IGI-ša2 dNIN.URTA GUB… «Если диск в вечернюю стражу восходит и Нинурта (=Меркурий) стоит перед ним: растительность высохнет, страну постигнет горе» [van Soldt 1995, 26, Table 24 III 21]. [DIŠ AŠ.ME i]na KUR-˹ša2˺ ina Š[A3-š]a2 mulDil-bat ˹GUB˺ … «[Если диск] восходит (и) вну[три не]го Венера стоит: царь призовет (своих подданных) к ответу в борьбе» [van Soldt 1995, 23, Table 24 III 5].

(4) Сатурн; DIŠ AŠ.ME AN.TA-nu 30 KI.TA-nu 30 GUB-iz / SUḪUŠ gišGU.ZA i-ka-na / LUGAL KUR ina kit-ti-šu2 GUB-az «Если солнечный диск (=Сатурн) стоит выше Луны (или) ниже Луны: основания трона будут прочными; царь страны будет привержен правде (и справедливости)» [SAA 8, 95:3–5; 297:3–7], из контекста рапорта ясно, что AŠ.ME в данном случае обозначает Сатурн, см. также [Brown 2000, 58].

Другие примеры см. [CAD Š/2, šamšatu].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Phenomenon]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:Phenomenon]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:Sun]]

BAL.TEŠ2.A

2026-01-18T16:13:26Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Dignity stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation Dignity, an asterism descriped as circular or as a hook, and symbol of (divine) dignity. (map in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021).]]
(MUL.)BAL.TEŠ2.A (𒀯𒁄𒌨𒀀) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the area of [[Corona Borealis]].
{{DISPLAYTITLE:(mul)BAL.TEŠ2.A}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> note on BAL.TÉŠ.A = ''bāltu'' < ''bāštu'' “dignity”: <blockquote>The spelling can be analysed as TÉŠ.A = ''bāš/ltu'' with the preceding BAL functioning as a phonetic indicator (balTÉŠ.A). mulBAL.TÉŠ.A (EN 15r).</blockquote>Var. readings:
* MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A; = ''kakkab bālti'' "Asterism of Dignity". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 112; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 44; Labat<ref>''Labat R''. Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne. Paris, 1976.</ref> 1976, 45];
* ''kakkab baltu(m)''
* ''baštu''

A group of stars in [[Corona Borealis]] (Northern Crown).

This asterism is listed among female asterisms identified with the wife of Marduk in a prayer before dawn on the 5th day of the Babylonian New Year’s Festival and in a list of six astral palace goddesses in the theological work KAR 142 iv 7 (Pongratz-Leisten<ref>''Pongratz-Leisten, B''. Ina S̆ulmi Īrub : die kulttopographische und ideologische Programmatik der akītu-Prozession in Babylonien und Assyrien im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. [Dissertation]. Von Zabern. 1994.</ref> 224).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 11d]
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 14):
** MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulBAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dMUŠ2
** "The asterism that stands behind it (= Šupa): Balteša, messenger of Tišpak" (I i 14).
* (2) The list of ''ziqpu''-stars: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A (I iv 4) [Hunger-Steele 2019,<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 22, 58].
|[[File:Dignity stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation Dignity, an asterism descriped as circular or as a hook, and symbol of (divine) dignity. (map in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021).]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* List of names of Mars: mulbal.teš2.a = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Balteša = Mars". [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:104].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:10, 45.'''
* (1) mul bal.teš2.a = d''Na-na-a'';
* (2) mul bal.teš2.a = ''kak-kab bal-tum'',

See also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51-2:10, 45; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, '''''??? quotations from Wee 2016 are always wrong, there musts be some basic error ????''''' 162-3:10, 45]; parallel in the prayer lists during the New Year festivals in Babylonian: mul2 bal.teš2.a mul ''bal-tu''2 [RAcc<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>. 139:329; Linssen 2004, 221:329]. For a list of the "6 palace women," see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].
|
|-
|'''The lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* mulBAL.TEŠ2.A in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars in MUL.APIN, this seems to correspond to mulGAM-''ti'' (=''kippatu'' "circle, ring") (AO 6478:3), usually identified with α Coronae Borealis (=Gemma) [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Hunger-Steele 2019,<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 142].
* The number of stars in the constellation, according to VAT 16436:20, is 9 (= α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88]). Apparently, mul''kip-pat'' and mulBAL.TEŠ2.A — two different designations of the same stellar configuration, cf. [ibid.<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 269-270].
|
|}
[[File:BALTESA CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 151500.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside BAL.TEŠ2.A (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
! description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Alphecca]]
|HIP 76267
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.24
|-
|2
|[[Nusakan]]
|HIP 75695
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.68
|-
|3
|* gam CrB A
| HIP 76952
|Constellation lines
|4.05
|-
|4
|θ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 76127
|Constellation lines
|4.13
|-
|5
|ϵ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 78159
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.13
|-
|6
|* tet CrB A
|HIP 76127
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.3
|-
| 7
|δ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 77512
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.63
|-
|8
|ι Coronae Borealis
|HIP 78493
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.971
|-
|9
|* gam CrB B
|HIP 76952
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.56
|-
|10
|R CrB
|HIP 77442
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|11
|* tet CrB B
| HIP 76127
| Constellation lines
|6.29
|-
|12
| -
|HIP 76456
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name is always written without the determinative d, but on the New Year's eve in Babylon it is addressed as a goddess, see above; probably, it is one of the names of Venus [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 139]. The connection with Venus is also indicated by the identification with Nanaya, see above, also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 385-386; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>]. The definition of mulBAL.TEŠ2.A as "messenger of Tišpak" in MUL.APIN is difficult to explain.

==== Symbol. ====
The comparison of mulBAL.TEŠ2.A with ''kippatu'' "circle, ring", allows and suggests that the symbol of the constellation mulBAL.TEŠ2.A was a ring-shaped object correspondingly located upon the modern Corona Borealis (?).

==== Identification. ====
= Corona Borealis, especially in [[Alphecca]] (Gemma) [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 44];

= Corona Borealis [Weidner 1957-1959<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394.</ref>, 78];

= Coronae Borealis (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11];

= Coronae Borealis [Hunger-Steele 2019,<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 137; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 271-272].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellenia."

(2) = Venus, see above.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) Balteša and Scorpius; DIŠ MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL d''Tišpak ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE... "If Balteša (=Mars?), messenger of Tišpak, approaches Scorpius: within the span of 3 years, there will be severe cold, cough and phlegm will afflict the country" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 11d + Parallels].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A; = kakkab bālti «Звезда Достоинство» [AHw, 112; Gössmann 1950, 44; Labat 1976, 45]; группа звезд в Cеверной Короне (Corona Borealis) (?).
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 11d]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 14): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulBAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dMUŠ2 «Звезда, которая позади него (= Шупа) стоит: Балтеша, посланник Тишпака» (I i 14), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:3′]. (2) Cписок ziqpu-звезд: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A (I iv 4) [Hunger-Steele 2019, 22, 58]. «Большой список звезд». Список имен Марса: mulbal.teš2.a = dmin(=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Балтеша = Марс» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:104]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:10, 45. (1) mul bal.teš2.a = dNa-na-a; (2) mul bal.teš2.a = kak-kab bal-tum, см. также [HBA 51–2:10, 45; Wee 2016, 162–3:10, 45]; параллель в списке молитв в новогодний праздник в Вавилоне: mul2 bal.teš2.a mul bal-tu2 [RАcc. 139:329; Linssen 2004, 221:329]. Список «6 дворцовых женщин», см. a02[[A.EDIN]]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. mulBAL.TEŠ2.A в списке ziqpu-звезд в MUL.APIN соответствует, по-видимому, mulGAM-ti (=kippati «круг, кольцо») (AO 6478:3), обычно отождествляемому с α Coronae Borealis (=Гемма) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Steele 2019, 142]. Число звезд в созвездии, согласно VAT 16436:20, равно 9 (= α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88]). По-видимому, mulkip-pat и mulBAL.TEŠ2.A — два разных обозначения одной и той же звездной конфигурации, см. [ibid., 269–270].

II. Божество.

Название всегда пишется без детерминатива d, однако в новогодний праздник в Вавилоне к нему обращаются как к богине, см. выше; возможно это одно из имен Венеры [Reiner 1995, 139]. На связь с Венерой указывает также отождествление с Нанайей, см. выше, а также [Tallqvist 1938, 385–386; Heimpel 1982]. Определение mulBAL.TEŠ2.A как «посланника Тишпака», принятое в MUL.APIN, объяснить трудно.

III. Символ.

Сопоставление mulBAL.TEŠ2.A и kippatu «круг, кольцо» позволяет предположить, что символом созвездия mulBAL.TEŠ2.A был кольцеобразный объект, расположенный на месте современной Corona Borealis (?).

IV. Отождествление.

= Corona Borealis, в особенности Гемма [Gössmann 1950, 44];

= Corona Borealis [Weidner 1957–1959, 78];

= Coronae Borealis (?) [BPO 2, 11];

= Coronae Borealis [МА, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271–272].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс, см. «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Венера, см. выше.

Предсказания:

(3) Балтеша и Скорпион; DIŠ MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dTišpak ana mulGIR2.TAB TE… «Если Балтеша (=Марс?), посланник Тишпака, к Скорпиону приближается: в течение 3 лет будут сильные холода, кашель и мокрота поразят страну» [BPO 2, III 11d + Parallels].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:CrB]]

BALAG

2026-01-18T16:03:50Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulBALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘The Scorpion.’

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Kurtik mentions [Gössmann 1950,<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 3] "mulAB2.BIR3(?)" but this may not exist - maybe. [[File:Vega+Antares 1250BCE.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The two bright stars Vega and Antares rising over Babylon 1250 BCE (Stellarium). Antares rises prior to Vega. This effect is stronger in the 3rd millennium. ]]
'''General Meaning:''' Sumerian balag, originally a string instrument used in the cult (a lyre or harp). Later re-used as a name for a cultic drum.

'''Astronomy'''. The name occurs only once in an exemplar of the Nippur 'forerunner' to Urra XXI (Horowitz 2005: 169). This appears to refer to a constellation since in the list of star names before and after it come the names of constellations. Still, the identification is unclear.

'''Pronunciation:''' The final ‘G’ was pronounced in the original Sumerian something akin to English ‘ng’ or Spanish ‘ñ’ as in ‘señor.’

Gabbay 2019:<ref>Gabbay, U. (2019): ‘The Balaĝ Instrument and Its Role in the Cult of Ancient Mesopotamia’, in J.G. Westenholz ed., ''Sounds of ancient music of Ancient Mesopotamia'', [https://jewish-music.huji.ac.il/en/yuval/22869 on-line], Hebrew University, original print: see Westenholz (ed. 2007). </ref> 133 n. 7, in his discussion of the ancient Sumerian stringed 'instruments' points out that the name of the Sumerian BALAG is onomatopoetic for the sound one makes when plucking a stringed instrument such as a harp or lyre. In later times BALAG came to be a name for a drum (Gabbay 2019).

'''An identification''' with what would later become classical Lyra remains unproven despite the fact that both Sumerian BALAG and Lyra are in the shape of string instruments: The Lyra-region is known as mul[[UZ3|UZ3,]] 'The She-Goat' in later Sumerian and Akkadian sources. In fact, the constellation name mul[[UZ3|UZ3]] was already in use at the time of the Nippur Forerunner (Horowitz 2005: 169). This suggests that mulBALAG may have been an asterism within the larger 'The She-Goat' constellation, and so that the name mulBALAG was already falling out of use by the early second millennium BCE. Greek sources only start in the early first millennium leaving a time gap of roughly a millennium.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars from Nippur: mulbalag [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:404].
|unknown
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity and symbol. ====
The sacred lyre as a musical instrument has been known since the Early Dynastic period [Borovskaya 1997<ref>''Боровская Н. Ф.'' Лиры из “Царских гробниц” Ура как памятник шумерской культуры раннединастического периода // ВДИ. 1997, № 4. С. 3-13.</ref>; Stauder 1972-75]. Many Mesopotamian gods had lyres. During the Ur III dynasty and later periods, lyres played important roles during temple rituals in Nippur and other cities. The name was recorded often without the determinative d [PSD II<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref>, B 75-78; Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 100]. Which lyre served as the basis for this constellation is unknown.
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col" style="width: 55%;"|Kurtik (2022, b04)
!scope="col" style="width: 46%;"|Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Лира (Арфа)»; в [Gössmann 1950, 3] mulAB2.BIR3(??); по-видимому, это созвездие, поскольку в списке названий звезд до и после него идут названия созвездий, отождествление неясно.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд из Ниппура: mulbalag [MSL XI, 108:404].

II. Божество и символ.

Священная лира как музыкальный инструмент известна с раннединастического периода [Боровская 1997; Stauder 1972–75]. Лиры имелись у многих месопотамских богов. В эпоху III династии Ура и позднее они играли важную роль в храмовом ритуале в Ниппуре и других городах. Название фиксировалось часто без детерминатива d [PSD II, B 75–78; Sallaberger I, 100]. Какая именно лира послужила основой для данного созвездия, неизвестно.
|no entry for "BALAG"
Kurtik refers to Gössman's [Gössmann 1950, 3] "mulAB2.BIR3(??)" which may be a misreading
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sco]]

BALAG

2026-01-18T15:58:43Z

JanSafford:

BALUM

2026-01-18T15:55:04Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Balû(m)''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Mars im Bienenschwarm 2x 1551pxl.jpg|alt=photograph |thumb|Mars in the Praesepe Star Cluster in Cancer, photographs by Susanne M Hoffmann 2023]]
The Mesopotamian term ''mulBalu(m)'' (𒀯𒁀𒈝) in Akkadian is a name of [[:Category:Mars|Mars]] in the Great Star List and the lexical tradition. The name also occurs as an asterism in the vicinity of the [[Pleiades]], replacing the name of [[Orion]] in two parallels to the Hilprecht Text (HS 245) from Assurbanipal's library. See [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 234]. This could have been understood as Mars in Orion.

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Mars}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

* ''bālu'',
* ''balû,''
* ''ballu?''
* ''ballû?''

The variant writings of the name indicate uncertainties about its origin and identification.

An Akkadian parallel to mulNU.ME.A, "(Asterism) of Oblivion", lit. "having no me";

Variant designations:

* 1) an epithet of Mars reflecting its nihilistic character as it was perceived in Mesopotamian astrology,
* 2) a constellation (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 304; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 100; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 70; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 353].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Ḫg. B VI (in the list of Mars names):
** mulnu.me.a = ''ba-lum'' = min (= d''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu]'') "Oblivion = lack (absence, lit. ʻ withoutʼ) = ditto (=Mars)" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:31].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* Commentary:
** d''ši''2-''mut'' mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ša''2-''niš'' d''ba-lu šal-š''[''iš''] mulud.ka.duḫ.a
** "Šimut, (first,) Mars, secondly, Balu, thirdly, Demon with the Gaping Mouth." [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 7:9; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 353];
** ''ba-lum'' and d''ba-lu'' are probably one name.

In another context (in an incantation) d''ba-a-lum'' / ''bal-li'' apparently denotes a constellation close to the Pleiades (possibly Orion):

* ''ina bi-rit'' d''Za-ap-pi u'' d''Ba-a-lum'' (var. ''bi-rit zap-pi u bal-li'' [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 51, 202 col. iv 5])
* "Between the Pleiades and Balu" (referring to the position of Venus), quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 74], see also [Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 152, note 6; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245; Stol 1989, 262], cf. [Krebernik 1995, 366b].
|
|-
|'''Hilprecht Text HS 245'''
* Neo-Assyrian parallels Sm. 162 and Sm 1113 [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref> 233-234]
* A name of an asterism behind/after the Pleiades, occurs at the place of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA.

This replaces the earlier idea in Horowitz (1993) quoted in Kurtik's work that the term relates to Taurus.
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a24 & b05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
==== Kurtik (a24) ''Alû'' ====
= «Бык», редко используемая аккадская параллель к mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык». Встречается только в новоассирийском тексте Sm. 162 rev. 4: …mu]l''a-li'' [Horowitz 1993, 154–156].
|no entry
|-
|
==== Kurtik (b05) Bālu(m) ====
аккадская параллель к mulNU.ME.A, «(Звезда) небытия», букв. «не имеющая ме»; 1) эпитет Марса, отражающий его нигилистический характер, как он воспринимался в месопотамской астрологии, 2) созвездие (?) [Gössmann 1950, 304; AHw, 100; CAD B, 70; Reynolds 1998, 353].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Ḫg. B VI (в списке имен Марса): mulnu.me.a = ba-lum = min(=dṣal-[bat-a-nu]) «Небытие = недостаток (отсутствие, букв. ʻбезʼ) = ditto (=Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:31]. EAE. Комментарий: dši2-mut mulṣal-bat-a-nu ša2-niš dba-lu šal-m[u] mulud.ka.duḫ.a «Шимут, (во-первых,) Марс, во-вторых, Балу, в третьих, Демон с Разинутой Пастью» [ACh Suppl., 7:9; Reynolds 1998, 353]; ba-lum и dba-lu, вероятно, одно название.

В другом контексте (в заклинании) dba-а-lum / bal-li обозначает, по-видимому, созвездие, находящееся вблизи Плеяд (возможно, Орион): ina bi-rit dZa-ap-pi u dBa-a-lum (вар. bi-rit zap-pi u bal-li [CT 51, 202 col. iv 5]) «Между Плеядами и Балу» (речь идет о положении Венеры), цит. по [CAD B, 74], см. также [Horowitz 1993, 152, note 6; Horowitz 2014, 245; Stol 1989, 262], ср. [Krebernik 1995, 366b].
|
==== Gössmann (304) mulNU.ME.A ====
Akk. etwa ''kakkabu la hasû''. der nicht seiende Stern = Mars, II R 49 Nr 3, 71: mulNU·ME·A | ba-lum | (=ilṣal-bat-a-nu).
|-
|
==== Kurtik (b01) BA.LIM is a misreading ====
dBA-LIM(?); название содержится только в новоассирийском тексте Sm. 1113:6′ (см. a33AN.TA.GUB) как аккадская параллель к mulSIPA.AN.NA [Weidner 1957–1958, 393–4]. Смысл названия остается неясным; обсуждение проблемы см. [Horowitz 1993, 152, note 6; Reynolds 1998, 353]
|no entry
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]

Bašmu

2026-01-18T15:40:17Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg|thumb|the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. It is visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg).]]
[[File:Leo+vir umzeichng4plani black.png|thumb|Leo and Virgo above the MUŠ-Dragon, two clay tablet drawings from the Seleucid era (roughly 2nd century BCE), CC BY SMH based upon the drawings by E. Weidner (1967) and Thureau-Dangin (1922).]]
(mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ (𒀯𒈲𒄭𒄊) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Hydra]].(mul) d''Bašmu'' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the form of a mythological sea-serpent of some type which is for now attested in Akkadian just once in the St. Petersburg edition of the ‘Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night.’ Outside astronomical/astrological texts, ''bašmu'' is a regular member of the group of monsters of the sea-goddess Tiamat who are defeated by Marduk which also include the ''mušhuššu'' [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ]] (Lambert 2013: 230-234). An identification with [[Hydra]] has been proposed in the past but cannot be proved on the basis of the single occurrence of the name in the prayer.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bašmu''}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
A constellation in Hydra (?) [CAD B, 141-142; Gössmann 1950, 51; Wiggermann 1992, 166-168; 1997].

* (a) UŠUM, UŠUMGAL,
* (b) MUŠ.ŠA3.TUR3/TUR,
* (c) MUŠ.A.AB.BA; = "(mythological) poisonous snake", according to [Landsberger 1934, 3:6-8, 58; AHw, 112a];
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night".'''
Erm. 15642: (mul)''ba-aš-mu-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196-8:20], and also see [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306].
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
Bašmu — a mythological animal, a serpent dragon of the god [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|Ningišzida]] (see n29) (according to Wiggermann, the latter statement cannot be reliably proven [Wiggermann 1992, 165-6]). Bašmu was also connected with Iškara (see i17) and some other deities.

Urra XIV cites identities: muš.ušum.gal, muš.ša3.tur3, muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' [Landsberger 1932, 3:6-8], describing three aspects of ''bašmu''. One Akkadian word corresponds to three Sumerian terms. Perhaps, we are talking here about different mythological characters. Wiggermann distinguishes two characters:

* (1) ušum, ušumgal = ''bašmu'' 'The poisonous snake' or 'The great poisonous snake'; a horned snake with clawed front paws, depicted vertically or horizontally; its main function — to frighten the gods, killing, probably with the help of its poison;
* (2) muš.ša3.tur3/tur = ''bašmu'', lit. "Snake - mother's womb", or "Snake - birth"; a horned snake with no front paws [Wiggermann 1992, 166-8].

To this, in our opinion, it is necessary to add:

* (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' "Sea serpent". In Neo-Assyrian myths, its dimensions are defined: ''ina tāmti''(a.ab.ba) ''ib-ba-ni'' MUŠ ''ba''-[''aš-mu''] / 1 šu.ši ''bērū''(danna) ''ša''2-''kin''2 ''u''2-''rak''-[''šu''] "The serpent Ba[šmu] was created in the sea. [Its] length is 60 miles" [KAR, 6 ii 21-22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; Horowitz 1998, 35].

==== Symbol. ====
Bašmu — a horned serpent dragon with (or without) a crown, two front clawed paws (or without), a long tail, sometimes with wings [Black and Green 1992, 167-8; SAA 10, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a-c; 1997]. A similar depiction (a reclining dragon with forelegs of a lion(?), with wings, and a long tail) is presented on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847; next to it there is an inscription: mulMUŠ "Snake" [Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. Wiggermann thinks that this is an abbreviation of MUŠ.ŠA3.TUR3 = ''bašmu'' [ibid, 166], i.e. here we probably have a direct image of ''bašmu'' presented, as it was thought at the end of the 1st millennium BC. See also the picture on ''kudurru''s [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].

==== Identification. ====
Bašmu is usually identified with mul dMUŠ, a Mesopotamian prototype of the Greek Hydra [Black and Green 1992, 140; CAD B, 141-142; Gössmann 1950, 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], although reliable evidence is lacking. However, Bašmu's aquatic character and his connection with Ningišzida make such an identification probable.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= a) UŠUM, UŠUMGAL, b) MUŠ.ŠA3.TUR3/TUR, с) MUŠ.A.AB.BA; = «(мифологическая) ядовитая змея», согласно [Landsberger 1934, 3:6–8, 58; AHw, 112a]; созвездие в Гидре (Hydra) (?) [CAD B, 141–142; Gössmann 1950, 51; Wiggermann 1992, 166–168; 1997].
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Erm. 15642: (mul)ba-aš-mu-um [Horowitz 2000, 196–8:20], а также см. [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306].

II. Божество.

Bašmu — мифологическое животное, змеиный дракон бога Нингишзиды (см. n29) (согласно Виггерману, последнее утверждение нельзя считать надежно доказанным [Wiggermann 1992, 165–6]). Bašmu был связан также с Ишхарой (см. i17) и некоторыми другими божествами.

В Urra XIV приводятся тождества: muš.ušumgal, muš.ša3.tur3, muš.a.ab.ba = ba-aš-mu [Landsberger 1932, 3:6–8], характеризующие три аспекта bašmu. Трем шумерским терминам поставлено в соответствие одно аккадское слово. Возможно, здесь речь идет о разных мифологических персонажах. Виггерман различает два персонажа: (1) ušum, ušumgal = bašmu «Ядовитая змея» или «Большая ядовитая змея»; рогатая змея с передними когтистыми лапами, изображавшаяся вертикально или в горизонтальном положении; основная ее функция — устрашение богов, убийство, вероятно, при помощи яда; (2) muš.ša3.tur3/tur = bašmu, букв. «Змея – материнская утроба», или «Змея – рождение»; рогатая змея, у которой не было передних лап [Wiggermann 1992, 166–8]. К этому, на наш взгляд, необходимо добавить: (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ba-aš-mu «Морской змей». В новоассирийском мифе определяются его размеры: ina tāmti(a.ab.ba) ib-ba-ni mušba-[aš-mu] / 1 šu.ši bērū(danna) ša2-kin2 u2-rak-[šu] «Змей Ба[шму] сотворен в море. [Его] длина составляет 60 двойных миль» [KAR, 6 ii 21–22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; Horowitz 1998, 35].

III. Символ.

Bašmu — рогатый змеиный дракон с короной (или без нее), двумя передними когтистыми лапами (или без них), длинным хвостом, иногда с крыльями [Black–Green 1992, 167–8; SAA 10, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a–c; 1997]. Похожее изображение (лежащий змеиный дракон с передними лапами льва(?), крыльями и длинным хвостом) находим на селевкидской табличке VAT 7847, рядом надпись: mulMUŠ «Змея» [Куртик 2007, рис. 11]. Виггерман полагает, что это сокращение от MUŠ.ŠA3.TUR3 = bašmu [ibid., 166], т.е. здесь, возможно, мы имеем изображение непосредственно bašmu, как он мыслился в конце I тыс. до н. э. См. также изображение на кудурру [Куртик 2007, рис. 48].

IV. Отождествление.

Bašmu, как правило, отождествляют с mul dMUŠ, месопотамским прообразом греческой Гидры [Black–Green 1992, 140; СAD B, 141–142; Gössmann 1950, 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], хотя надежные свидетельства отсутствуют. Однако водный характер Bašmu и его связь с Нингишзидой делают такое отождествление вероятным.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Hya]]

GAŠAN.TIN

2026-01-18T15:33:23Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAŠAN.TIN, mul''bēlet balāṭi''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / dGAŠAN.TIN (𒀯𒃽𒁷) = mul''bēlet balāṭi'', 'The Lady of Life,' a name for [[Vega]].
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul''bēlet balāṭi'' "Lady of life"; = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Vega) [Gössmann 1950,<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81:3, 240:9].
|Example
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN "1⅔ mins weight, 100 on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the Separate star to the Lady of Life,"
** b) 3⅓ MA. NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ''ku-ma-ri ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A "3⅓ mins weight, 200 on earth, 36000 miles in the sky / From the Lady of Life to the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth". [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15-18; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:15-18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see. [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:6-7].
* (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul[GAŠAN TIN] "100 to [the Lady of Life]." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 224-225:2].
* (3) VAT 16436: múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 "Lord of Life // 3 (stars) // 3600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:24].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ''ana'' mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺ "100 to the Lord of Life". [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:7]; for a parallel see BM 61677: 10 UŠ ''a-na be-l''[''e-et ba-la-ṭi''...] [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 180:4′].
* '''(5) LBAT 1502.'''
** [...] ''u'' múl''P''[''a-bi'']''l-sag'' MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | d''be-let'' TIN ''ana ziq-pi'' [...]
** "[...] and P[abi]lsag is the star Antagub. The Lady of Life culminates [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 14, ii 13].
|
|-
|'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (T) mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 "Staff(?) of the Goat" (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31]; according to [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60], mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 is η Lyr, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

* MAŠ2 d[...itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN "The lamb is [...]; tebet; the Lady of Life". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:18; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].

See also U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin [...] [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 75].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''bēlet balāṭi'' — an epithet of Damkina [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 57-58] who seems to have been identified with the star Vega. Its appearances were observed regularly in the Neo-Assyrian period: [...] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (glossary: li-si) / mul''be-let'' TI.LA / ''an-nu-ti'' / ''pa-ni-u''2''-ti'' / ''ša ina pa-ni-ti'' / ''in-na-me-ru-ni'' "[...] (stars) Sirius, Antares, Vega — those are the first ones that already became visible" [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81: 1'-6', e. 7']. In connection with the lunar eclipse in front of Vega, in addition to other luminaries, there was the ritual of the "lending of the hands" (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 240: 9]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>: 177-178].

==== Identification. ====
= α Lyrae (Vega) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (according to VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 89].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulbēlet balāṭi «Владычица жизни»; = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68].
I. Источники.

«Письма». См. [SAA 10, 81:3, 240:9]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Владычицы Жизни», b) 3⅓ MA.NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Владычицы Жизни до плеча Демона с Разинутою Пастью» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15–18; TU, 21:15–18; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:6–7]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na mul[GAŠAN TIN] «100 до [Владычицы Жизни]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:2]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Владычица Жизни // 3 (звезды) // 3600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:24]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺ «100 до Владычицы жизни» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:7]; параллель см. в BM 61677: 10 UŠ a-na be-l[e-et ba-la-ṭi…] [ibid., 180:4′]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. GU-текст. (Т) mulzubi ša2 muluz3 «Посох(?) Козы» (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:31]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], mulzubi ša2 muluz3 — η Lyr, см. u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] u múlP[a-bi]l-sag MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | dbe-let TIN ana ziq-pi [...] «[…] и П[аби]лсаг — звезда Антагуб. Владычица Жизни кульминирует […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 14, ii 13]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: MAŠ2 d[…itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN «Ягненок — […]; тебету; Владычица жизни» [SpTU IV, 159:18; Reiner 1995, 78]. См. также U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin […] [Sachs 1952, 75].

II. Божество.

dbēlet balāṭi ― эпитет Дамкины [Tallqvist 1938, 57–58], которая, по-видимому, отождествлялась со звездой Вега. Ее появления наблюдали регулярно в новоассирийский период: […] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (глосса: li-si) / mulbe-let TI.LA / an-nu-ti / pa-ni-u2-ti / ša ina pa-ni-ti / in-na-me-ru-ni «[...] (звезды) Сириус, Антарес, Вега ― те, что первыми стали уже видны» [SAA 10, 81: 1'–6', e. 7']. В связи с лунным затмением перед Вегой наряду с другими светилами совершали ритуал «Воздевания рук» (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10, 240:9]; см. также [LAS 2, 177–178].

III. Отождествление.

= α Lyrae (Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68; Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (в соответствии с VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 89].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

GAŠAN.TIN

2026-01-18T15:32:16Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAŠAN.TIN, mul''bēlet balāṭi''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / dGAŠAN.TIN (𒀯𒃽𒁷) = mul''bēlet balāṭi'', 'The Lady of Life,' a name for [[Vega]].
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul''bēlet balāṭi'' "Lady of life"; = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Vega) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81:3, 240:9].
|Example
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN "1⅔ mins weight, 100 on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the Separate star to the Lady of Life,"
** b) 3⅓ MA. NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ''ku-ma-ri ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A "3⅓ mins weight, 200 on earth, 36000 miles in the sky / From the Lady of Life to the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth". [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15-18; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:15-18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see. [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:6-7].
* (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul[GAŠAN TIN] "100 to [the Lady of Life]." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 224-225:2].
* (3) VAT 16436: múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 "Lord of Life // 3 (stars) // 3600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:24].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ''ana'' mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺ "100 to the Lord of Life". [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:7]; for a parallel see BM 61677: 10 UŠ ''a-na be-l''[''e-et ba-la-ṭi''...] [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 180:4′].
* '''(5) LBAT 1502.'''
** [...] ''u'' múl''P''[''a-bi'']''l-sag'' MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | d''be-let'' TIN ''ana ziq-pi'' [...]
** "[...] and P[abi]lsag is the star Antagub. The Lady of Life culminates [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 14, ii 13].
|
|-
|'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (T) mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 "Staff(?) of the Goat" (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31]; according to [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60], mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 is η Lyr, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

* MAŠ2 d[...itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN "The lamb is [...]; tebet; the Lady of Life". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:18; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].

See also U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin [...] [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 75].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''bēlet balāṭi'' — an epithet of Damkina [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 57-58] who seems to have been identified with the star Vega. Its appearances were observed regularly in the Neo-Assyrian period: [...] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (glossary: li-si) / mul''be-let'' TI.LA / ''an-nu-ti'' / ''pa-ni-u''2''-ti'' / ''ša ina pa-ni-ti'' / ''in-na-me-ru-ni'' "[...] (stars) Sirius, Antares, Vega — those are the first ones that already became visible" [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81: 1'-6', e. 7']. In connection with the lunar eclipse in front of Vega, in addition to other luminaries, there was the ritual of the "lending of the hands" (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 240: 9]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>: 177-178].

==== Identification. ====
= α Lyrae (Vega) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (according to VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 89].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulbēlet balāṭi «Владычица жизни»; = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68].
I. Источники.

«Письма». См. [LABS, 81:3, 240:9]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Владычицы Жизни», b) 3⅓ MA.NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Владычицы Жизни до плеча Демона с Разинутою Пастью» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15–18; TU, 21:15–18; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:6–7]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na mul[GAŠAN TIN] «100 до [Владычицы Жизни]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:2]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Владычица Жизни // 3 (звезды) // 3600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:24]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺ «100 до Владычицы жизни» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:7]; параллель см. в BM 61677: 10 UŠ a-na be-l[e-et ba-la-ṭi…] [ibid., 180:4′]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. GU-текст. (Т) mulzubi ša2 muluz3 «Посох(?) Козы» (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:31]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], mulzubi ša2 muluz3 — η Lyr, см. u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] u múlP[a-bi]l-sag MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | dbe-let TIN ana ziq-pi [...] «[…] и П[аби]лсаг — звезда Антагуб. Владычица Жизни кульминирует […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 14, ii 13]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: MAŠ2 d[…itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN «Ягненок — […]; тебету; Владычица жизни» [SpTU IV, 159:18; Reiner 1995, 78]. См. также U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin […] [Sachs 1952, 75].

II. Божество.

dbēlet balāṭi ― эпитет Дамкины [Tallqvist 1938, 57–58], которая, по-видимому, отождествлялась со звездой Вега. Ее появления наблюдали регулярно в новоассирийский период: […] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (глосса: li-si) / mulbe-let TI.LA / an-nu-ti / pa-ni-u2-ti / ša ina pa-ni-ti / in-na-me-ru-ni «[...] (звезды) Сириус, Антарес, Вега ― те, что первыми стали уже видны» [LABS, 81: 1'–6', e. 7']. В связи с лунным затмением перед Вегой наряду с другими светилами совершали ритуал «Воздевания рук» (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [LABS, 240:9]; см. также [LAS 2, 177–178].

III. Отождествление.

= α Lyrae (Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68; Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (в соответствии с VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 89].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

Bibbu

2026-01-18T15:26:03Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Jupiter-mars-plejaden 2024-07-08 IMG 2438 engl.gif|alt=photograph|thumb|Jupiter and Mars at dawn (SMH 2024). ]]
mul / d''Bibbu'' (𒀯𒁉𒅁𒁍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. The generic Akkadian term for planets. Typically equated with Sumerian UDU.IDIM. For varying sequences in lists of the 7 ''bibbu'', Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Sun and Moon, see Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 57-58.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bibbu''}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Equated with Sumerian UDU.BAD (now read mul / dudu-til but also mul / dudu-idim).

"Wild sheep"; a designation of the planets as a special category of luminaries, and especially of Mercury, Saturn and Mars, found mainly in lexical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 55; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 217-218].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Series Aa II/6 ii 36: mu-luMUL = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Star = wild sheep". [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 291].
* (2) Series Urra XXII:
** (a) muludu.idim = ''bi-i-bu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:174],
** (b) [mulUDU.BA]D = ''bi-ib-bi'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], muludu.til = ''bi-ib-bi'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 106:280′]; for a parallel see. [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 132:14; 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105 iv 5; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 Rs. V 24?].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = ''bi-ib-bi'' = dGU4.UD "Wild sheep = Mercury" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:42]; parallel [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 iii 11].
* (4) Antagal series (G 308) (in the list of planets between Saturn and Mars): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD "Wild Sheep = Mercury" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308].
* (5) [''bi'']''-ib-bu'' = d''zi-b''[''a-ni-tum''] "Wild Sheep = Libra (= Mercury or Saturn?) [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 41, K.11283:3].
* (6) Erimḫuš series: dNIN.GIR3.BANDA3 = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Saturn? = Wild Sheep." [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 18, 48 ii 26].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
In astrological texts the word ''bibbu'', written syllabically, is not often used, cf. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; Verderame 2002, 246]. "i." [['''what is "i." ? is something missing here?'''<nowiki>]] See [SAA 8</nowiki><ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 503:4].
|-
|'''Šumma Izbu.'''
Comm. 206: ''bi-ib-bu'' = Nergal, quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218]. See also: d''bi-ib-bu'' = dUDU.IDIM in astrological commentaries [AfO 14<ref>''Meier G. von.'' Die zweite Tafel der Serie ''bīt mēseri'' // AfO. 1942. Bd. 14, Heft 3/4. S. 139-142.</ref>, Taf. VII i 24; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 137, Vg:24′], (mul)UDU.IDIM = dUDU.IDIM ''bi-ib-bu'' [LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 30:5].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL occurs in the earliest Sumerian lists of stars [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:400]. Its Akkadian equivalent ''bibbu'' appears for the first time in texts of the second half of the 2nd millennium BC (Urra XXII series, a copy from Emar) sometimes with the determinative d. Initially, the term apparently referred only to the three planets - Mercury, Saturn and Mars, then was extended to the 7 luminaries (including the Moon and the Sun), whose position changes relative to the fixed stars. The planets were already worshipped as deities, apparently, in the Old Babylonian period, and possibly earlier. It is unknown, however, when exactly in Mesopotamia all the five planets, observable with the naked eye, were identified. The evidence from the Old Babylonian period concerns only Venus, Jupiter and Mars.

==== Identification. ====
(1) = Planet; meaning reliably attested in lexical and astrological texts, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].

(2) = Mercury; see above, also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]].

(3) = Saturn; see above, and also (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]].

(4) = Mars; see above, also (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.

(5) = meteor, comet; cf. [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218], see, however, [Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 171].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) A Planet and Goat: DIŠ mul''bi-ib-bu ana'' mulUZ3 [TE] ... "If a planet approaches the Goat (= Venus?): the country of Akkad will fall apart, the king of Akkad will die" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:106].

(2) A planet and the Jaw of the Bull; see (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is le''10]], VI 2.

(3) Mercury as a planet; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''bi''-˹''ib-bu''˺ ''ša''2 d''nin-urta'' MU.NE ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-''ma'' ... "If a planet, (read) ''bi-ib-bu'', whose name is Ninurta, appears at sunrise or at sunset..." [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:99ff.]
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL «Дикая овца»; обозначение планет как особой категории светил, и, в особенности, Меркурия, Сатурна и Марса, встречающееся главным образом в лексических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 55; AHw, 124; CAD B, 217–218].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Аа II/6 ii 36: mu-luMUL = bi-ib-bu «Звезда = дикая овца» [MSL XIV, 291]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: a) muludu.idim = bi-i-bu [Emar VI/4, 151:174], b) [mulUDU.BA]D = bi-ib-bi [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], muludu.til = bi-ib-bi [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:280′]; параллель см. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:14; 1981, 105 iv 5; SpTU III, 114 Rs. V 24?]. (3) Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = bi-ib-bi = dGU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [MSL XI, 40:42]; параллель [SpTU III, 116 iii 11]. (4) Серия Antagal (G 308) (в списке планет между Сатурном и Марсом): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [CT 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308]. (5) [bi]-ib-bu = dzi-b[a-ni-tum] «Дикая овца = Весы (= Меркурий или Сатурн?) [CT 26, 41, K.11283:3]. (6) Серия Erimḫuš: dNIN.GIR3.BANDA3 = bi-ib-bu «Сатурн? = Дикая овца» [CT 18, 48 ii 26]. ЕАЕ. В астрологических текстах слово bibbu, записанное силлабически, употребляется не часто, cм. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; Verderame 2002, 246]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 503:4]. Šumma Izbu. Comm. 206: bi-ib-bu = Nergal, цит. по [CAD B, 218]. Cм. также: dbi-ib-bu = dUDU.IDIM в астрологическом комментарии [AfO 14, Taf. VII i 24; Verderame 2002, 137, Vg:24′], (mul)UDU.IDIM = dUDU.IDIMbi-ib-bu [LKU, 30:5].

II. Божество.

Название mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL встречается в самых ранних шумерских списках звезд [MSL XI, 108:400]. Его аккадский эквивалент bibbu появляется впервые в текстах второй половины II тыс. до н.э. (серии Urra XXII, копия из Эмара) иногда с детерминативом d. Первоначально термин относился, по-видимому, только к трем планетам ― Меркурию, Сатурну и Марсу, затем был распространен на 7 светил (включая Луну и Солнце), положение которых меняется относительно неподвижных звезд. Планеты почитались как божества уже, по-видимому, в старовавилонский период, а возможно, и раньше. Неизвестно, однако, когда именно в Месопотамии были выделены все пять планет, наблюдаемые невооруженным глазом. Относящиеся к старовавилонскому периоду свидетельства касаются только Венеры, Юпитера и Марса.

III. Отождествление.

(1) = Планета; значение надежно засвидетельствовано в лексических и астрологических текстах, см. u07UDU.IDIM.

(2) = Меркурий; см. выше, а также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD.

(3) = Сатурн; см. выше, а также u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ.

(4) = Марс; см. выше, а также ts02Ṣalbatānu.

(5) = метеор, комета; см. [AHw, 124; CAD B, 218], см., однако, [Chadwick 1993, 171].

IV. Астрология.

(1) Планета и Коза; DIŠ mulbi-ib-bu ana mulUZ3 [TE] … «Если планета к Козе (= Венера?) приближается: страна Аккада распадется, царь Аккада умрет» [TU, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957, 252:106].

(2) Планета и Челюсть Быка; см. i15Is lê, VI 2.

(3) Меркурий как планета; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM bi-˹ib-bu˺ ša2 dnin-urta MU.NE ina dUTU.E3.A lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma … «Если планета, (читай) bi-ib-bu, чье имя Нинурта, при восходе Солнца или при заходе Солнца появляется…» [TU, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957, 252:99ff.].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]

Bibbu

2026-01-18T15:22:26Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Jupiter-mars-plejaden 2024-07-08 IMG 2438 engl.gif|alt=photograph|thumb|Jupiter and Mars at dawn (SMH 2024). ]]
mul / d''Bibbu'' (𒀯𒁉𒅁𒁍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. The generic Akkadian term for planets. Typically equated with Sumerian UDU.IDIM. For varying sequences in lists of the 7 ''bibbu'', Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Sun and Moon, see Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 57-58.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bibbu''}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Equated with Sumerian UDU.BAD (now read mul / dudu-til but also mul / dudu-idim).

"Wild sheep"; a designation of the planets as a special category of luminaries, and especially of Mercury, Saturn and Mars, found mainly in lexical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 55; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 217-218].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Series Aa II/6 ii 36: mu-luMUL = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Star = wild sheep". [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 291].
* (2) Series Urra XXII:
** (a) muludu.idim = ''bi-i-bu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:174],
** (b) [mulUDU.BA]D = ''bi-ib-bi'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], muludu.til = ''bi-ib-bi'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 106:280′]; for a parallel see. [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 132:14; 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105 iv 5; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 Rs. V 24?].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = ''bi-ib-bi'' = dGU4.UD "Wild sheep = Mercury" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:42]; parallel [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 iii 11].
* (4) Antagal series (G 308) (in the list of planets between Saturn and Mars): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD "Wild Sheep = Mercury" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308].
* (5) [''bi'']''-ib-bu'' = d''zi-b''[''a-ni-tum''] "Wild Sheep = Libra (= Mercury or Saturn?) [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 41, K.11283:3].
* (6) Erimḫuš series: dNIN.GIR3.BANDA3 = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Saturn? = Wild Sheep." [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 18, 48 ii 26].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
In astrological texts the word ''bibbu'', written syllabically, is not often used, cf. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; Verderame 2002, 246]. "i." See [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 503:4].
|-
|'''Šumma Izbu.'''
Comm. 206: ''bi-ib-bu'' = Nergal, quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218]. See also: d''bi-ib-bu'' = dUDU.IDIM in astrological commentaries [AfO 14<ref>''Meier G. von.'' Die zweite Tafel der Serie ''bīt mēseri'' // AfO. 1942. Bd. 14, Heft 3/4. S. 139-142.</ref>, Taf. VII i 24; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 137, Vg:24′], (mul)UDU.IDIM = dUDU.IDIM ''bi-ib-bu'' [LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 30:5].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL occurs in the earliest Sumerian lists of stars [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:400]. Its Akkadian equivalent ''bibbu'' appears for the first time in texts of the second half of the 2nd millennium BC (Urra XXII series, a copy from Emar) sometimes with the determinative d. Initially, the term apparently referred only to the three planets - Mercury, Saturn and Mars, then was extended to the 7 luminaries (including the Moon and the Sun), whose position changes relative to the fixed stars. The planets were already worshipped as deities, apparently, in the Old Babylonian period, and possibly earlier. It is unknown, however, when exactly in Mesopotamia all the five planets, observable with the naked eye, were identified. The evidence from the Old Babylonian period concerns only Venus, Jupiter and Mars.

==== Identification. ====
(1) = Planet; meaning reliably attested in lexical and astrological texts, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].

(2) = Mercury; see above, also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]].

(3) = Saturn; see above, and also (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]].

(4) = Mars; see above, also (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.

(5) = meteor, comet; cf. [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218], see, however, [Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 171].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) A Planet and Goat: DIŠ mul''bi-ib-bu ana'' mulUZ3 [TE] ... "If a planet approaches the Goat (= Venus?): the country of Akkad will fall apart, the king of Akkad will die" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:106].

(2) A planet and the Jaw of the Bull; see (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is le''10]], VI 2.

(3) Mercury as a planet; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''bi''-˹''ib-bu''˺ ''ša''2 d''nin-urta'' MU.NE ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-''ma'' ... "If a planet, (read) ''bi-ib-bu'', whose name is Ninurta, appears at sunrise or at sunset..." [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:99ff.]
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL «Дикая овца»; обозначение планет как особой категории светил, и, в особенности, Меркурия, Сатурна и Марса, встречающееся главным образом в лексических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 55; AHw, 124; CAD B, 217–218].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Аа II/6 ii 36: mu-luMUL = bi-ib-bu «Звезда = дикая овца» [MSL XIV, 291]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: a) muludu.idim = bi-i-bu [Emar VI/4, 151:174], b) [mulUDU.BA]D = bi-ib-bi [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], muludu.til = bi-ib-bi [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:280′]; параллель см. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:14; 1981, 105 iv 5; SpTU III, 114 Rs. V 24?]. (3) Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = bi-ib-bi = dGU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [MSL XI, 40:42]; параллель [SpTU III, 116 iii 11]. (4) Серия Antagal (G 308) (в списке планет между Сатурном и Марсом): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [CT 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308]. (5) [bi]-ib-bu = dzi-b[a-ni-tum] «Дикая овца = Весы (= Меркурий или Сатурн?) [CT 26, 41, K.11283:3]. (6) Серия Erimḫuš: dNIN.GIR3.BANDA3 = bi-ib-bu «Сатурн? = Дикая овца» [CT 18, 48 ii 26]. ЕАЕ. В астрологических текстах слово bibbu, записанное силлабически, употребляется не часто, cм. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; Verderame 2002, 246]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 503:4]. Šumma Izbu. Comm. 206: bi-ib-bu = Nergal, цит. по [CAD B, 218]. Cм. также: dbi-ib-bu = dUDU.IDIM в астрологическом комментарии [AfO 14, Taf. VII i 24; Verderame 2002, 137, Vg:24′], (mul)UDU.IDIM = dUDU.IDIMbi-ib-bu [LKU, 30:5].

II. Божество.

Название mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL встречается в самых ранних шумерских списках звезд [MSL XI, 108:400]. Его аккадский эквивалент bibbu появляется впервые в текстах второй половины II тыс. до н.э. (серии Urra XXII, копия из Эмара) иногда с детерминативом d. Первоначально термин относился, по-видимому, только к трем планетам ― Меркурию, Сатурну и Марсу, затем был распространен на 7 светил (включая Луну и Солнце), положение которых меняется относительно неподвижных звезд. Планеты почитались как божества уже, по-видимому, в старовавилонский период, а возможно, и раньше. Неизвестно, однако, когда именно в Месопотамии были выделены все пять планет, наблюдаемые невооруженным глазом. Относящиеся к старовавилонскому периоду свидетельства касаются только Венеры, Юпитера и Марса.

III. Отождествление.

(1) = Планета; значение надежно засвидетельствовано в лексических и астрологических текстах, см. u07UDU.IDIM.

(2) = Меркурий; см. выше, а также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD.

(3) = Сатурн; см. выше, а также u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ.

(4) = Марс; см. выше, а также ts02Ṣalbatānu.

(5) = метеор, комета; см. [AHw, 124; CAD B, 218], см., однако, [Chadwick 1993, 171].

IV. Астрология.

(1) Планета и Коза; DIŠ mulbi-ib-bu ana mulUZ3 [TE] … «Если планета к Козе (= Венера?) приближается: страна Аккада распадется, царь Аккада умрет» [TU, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957, 252:106].

(2) Планета и Челюсть Быка; см. i15Is lê, VI 2.

(3) Меркурий как планета; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM bi-˹ib-bu˺ ša2 dnin-urta MU.NE ina dUTU.E3.A lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma … «Если планета, (читай) bi-ib-bu, чье имя Нинурта, при восходе Солнца или при заходе Солнца появляется…» [TU, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957, 252:99ff.].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]

BIR

2026-01-18T12:56:38Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mulBIR (𒀯𒄵), mul''Kalītu(m)'' (𒀯𒅗𒇷𒌅)'','' 'The Kidney,' is the name of an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Puppis]]. A kidney-shaped asterism also occurs in the constellation [[LU.LIM]] = ''lulīmu'', 'The Stag.' Numerous Ancient Mesopotamian clay models of kidneys of sacrifical animals used for divination by diviner-priests (''bārû'') find their place in cuneiform collections around the world.<ref>British Museum: The Liver Tablet (BM 92668) https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1889-0426-238</ref> These provide what must be a view of how the ‘Kidney’-constellation appeared to Ancient Mesopotamain astronomers. Further insight into the shape of the constellation can be gleaned from the identification of the Moon’s phase from the 6th to the 10th of the lunar month as a kidney (''kalītu'').
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Sign-lists demonstrate the reading 'ellag' for BIR (CAD K 74).

* mulellag2 = mulBIR (ELLAG2), "Kidney" in lexical texts and Astrolabes; constellation or star within Poop-Deck ([[Puppis]])
* mulellagx;
* = (mul)''kalītu'' "Kidney" (CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 74-75, [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux?q=kidney ePSD ellag]);

The term is also equated with MUL.MUL in lexical texts, see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]]. The term is also equated with MUL.MUL in lexical texts, although MUL.MUL is the standard Sumerian name for the Pleiades. Apparently, some ancient Mesopotamian star-gazers saw a similar cluster in ''lulimmu'', ('The Stag'). A related omen is to be found [[MUL.MUL#Astrology.|sub MUL.MUL (3)]].
* 1) a constellation or star within Puppis (stern, poop deck),
* 2) a star in the constellation LU.LIM "Stag" (Cassiopeia /Andromedae) [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 56].

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra XXII series: mulbir = ''ka-li-tu'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:269′]; for parallels see. [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 54:11′; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18 (early Neo-Assyrian parallel to Urra from Assur).
|
|-
| '''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of Ululu, Ea stars, 180 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): tablet damaged (B i 17-18); probable text: mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-''it'' mul''šudun'' gub-''zu'' mulbir d''E''2-''a'' "The red star, which at the rising of the south wind, stands before the Yoke (is) The Kidney, Ea", see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 7, B], and also [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 31, IX 6].
** (2) List (3´12): itikin mul''ka-li-tum šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "Ululu: The Kidney (in the path of) Ea (rising) … " (C i 6); for a parallel see. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27].
** (3) List (rising-setting=6m):
*** a) [itiki]n mul''ka-li-tum'' muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ "[Ulul]u: Kidney, Raven, Šupa rise" (C 23),
*** b) mul''ka-li-tum'' mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 "(Addaru): Kidney, Raven, Šupa set." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8].
* BM 82923.
** Ululu, stars of Ea: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-''nu''
** "[Kidney] // 180 // Anu, Enlil, Ea, all three(?)". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:16].
* BM 34713.
** [it]ikin // 3,[...] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // [...múlmar].gid2.da
** "Ululu: // 180? [...] Kidney // 100 Great Twins // [...Wa]gon." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:6].
| no. (1)
|-
|"'''Catalog of 30 stars.'''"

* Ea 7:
** MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ - error) ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.ULU3 ''.''LU ''a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it'' mul''ni-ri''(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-''zu'' MUL ''šu-u''2 mul[lBIR d''E''2-''a'']
** "The red star which stands where the south wind rises, before the Yoke, this star is 'The Kidney', Ea" (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3" />, 177].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27-27a, 31-31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 246:51a; SpTU III<ref name=":6">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101: 15, 33].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* MUL SA5 ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' BIR mul''lu-lim'' GUB-''zu'' mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E
* "The bright red star which stands in the Stag's kidney: The Deleter" (I i 34-35) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 28].
|no. (2)
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":8">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 325 r. 3, 5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: mulbir = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Kidney = Mars"; parallel [Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 337:21; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 60];
* (2) 12 stars of Amurru: mulbir;
* (3) description of the phases of the moon:
** 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 ... ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-''mi ka-li-tu''2 d''e''2-''a'' "The Moon at its appearance ... from the 6th day to the 10th day, 5 days, (is like the) Kidney, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283-4].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427: ''ina'' itikin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 múlbir ki.min(= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month of Ululu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Kidney emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":11">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:13],
* parallel in Sp II 202+: ''ina'' kin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28.kam bir ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":11" /> 245:15].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The mythological basis for the name “Kidney” is unclear. On the probable connection of the constellation with the god Ea, see [Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Ritual against an epidemic: mulBIR [CAD<ref name=":0" /> K, 76b; OECT<ref>''Oxford Edition of Cuneiform Texts''.</ref> 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 158, note 16; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 163, 34:14].
* (2) The spell E2.NU.RU against mistakes before committing to temple services: MUL.MUL ''ina'' ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ''ina'' GUB3.MU ''i-zi-za'' "O Star Cluster (=Pleiades), stand to my right, O Kidney, stand to my left" [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12">''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 1970. Vol. 39, Fasc. 1. P. 111-151.</ref>, 124:14; Ebeling 1955<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.</ref>, 184; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 16].
* (3) Ritual against evil, foreshadowed by "urban cults and sanctuaries": GI.DU8 ''ana'' IGI mulBIR DU "You erect a reed altar before (the constellation) Kidney", LUGAL ŠU-''su ana'' IGI mulBIR "The king (raises) his hand before (the constellation) Kidney " [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12" />, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].
* (4) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mulBIR d''E''2-''a uz-na p'']''al-ka-a'' <''ina''>! ''nap-ḫar ru-be''2-''e lu-ša''2-''ter''-[''k'']''a'' [...] "[may the 'Kidney', Ea, provide you with surpassing wide understanding among the rulers [...]." [Watanabe 1991<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13. P. 347-387.</ref>, 362; 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

==== Symbol. ====
The identification of the Kidney with the convex moon, which did not reach the full moon, suggests that the figure of the constellation resembled the moon in the corresponding phase.

==== Previous Identification. ====
(1) Star in the Stag constellation: BIR mulLU.LIM "Kidney of the Stag" (MUL.APIN I i 34), see also (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA<ref name=":7" />, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 207];

= not defined [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

(2) Constellation:

= Vela [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36-37, Anm. 164]; for a discussion on the difficult problem of the relation between mulELLAG2, mulNUNki and mulŠUDUN see [Koch 1989<ref name=":13">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 36-37, Anm. [ibid.<ref name=":13" />]; see also (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]];

= part of the constellation Korma [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245].

(3) Moon between the 6th and 10th day of the month, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellenia.”

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; see "The Great Star List and Miscellenia" above.

(2) = Mercury; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r. 5], see also (8)-(12).

(3) = Mercury in Aquarius; see (8)-(11) below.

(4) = the asterism of Eridu; mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27a].

(5) = Yoke; MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.ULU3.LU DU-''zu'' mulBIR d''Ni-ru'' d''E''2-''a'' [...] "The star which stands at the rising of the south wind, (is) The Kidney, the Yoke of Ea". [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6].

(6) = Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

(7) = Star Cluster; MUL.MUL = ''ka-li-tum'' [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 7-9].

===== Predictions: =====
(8) Visibility of the Kidney (=Mercury); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-''ma''>> ''a-dir'' d''E''2-''a'' / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' GI6 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''u''2-''tan-na-at-ma'' "If the Kidney, its stars become dark, Ea [...] / If the Kidney is very greenish-yellow, / If the Kidney is very dark, (it means): Mercury is dim in the Giant." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 21:31-34].

(9) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn); mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "The Kidney approaches the planet: sesame will be normal. (This means:) Mercury in the Giant, is approaching Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(10) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn); DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney approaches a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means): Mercury in the Giant approaches Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(11) Kidney (= Mercury) and Raven (= Saturn); ''šumma'' mulELLAG2 ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-z''[''iz''...] "If the Kidney stands (?) ... towards the Raven." [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:33]; DIŠ ul''ellag''x(BIR) ''ana'' ulug5.ga ''i-mid'' še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI [...] "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good, eclipse [...]" [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' dGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney stands near the Raven: sesame will be good. (This means): Mercury in the Giant approaches Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:39-40].

(12) Planet and Kidney (=Mercury?): DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-''šu'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 "If a planet approaches the Kidney: sesame will prosper" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:51a].

(13) Heliacal rising in the month of Ululu; DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN mulBIR (in [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 395] erroneously mulTAḪ) IGI-''ir'' GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 "If in the month of Ululu the Kidney becomes visible: the plough of the country will prosper." [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r.3-4]; for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Heliacal risings earlier and later than the set time; BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' KUR SI.SA2] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' NU SI.SA2] "If this star rises early: [the cultivated] land [of the country will prosper]; if this star rises late: [the cultivated] land [of the country will not prosper]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, X 17].

(15) The Moon and the Kidney; [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulBIR ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If in the month of Nisan the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Kidney (= Mercury or Mars) stands in it..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" /> 2, 16:33; CAD<ref name=":0" /> K 76]; see also (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].

(16) Pleiades and the Kidney; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ''ikšud''(KUR-''ud'') ''ina šatti''(MU) ''šiāti''(BI) ''um-mu'' [...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the Kidney: in this year will be heat [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:15], for a parallel see. [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] "If the Kidney approaches the Star Cluster: Adad [will devastate]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:38].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, k14)
!
|-
|1) = mulBIR (ELLAG2) «Почка» в лексических текстах и «Астролябиях»; созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), см. b11BIR; 2) = MUL.MUL в лексических текстах, см. m35MUL.MUL.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, b11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulELLAG2, mulELLAGx; = (mul)kalītu «Почка»; 1) созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), 2) звезда в созвездии LU.LIM «Олень» (β Andromedae) [BPO 2, 11; Gössmann 1950, 56].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Urra XXII: mulbir = ka-li-tu [MSL XI, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:269′]; параллели см. [SpTU I, 54:11′; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа, 180 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): табличка повреждена (B i 17–18); вероятный текст: mul sa5 ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-it mulšudun gub-zu mulbir dE2-a «Красная звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра перед Ярмом стоит, Почка, Эа», см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 7, B], а также [BPO 2, III 31, IX 6]. (2) Cписок (3´12): itikin mulka-li-tum šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц улулу: Почка (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 6); параллель см. [BPO 2, III 27]. (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiki]n mulka-li-tum muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ «[Улул]у: Почка, Ворон, Шупа восходят» (С 23), b) mulka-li-tum mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 «(Аддару): Почка, Ворон, Шупа заходят» [KAV 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]. BM 82923. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-nu «[Почка] // 180 // Ану, Энлиль, Эа, все трое(?)» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:16]. BM 34713. [it]ikin // 3,[…] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // […múlmar].gid2.da «Улулу: // 180? Почка // 100 Большие Близнецы // […Ко]лесница» [LBAT, 1499:6]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 7. MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ — oшибка) ša i-na ZI IM.ULU3lu a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it mulni-ri(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-zu MUL šu-u2 mu[lBIR dE2-a] «Красная звезда, которая там, где восходит южный ветер, перед Ярмом стоит, эта звезда ‘Почка’, Эа» (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 27–27a, 31–31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957, 246:51a; SpTU III, 101: 15, 33]. MUL.APIN. MUL SA5 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ina BIR mullu-lim GUB-zu mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E «Красная звезда с большим блеском, которая стоит в почке Оленя: Вредитель» (I i 34–35) [MA 28]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 325 r. 3, 5]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulbir = dmin (=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Почка = Марс»; параллель [Civil 1974, 337:21; Reiner 1995, 60]; (2) 12 звезд Амурру: mulbir; (3) описание фаз Луны: 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 … ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a «Луна при своем появлении … от 6-го дня до 10-го дня, 5 дней, Почка, Эа» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283–4]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itikin ina še-rim ud 28 múlbir ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце улулу утром 28-го дня Почка испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:13], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina kin ina še-rim ud 28.kam bir meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 245:15].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа названия «Почка» неясна. О вероятной связи созвездия с богом Эа см. [Reiner 1995, 88]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал против эпидемии: mulBIR [CAD K, 76b; OECT 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993, 158, note 16; TuL, 163, 34:14]. (2) Заклинание E2.NU.RU против ошибок при совершении храмовых служб: MUL.MUL ina ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ina GUB3.MU i-zi-za «Звезды (=Плеяды) стоят справа от меня, Почка стоит слева от меня» [Caplice 1970, 124:14; Ebeling 1955, 184; Reiner 1995, 16]. (3) Ритуал против зла, предвещаемого «городским культом и святилищем»: GI.DU8 ana IGI mulBIR DU «Ты воздвигаешь тростниковый алтарь перед (созвездием) Почка», LUGAL ŠU-su ana IGI mulBIR «Царь руку свою перед (созвездием) Почка (воздевает)» [Caplice 1970, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995, 88]. (4) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulBIR dE2-a uz-na p]al-ka-a <ina>! nap-ḫar ru-be2-e lu-ša2-ter-[k]a […] «[‘Почка’, Эа, да превзойдет разум об]ширный (твой) всех правителей […]» [Watanabe 1991, 362; 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

III. Символ.

Отождествление Почки с выпуклой Луной, не достигшей полнолуния, позволяет предположить, что фигура созвездия напоминала Луну в соответствующей фазе.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Звезда в созвездии Олень: BIR mulLU.LIM «Почка Оленя» (MUL.APIN I i 34), см. также L09LU.LIM.

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol., 207];

= не определено [ASM, 273].

(2) Созвездие:

= Vela [Gössmann 1950, 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36–37, Anm. 164]; обсуждение сложной проблемы о соотношении mulELLAG2, mulNUNki и mulŠUDUN см. [ibid.], см. также n50NUNki;

= часть созвездия Корма [Horowitz 2014, 245].

(3) Луна в промежутке от 6-го до 10-го дня месяца, см. «Большой список звезд».

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. выше «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Меркурий; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [SAA 8, 325 r. 5], см. также (8)–(12).

(3) = Меркурий в Водолее; см. ниже (8)–(11).

(4) = звезда Эриду; mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2, III 27a].

(5) = Ярмо; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM.Ux.LU DU-zu mulBIR dNi-ru dE2-a […] «Звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра стоит, Почка, Ярмо Эа» [BPO 2, IX 6].

(6) = Коза-Рыба; см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

(7) = Звезды; MUL.MUL = ka-li-tum [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 7–9].

Предсказания:

(8) Видимость Почки (=Меркурий); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-ma>> a-dir dE2-a / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš GI6 / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA u2-tan-na-at-ma «Если Почка, звезда эта стала темной, Эа […] / Если Почка очень зеленовато-желтая, / Если Почка очень темная, (это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, тусклый» [ACh Ištar, 21:31–34].

(9) Почка(=Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(10) Почка (= Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий в Великане к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(11) Почка (= Меркурий) и Ворон (= Сатурн); šumma mulELLAG2 ana mulUGAmušen i-z[iz…] «Если Почка у Ворона стоит(?)…» [SpTU III, 101:33]; DIŠ ulellagx(BIR) ana ulug5.ga i-mid še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI […] «Если Почка останавливается близко от Ворона: сезам будет хорошим, затмение […]» [Borger 1973, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ina dGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка стоит вблизи Ворона: сезам будет хорошим. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане к Сатурну подходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:39–40].

(12) Планета и Почка(=Меркурий?); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-šu ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 «Если планета приближается к Почке: сезам будет нормальным» [Largement 1957, 246:51a].

(13) Гелиакический восход в месяце улулу; DIŠ ina itiKIN mulBIR (в [Gössmann 1950, 395] ошибочно mulTAḪ) IGI-ir GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 «Если в месяце улулу Почка становится видна: плуг страны будет благоденствовать» [SAA 8, 325 r.3–4]; параллели см. [BPO 2, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже установленного времени; BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš KUR SI.SA2] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš NU SI.SA2] «Если эта звезда восходит рано: [обработанная] земля [страны будет процветать]; если эта звезда восходит поздно: [обработанная] земля [страны не будет процветать]» [BPO 2, IX 6], см. также [ibid,. X 17].

(15) Луна и Почка; [DIŠ] 30 ina itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulBIR ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если в месяце нисану Луна окружена гало и Почка (= Меркурий или Марс) в нем стоит…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 16:33; CAD K 76]; cм. также m35MUL.MUL.

(16) Плеяды и Почка; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ikšud(KUR)ud ina šatti(MU) šiāti(BI) um-mu […] «Если Звезды достигают Почки: в этом году будет зной […]» [SpTU III, 101:15], параллель см. [Borger 1973, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] «Если Почка к Звездам приближается: Адад [пожрет]» [ACh Ištar, 21:38].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

BURANUN

2026-01-18T12:53:23Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
mul ídBURANUN (𒀯𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣) is a Mesopotamian constellation in the western portion of the [[Pisces]] and [[Pegasus]] (Psc + Peg). The association of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with the two Babylonian asterisms that comprise classical Pisces, Anunitum for the Euphrates and and ‘The Swallow,’ for the Tigris, derives from a sense that the shape of the Tigris and Euphrates river system on Earth in Babylonia, two diverging lines that meet at their middle, mirrors that of classical Pisces in the sky (see figure). Thus, the canal systems of southern Babylonia which connect the two rivers can be thought of as parallel on earth to the knot that ties the two tails of bird and fish-shaped asterisms in the heavens. For ‘[[Anunitu|Anunitum]],’ the Euphrates’ constellation connected with fish and aquatic themes see [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, pp. 42-43].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading: mul ídUD.KIB.NUN.KI; = Purattu "Euphrates" [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 53]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''Series Ḫg. B VI:
* mul ídburanun = ''si-nun-tum'' = [...] "Euphrates = Swallow." [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:23].
|[[File:Psc+ari+aqr+and +rivers.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Psc-And-area with two rivers overlay to Anunitu + Swallow (SMH 2025)]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
* (1) mul ídburanun = mulšim.maḫ "Euphrates = Swallow";
* (2) egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki "Rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates";
* (3) astrological predictions (see Kurtik a18 [[AL.LUL]]) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:147, 149, 152; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107].
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp+Tigris+Euphr GIF 2.gif|thumb|Animation: The two Mesopotamian constellations of Tigris and Euphrates at the position(s) of the (alternative) Mesopotamian constellations of Anunitu and The Swallow. Visualisation by SMH with drawings by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster) on a Stellarium map.]]
|-
|'''List of stars''' VR 46, 1:34.

* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 = íd''idigna u'' íd''buranun''
* "Anunity and the Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:34; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:34].
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866. [MU]L.MEŠ ídIDIGNA ''u'' ídBURANUNki ''ina ṣip-ri'' mulZIB<me>
* "The stars of the Tigris and the Euphrates at the tip of the Tails" (D i 8) [Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 2018, 35, 39, Section A].
|}
The name appears quite late, not earlier than the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, as it is absent in Urra XXII. See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, b12)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mul ídUD.KIB.NUN.KI; = Purattu «Евфрат» [Gössmann 1950, 53]; созвездие в западной части Рыб и Пегаса (Pisces + Pegasus).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: mul ídburanun = si-nun-tum = […] «Евфрат = Ласточка» [MSL XI, 40:23]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mul ídburanun = mulšim.maḫ «Евфрат = Ласточка»; (2) egir.meš-tum = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = Евфрат»; (3) астрологическое предсказание (см. a18AL.LIL) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:147, 149, 152; Weidner 1959–60, 107]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:34. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mulŠi-nu-nu-tuˆ = ídidigna u ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат» [HBA 52:34; Wee 2016, 162–3:34]. MLC 1866. [MU]L.MEŠ ídIDIGNA u ídBURANUNki ina ṣip-ri mulZIB<me> «Звезды Тигр и Евфрат на острие Хвостов» (D i 8) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 35, 39, Section A].

Название появилось достаточно поздно, не ранее начала I тыс. до н.э., поскольку оно отсутствует в Urra XXII.

Cм. также a18AL.LUL, s19SIM.MAḪ.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]][[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Psc]]

DAMU

2026-01-18T12:49:16Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dDAMU}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / d''Da-mu'' (𒀯𒁕𒈬), when written with the star-determinative MUL, is a name for the star ‘The Pig,’ [[ŠAḪ|(mulŠAH = ''šâhu'').]] Damu is a healing goddess synchronized with the great healing goddess of Ancient Mesopotamia, Gula of the city Isin. Outside of astronomical texts, the divine name can also be used as a name for the god Dumuzi.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Deity (goddess?) of the constellation ŠAḪ "Pig", whose name was sometimes used as the name of the constellation [Gössmann<ref>Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 97].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) denote:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>Son of the healing goddess Gula/Ninisina/ Ninkarrak. Also a hypocoristic form of “Dumuzi”. d''Da-mu'' (EN 28r).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''
* Urra XXII series: mulšaḫ = d''Da-mu'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114, Rs. IV 114; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:307′].
|Example
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)”'''
Astrolabe P.

* Month of Šabaṭu, stars of Enlil, 40 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].

Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša'' [xxx] / mul.bi d''Da''-[''mu'']..." The red star [...] / This star (is) the goddess of Damu" (B iii 19-20).
* (2) List (3´12): [itiziz2] ... mul''Da-mu šu''-[''ut'' d''En-lil''2] "[month Šabaṭu : ... Damu (the path of) Enlil " (C iii 11).
* (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise—Šabaṭu , sunset—Abu [KAV 218, C 22, 33; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5-8], see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]].

BM 82923.

* Month Šabaṭu, stars of Enlil: mul''Da-mu'' // [40] // ''bēlet'' TIN "Damu // [40] // Lady of life." [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:33].

BM 34713.

* The month of Adaru, the stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:12], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil'''
* A list of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 11): mul''Da-mu'' [TCL 6<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE'''
* See. [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVII 5; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 199, VIo: v. 3′-5′].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''
* List of the stars of Enlil (no. 28): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulŠAḪ d''Da-mu'' "The star which stands on its (i.e. mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A) right side: the Pig, Damu" (I i 29) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 26, 126].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List"'''
* (1) mul''da-mu'' = d''gu-la'' "Damu = Gula";
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: mul''da-mu'' [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:158, 213].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1.'''
* mulšaḫ d''Da-mu'' = d''A-nu'', see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:19; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:19]. See also: mulšul = d''Da''-[''mu''] = d''Gu-la'' [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 49:6].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
Damu — deity of health, with the ability to drive away demons and heal diseases. Worshiped in Isin, and also in Larsa and Ur. Believed to be the son of the healer goddess Ninisina (Lady of Isin), who passed on to him the ability to heal. In some Akkadian texts, including astronomical texts (see above) he is considered a goddess and is identified with Gula. It is likely that Damu had both masculine and feminine features [MNM 1<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 349; Black and Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 57; Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 80-81; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 279]. In astronomical texts, Damu always seems to be a goddess. The separation of the constellation ŠAḪ "Pig" and its identification with d''Da-mu'' seems to have occurred rather late; this name does not appear in early lexical texts.

==== III. Astrology. ====
(1) Red Damu; DIŠ mul''Da-mu'' SA5 GIG.AN.TI.LA ''ina'' [...]" If the Damu constellation is red: the sick will be cured; in [...]" [BPO 2<ref>Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVII 5].

(2) Damu and the Moon; DIŠ mul''Da-mu ana'' IGI d30 TE-''ma'' [...] "If Damu approaches the front portion of the Moon [...]", DIŠ MUL MIN ''ana'' UGU d30 SI4-''ma'' GUB [...] "If that same star (= Damu) approaches the upper portion of the Moon? and stands there [...]" [Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 199, VIo: v. 3′-5′]; for a discussion of the meaning of SI4-''ma'' see [ibid.<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 192]. The last two predictions suggest correlations between Damu with some planet, possibly Mars, see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d02)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|божество (богиня?) созвездия ŠAḪ «Свинья», имя которого иногда использовалось как название созвездия [Gössmann 1950, 97].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mulšaḫ = dDa-mu [SpTU III, 114, Rs. IV 114; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:307′]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля, 40 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul sa5 ša [xxx] / mul.bi dDa-[mu]...» Красная звезда [...] / Звезда эта, богиня Даму» (B iii 19–20). (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiziz2] … mulDa-mu šu-[ut dEn-lil2] «Месяц шабату: …Даму (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 11). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — шабату, заход — абу [KAV 218, C 22, 33; Horowiz 2014, Ch. 5–8], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA. BM 82923. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля: mulDa-mu // [40] // bēlet TIN «Даму // [40] // Владычица жизни» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:33]. BM 34713. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:12], см. k24KU6. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 11): mulDa-mu [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XVII 5; Verderame 2002, 199, VIo: v. 3′–5′]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 28): MUL ša2 ina ZAG-šu2 GUB-zu mulŠAḪ dDa-mu «Звезда, которая стоит с его (т.е. mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A) правой стороны: Свинья, Даму» (I i 29) [MA 26, 126]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulda-mu = dgu-la «Даму = Гула»; (2) 12 звезд Аккада: mulda-mu [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:158, 213]. Список звезд VR 46, 1. mulšaḫ dDa-mu = dA-nu, см. также [HBA 51:19; Wee 2016, 162–3:19]. См. также: mulšul = dDa-[mu] = dGu-la [SpTU I, 49:6].

II. Божество.

Даму — божество здоровья, обладавшее способностью прогонять демонов и целить болезни. Почиталось в Исине, а также в Ларсе и Уре. Считалось сыном богини-целительницы Нинисины (Госпожи Исина), которая передала ему способность к врачеванию. В некоторых аккадских текстах, в том числе астрономических (см. выше), считается богиней и отождествляется с Гулой. Вероятно, Даму обладало как мужскими, так и женскими чертами [МНМ 1, 349; Black–Green 1992, 57; Kraus 1951, 80–81; Tallqvist 1938, 279]. В астрономических текстах Даму, по-видимому, всегда богиня. Выделение созвездия ŠAḪ «Свинья» и его отождествление с dDa-mu произошло, по-видимому, достаточно поздно; в ранних лексических текстах это имя не встречается.

III. Астрология.

(1) Даму красное; DIŠ mulDa-mu SA5 GIG.AN.TI.LA ina [...]» Если созвездие Даму красное: лечение больного (будет) в [...]» [BPO 2, XVII 5].

(2) Даму и Луна; DIŠ mulDa-mu ana IGI d30 TE-ma […] «Если Даму к передней части Луны приближается […]», DIŠ MUL MIN ana UGU d30 SI4-ma […] «Если эта же звезда (= Даму) к верхней части Луны подходит? […]» DIŠ MUL MIN ana UGU d30 SI4-ma GUB […] «Если эта же звезда (= Даму) к верхней части Луны подходит? и стоит там […]» [Verderame 2002, 199, VIo: v. 3′–5′]; обсуждение значения SI4-ma см. [ibid., 192]. В двух последних предсказаниях предполагается отождествление Даму с какой-то планетой, возможно, Марсом, см. sh02ŠAḪ.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Del]]

Dāpinu

2026-01-18T12:42:14Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Dāpinu''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
d''Dāpinu'' (𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡) is an Akkadian name for Jupiter.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul/dUD.AL.TAR "Heroic, Military" is an epithet of Marduk; used as a name of Jupiter [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 99; PSD<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> I A/3, 154], see also (Kurtik a19) [[UD.AL.TAR|AL.TAR]], (Kurtik u05) [[UD.AL.TAR]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = ''da-pi-nu'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:26].
* (2) Antagal series (G 305): dda.pi.nu = d''šul-pa-e''3-''a'' [MSL XVII, 229].

|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 230, K.3124:6'; van Soldt 1995<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 89-90, Ca 9]. ||Example
|-
|'''List of 12 names of Marduk:'''
* ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.ud "In the month of Du'uzu - Dapinu, Marduk". [III R 53, 2:5]; for a parallel see. S.777 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49:4, HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 24].
|
|-
|'''The names of Jupiter according to its position relative to the horizon.'''
* [DIŠ mul dAMAR.UD ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 ''Šu'']''l-pa-e''3 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qam-ma'' mulSAGössmann 1950,ME.GAR! / [''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' DU-''ma''] ''Ni-bi-ru ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A DU-''iz'' d''Da-pi-nu'' "[The asterism of Marduk at its appearance (is called) Šu]lpae; when it rises one double hour - Sagmegar; (when) it stands in the middle of the sky, - Nēbiru, (when) it stands in the west, - Dapinu." [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 230, K. 3124:6′], for a parallel see [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 147:7-r.1] (see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UD]], IV 8). See also <d>''da''-[''pi-nu''] (?) (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]) in the text of the extispicy [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:8] (Kurtik a21 [[ALLA]]).
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Identification. ====
= Jupiter, see above.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Eclipse of the Sun and Jupiter; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 d''da-pi-nu'' G[UB...] ''ina'' AN.MI dUTU ˹d˺[''da-pi-nu''...] "If the Sun sets and Jupiter stands in ...], during an eclipse of the Sun [Jupiter ...] [ACh Šamaš<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 16:12; van Soldt 1995<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 89-90, Tablet 27, Ca 9]; see also [3. Erg.<ref>Kugler F.X. Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 305].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d03)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mul/dUD.AL.TAR «Героический, Воинственный» ― эпитет Мардука; употреблялся в качестве названия Юпитера [Gössmann 1950, 99; PSD I A/3, 154], см. также a19AL.TAR, u05UD.AL.TAR.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = da-pi-nu [MSL XI, 40:26]. (2) Серия Antagal (G 305): dda.pi.nu = dšul-pa-e3-a [MSL XVII, 229]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 3, 230, K.3124:6; van Soldt 1995, 89–90, Ca 9]. Список 12 имен Мардука: ina itišu dDa-pi-nu = damar.ud «В месяце дуузу — Дапину, Мардук» [III R 53, 2:5]; параллель см. S.777 [CT 26, 49:4, HBA, 24]. Названия Юпитера в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта. [DIŠ mul dAMAR.UD ina IGI.LA2-šu2 Šu]l-pa-e3 1 KASKAL.GID2 i-šaq-qam-ma mulSAG.ME.GAR! / [ina MURUB4 AN-e DU-ma] Ni-bi-ru ina dUTU.ŠU2.A DU-iz dDa-pi-nu «[Если звезда Мардука (стоит) при своем появлении (на востоке, ее имя) Шу]льпаэ; если проходит 1 двойной час после восхода, — Сагмегар; (если) она стоит в середине неба, — Нибиру, (если) стоит при заходе Солнца, — Дапину» [BPO 3, 230, K. 3124:6′], параллель см. [SAA 8, 147:7–r.1] (см. a28dAMAR.UD, IV 8). См. также <d>da-[pi-nu] (?) в тексте экстиспиции [SpTU IV, 159:8] (a21ALLA).

II. Отождествление.

= Юпитер, см. выше.

II. Астрология.

(1) Затмение Солнца и Юпитер; DIŠ MAN ŠU-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 dda-pi-nu G[UB…] ina AN.MI dUTU ˹d˺[da-pi-nu…] «Если Солнце заходит и Юпитер на его месте сто[ит …], во время затмения Солнца [Юпитер …] [ACh Šamaš, 16:12; van Soldt 1995, 89–90, Tablet 27, Ca 9]; см. также [3. Erg. 305].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

DAR.LUGAL

2026-01-18T12:40:04Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
mulDAR.LUGALmušen (𒀯𒁯𒈗𒄷) is a Sumerian constellation in [[Lepus]], equalling the Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu''. The determinative mušen indicates that it is a bird whose identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is ''taḫtatâ ana tutu'' - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.”

The constellation is listed in MUL.APIN (typically dated around 1000 BCE). Roosters were only domesticated in the middle of the -2nd millennium. They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on, so that it is reasonable to assume that they were also kept in the Near East around this time. It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century). Domesticated roosters (actually francolins) therefore date to the same period as the astronomical dating of MUL.APIN. Compared to other Mesopotamian constellations, which can be traced back to the Sumerian culture at the beginning of the -2nd millennium, the constellation of the Rooster is likely to have been one of the more recent figures.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

= mulTAR2.LUGALmušen;

= ''tarlugallu'' "Rooster";

= ''tarnugallu'' “rooster”.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:

* 1) the constellation,
* 2) a name of Mars (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* Late commentaries [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 289; NSAM<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref> 2, 249].
|Example
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes).”'''
* The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 6): muld[ar].lugalmušen [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 17; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Anu (No. 10): MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulDAR.LUGAL "The star that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA), (is) the Rooster" (I ii 5) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 31], for a parallel see. MLC 1866.
|[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
|-
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:27.'''
* muldar.lugal d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 kul.aba4ki dLugal-ban3-da "Rooster, Enlil of Kulaba, Lugalbanda", see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:27].
|
|-
|'''Text LBAT 1502 obv.'''
* (mul)DAR.LUGAL — asterism of Antagubba, see (Kurtik d08) [[DILI|DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]]. The list of the "7 Enlils". The cock correlates with Enlil of Kulaba, see (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (A) mulsipa.[z]i.an.na muldar.˹lugal˺ gu "True Shepherd of Anu (β Ori), Rooster (μ Lep), GU" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91], the initial star in this equation may have been "Handle on the Crook" (=''ziqpu'' XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree and Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; according to J. Koch, here mulsipa.zi.an.na is γ Ori, muldar.lugal is ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 54].
* (B) ˹gir3II.meš˺ ''u''3 ˹šu˺II.meš ''ša''2 mulmaš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-''u''2 šu ''imitti''(15) ''u a-si-du'' / ˹egir˺-''u''2 ''ša''2 mulsipa.zi.an.na ''u'' murub4 mul?dar.lugal gu "The legs and arms of the front Great Twin (θ Gem - hand, ν Gem - foot), the right hand and back heel of the True Shepherd of Anu (ξ Ori, κ Ori) and the middle of the Rooster (α Lep) - GU" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91]; according to Koch, gir3II.meš is η Gem, μ Gem, šuII.meš is θ Gem, μ Gem, šu ''imitti'' is ν Ori, ''a-si-du'' egir-''u''2 is λ Eri, murub4 muldar.lugal is 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 55].
|[[File:GU II.jpg|alt=star chart for GU II with Babylonian constellations|thumb|The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration by Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.]]
|-
|'''MLC 1866.'''
* ˹MUL˺ ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šap-li'' / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' mulDAR.LUGAL "The constellation that stands below the True Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40].
|
|}
[[File:DARLUGAL CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 165054.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside DAR.LUGAL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Arneb
|HIP 25985
|Constellation lines
|2.57
|-
|2
|Nihal
|HIP 25606
| Constellation lines
|2.84
|-
|3
|ϵ Leporis
|HIP 23685
|Constellation lines
| 3.18
|-
|4
|μ Leporis
|HIP 24305
|Constellation lines
|3.29
|-
|5
|ζ Leporis
|HIP 27288
|Constellation lines
|3.525
|-
|6
|γ Leporis
|HIP 27072
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.6
|-
|7
|η Leporis
| HIP 28103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.72
|-
| 8
|δ Leporis
|HIP 27654
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.85
|-
|9
|λ Leporis
|HIP 24845
|Constellation lines
| 4.29
|-
|10
| κ Leporis
| HIP 24327
| Constellation lines
|4.44
|-
|11
|ι Leporis
|HIP 24244
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.45
|-
|12
| θ Leporis
|HIP 28910
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.663
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 24927
|Inside the Hull
|4.729
|-
|14
|17 Lep
|HIP 28816
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.93
|-
|15
| -
| HIP 23430
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.002
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 25045
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.06
|-
|17
|8 Lep
|HIP 25202
|Constellation lines
|5.229
|-
| 18
|ν Leporis
|HIP 24873
|Constellation lines
| 5.284
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 25045
|Constellation lines
| 5.34
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 24679
|Inside the Hull
|5.488
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 27517
|Inside the Hull
|5.49
|-
|22
|10 Lep
|HIP 25853
|Inside the Hull
|5.525
|-
|23
| -
|HR 2021
|Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 23554
|Inside the Hull
|5.582
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 25280
| Inside the Hull
|5.636
|-
| 26
| -
|HIP 26966
|Inside the Hull
|5.727
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 25397
| Inside the Hull
| 5.817
|-
| 28
|12 Lep
|HIP 26865
|Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 24786
|Inside the Hull
|5.96
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 25532
|Inside the Hull
|6.065
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 26866
|Inside the Hull
|6.144
|-
| 32
| V* AK Lep
|HR 1982
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 27308
|Inside the Hull
| 6.157
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 26821
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 24394
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 27075
|Inside the Hull
|6.341
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 24825
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 23818
| Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 25059
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In astronomical contexts mulDAR.LUGALmušen is associated only with Lugalbanda (see above), the legendary hero and ruler of Uruk, a character that appears in a number of Sumerian myths [MHM II, 75]. In the so-called "Birdcall texts," DAR.LUGALmušen is associated with d˹''En''˺-[''me-šar''2]-''ra'' and d''Nusku'' [Lambert 1970<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.</ref>, 112-113, STT 341+:2; 114-115, KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref>, 155]. The absence of the name in the lexical texts and in the prediction texts indicates its late origin.

==== Symbol. ====
There are no known images that could be associated with the figure of the constellation Rooster.

==== Identification. ====
(1) Constellation:

= stars east of Orion to Procyon (α CMi) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396];

= Lepus (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79];

= Canis Minor (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11];

= Lepus [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 275; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245].

(2) Mars; cf. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396];

==== Parts of the constellation. ====
murub4 ˹mul?˺dar.lugal "Middle of the Rooster," see GU-text above.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Orion and the Rooster; late astrological commentary on EAE: AN.MI ''ina'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana tar-ṣi'' DAR.LUGAL "Eclipse (of the Moon) in the True Shepherd of Anu opposite the Rooster" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 289; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 17:9].

(2) Eclipse of the Moon and the Rooster; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA5 mulDAR.LUGAL KI 30 [...] "[If] (the Moon carries) a [crown] (and) scepter, (and) (its) eclipse is red, (it means): The rooster [...] with the moon" [ACh Suppl<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>. 6:3; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 87, Text IIIg ii 4′]. Perhaps the identity is implied here: mulDAR.LUGAL = d''Ṣalbatānu'' "Rooster = Mars" because Mars is mentioned in the previous line.
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d04)!!Gössmann (1950, 396)
|-
|вар. чтения: = mulTAR2.LUGALmušen; = tarlugallu «Петух»; 1) созвездие в Малом Псе (Canis Minor) (?), 2) название Марса (?) [G. 396].
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. Поздний комментарий [Rochberg-Halton 1988 289; Verderame 2002, 249]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 6): muld[ar].lugalmušen [CT 33, 9 r. 17; HBA, 104; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Ану (№ 10): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL «Звезда, что стоит позади него (т.е. позади mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA), Петух» (I ii 5) [MA, 31], параллель см. MLC 1866. Cписок звезд V R 46, 1:27. muldar.lugal dEn-lil2 ša2 kul.aba4ki dLugal-ban3-da «Петух, Энлиль из Кулабы, Лугальбанда», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162–3:27]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. (mul)DAR.LUGAL — звезда Антагубба, см. d08 DILI ša2 KUN-šu2. Список «7 Энлилей». Петух соотносится с Энлилем из Кулабы, см. e10dEn-lil2. GU-текст. (A) mulsipa.[z]i.an.na muldar.˹lugal˺ gu «Праведный Пастух Ану (β Ori), Петух (μ Lep), веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91], начальной звездой в этом уравнивании, возможно, была «Рука на Посохе» (=ziqpu XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree-Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; согласно Й.Коху, здесь mulsipa.zi.an.na ― γ Ori, muldar.lugal ― ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992, 54]. (B) ˹gir3II.meš˺ u3 ˹šu˺II.meš ša2 mulmaš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-u2 šu imittu(15) u a-si-du / ˹egir˺-u2 ša2 mulsipa.zi.an.na u murub4 mul?dar.lugal gu «Передние ноги и руки Великих Близнецов (θ Gem — рука, ν Gem — нога), правая рука и задняя пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану (ξ Ori, κ Ori) и середина Петуха (α Lep) ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91]; согласно Коху, gir3II.meš ― η Gem, μ Gem, šuII.meš ― θ Gem, μ Gem, šu imittu(15) ― n Ori, a-si-du egir-u2 ― λ Eri, murub4 muldar.lugal ― 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992, 55]. MLC 1866. ˹MUL˺ ša2 ina šap-li / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL «Созвездие, которое стоит ниже Праведного Пастуха Ану, Петух» (col. ii 16–17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40].

II. Божество.

В астрономическом контексте mulDAR.LUGALmušen связан только с Лугальбандой (см. выше), легендарным героем и правителем Урука, персонажем ряда шумерских мифов [MHM II, 75]. В так называемых «The birdcall texts» DAR.LUGALmušen связан с d˹En˺-[me-šar2]-ra и dNusku [Lambert 1970, 112–113, STT 341+:2; 114–115, KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973, 155]. Отсутствие названия в лексических текстах и в текстах предсказаний свидетельствует о его позднем происхождении.

III. Символ.

Неизвестны изображения, которые можно было бы связать с фигурой созвездия Петух.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Созвездие:

= звезды к востоку от Ориона до Проциона (α CMi) [Gössmann 1950, 396];

= Lepus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

= Canis Minor (?) [BPO 2, 11];

= Lepus [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 275; Horowitz 2014, 245].

(2) Марс; см. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann 1950, 396];

V. Части созвездия.

murub4 ˹mul?˺dar.lugal «Середина Петуха», см. выше GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Орион и Петух; поздний астрологический комментарий к ЕАЕ: AN.MI ina SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ana tar-ṣi DAR.LUGAL «Затмение (Луны) в Праведном Пастухе Ану напротив Петуха» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 289; TU, 17:9].

(2) Затмение Луны и Петух; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA5 mulDAR.LUGAL KI 30 […] «[Eсли] (Луна несет) [коро]ну (и) скипетр, (и) при (своем) затмении красная, (это означает): Петух [достиг?…] области Луны» [ACh Suppl. 6:3; Verderame 2002, 87, Text IIIg ii 3′]. Возможно, здесь подразумевается тождество: mulDAR.LUGAL = dṢalbatānu «Петух = Марс», поскольку Марс упоминается в предыдущей строке.
|mulTAR2 · LUGAL mušen (106)
Das Hahnengestirn, akk.wohl tarlugallu; 82--5-22, 512, 17 (Hommel, A A 469 zu berichtigen); Bez. Farb. S. 136k. Nach Br.Mm. 86378 II 5 steht dieses Gestirn hinter dem Orion; ebeso 2. Sup. LXVII 13. "Es kommen also die Sterne östlich von Orion bis Prokyon in Betracht" (3. Erg. S. 324; vgl. Bez. Farb. S. 132, 20).

Identifizierungen:

* = Rigel (Bez. ZÄF S. 10. 48).
* = Prokyon (Kugl. Erg. S. 155 f. 218). mulTAR2 · LUGAL ist

# Unter den Ea-Gestirnen , 82-5-22, 512, Rs. 17.
# Unter den 7 Enlillen: VR 46 Vs. 27 (Enlil von Kullab); VAT 9418 III 8.
# Deckname für Mars (??); VACh Sup. VI 3 f. Bez. Farb.S. 110, 79; 123, 194.
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Dilbat

2026-01-18T12:28:54Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Dilbat''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / d''Dilbat'' (𒀯𒀸𒁁) is an ancient Mesopotamian planet name. It is the standard reading of the most common name for the planet Venus, for which a number of other options are listed below. Venus is also commonly identified by the name of the Venus-goddess in the Mesopotamian pantheon: Inanna = ''Ištar''.

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Venus}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* muldili.bad,
* mulDilibat,
* mulDIL.BAD,
* DILΙ.BAT
* mul''dili-bad'',
* (d)''dili-pat''2,
* ''dele-bat''; = "the one that sparkles";
* from dili.bad = ''nebû'' "to shine, to sparkle".

Generally accepted name of Venus in astronomical and astrological texts of the II-I millennium BC; first in the hymn of Iddin-Dagan (XX century BC) as mul dalla dili mul''dili-bad'' "shining/the only star, Venus". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 774; Bruschweiler 1987<ref>''Bruschweiler F''. INANNA La déesse triomphante et vaincue dans la cosmologie sumérienne. Leuven, 1987.</ref>, 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973<ref>''Reisman D.'' Iddin-Dagan’s Sacred Marriage Hymn // JCS. 1973. Vol.. 25, № 4. P. 185-202.</ref>; ETCSL<ref>''Black J.A., Cunningham G., Fluckiger-Hawker E., Robson'' ''E., and Zólyomi G. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature'' (<nowiki>http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/</nowiki>), Oxford 1998-.</ref>, Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the Babylonian name for Venus: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτος ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. "Delephate: the star of Aphrodite: from the Chaldeans." [TLG 4085-002, Δ 590], derived from Dilbat [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 109; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 282]; see Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023): <ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>In bilingual and lexical texts, Sum. dili-bad(-rá) is translated by ''na/ebītu'' “the bright one” (fem.). As a star name it is conventionally read Dil(i)bat. If Δελεφατ (delephat) in Hesychius v. 558 is correctly understood as a Greek transcription of this name, it points to a reading Dil(i)pat, which could be derived from Akk. ''dalāpu'' “to be sleepless”.

mulDILΙ.BAT (AN 20l).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Urra XXII series: mul[''dil'']-''bat'' = ''di-il-bat'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:154].
*(2) Antagal series (G 306): d zibZIG = d''dil-bat'' (in the list of planets) [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229].
*(3) AN:dAnum series (IV 181): dDili.bad = min(= d''Iš''8-''tar''2 mul.<meš>) "Venus = Goddess of the stars" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 161].
|
|-
| '''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
*Astrolabe P.
**Month of Nisan, Anu stars, 100 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 573].
*Astrolabe B.
**(1) List (12´3): mul gal ''ša'' ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu gub-''zu'' / ki.gub kur2.kur2 ½(sa9) mu ''ina'' dutu.e3 / ½(sa9) mu ''ina'' dutu.šu2.a mul.bi mul''Dil-bat'' / ''a-lik pa-ni'' mul.meš ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' “The great star which is above the great stars / which stands at the rising of the south wind / (and) changes position: half a year (it stands) in the east, / half a year in the west. This star is Venus, / (which) goes in front of the stars of Anu" (B ii 1-5); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 1].
**(2) List (3´12): itibara2 ...mul''Dil-bat šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "month Nisanu: ...Venus of (the stars) of Anu" (C ii 1).
** (3) List (rising-setting=6m): rising - Nisanu, setting - Tašritu (C 13, 26); also about Venus it is said: mul''Dil-bat ut-ta-nak-kar'' "Venus changes (her position)". '''''??? I cannot find these words in KAV 218!! ???''''' [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8]; see also (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* BM 82923.
**Month of Nisan, the stars of Anu: [mul''Dili-bat''] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ "[Venus] // 100 // The most brilliant of stars" [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 27-28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; here RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly, sparkle" as in ND 4362:26, which gives the identity: RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly" [BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 237, 241].
*BM 34713.
**Month of Ayaru, the stars of Anu: múl''Dil-bat'' [LBAT<ref name=":3">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
*The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A
**List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 1): mul''Dil-bat'' [TCL 6<ref name=":4">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
*For a corpus of astrological predictions related to Venus and an analysis of the terms used in them, see. [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />]; see also [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10: r. 11-17, 25-29; BPO 1<ref name=":6">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. The Venus Tablet of Ammiraduqa. Malibu, Undena Publication, 1975 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part One).</ref>, 8; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 240-243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957.</ref>, 23:33; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 247; Pingree 1993<ref>''Pingree D.'' Venus Phenomena in Enūma Anu Enlil / Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrgb. von H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 259-273.</ref>; SpTU I<ref name=":8">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 91:12-14; SpTU II<ref name=":9">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 41:17; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V<ref name=":10">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:7', 9'; Babyloniaca 7<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>: Pl. XVII, 11-13].
|
|-
|'''"Catalogue of 30 Stars".'''
*Anu 1. mul''Dil-bat ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A ½ MU ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A x [. ]
* "Venus, which stands at the rising of the east wind, changes (her) position, half a year (she) is in the east, half a year in the west [...]" (B. 15) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1" />, 177], see also (Kurtik i18) ''[[Ištar]]''.
|
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 10<ref name=":3" />, 378; SAA 8<ref name=":11">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 349-350].
|
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Anu (no. 20): mul''Dili-bat'' KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir-ma'' AN-''e ib-bir'' "Venus changes her position constantly and crosses the sky" (I ii 13).
*(2) Planets "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL d''Sin'' DU-''ku'' mul''Dili-bat'' DU-''ak'' "Venus travels (the same) path as the Moon travels" (II i 3).
*(3) List and definition of the planets: Venus is second after Jupiter, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(4) Planetary theory:
**a) [mul''Di'']''li-bat <ina>'' dUTU.E3 TUM3-''ma'' ITI ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫa-ra'' / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM ''u''4-''mi'' KIMIN 2 ITI ''uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' / dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI. LA2 "Venus disappears in the east and remains (invisible) in the sky for a month / or for a month and 15 days, or it remains invisible for 2 months and / becomes visible in the west" (II i 44-46),
**(b) mul''Dili-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3-''ma ina u''4-''me'' TUM3 ''ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ḫa'' KIMIN 3 ''u''4-''mi'' / KI.3 7 ''u''4-''mi'' KI.4 14 ''u''4-''mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' KUR-''ḫa'' "Venus disappears in the west and becomes (again) visible in the east on the day on which she disappeared; or, (she disappears) for 3 days, / thirdly, for 7 days, fourthly, for 14 days, she remains (invisible) and then rises" (II i 47-48),
**c) mul''Dili-bat lu ina'' dUTU.E3 ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-''ma'' / 9 ITImeš ''ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''ma i-tab-bal'' "Venus becomes visible either in the east or in the west, / stands in the sky for 9 months, and disappears" (II i 61) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 33, 70, 80, 81-82, 85].
*Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82-86 contain predictions for mul''Dil-bat'' for each day of the month [Labat 1965<ref>''Labat R.'' Un calendrier babylonien des travaux des signes et des mois. Paris, 1965.</ref>].
|
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|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*(1) [ddil].bat = ''ana'' si.sa2 ''bu-lim'' "Venus — for the prosperity of cattle."
*(2) [mu]lim.šu.rin.na nu.kuš2.u3 = ddil.bat "Widow's Furnace = Venus".
*(3) muldil.bat = d''iš-tar bēlet'' kur.kur "Venus — Ištar, the ruler of countries".
*(4) The 12 stars of Elam: [mul]dil.bat in the first place.
*(5) List of planets: muldil.bat in the 4th place (after the Moon, the Sun and Jupiter) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:28-30, 201, 242]. List of stars VR 46, 1:40. mul''Dil-bat'' = ''na-ba-at kak-ka-bu'' "Venus is the brightest of star(s)", see also [HBA<ref name=":13">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:40; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:40]; parallel: d''dil-bat na-bat'' MUL.MEŠ [Parpola and Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 46, 428].
|
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|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866. mulSIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU2.LA2(?) mul''a-nu-ni-tu''4 ''man-za-za'' mul''dil-bat'' "Swallow and extended neck(?) Anunitu - Venus' place" (D i 9) [Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 35, 39].
|
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| '''"The Dilbat Tablet.”'''
Each month of the Babylonian calendar has a constellation identified with Venus. The main text of LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:1-12 (= 81-7-6,102, for Pinches' publication see [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]):

*(1) mulnin.si4?.an. na mul''Dil-bat ina'' itibar2 "Ninsianna — Venus in the month of Nisan",
*(2) mul''A-ri-tu''4 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itigu4 "Shield — Venus in the month of Ayaru",
*(3) mulban mul''Dil-bat ina'' itine "The bow — Venus in the month of Abu" (the order of months in the text does not correspond to the standard),
*(4) mulnunki mul''Dil-bat ina'' itikin "Eridu — Venus in the month of Ululu",
*(5) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum mul''Dil-bat ina'' itidu6 "Entenabarhum — Venus in the month of Tašritu",
* (6) mul''Rap-pu'' mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiapin "The bridle — Venus in the month of Arahsamnu",
*(7) mulgir2.an.na mul''Dil-bat ina'' itigan "Heavenly sword (=Scorpius) — Venus in the month of Kislimu" (in [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 8:2] the month of Kislimu corresponds to ulgu.la "Giant"),
*(8) muluz3 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiab "Goat — Venus in the month of Ṭebetu" (in ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:3, uluz3 "Goat"),
*(9) mulAŠ.GAN2 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiziz2 "Field — Venus in the month of Šabaṭu" (in ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:4, ulAŠ.GAN ''Bābilī''(ka2.dingir. meš) "Field of Babylon"),
*(10) mulku6 mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiše "Fish — Venus in the month of Addaru" (ACh Ištar, 8: 6 - ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2-''a'' d''Dil-bat'' "In the month of Addaru Fish Ea, Dilbat"),
* (11) [muls]ag mul''Dil-bat ina'' itisig4 "Head — Venus in the month of Simanu" (it seems to be a part of some constellation, but it is not clear),
*(12) [mulmu]š. a.sag.ga mul''Dil-bat ina'' itišu "Mušasaga — Venus in the month of Du'uzu" (so in [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:12], but in [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] - [mulmu]š.min.sag.ga "the Two-Headed Serpent". [MSL VIII/2, 93]), see also [HBA<ref name=":13" />, 119; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109, I].
|
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|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
* (d)dele-bat is the standard designation for Venus in the diaries [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III]. "Mathematical Astronomy." See. [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT<ref name=":3" />, passim].
|
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|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) The nature of astrological influences.
**a) ˹DIŠ˺ d[''Dil-bat pa-aš''2-''ḫat at-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U4 GID2.DA] "If [Venus (appears): (this sign is) exceptionally calm; wherever it goes, (it will be accompanied by) success; (he will) live long]",
**b) DIŠ KI d''Dil-bat'' DUMU.MEŠ ''u'' DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI “If the area of Venus: sons and daughters of those people.” [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5" />, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>, 324-325]. Parallels: LU2.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' d''Dil-bat E''3-''a pa-aš''2''-ḫat at-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U4.GID2.DA "If a child is born when Venus has come forward: (his life will be) particularly(?) calm; wherever he will go, it will be favorable; (his) days will be long" [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
*(2) Horoscopes. (d)''dele-bat'', see. [BH, passim].
*(3) "Hypsoma."
**(a) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti'' KUR-''ud'' SIG5 GAR mulUR.GU.LA KUR-''ma'': ''ana'' 1⅔ KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qam-ma'' "If Venus reaches the secret place: (it) foreshadows good; (it means that) she reaches Leo, var.: she rises to 1⅔ ''bēru''" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:27; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 53].
** (b) [DIŠ mu]l''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti la'' KUR-''ud-ma u it-bal'' KUR ''ut-ta''[''ḫ-ḫas''] "If Venus does not reach the secret place and disappears: the country will suffer" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:28; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54]; for a parallel see. [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 250, K.3708:3-4]; for other examples of predictions referring to ''ašar''(KI) ''niṣirti'' of Venus (but without specifying its position relative to the stars), see [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:29-32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:15-16; 244, K.2346+:21-22; 250, K.3708+:5-8; 256, K.7050 ii 6'].
**c) [m]ul''Dilbat nabât kakkabāni'' / ''ina amurri'' / [''ina ḫarrān šū'']''t'' d''Ea'' / ''innamirma'' ... ''niṣirtu'' / ''ikšudamma itbal'' / mul''Ṣalbatānu pāris'' / ''pursê māt amurri'' / ''ina ḫarrān šūt'' d''Ea'' / ''ib᾽il'' "Venus, the most brilliant of stars, appeared in the west [on the path of (the stars of) Ea, ... reached the secret (place) and (then) disappeared. Mars, which passes judgment concerning Amurru, had great brilliance in the path of Ea" [Borger Esarh.<ref>''Borger (1956).'' Die Inschriften Asarhaddons, Königs von Assyrian, Graz 1956 (AfO, Beiheft 9).</ref>, §2 i 39 - ii 9], quoted from [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54 '''''??? quote new edition in RIMA? ???''''']. Here, according to calculations, the place of niṣirtu is in Pisces, as it was considered in Greek astrology [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54, 57; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 28, 138], see also e).
**(d) In the horoscope: ''ina'' E2 ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 / ''ša''2 ''dele-bat'' LU2.TUR ''a-lid'' "In the house of niṣirtu of Venus a child is born" [BH 46-50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2-3].
** (e) See above MLC 1866 i 8.
*(4) Predicting the prices of cereals on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (d''Dili-pat''2) [SpTU I<ref name=":8" />, 94:23, 28].
* (5) An extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars: ID2 BA3 [... i]tiŠE MUL!meš d''Dil-bat'' " ...: month of Addaru, stars?, Venus". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78].
*(6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: d''Dil-bat'', passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].
*(7) Predictions of enemy attacks from observations of the positions and visibility of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5" />, 213-214, 216].

See also [SpTU II<ref name=":9" />, 42:10; SpTU V<ref name=":10" />, 261:13'-18', 271:7'].
|Example
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In the 3rd millennium B.C. Venus was worshipped as the astral incarnation of the goddess Inanna, in the II-I millennium B.C. — the goddess Ištar. The name mul / d''Dilbat'' was also used in prayers to other goddesses, see for example [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc.<ref name=":16">''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 139:325; Linssen 2004<ref name=":17">''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 321:325]. Venus masculine and feminine: Venus as a deity changed her gender depending on her position relative to the Sun. Two opposite traditions are attested in astrological texts:

* (1) as the morning star, Venus was considered a female deity, as the evening star, a male deity; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ma sin-ni-šat'' / DIŠ SIG5 ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-''ma zik-rat'' BAR-''tum'' "If Venus rises in the east, she is feminine, a favorable (sign); if she is seen in the west, she is male, an unfavorable (sign)". [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 218, K. 3601 r. 31-32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81-2-4,239:2; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, IV 6a, 7a + Parallels];
* (2) as the morning star, Venus was considered a male deity, as the evening star, a female one; d''Dil-bat'': ''sin-ni-šat'': TA dUTU.SU2.A "Venus, female, from the west", d''Dil-bat'': ''zi-ka-rat'': TA dUTU.E3 "Venus, male, from the east" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:8-9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30-33].

In the list of Anum gods: d''be-el dil-bat'' "Lord Dilbat" [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 98:221]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>, p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12" />, 125-126; Reiner 1985<ref>''Reiner E.'' The Uses of Astrology // JAOS. 1985. Vol. 105, № 4. P. 589-595.</ref>, 591; 1995<ref name=":18">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 6; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>, 14-15]. As a male deity Venus was identified with Ningirsu: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2-''su'' d''Dil-bat'' KI.MIN''-ma'' "Entenabarḫum = Ningirsu, Venus ditto" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 6]. For more about the masculine and feminine nature of Venus, see also (Kurtik s11) [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]], (Kurtik n46) [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]], (Kurtik s12) [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]].

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
* (1) In Neo-Assyrian lists of the 6 astral gods, witnesses to the treaty, mul''Dil-bat'' comes second after mulSAG.ME.GAR [Parpola and Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 6 iv 13-15], for a parallel see [Wiseman 1958<ref>''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.</ref>, 29:13, 61:428].
* (2) The hemerologies on the 16th of Simanu and the 14th of Ṭebeut: PAD-''su ana'' damar.ud / d''gu-la'' mul''dil-bat'' GAR''-ma ma-ḫir'' "he brings his offerings to Marduk(=Jupiter), Gula, Venus, and (it) is accepted". [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 178 col. v 44-45, rev, ii 53-54; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 88-87, 134-135].
* (3) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the statue-deity: Venus is mentioned twice as d''Ištar''(15) mul.meš è, as d''Dil-bat'' [Smith 1925<ref>''Smith S.'' The Babylonian Ritual for the Consecration and Induction of a Divine Statue // JRAS. 1925. P. 37-60.</ref>, BM 45749:25, 29; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 104; SAALT I<ref>''Walker, C. B. F., Dick, M. B.'' Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian ''Mīs Pî'' Ritual. Helsinki, 2001 (State Archives of Assyria, Literary Texts, Vol. I).</ref>, 71:25, 29]; cf. also (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], II.
* (4) Namburbi series of incantations: an incantation "against the evil (foreshadowed by) the eclipse of Venus." [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1954. Vol. 48, № 1. P. 1-15.</ref>, 10-11].
* (5) New Year's Day celebration in Babylon: múl''Dil-bat na-bat'' mul.<meš> "Dilbat — the most brilliant of the stars" [RAcc.<ref name=":16" /> 139:325; Linssen 2004<ref name=":17" />, 219:325].
* (6) The ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
* (7) Warning dreams: "If he ditto (in his dream rises in the sky) and Venus [...]." [Oppenheim 1956<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East. Philadelphia, 1956.</ref>, 282, 327:41]. See also [Mayer 1976<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.</ref>, 429, mulDIL.BAT + Ištar].

For the names describing Venus as a deity and as a planet, see also (Kurtik a05) [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]], (Kurtik a14) ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]'', (Kurtik a26) [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]], (Kurtik e03) [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]], (Kurtik g04) [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]], (Kurtik g16) [[GILIM.MA]], (Kurtik i10) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA|IM.ŠU.RIN.NA.NA]], (Kurtik i13) [[INANNA|dINANNA]], (Kurtik i18) [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']], (Kurtik k07) [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]], (Kurtik k16) [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]], (Kurtik m30) [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]], (Kurtik m33) [[MUL.KI.GAL]], (Kurtik n26) [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n30) [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]], (Kurtik n31) [[NIN.GUL.TI]], (Kurtik n42) [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], (Kurtik s16) [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]], (Kurtik sh01) [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]], (Kurtik t02) [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]], (Kurtik u02) [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]], (Kurtik z09) [[ZIB2|dZIB2]].

==== Symbol. ====
The standard symbol of Ištar as the planet Venus on the seals and on the ''kudurru''s is an eight-rayed star in a circle or without it [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 100-101; Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 82-85; Kurtik 1998, 20-21] (ill. 48). In the Seleucid period, the same symbol was also used in connection with Mercury and Saturn [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, VAT 7847, AO 6448].

Venus as the morning and evening star (lit. "Venus in the east, in the west").

In the east:

* (1) [mulMAR].GID2.DA mul''Dil-bat ina'' d[UTU.E3].A "Wagon - Venus in the east". [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:13] (see also [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262-263, K. 3384 rev. 1; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109 I; HBA<ref name=":13" />, 118; Reiner 1995<ref name=":18" />, 58]);
* (2) ''ina'' GIŠ.NIM ul''Dil-bat'' ulBAN... "In the east, Venus is the Bow." [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248-249, K.2346+:57];
* (3) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 dUTU "Venus in the east is Šamaš" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32],
* (4) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 d''Innin A-ka''3-''de''3ki "Venus in the east is Ištar of Akkad" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34],
* (5) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 d''Ištar''(15) MUL.MEŠ "Venus in the east is Ištar of the stars" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].

In the West:

* (1) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A dMAŠ "Venus in the West is Ninurta". [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33],
* (2) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A d''Innin'' UNUGki "Venus in the west is Ištar of Uruk" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35],
* (3) ul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A d''be-let'' DINGIR.MEŠ "Venus in the west is the mistress of the gods" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Erua; see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 1.

(2) = Goat; mulUZ3 = d''Dil-bat'' "Goat = Venus." [SAA 8<ref name=":11" />, 175 r. 7], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]],

(3) = Wagon; [DIŠ ''e-le-nu'' m]ulMAR.GID2.DA AN-''u''2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-''nu'' d''Dil-bat'' dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD GUB-''ma''] "If the sky above the Wagon is dark: an eclipse will occur; (it means): Mercury stands above Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 218, K.3601 r. 33], see also [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 1].

(4) = True Shepherd of Anu; [... Sipa]-zi-an-na d''Dil-bat'' "True Shepherd of Anu = Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 2].

(5) = Green-yellow star; MUL SIG7 = d''Dil-bat'' [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248, K.2346+:54].

===== Predictions: =====
See. [BPO 1<ref name=":6" />; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109, III] as well as numerous articles in this edition.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d06)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
====Kurtik (b02) BAL.ME.GAR (Reading corrected by Weidner 1966: (AfO 21) 46 Z. 24 = dili.bad = K 4387 = IIR 47)====
только в [II R, 47, 24 c d]: mulBAL.ME.GAR I.GAR.IM = i-gar-ri-im i-šid «Стена фундамента» (?) [Gössmann 1950 46].
|
|-
|
====Kurtik (d06) Dilbat====
|
|-
|вар. чтения: muldili.bad, ulDilibat, mulDIL.BAD, muldili-bad, (d)dili-pat2, dele-bat; = «та, что сверкает»; от dili.bad = nebû «сиять, сверкать». Общепринятое название Венеры в астрономических и астрологических текстах II–I тыс. до н.э.; впервые в гимне Иддин-Дагана (XX в. до н.э.) как mul dalla dili muldili-bad «блестящая/единственная звезда, Венера» [AHw, 774; Bruschweiler 1987, 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973; ETCSL, Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. Греческий лексикограф Гесихий приводит вавилонское название Венеры: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτος ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. «Делефат: звезда Афродиты: от халдеев» [TLG 4085–002, Δ 590], происходящее от Dilbat [Gössmann 1950, 109; Tallqvist 1938, 282].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mul[dil]-bat = di-il-bat [Emar VI/4, 151:154]. (2) Серия Antagal (G 306): d zibZIG = ddil-bat (в списке планет) [MSL XVII, 229]. (3) Серия AN:dAnum (IV 181): dDili.bad = min(= dIš8-tar2 mul.<meš>) «Венера = Богиня звезд» [Litke 1998, 161]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану, 100 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) В списке (12´3): mul gal ša ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu gub-zu / ki.gub kur2.kur2 ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.e3 / ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.šu2.a mul.bi mulDil-bat / a-lik pa-ni mul.meš šu-ut dA-nim «Великая звезда, которая выше великих звезд / при восходе южного ветра стоит, / место (свое) изменяет: половину года (она) на востоке (стоит), / половину года — на западе. (Это) звезда Венера, / (которая) первой из звезд Ану идет» (B ii 1–5); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 1]. (2) Список (3´12): itibara2 …mulDil-bat šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц нисану: … Венера (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 1). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту (С 13, 26); кроме того о Венере сказано: mulDil-bat ut-ta-nak-kar «Венера изменяет (свое положение)» [KAV 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]; см. также a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану: [mulDili-bat] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ «[Венера] // 100 // Самая блестящая из звезд» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; здесь RI = nabāṭu «сиять, сверкать», как в ND 4362:26, где дано тождество: RI = nabāṭu «to shine brightly» [BPO 3, 237, 241]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Ану: múlDil-bat [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 1): mulDil-bat [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. Корпус астрологических предсказаний, связанных с Венерой, анализ используемых в них терминов cм. [BPO 3]; см. также [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987, 10: r. 11–17, 25–29; BPO 1, 8; BPO 2, 11; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957, 240–243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957, 23:33; Verderame 2002, 247; Pingree 1993; SpTU I, 91:12–14; SpTU II, 41:17; SpTU III, 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V, 264:7', 9'; Stev. O.T: Pl. XVII, 11–13]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 1. mulDil-bat ša2 ina ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-zu KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 ½ MU ina dUTU.E3.A ½ MU ina dUTU.ŠU2.A x [...] «Венера, которая стоит при восходе восточного ветра, положение (свое) изменяет, половину года (она) на востоке, половину года на западе […]» (B. 15) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177], см. также i18Ištar. «Письма» и «Рапорты». Cм. [SAA 10, 378; SAA 8, 349–350]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 20): mulDili-bat KI.GUB-su KUR2.KUR2-ir-ma AN-e ib-bir «Венера свое положение постоянно изменяет и пересекает небо» (I ii 13). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku mulDili-bat DU-ak «Венера проходит (тот же) путь, что и Луна проходит» (II i 3). (3) Список и определение планет: Венера на втором месте после Юпитера, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (4) Планетная теория: a) [mulDi]li-bat dUTU.E3 TUM3-ma ITI ina AN-e uḫ-ḫa-ra / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM u4-mi KIMIN 2 ITI uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma / dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2 «Венера исчезает на востоке и остается (невидимой) на небе в течение месяца / или в течение месяца и 15 дней, или она остается в течение 2 месяцев, и / становится видна на западе» (II i 44–46), b) mulDili-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3-ma ina u4-me TUM3 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa KIMIN 3 u4-mi / KI.3 7 u4-mi KI.4 14 u4-mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma KUR-ḫa «Венера исчезает на западе и становится (опять) видна на востоке в день, в который она исчезает; или, (она исчезает) на 3 дня, / в-третьих, на 7 дней, в-четвертых, на 14 дней, она остается (невидимой), и затем восходит» (II i 47–48), c) mulDili-bat lu ina dUTU.E3 lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma / 9 ITImeš ina AN-e GUB-ma i-tab-bal «Венера становится видна либо на востоке, либо на западе, / стоит на небе в течение 9 месяцев и исчезает» (II i 61) [MA, 33, 70, 80, 81–82, 85]. Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82–86 содержат предсказания для mulDil-bat на каждый день месяца [Labat 1965]. «Большой список звезд». (1) [ddil].bat = ana si.sa2 bu-lim «Венера ― для процветания скота». (2) [mu]lim.šu.rin.na nu.kuš2.u3 = ddil.bat «Вдовья Печь = Венера». (3) muldil.bat = diš-tar bēlet kur.kur «Венера ― Иштар, владычица стран». (4) 12 звезд Элама: [mul]dil.bat на первом месте. (5) Список планет: muldil.bat на 4-м месте (после Луны, Солнца и Юпитера) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:28–30, 201, 242]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:40. mulDil-bat = na-ba-at kak-ka-bu «Венера ― звезда с наибольшим блеском», см. также [HBA, 52:40; Wee 2016, 162–3:40]; параллель: ddil-bat na-bat MUL.MEŠ [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 46, 428]. MLC 1866. mulSIM.MAḪ u GU2.LA2(?) mula-nu-ni-tu4 man-za-za muldil-bat «Ласточка и вытянутая шея(?) Ануниту — место Венеры» (D i 9) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 35, 39]. «Таблица Дилбат». На каждый месяц вавилонского календаря указано созвездие, отождествляемое с Венерой. Основной текст LBAT, 1564:1–12 (= 81-7-6,102, публикация Пинчеса см. [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]): (1) mulnin.si4?.an.na mulDil-bat ina itibar2 «Нинсианна ― Венера в месяце нисану», (2) mulA-ri-tu4 mulDil-bat ina itigu4 «Щит ― Венера в месяце айяру», (3) mulban mulDil-bat ina itine «Лук ― Венера в месяце абу» (порядок месяцев в тексте не соответствует стандартному), (4) mulnunki mulDil-bat ina itikin «Эриду ― Венера в месяце улулу», (5) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum mulDil-bat ina itidu6 «Энтенабархум ― Венера в месяце ташриту», (6) mulRap-pu mulDil-bat ina itiapin «Уздечка ― Венера в месяце арахсамну», (7) mulgir2.an.na mulDil-bat ina itigan «Небесный меч (=Скорпион) ― Венера в месяце кислиму» (в [ACh Ištar, 8:2] месяцу кислиму соответствует ulgu.la «Великан»), (8) muluz3 mulDil-bat ina itiab «Коза ― Венера в месяце тебету» (в ACh Ištar, 8:3 ― uluz3 «Коза»), (9) mulAŠ.GAN2 mulDil-bat ina itiziz2 «Поле ― Венера в месяце шабату» (в ACh Ištar, 8:4 ― ulAŠ.GAN Bābilī(ka2.dingir.meš) «Поле Вавилона»), (10) mulku6 mulDil-bat ina itiše «Рыба ― Венера в месяце аддару» (ACh Ištar, 8:6 ― ina itiše ulku6 dE2-a dDil-bat «В месяце аддару Рыба Эа, Дилбат»), (11) [muls]ag mulDil-bat ina itisig4 «Голова ― Венера в месяце симану» (речь идет, по-видимому, о части какого-то созвездия, но какого именно — неясно), (12) [mulmu]š.a.sag.ga mulDil-bat ina itišu «Мушaсагга ― Венера в месяце дуузу» (так в [LBAT, 1564:12], но в [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] ― [mulmu]š.min.sag.ga «Двухголовый Змей» [MSL VIII/2, 93]), см. также [HBA, 119; G. 109, I]. «Дневники наблюдений». (d)dele-bat ― стандартное обозначение Венеры в дневниках [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III]. «Математическая астрономия». См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Характер астрологического воздействия. a) ˹DIŠ˺ d[Dil-bat pa-aš2-ḫat at-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4 GID2.DA] «Если [Венера (появляется): (этот знак) очень мирный; куда бы он ни пошел, (ему будет сопутствовать) успех; (он будет) долго жить]», b) DIŠ KI dDil-bat DUMU.MEŠ u DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI «Если область Венеры: сыновья и дочери у тех людей» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b, 324–325]. Параллель: LU2.TUR a-lid-ma dDil-bat E3-a pa-aš2-ḫat at/d-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4.GID2.DA «Если ребенок родился, когда Венера вышла вперед: (его жизнь будет) в особенности(?) спокойной; куда бы он не направил свои стопы, ему будет сопутствовать удача; (его) дни будут долгими» [TCL 6, 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952, 66]. (2) «Гороскопы». (d)dele-bat, см. [BH, passim]. (3) «Гипсома». a) DIŠ mulDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti KUR-ud SIG5 GAR mulUR.GU.LA KUR-ma: ana 1⅔ KASKAL.GID2 i-šaq-qam-ma «Если Венера достигает места niṣirtu: (это) предвещает добро; (это означает, что) она достигает Льва, вар.: она поднимается? на 1⅔ bēru» [ACh Suppl., 34:27; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 53]. b) [DIŠ mu]lDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti la KUR-ud-ma u it-bal KUR ut-ta[ḫ-ḫas] «Если Венера не достигает места niṣirtu и исчезает: страна подвергнется удару» [ACh Suppl., 34:28; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]; параллель см. [BPO 3, 250, K.3708:3–4]; другие примеры предсказаний, в которых речь идет об ašar(KI) niṣirtu Венеры (однако без указания его положения относительно звезд), см. [ACh Suppl., 34:29–32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:15–16; 244, K.2346+:21–22; 250, K.3708+:5–8; 256, K.7050 ii 6']. с) [m]ulDilbat nabât kakkabāni / ina amurri / [ina ḫarrān šū]t dEa / innamirma … niṣirtu / ikšudamma itbal / mulṢalbatānu pāris / pursê māt amurri / ina ḫarrān šūt dEa / ib᾽il «Венера, самая блестящая из звезд, появилась на западе [на пут]и Эа, … достигла (места niṣirtu) и (затем) исчезла. Марс, который выносит решение, касающееся Амурру, (находился) на пути Эа и имел большой блеск» [Borger Esarh., §2 i 39 – ii 9], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]. Здесь, согласно расчетам, место niṣirtu находилось в Рыбах (Pisces), как это имело место в греческой астрологии [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54, 57; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 28, 138], см. также e). d) В гороскопе: ina E2 ni-ṣir-tu4 / ša2 dele-bat LU2.TUR a-lid «В доме niṣirtu Венеры ребенок родился» [BH 46–50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2–3]. e) см. выше MLC 1866 i 8. (4) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (dDili-pat2) [SpTU I, 94:23, 28]. (5) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: ID2 BA3 dx[… i]tiŠE MUL!meš dDil-bat «…: месяц аддару; звезды?, Венера» [SpTU IV, 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: dDil-bat, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134–136], см. s20Sîn. (7) Предсказания нападения врагов из наблюдений положений и видимости планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 216].

См. также [SpTU II, 42:10; SpTU V, 261:13'–18', 271:7'].

II. Божество.

В III тыс. до н.э. Венера почиталась как астральное воплощение богини Инанны (Inanna), во II–I тыс. до н.э. ― богини Иштар (Ištar). Имя mul / dDilbat использовалось также в молитвенных обращениях к другим богиням, см., например, [SAA 10, 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 321:325]. Венера мужская и женская. Венера как божество изменяла свой пол в зависимости от ее положения относительно Солнца. В астрологических текстах засвидетельствованы две противоположные традиции: (1) как утренняя звезда Венера считалась женским божеством, как вечерняя звезда ― мужским; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ma sin-ni-šat / DIŠ SIG5 ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-ma zik-rat BAR-tum «Если Венера восходит на востоке, она женская, благоприятный (знак); если она видна на западе, она мужская, неблагоприятный (знак)» [BPO 3, 218, K. 3601 r. 31–32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81–2–4,239:2; BPO 2, IV 6a, 7a + Parallels]; (2) как утренняя звезда Венера считалась мужским божеством, как вечерняя звезда — женским; dDil-bat: sin-ni-šat: TA dUTU.SU2.A «Венера, женская, от запада», dDil-bat: zi-ka-rat: TA dUTU.E3 «Венера, мужская, от востока» [ACh Ištar, 8:8–9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30–33]. В списке богов Anum: dbe-el dil-bat «Господин Дилбат» [Cavigneaux 1981, 98:221]; см. также [LAS 2, p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol., 125–126; Reiner 1985, 591; 1995, 6; Heimpel 1982, 14–15]. Как мужское божество Венера отождествлялась с Нингирсу: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su dDil-bat KI.MIN-ma «Энтенабархум = Нингирсу, Венера ditto» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 6]. О мужской и женской Венере см. также s11SAL.A.ŠE3, n46NITA.A.ŠE3, s12SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) В новоассирийском списке 6 астральных богов, свидетелей договора, mulDil-bat стоит на втором месте после mulSAG.ME.GAR [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 6 iv 13–15], параллель см. [Wiseman 1958, 29:13, 61:428]. (2) Гемерологии на 16-е симану и 14-е тебету: pad-su ana damar.ud / dgu-la muldil-bat gar-ma ma-ḫir «Жертвоприношение свое Мардуку(=Юпитер), Гуле, Венере, он приносит, и (оно) принято» [KAR, 178 col. v 44–45, rev, ii 53–54; Labat 1939, 88–87, 134–135]. (3) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества: Венера упоминается дважды как dIštar(15) mul.meš è как dDil-bat [Smith 1925, BM 45749:25, 29; TuL, 104; SAALT I, 71:25, 29]; см. также s09SAG.ME.GAR, II. (4) Серия заклинаний Намбурби: заклинание «против зла, (предвещаемого) затмением Венеры» [CT 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954, 10–11]. (5) Новогодний праздник в Вавилоне: múlDil-bat na-bat mul.<meš> «Дилбат — самая блестящая из звезд» [RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 219:325]. (6) Ритуал в храме Ану в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (7) Предупреждающие сны: «Если он ditto (в своем сне восходит на небе) и Венера […]» [Oppenheim 1956, 282, 327:41]. См. также [Mayer 1976, 429, mulDIL.BAT + Ištar].

Названия, характеризующие Венеру как божество и как планету, см. также a05A2.GU2.ZI.GA, a14a-ḫa-ti, a26dAMA.ME.TIL, e03dE.TA.NAM.AN, g04dGAL.A.RU.RU, g16GILIM.MA, i10IM.ŠU.RIN.NA, i13dINANNA, i18dIštar, k07dKAB.TA, k16KAR2.ŠUL, m30dMUL.AN.DIRI.A, m33MUL.KI.GAL, n26dNIN.AN.NA, n30NIN.GIRIM3, n31NIN.GUL.TI, n42NIN.SI4.AN.NA, n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, s16dSI.MU2.A, sh01ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3, t02dTI.MU2.A, u02U4.ZAL.LE, z09dZIB2.

III. Символ.

Стандартный символ Иштар как планеты Венеры на печатях и на кудурру — восьмилучевая звезды в круге или без него [Seidl 1968, 100–101; Van Buren 1945, 82–85; Куртик 1998, 20–21] (илл. 48). В селевкидский период тот же символ использовался также в связи с Меркурием и Сатурном [Weidner 1967, VAT 7847, AO 6448].

IV. Венера как утренняя и вечерняя звезда (букв. «Венера на востоке, на западе»).

На востоке: (1) [mulMAR].GID2.DA mulDil-bat ina d[UTU.E3].A «Повозка ― Венера на востоке» [LBAT, 1564:13] (см. также [BPO 3, 262–263, K. 3384 rev. 1; Gössmann 1950, 109 I; HBA, 118; Reiner 1995, 58]); (2) ina GIŠ.NIM ulDil-bat ulBAN... «На востоке Венера ― Лук» [BPO 3, 248–249, K.2346+:57]; (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dUTU «Венера на востоке ― Шамаш» [ACh Ištar, 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32], (4) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dInnin A-ka3-de3ki «Венера на востоке ― Иштар Аккада» [ACh Ištar, 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34], (5) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dIštar(15) MUL.MEŠ «Венера на востоке ― Владычица звезд» [ACh Ištar, 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].

На западе: (1) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dMAŠ «Венера на западе ― Нинурта» [ACh Ištar, 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33], (2) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dInnin UNUGki «Венера на западе ― Иштар Урукская» [ACh Ištar, 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35], (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dbe-let DINGIR.MEŠ «Венера на западе ― госпожа богов» [ACh Ištar, 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Эруа; см. a02A.EDIN, V 1.

(2) = Коза; mulUZ3 = dDil-bat «Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175 r. 7], см. также u31UZ3,

(3) = Повозка; [DIŠ e-le-nu m]ulMAR.GID2.DA AN-u2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-nu dDil-bat dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD DU-ma] «Если выше Повозки небо темное: произойдет затмение; (это означает): выше Венеры Меркурий стоит» [BPO 3, 218, K.3601 r. 33], см. также [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 1].

(4) = Праведный Пастух Ану; […Sipa]-zi-an-na dDil-bat «Праведный Пастух Ану = Венера» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 2].

(5) = Зелено-желтая звезда; MUL SIG7 = dDil-bat [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].

Предсказания:

См. [BPO 1; BPO 2; BPO 3; Gössmann 1950, 109, III], а также многочисленные статьи настоящего издания.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]

[[Category:Venus]]

DILI

2026-01-18T12:22:10Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
(mul)DILI (𒀯𒀸) is a general term referring to single-star asterisms, typically one-star features of constellations or constellation parts. Examples include MUL DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu'', the single star of its (the Lion's) tail (β [[Leo]]<nowiki/>nis) and the single star in the knee of the ‘the Goat’ (μ [[Hercules|Her]]). Kurtik (2007) has two entries, (d07) [[DILI]] and (d08) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' (the single star in Leo) that we merge here.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Variant readings:

* mulDIL, mulAŠ; = ''ēdu'' "single, unique, separate (star)";
Var. designations:

* 1) = ziqpu VI, a group of stars in Hercules [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 108; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1495a],
* 2) in the title of ziqpu XXIV, see (Kurtik d08) DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2.
Special Case (Kurtik, d08):
*"the single star on its (Leo's) tail" = ziqpu XXIV (β Leonis) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 162, IV 3].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL ''ša2'' ''taš''!''-ka-a-ti'' | EN mulDILI "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the triplets star to the single star",
** b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI. MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the single star to the Lady of Life" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13-16; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:13-16; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see. [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:4-5]
** c) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ. KUN-''šu''2 | EN MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From the 2 stars of its hips to the single star of its tail",
** d) 1⅔ MA. NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From the single star on its tail to the Branch" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17-20; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 17-20; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16436:
** (a) MUL2 ''e-du'' // 1 ''ša''2-''niš'' 2 // 10 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Individual star // 1 or 2 (stars) // 10600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:23].
** (b) MUL2 DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 // 1 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "A single star on its tail // 1 (star) // 7200 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:15].
* (3) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na e''-DIL ''ša''2 K[UN] "10° to the single (star) on the tail." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 225:18].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ''ša ra-pal-t''[''i-šu''2] / ˹EN˺ [''is-ḫu''-]''n-na-at'' KUN-''šu'' ½ D[ANNA] "From the 2 st[ars] on its hi[ps], to the talon of its tail ½ m[ile] (=150)",
** b) [TA ''i'']''s-ḫu-un-na-at'' KUN-[''šu''] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA] "[From the ta]lon of [its] tail to ŠU.PA 1 mi[le] (300)." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:16-19].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** (a) 10 UŠ ''ana'' MUL ''e-du'' "10° to the Single Star" (rev. 6) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:6]; for a parallel, see BM 61677 [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 180:3'].
** (b) [10 U]Š DANNA ''ana e''-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 MUL KUN-''šu''2 "[10°] to the single star on its tail" (rev. 23),
** (c) ''e''!-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 "single (star) on its tail," the diagram shows 1 point (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:23, 176-178].
|Example
|-
| '''GU text.'''
* (J) ''ēdu''(AŠ) ''ša''2 kun mulur.a [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
* (S) [mul] ''e''-˹''du''˺ [''ša''2] ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3 "single star on the knee of the Goat" (= ziqpu VI: μ Her) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:30], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|Example
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* [...] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | ''e-du ana ziq-pi'' 30 [...] "[...] — the stars of Antašurra. The single (star) culminates. 30 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 13, ii 12'].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) LBAT 1502. [...] ''u'' DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ''ša''2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-''šu''2 ''ana ziq-pi'' ˹10˺ [...] "[...] and the Rooster — the Antagub star. One (star) on its tail culminates. 10 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 4', ii 3'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* A 3427: múlDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 (in determining the rising times of the twelfth sections of the zodiacal sign of Scorpius and Sagittarius) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238-239: 1, 12-13, 15, 19].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* AO 6483: [...] múl''e-du'' E3-''a'' uku2-''in'' "(If a child is born, when) [...] a single star appears: he will be poor" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
* W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL ''e-du ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 U3.TU DUMU.MUNUSmeš [...] "[If] he is born when the single star on its tail (culminates): daughters [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:7'].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification '''('''DILI). ====
Ziqpu VI = μ Herculis, ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86].

See. also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]], V 2

==== III. Identification (DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2). ====
Ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 86].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d07 & d08)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022, d7) DILI ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulDIL, mulAŠ; = ēdu «единственная, отдельная (звезда)»; 1) = ziqpu VI, группа звезд в Геркулесе (Hercules) [Gössmann 1950, 108; AHw, 1495a], 2) в названии ziqpu XXIV, см. d08DILI ša2 KUN-šu2.
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL ša2 taš!-ka-a-ti | EN mulDILI «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От звезды из Тройни до Отдельной звезды», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Госпожи жизни» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13–16; TU, 21:13–16; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:4–5]. (2) VAT 16436: MUL2 e-du // 1 ša2-niš 2 // 10 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда // 1 или 2 (звезды) // 10600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:23]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana MUL e-du «100 до Отдельной звезды» (rev. 6) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:6]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid. 180:3']. GU-текст. (S) [mul] e-˹du˺ [ša2] kin-ṣi muluz3 «Отдельная звезда на колене Козы» (= ziqpu VI: μ Her) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30], см. также u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | e-du ana ziq-pi 30 […] «[…] — звезды Анташурра. Отдельная (звезда) кульминирует. 30 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 13, ii 12']. Поздняя астрология. AO 6483: […] múle-du e3-a uku2-in «(Если ребенок родился, когда) […] Отдельная звезда появляется: он будет беден» [TU, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu VI = μ Herculis, ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 60; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86].

См. также u31UZ3, V 2.
|Example
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022, d8) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' ===
|
|-
|«Отдельная звезда на его (Льва) хвосте»; = ziqpu XXIV (β Leonis) [Gössmann 1950, 162, IV 3].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) АО 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 | EN MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на его хвосте до Отдельной звезды на его бедре», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 | EN mulA.EDIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды на его хвосте до Ветви» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17–20; TU, 21 r. 17–20; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na e-DIL ša2 K[UN] «100 до отдельной (звезды) на хвосте» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:18]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 // 1 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте // 1 (звезда) // 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:15]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ša ra-pal-t[i-šu2] / ˹EN˺ [is-ḫu-u]n-na-at KUN-šu ½ D[ANNA] «От 2 зв[езд] на его бед[ре], до кисти его хвоста ½ м[или] (=150)», b) [TA i]s-ḫu-un-na-at KUN-[šu] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA] «[От к]исти [его] хвоста до ŠU.PA 1 ми[ля] (300)» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:16–19]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 U]Š DANNA ana e-˹du˺ ša2 MUL KUN-šu2 «[100] до Отдельной звезды на его хвосте» (rev. 23), b) e!-˹du˺ ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная (звезда) на его хвосте», на диаграмме изображена 1 точка (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:23, 176–178]. GU-текст. (J) ēdu(AŠ) ša2 kun mulur.a [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], см. u17UR.A. Кульминации ziqpu-звезд. (1) LBAT 1502. […] u DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ša2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-šu2 ana ziq-pi ˹10˺ […] «[…] и Петух — звезда Антагуб. Одна (звезда) на его хвосте кульминирует. 10 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 4', ii 3']. Aнафора. A 3427: múlDILI ša2 KUN-šu2 (при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Скорпион и Стрелец) [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239: 1, 12–13, 15, 19]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL e-du ša2 KUN-šu2 U3.TU DUMU´MUNUSmeš […] «[Если] он, когда Отдельная звезда на его хвосте (кульминирует), родился: дочери […]» [SpTU V, 265:7'].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 58; Hunger-Pingree 1999 86].
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]

ZI.BA.AN.NA

2026-01-18T12:05:32Z

JanSafford:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
mulZI.BA.AN.NA (𒀯𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾) is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in [[Libra]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Krebernik (2023) ===
= ''zibānītu'' “scales”. mulZI.BA.AN.NA (AN 16–17r).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= mul''Zibānītu''(''m'') "Libra"; the constellation and sign of the zodiac Libra (Libra) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 176].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra XXII series: mulzi.ba.an.na = ''zi-ba-ni-tum'' [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105:11; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:286ʹ].
* (2) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulzi.ba.an.na = ''zi-ba-ni-tum'' = min (= dsag.uš dutu) "Libra = Libra = Saturn, Shamash" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:41].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* List of the stars of Anu (no. 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB "Libra, horn of Scorpius" (I ii 11) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 33]; see also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
|
|-
|'''"Letters.'''"
See. [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 381].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* 7 Celestial Twins: mulzi.ba.an.na [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:235].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a. [mulzi.ba.an.n]a igi-''u''2 mulab.sin2 mulkun ug[amušen 3 mul.meš x x x x 2 dal.b]a.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulzi.b[a.an.na igi-''u''2 x x] "Front stars of the [Lib]ra(α Lib), the Furrow (α Vir), tail of the Cr[ow (Pi 140): 3 stars ...2 inter]vals, interval. [Front] (star) of the Li[bra ...]" [Walker 1995, 35; Koch 1995<ref name=":0">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 48, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":1">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 108].
* §§ a, b, d, m, u, v. mulzi.ba.an.na "Libra," mulzi.ba.an.na igi-''u''2 "Front star of Libra," murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' "Middle (part of) Libra" [Walker 1995; Koch 1995<ref name=":0" />; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":1" />, 108-110].
* §b. [mulzi.ba.an.na egi]r-''u''2 mulsag gir2.tab mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab 3 mul].me[š x x x x] 2 dal.ba.an.na [min?] ˹''mal''2˺-''ma''-[''liš''] "[Rea]r star [of Libra] (β Lib? ), head of Scorpius (δ Sco), vertical base (flexing muscle?) +Sco[rpio (μ1, μ2 Sco): 3 stars]. [...] 2 intervals, [ditto?] Evenlt div[ided]." [Walker 1995, 35-36; Koch 1995<ref name=":0" />, 48, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":1" />, 108].
* §d. [mul x x x x mulz]i.ba.an.na igi-''u''2 m[ul]si zag gir2.tab [3 mul.meš x x ''a-na ṣ'']''u-ub-bi''-˹''i''˺ [sa]g?.ki.ta gid2.da "[Star x x x x] (γ Lib), Frontal star of the [L]ibra (α Lib), right horn of Scorpius (σ Sco?): [3 stars x x x for] observations. The lower [wi]dth is long(?)" [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995<ref name=":0" />, 48, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":1" />, 108]; according to [Koch 1995], [mul x x x x x x] = [murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit''] "[Middle of Libra]" (γ Lib).
* §m. ˹mul˺[zi.ba.an.na egir-''u''2] "[Hind of Libra]" (β Lib), see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* §u, v. mulzi.ba.an.na igi-''u''2 "[The front (star) of Libra" (α Lib), see (Kurtik g32) [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]].
|
|}
[[File:ZIBAANNA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 172115.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ZI.BA.AN.NA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Zubeneschamali]]
|HIP 74785
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.62
|-
|2
|[[Zubenelgenubi]]
|HIP 72622
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.75
|-
|3
|109 Vir
|HIP 72220
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.73
|-
|4
|μ Virginis
|HIP 71957
| Constellation lines
|3.88
|-
|5
|[[Syrma]]
| HIP 69701
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.08
|-
|6
|[[Kang]]
|HIP 69427
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.21
|-
|7
|110 Vir
|HIP 73620
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.4
|-
|8
|16 Lib
|HIP 73165
| Inside the Hull
|4.49
|-
|9
|δ Librae
| HIP 73473
|Inside the Hull
|4.93
|-
|10
|11 Lib
| HIP 72631
|Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|11
|α 1 Librae
|HIP 72603
|Inside the Hull
|5.16
|-
|12
|μ Librae
| HIP 72489
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|13
|106 Vir
|HIP 70794
|Inside the Hull
|5.418
|-
|14
|ξ 2 Librae
| HIP 73133
|Inside the Hull
| 5.45
|-
|15
|1 Ser
|HIP 73193
|Inside the Hull
|5.512
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 73497
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|17
|* mu. Lib A
|HIP 72489
| Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|18
|108 Vir
|HIP 72154
|Inside the Hull
|5.665
|-
|19
|2 Ser
|HIP 73536
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|20
|ξ 1 Librae
|HIP 72934
|Inside the Hull
|5.788
|-
|21
|18 Lib
|HIP 73310
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|22
|* 2 Ser A
|HIP 73536
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
| 23
|257 G. Vir
|HIP 72122
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 73309
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 72449
|Inside the Hull
|6.136
|-
|26
|104 Vir
|HIP 70680
|Inside the Hull
|6.161
|-
|27
|261 G. Vir
|HIP 72629
|Inside the Hull
|6.175
|-
|28
| -
|HIP 71469
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|29
|2 Lib
|HIP 70336
|Inside the Hull
|6.214
|-
|30
| -
| HIP 72373
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 31
| -
|HIP 73571
|Inside the Hull
|6.373
|-
|32
|229 G. Vir
|HIP 69727
|Inside the Hull
|6.434
|-
|33
|240 G. Vir
|HIP 70038
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|34
|233 G. Vir
|HIP 69773
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|35
|235 G. Vir
|HIP 69881
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Astrology. ====
(1) Mars in Libra (observation); see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 41.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulZibānītu(m) «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) [G. 176].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mulzi.ba.an.na = zi-ba-ni-tum [Cavigneaux 1981 105:11; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:286ʹ]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulzi.ba.an.na = zi-ba-ni-tum = min (= dsag.uš dutu) «Весы = Весы = Сатурн, Шамаш» [MSL XI, 40:41]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Ану (№ 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB «Весы, рог Скорпиона» (I ii 11) [MA, 33]; см. также z10[[Zibānītum]]. «Письма». См. [SAA 10, 381]. «Большой список звезд». 7 Небесных Близнецов: mulzi.ba.an.na [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:235]. Dalbanna-текст. §a. [mulzi.ba.an.n]a igi-u2 mulab.sin2 mulkun ug[amušen 3 mul.meš x x x x 2 dal.b]a.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulzi.b[a.an.na igi-u2 x x] «Передняя звезда [Весо]в (α Lib), Борозда (α Vir), хвост Воро[на (Pi 140): 3 звезды …2 интер]вала, интервал. [Передняя] (звезда) Ве[сов …]» [Walker 1995, 35; Koch 1995, 48, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 108]. §§ a, b, d, m, u, v. mulzi.ba.an.na «Весы», mulzi.ba.an.na igi-u2 «Передняя звезда Весов», murub4 mulzi-ba-nit «Средняя (часть) Весов» [Walker 1995; Koch 1995; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 108–110]. §b. [mulzi.ba.an.na egi]r-u2 mulsag gir2.tab mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab 3 mul].me[š x x x x] 2 dal.ba.an.na [min?] ˹mal2˺-ma-[liš] «[Задн]яя звезда [Весов] (β Lib?), голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), основание вертикали (выпрямляющей мышцы?) +Ско[рпиона (μ1, μ2 Sco): 3 звез]ды. […] 2 интервала, [ditto?]. Поров[ну].» [Walker 1995, 35–36; Koch 1995, 48, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 108]. §d. [mul x x x x mulz]i.ba.an.na igi-u2 m[ul]si zag gir2.tab [3 mul.meš x x a-na ṣ]u-ub-bi-˹i˺ [sa]g?.ki.ta gid2.da «[Звезда x x x x] (γ Lib), Передняя звезда [В]есов (α Lib), правый рог Скорпиона (σ Sco?): [3 звезды x x для] наблюдения. Нижняя [ши]рина длинная(?)» [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995, 48, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995], [mul x x x x] = [murub4 mulzi-ba-nit] «[Средняя часть Весов]» (γ Lib). §m. ˹mul˺[zi.ba.an.na egir-u2] «[Задняя часть Весов]» (β Lib), см. u31UZ3. §u, v. mulzi.ba.an.na igi-u2 «Передняя (звезда) Весов» (α Lib), см. g32GU4.ALIM.

II. Астрология.

(1) Марс в Весах (наблюдение); см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 41.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

LUGAL

2026-01-09T17:34:35Z

JanSafford:

[[File:Sharru King.png|thumb|Babylonian single star-asterism Sharru, LUGAL, the King, in Stellarium.]]
mul / dLUGAL (𒀯𒈗) = ''šarru'', 'The King' is an asterism in [[Leo]]. It is identified in MUL.APIN I i 9 as part of the Mesopotamian constellation [[UR.GU.LA|mulUR.GU.LA]] (Leo).

Kurtik (2007) has two lemmas, LUGAL, The King, and mulLUGAL.E2.GAL (𒀯𒈗𒂍𒃲), The King of the Palace, but the latter has only one occurance in an extispicy text where it can equally be read as two words (king, palace). We adopt the latter and merge his separate lemma to here.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
= ''šarru'' "king"; = [[Regulus]] (α Leonis) [Gössmann 1950, 240]. See also (Kurtik L15) [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]].

The name of the star can also be read ''kakkab šarri'' if MUL is taken as a logogram (and not as a determinative). mulLUGAL (EN 11r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
Astrolabe P. Month of arahsamnu, stars of Ea, 35 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (3´12): [itiapin] ... mullugal ''šu''-[''ut'' d''En''-''lil''2] "Month of Arahsamnu: King (on the way) of Enlil (rising)" (C iii 8).
* (2) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising is ''arahsamnu'', setting is ''ayyar'' [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 40], see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
|
|-
|'''BM 82923.'''
* Arahsamnu month, stars of Enlil: mulLUGAL // 35 // LUGAL EN d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "King // 35 // King, Lord of the Igigs" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:24].
|
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
* Kislimu month, stars of Enlil [LBAT, 1499:9], see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.
|
|-
|'''"Round astrolabes".'''
* K.14943+: mullugal "(Stars of Enlil, month of arahsamnu), King, [35]" [CT 33, 12]. See also mullugal [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:3].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* 12 stars of Enlil (no. 8): mullugal [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2, XVI 16, XIX 5; BPO 3, 283; Largement 1957, 244:37].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 9): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' GABA mulUR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' mulLUGAL "The star that stands on the breast of the Lion, the King" (I i 9).
* (2) The dates of the heliacal ascents are "on the 5th of Abu" (I ii 44), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: mulBAN ''u'' mulLUGAL KURme mulUZ3 ŠU2-''bi'' "The Bow and the King rise, the Goat sets" (I iii 19) [MA, 20, 42, 49].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10, 380b; SAA 8, 352b].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) 12 Amurru stars: mullugal;
* (2) 7 tikpi stars: mullugal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:218, 222].
|
|-
|'''List of stars V R, 46, 1:8.'''
* mullugal = damar.utu "King = Marduk" [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''List of the 12 names of Marduk (III R, 53,2).'''
* ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu "In the month of tebet, the King = Marduk (=Jupiter)", see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere K 8538."'''
* Sector 5: lugal (four times) [Koch 1989, 56, Abb. 2; 59].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §P. mullugal mulgaba mu[š? ... mul x]-''ḫi-it'' kak.si.sa2 3 mul.meš gan2 gim ˹''u''2˺ [...] ''mal''2-''ma-liš'' "King(α Leo), chest of Serpent[s] (30 Mon, 1,2 Hya), [...mul x]-ḫi-it Arrows" (18 Mon): 3 stars. Field ... [...]. Equal." [Walker 1995, 33; ASM, 106]; according to J. Koch: [mul x]-''ḫi-it'' kak.si.sa2 = [mul ''a'']-''ḫi-it'' kak.si.sa2 "[Star], sides of the Arrow" (18 Mon) [Koch 1995, 46, 59].
|
|-
|'''Text of Nv. 10.'''
* (mul)lugal is the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month of siman, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]]; lugal = "King" (Regulus), according to [ASM, 56], lugal = d''Ḫaniš''(α Cen), according to [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 70, Anm. 16].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* [...múlLU]GAL is the asterism Antashurra, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
* (1) The Lunarii. BRM IV, 20: ki 5 UŠ ''ina maḫar'' mul[lugal(?)] "The region (located) 50 in front of [the King]" (astrological meaning): "the king in the palace, his name is favorably remembered", ki mullugal "The area of the (star) King" (astrological meaning): "return of the lost" [Ungnad 1941-44, 259:14, 20].
* (2) Extispicy involving correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]] that Kurtik reads as mulLUGAL.E2.GAL (the king of the palace) but we interpret as mulLUGAL E2.GAL (the King, the palace):
** ME.NI d''Nin-e''2-''gal'' itiNE mulLUGAL E2.GAL / mulPAN ''it-ti'' mulLUGAL
** "'Palace Gate' - Ninegal; month of abu - King, Palace; the Bow with the King" [SpTU IV, 159:10-11; Reiner 1995, 78].
* (3) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac.
|
|-
|'''BM 36746+.'''
* mulLUGAL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:6′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
|
|}
See in the Namburbi rituals [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7], and also [SpTU V, 268:16].

=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
The name reflects the star's apparently central position on the figure of the constellation Leo ("on the breast of the Lion") and the great brilliance of α Leonis.

==== III. Identification. ====
= Regulus (α Leonis) [Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 70; BPO 2, 13; MA, 137; Koch 1989, 77-79, 111; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 247].

==== IV. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Jupiter in the month of tebet; see texts III R, 53,2, V R, 46, 1:8.

See also (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 3.

===== Predictions: =====
(2) Regulus is dark, Mercury stands near Regulus; DIŠ mulLUGAL GI6 GAL.UKKIN E2.GAL UŠ2 / ˹mulUDU.IDIM.GUD˺.UD ''it-ti'' mulLUGAL GUB-''ma'' "If Regulus is dark: the steward of the palace will die. (It means): Mercury stands with Regulus." [SAA 8, 245:1-2], see also [SAA 8, 146:5-6; BPO 2, XVI 16 + Parallels, XIX 5], see also (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]], VI 5.

(3) Regulus is dark, Saturn stands ahead of Regulus; DIŠ mulLUGAL ''a-dir'' LUGAL ḪUŠ-''ma'' IDIM.MEŠ-''šu''2 / [''ana'' GAZ] ˹E3˺-''ma'' GUR-''ma'' NU GAZ-''ak'' /.../ [mulUDU.IDIM.S]AG.UŠ ''ina'' IGI mulLUGAL [GUB-''iz''...] "If Regulus is dark: the king becomes angry and takes his nobles out for execution, but returns and does not execute (them) ...[Satu]rn [stands] ahead of Regulus..." [SAA 8, 40 r. 3-6].

(4) Venus, Jupiter, and Regulus; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU].ŠU2.A ''ana'' ŠA3 mulLUGAL TU-''ub'' SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "[If Venus on the we]st approaches Regulus: there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:23], for a parallel see. [ibid. 217, K.3601 +: r. 17]; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR d''Šul-pa-e''3 dLUGAL [...] / IGI.MEŠ-''ma'' EŠ4.DAR d''Sin'' ''u'' dLUGAL ''ana'' KUR [MAN dUD.AL.TAR] / ''ana'' ŠU2 MAN DIB-''šu''2-''nu-ti'' SILIM-''im'' SIG5.ME K[I.LAM SIG5 GAL2] "If Ishtar (= Venus), Shulpae (= Jupiter), the King (= Regulus) [...] become visible, and Ishtar, the Moon and the King (stand) towards the rising [Sun], (and) [Jupiter] passes them towards the setting Sun: there will be secure peace, [good prices]" [BPO 3, 173, K.229+:32], see also [ibid. 186, K.3191:3′-5′].

(5) Jupiter passes Regulus; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 27.

(6) Regulus bears radiation; DIŠ mulLUGAL ŠE.ER.ZI ''na-ši'' / LUGAL URIki ''ga-me-ru-tu''2 DU3-''uš'' "If Regulus bears radiation: the king of Akkad will achieve complete domination" [SAA 8, 170 r. 3-4], for parallels see. [ibid., 29:1-2, 318:6-8]; see also mulLUGAL BU "Regulus has great brilliance" [SAA 10, 160:23].

(7) The moon is surrounded by a halo and Regulus stands in it; DIŠ d30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulLUGAL / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz ina'' MU BI MI2.PEŠ4.MEŠ (gloss: ''e-ra-a-ti'') / NITA.M[EŠ U3].TU.MEŠ (gloss: ''zak-ka''-˹''ri''!˺ [''ul'']-''la-da'') "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and Regulus stands in it: pregnant women will give birth to male babies this year" [SAA 8, 41 r. 1-3], see also [ibid., 181:5-6, 205:5-6, 278:1-4, 299:5-6, 301:6-8, 302 r. 8-9, 494: 3-6].

(8) A planet approaches Regulus; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' mulLUGAL TE ... "If a planet (= Mercury) approaches close to Regulus (= Jupiter?): the son of the king who lives in the city on my border will raise a rebellion against his father, but will not seize the throne; another son of the king will rise and seize the throne; he will rebuild the temples and establish sacrifices to the gods; he will take care of the sustenance of all the temples." [SAA 8, 245: 5- r. 4], see also [ibid., 414:1-7; Largement 1957, 244: 37a, 37b]; variant: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ... "If a planet comes close to a planet: (the apodosis is the same)" [Largement 1957, 243:35-36].

(9) Regulus approaches the Moon; DIŠ mulLUGAL ''ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB UD.MEŠ NUN TIL.MEŠ / ''a-mat te-še-e''! ''ina'' KUR DU8-''ar''2 ''ana'' KUR SIG5 "If Regulus (= Jupiter?) approaches close to the front of the Moon and stands there: the king's days will (soon) be over; an embarrassing word will spread in the country; a favorable (sign) for the country" [KUR DU8-''ar''2 ''ana'' KUR SIG5] [SAA 8, 283:4-5], DIŠ mulLUGAL ''ana'' UGU 30 [TE-''m'']''a'' GUB LUGAL UD.MEŠ ''ma-a''᾽-''du-tu''2 DIN-''uṭ'' / [KUR NU SI.SA2 ...] ḪUL "If Regulus [approaches close] to the upper part of the Moon and stands there: the king will live long; [the country will not prosper ...] a bad (sign)" [SAA 8, 283: 6-7], see also [ibid., 363]. The two cited predictions in this letter are preceded by a general maxim: GIŠKIM ''ša''2 ''a-na'' LUGAL ''lem-ne''2''-ti a-na'' KUR ''dam-qat''! / GIŠKIM ''ša''2 ''a-na'' KUR ''dam-qa-ti a-na'' LUGAL ''lem-n''[''e''2-''et''] "The sign that portends evil to the king favors the country; the sign that favors the country portends evil to the king" [ibid, 283:1-2].

(10) Regulus stands to the right or left of Jupiter; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 28.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, L14)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = šarru «Царь»; = Регул (α Leonis) [Gössmann 1950, 240]. См. также L15LUGAL.E2.GAL.
I. Источники.

«Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Эа, 35 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin] … mullugal šu-[ut dEn-lil2] «Месяц арахсамну: Царь (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 8). (2) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — арахсамну, заход — айяру [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 40], см. u21UR.IDIM. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Энлиля: mulLUGAL // 35 // LUGAL EN dI2-gi3-gi3 «Царь // 35 // Царь, Господин Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:24]. BM 34713. Месяц кислиму, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:9], см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: mullugal «(Звезды Энлиля, месяц арахсамну), Царь, [35]» [CT 33, 12]. См. также mullugal [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:3]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 8): mullugal [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XVI 16, XIX 5; BPO 3, 283; Largement 1957, 244:37]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 9): MUL ša2 ina GABA mulUR.GU.LA GUB-zu mulLUGAL «Звезда, которая стоит на груди Льва, Царь» (I i 9). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «5-го абу» (I ii 44), см. b06BAN. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulBAN u mulLUGAL KURme mulUZ3 ŠU2-bi «Лук и Царь восходят, Коза заходит» (I iii 19) [MA, 20, 42, 49]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380b; SAA 8, 352b]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Амурру: mullugal; (2) 7 tikpi-звезд: mullugal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:218, 222]. Список звезд V R, 46, 1:8. mullugal = damar.utu «Царь = Мардук» [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Список 12 имен Мардука (III R, 53,2). ina itiab ullugal = damar.utu «В месяце тебету Царь = Мардук (=Юпитер)», см. a28dAMAR.UTU. Планисфера К 8538». Сектор 5: lugal (четыре раза) [Koch 1989, 56, Abb. 2; 59]. Dalbanna-текст. §P. mullugal mulgaba mu[š? … mul x]-ḫi-it kak.si.sa2 3 mul.meš gan2 gim ˹u2˺ […] mal2-ma-liš «Царь(α Leo), грудь Зме[и] (30 Mon, 1,2 Hya), […mul x]-ḫi-it Стрелы» (18 Mon): 3 звезды. Поле … […]. Поровну.» [Walker 1995, 33; ASM, 106]; согласно Й. Коху: [mul x]-ḫi-it kak.si.sa2 = [mul a]-ḫi-it kak.si.sa2 «[Звезда], стороны Стрелы»(18 Mon) [Koch 1995, 46, 59]. Текст Nv. 10. (mul)lugal ― звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA; lugal = «Царь» (Регул), согласно [ASM, 56], lugal = dḪaniš(α Cen), согласно [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 70, Anm. 16]. LBAT 1502. […múlLU]GAL — звезда Анташурра, см. sh16ŠU.GI. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki 5 UŠ ina maḫar mul[lugal(?)] «Область, (расположенная) в 50 перед [Царем]» (астрологическое значение): «царь во дворце имя свое благосклонно вспоминает», ki mullugal «Область (звезды) Царь» (астрологическое значение): «возврат потерянного» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:14, 20]. (2) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. b06BAN. (3) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulLUGAL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:6′], см. s20Sîn.

См. в серии намбурби [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7], а также [SpTU V, 268:16].

II. Божество.

Название отражает, по-видимому, центральное положение звезды на фигуре созвездия Лев («на груди Льва») и большой блеск α Leonis.

III. Отождествление.

= Регул (α Leonis) [Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 70; BPO 2, 13; MA, 137; Koch 1989, 77–79, 111; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 247].

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Юпитер в месяце тебету; см. тексты III R, 53,2, V R, 46, 1:8.

См. также u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 3.

Предсказания:

(2) Регул темный, Меркурий стоит вблизи Регула; DIŠ mulLUGAL GI6 GAL.UKKIN E2.GAL UŠ2 / ˹mulUDU.IDIM.GUD˺.UD it-ti mulLUGAL GUB-ma «Если Регул темный: управляющий дворцом умрет. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит вместе с Регулом» [SAA 8, 245:1–2], см. также [SAA 8, 146:5–6; BPO 2, XVI 16 + Parallels, XIX 5], см. также u20UR.GU.LA, VI 5.

(3) Регул темный, Сатурн стоит впереди Регула; DIŠ mulLUGAL a-dir LUGAL ḪUŠ-ma IDIM.MEŠ-šu2 / [ana GAZ] ˹E3˺-ma GUR-ma NU GAZ-ak /…/ [mulUDU.IDIM.S]AG.UŠ ina IGI mulLUGAL [GUB-iz…] «Если Регул темный: царь разгневается и своих знатных людей выведет на казнь, но возвратится и не казнит (их) …[Сату]рн впереди Регула [стоит…]» [SAA 8, 40 r. 3–6].

(4) Венера, Юпитер и Регул; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU].ŠU2.A ana ŠA3 mulLUGAL TU-ub SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2-ši «[Если Венера на за]паде к Регулу подошла: в стране будет голод» [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:23], параллель см. [ibid. 217, K.3601+: r. 17]; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dŠul-pa-e3 dLUGAL […] / IGI.MEŠ-ma EŠ4.DAR dSin u dLUGAL ana KUR [MAN dUD.AL.TAR] / ana ŠU2 MAN DIB-šu2-nu-ti SILIM-im SIG5.ME K[I.LAM SIG5 GAL2] «Если Иштар (= Венера), Шульпаэ (= Юпитер), Царь (= Регул) […] становятся видны, и Иштар, Луна и Царь (стоят) по направлению к восходу [Солнца], (и) [Юпитер] проходит их по направлению к заходу Солнца: будет надежный мир, [хорошие цены]» [BPO 3, 173, K.229+:32], см. также [ibid. 186, K.3191:3′–5′].

(5) Юпитер проходит Регул; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR, III 27.

(6) Регул несет излучение; DIŠ mulLUGAL ŠE.ER.ZI na-ši / LUGAL URIki ga-me-ru-tu2 DU3-uš «Если Регул несет излучение: царь Аккада добьется полного господства» [SAA 8, 170 r. 3–4], параллели см. [ibid., 29:1–2, 318:6–8]; см. также mulLUGAL BU «Регул имеет большой блеск» [SAA 10, 160:23].

(7) Луна окружена гало и Регул стоит в нем; DIŠ d30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulLUGAL / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz ina MU BI MI2.PEŠ4.MEŠ (глосса: e-ra-a-ti) / NITA.M[EŠ U3].TU.MEŠ (глосса: zak-ka-˹ri!˺ [ul]-la-da) «Если Луна окружена гало и Регул стоит в нем: в этом году беременные женщины будут рожать младенцев мужского пола» [SAA 8, 41 r. 1–3], см. также [ibid., 181:5–6, 205:5–6, 278:1–4, 299:5–6, 301:6–8, 302 r. 8–9, 494: 3–6].

(8) Планета подходит к Регулу; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulLUGAL TE … «Если планета (= Меркурий) подходит близко к Регулу (= Юпитер?): сын царя, который в городе на границе моей живет, поднимет мятеж против своего отца, но не захватит трон; другой сын царя поднимется и завладеет троном; он восстановит храмы и установит жертвоприношения богам; он будет заботиться об обеспечении средствами к существованию всех храмов» [SAA 8, 245: 5– r. 4], см. также [ibid., 414:1–7; Largement 1957, 244: 37a, 37b]; вариант: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulUDU.IDIM TE … «Если планета подходит близко к планете: (аподосис тот же)» [Largement 1957, 243:35–36].

(9) Регул подходит к Луне; DIŠ mulLUGAL ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB UD.MEŠ NUN TIL.MEŠ / a-mat te-še-e! ina KUR DU8-ar2 ana KUR SIG5 «Если Регул (= Юпитер?) подходит близко к передней части Луны и стоит там: дни царя (скоро) закончатся; смущающее слово распространится в стране; для страны благоприятный (знак)» [SAA 8, 283:4–5], DIŠ mulLUGAL ana UGU 30 [TE-m]a GUB LUGAL UD.MEŠ ma-a᾽-du-tu2 DIN-uṭ / [KUR NU SI.SA2 …] ḪUL «Если Регул [подходит близко] к верхней части Луны и стоит там: царь будет жить долго; [страна не будет процветать …] плохой (знак)» [SAA 8, 283: 6–7], см. также [ibid., 363]. Двум приведенным предсказаниям в этом письме предшествует сентенция общего характера: GIŠKIM ša2 a-na LUGAL lem-ne2-ti a-na KUR dam-qat! / GIŠKIM ša2 a-na KUR dam-qa-ti a-na LUGAL lem-n[e2-et] «Знак, который предвещает зло царю, благоприятствует стране; знак, который благоприятствует стране, предвещает з[ло] царю» [ibid., 283:1–2].

(10) Регул стоит справа или слева от Юпитера; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR, III 28.
| Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, L15)
|
|-
|= «Царь Дворца»; в тексте экстиспиции как обозначение знака зодиака Лев [SpTU IV, 159:10], см. b06BAN.
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Leo]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

LUGAL.GIR3.RA

2026-01-09T17:32:41Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:LUGAL.GIR3.RA}}
[[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png|thumb|Lugalirra and Meslamtaea as "Great Twins" in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY). ]]
dLUGAL.GIR3.RA (𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏) is an ancient Mesopotamian name for Nergal, the King of the Underworld. In astronomy, the pair Lugalgirra and Meslamtaea are equated with 'The Great Twins' [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]. See also BM 46518: 5-7

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Lugalirra & Meslamta’ea. A pair of netherworld gods. The second name is widely attested alone as a name of Nergal, the ruler of the netherworld. dLugal-ir9-ra ''ù'' d''Mes-lam-ta-è-a'' (EN 5–6r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

'''Var. reading:'''

* = dLugal-GIR3-ra,
* dLugal-gir3-ra,
* dLugal-ir9-ra;

lit. "Mighty Lord";

'''Var. designations:'''

*1) a twin deity, paired with Meslamtaea, who formed the constellation Great Twins (= α + β Geminorum),
* 2) Sin, deity of the Moon,
*3) Jupiter,
*4) Mercury [Gössmann 1950, 241; Lambert 1987b].

For sources, deity, and astrology, see (Kurtik m24) [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]].

See also BM 46518: 5-7
===Additional===

====Symbol.====
An anthropomorphic, male, bearded figure wearing a hat with horns and a long robe, carrying, according to texts of the Neo-Assyrian periods, a bow in his right hand and an arrow in his left hand [Wiggermann 1992, 10-11:101, 38; 47], see in this connection also (Kurtik m24) [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]], III. For a different in detail description of the twin figures in the constellation [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]] "Great Twins" see Kurtk m17, III.

====Previous Identifications.====
(1) = twin deity in the constellation Great Twins (= α or β Geminorum), see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI.

(2) = ''Sin'' [V R, 46, 1:4; TU, 47:8-9], see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], I).

(3) = Jupiter, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 1.

(4) = Mercury; dLugal-ir9-ra ''u'' d''Mes-lam-ta-''[''e''3-''a''] / dGUD.UD ''u'' d''Ṣal-bat''-˹''a''˺-[''nu''] "Lugalirra and Meslamta[ea] = Mercury and Mars" [BPO 3, 194, K.42+:7'-8'], see also (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 1.

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, L16)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: = dLugal-GIR3-ra, dLugal-gir3-ra, dLugal-ir9-ra; букв. «Могущественный Владыка»; 1) божество-близнец, в паре с Месламтаэа составлявшее созвездие Большие Близнецы (= α + β Geminorum), 2) Син, божество Луны, 3) Юпитер, 4) Меркурий [Gössmann 1950, 241; Lambert 1987b].
Источники, божество и астрология см. m24dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A.

I. Символ.

Антропоморфная мужская бородатая фигура в шапке с рогами и длинном одеянии, несущая, согласно текстам новоассирийского времени, в правой руке лук, в левой руке стрелу [Wiggermann 1992, 10–11:101, 38; 47], см. в связи c этим также m24, III. Отличающееся в деталях описание фигур близнецов в составе созвездия mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL «Большие Близнецы» см. m17, III.

II. Отождествления.

(1) = божество-близнец в созвездии Большие Близнецы (= α или β Geminorum), см. m17, VI.

(2) = Син [V R, 46, 1:4; TU, 47:8–9], см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, I).

(3) = Юпитер, см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 1.

(4) = Меркурий; dLugal-ir9-ra u dMes-lam-ta-[e3-a] / dGUD.UD u dṢal-bat-˹a˺-[nu] «Лугальирра и Месламта[эа] = Меркурий и Марс» [BPO 3, 194, K.42+:7'-8'], см. также m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 1.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Moon]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
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MA2.GUR8

2026-01-09T17:30:20Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:MA2.GUR8}}

mulMA2.GUR8 (𒀯𒈣𒋽) = ''makurru,''<nowiki/>'the Barge' is a Mesopotamian asterism that is shaped like a river-barge in the area of [[Sagittarius]] and [[Corona Australis]] in the southern part of the Mesopotamian sky. Its shape can be verified by depictions of such barges in artwork, which show that both the prow and the bow of the barge are pointed upwards at both ends????. The term is also used in astronomy for the gibbous Moon (CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> MI 142 or '''''Steinkeller from below???).'''''

'''''How to translate'''''

Need examples of ancient mes pictures???
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
MÁ.GUR8 = ''makurru'' “The Barge”. mulMÁ.GUR8 ''u'' mulSUḪUR.MÁŠ '''(EA 15l)'''<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:
* 1) = mul''Makurru'' "Barge, Ship, Vessel"; constellation or star in Sagittarius or Sacerdotal (Sagittarius or Ara) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 254];
* 2) epithet of the lunar deity Nanna [Steinkeller 2016<ref>Steinkeller, P. (2010). Nanna/Suen, the Shining Bowl. Alter Orient Und Altes Testament: Veröffentlichungen Zur Kultur Und Geschichte Des Alten Orients Und Des Alten Testaments.</ref>, 620-621; Laursen 2021<ref>Laursen, S. (2021). Dilmun Boat shaped votive bowls for the Moon-god Nanna? Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 32(S1), 291-300.</ref>]'''''.''''' '''and cf. Laursen 2021 for sea-faring ships suggestive of the shape of the waxing Moon.'''
Dilmun Boat shaped votive bowls for the Moon-god Nanna?
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
! Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of the stars of Ea (nos. 14, 15):

* mulMA2.GUR8 ''u'' mulSUḪUR. MAŠ2ku6 "River Barge and Goat-Fish" (I ii 34) [MA<ref name=":1">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 39].
|[[File:Bab RiverBarge+GoatFish.png|thumb|Babylonian constellations River Barge and Goat-Fish interpreted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (CC BY). ]]
|-
|'''List of stars V R, 46, 1:38.'''
* mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = d''Nabû''(pa) ''u'' d''Taš-me-tu''4 "Ship (and) Goat-Fish = Nabû and Tashmetu" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:38; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
| '''GU text.'''
*(Q) mul [''ša''2 ''maš'']-˹''a-ti''˺ ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulza.ba4.ba4 ''šu šumēlû''(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ša2 ''ina'' ugu / ban ''u'' [mulm]a2.gur8 gu
**"The Star of Gemini (ziqpu IV: β Her) or the middle of Zababa (ν Oph),
**the left hand of Pabilsag, which is on the bow (δ Sag),
**and the River-Barge (ε Sag), the rope"
**[Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":2">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:27-28; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":3">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 93];
*(S) mulpa.bil.sag ˹''ša''2˺ ''ina'' ugu ma2.˹gur8˺
*"(Asterism) Pabilsag, which is over the River-Barge" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, BM 78161:30-31], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|[[File:Pabilsag-over-MA2GUR8.png|thumb|Babylonian constellations Pabilsag over the River Barge (CC BY Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium).]]
|}

===Additional===

==== II. Deity.====
The boat-deity or ship was among the sacred attributes of many gods [Salonen-Opificius 1969<ref>''Salonen A'', ''Opificius R.'' Götterboot // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 6. S. 463-466.</ref>; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 360; Kurtik 1998, 34-35]. Festivals dedicated to them were already celebrated in the epoch of the III dynasty of Ur [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 216-219]. To which exact deity the River-Barge constellation refers to, from the list of MUL.APIN, remains unclear.

====III. Symbol.====
The River Barge. Numerous depictions of this type of vessel are present on seals, reliefs, and in pottery from the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE and later [Salonen-Opificius 1969<ref>''Salonen A'', ''Opificius R.'' Götterboot // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 6. S. 463-466.</ref>; Kurtik 1998, 34-37; Kurtik 2023]. '''''The outlines and the figure of the Ship constellation is not known.'''''

==== IV. Identification.====
according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":4">''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 59:27-28] in the GU-text: mul [''ša''2 ''maš'']-˹''a-ti''˺ — β Her, murub4 mul''Za-ba''4''-ba''4 — η Oph, ''šu šumēlû''(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ša2 ''ina'' ugu ban — θ Oph and [mulm]a2.gur8 — θ Arae.

= α, β Capricorni [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 254].

= ε Sagittarii [MA<ref name=":1" />, 138; Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, 321, Q4; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":3" />, 271].

= θ Arae [Koch 1992<ref name=":4" />, 59].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m01)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) = mulMakurru «Корабль, Судно»; созвездие или звезда в Стрельце или Жертвеннике (Sagittarius или Ara) [Gössmann 1950, 254]; 2) эпитет лунного божества Нанна [Steinkeller 2016, 620‒621].
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Эа (№ 14, 15): mulMA2.GUR8 u mulSUḪUR. MAŠ2ku6 «Корабль и Коза-Рыба» (I ii 34) [MA, 39]. Список звезд V R, 46, 1:38. mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = dNabû(pa) u dTaš-me-tu4 «Корабль (и) Коза-рыба = Набу и Ташмету» [HBA, 52:38; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (Q) mul [ša2 maš]-˹a-ti˺ ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulza.ba4.ba4 šu šumēlû(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ša2 ina ugu / ban u [mulm]a2.gur8 gu «Звезда Близнецов (ziqpu IV: β Her) или середина Забабы (ν Oph), левая рука Пабилсага, которая на луке (δ Sag), и Корабль (ε Sag) ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:27–28; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 93]; согласно [Koch 1992, 59:27–28], mul [ša2 maš]-˹a-ti˺ — β Her, murub4 mulZa-ba4-ba4 — η Oph, šu šumēlû(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ša2 ina ugu ban — θ Oph и [mulm]a2.gur8 — θ Arae. (S) mulpa.bil.sag ˹ša2˺ ina ugu ma2.˹gur8˺ «(Звезда) Пабилсага, которая над Кораблем» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30–31], см. также u31UZ3.

II. Божество.

Лодка-божество или корабль входили в число священных атрибутов многих богов [Salonen–Opificius 1969; Tallqvist 1938, 360; Куртик 1998, 34–35]. Посвященные им праздники отмечались уже в эпоху III династии Ура [Sallaberger I, 216–219]. К какому именно божеству относится созвездие Корабль из списка MUL.APIN, остается невыясненным. Возможно, это корабль Энки, название которого присутствует в старовавилонском списке (см. m02), однако никаких твердых доказательств не существует.

III. Символ.

Корабль или лодка. Многочисленные изображения священной лодки представлены на печатях, рельефах и в керамике второй половины III тыс. до н.э. и более поздних [Salonen–Opificius 1969; Куртик 1998, 34–37; Куртик 2023]. Неизвестно, какие очертания имела фигура созвездия Корабль.

IV. Отождествление.

= α, β Capricorni [Gössmann 1950, 254].

= ε Sagittarii [MA, 138; Pingree–Walker 1988, 321, Q4; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].

= θ Arae [Koch 1992, 59].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Cap]] [[Category:CrA]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]