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SIPA.ZI.AN.NA

2026-04-24T12:50:49Z

JanSafford: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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[[File:SIPAZIANNA stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium screenshot|thumb|Painting of the True Shepherd of Anu by Jessica Gullberg (2021) on a Stellarium map (Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
[[File:Ori+umgebung planiJena2020 smh 2014.jpg|thumb|Orion in Old Babylonian drawing style (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2017). History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry, in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (ed.). Nuncius Hamburgensis Bd. 41, tredition Verlag, 135-157</ref> as a shepherd, mapped to the planetarium sky (photo by SMH in Planetarium Jena). ]]
SIPA.ZI.AN.NA (𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾), 'The Faithful Shepherd of Heaven' is the traditional Sumerian name for the main portion of classical [[Orion]] including the torso, arms, and legs. It is described as a male bearded human figure holding three objects (a ''kurkurru'', a lock, and key) in the Uranology group. His right hand and right heel are mentioned in the GU-text.

No Akkadian direct equivalence of the constellation name survives in cuneiform tradition. Another Sumerian name, mulšita.dara, [**translation of the Sumerian here**] has been taken to be the source for names of the constellation loaned into Akkadian as ''šitaddaru'', ''šitadallu'', ''šidallu,'' which goes back deep into the second millennium BCE in a Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night. Likewise, note ''ti-ša-at-ta-??lu'' in a lexical text from Emar. This last writing may in fact show a ''t''-''š'' interchange of ten found in t-root forms in Akkadian. Both exemplars suggest a Semitic origin for the term from the root ''šdr w''hich was then borrowed back into Sumerian as šita.dara'','' rather than the Akkadian being a loan-word the Sumerian. If so, the explanation of the Sumerian name in the Great Star List, mulšita.dara = ''ša ina kakki mahșu,'' the one who is smitten by the weapon'','' is a later learned exposition of the original Akkadian name suggesting a (false) original Sumerian etymology. Below, another possibility proposed in Selz 1998 is presented sub. Concordance, Etymology, History.

Another possible name for Orion is mul[[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]], which occurs as a ''[[tikpu]]-star'' (i.e. asterism with a element consisting of small points of light close together to one another). If so, mulU5.RI2.IN could be a non-Sumerian, non-Semitic, and even non-Indo-European name for the constellation that was borrowed for [[Orion]] into Greek. If so, we would suggest that the ''tikpu''-element in 'The True Shepherd of Heaven' is what we know today as Orion's Belt.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. readings:'''

* mulSIPA.AN.NA; sum. "Faithful Shepherd of Anu";
* ''= Rē’û but Šamê,'' ‘the Faithful Shepherd of Heaven’.<ref>Roland Laffitte (2012), ''Le ciel des Arabes''</ref><ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots</ref>
* = ''šitadallu'' (''šidallu, šitaddaru''); Akkadian parallel (Kurtik sh14 (mul)''Šitaddaru''(''m'') (344))
** 1) constellation in Orion (Orion),
** 2) designation of the zodiac sign Gemini in later texts [CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> Š/3, 128; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 348; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 14]. See also (Kurtik b01) [[BALUM|dBA.LIM]], (Kurtik i01) [[I3-li2-ab-rat|d''I''3-''li''2-''ab-rat'']], (Kurtik p05) [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]], (Kurtik s21) SIPA.
* abbreviation of mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA "True Shepherd of Anu"
** múlSIPA.ZI;
** múlSIPA (𒋼𒉺𒇻)
'''Note''': The term can be used for a constellation as well as alternately for the zodiac sign Gemini in later astronomical, astrological, and calendar-ritual texts.

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>The sumerogram means “true shepherd of heaven”. Its Akk. equivalent has several variants; in the earliest attestations (OB prayer to the Gods of the Night) it appears as ''ši-ta-(ad)-da-ru''. The etymology is opaque. If the equation SIPA.E.NE ‘herdsmen’ = ''ti-ša-at-ta-šlu'' in a lexical text from Emar is not a secondary development, it could point to an ancient term for “shepherd”. cf. Selz 1998 [Fs. Römer, AOAT253], 300: “Damit dürfte die Verbindung unserer Berufsbezeichnung [scil. NAMEŠDA] mit der Šita-Waffe, der als Wurfkeule bekannten Hirtenwaffe, außer Zweifel stehen.” Ancient scribes, assuming a Sum. origin *šita-ta-ra(-a), explained the Akk. term as ''ša ina kakki maḫṣu'' “he who was slain with the weapon”. For references see CAD Š/3 128 s.v. ''šitadallu''. mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA (AN 7l). For the twins in front of mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA see ''LatSAA 8''<ref name=":3">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>.</blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
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! Sources !! Identifications
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===== SIPA.ZI.AN.NA =====
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|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists: mulsipa.zi.an.na [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:395; 133, col. viii 40; 143, col. x 17].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulsipa.e.ne = ''ti-ša-at-ta-lu'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:155], mul dsipa.zi.an.na = ''ši-dal-lu'' [MSL XI, 30, 10:4], [mulsi]pa. zi.an.na = ''ši-t''[''a-d'']''a-rum'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen 10, 132-134.</ref>, 17:9], mulsipa.zi.an.na = ''ši-ta-ad''-[''a-ru''] [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolaires du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 79.B.1 /5 iv 2], mu[l]sipa.zi.an.na = ''ši-da-al-lu-''[''u''] [SpTU III<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 18; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 105:274ʹ].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulsipa.zi.an.na = ŠITA2.DAR = ''ša''2 ''ina kak-ki maḫ-ṣi'' [MSL XI, 41:44], mulsipa.zi.an.na = (skip) = ŠITA2.DA.[AL?] [SpTU III<ref name=":4" />, 116 iii 13].
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|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* (1) Old Babylonian prayer:
** (a) Erm. 15642: ''ši-ta-ad-da-da-ru-um'' [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref>, 196-197:18], and also [Shileiko 1924<ref>''Шилейко В.К''. Таблетка с молитвой ночным богам в собрании Лихачева //ИРАИМК. 1924, Т. 3, Ленинград, с. 144-152.</ref>, 147; Dossin 1935<ref name=":5">''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieux de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA 32, № 4, 179-190.</ref>, 180; Von Soden 1936<ref>''von Soden W.'' Ein Opferschaugebet bei Nacht // ZA. 1936. Bd. 43 (N.F. 9), S. 305-308.</ref>, 306],
** (b) AO 6769: ''ši-ta-da-da-ru'' [Dossin 1935<ref name=":5" />, 181-182:18].
* (2) Hittite prayer: mul''Ši-pa-zi-a-na'' [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin'').</ref> IV, 47 r. 44; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 2:8; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:44].
* (3) Neo-Assyrian prayer: [mulSI]PA.ZI.AN.NA [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:14].
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|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":6">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 62, 214 EAE 20 XII Rec. C: 7', 215 EAE 20 XII Rec B Source S r. 44, 218 EAE 20 Source Y:14, 285 App. 2.4 r. 26, 289-290; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 3b, 30-30a, IX 4, 14, X 4, XIV 8, XV 33-35, XVI 2, XVII 12, XVIII 1-3, 6-10; BPO 3<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; Largement 1957<ref name=":8">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264.</ref>, 246:61; NSAM 2<ref name=":9">''Verderame L.'' Le Tavole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 249; SpTU I<ref name=":10">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 93:7'; SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 13].
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|'''Text HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text).'''
See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]].
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|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of simanu, stars of Ea, 240 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) Menology: itišu mulsipa.zi.an.na / dNin.šubur sukkal.maḫ An.na dInnin.bi.id.da. ke4: itišu ''Ši-ta-ad-da-lu'' / d''Pap-sukkal'' sukkal ''ṣi-i-ru ša'' d''A-nim u'' d''Iš''8-''tar''2 "Duuzu, the True Shepherd of Anu, Ninshubur (acc. Papsukal), the noble vizier of Anu and Ishtar" (A i 38-39, 45-47); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan<ref>''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192, 399-416.</ref> 404:18-19], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 81; CAD<ref name=":0" /> Š/3, 128b; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref> 79].
** (2) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(bi) gub-''zu'' / mulsipa.zi.an.na dnin.šubur / sukkal d''A-nim u''3 d''Iš''8-''tar'', "The constellation that stands behind it (i.e. behind the Bull's Jaw), the True Shepherd of Anu, Ninshubur, messenger of Anu and Ishtar" (B i 9-11), for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz<ref name=":11">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 4].
** (3) List (3´12): itisig4 mulsipa.zi.an.na šu-ut dE2-a "Simanu: the True Shepherd of Anu (on the way) Ea (rises)" (C i 3).
** (4) List (sunrise-sunrise=6m):
*** (a) [itisig4] mulsipa.zi.an.na mulur.gu.la mulmuš ˹e3˺ "[Siman:] The True Shepherd of Anu, the Lion, the Snake are rising" (C 17),
*** (b) [mu]lsipa.zi.an.na mulur.gu.la mulmuš ˹šu2˺ "(Kislimu): The True Shepherd of Anu, the Lion, and the Serpent go in." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 30; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":12">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 34, 37, 40].
* BM 82923. Month of Siman, the Ea stars: mu[lSIPA.ZI.AN.NA // 4,0] // ''su-kal-lum'' "[True Shepherd of Anu // 240] // Messenger" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:7].
* BM 34713. [itis]ig4 // 4.0 múlsipa.zi.<an>.na // 1.50 múlšu.gi // 55 múl''A-nu-ni-tu''2 "[S]iman: 240 True Shepherd of Anu, 110 Old Man, 55 Anunitu" [LBAT<ref name=":13">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:3].
* The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.
** a) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 6): mulsipa.zi.an.na [CT<ref name=":14">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 10; Horowitz 1998, 176].
* Text Nv. 10. mulsipa.zi.[an.na] is the asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Ab, see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
|[[File:Ori+umgebung planiJena2020 smh 2014.jpg|thumb|Orion in Old Babylonian drawing style (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster) as a shepherd, mapped to the planetarium sky (photo by SMH in Planetarium Jena). ]]
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| '''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
* Ea 4. MUL KI.MIN(=''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'') mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA d''Nin-šubur'' (B: dPAP.SUKKAL) ˹SUKKAL˺ AN-''nim'' ''u''3 ''Iš''8-''tar''2 ''ana'' IM.SAG.GA2
* "The star that stands after it, the True Shepherd of Anu, Ninshubur (B: Papsukal), the vizier of Anu and Ishtar. (For predicting) the early wind (i.e., 'low price')"
* [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":11" />, 177, note 30]; for a parallel see. [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 30].
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|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />; BPO 3<ref name=":7" />; BPO 4].
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|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":15">''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII, 149-165.</ref>, 157:53, 162:126].
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 8): mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA d''Pap-sukkal'' SUKKAL d''A-nim u'' INNIN "The True Shepherd of Anu, Papsukkal, messenger of Anu and Ishtar" (I ii 2), for a parallel see. MLC 1688 (col. ii 10).
* (2) Dates of the heliacal risings are "on the 10th day of siman" (I ii 40), see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]].
* (3) Simultaneous diurnal sunrisings and settings:
** a) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' ŠU2-''bi'' "The True Shepherd of Anu rises and Pabilsag sets" (I iii 16), [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":16" />, 53]
** b) mulGABA GIR2. TAB ''u'' mulUZ3 KURmeš-''ma'' mulŠU.GI ''u'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ŠU2meš "The chest of the Scorpius and the Goat rises, the Old Man and the True Shepherd of Anu sets" (I iii 26), [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":16" />, 56]
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA 35 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 "From the rising of the Bull of Heaven 20 days to the rising of the True Shepherd of Anu. From the rising of the True Shepherd of Anu 35 days to the rising of the Arrow." (I iii 46-47) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":16" />, 60].
* (5) Culminations, simultaneous with heliacal risings: 'On the 10th day of siman, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth culminates, the True Shepherd of Anu rises' (I iv 19-20), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* 6) Stars 'in the path of the Moon': mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA (I iv 33), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":16">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 31, 41, 48, 48, 50, 56, 63, 68].
|[[File:SIPAZIANNA stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium screenshot|thumb|Painting of the True Shepherd of Anu by Jessica Gullberg (2021) on a Stellarium map (Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg 2022)]]
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|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":13" />, 381a; SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 352b].
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|'''"Great Star List".'''
* (1) mulsipa.zi.an.na = šita.da.ra / ''ša''2 ''ina'' gištukul ''maḫ-ṣi'' "True Shepherd of Anu = Shitadara, the one who is struck down by weapons";
* (2) 12 Akkadian stars;
* (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":17">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:163-164, 209, 227]; see also mulmaš.tab.ba ''ša ina'' igi dpap.sukkal / mulsi[pa.z]i.<an.na> in the list of 7 Celestial Twins and in the list of 7 tikpi-stars [KAR<ref name=":18">''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 28-29, 36].
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|'''Uranalogy and Related Works'''
'''MLC 1866.'''
* (a) See III. "Symbol," as well as (Kurtik d04) [[DAR.LUGAL]], (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
* (b) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / d''pap-sukkal'' SUKKAL d60 ''u an-tu''4 "True Shepherd of Anu, Papsukal, messenger of Anu and Antu" (col. iv 19'-20') [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":19">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 38, 42]. A list of bird cries (Birdcall texts). ''it-ti-du-u''2mušen ''iṣ-ṣur'' d''ka''3-''ka''3 / mulsipa.zi.an.na ''uḫ-ta-b''[''il'']... "Francolin — the bird of the deity Kaka. (Her cry): "The True Shepherd of Anu was robb[ed] ..." [Lambert 1970<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.</ref>, 114-115:16].
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|'''GU text.'''
* (A) mulsipa.zi.an.na "True Shepherd of Anu" (β Ori).
* (B)
** ''šu imittu''(15) ''u a-si-du / ˹egir˺-u2 ša2'' mulsipa.zi.an.na
** "the right hand and in the back (i.e., eastward-located) heel of the True Shepherd of Anu (ξ Ori, κ Ori)"
** [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:1-3], see (Kurtik d04) [[DAR.LUGAL]].
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* Right hand ξ, ν Ori
* Back heel: η Lep

[[File:TrueShepherd.png|alt=Painting of the True Shepherd of Anu by Jessica Gullberg (2021)|thumb|Painting of the True Shepherd of Anu by Jessica Gullberg (2021)]]
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|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* A. mul šu zag sipa.[zi.an.na] "The right hand of the [True] Shepherd of [Anu]" (ν Ori).
* B. ˹aga˺ mulsipa.zi.an.na "Crown of the True Shepherd of Anu" (λ1 Ori) [Walker 1995, 29; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 44; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":20">Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref>, 105].
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|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427: ''ina'' itisig4 ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 sipa ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "In the month of siman, on the morning of the 28th day, the True Shepherd of Anu emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA 55 (N.F. 17), 237-251.</ref>, 238:10].
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| '''"Planisphere K 8538."'''
* Sector 3: [d''Pap-sukkal''] sukkal AN.NA <''u''> d''Ištar'' d''I''3-''li''2-''ab-rat'' mulSipa.zi.an.na "Papsukal, messenger of An (and) Ishtar, Ilabrat, True Shepherd of Anu" [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56, Abb. 2; 59].
| [[File:Sipzianna BM K8538 .png|alt=photograph BM K8538|thumb|photograph of BM K8538, SIPA.ZI.AN.NA highlighted in colour (courtesy: the Trustees of the BM)]]
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|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
See (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
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|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) Predictions of grain prices by the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 94:39].
* (2) An extispicy involving correspondences between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars: KA.DU10.GA // d''Nusku''(PA.TUG2) // itiSIG4 // mulSIPA.[ZI.AN.NA] "'Sweet Mouth' is Nusku; month of siman; [True] Shepherd of [Anu]" [SpTU IV, 159:6; Reiner 1995, 78]. Here mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA is used apparently as a designation for the zodiac sign Gemini see (Kurtik s21) SIPA.
See also mul''Sipa-zi-an-na'' [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42:7, r. 2], múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA [SpTU III<ref name=":4" />, 102:4, 5; 103:19].
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===== SIPA =====
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|-
|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts''' (always abbreviated).

* In the name of the normal star:
** MAŠ.MAŠ ''ša''2 SIPA
** "(Star) Gemini opposite the Shepherd" (γ Geminorum) [AD I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>-Sh, passim] (no. 10 in Kurtik m39 [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]).
|
|-
|'''Late astronomy, astrology and the calendar.'''
* (1) Calendar and ritual texts.
** a) BM 34452+: KI múlSIPA.ZI, KI múlSIPA "Region of the True Shepherd of Anu" [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975<ref name=":02">''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref>, 41-42]; Hunger suggests that múlSIPA here denotes Saturn [ibid.<ref name=":02" />, 42], which is hardly true.
** (b) W 22704 (recipe for making ointment + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 9 // SIPA 3 // ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''ittidî''(DARmušen) ''dām''(UŠ2) MIN(=DARmušen) ''u kappi''(PA) MIN(=DARmušen) MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Duuzu 9 // Gemini 30 // Turača head, turača blood and turača wing - you smear" [SpTU III<ref name=":110">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 104:9 as well as 22]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9 [SpTU III<ref name=":110" />, 105:6, 19].
|
|}
See also mulSIPA ''u'' MAŠ.MAŠ as designating the zodiac sign Gemini [SpTU II, 43:21; LBAT, 1600 obv. 5'] (Kurtik m15 [[MAŠ.MAŠ]], I).[[File:SIPAZIANNA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 153141.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside SIPA.ZI.AN.NA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Rigel]]
| HIP 24436
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.13
|-
|2
| [[Betelgeuse]]
| HIP 27989
|Constellation lines
|0.42
|-
|3
|[[Bellatrix]]
|HIP 25336
|Constellation lines
|1.64
|-
|4
|[[Alnilam]]
|HIP 26311
|Constellation lines
|1.69
|-
|5
|Alnitak
|HIP 26727
|Constellation lines
|1.77
|-
|6
|[[Alnitak]] A
|HIP 26727
|Constellation lines
| 1.9
|-
|7
|[[Saiph]]
| HIP 27366
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.06
|-
|8
|[[Mintaka]]
|HIP 25930
|Constellation lines
|2.41
|-
|9
|NGC 1980
|NGC 1980
|Inside the Hull
|2.5
|-
|10
|[[Hatysa]]
|HIP 26241
|Inside the Hull
| 2.77
|-
| 11
|Cl Collinder 69
|Cl Collinder 69
|Inside the Hull
|2.8
|-
|12
|[[Tejat]]
|HIP 30343
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.87
|-
|13
|Propus
|HIP 29655
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.28
|-
|14
| η Orionis
|HIP 25281
|Inside the Hull
|3.35
|-
| 15
|[[Meissa]] A
|HIP 26207
|Constellation lines
|3.47
|-
|16
|τ Orionis
|HIP 24674
|Inside the Hull
|3.59
|-
|17
|* eta Ori A
|HIP 25281
|Inside the Hull
|3.59
|-
|18
|Meissa
|HIP 26207
|Constellation lines
|3.66
|-
|19
|π 5 Orionis
|HIP 22797
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.73
|-
|20
|Alnitak B
|HIP 26727
|Constellation lines
|3.73
|-
|21
|σ Orionis
|HIP 26549
| Inside the Hull
|3.79
|-
|22
|ϕ 2 Orionis
|HIP 26366
|Constellation lines
|4.09
|-
|23
|29 Ori
|HIP 25247
|Inside the Hull
|4.12
|-
|24
|32 Ori
|HIP 25813
|Inside the Hull
|4.2
|-
| 25
|NGC 1981
|NGC 1981
|Inside the Hull
| 4.2
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 28614A
|Inside the Hull
|4.3
|-
|27
|ν Orionis
|HIP 29038
|Inside the Hull
|4.397
|-
|28
| ϕ 1 Orionis
| HIP 26176
|Inside the Hull
|4.41
|-
|29
|π 6 Orionis
|HIP 23123
|Inside the Hull
|4.459
|-
|30
|* 32 Ori A
|HIP 25813
| Inside the Hull
|4.46
|-
|31
|ρ Orionis
| HIP 24331
|Inside the Hull
|4.48
|-
|32
|ξ Orionis
|HIP 29426
|Inside the Hull
|4.48
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 28413
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.52
|-
|34
|42 Ori
|HIP 26237
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|35
|ω Orionis
|HIP 26594
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|36
|ψ 2 Orionis
|HIP 25473
|Inside the Hull
|4.611
|-
|37
|υ Orionis
|HIP 25923
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|38
|μ Orionis
|HIP 28614
|Constellation lines
| 4.71
|-
|39
|31 Ori
| HIP 25737
|Inside the Hull
|4.71
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 26199
| Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
|41
|22 Ori
|HIP 25044
|Inside the Hull
|4.74
|-
|42
| 56 Ori
|HIP 27750
|Inside the Hull
|4.75
|-
|43
|49 Ori
|HIP 26563
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
| 44
|134 Tau
|HIP 27511
|Inside the Hull
| 4.875
|-
|45
| * eta Ori B
|HIP 25281
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|46
|51 Ori
|HIP 26885
|Inside the Hull
|4.9
|-
|47
|69 Ori
|HIP 29434
|Inside the Hull
|4.92
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 26736
|Inside the Hull
|4.95
|-
|49
|ψ 1 Orionis
|HIP 25302
|Inside the Hull
| 4.96
|-
| 50
| 23 Ori
|HIP 25142
|Inside the Hull
| 5
|-
|51
|27 Ori
|HIP 25282
|Inside the Hull
|5.072
|-
|52
|68 Eri
| HIP 23941
|Inside the Hull
| 5.119
|-
|53
|θ 1 Orionis C
| HIP 26221
| Inside the Hull
|5.13
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 29650
|Inside the Hull
| 5.17
|-
| 55
|60 Ori
|HIP 28296
|Inside the Hull
| 5.2
|-
|56
| 45 Ori
|HIP 26268
|Inside the Hull
|5.234
|-
|57
|133 Tau
|HIP 27364
| Inside the Hull
| 5.29
|-
|58
|21 Ori
| HIP 24817
|Inside the Hull
|5.325
|-
|59
|38 Ori
|HIP 26126
|Inside the Hull
|5.326
|-
|60
|72 Ori
|HIP 29704
|Inside the Hull
|5.327
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 25980
|Inside the Hull
| 5.34
|-
|62
| VV Ori
|HIP 26063
|Inside the Hull
|5.34
|-
|63
|55 Ori
|HIP 27658
|Inside the Hull
|5.341
|-
|64
| 33 Ori
| HIP 25861
|Inside the Hull
| 5.46
|-
|65
| -
| HIP 24450
| Inside the Hull
|5.494
|-
|66
| * lam Ori B
|HR 1880
|Inside the Hull
|5.51
|-
|67
|135 Tau
|HIP 27581
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 26197
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
|69
| 137 Tau
|HIP 27743
|Inside the Hull
|5.586
|-
|70
|66 Ori
|HIP 28814
|Inside the Hull
|5.621
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 26215
|Inside the Hull
| 5.638
|-
|72
|[SC93] 64
|[SC93] 64
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|73
|63 Ori
|HIP 28812
|Inside the Hull
|5.658
|-
| 74
| -
|HIP 25028
| Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 25223
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|76
|131 Tau
| HIP 27316
|Inside the Hull
|5.721
|-
|77
| * n01 Ori A
|HIP 25861
|Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 25751
| Inside the Hull
|5.745
|-
|79
|68 Ori
|HIP 29433
|Inside the Hull
|5.749
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 26345
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
|81
|* 32 Ori B
|HIP 25813
|Inside the Hull
|5.76
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 27280
|Inside the Hull
|5.768
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 25708
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 25041
|Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 26487
| Inside the Hull
|5.852
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 28011
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|87
| -
|HR 2014
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
| 88
| -
|HIP 28139
|Inside the Hull
|5.884
|-
|89
| 59 Ori
|HIP 28271
|Inside the Hull
|5.886
|-
|90
| -
| HIP 24203
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|91
| -
| HIP 28302
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 24162
|Inside the Hull
|5.892
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 24294
| Inside the Hull
|5.892
|-
| 94
| -
|HIP 29678
|Inside the Hull
|5.894
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 26108
| Inside the Hull
|5.895
|-
|96
| -
|HIP 26386
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|97
|NGC 2169
|NGC 2169
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 23408
|Inside the Hull
|5.908
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 27549
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 26762
|Inside the Hull
|5.912
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 27253
|Inside the Hull
| 5.93
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 27560
|Inside the Hull
|5.936
|-
|103
|* 52 Ori A
|HIP 27386
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|104
| -
| HIP 26535
|Inside the Hull
| 5.96
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 28110
|Inside the Hull
|5.964
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 26926
| Inside the Hull
|5.965
|-
|107
| -
|HIP 27435
|Inside the Hull
|5.97
|-
|108
| -
|HR 2099
|Inside the Hull
|5.97
|-
|109
| -
|HIP 26624
|Inside the Hull
|5.974
|-
|110
| -
|HIP 27939
|Inside the Hull
|5.975
|-
| 111
| -
|HIP 27588
|Inside the Hull
|5.976
|-
|112
| * 52 Ori B
| HIP 27386
|Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 26427
|Inside the Hull
|6.024
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 23643
|Inside the Hull
|6.031
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 29371
|Inside the Hull
|6.036
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 28686
| Inside the Hull
|6.075
|-
|117
| -
|HIP 27118
|Inside the Hull
|6.089
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 24349
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 26414
|Inside the Hull
|6.095
|-
|120
|W Ori
|HIP 23680
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 24041
|Inside the Hull
|6.102
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 27900
|Inside the Hull
|6.115
|-
|123
| -
|HIP 25378
|Inside the Hull
|6.144
|-
|124
| -
|HR 1691
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 25187
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 24493
|Inside the Hull
| 6.154
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 25976
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|128
| -
|HIP 26477
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 28252
|Inside the Hull
|6.198
|-
|130
|CK Ori
|HIP 25785
|Inside the Hull
|6.202
|-
| 131
| -
|HIP 28232
|Inside the Hull
|6.202
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 25869
|Inside the Hull
|6.208
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 26106
| Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|134
| -
| HIP 26713
| Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 25401
|Inside the Hull
|6.233
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 24130
|Inside the Hull
|6.236
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 26149
|Inside the Hull
|6.251
|-
|138
| -
|HR 2214
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|139
| -
|HIP 28019
|Inside the Hull
| 6.264
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 28614B
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 25288
|Inside the Hull
|6.297
|-
|142
| -
|HIP 27902
|Inside the Hull
|6.302
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 27212
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|144
|V1197 Ori
|HIP 26953
|Inside the Hull
|6.311
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 25786
| Inside the Hull
|6.313
|-
| 146
| -
|HIP 24377
|Inside the Hull
|6.323
|-
|147
|V1649 Ori
|HIP 25205
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 29326
|Inside the Hull
|6.335
|-
|149
| -
|HIP 24847
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 25505
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|151
| -
| HR 1891
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 29798
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 25582
|Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
|154
| -
|HIP 25667
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|155
|* tet02 Ori B
|HIP 26235
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
| 156
| -
|HIP 26257
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|157
|θ 2 Orionis
| HIP 26235
| Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|158
| -
|HIP 25453
|Inside the Hull
|6.399
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 24607
|Inside the Hull
|6.408
|-
|160
|V1377 Ori
|HIP 26263
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 24925
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 25368
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|163
| -
|HIP 24960
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|164
| -
|HIP 26104
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
| 165
| -
| HR 1898
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 26020
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|167
|* sig Ori E
|HR 1932
| Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 27116
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 25732
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|
| -
|HIP 26234
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Papsukal, see (Kurtik p05) [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]. For the name, en(!) sipa.zi.an.na, as a royal name in the pre-flood era in the “Sumerian King List”, see. [Jacobsen 1939<ref>''Jacobsen, T.'' The Sumerian King List. Assyriological Studies, 11. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1939.</ref>, 74-75:20-21]. In poorly preserved copies of the lists of gods belonging to the AN:d''Anum'' series, we also find the identity: [d mulsi]pa.zi.an.na = dmin(=ddumu.[zi]) "True [Shep]erd of An = Dumu[zi]"(?) [CT<ref name=":14" /> 24, 9:9; 25, 7:9a], indicating a connection between Dumuzi and the constellation; for objections see [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 106] (see also [Alster 1985]). The Neo-Assyrian description of the temple ritual VAT 10099 tells of Marduk's struggle with various deities, including mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA, whom Marduk defeats (d''bēl'' mul''Sipa-zi-an-na ik-mu-ma'') [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 116: 6-7].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Prayers to the night gods, see above.
* (2) Šurpu series (II 184): d''Ḫendur-sag-ga''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''lip-ṭu-ru'' "May Hendursaga (and) the True Shepherd An, deliver" [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18].
* (3) The hemerologies for the 19th day of Nisan and the 10th day of Tebet: pad-''su ana'' mulsipa.zi.an.na ''gar-ma ma-ḫir'' "He brings his sacrifice to the True Shepherd of Anu, and (it) is accepted" [KAR<ref name=":18" />, 178, ii 57, rev. ii 48; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 62-63, 134-135].
* (4) The ritual of "Laying on of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): mulsipa.zi.an.na ''ilu ellu bānû'' [x].meš "True Shepherd of Anu, the bright god, protection [...]" [BMS<ref>''King L.W.'' Babylonian Magic and Sorcery. London, 1896.</ref>, 50:1; Ebeling 1953<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Die akkadische Gebetsserie "Handerhebung". Berlin, 1953.</ref>, 146-151; Mayer 1976<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.</ref>, 431].
* (5) A ritual against an epidemic [TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babylonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref> 163, 34:13].
* (6) In the ''bīt mēseri'' series, cf. [Meier 1942<ref>''Meier G..'' Die zweite Tafel der Serie ''bīt mēseri'' // AfO. 1942. Bd. 14, Heft 3/4. S. 139-142.</ref>, 142:17; Reiner 1995<ref name=":21">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 17].
* (7) For appeals to the True Shepherd of Anu as a deity in medical texts, see. [Reiner 1995<ref name=":21" />, 56].
* (8) In astrological geography, the True Shepherd of Anu was associated with Sippar and Larsa, see below (VI 8).
* (9) Wishes for the welfare of the Assyrian king: [mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA dPAP.SUKKAL SUKKAL SUKKAL d''A-nim u'' d''Iš-tar'' / [...g]išPA ''mu-na-ʼi-ir kiš-šat'' UN.MEŠ ''lu-šat-me-eḫ-ka'' [...] "True Shepherd of Anu, Papsukal, the messenger of An and Ishtar, [...] the scepter that kills all men, let him hand you [...]" [Watanabe 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 4-5].

See also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 441; CAD<ref name=":0" /> Š/3, 128b; Beaulieu 1992<ref>''Beaulieu P.-A.'' Antiquarian Theology in Seleucid Uruk // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 47-75.</ref>, 60-63].

==== Symbol. ====
A bearded male deity wearing a long robe and a horned cap, with a rod in one hand and the other arm extending alongside his body. Safety figures of Papsukal, sometimes with inscriptions, were placed under the platforms of Mesopotamian temples; the earliest well-dated example comes from Ashur (12th century BC) [Ellis 1967<ref>''Ellis R.S.'' "Papsukkal" Figures beneath the daises of Mesopotamia // RA 61, No. 1, 51-61.</ref>]. Description of the constellation figure in MLC 1866 (col. ii 10-12): mulSIPA..ZI.AN.NA d''pap-sukkal suk-kal-lum'' d60 ''u an-tu''4 / ''ṣa-lam šu-u''2 ''lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-biš ziq-nu za-qin ku-ur-ku-ru ša''2-''kin'' / MUD ''u nam-za-qa ta-mi-iḫ'' "True Shepherd of Anu, Papsukal, vizier of Anu and Antu. This figure of a man, (who) is clothed, bearded, has a kurkurru, / holds a lock and key."" [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":19" />, 36, 40].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= [[Orion]] [Gössman 1950<ref name=":1" />, 348, I; Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref>, 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 73; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73a, 74; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 11, 14; MA<ref name=":16" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":17" /> 208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":20" />, 276; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":12" />, 248, Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":19" />, 75].

= [[Orion|Orio]]<nowiki/>n, constellation figure correlated with stars, see. [Koch 1989, 117, Abb. 17].<gallery>
File:Ori+shepherdStaff stellarium.jpg|The True Shepherd of Anu with a staff reaching to Auriga (CC BY SMH in Stellarium with drawing by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster).
File:Papke Ori+Crook.jpg|same idea (but even more wrong): Gamlu as part of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA's shepherd's staff; interpretation by Papke (1989).
File:GU II.jpg|The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.
</gallery>The option of the Shepherd with a staff in Auriga can't be completely neglected but is likely wrong, as [[GAM3|GAM3]], The Crook, in [[Auriga]] is (a) a weapon and (b) sometimes mentioned in the hand of a figure in [[Perseus]].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) The right hand and heel of the True Shepherd of Anu from behind, see GU text.

(2) The right hand of the True Shepherd of Anu' (ν Ori), see dbn-text.

(3) The crown of the True Shepherd of Anu (λ1 Ori), see dbn-text.

(4) The navel of the True Shepherd of Anu (α Orionis), see (Kurtik L06) [[LI.DUR]].

(5) The beginning sections of the True Shepherd of Anu, see below.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Saturn; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 12.

(2) = Venus(?); [''Sipa'']-''zi-an-na'' d''Dil-bat'' "True [Shepherd] of An = Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 262, K. 3384 rev. 2].

In [Gössman 1950<ref name=":1" />, 348, III A] the identities: the True Shepherd of Anu = Mars(?), Mercury(?), Jupiter(?) are also assumed, without, in our opinion, conclusive confirmation.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) Visibility of stars in the True Shepherd of Anu; [DIŠ ulSIPA.ZI].AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 UL.UL.MEŠ IDIM ''ug-dap-pa-šam-ma'' SAL.ḪUL [DU3-''uš''] "[If] the stars of [True Shepherd] Anu twinkle (increase in brilliance): an important person will strengthen and [commit] evil deeds" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, XV 33], parallel: DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''it-ta-na-an-bi-ṭu'' / ''kab-tu ug-da-ap-pa-ša''2-''am-ma'' / ''le-mut-ti ip-pu-uš'' / mul''Dil-bat ina pa-an'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''ma'' "If the stars of the True Shepherd of Anu increases in its radiation: an important person will become excessively powerful and commit evil, (it means): Venus stands before the True Shepherd of Anu." [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 255 r. 6-7]; [DIŠ ulSIPA.ZI.A]N.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''un-nu-tu''4 NUN ''na-ram''? [...] "[If] the stars of [the True Shepherd] Anu wan: the crown prince, the favorite [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XV 34]; [DIŠ mulSIPA].ZI.AN.N[A ''ina'' KI.GUB-''šu''2 ...] ''u da-am'' KUR ''ana'' K[I.KAL NIGIN] "[If] the True [Shepherd] of A[n (is) in its correct position...] and it is dark: the country [will gather] into for[tresses]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVIII 2]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''a-dir'' AN.MI d''Sin u'' dUTU ''ina'' KUR DU3.[A.BI GAL2] MAŠ2.ANŠE [...] "[If] the True Shepherd of Anu becomes dim: [there will be] an eclipse of the Moon and Sun in a[ll] countries, the cattle [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVIII 9]; [DIŠ] mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 [x x] KA´MI BARA2 ''ina'' K[UR...] "[If] the True Shepherd of Anu, (its) position changes [...] (and) becomes dim: the throne in the country [...] [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVIII 6]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''meš-ḫa im-šu-uḫ'' LUGAL EN BALA ''ina šer''3''-t''[''i-šu''2] ''bu-bu-ʼ-tu''2 DIRI-''ma'' BA.B[E] "[If] the True Shepherd of Anu emits mišḫu: the king, the ruler of the dynasty, because of his offenses, will be covered with pustules and die." [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVIII 10]; [DIŠ] UD ''ina'' GUB.BA-''šu''2 MUL.MEŠ ''ma-lu-u''2 NAM.BAD.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ "[If] in its position it (= the True Shepherd of Anu) is filled with stars: there will be pestilence" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVIII 12].

(4) The Navel of the True Shepherd of Anu; [DIŠ ulSIPA.ZI.]AN.NA LI.DUR-''su'' SA5 ''ina'' 15-''šu''2 MI GAL2''-ši'' BAL-''tum'' GA[L2] ... "[If] the Navel of [the True Shepherd] Anu is red (and) there is a dark spot on the right side of it: there will be an upheaval..., the one who is like the master will fall from weapons" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XV 32] [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XV 32]; parallel [ibid., XVII 14]; [DIŠ] mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA LI.DUR-''su'' MI AN.MI UD.16.KAM [...] "[If] the Navel of the True Shepherd of Anu is dark: on the 16th (there will be) an eclipse [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVI 3; XVIII 5]; [DIŠ] mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA LI.DUR-''su it-ta-na-an-''[''bit'' ...] "[If] the Navel of the True Shepherd of Anu is dark: there will be an eclipse [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XIII 4], see also (Kurtik L06) [[LI.DUR]].

(5) Heliacal rising of the True Shepherd An; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina E''3-''š''[''u''2 ''ša'']-''qu'' GAB I3.GAL2 "If the True Shepherd of Anu, during [its] appearance (stands) high: there will be ..." [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 3b]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' KI.[GUB-''šu''2] / [''ša'']-''qu ina'' SAG ITI-''šu''2 IGI MU [x x] "[If] the True Shepherd of Anu in [its] position[s] (stands) high, (and) it appears at the beginning of the corresponding month [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVII 12], see also [ibid., XVIII 3].

(6) Heliacal risings earlier and later than the set time; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' itiSIG4 IGI-''mar'' BE-''ma'' MUL B[I NIM-''ma'' IGI ...] BE-''ma'' MUL BI ''uḫ-ḫi-ir-ma'' ITI-''šu''2 DIB-''ma'' IGI LUGAL KUR BI KUR-''s''[''u''...] "The True Shepherd of Anu rises heliacally in the month of simanu; if the star [rises early: ...]; if the star is delayed, and it rises pass the set time in the month: the king of this country, hi[s] country [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, IX 4], see also [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, IX 14, X 4].

(7) The Moon and the True Shepherd of Anu; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 GUB ''ina'' MU BI LUGAL KUR GAL ''ana'' KUR TUR SILIM [...] "If the Moon during its appearance, (and) the True Shepherd of Anu stands at its beginning: in this year, the king of a great country will make peace with (the king of) a small country [...]" [NSAM 2<ref name=":9" />, 171, §7]; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB LUGAL ŠU2''-tam'' [DU3-''uš''] "If (the Moon durings its appearance, and) the True Shepherd of Anu stands in its middle: the king of superiority over all [will achieve]." [NSAM 2, 171, §8]; d''Pap-sukkal'' KUR-''ma'' KI dUTU GUB d30 ''ina'' mul?SIPA.ZI.AN.<NA> ''ana''? GENNA KUR-''ma'' "Papsukkal has risen and stands in the place(?) of the Sun, the Moon has reached(?) the True Shepherd of Anu Saturn" [SpTU IV, 162 r. 12-13]; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana'' IGI [30 TE] / [UD].MEŠ BALA MAN GID2.DA [x x x x] "If the True Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn) comes close to the front [of the Moon: da]ys and the reign will be long [...]" [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 544:4′-5′]; [DIŠ 30 MIN (= ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2) mulSI]PA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' LUGAL SU3 ŠU2-''tam'' DU3-''uš'' / [mulSIPA.ZI].AN.NA ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "[If the Moon at its appearance] (and) the True [Shep]herd of Anu stands in the moon: the distant king of might will attain. [True Shepherd] Anu = Saturn" [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 7:25-26].

(8) The eclipse of the Moon in the True Shepherd of Anu; DIŠ ina KI mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA u2-lu mulzi-ba-ni-tum a-dir EŠ.BAR Si-par u UD.UNUGki "If (the Moon) eclipses in the realm of the True Shepherd of Anu or in Libra: solution for Sippar and Larsa" [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, MNB 1849:40]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN UD.14.KAM AN.MI GAR-''an'' KA´MI-''su'' TU LUGAL ''ši-si-tu''4 UGU-''šu''2 ŠUB-''di'' / ''ina'' KI mulxSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ša''2-''niš ana tar-ṣi'' mulxPA.BIL.SAG BE.MEŠ "If on the 14th day of the month of kislim an eclipse (of the moon) occurs and it sits in the eclipse: the king, shoutings will befall upon him. (If the eclipse occurs) in the region of the True Shepherd of Anu, or in the direction of Pabilsag: plague" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":6" />, 285, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 25-26], see also (Kurtik d04) [[DAR.LUGAL]], VI 1.

(9) The Moon's halo and the True Shepherd of Anu; DIŠ ''Sin'' TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 DU NIM.MEŠ KUR SI.SA2.MEŠ "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the True Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn) stands in it: the high lands of the country will prosper" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 30a]; [diš 30] ''ina'' itiše ''ina'' igi.lal''-šu''2 tur3 nigin2-''ma'' mulsipa.zi.an.na ''ina'' ša3-''šu''2 gub ''ina'' iti.bi an.mi ''gar-an'' "[If the Moon], during its appearance in the month of adar, is surrounded by a halo and the True Shepherd of Anu stands in it: there will be an eclipse in that month" [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":15" />, 162:126]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-[''iz''] LUGAL SU.KI ''kiš-šu''2-''tu''2 DU3''-uš'' KUR-''su i-na-aḫ-ḫi''-[''iš''] "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the True Shepherd of Anu stand[s] in it: the king of Subartu will attain world domination, his country will prosper." [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 302 r. 3-5], see also [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, 451:4-6].

(10) Acronical risings opposite the Moon; mulxSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana tar-ṣi-šu''2 ''ana'' U4-''ma'' E11-''ma'' "(this means that) the True Shepherd of Anu opposite the moon (i.e. Sina = Moon) rises acronically" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":6" />, 290; TU<ref name=":22">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 17:26].

(11) Venus and the True Shepherd of Anu; UD ''ina'' GUB.BA-''šu''2 EŠ4.DAR DU LUGAL KUR-''su'' BAL-''su'' "If Venus stands in his place: the king's country will revolt" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVIII 11]; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA DU KUR UR.BI ŠEŠ ŠEŠ KUR2-''ir'' / RI.RI.GA NAM.LU2.Ux.LU ''u'' MAŠ2.ANŠE GAL2-''ši'' "If Venus stands opposite the True Shepherd of Anu: brothers will feud with each other, there will be an epidemic among men and cattle in all countries." [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 46, VAT 10218:62], the parallel to this prediction in [ibid.<ref name=":7" />, 68, BM 75228:7] contains the explanation: [d''Dil-bat''] ''u'' d[SAG].UŠ "[Venus] and [Sat]urn," see also [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 180, K. 229 rev. ii 10; SAA 8, 254 r. 2-5]. See also: [...lu mu]lGU4.AN.NA lu mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA DU-''ma'' "She (= Venus) stands [... either in] the Heavenly Bull or in the True Shepherd of Anu" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 100, K. 35:8].

(12) Planets and the True Shepherd of Anu; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' mulSIPA.ZI..AN.NA ''i-mid'' UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAR.MEŠ "[If] a planet stands near the True Shepherd of Anu: there will be death in the land" [Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 246:61; TU<ref name=":22" />, 16:61], see also (Kurtik k29) [[KUR2.RA|lúKUR2.RA]].

(13) The True Shepherd of Anu (=Saturn) and the Star Cluster (=Pleiades); [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana'' 15 MUL.MUL ''i''[''q-r'']''ib'' d''En-lil''2 KUR [...] "[If] the True Shepherd of Anu comes [close] to the right side of the Star Cluster: Enlil, the country [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVIII 7]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana'' 2.30 MUL.MUL ''iq-rib'' SAL.KUR2 [...] "[If] the True Shepherd of Anu approaches the left side of the Star Cluster: military action [...] [ibid., XVIII 8], see also (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 12.

(14) Jupiter approaches the True Shepherd of Anu; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 33.

(15) Mercury stands with the Moon or with the True Shepherd of Anu; see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 28.
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Kurtik (2022) !! Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
==== (Kurtik sh14) (mul)Šitaddaru(m) ====
|
|-
|вар. чтения: šidallu, šitaddalu; аккадская параллель к mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA «Праведный Пастух Ану» в основном в лексических текстах, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA.
|
|-
|
==== (Kurtik s21) múlSIPA.ZI ====
|
|-
|вар.: múlSIPA.ZI; = сокращение от mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA «Праведный Пастух Ану»; 1) cозвездие в Орионе (Orion), 2) знак зодиака Близнецы в поздних астрономических, астрологических и календарно-ритуальных текстах.
I. Источники.

Дневники наблюдений. В названии нормальной звезды: MAŠ.MAŠ ša2 SIPA «(Звезда) Близнецов напротив Пастуха» (γ Geminorum) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–Ш, passim] (№ 10 в m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ). Поздняя астрономия, астрология и календарь. (1) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. а) BM 34452+: KI múlSIPA.ZI, KI múlSIPA «Область Праведного Пастуха Ану» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41–42]; Хунгер полагает, что múlSIPA здесь обозначает Сатурн [ibid., 42], что едва ли соответствует действительности. b) W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 9 // SIPA 3 // qaqqad(SAG.DU) ittidî(DARmušen) dām(UŠ2) MIN(=DARmušen) u kappi(PA) MIN(=DARmušen) MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 9 // Близнецы 30 // Голова турача, кровь турача и крыло турача — намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:9, а также 22]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9 [SpTU III, 105:6, 19].

См. также mulSIPA u MAŠ.MAŠ как обозначение знака зодиака Близнецы [SpTU II, 43:21; LBAT, 1600 obv. 5'] (m15MAŠ.MAŠ, I).
|
|-
|
==== (Kurtik s22) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ====
|
|-
| вар.: mulSIPA.AN.NA; шум. «Праведный Пастух Ану»; = ''šitadallu'' (''šidallu'', ''šitaddaru''); 1) созвездие в Орионе (Orion), 2) обозначение знака зодиака Близнецы в поздних текстах [CAD Š/3, 128; Gössman 1950, 348; BPO 2, 14]. См. также b01dBA.LIM, i01d''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'', p05dPAP.SUKKAL, s21SIPA. || Example
|-
| I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки: mulsipa.zi.an.na [MSL XI, 108:395; 133, col. viii 40; 143, col. x 17]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: mulsipa.e.ne = ''ti-ša-at-ta-lu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:155], mul dsipa.zi.an.na = ''ši-dal-lu'' [MSL XI, 30, 10:4], [mulsi]pa.zi.an.na = ''ši-t''[''a-d'']''a-rum'' [Cavigneaux 1979, 17:9], mulsipa.zi.an.na = ''ši-ta-ad-''[''a-ru''] [Cavigneaux 1981, 79.B.1/5 iv 2], mu[l]sipa.zi.an.na = ''ši-da-al-lu-''[''u''] [SpTU III, 114A v 18; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 105:274ʹ]. '''(3)''' Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulsipa.zi.an.na = ŠITA2.DAR = ''ša''2 ''ina kak-ki maḫ-ṣi'' [MSL XI, 41:44], mulsipa.zi.an.na = (пропуск) = ŠITA2.DA.[AL?] [SpTU III, 116 iii 13]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». '''(1)''' Старовавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: ''ši-ta-ad-da-ru-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:18], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; Von Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: ''ši-ta-da-ru'' [Dossin 1935, 181–182:18]. '''(2)''' Хеттская молитва: mul''Ši-pa-zi-a-na'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 44; BPO 2, 2:8; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:44]. '''(3)''' Новоассирийская молитва: [mulSI]PA.ZI.AN.NA [Oppenheim 1959, 283:14]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 62, 214 EAE 20 XII Rec. C: 7', 215 EAE 20 XII Rec B Source S r. 44, 218 EAE 20 Source Y:14, 285 App. 2.4 r. 26, 289–290; BPO 2, III 3b, 30–30a, IX 4, 14, X 4, XIV 8, XV 33–35, XVI 2, XVII 12, XVIII 1–3, 6–10; BPO 3, 286; Largement 1957, 246:61; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU I, 93:7'; SpTU IV, 162 r. 13]. '''''Текст HS 245''''' '''(''The Hilprecht Text'')'''. См. a33AN.TA.GUB. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц симану, звезды Эа, 240 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Менологии: itišu mulsipa.zi.an.na / dNin.šubur sukkal.maḫ An.na dInnin.bi.id.da.ke4 : itišu ''Ši-ta-ad-da-lu'' / d''Pap-sukkal'' sukkal ''ṣi-i-ru'' ''ša'' d''A-nim u'' d''Iš''8-''tar''2 «Дуузу, Праведный Пастух Ану, Ниншубур (акк. Папсукаль), благородный визирь Ану и Иштар» (A i 38–39, 45–47); параллель см. [Çağirgan 404:18–19], см. также [BPO 2 81; CAD Š/3, 128b; Емельянов 1999 79]. '''(2)''' Список (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(bi) gub-''zu'' / mulsipa.zi.an.na dnin.šubur / sukkal d''A-nim'' ''u''3 d''Iš''8-''tar''2 «Созвездие, которое позади него стоит (т.е. позади Челюсти Быка), Праведный Пастух Ану, Ниншубур, посланник Ану и Иштар» (B i 9–11), параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz, ''Ea'' 4]. '''(3)''' Список (3´12): itisig4 mulsipa.zi.an.na ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' «Симану: Праведный Пастух Ану (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 3). '''(4)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): [itisig4] mulsipa.zi.an.na mulur.gu.la mulmuš ˹e3˺ «[Симану:] Праведный Пастух Ану, Лев, Змея восходят» (С 17), b) [mu]lsipa.zi.an.na mulur.gu.la mulmuš ˹šu2˺ «(Кислиму): Праведный Пастух Ану, Лев, Змея заходят» [KAV 218, C 30; Horowitz 2014, 34, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц симану, звезды Эа: mu[lSIPA.ZI.AN.NA // 4,0] // ''su-kal-lum'' «[Праведный Пастух Ану // 240] // Посланник» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:7]. BM 34713. [itis]ig4 // 4,0 múlsipa.zi.<an>.na // 1,50 múlšu.gi // 55 múl''A-nu-ni-tu''2 «[С]иману: 240 Праведный Пастух Ану, 110 Старик, 55 Ануниту» [LBAT, 1499:3]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 6): mulsipa.zi.an.na [CT 33, 9 r. 10; Horowitz 1998, 176]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Ea'' 4. MUL KI.MIN(=''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'') mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA d''Nin-šubur'' (B: dPAP.SUKKAL) ˹SUKKAL˺ AN-''nim u''3 ''Iš''8-''tar''2 ''ana'' IM.SAG.GA2 «Звезда, которая стоит после него, Праведный Пастух Ану, Ниншубур (В: Папсукаль), визирь Ану и Иштар. (Для предсказания) раннего ветра (т.е. ‘низкой цены’)» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177, note 30]; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 30]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2; BPO 3; BPO 4]. '''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu'''''. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 157:53, 162:126]. '''''MUL.APIN.'' (1)''' Звезды Ану (№ 8): mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA d''Pap-sukkal'' SUKKAL d''A-nim u'' INNIN «Праведный Пастух Ану, Папсукаль, посланник Ану и Иштар» (I ii 2), параллель см. MLC 1688 (col. ii 10). '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: «10-го симану» (I ii 40), см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL. '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' ŠU2-''bi'' «Праведный Пастух Ану восходит, Пабилсаг заходит» (I iii 16), b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUZ3 KURmeš-''ma'' mulŠU.GI ''u'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ŠU2meš «Грудь Скорпиона и Коза восходят, Старик и Праведный Пастух Ану заходят» (I iii 26). '''(4)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša2'' mulGU4.AN.NA 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA 35 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 «20 дней от восхода Небесного Быка до восхода Праведного Пастуха Ану. 35 дней от восхода Праведного пастуха Ану до восхода Стрелы» (I iii 46–47). '''(5)''' Кульминации, одновременные гелиакическим восходам: 10-го симану Демон с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. '''(6)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA (I iv 33), см. s20''Sîn''. [MA, 31, 41, 48, 50, 56, 63, 68]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 381a; SAA 8, 352b]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulsipa.zi.an.na = šita.da.ra / ''ša''2 ''ina'' gištukul ''maḫ-ṣi'' «Праведный Пастух Ану = Шитадара, тот, кто оружием сражен»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Аккада; '''(3)''' 7 ''lumāšu''-звезд [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:163–164, 209, 227]; см. также mulmaš.tab.ba ''ša'' ''ina'' igi dpap.sukkal / mulsi[pa.z]i.<an.na> в списке 7 Небесных Близнецов и в списке 7 ''tikpi''-звезд [KAR, 142 i 28–29, 36]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. a) См. III. «Символ», а также d04DAR.LUGAL, m16MAŠ.TAB.BA. b) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / d''pap-sukkal'' SUKKAL d60 ''u an-tu''4 «Праведный Пастух Ану, Папсукаль, посланник Ану и Анту» (col. iv 19'–20') [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42]. '''''Список возгласов птиц''''' ('''''Birdcall texts'''''). ''it-ti-du-u''2mušen ''iṣ-ṣur'' d''ka''3-''ka''3 / mulsipa.zi.an.na ''uḫ-ta-b''[''il'']… «Франколин — птица божества Кака. (Ее крик): «Праведного Пастуха Ану ограби[ли] …» [Lambert 1970, 114–115:16]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(A)''' mulsipa.zi.an.na «Праведный Пастух Ану» (β Ori). '''(B)''' šu ''imittu''(15) ''u a-si-du'' / ˹egir˺-''u''2 ''ša''2 mulsipa.zi.an.na «правая рука и задняя (т.е. расположенная восточнее) пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану (ξ Ori, κ Ori)» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:1–3], см. d04DAR.LUGAL. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''A.''' mul šu zag sipa.[zi.an.na] «Правая рука [Праведного] Пастуха [Ану]» (ν Ori). '''B'''. ˹aga˺ mulsipa.zi.an.na «Корона Праведного Пастуха Ану» (λ1 Ori) [Walker 1995, 29; Koch 1995, 44; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105]. '''''Анафора'''''. А 3427: ''ina'' itisig4 ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 sipa ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) «В месяце симану утром 28-го дня Праведный Пастух Ану испускает ''mišḫu'' и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:10]. '''''Текст Nv. 10'''''. mulsipa.zi.[an.na] — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце абу, см. g06GAM3. «'''''Планисфера К 8538'''''». Сектор 3: [d''Pap-sukkal''] ''sukkal'' AN.NA <''u''> d''Ištar'' d''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'' mulSipa.zi.an.na «Папсукаль, посланник Ану (и) Иштар, Илабрат, Праведный Пастух Ану» [Koch 1989, 56, Abb. 2; 59]. '''''Текст W. 22281a.''''' См. m16MAŠ.TAB.BA. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA [SpTU I, 94:39]. '''(2)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: KA.DU10.GA // d''Nusku''(PA.TUG2) // itiSIG4 // mulSIPA.[ZI.AN.NA] «‘Сладкий рот’ есть Нуску; месяц симану; [Праведный] Пастух [Ану]» [SpTU IV, 159:6; Reiner 1995, 78]. Здесь mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA используется, по-видимому, как обозначение знака зодиака Близнецы, см. s21SIPA.

См. также mul''Sipa-zi-an-na'' [SpTU II, 42:7, r. 2], múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA [SpTU III, 102:4, 5; 103:19].

II. Божество.

Папсукаль, см. p05dPAP.SUKKAL. Имя en(!) sipa.zi.an.na как царское имя в допотопной части «Шумерского царского списка» см. [Jacobsen 1939, 74–75:20–21]. В плохо сохранившихся копиях списков богов, относящихся к серии AN:d''Anum'', встречаем также тождество: [d mulsi]pa.zi.an.na = dmin(=ddumu.[zi]) «Праведный [Пас]тух Ану = Думу[зи]»(?) [CT 24, 9:9; 25, 7:9a], свидетельствующее как будто о связи Думузи с созвездием; возражения см. [Foxvog 1993, 106] (см. также [Alster 1985]). В новоассирийском описании храмового ритуала VAT 10099 повествуется о борьбе Мардука с различными божествами, в том числе с mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA, которого Мардук побеждает (d''bēl'' mul''Sipa-zi-an-na ik-mu-ma'') [Livingstone 1986, 116: 6–7]. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Молитвы к ночным богам, см. выше. '''(2)''' Серия ''Šurpu'' (II 184): d''Ḫendur-sag-ga''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''lip-ṭu-ru'' «Пусть Хендурсага (и) Праведный Пастух Ану избавят» [Reiner 1970, 18]. '''(3)''' Гемерологии на 19-е нисана и 10-е тебету: pad-''su'' ''ana'' mulsipa.zi.an.na gar-''ma'' ''ma-ḫir'' «Жертвоприношение свое Праведному Пастуху Ану он приносит, и (оно) принято» [KAR, 178, ii 57, rev. ii 48; Labat 1939, 62–63, 134–135]. '''(4)''' Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): mulsipa.zi.an.na ''ilu'' ''ellu'' ''bānû'' [x].meš «Праведный Пастух Ану, светлый бог, защита […]» [BMS, 50:1; Ebeling 1953, 146–151; Mayer 1976, 431]. '''(5)''' Ритуал против эпидемии [TuL 163, 34:13]. '''(6)''' В серии ''bīt mēseri'', см. [Meier 1942, 142:17; Reiner 1995, 17]. '''(7)''' Обращения к Праведному Пастуху Ану как к божеству в медицинских текстах см. [Reiner 1995, 56]. '''(8)''' В астрологической географии Праведный Пастух Ану был связан с Сиппаром и Ларсой, см. ниже (VI 8). '''(9)''' Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA dPAP.SUKKAL SUKKAL d''A-nim u'' d''Iš-tar'' / […g]išPA ''mu-na''-ʼ''i-ir kiš-šat'' UN.MEŠ ''lu-šat-me-eḫ-ka'' […] «Праведный Пастух Ану, Папсукаль, посланник Ану и Иштар, […] скипетр, убивающий всех людей, пусть вручит тебе […]» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 4–5].

См. также [Tallqvist 1938, 441; CAD Š/3, 128b; Beaulieu 1992, 60–63].

III. Символ.

Бородатое мужское божество в длинной мантии и обычно в рогатой шапке с жезлом в одной руке и другой рукой, вытянутой вдоль тела. Предохранительные фигурки Папсукаля, иногда с надписями, помещались под платформами месопотамских храмов; самый ранний хорошо датируемый пример происходит из Ашшура (XII в. до н.э.) [Ellis 1967]. Описание фигуры созвездия в MLC 1866 (col. ii 10–12): mulSIPA..ZI.AN.NA d''pap-sukkal'' ''suk-kal-lum'' d60 ''u'' ''an-tu''4 / ''ṣa-lam šu-u''2 ''lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-biš'' ''ziq-nu za-qin ku-ur-ku-ru'' ''ša''2-''kin'' / MUD ''u'' ''nam-za-qa ta-mi-iḫ'' «Праведный Пастух Ану, Папсукаль, визирь Ану и Анту. Эта фигура человека, (которая) одета, бородата, имеет ''kurkurru'', / держит замок и ключ.» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40].

IV. Отождествление.

= Orion [Gössman 1950, 348, I; Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 73; Weidner 1957–59, 73a, 74; BPO 2, 11, 14; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Horowitz 2014, 248, Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

= Orion, фигура созвездия, соотнесенная со звездами, см. [Koch 1989, 117, Abb. 17].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Правая рука и пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану, находящаяся сзади, см. GU-текст.

(2) Правая рука Праведного Пастуха Ану» (ν Ori), см. dbn-текст.

(3) Корона Праведного Пастуха Ану (λ1 Ori), см. dbn-текст.

(4) Пуп Праведного Пастуха Ану (α Orionis), см. L06LI.DUR.

(5) Начальная часть Праведного Пастуха Ану, см. ниже.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Сатурн''; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 12.

(2) = ''Венера''(?); [''Sipa'']-''zi-an-na'' d''Dil-bat'' «Праведный [Пастух] Ану = Венера» [BPO 3, 262, K. 3384 rev. 2].

В [Gössman 1950, 348, III A] предполагаются также тождества: Праведный Пастух Ану = Марс(?), Меркурий(?), Юпитер(?), не имеющие, на наш взгляд, убедительных подтверждений.

Предсказания:

(3) ''Видимость звезд в Праведном Пастухе Ану''; [DIŠ ulSIPA.ZI].AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 UL.UL.MEŠ IDIM ''ug-dap-pa-šam-ma'' SAL.ḪUL [DU3-''uš''] «[Если] звезды [Праведного Пастуха] Ану мерцают (усиливают блеск): важная персона усилится и [совершит] злые дела» [BPO 3, XV 33], параллель: DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''it-ta-na-an-bi-ṭu'' / ''kab-tu ug-da-ap-pa-ša''2''-am-ma'' / ''le-mut-ti ip-pu-uš'' / mul''Dil-bat ina pa-an'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''ma'' «Если звезды Праведного Пастуха Ану усиливают излучение: важная персона станет чрезмерно могущественной и совершит зло, (это означает): Венера стоит перед Праведным Пастухом Ану» [SAA 8, 255 r. 6–7]; [DIŠ ulSIPA.ZI.A]N.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''un-nu-tu''4 NUN ''na-ram''? […] «[Если] звезды [Праведного Пастуха] Ану ослабели: наследный принц, любимец […]» [BPO 2, XV 34]; [DIŠmulSIPA].ZI.AN.N[A ''ina'' KI.GUB-''šu''2 …] ''u da-am'' KUR ''ana'' K[I.KAL NIGIN] «[Если] Праведный [Пастух] Ан[у (находится) в своем положении…] и он темный: страна [соберется] в кре[пости]» [BPO 2, XVIII 2]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''a-dir'' AN.MI d''Sin'' ''u'' dUTU ''ina'' KUR DU3.[A.BI GAL2] MAŠ2.ANŠE […] «[Если] Праведный Пастух Ану стал тусклым: [произойдут] затмения Луны и Солнца во вс[ех] странах, скот […]» [BPO 2, XVIII 9]; [DIŠ] mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 [x x] KA´MI BARA2 ''ina'' K[UR…] «[Если] Праведный Пастух Ану положение (свое) изменяет […] (и) становится тусклым: трон в стра[не…] [BPO 2, XVIII 6]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''meš-ḫa im-šu-uḫ'' LUGAL EN BALA ''ina šer''3-''t''[''i''-''šu''2] ''bu-bu''-ʼ-''tu''2 DIRI-''ma'' BA.B[E] «[Если] Праведный Пастух Ану испускает ''mišḫu'': царь, владыка династии, из-за своих преступлений покроется гнойниками и умрет» [BPO 2, XVIII 10]; [DIŠ] UD ''ina'' GUB.BA-''šu''2 MUL.MEŠ ''ma-lu-u''2 NAM.BAD.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ «[Если] в своем положении он (= Праведный Пастух Ану) наполнен звездами: будет мор» [BPO 2, XVIII 12].

(4) ''Пуп Праведного Пастуха Ану''; [DIŠ ulSIPA.ZI.]AN.NA LI.DUR-''su'' SA5 ''ina'' 15-''šu''2 MI GAL2-''ši'' BAL-''tum'' GA[L2] … «[Если] Пуп [Праведного Пастуха] Ану красный (и) на нем справа темное пятно: буд[ет] переворот …, тот, кто подобен своему господину, от оружия падет» [BPO 2, XV 32]; параллель [ibid., XVII 14]; [DIŠ] mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA LI.DUR-''su'' MI AN.MI UD.16.KAM […] «[Если] Пуп Праведного Пастуха Ану темный: 16-го (произойдет) затмение […]» [BPO 2, XVI 3; XVIII 5]; [DIŠ] mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA LI.DUR-''su'' ''it-ta-na-an-''[''bit'' …] «[Если] Пуп Праведного Пастуха Ану мерца[ет…]» [BPO 2, XIII 4], см. также L06LI.DUR.

(5) ''Гелиакический восход Праведного Пастуха Ану''; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' E3-''š''[''u''2 ''ša'']-''qu'' GAB I3.GAL2 «Если Праведный Пастух Ану при сво[ем] появлении (стоит) высоко: будет …» [BPO 2, III 3b]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' KI.[GUB-''šu''2] / [''ša'']-''qu ina'' SAG ITI-''šu''2 IGI MU [x x] «[Если] Праведный Пастух Ану в [своем] полож[ении] (стоит) высоко, (и) он появляется в начале своего месяца […]» [BPO 2, XVII 12], см. также [ibid., XVIII 3].

(6) ''Гелиакический восход раньше и позже установленного времени''; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' itiSIG4 IGI-''mar'' BE-''ma'' MUL B[I NIM-''ma'' IGI …] BE-''ma'' MUL BI ''uḫ-ḫi-ir-ma'' ITI-''šu''2 DIB-''ma'' IGI LUGAL KUR BI KUR-''s''[''u''…] «Праведный Пастух Ану восходит гелиакически в месяце симану; если эта звезда [восходит рано: …]; если эта звезда запаздывает, проходит свой месяц и восходит: царь этой страны сво[ю] страну […]» [BPO 2, IX 4], см. также [ibid., IX 14, X 4].

(7) ''Луна и Праведный Пастух Ану''; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 GUB ''ina'' MU BI LUGAL KUR GAL ''ana'' KUR TUR SILIM […] «Если Луна при своем появлении (и) Праведный Пастух Ану в ее начале стоит: в этом году царь великой страны с (царем) малой страны помирятся […]» [NSAM 2, 171, §7]; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB LUGAL ŠU2-''tam'' [DU3-''uš''] «Если (Луна при своем появлении и) Праведный Пастух Ану в ее середине стоит: царь превосходства надо всеми [добьется]» [NSAM 2, 171, §8]; d''Pap-sukkal'' KUR-''ma'' KI dUTU GUB d30 ''ina'' mul?SIPA.ZI.AN.<NA> ''ana''? GENNA KUR-''ma'' «Папсукаль взошел и стоит на месте(?) Солнца, Луна в Праведном Пастухе Ану Сатурна достигла(?)» [SpTU IV, 162 r. 12–13]; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana'' IGI [30 TE] / [UD].MEŠ BALA MAN GID2.DA [x x x] «Если Праведный Пастух Ану (= Сатурн) к передней части [Луны подходит близко: дн]и царствования будут долгими […]» [SAA 8, 544:4′–5′]; [DIŠ 30 MIN (= ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2) mulSI]PA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' LUGAL SU3 ŠU2-''tam'' DU3-''uš'' / [mulSIPA.ZI].AN.NA ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «[Если Луна при своем появлении] (и) Праведный [Пас]тух Ану в ней стоит: далекий царь могущества достигнет. [Праведный Пастух] Ану = Сатурн» [ACh Suppl., 7:25–26].

(8) ''Затмение Луны в Праведном Пастухе Ану''; DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''u''2-''lu'' mul''zi-ba-ni-tum a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ''Si-par u'' UD.UNUGki «Если (Луна) затмилась в области Праведного Пастуха Ану или в Весах: решение для Сиппара и Ларсы» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:40]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN UD.14.KAM AN.MI GAR-''an'' KA´MI-''su'' TU LUGAL ''ši-si-tu''4 UGU-''šu''2 ŠUB-''di'' / ''ina'' KI mulxSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ša''2-''niš ana tar-ṣi'' mulxPA.BIL.SAG BE.MEŠ «Если в месяце кислиму в 14-й день происходит затмение (Луны) и она садится затмившейся: царь, крик на него обрушится. (Если затмение происходит) в области Праведного Пастуха Ану, либо в направлении Пабилсага: чума» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 25–26], cм. также d04DAR.LUGAL, VI 1.

(9) ''Лунное гало и Праведный Пастух Ану''; DIŠ ''Sin'' TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 DU NIM.MEŠ KUR SI.SA2.MEŠ «Если Луна окружена гало и Праведный Пастух Ану (= Сатурн) стоит в нем: высоко лежащие земли страны будут процветать» [BPO 2, III 30a]; [diš 30] ''ina'' itiše ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 tur3 nigin2-''ma'' mulsipa.zi.an.na ''ina'' ša3-''šu''2 gub ''ina'' iti.bi an.mi gar-''an'' «[Если Луна] при своем появлении в месяце аддару окружена гало и Праведный Пастух Ану стоит в нем: в этом месяце будет затмение» [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 162:126]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-[''iz''] LUGAL SU.KI ''kiš''-''šu''2-''tu''2 DU3-''uš'' KUR-''su'' ''i-na-aḫ-ḫi-''[''iš''] «Если Луна окружена гало и Праведный Пастух Ану стои[т] в нем: царь Субарту достигнет мирового господства, его страна будет благоденствовать» [SAA 8, 302 r. 3–5], см. также [ibid., 451:4–6].

(10) ''Акронический восход напротив Луны''; mulxSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana tar-ṣi''-''šu''2 ''ana'' U4-''ma'' E11-''ma'' «(это означает, что) Праведный Пастух Ану напротив него (т.е. Сина = Луна) восходит акронически» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 290; TU, 17:26].

(11) ''Венера и Праведный Пастух Ану''; UD ''ina'' GUB.BA-''šu''2 EŠ4.DAR DU LUGAL KUR-''su'' BAL-''su'' «Если на его месте Венера стоит: страна царя взбунтуется» [BPO 2, XVIII 11]; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA DU KUR UR.BI ŠEŠ ŠEŠ KUR2-''ir'' / RI.RI.GA NAM.LU2.Ux.LU ''u'' MAŠ2.ANŠE GAL2-''ši'' «Если Венера стоит напротив Праведного Пастуха Ану: во всех странах брат будет враждовать с братом, эпидемия среди людей и скота будет» [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:62], параллель к этому предсказанию в [ibid., 68, BM 75228:7] содержит пояснение: [d''Dil-bat''] ''u'' d[SAG].UŠ «[Венера] и [Сат]урн», см. также [BPO 3, 180, K. 229 rev. ii 10; SAA 8, 254 r. 2–5]. См. также: […''lu'' mu]lGU4.AN.NA ''lu'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA DU-''ma'' «Она (= Венера) [… либо в] Небесном Быке, либо в Праведном Пастухе Ану стоит» [BPO 3, 100, K. 35:8].

(12) ''Планета и Праведный Пастух Ану''; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' mulSIPA.ZI..AN.NA ''i-mid'' UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAR.MEŠ «[Если] планета вблизи от Праведного Пастуха Ану стоит: в стране будут смерти» [Largement 1957, 246:61; TU, 16:61], см. также k29lúKUR2.RA.

(13) ''Праведный Пастух Ану'' (=''Сатурн'') ''и Звезды'' (=''Плеяды''); [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana'' 15 MUL.MUL ''i''[''q-r'']''ib'' d''En-lil''2 KUR […] «[Если] Праведный Пастух Ану при[близил]ся к правой стороне Звезд: Энлиль страну […]» [BPO 2, XVIII 7]; [DIŠ mul]SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana'' 2,30 MUL.MUL ''iq-rib'' SAL.KUR2 […] «[Если] Праведный Пастух Ану приблизился к левой стороне Звезд: военные действия […] [ibid., XVIII 8], см. также m35MUL.MUL, V 12.

(14) ''Юпитер приближается к Праведному Пастуху Ану''; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR, III 33.

(15) ''Меркурий стоит с Луной или с Праведным Пастухом Ану''; см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 28.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

SUḪUR.MAŠ2

2026-04-24T12:44:31Z

JanSafford: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Cap Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian Goat-Fish in Capricornus (painted by J. Gullberg 2021 for Stellarium).]]
[[File:Cap Bab stellarium R-Perdok.jpg|thumb|Babylonian Goat-Fish in Capricornus (painted by R. Perdok 2016 for LWL Planetarium Münster, Germany, here on Stellarium map).]]
mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2(ku6) (𒀯𒋦𒈧), Akkadian (mul)''Suḫurmāšu,'' "The Goat-Fish", is the Mesopotamian equivalent of the Greek Αἰγόκερος (The Goat-Horned), Latin [[Capricornus]]. Well documented in Mesopotamian art, the asterism is conceived with the head and front of a goat, with the back and tail of a fish. Hence the name Sumerian SUḪUR = Akkadian ''purādu'' (carp) + MAŠ2 = ''urīșu'' (billy goat). Sumerian writings occur both with and without the ku6 (fish)-determinative.

The abbreviation [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]] is used as the most common name for the asterism in late texts. An abbreviation SUḪUR on its own is also attested (see below).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variants:

* = ''suḫurmāšu'' "Goat-Fish" (lit. "Carp-Goat");
* (mul)SUḪUR (𒀯𒋦): abbreviation of mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 in later calendar-ritual and magical texts; MAŠ2 can also be used as an abbrevition of the name.

The “goat-fish” is emblematic animal of Enki/Ea.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

A constellation corresponding to modern Capricorn ([[Capricornus]]) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 344; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 14; Wiggermann 1992, 184-185].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulMAŠ2 [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 2:16; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:46].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 26a, 28b, 31a; BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; Verderame 2002<ref name=":3">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248; SpTU I<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 93:10'; SpTU IV<ref name=":5">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 6].
* Predictions of EAE (new reading based on photograph in [https://cdli.earth/artifacts/238211 CDLI P238211] (K2906+10108)):
** [DIŠ mu]l''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 TU-''ma''...
** "[If] Mars enters the area mulSUḪUR.MAŠ ..." [ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 34:16].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.

* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 12): mulsuḫur.maš2ku6 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 20; HBA<ref name=":6">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 105; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Ea (nos. 14, 15): mulMA2.GUR8 mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Ship and Goat-Fish" (I ii 34): (EA 14–15l)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
* (2) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, after mulPA.BIL.SAG, before mulGU.LA (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. indexes [SAA 10<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>104 r. 2, 6; 172 r. 7; SAA 8<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 73 r. 3].
|
|-
|'''Star List V R 46, 1:38.'''
* mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = d''Nabû''(PA) ''u'' d''Taš-me-tu''4 "Ship (and) Goat-fish = Nabû and Tashmetu" [HBA<ref name=":6" />, 52:38; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §r. ˹mulsuḫur˺.maš2ku6 "Goat-Fish" (β Cap), see (Kurtik a04) [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiBAR UD 1[5 KAM2...] / MURUB4 mulSUḪUR.[MAŠ2 ''šit-qu-lu''...]
** "On the 1[5th] of nisan (before sunrise) [...] the midpoint of the Goat-Fi[sh would be in equilibrium] (= culminates)" [SpTU I<ref name=":4" />, 95:1'-2'; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":10">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 99].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) S[I ...] "Hor[n of ( Goat-Fish) ...]" (β Capricorni).
* (b) S[UḪUR? ...] "(Front star) Go[at-Fish]" (γ Capricorni) [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 564:10′-11′].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) "Lunaries."
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulsuḫur.maš2 "Area of the Goat-Fish," astrological meanings: removal of evil from a person's house, removal from former positions, etc. [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 258-259: 11, 28, 49; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 193-197],
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik m22) [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]].
* (2) "Microzodiac". Subdivision of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 6th part is mulsuḫur.maš2 [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlSUḪUR.MAŠku6 ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of Goat-Fish was born..." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1593 rev. 9′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
* (4) Predictions of grain prices based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations (among them múlSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6) and other phenomena [SpTU I<ref name=":4" />, 94, passim], ''zibbat''(KUN) SUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Tail of the Goat-Fish" [SpTU I<ref name=":4" />, 94:36]. See also [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 102 r. 5; Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 336:11].
* (5) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the sign of the zodiac. DIŠ S[ina mulSUḪUR.MAŠ AN.MI GAR-''ma''...] "If the Mo[on eclipses in the Goat-Fish...]" [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 135: rev. 19], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
|
|-
|
===== (mul)SUḪUR =====
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
See (Kurtik m22) [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) W 22704 (recipe for making ointment + "dodecatemoria"):
** MIN(=ŠU) 2 // SUḪUR 14 // ''dām''(UŠ2) ''enzi''(UZ3) ''lipî''(I3.UDU) ''enzi''(UZ3) ''lipî''(I3.UDU) ''u šārat''(SIG2) ''enzi''(UZ3) ''tapaššaš''(ŠEŠ)
** "Duuzu 2 // Capricorn 140 // Blood of goat, fat of goat and wool of goat, you smear"
** [SpTU III<ref name=":03">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 104:2], and also [ibid.<ref name=":03" />, 104:15, 28]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu, see [SpTU III<ref name=":03" />, 104:2].
** W22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref name=":03" />, 105:12, 25].
|
|}
See also: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 = ''suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 28b] (Kurtik a18 [[AL.LUL]], VI 2), mulxSUḪUR.MAŠ2 (in unclear context) [SpTU IV<ref name=":5" />, 162 r. 6].
[[File:Sukhurmashu CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 193701.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sukhurmashu (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
! Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Deneb Algedi]]
|HIP 107556
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.83
|-
|2
|[[Dabih]]
|HIP 100345
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.08
|-
|3
|[[Algedi]]
|HIP 100064
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.58
|-
|4
|[[Nashira]]
|HIP 106985
|Inside the Hull
|3.67
|-
|5
|ζ Capricorni
|HIP 105881
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.74
|-
| 6
|θ Capricorni
|HIP 104139
|Constellation lines
|4.07
|-
|7
|ω Capricorni
|HIP 102978
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.12
|-
|8
|ψ Capricorni
|HIP 102485
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.122
|-
|9
|ι Capricorni
|HIP 105515
| Inside the Hull
|4.27
|-
|10
|24 Cap
|HIP 104234
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.5
|-
|11
|[[Alshat]]
|HIP 100310
|Inside the Hull
|4.76
|-
|12
|η Capricorni
|HIP 104019
|Inside the Hull
|4.84
|-
|13
|* rho Cap A
|HIP 101027
|Inside the Hull
| 4.93
|-
|14
| μ Capricorni
| HIP 108036
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.08
|-
|15
|υ Capricorni
| HIP 101984
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
| 16
|ϕ Capricorni
|HIP 104963
|Inside the Hull
| 5.152
|-
|17
|42 Cap
|HIP 107095
|Constellation lines
|5.18
|-
|18
|χ Capricorni
|HIP 104365
|Inside the Hull
|5.316
|-
|19
|29 Cap
|HIP 104974
|Inside the Hull
|5.317
|-
|20
|33 Cap
|HIP 105665
|Inside the Hull
| 5.366
|-
|21
|* 14 Cap A
|HIP 101923
|Inside the Hull
| 5.38
|-
|22
|30 Cap
|HIP 105143
|Inside the Hull
|5.383
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 105576
|Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 103389
|Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
|25
|35 Cap
|HIP 105928
|Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
|26
|19 Cap
|HIP 103226
|Inside the Hull
| 5.782
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 102026
|Inside the Hull
|5.799
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 102772
|Inside the Hull
|5.849
|-
| 29
| -
|HIP 103460
|Inside the Hull
|5.869
|-
|30
|44 Cap
|HIP 107232
| Inside the Hull
|5.879
|-
|31
|17 Cap
|HIP 102487
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
|32
| 45 Cap
|HIP 107302
|Inside the Hull
|5.949
|-
|33
|DV Aqr
|HIP 103545
|Inside the Hull
|5.963
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 104914
| Inside the Hull
|6.037
|-
|35
| 21 Cap
|HIP 103703
|Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 101221
| Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 101507
|Inside the Hull
|6.116
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 104297
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 39
| -
|HIP 101608
|Inside the Hull
|6.177
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 102780
|Inside the Hull
|6.193
|-
|41
|27 Cap
|HIP 104452
|Inside the Hull
|6.242
|-
| 42
|20 Cap
|HIP 103616
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 43
| -
|HIP 105662
|Inside the Hull
|6.373
|-
|44
|57 G. Aqr
|HIP 105079
|Inside the Hull
|6.402
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 101011
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|46
|EW Aqr
|HIP 104634
|Inside the Hull
|6.445
|-
| 47
| -
| HR 7989
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|48
|* rho Cap B
|HD 194943B
|Constellation lines
|6.88
|}
=== Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In the earliest images, the Goat-Fish is associated with the following: water, the jug from which water pours out, the god Enki/Ea, and is also confirmed in the texts [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 178-181; Wiggermann 1992, 184]. In astronomical texts the Goat-Fish is identified with the goddess of fate Tašmētu (Tašmētu), who was considered to be the consort of Nabu [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 381] (see Kurtik n02 [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]). The Goat-Fish also appears as an astral incarnation of Tiamat in the text BM 55466, where the night sky in the month of Tebetu is seen as an astral image of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu; ''ina qaq-qa-ri'' / múlmaš2 ''ti-amat pu-uḫ-ri ana ṣal-tu''4 "In the region (of the constellation) of the Goat-Fish, Tiamat, (the head of the warrior) assembly, for the battle (settled down)" [STC II<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, Pl. LXX rev. 3-4; Reynolds 1999<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Stellar Representations of Tiāmat and Qingu in a Learned Calendar Text // RAI. 1999. Vol. 42. P. 369-378.</ref>, 370-371]. In astrological geography, the Goat-Fish is associated with the cities of Eridu and Hit, see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]], VI 4.

==== Symbol. ====
A mythological character from Ea/Enki's entourage who had goat-like frontal features (head, horns, and a pair of legs) and fish-like features in the hind (torso and tail). Images are found from the Ur III (XXI century BC) to the Hellenistic periods on seals, kudurru, and as clay statuettes that had apotropaic significance [Frankfort 1939<ref>''Frankfort H.'' Cylinder Seals. London, 1939.</ref>; Braun-Holzinger 1996<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref>, Nr. 903-905, 907, etc.; Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 178; Wallenfels 1994<ref name=":11">''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).</ref>, nos. 661-714; Kurtik 1998, 41; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figs. 36, 37, 38, 48]. According to some descriptions, the Goat-fish also had a dogwood cane (eʼru) [Wiggermann 1992, 184]. It is not known exactly when this symbol acquired astral significance as a figure of the constellation mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6. Most of the known images do not contain astral signs, which appear only on seals from Hellenistic times [Wallenfels 1994<ref name=":11" />]. However, in the Old Babylonian period it seems to have already taken place. In astrology they distinguished between the frontal parts of the constellation - mulUZ3 "Goat" and the hind parts - mulKU6 "Fish" (see below), and they should not be confused with constellations with similar names that were outside the zodiacal belt. In the text W 22646, which, according to [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 107], contains a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations, Capricorn corresponds to the word u2-ri-ṣa "goat" [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43:10, 26].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Capricorn [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 344; Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 14; 1952-53, 219; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78a; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 11, 14; MA<ref name=":7" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":10" />, 272; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 248].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) SI MAŠ2 "Horn of the Goat-Fish" (β Capricorni).

(2) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 "The front star of the Goat-Fish" (γ Capricorni).

(3) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 "Rear star of the Goat-Fish" (δ Capricorni).

Stars (1)-(3) were used in the Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts as "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL.ŠID.MEŠ]].

(4) The middle star in the horn of the Goat-Fish, see (Kurtik m22) [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]].

(5) [...MU]L2? SIG ˹''ša''2 SI MAŠ2˺ "The lower [sta]r in the horn of the Goat-Fish" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III<ref name=":12">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No. -87 rev. 18].

(6) KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Tail of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" /> 84, K.6021 r. 13′; 248, K.2346+:58].

(7) SI MAŠ2 ''ar''2 "The hind horn of the Goat-Fish" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":12" /> 242, No.-307 B: 6′].

(8) SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Head of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" /> 194, K. 42+:24′].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Raven; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

(2) = Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 2.

(3) = Kidney; MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM ''ana'' IGI''-it'' mulŠUDUN DU-''iz'' mulBIR / mulŠUDUN: mulGU.LA mulBIR mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 "The star that stands ahead of the Yoke during windrise is the Kidney. Yoke = Giant, Kidney = Goat-Fish" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 31a].

(4) = Mars; [...mul''Ma-ak-r'']''u-u''2 mulKU6 KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 " [...Red Star (=Mars) = Fish = the tail of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 84, K. 6021+ rev. 13′].

(5) = Fish; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 9 and below (9).

(6) = Yoke; see below (8).

(7) = Goat; see below (8).

===== Predictions: =====
(7) Venus approaches Piscis Austrinus (=Great One, Aqr, after Goat-Fish); see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 9.

(8) Venus passes ahead of the Goat-Fish; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAŠ2 UD.2.KAM UD.3.KAM KUR-''ma ina'' SI m[ulUZ3] / ''E''3-''a'': ''ina'' itiAŠ2 UD.1.KAM ''ina'' SI mulŠUDUN [''iṭ-ḫi-m'']''a'' / ''i-ti-iq ṭe-em ina'' KUR ''i-ša''2-''an-ni'' / KI.MIN KI.TUŠ KUR KUR KUR2-''ir'' / mulUZ3: SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ mulŠUDUN: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ ''ina'' itiAŠ2 ''ina'' IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 DIB-''iq-ma'' "If Venus rises in the month of Shabbat on the 2nd (or) 3rd day and appears in the horn [of the Goat], var.: in the month of Shabbat on the 1st day [it comes close] and passes the horn of the Yoke: the order of the country will change, var.: the place of the country will become different; (explanation): Goat = the head (possibly the front part) of the Goat-Fish, Yoke = Goat-Fish, in the month of Shabbat, it (=Venus) passes in front of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 194, K.42:7], see also [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 196, K.12373:2].

(9) In Piscis Austrinus (behind the Goat-Fish) one star is red; [DIŠ ''ina'' ŠA3 m]ulKU6 1 MUL ''ma-diš'' ˹SA5˺ ... KU[N] ˹mul˺SUḪUR.MAŠ2 DU-''ma'' KU6.ME ḪA.A.ME ... "[If in] Pisces 1 star is very red: ... [Mars?] stands [in] the tail of the Goat-Fish: the fish will disappear ..." [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248, K.2346+:58]; here mulKU6 appears to denote the back of the constellation Goat-Fish, i.e., its tail.

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]], VI 4.

(11) Mercury becomes visible in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

(12) Mars in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|d''Ṣalbatānu'']], III 35.

[1] In writing ''suḫurmāšu'' we follow [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1055; SAA 8<ref name=":9" />; Borger 2004<ref>''Borger, R.'' Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste, Kevelaer/Neuenkirchen-Vlyun 1978–1981; Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, Münster 2004</ref>; SAA 10<ref name=":8" />; Verderame 2002<ref name=":3" />], although the only known syllabic entry suggests a longitude at the end of the word; accordingly the Chicago Dictionary gives: suḫurmašû [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 351a].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, h06)
!G. 190
|-
|mulḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA (𒀯𒄭𒈗𒈦𒂟𒄩)
should now be read [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2]]'''''.'''''

See the photograph in CDLI P238211 (K2906+10108).
|mulḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA
only found in the predictions from EAE: correct reading is now S.
|-
!Kurtik (2022, s23)
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|сокращение от mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Коза-Рыба» (= Козерог, Capricornus) в поздних календарно-ритуальных и магических текстах;
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». См. m22MAŠ2. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 2 // SUḪUR 14 // dām(UŠ2) enzi(UZ3) lipî(I3.UDU) enzi(UZ3) u šārat(SIG2) enzi(UZ3) tapaššaš(ŠEŠ) «Дуузу 2 // Козерог 140 // Кровь козы, жир козы и шерсть козы ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:2], а также [ibid., 104:15, 28]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:12, 25].
|Example
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s24 + s25)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= suḫurmāšu[1] «Коза-Рыба» (букв. «Карп-Коза»); созвездие, соответствующее современному Козерогу (Capricornus) [Verderame 2002 344; BPO 2, 14; Wiggermann 1992, 184–185].
I. Источники.

Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulMAŠ2 [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:16; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 26a, 28b, 31a; BPO 3, 286; Verderame 2002, 248; SpTU I, 93:10'; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 12): mulsuḫur.maš2ku6 [CT 33, 9 r. 20; HBA, 105; Horowitz 1998, 176]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 14, 15): mulMA2.GUR8 mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Корабль и Коза-Рыба» (I ii 34). (2) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, после mulPA.BIL.SAG, перед mulGU.LA (I iv 36), см. s20Sîn [MA, 39, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 104 r. 2, 6; 172 r. 7; SAA 8, 73 r. 3]. Список звезд V R, 46, 1:38. mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = dNabû(PA) u dTaš-me-tu4 «Корабль (и) Коза-рыба = Набу и Ташмету» [HBA, 52:38; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Dalbanna-текст. §r. ˹mulsuḫur˺.maš2ku6 «Коза-Рыба» (β Cap), см. a04A2mušen. Текст W. 22281a. ina itiBAR UD 1[5 KAM2…] / MURUB4 mulSUḪUR.[MAŠ2 šit-qu-lu…] «1[5-го] нисану (перед восходом Солнца) […] середина Козы-Ры[бы в равновесии] (= кульминирует)» [SpTU I, 95:1'–2'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) S[I …] «Ро[г (Козы-Рыбы) …]» (β Capricorni). b) S[UḪUR? …] «(Передняя звезда) Ко[зы-Рыбы]» (γ Capricorni) [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 564:10′–11′]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulsuḫur.maš2 «Область Козы-Рыбы», астрологические значения: удаление зла от дома человека, удаление с прежних позиций и др. [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 11, 28, 49; Емельянов 1999, 193–197], b) BRM IV, 19, см. m22MAŠ2. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 6-я часть — mulsuḫur.maš2 [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. (3) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlSUḪUR.MAŠku6 a-lid … «В области Козы-Рыбы родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 9′; Reiner 2000]. (4) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий (среди них múlSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6) и другим явлениям [SpTU I, 94, passim], zibbat(KUN) SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6 «Хвост Козы-Рыбы» [SpTU I, 94:36]. См. также [SpTU III, 102 r. 5; Civil 1974, 336:11]. (5) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ S[in ina mulSUḪUR.MAŠ AN.MI GAR-ma…] «Если Лу[на затмилась в Козе-Рыбе…]» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135: rev. 19], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 = suḫur-ma-šu-u2 [BPO 2, III 28b] (a18AL.LUL, VI 2), mulxSUḪUR.MAŠ2 (в неясном контексте) [SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].

II. Божество.

На самых ранних изображениях Коза-Рыба ассоциируется с водой, кувшином, из которого изливается вода, богом Энки/Эа, что подтверждается также текстами [Seidl 1968, 178–181; Wiggermann 1992, 184]. В астрономических текстах Коза–Рыба отождествляется с богиней судьбы Ташмету (Tašmētu), считавшейся супругой Набу [Tallqvist 1938, 381] (см. n02). Коза-Рыба выступает также в роли астрального воплощения Тиамат в тексте BM 55466, где ночное небо в месяце тебету рассматривается как астральное изображение сражения Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу; ina qaq-qa-ri / múlmaš2 ti-amat pu-uḫ-ri ana ṣal-tu4 «В области (созвездия) Коза-Рыба Тиамат, (глава воинского) собрания, для битвы (расположилась)» [STC II, Pl. LXX rev. 3–4; Reynolds 1999, 370–371]. В астрологической географии Коза-Рыба связана с городами Эриду и Хит, см. g27GU.LA, VI 4.

III. Символ.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Эа/Энки, у которого передняя часть (голова, рога и пара ног) была козлиная, а задняя часть (туловище и хвост) — рыбья. Его изображения встречаются с эпохи III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.) до эллинистического времени на печатях, кудурру, а также в виде глиняных статуэток, имевших апотропеическое значение [Frankfort 1939; Braun-Holzinger 1996, Nr. 903–905, 907 и др.; Seidl 1968, 178; Wallenfels 1994, № 661–714; Куртик 1998, 41; Куртик 2007, рис. 36, 37, 38, 48]. Согласно некоторым описаниям, у него имелась также кизиловая трость (eʼru) [Wiggermann 1992, 184]. В точности неизвестно, когда именно этот символ приобрел астральное значение как фигура созвездия mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6. Большинство известных изображений не содержит астральных признаков, которые появляются лишь на печатях эллинистического времени [Wallenfels 1994]. Однако в старовавилонский период, по-видимому, это уже имело место. В астрологии различали переднюю часть созвездия — mulUZ3 «Коза» и заднюю часть — mulKU6 «Рыба» (см. ниже), которые не следует путать с созвездиями, имевшими аналогичные названия, но находившимися за пределами зодиакального пояса. В тексте W 22646, который, согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, Козерогу соответствует слово u2-ri-ṣa «коза» [SpTU II, 43:10, 26].

IV. Отождествление.

= Capricorn [G. 344; Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; Weidner 1957–59, 78a; BPO 2, 11, 14; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272; Horowitz 2014, 248].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) SI MAŠ2 «Рог Козы-Рыбы» (β Capricorni).

(2) MUL2 IGI ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Передняя звезда Козы-Рыбы» (γ Capricorni).

(3) MUL2 ar2 ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Задняя звезда Козы-Рыбы» (δ Capricorni).

Звезды (1)–(3) использовались в «Дневниках наблюдений» в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL.ŠID.MEŠ.

(4) Средняя звезда рога Козы-Рыбы, см. m22MAŠ2.

(5) […MU]L2? SIG ˹ša2 SI MAŠ2˺ «Нижняя [звезд]а рога Козы-Рыбы» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III, No. -87 rev. 18].

(6) KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Хвост Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3 84, K.6021 r. 13′; 248, K.2346+:58].

(7) SI MAŠ2 ar2 «Задний рог Козы-Рыбы» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I 242, No.-307 B: 6′].

(8) SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Голова Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3 194, K. 42+:24′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Ворон; см. k24KU6, V 10.

(2) = Краб; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 2.

(3) = Почка; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM ana IGI-it mulŠUDUN DU-iz mulBIR / mulŠUDUN: mulGU.LA mulBIR mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Звезда, которая при восходе ветра впереди Ярма стоит, это Почка. Ярмо = Великан, Почка = Коза-Рыба» [BPO 2, III 31a].

(4) = Марс; […mulMa-ak-r]u-u2 mulKU6 KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 «[… Красн]ая звезда (=Марс) = Рыба = хвост Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3, 84, K. 6021+ rev. 13′].

(5) = Рыба; см. k24KU6, V 9 и ниже (9).

(6) = Ярмо; см. ниже (8).

(7) = Коза; см. ниже (8).

Предсказания:

(7) Венера подходит к Рыбе (= Коза-Рыба); см. k24KU6, V 9.

(8) Венера проходит впереди Козы-Рыбы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAŠ2 UD.2.KAM UD.3.KAM KUR-ma ina SI m[ulUZ3] / E3-a: ina itiAŠ2 UD.1.KAM ina SI mulŠUDUN [iṭ-ḫi-m]a / i-ti-iq ṭe-em ina KUR i-ša2-an-ni / KI.MIN KI.TUŠ KUR KUR2-ir / mulUZ3: SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ mulŠUDUN: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ ina itiAŠ2 ina IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6 DIB-iq-ma «Если Венера в месяце шабату восходит во 2-й (или) 3-й день и появляется на роге [Козы], вар.: в месяце шабату в 1-й день [она подходит близко] и проходит рог Ярма: порядок в стране изменится, вар.: место страны станет другим; (пояснение): Коза = голова (возможно, передняя часть) Козы-Рыбы, Ярмо = Коза-Рыба, в месяце шабату она (=Венера) проходит впереди Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3, 194, K.42:7], см. также [ibid., 196, K.12373:2].

(9) В Рыбе (= задняя часть Козы-Рыбы?) одна звезда красная; [DIŠ ina ŠA3 m]ulKU6 1 MUL ma-diš ˹SA5˺ … KU[N] ˹mul˺SUḪUR.MAŠ2 DU-ma KU6.ME ḪA.A.ME … «[Если в] Рыбе 1 звезда очень красная: … [Марс? в] хвосте Козы-Рыбы стоит: рыбы исчезнут …» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:58]; здесь mulKU6, по-видимому, обозначает заднюю часть созвездия Коза-Рыба, т.е. ее хвост.

(10) Затмение Луны в Козе-Рыбе; см. g27GU.LA, VI 4.

(11) Меркурий становится виден в Козе-Рыбе; см. k24KU6, V 10.

(12) Марс в Козе-Рыбе; см. ts02dṢalbatānu, III 35.
----[1] При написании suḫurmāšu мы следуем [AHw, 1055; SAA 8; Borger 2004; SAA 10; Verderame 2002], хотя единственная известная силлабическая запись предполагает долготу на конце слова; соответственно Чикагский словарь дает: suḫurmašû [CAD S, 351a].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, s24)
|
|-
|
=== (mul)''Suḫurmāšu'' ===
|
|-
|редко используемая аккадская параллель к mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Коза-Рыба» (букв. «Карп-Коза»), месопотамский эквивалент греческого Козерога, см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Cap]]

Ṣalbatānu

2026-04-24T12:40:06Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ṣalbatānu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / d''Ṣalbatānu'' (𒀯𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡) is the most common name for Mars in cuneiform. Many names for Mars are also available, particularly in the Great Star List (Koch-Westenholz??-??) where most of these names are malefic reflecting the planet's unlucky character in astrology. For benefic and malefic planets in general see Rochberg 2010<ref>Rochberg, F. (2010). In the Path of the Moon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.</ref> reprinted in Rochberg 2022: 135-142.

==Visibility & Appearance==
{{Template:Mars}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The most common name for Mars, occurring in texts of all categories [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 360; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> Ṣ]. The exact meaning and etymology uncertain.<ref name=":17">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' (AN 21l).<ref name=":17" />

ul / d''Ṣal'' is a rarely used abbreviation for mul / d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Mars." See ''dṢal'' in [TCL 6<ref name=":1">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13 obv. ii 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, rev. ii 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.</ref>, 213-214, 221 note 19], and ''ulṢal'' GUR''4'' "Brilliant Mars" in the circular chart [TCL 6<ref name=":1" />, 13 obv.; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2" />, 224]. See also [Hunger 1969, 138].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Urra XXII series: [mulU]DU.BAD / mul''udu-til'' = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "[P]lanet = Mars" [MSL XI, 31, section 10:10; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 106:281ʹ].
*(2) Series Ḫg. B VI, list of names for Mars: mulsa5 = ''ma-ak-ru-u''2 = d''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu''] "Red (star) = red = M[ars]", mulsa5(DIRI) = ''mi''3-''qit i-šat'' = [MIN] "Red star = Falling fire = [Mars]", mulŠul = ''lum-num''2 = MIN "Evil (star) = evil = Mars", mulnu. me.a = ''ba-lum'' = MIN "Nonexistence = lack (lack, lit. "without") = ditto(Mars)", mul lúsa.gaz = ''ḫab-ba-tum'' = MIN "(Star)-robber = robber = ditto (Mars)", mullul.la = ''sa-ar-rum'' = MIN "Lying (star) = lie = lie = ditto (Mars)", mul lúkur2.ra = ''na-kar'' = MIN "(Star)-enemy = enemy = ditto (Mars)", mul lúKUR2.RA = ''ša''2-''nu-um-ma'' = MIN "Stranger = stranger = ditto (Mars)", mulur.bar. ra = ''a-šu-u'' = MIN "Wolf = Stranger = ditto(Mars)", mulnim.ma = (space) = MIN "Asterism of Elam = (space) = ditto (Mars)", mulgig = ''kakkab''(MUL) ''šib-ṭi'' <''u''> ''mūtāni''(NAM.BAD)meš = MIN "(Star)-Disease = Star of plague and death = ditto(Mars)" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:28-38]; for a parallel see. [SpTU III<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 Rs. iii], see also related articles.
*(3) Antagal series (G 309): dsi.mu.ud = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229].
|Example
|-
|'''Early evidence from the end of the Old Babylonian (Early Kassite?) period.'''
*(1) A prediction text describing the extirpation: mul''ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-na-ap-pa-ḫa-am-ma bu-la u''2-''ḫal-la-aq'' "Mars will rise and destroy the cattle" [Nougayrol 1971<ref name=":18">''Nougayrol J.'' Nouveaux textex sur le ''ziCCu'' (II) // RA. 1971. Vol. 65, № 1. P. 67-84.</ref>, 72, AO 7539:62]; an unpublished parallel from Ras Shamra (RS 23.38* rev. 13′) is mentioned in [ibid.<ref name=":18" />, 82].
*(2) Ancient Babylonian prediction text on lunar eclipses (BM 22696:23): [''Ṣa-al-b'']''a-ta-nu-um i-ta-ab-bi-am-ma bu-lam u''2-[''ḫal-la-aq'']-''ma'', cited in [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":19">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 235, note 2].
*(3) Ancient Babylonian prediction text on lunar eclipses (BM 86381 i 22f.): ''ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-ta-bu-ma bu-lam u''2-''ḫal-la-aq'' "Mars will rise and destroy the cattle," quoted in [Rochberg-Halton 1988''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22)., 125, note 7].
*(4) A list of predictions concerning "the darkening (or eclipse) of the sun" (dUTU ''a-di-ir''): BE DINGIR ''u''2-''du-ri-iš i-ru-ub'' d''Ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu-um i-ša-aḫ-ḫ-ḫ-ḫi-iṭ-ma'' [...] / ''bu-ul'' GIR3 (possibly -''am'') ''u''2-''ḫa-al-la-aq'' "If the god (= sun?) darkens (var: gloomily flickers): Mars is angry(?) [...], livestock will die?" [Dietrich 1996<ref>''Dietrich M.'' Altbabylonische Omina zur Sonnenfinsternis // WZKM 86, 99-106.</ref>, 101: p. 26-27]; see also below III 14-15.
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe P.

*Month of Kislimu, stars of Enlil, 120 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

Astrolabe B.

*(1) List (12´3): mul ''ša ina'' igi d''E''2-''a'' gub / mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' kal mu / [''man'']-''za-za-za-za ut-ta-na-kar'' "The star that stands in front of Ea (is) Mars, (which) changes its position all year long" (B i 23-25); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":4">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 10].
*(2) List (3´12): [itigan m]ul''ṣal-bat-a-nu šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "[Kislimu]: Mars (rising) (in the path of) Ea " (C i 9).
*(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m):
**(a) [itigan] mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulud.ka.du8. a muluz3 ˹e3˺ "[Kislimu]: Mars, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, and the goat arise" (C 29),
**(b) mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulud.ka.du8.a muluz3 šu2.[a] "(Simanu): Mars, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, and the Goat desce[nd]" [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 18; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 37, 40].

BM 82923.

*Kislimu month, stars of Ea: mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' // 2 // ''mu-u''2''-tu'' "Mars // 120 // death" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:25].

BM 34713.

*itigan // 2.0 ''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' // 1.10 múlgir2.tab // 35 múl[lugal] "Kislimu: 120 Mars, 70 Scorpius, 35 [King]" [LBAT<ref name=":5">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:9].

"Round astrolabes."

*See 162. itigan.gan.u3 // mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' // 2.00 "(Stars of Ea), kislimu, Mars, 120" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 11].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":6">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 62, 125 D ii 5, 187 §II 7-8, 235 §II 2 D 8′ + note 2, 253 EAE 22 part I § I 3; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 8a-b, 11a, 11c, 13a, 26-26a, V 1a, XI 7; BPO 3<ref name=":8">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; Borger 1973<ref name=":9">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al., 38-55. Leiden, 1973.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 8′-12′, 16′, 37′-39′; Largement 1957<ref name=":10">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264.</ref>, 244:46, 248:74, 254:107, 109; Verderame 2002<ref>Verderame 2002</ref>, 248-249; SpTU I<ref name=":11">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 92:2′; SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:5,6; SpTU V<ref name=":12">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264].
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10. Intercalation scheme'''
*[...mul''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu'' as the star Anu is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of arahsamnu, see (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars."'''
Ea. 10.

*MUL SA5 ''ša a-na'' IGI d''E''2-''a'' GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB-''šu''2 ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' dUTU.E3 ''mi''-[''šil'' MU] / ''i-na'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ''ka-la'' MU KI.GUB-''šu''2 ''ut-ta-na-kar'' MUL ''šu-u''2 mulUDU.IDIM d[''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''] "The red star, that stands in front of Ea, is positioned at the place where the Sun rises for half of the year, and then at the place where the Sun sets for the other half of the year, for the duration of the whole year, the position of the star changes, this star — the planet [Mars]"

(A. 11-12).

*MUL SA5 ''ša''2 IGI d''E''2-''a'' kal MU KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "The red star that is in front of Ea changes (its) position all year long, (it is) Mars" (B. 13) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":4" />, 177] (in A. 11-12: KI.GUB-''šu''2 ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' dUTU.E3 ''mi''-[''šil'' MU] / ''i-na'' dUTU.ŠU2.A, probably erroneously borrowed from Anu 1, see (Kurtik i18) ''[[Ištar]]''.
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 380b; SAA 8<ref name=":13">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 351-352].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Anu (No. 21): mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir-ma'' AN-''e ib-bir'' "Mars, its position constantly changes and it crosses the sky" (I ii 14) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":20">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>]
*(2) Planets, "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL d''Sin'' DU''-ku'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' DU-''ak'' "Mars takes (the same) path that the Moon takes" (II i 4) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":20" />]
*(3) List and definition of planets: mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' in fourth place, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(4) Planetary theory:
**(a) mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' dUTU.ŠU3.A TUM3-''ma'' 2 ITI KIMIN 3 ITI 10 ''u''4-''mi'' KIMIN 6 ITI 20 ''u''4-''mi ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ''ina'' KASKAL dUTU SAR-''ḫa'' IGI.LA2 "Mars disappears in the west and remains (invisible) in the sky for 2 months, or 3 months (and) 10 days, or 6 months (and) 20 days and rises and becomes visible in the east in the path of the Sun" (II i 51-52), [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":20" />]
**(b) mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' dUTU.E3 IGI.LA2-''ma'' MU 1 KAM 6 ITI KIMIN / MU 1 KAM 10 ITI KIMIN 2 MU.AN.NAmeš / ''ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3 MUL BI BE-''ma'' SA5 GAR ''u ba-il''3 BE-''ma un-nu-un u'' TUR "Mars becomes visible in the east, stands in the sky for 1 year (and) 6 months or 1 year (and) 10 months, or 2 years (and then) disappears in the west. This star either reveals redness and has great brilliance, or it is dim(?) and small" (II i 64-65) [[Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":20" />].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
*(1) List of astrological names for Mars: AN AN NI x [x], mul[…], mul''ma-ak-ru-u'', mulsa5, mulsig7, [mu]lman-''ma'', mul''a-ḫu-u'', mul[''n'']''a-ka-ru'', mul''s''[''ar''6]-''ru'', mulḫul, mulka5.a, mulnim.ma, mullu2.sa.gaz, mulur.bar.ra, multi8mušen, mul''lu-um-nu'', mul''si-mu-ut'', mulla šid.meš, mulapin, mulšudun, mulšu.pa, mulbal.teš2.a, mulug5.ga, mulbir, mulnunki, mulud.ka.duḫ.a, […] = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'';
*(2) ''ul'' babbar = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "White star = Mars";
*(3) 12 stars of Amurru: mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'';
*(4) 7 names of Mars: ulman-''ma'', mul''a-ḫu-u''2 ul''na-ka-ru'' / ul''sar''6-''ru'' ulḫul ulka5.a ulnim.maki / ul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / 7 ''zik-ru-šu'' "Strange Star, Star of the Stranger, Hostile star, Lying star, Evil star, Fox, Asterism of Elam — Mars, 7 are his names";
*(5) list of planets: ul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' in last place (see Kurtik u07 [[UDU.IDIM]]) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 83-105, 168, 219, 239, 243].
|
|-
|'''Star List VR 46, 1:42.'''
*a) muludu.idim = ''muš-mit bu-lim'' "Planet = the one who kills cattle,"
*b) mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' = ''muš-ta-bar-ru-u''2 ''mu-ta-nu'' "Mars = the one who prolongs the plague" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:41-42; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":14">''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 353].
|
|-
|'''MLC 1866.'''
For a list of the 7 planets, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
*А 3427: ''ina'' itigan ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "In the month of kislimu on the morning of the 28th day, Mars emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":15">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA 55 (N.F. 17), 237-251.</ref>, 238:4], parallel in Sp II 202+: ''ina'' gan ''ina še-rim'' [28 múl''ṣal'']-''bat-a-nu meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":15" />, 245:21].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical astronomy.'''
*d''Ṣal-bat-a-ni'' instead of AN in the singular text [ACT<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>, No. 802 r. 7].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) The nature of the influence.
**(a) DIŠ d[''Ṣal-bat-a-nu pit''2-''ru-us na-an-ziq ḫa'']-˹''an-ṭu-su''˺ "If [Mars (appears): (this sign) is ambiguous; (it will be) qui]ck [to anger]."
**(b) DIŠ KI d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' UŠ2 GIG UŠ2 UR.MAD ''u''2-''lu'' UŠ2 GIŠ.TUKUL LUGAL "If the region of Mars: death by disease, death by a lion, or death by a king's weapon" [TCL 6<ref name=":1" />, 13 obv. ii 2, 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2" />, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b 324-325].
*(2) "Hypsoma". KI ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 ''ša''2 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MUL2.U[Z3...] "The secret place of Mars. [Capricorn?...]" [STC I<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref> 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.</ref>], quoted in [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":6" />, 55:31], see also (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(3) Zodiacal astrology. ''aš''2-''šu''2 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' múlMAŠ.MAŠ KI ''Sin'' MAŠ.TAB.BA U3.TU "Since Mars (stands) in Gemini with the Moon [or: in the place of the Moon - G.K.]: twins will be born" [LBAT<ref name=":5" />, 1593:9′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(4) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the position of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac.
*BM 36746+: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'', passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
*(5) Predictions of grain prices based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: d''Ṣal-bat-an'', d''Ṣal-bat-an-nu'', mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [SpTU I<ref name=":11" />, 94, passim].
*(6) Predictions of enemy attacks from observations of the positions and visibility of planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6<ref name=":1" />, 13 obv. ii 11, 17, 19, 21, 21, 22, 25, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2" />, 213-214, 216].
|
|}
Non-standard syllabic notation: mul''Ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu'' (AO 7539 r. 17) [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Rituels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>, 79, note 2]. See also [SpTU I<ref name=":11" />, 97:1; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42:10; SpTU V<ref name=":12" />, 261 r. 8-23, 264 passim, 269 r. 6].

===Additional===

====Deity.====
The planet Mars was associated with Nergal, lord of the underworld, who was also regarded as the god of plague, war, and destruction (see n18). The name is often spelled with the determinative d. The origin of the name Ṣalbatānu appears to be mysterious [HCH<ref>''Hunger H., Stephenson F.R., Walker C.B.F., Yau K.K.C.'' Halley's Comet in History / Ed. by F.R.Stephenson and C.B.F.Walker. L.: British Museum Publ., 1985.</ref> 16; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 7]. Lambert suggests that ṣalbatānu derives from ṣarbatānu, a rare form of the adjective formed from ṣarbû, lit. "pertaining to poplar," and connects it presumably with dlugal.giš.asal2 = [''be-el ṣa'']''r''-BE (AN:d''Anum'' VI 72 [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 205]), a deity from Nergal's retinue [Lambert 1996<ref name=":16">''Lambert W.G.'' The etymology and meaning of ialbatānu // NABU. 1996, no 4, p. 108, 123).</ref>; Brown 2000<ref>''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 55]. However, it remains unclear why the most widespread name of Mars, whose astrological significance seems to be enormous, is associated with such an insignificant figure of the Mesopotamian pantheon? The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the Babylonian name of Mars as the following: Βελέβατος. ὁ τοῡ πυρὸς ἀστήρ. Βαβυλώνιοι. "B/Celebatos: fire star: Babylonians," derived apparently from Akkadian Ṣalbatānu [TLG 4085-002 Β 479], see also [Lambert 1996<ref name=":16" />; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":14" />, 350].

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
*(1) In the Šurpu II 182 series of incantations: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' ... ''lip-ṭu-ru'' "Mars ... let him free." [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18].
*(2) On the ritual of "laying on of hands" (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) performed in front of Mars, cf. [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 206 r. 5′-6′; 240:10; 262:5-8], as well as (Kurtik k08) [[Kayyamānu(m)|''Kayyamānu'']].
*(3) On the ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revitalizing" the deity statue, see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]], II.
*(4) For the Namburbi series, see. [Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA 48, № 1, 1-15.</ref>, 12-13:7].
*(5) Deities witnessing the treaty: mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' (in the fifth place after Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, and Mercury) [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 29, 6 iv 15]; parallel in [Wiseman 1958<ref>''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.</ref>, 29: col. i 15].
*(6) Letter to Ashurbanipal from his son, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
*(7) Temple ritual at Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(8) Invocation of the blessing of the gods on the king, among whom is Mars, see (Kurtik u07) [[SAG.ME.GAR]]. [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 8:11].
*(9) A ritual against the evil portended by Mars; when the ritual was performed, a prayer was recited: ina ḪUL mul''ṣal-bat-a-n''[''u''] / ''ša a-dan-šu''2 ''u''2-''še-ti''-[''qu-u-ni''] / ''u''3 ''ina'' ŠA3 mulLU2.ḪUN.GA2 ''i''[''n-na-mir-u-ni''] ... "In the evil (foreshadowed) by Mars, who has exceeded his fixed (term) and appeared in the constellation of the Hired Man: let his evil not approach, nor pass close, nor crush me, nor affect me, my country, the men of my palace, nor my army."'" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 381: 5 - r. 4].
*(10) Ritual actions with the sacred drum before Mars and Saturn; UD-25-KAM2 ''ina nu-bat''-[''ti''] / LI.LI.IZ3 ''ina'' IGI d[U].GU[R] / ''ina'' UGU ''ku-zip-pi'' / ''ša'' LUGAL ''iš-šak-kan'' / ''ša'' dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''is-se-niš'' / ''ne''2''-pu-uš'' "On the 25th day (of the month), at nig[ht], a drum will be placed in front of [N]erga[l] (= Mars) on top of the royal robes. At the same time we will perform (the chants of) Saturn" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 340:9 - p. 2].

====Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
(1) = Red Star; see (Kurtik s04) [[SA5|SA5]], and also (Kurtik h08) [[ḪUL]], III 3.

(2) = Red planet; see (Kurtik s04) [[SA5|SA5]], II, (Kurtik m03) ''[[Makrû]]'', III 2.

(3) = The star Eridu; see (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]], VI 2.

(4) = Plow; see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN]], VI 1.

(5) = Eagle; see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]], VI 3.

(6) = Meslamtea; see (Kurtik m24) [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]].

(7) = Star Cluster; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 1, 15-16.

(8) = Wolf; mulUR.BAR.RA = mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 48:5], see also (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 1, (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]], VI

(9) = Bow; see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]], VI 13.

(10) = Yoke; see below (22).

See also the identifications: [m]ulUR.GU.LA: mulUR.BAR.RA: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Lion = Wolf = Mars", mulKA5.A: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Fox = Mars" [SpTU I, 50:37-38], SI E d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "SI E = Mars"(?) [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 132, K.2907+: I 2].

See also (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', (Kurtik g14) [[GIG]], (Kurtik h08) [[ḪUL]], (Kurtik k29) [[KUR2.RA|lúKUR2.RA]], (Kurtik L17) [[LUL.LA]], (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], (Kurtik n23) [[NIM.MA]], (Kurtik n48) [[NU.ME.A]], (Kurtik s01) [[SA.GAZ|lúSA.GAZ]], (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]], (Kurtik sh12) [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']], (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].

=====Predictions:=====
(11) General astrological meaning; [d''ṣal-bat-a-nu''] ''a-na mu-ta-ni qa-bi'' "[Mars] is said to (predict) death" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 114:3].

(12) The visibility of Mars; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM GU4.UD d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MU.NI ''ša''2-''ru-ru iš-ši'' LUGAL NIM.MAki ''i-dan''-[''nin''] "If the leaping planet, whose name is Mars, radiates: the king of Elam will be strengthen[ed]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":10" />, 244:46; TU, 16:46] (for a parallel see [SpTU I, 92:2]), Mercury's standard designation GU4.UD = ''šiḫṭu'' "Leap," here given apparently by mistake; [DIŠ] d''ṣal-bat-a-nu um-mu-liš'' KUR-''ma'' ŠE.ER.ZI.MEŠ-''šu''2 SIG7 / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 "[If] Mars rises flickering and it emits in yellow-green: the king of Elam will die" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 114:6-7], see also [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 100: 18-19], (Kurtik n19) [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']], IV 1; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu u''2-''ta-na-at-ma'' SIG5 ''ib-il-ma a-ḫi-tu''2 "If Mars becomes weak, it is good, (if it becomes) brilliant, it is bad" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 114 r. 3]; DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [ŠE.ER.ZI IL2-''ši''] / LUGAL ''i-dan-nin-''[''ma'' NIG2.TUK x x] "If Mars [bears radiance]: the power and [welfare] of the king will increase" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 104 r. 10-11]; DIŠ ''ina'' AN-''e mi-i''[''š-ḫu ša'' mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' IGI] / RI.RI.GA: [ŠUB-''tim bu-lim ina'' KUR GAL2] "If the mi[šḫu of Mars is seen in the sky: (there will be) an epidemic, var: [there will be cattle grazing in the country]" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 104 r. 12-13].

(13) The rising of Mars in various months; [DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-n'']''u ina'' itiŠU IGI.LAL KI.NA2 ''qu-ra-di'' DAGAL "[If Mar]s becomes visible in the month of duzu: cemetery of warriors will increase" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 114:2], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 143 r. 4; 341:1-2]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' IGI-[''ir''] / BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 / ŠA3-''bi'' KUR DUG3-''ab'' "If Mars becomes visible in the month of ulul: the harvest of the country will be abundant; the heart of the country will be happy" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 419:1-3]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiGUD mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' IGI.LAL MI2.KUR2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ / ''šal-pu''2-''tim'' ERIM-''man-da'' / ERIM-''man-da'' LU2.gim-''ra-a-a'' "If Mars becomes visible in the month of ayar: there will be hostilities; destruction of Umman-manda, Umman-manda (means) the Cimmerians" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 100:25].

(14) The rising/setting of Mars and the destruction of livestock; dUDU.IDIM SAR-''ma'' MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 "The planet will rise and destroy livestock" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":19" />, 235, EAE 20, § II.2 + note 2], see also (15); mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' TU-''ma'' MAŠ2.ANŠE ZA[Ḫ2] "Mars will set and destroy cattle" [ibid., 170, EAE 19, Section III, Source A: 8].

(15) The eclipse of the Moon, the rising of Mars, and the destruction of cattle; DIŠ UD.16.KAM AN.MI GAR ''im-ḫul-lu'' KUR-''ma'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 "If an eclipse (of the Moon) occurs on the 16th day (of the month): a hurricane will come, Mars will rise and rui[n] the cattle" [ibid. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":19" />, 253, EAE 22 part I § I:3].

(16) Mars stands in the east; [DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu ina'' IM.KUR.RA GUB-''iz'' ZI''-ut'' SU.BIR4ki / ''u''3 ''kaš-ši-i a-na'' KUR "[If Ma]rs stands in the east: Subartu and the Kassites will attack the country" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 81 r. 1-2; 114:4-5].

(17) Mars stands in the north; [DIŠ] ˹d˺UDU.IDIM ''ina'' IM.SI.SA2 GUB-''iz'' / UŠ2.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ ZI-''bu'' LUGAL URIki ''ana'' KUR KUR2 "[If] the planet(=Mars) stands in the north: there will be death; an attack on the king of Akkad in enemy territory" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" /> 81 r 1-2; 114:5] [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 341:3-4].

(18) Mars’ influence on the stars; [DIŠ mul]UDU.IDIM MUL.MEŠ AN-''e u''2-''lap-pat'' / LUGAL KUR.KUR ''u''2-''qat-ti'' / d''ṣal-bat-a-nu i-ba-il-ma'' / MUL.MEŠ ''u''2-''lap-pat-ma'' "[If] a planet influences the stars of the heavens: the king will overpower (lit. finish off) (all) countries, (meaning): Mars has great brilliance and influences the stars" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 327 r. 3′-6′].

(19) Mars is the Star of the Western Country (=Amurru); mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MUL KUR MAR.TUki / ḪUL ''ša''2 KUR MAR.TUki ''u'' NIM.MAki "Mars is the star of Amurru; evil for Amurru and Elam" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 383 r. 5-8], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 412 r. 2].

(20) Mars is the star of Subartu; d''ṣal-bat-a''-[''nu'' MUL ''ša''2] KUR SU.BIR4ki ''ba-ʼi-il'' / ''u''3 ''ša-ru''-[''r'']''u na-ši'' SIG5 ''ša''2 KUR SU.BIR4ki ''šu-u''2 "Mar[s, the star] of Subartu, has great brilliance and shin[e]s; this is good for Subartu" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 491 r. 7-8].

(21) Mars and the Moon; ˹DIŠ˺ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' / <d>30 KUR ḪUL-''ta'' TUŠ-''ib'' "If Mars stands close to the front of the Moon: the moon-god will relocate a bad? country" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 311:1-2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SI KAB 30 GUB LUGAL ŠU2-''tu''2 DU3-''uš'' "If a planet (=Mars) stands on the left horn of the Moon: the king will succeed in ruling the world" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 311:3]; DIŠ MUL ''ina'' IGI 30 KAB GUB ... "If the star (=Mars) stands on the left horn of the Moon: (the apodosis is the same)" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 311:4]; DIŠ MUL ''ina'' EGIR 30 KAB GUB LUGAL URIki ŠU2-''tu''2 DU3-''uš'' "If the star (=Mars) stands to the left behind the Moon: the king of Akkad will succeed in ruling the world" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 311:5]; DIŠ MUL ''ina'' SI 150 30 GUB KUR KUR2 ḪUL I[GI] "If the star (=Mars) stands on the left horn of the Moon: an enemy country will exp[erience] evil" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 311 r. 1]; for close predictions relating to Mars, see also [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 311:7-10, r. 2-7; 484:1-6].

(22) Mars in the lunar halo; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' ZAḪ2 MAŠ2.ANŠE ''ina'' KUR DU3.A.BI / ''me-re-šu''2 ZU2.LUM.MA NU SI.SA2 / KI.MIN KUR MAR.TUki TUR-''ir'' "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo Mars stands within it: death of cattle in all countries; date plantations will not flourish; var.: the country of the West (=Amurru) will decrease" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 168: 10-r. 2]; ˹DIŠ˺ 30 TUR3 (NIGIN2-ma) mulŠUDUN ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL UŠ2-''ma'' KUR-''su'' TUR-''ir'' / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 / mulŠUDUN mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "If the Moon is (surrounded by) a halo and the Yoke stands in it: the king will die and his country will diminish; the king of Elam will die. Yoke (means) Mars." [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 383 r. 1-3]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB / LUGAL ERIM-''šu''2 ''u''2''-tas-sar'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and a planet (=Mars?) stands in it: the king's troops will be surrounded" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 412:5-6; for parallels and variants see. [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 41:5-8; 49:3-5; 82 r. 3-5; 169:1-4; 181:7-r.4; 317 r. 1-4; 327:8-10; 376:1-r.1; 383:7-10; 412:1-4; 416:1-3; 491:5-7].

(23) Mars and Jupiter; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 19-23.

(24) Mars behind Shulpae; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' EGIR dŠUL.PA.E3 DU-''ak'' MU BI ''dam-qat'' "If Mars stands behind Shulpae (=Jupiter): this year will be good" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 114 r. 4].

(25) Venus took the star(=Mars) on its right or left; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' A2 ZA]G-''ša''2 MUL ''le-qat-ma'' mul''Dil-bat'' GAL-''ma'' MUL TUR ... ˹d''Ṣal''˺-''bat-a-nu ina'' ZAG-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "[If Venus] takes a star from its [right] [side], and Venus is big and the star is small: The king of Elam will acquire importance and power and will rule the countries of the four regions, accepting tribute from the kings, his subjects; (this will happen if) Mars stands on the right side" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 46, VAT 10218:70], for a parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 68, BM 75 228:14; 210, K. 7936+:12; 214, K.3601+:15; 226, K. 2816+:12]; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat''] ˹''ina'' A2˺ 2,30-''ša''2 MUL ''le-qat-ma'' mul''Dil-bat'' GAL-''ma'' MUL TUR ... d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' 2,30-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "[If Venus] takes a star from its left side and Venus is large and the star is small: the King of Akkad ditto; (this will happen if) Mars stands to its left" (apodosis see. previous prediction) [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:71], for a parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 68, BM 75 228:15; 210, K. 7936+:13; 214, K.3601+:16; 226, K. 2816+:13]. see also [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 415: 1-4].

(26) The red color of Venus and Mars; ''ka-lu-šu''2-''ma'' SA5 ''ṣa-rip'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'': dGUD.UD TE''-ši-ma'' "It is entirely colored red, (meaning): Mars, var: Mercury comes close to it." [BPO 3, 132, K. 2907+: III 5]; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' ...KI.GU]B-''ša''2 SA5 ŠUB-''tim'' ANŠE.KUR.RA [...] ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ [d''Ṣal-bat-a-n'']''u''? KI-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "[If Venus, ... posit]ion is red: the fall of horses (and) [...] will be in the country, (it means): [Mar]s stands with it" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 100, K.35:16], see also [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 70, BM 75228:19; 188, K.2153+:10].

(27) Venus wears a crown; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' AGA SIG7 (var.: SA5) ''ap-rat'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' IGI-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "If Venus wears a green (var.: red) crown: Mars stands before it" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 58, K. 148+:12]. see also [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 215, K.3601+:31]; 2 AGA.MEŠ ''ap-rat'' 2 dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ ''ina pa-ni-šu''2 DU.ME''-zu-ma'' "It wears two crowns - two planets (= Mars and Mercury) stand ahead of her" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 132, K. 2907+:IV 12].

(28) Venus and the Stars (= Mars) to its right; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 16.

(29) Conjunction of Mars and Saturn in the lunar halo; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' / TUR3 30 GUB.MEŠ BALA UD.MEŠ GID2.MEŠ "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and 2 stars (= Mars and Saturn) stand in the lunar halo: reign will be long" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 168:3-4]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu u'' dUDU.IDIM ''im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma'' GUB.MEŠ / ZI-''ut'' NIM.MAki "If Mars and a planet (=Saturn) face each other (in the lunar halo) and stand (in it): the attack of Elam" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 168:5-6]; for parallels and variants see. [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 48:1-4; 49 r. 4-6; 169:8-9; 317:6-8; 383:1-2; 416 r. 3-5; 491 r. 1-4; 542 r. 1-2]; DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM ''is-sa-na-aḫ-ḫur'' ŠE-''im iq-qir'' "If Mars moves around a planet (=Saturn): barley will be expensive" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 82:4].

(30) Mars approaches Mercury; (blank) mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu a-na'' muludu.idim.gu4.ud ˹te˺ ... "Mars [is] approaching Mercury ..." (comment on an unknown prediction, with a space in its place) [Borger 1973<ref name=":9" />, 41:8′].

(31) The planet and Mars stand opposite each other; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM ''u'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma'' GUB.MEŠ ZI-''ut'' NIM.MAki [...] "If the planet (=Mercury?) and Mars stand opposite each other: the attack of Elam [...]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":10" />, 248:74; TU, 16:74], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 168 r. 5-6].

(32) Mars is approaching the Scorpius; DIŠ mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE ''ina'' E2.GAL NUN BURU3-''šu''2 GAL2-''ši'' "Mars is approaching the Scorpius: there will be damage in the prince's palace" [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 8a], DIŠ mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE URU ''ina'' BURU3-''ši'' DIB-''bat'' "If Mars approaches Scorpius: the city will be taken via a breach (in the wall)" [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 8b].

(33) The backward movement of Mars in Scorpius; mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu is-su-uḫ-ur'' / ''ut-ta-me-iš ina pa-na-tu-uš-šu''2 ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB / ''il-lak lum-nu šu-u''2 "Mars turns around, starts a movement and moves forward into the Scorpius; this is a bad sign" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 53 r. 2-4]. ''e-t''[''ar-ba'' d]˹''ṣal''˺-''bat-a-nu ki-ma'' TA ŠA3-''bi'' / mulGIR2.TAB ''it-tu-ṣi-a is-suḫ-ra'' / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB ''e-ta-rab an-ni-u pi-šir''3-''šu''2 "When Mars exits [goes] from Scorpius, turns around and enters (again) into the Scorpius, its interpretation is as follows": DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ki-i i-tu-ra a-na'' ŠA3-''bi'' / mulGIR2.TAB ''e-tu-ru-ub a-na'' EN.NUN-''ka la te-eg-gi'' LUGAL UD ḪUL.GAL2 KA2 NU E3 "If Mars turns (i.e., makes a backward movement) (and) enters Scorpius: do not neglect your safety; a king should not go outdoors on an evil day." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 8:21-27].

(34) The movement of Mars in relation to the Scorpius (observations); mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ut-ta-me-iš'' / ''a-na pa-na-tu-tu-uš-šu''2 ''il-lak'' / [''ina'' Š]A3 mulGIR2.TAB ''in-ne''2-''me-da'' "Mars has begun to move, it is advancing; and it has stopped [in] the Scorpius" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 85 r. 1-3], mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ša''2 ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB ''u2''-''zu''-[''uz-zu''] / ''a-na a-ṣe-e pa-n''[''i-šu''2 / ''il-ta''-[''kan''] / ''a-di'' UD-25-KAM2 ''ša''2 ITI.[ŠU] / ''ul-tu'' mulGIR2.TAB ''uṣ''-[''ṣi''] / ''u''3 ''ša''2-''ru-ru-šu''2 ''ma-aq''-[''tu''] / ŠA3 ''ša''2 LUGAL ''be-li''2-''ia lu ṭa-a''-[''bi''] / LUGAL ''ma-a''ʼ-diš ''lu ḫa-d''[''i''] / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 / ''ma-ṣar-ti ša''2 ''ram-ni-šu''2 / LUGAL ''li-iṣ-ṣur'' "Mars, "which is in Scorpius, has turned its face towards the exit; before the 25th day of [duuzu], it will leave Scorpius and its luster will fall. The heart of the king, my lord, let it res[t]; the king should be very gla[d], (but) as long as (Mars) comes out, let the king save himself." [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 387: 3- r. 6]. "As for the ritual of replacing the king, about which my master wrote to me, (it is not necessary, since) [mul''ṣal'']-''ba''[''t''!-''a-n'']''u''! [T]A ŠA3 ''ir-ti'' / [''ša''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u''2]-''ṣa-a'' [M]a[r]s [we]nt [fr]om the chest of the [Scorpius]." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 12:6-9]. mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' TA mulGIR2.TAB ''it-tu''-[''u'']''ṣ-ṣ-ṣi a-na'' ŠA3-''bi'' / mulPA.BIL2.SAG ''pa-ni-šu''2 ''is-sa-kan'' LUGAL ''be-li''2 ''u''2-''di'' "Mars [ar]ose from the Scorpius and turned its face towards Pabilsag. The king, my lord, should know (this)." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 349 s. 1-2]. See also (Kurtik n19) [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']], IV 2.

(35) Mars in the Goat-Fish; observation: mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 / ''u''2-''tu-uk-kiš it-ti-it''!-''zi'' / ''ša''2-''ru-ru ma-aʼ-da'' "Mars has entered Goat-Fish, has stopped (there) and has great brilliance", interpretation: DIŠ [dU.GUR] / mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 ''r''[''a-kib''] / ''šal-pu-ut-ti'' ERI.DUG3ki U[N! MEŠ-''šu''2] / ''iš-šag-gi-šu'' "If [Nergal (= Mars)] go[es] into the Goat-Fish (lit. Goat-Fish is driven): the city of Eridu will be in ruins; [its] people will be exterminated" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 104 r. 2-8].

(36) The movement of Mars relative to the Old Man; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 20.

(37) Mars approaching the Old Man; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 19.

(38) Mars in Leo; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulUR.MAḪ [KUR-''ud'' x x x x] / ... / mulUR.BAR.RA mul[''ṣal-bat-a-nu''] / mulUR.MAḪ mul[UR.GU.LA] / mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 m[ulUR.GU.LA GUB-''ma''] "If the Wolf [reaches] Leo: .... Wolf = [Mars], Leo = [Leo]; Mars [stands] in [Leo]" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 45:1-6]; [DIŠ mul''ṣ'']''al-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mul[UR.GU.LA TU-''ma'' GUB] / ŠUB-''tim'' MAŠ2.ANŠE [GAR-''an''] "[If M]ars [enters] into [Leo and stands there]: a fall of the cattle [will happen]" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 81:3-4]; ''ki-ma'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu tu-u-ra'' TA ŠA3-''bi'' / SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA ''is-su-ḫur'' / mulAL.LUL d''ma-a-ši ul-tap-pit'' / ''an-ni-u''2 ''pi-šir''3''-šu''2 / TIL BALA-''e'' LUGAL MAR.TUki "When Mars returns (i.e. moves backwards) from the Lion's Head (and) touches the Crab (and) Gemini, its interpretation is: the end of the reign of King Amurru." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 8 r. 3-7].

(39) Mars approaches the Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 7.

(40) Mars’ (= Wolf star) connection with Saturn (= Sun star); see (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 3.

(41) Libra darkens = Mars stands n the Scorpius; see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 11.

(42) Current observations of Mars; d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'':. 2-''u''2 3-''šu''2 / ''ina'' UD-''me an-ni-i ni-ta-ṣar'' / ''la ne''2-''e-mur'' / ''ir-te-bi'' "Twice or thrice we observed today, (hoping to see) Mars, but we did not see (it); it went down" (observation of the last evening appearance of Mars) [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 7:5-8]; [mul''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu mu-šu an-ni-u'' / [TA ŠA3 mu]lAL.LUL ''u''2-''ṣa'' "This night [Ma]rs came out [of] the Crab" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 28:3′-4′]; mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 / mulPA.BIL.SAG ''it-te-me-di'' / ''it-ti-ti-iz'' "Mars stopped at Pabilsag and stood (there)" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 52:7-r.1]; [mul''ṣa'']''l-bat-a-nu ina'' UGU mulKU6 AN-''e'' / ... ''la iq-ri-ib'' / [T]A ''pa-ni-šu''2 ''ip-ti-e-ti'' "[M]ars, to the Heavenly Fish ... did not approach, it withdrew [from] it." [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 55:10e-11e]; mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' | ''er-bi'' | ''u''2''-ba-ni'' TA IGI mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / ''pa-a-te la iṭ-ḫi ina'' UGU-''ḫi'' ˹''la''˺ ''ik-šu-ud'' "Mars remained (at a distance of) four fingers from Saturn, it did not approach, it did not reach it" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 82:8-9]; mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' itiNE / ''a-mir en-na it-ti'' / mulZI.BA.AN.NA / [[ ]]. 150 u2-ṭu [[ ]] / ''iq-te-ru-ub'' "Mars became visible in the month of Ab; it has now approached (at a distance of) 2.5 "heels" (= 30 30′) of Libra" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 172:4′-8′].

See also: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 "Mars (appeared) ahead of the Goat-Fish " [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 26a], DIŠ mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mu 6 iti.meš DU-''ma'' gim ... "If Mars stands for a year (and) 6 months, like ..." [Borger 1973<ref name=":9" />, 41 r. 38′]. For other examples of Mars-related predictions, see. [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0" />, 360, III].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, ts02)
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|редко используемое сокращение от mul / dṢal-bat-a-nu «Марс». См. dṢal в [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, rev. ii 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 221 note 19], а также ulṢal GUR4 «Марс блестящий» в круглой диаграмме [TCL 6, 13 obv.; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 224]. См. также [Hunger 1969, 138].
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, ts02)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|самое распространенное название Марса, встречающееся в текстах всех категорий [Gössman 1950, 360; CAD Ṣ].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: [mulU]DU.BAD / muludu-til = dṣal-bat-a-nu «[П]ланета = Марс» [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:281ʹ]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI, список названий Марса: mulsa5 = ma-ak-ru-u2 = dṣal-[bat-a-nu] «Красная (звезда) = красный = М[арс]», mulsa5(DIRI) = mi3-qit i-šat = [MIN] «Красная звезда = Падение Огня = [Марс]», mulCul = lum-num2 = MIN «Злая (звезда) = зло = Марс», mulnu.me.a = ba-lum = MIN «Небытие = недостаток (отсутствие, букв. «без») = ditto(Марс)», mul lúsa.gaz = ḫab-ba-tum = MIN «(Звезда)-разбойник = разбойник = ditto (Марс)», mullul.la = sa-ar-rum = MIN «Лживая (звезда) = ложь = ditto (Марс)», mul lúkur2.ra = na-kar = MIN «(Звезда)-Враг = враг = ditto (Марс)», mul lúKUR2.RA = ša2-nu-um-ma = MIN «Чужестранец = чужой = ditto (Марс), mulur.bar.ra = a-Cu-u = MIN «Волк = Чужой = ditto(Марс)», mulnim.ma = (пробел) = MIN «Звезда Элама = (пробел) = ditto (Марс)», mulgig = kakkab(MUL) šib-ṭi <nowiki> mūtāni(NAM.BAD)</nowiki>meš = MIN «(Звезда)-Болезнь = Звезда чумы и смертей = ditto(Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:28–38]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii], см. также соответствующие статьи. (3) Серия Antagal (G 309): dsi.mu.ud = dṣal-bat-a-nu [MSL XVII, 229]. Ранние свидетельства конца старовавилонского (начала касситского?) периода. (1) Предсказательный текст c описанием экстиспиции: mulṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-na-ap-pa-ḫa-am-ma bu-la u2-ḫal-la-aq «Марс взойдет и погубит скот» [Nougayrol 1971, 72, AO 7539:62]; неопубликованная параллель из Рас-Шамры (RS 23.38* rev. 13′) упоминается в [ibid., 82]. (2) Cтаровавилонский предсказательный текст по лунным затмениям (BM 22696:23): [Ṣa-al-b]a-ta-nu-um i-ta-ab-bi-am-ma bu-lam u2-[ḫal-la-aq]-ma, цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 235, note 2]. (3) Cтаровавилонский предсказательный текст по лунным затмениям (BM 86381 i 22f.): ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-ta-bu-ma bu-lam u2-ḫal-la-aq «Марс взойдет и погубит скот», цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 125, note 7]. (4) Список предсказаний, касающихся «затемнения (или затмения) Солнца» (dUTU a-di-ir): BE DINGIR u2-du-ri-iš i-ru-ub dṢa-al-ba-ta-nu-um i-ša-aḫ-ḫi-iṭ-ma […] / bu-ul GIR3 (вероятно, -am) u2-ḫa-al-la-aq «Если бог (=Солнце?) зашел затмившимся (вар: мрачно мерцающим): Марс гневается(?) […], скот погубит?» [Dietrich 1996, 101: r. 26–27]; cм. также ниже III 14–15. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц кислиму, звезды Энлиля, 120 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul ša ina igi dE2-a gub / mulṣal-bat-a-nu kal mu / [man]-za-za ut-ta-na-kar «Звезда, которая перед Эа стоит, (это) Марс, (который) весь год положение (свое) изменяет» (B i 23–25); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 10]. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itigan m]ulṣal-bat-a-nu šu-ut dE2-a «[Кислиму]: Марс (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 9). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): а) [itigan] mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulud.ka.du8.a muluz3 ˹e3˺ «[Кислиму]: Марс, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Коза восходят» (С 29), b) mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulud.ka.du8.a muluz3 šu2.[a] «(Симану): Марс, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Коза захо[дят]» [KAV 218, C 18; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц кислиму, звезды Эа: mulṣal-bat-a-nu // 2 // mu-u2-tu «Марс // 120 // cмерть» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:25]. BM 34713. itigan // 2,0 ṣal-bat-a-nu // 1,10 múlgir2.tab // 35 múl[lugal] «Кислиму: 120 Марс, 70 Скорпион, 35 [Царь]» [LBAT, 1499:9]. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. itigan.gan.u3 // mulṣal-bat-a-nu // 2,00 «(Звезды Эа), кислиму, Марс, 120» [CT 33, 11]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 62, 125 D ii 5, 187 §II 7–8, 235 §II 2 D 8' + note 2, 253 EAE 22 part I § I 3; BPO 2, III 8a–b, 11a, 11c, 13a, 26–26a, V 1a, XI 7; BPO 3, 286; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 8′–12′, 16′, 37′–39′; Largement 1957, 244:46, 248:74, 254:107, 109; Verderame 2002, 248–249; SpTU I, 92:2'; SpTU III, 101:5,6; SpTU V, 264]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Еа. 10. MUL SA5 ša a-na IGI dE2-a GUB-zu KI.GUB-šu2 mi-šil MU i-na dUTU.E3 mi-[šil MU] / i-na dUTU.ŠU2.A ka-la MU KI.GUB-šu2 ut-ta-na-kar MUL šu-u2 mulUDU.IDIM d[Ṣal-bat-a-nu] «Красная звезда, которая стоит перед Эа, чье положение полгода там, где восходит Солнце, (и) по[лгода] там, где заходит Солнце, весь год положение свое изменяет, эта звезда — планета [Марс]» (A. 11–12). MUL SA5 ša2 IGI dE2-a kal MU KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 dṢal-bat-a-nu «Красная звезда, которая перед Эа, весь год положение (свое) изменяет, (это) Марс» (В. 13) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177] (в А. 11–12: KI.GUB-šu2 mi-šil MU i-na dUTU.E3 mi-[šil MU] / i-na dUTU.ŠU2.A, вероятно, позаимствовано ошибочно из Anu 1, см. i18Ištar). «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380b; SAA 8, 351–352]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 21): mulṢal-bat-a-nu KI.GUB-su KUR2.KUR2-ir-ma AN-e ib-bir «Марс свое положение постоянно изменяет и пересекает небо» (I ii 14). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku dṢal-bat-a-nu DU-ak «Марс проходит (тот же) путь, что Луна проходит» (II i 4). (3) Список и определение планет: mulṢal-bat-a-nu на четвертом месте, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (4) Планетная теория: a) mulṢal-bat-a-nu ina dUTU.ŠU3.A TUM3-ma 2 ITI KIMIN 3 ITI 10 u4-mi KIMIN 6 ITI 20 u4-mi ina AN-e uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma ina dUTU.E3 ina KASKAL dUTU SAR-ḫa IGI.LA2 «Марс исчезает на западе и остается (невидимым) на небе 2 месяца, или 3 месяца (и) 10 дней, или 6 месяцев (и) 20 дней и восходит и становится видимым на востоке на пути Солнца» (II i 51–52), b) mulṢal-bat-a-nu ina dUTU.E3 IGI.LA2-ma MU 1 KAM 6 ITI KIMIN / MU 1 KAM 10 ITI KIMIN 2 MU.AN.NAmeš / ina AN-e GUB-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3 MUL BI BE-ma SA5 GAR u ba-il3 BE-ma un-nu-un u TUR «Марс становится виден на востоке, стоит на небе 1 год (и) 6 месяцев или 1 год (и) 10 месяцев, или 2 года (и) исчезает на западе. Эта звезда либо обнаруживает красноту и имеет большой блеск, либо она тусклая(?) и маленькая» (II i 64–65) [MA, 34, 70, 80, 86]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список астрологических имен Марса: AN AN NI x [x], mul[…], mulma-ak-ru-u, mulsa5, mulsig7, [mu]lman-ma, mula-ḫu-u, mul[n]a-ka-ru, muls[ar6]-ru, mulḫul, mulka5.a, mulnim.ma, mullu2.sa.gaz, mulur.bar.ra, multi8mušen, mullu-um-nu, mulsi-mu-ut, mulla šid.meš, mulapin, mulšudun, mulšu.pa, mulbal.teš2.a, mulug5.ga, mulbir, mulnunki, mulud.ka.duḫ.a, […] = dṣal-bat-a-nu; (2) ul babbar = dṣal-bat-a-nu «Белая звезда = Марс»; (3) 12 звезд Амурру: mulṣal-bat-a-nu; (4) 7 имен Марса: ulman-ma, mula-ḫu-u2 ulna-ka-ru / ulsar6-ru ulḫul ulka5.a ulnim.maki / ulṣal-bat-a-nu / 7 zik-ru-šu «Странная звезда, Звезда Чужак, Враждебная звезда, Лживая звезда, Злая звезда, Лиса, звезда Элама — это Марс, 7 его имен»; (5) список планет: ulṣal-bat-a-nu на последнем месте (см. u07UDU.IDIM) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 83–105, 168, 219, 239, 243]. Список звезд VR, 46, 1:42. a) muludu.idim = muš-mit bu-lim «Планета = убивающая скот», b) mulṣal-bat-a-nu = muš-ta-bar-ru-u2 mu-ta-nu «Марс = Тот, кто продлевает чуму» [HBA, 52:41–42; Wee 2016, 162–3; Reynolds 1998, 353]. MLC 1866. Список 7 планет, см. u07UDU.IDIM. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: […mulṣal-bat]-a-nu как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце арахсамну, см. u20UR.GU.LA. Анафора. А 3427: ina itigan ina še-rim ud 28 dṣal-bat-a-nu ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце кислиму утром 28-го дня Марс испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:4], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina gan ina še-rim [28 múlṣal]-bat-a-nu meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:21]. Математическая астрономия. dṢal-bat-a-ni вместо AN в единственном тексте [ACT, No. 802 r. 7]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Характер воздействия. a) DIŠ d[Ṣal-bat-a-nu pit2-ru-us na-an-ziq ḫa]-˹an-ṭu-su˺ «Если [Марс (появляется): (этот знак) двусмысленный; (он будет) быс]тр [на гнев]». b) DIŠ KI dṢal-bat-a-nu UŠ2 GIG UŠ2 UR.MAD u2-lu UŠ2 GIŠ.TUKUL LUGAL «Если область Марса: смерть от болезни, смерть от льва или смерть от царского оружия» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 2, 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b 324–325]. (2) «Гипсома». KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 dṢal-bat-a-nu MUL2.U[Z3…] «Секретное место Марса: [Козерог?…]» [STC I 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 55:31], см. также u07UDU.IDIM. (3) Зодиакальная астрология. aš2-šu2 dṢal-bat-a-nu ina múlMAŠ.MAŠ KI Sin MAŠ.TAB.BA U3.TU «Поскольку Марс в Близнецах (стоит) с Луной [или: на месте Луны — Г.К.]: близнецы родятся» [LBAT, 1593:9′; Reiner 2000]. (4) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: dṢal-bat-a-nu, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134–136], см. s20Sîn. (5) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: dṢal-bat-an, dṢal-bat-an-nu, mulṢal-bat-a-nu [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания нападения врагов из наблюдений положений и видимости планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 11, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 216].

Нестандартная силлабическая запись: mulṢa-al-ba-ta-nu (AO 7539 r. 17) [RAcc., 79, note 2]. См. также [SpTU I, 97:1; SpTU II, 42:10; SpTU V, 261 r. 8–23, 264 passim, 269 r. 6].

II. Божество.

Планета Марс была связана с Нергалом, господином преисподней, считавшимся также богом чумы, войны и разрушения (см. n18). Название нередко записывается с детерминативом d. Происхождение имени Ṣalbatānu представляется загадочным [HCH 16; Reiner 1995, 7]. Лэмберт предполагает, что ṣalbatānu происходит от ṣarbatānu, редкой формы прилагательного, образованной от ṣarbû, букв. «относящийся к тополю», и связывает его предположительно с dlugal.giš.asal2 = [be-el ṣa]r-BE (AN:dAnum VI 72 [Litke 1998, 205]), божеством из окружения Нергала [Lambert 1996; Brown 2000, 55]. Остается, однако, непонятным, почему самое распространенное имя Марса, астрологическое значение которого представлялось огромным, связано со столь малозначительной фигурой в месопотамском пантеоне? Греческий лексикограф Гесихий приводит вавилонское название Марса: Βελέβατος. ὁ τοῡ πυρὸς ἀστήρ. Βαβυλώνιοι. «Б/Cелебатос: огненная звезда: вавилоняне», происходящее, по-видимому, от аккадского Ṣalbatānu [TGL 4085–002 Β 479], см. также [Lambert 1996; Reynolds 1998, 350]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) В серии заклинаний Šurpu II 182: dṢal-bat-a-nu … lip-ṭu-ru «Марс … пусть освободит» [Reiner 1970, 18]. (2) Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM), совершаемый перед Марсом см. [SAA 10, 206 r. 5′–6′; 240:10; 262:5–8], а также k08kayyamānu. (3) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k10KAK.SI.SA2, II. (4) Серия Намбурби, см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. (5) Божества – свидетели договора: mulṢal-bat-a-nu (на пятом месте после Юпитера, Венеры, Сатурна и Меркурия) [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 29, 6 iv 15]; параллель в [Wiseman 1958, 29: col. i 15]. (6) Письмо Ашшурбанапалу от сына, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. (7) Храмовый ритуал в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (8) Призывание благословения богов на царя, среди которых —Марс, см. [SAA 10, 8:11]. (9) Ритуал против зла, предвещаемого Марсом, при исполнении ритуала звучала молитва: ina ḪUL mulṣal-bat-a-n[u] / ša a-dan-šu2 u2-še-ti-[qu-u-ni] / u3 ina ŠA3 mulLU2.ḪUN.GA2 i[n-na-mir-u-ni] … «В зле, (предвещаемом) Марсом, который прев[ысил] свой установленный (срок) и п[оявился] в созвездии Наемник: пусть его зло не приблизится, не пройдет близко, не раздавит меня, не подействует на меня, мою страну, людей моего дворца и мою армию» [SAA 10, 381: 5 – r. 4]. (10) Ритуальные действия со священным барабаном перед Марсом и Сатурном; UD-25-KAM2 ina nu-bat-[ti] / LI.LI.IZ3 ina IGI d[U].GU[R] / ina UGU ku-zip-pi / ša LUGAL iš-šak-kan / ša dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ is-se-niš / ne2-pu-uš «В 25-й день (месяца), ночь[ю], барабан будет помещен перед [Н]ергало[м] (= Марс) поверх облачения царя. В то же время мы будем совершать (песнопения) Сатурна» [SAA 10, 340:9 – r. 2].

III. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Красная звезда; см. s04SA5, а также h08ḪUL, III 3.

(2) = Kрасная планета; см. s04SA5, II, m03Makrû, III 2.

(3) = звезда Эриду; см. n50NUNki, VI 2.

(4) = Плуг; см. a43APIN, VI 1.

(5) = Орел; см. a04A2mušen, VI 3.

(6) = Месламтаэа; см. m24dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A.

(7) = Звезды; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 1, 15–16.

(8) = Волк; mulUR.BAR.RA = mulṢal-bat-a-nu [SAA 8, 48:5], см. также u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 1, u31UZ3, VI

(9) = Лук; см. a04A2mušen, VI 13.

(10) = Ярмо; см. ниже (22).

См. также тождества: [m]ulUR.GU.LA: mulUR.BAR.RA: dṢal-bat-a-nu «Лев = Волк = Марс», mulKA5.A: dṢal-bat-a-nu «Лиса = Марс» [SpTU I, 50:37–38], SI E dṢal-bat-a-nu «SI E = Марс»(?) [BPO 3, 132, K.2907+: I 2].

См. также a15Aḫû, g14GIG, h08ḪUL, k29lúKUR2.RA, L17LUL.LA, m05MAN-ma, n23NIM.MA, n48NU.ME.A, s01lúSA.GAZ, sh02ŠAḪ, sh12dŠimut, sh17ŠU.PA.

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(11) Общее астрологическое значение; [dṣal-bat-a-nu] a-na mu-ta-ni qa-bi «[Марс], говорят, для (предсказания) смерти» [SAA 8, 114:3].

(12) Видимость Марса; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM GU4.UD dṢal-bat-a-nu MU.NI ša2-ru-ru iš-ši LUGAL NIM.MAki i-dan-[nin] «Если прыгающая планета, чье имя Марс, излучение имеет: царь Элама усили[тся]» [Largement 1957, 244:46; TU, 16:46] (параллель см. [SpTU I, 92:2]), стандартное обозначение Меркурия GU4.UD = šiḫṭu «Прыжок», здесь приведено, по-видимому, по ошибке; [DIŠ] dṣal-bat-a-nu um-mu-liš KUR-ma ŠE.ER.ZI.MEŠ-šu2 SIG7 / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 «[Если] Марс восходит мерцая и его излучения желто-зеленое: царь Элама умрет» [SAA 8, 114:6–7], см. также [SAA 10, 100:18–19], n19dNergal, IV 1; DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-nu u2-ta-na-at-ma SIG5 ib-il-ma a-ḫi-tu2 «Если Марс становится слабым — это хорошо, (если он становится) блестящим — это плохо» [SAA 8, 114 r. 3]; DIŠ mulṣal-bat-a-nu [ŠE.ER.ZI IL2-ši] / LUGAL i-dan-nin-[ma NIG2.TUK x x] «Если Марс [сияние несет]: сила и [благосостояние] царя возрастут» [SAA 10, 104 r. 10–11]; DIŠ ina AN-e mi-i[š-ḫu ša mulṣal-bat-a-nu IGI] / RI.RI.GA: [ŠUB-tim bu-lim ina KUR GAL2] «Если на небе mi[šḫu Марса видна]: (будет) эпидемия, вар.: [в стране будет падеж скота]» [SAA 10, 104 r. 12–13].

(13) Восход Марса в различные месяцы; [DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-n]u ina itiŠU IGI.LAL KI.NA2 qu-ra-di DAGAL «[Если Мар]с становится виден в месяце дуузу: кладбище воинов увеличится» [SAA 8, 114:2], см. также [ibid., 143 r. 4; 341:1–2]; DIŠ ina itiKIN dṣal-bat-a-nu IGI-[ir] / BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 / ŠA3-bi KUR DUG3-ab «Если Марс стал вид[ен] в месяце улулу: урожай страны будет обильным; сердце страны будет счастливо» [SAA 8, 419:1–3]; DIŠ ina itiGUD mulṣal-bat-a-nu IGI.LAL MI2.KUR2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ / šal-pu2-tim ERIM–man-da / ERIM–man-da LU2.gim-ra-a-a «Если Марс становится виден в месяце айяру: будут военные действия; разрушение Умман-манда, Умман-манда (означает) киммерийцы» [SAA 10, 100:25].

(14) Восход/заход Марса и гибель скота; dUDU.IDIM SAR-ma MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 «Планета взойдет и погубит скот» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 235, EAE 20, § II.2 + note 2], см. также (15); mulṢal-bat-a-nu TU-ma MAŠ2.ANŠE ZA[Ḫ2] «Марс зайдет и погубит скот» [ibid., 170, EAE 19, Section III, Source A: 8].

(15) Затмение Луны, восход Марса и гибель скота; DIŠ UD.16.KAM AN.MI GAR im-ḫul-lu KUR-ma dṢal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 «Если затмение (Луны) произойдет в 16-й день (месяца): ураган придет, Марс взойдет и погуби[т] скот» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 253, EAE 22 part I § I:3].

(16) Марс стоит на востоке; [DIŠ mulṣal-bat]-a-nu ina IM.KUR.RA GUB-iz ZI-ut SU.BIR4ki / u3 kaš-ši-i a-na KUR «[Если Ма]рс стоит на востоке: нападение Субарту и касситов на страну» [SAA 8, 81 r. 1–2; 114:4–5].

(17) Марс стоит на севере; [DIŠ] ˹d˺UDU.IDIM ina IM.SI.SA2 GUB-iz / UŠ2.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ ZI-bu LUGAL URIki ana KUR KUR2 «[Если] планета(=Марс) стоит на севере: будут смерти; нападение царя Аккада на страну врага» [SAA 8, 341:3–4].

(18) Марс воздействует на звезды; [DIŠ mul]UDU.IDIM MUL.MEŠ AN-e u2-lap-pat / LUGAL KUR.KUR u2-qat-ti / dṣal-bat-a-nu i-ba-il-ma / MUL.MEŠ u2-lap-pat-ma «[Если] планета на звезды небесные воздействует: царь одолеет (букв. прикончит) (все) страны, (это означает): Марс имеет большой блеск и воздействует на звезды» [SAA 8, 327 r. 3′–6′].

(19) Марс — Звезда Западной страны (=Амурру); mulṣal-bat-a-nu MUL KUR MAR.TUki / ḪUL ša2 KUR MAR.TUki u NIM.MAki «Марс — звезда Амурру; зло для Амурру и Элама» [SAA 8, 383 r. 5–8], см. также [ibid., 412 r. 2].

(20) Марс — звезда Субарту; dṣal-bat-a-[nu MUL ša2] KUR SU.BIR4ki ba-ʼi-il / u3 ša-ru-[r]u na-ši SIG5 ša2 KUR SU.BIR4ki šu-u2 «Мар[с, звезда] Субарту, имеет большой блеск и несет сиян[и]е; это хорошо для Субарту» [SAA 8, 491 r. 7–8].

(21) Марс и Луна; ˹DIŠ˺ mulṣal-bat-a-nu ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz / <d>30 KUR ḪUL-ta TUŠ-ib «Если Марс стоит близко у передней части Луны: лунный бог переселит плохую? страну» [SAA 8, 311:1–2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SI KAB 30 GUB LUGAL ŠU2-tu2 DU3-uš «Если планета (=Марс) стоит на левом роге Луны: царь преуспеет в управлении миром» [SAA 8, 311:3]; DIŠ MUL ina IGI 30 KAB GUB … «Если звезда (=Марс) стоит слева впереди Луны: (аподосис тот же)» [SAA 8, 311:4]; DIŠ MUL ina EGIR 30 KAB GUB LUGAL URIki ŠU2-tu2 DU3-uš «Если звезда (=Марс) стоит слева позади Луны: царь Аккада преуспеет в управлении миром» [SAA 8, 311:5]; DIŠ MUL ina SI 150 30 GUB KUR KUR2 ḪUL I[GI] «Если звезда (= Марс) стоит на левом роге Луны: вражеская страна ис[пытает] зло» [SAA 8, 311 r. 1]; весьма близкие предсказания, относящиеся к Марсу, см. также [SAA 8, 311:7–10, r. 2–7; 484:1–6].

(22) Марс в лунном гало; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz ZAḪ2 MAŠ2.ANŠE ina KUR DU3.A.BI / me-re-šu2 ZU2.LUM.MA NU SI.SA2 / KI.MIN KUR MAR.TUki TUR-ir «Если Луна окружена гало и внутри него Марс стоит: гибель скота во всех странах; финиковые плантации не будут процветать; вар.: Западная страна (=Амурру) уменьшится» [SAA 8, 168: 10–r. 2]; ˹DIŠ˺ 30 TUR3 (NIGIN2-ma) mulŠUDUN ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz / LUGAL UŠ2-ma KUR-su TUR-ir / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 / mulŠUDUN mulṣal-bat-a-nu «Если Луна (окружена) гало и Ярмо в нем стоит: царь умрет, а его страна уменьшится; царь Элама умрет. Ярмо (означает) Марс» [SAA 8, 383 r. 1–3]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB / LUGAL ERIM-šu2 u2-tas-sar «Если Луна окружена гало и планета (=Марс?) стоит в нем: царские войска будут окружены» [SAA 8, 412:5–6; параллели и варианты см. [SAA 8, 41:5–8; 49:3–5; 82 r. 3–5; 169:1–4; 181:7–r.4; 317 r. 1–4; 327:8–10; 376:1–r.1; 383:7–10; 412:1–4; 416:1–3; 491:5–7].

(23) Марс и Юпитер; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR, III 19–23.

(24) Марс позади Шульпаэ; DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-nu EGIR dŠUL.PA.E3 DU-ak MU BI dam-qat «Если Марс идет позади Шульпаэ (=Юпитер): этот год хороший» [SAA 8, 114 r. 4].

(25) Венера взяла звезду(=Марс) справа или слева; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ina A2 ZA]G-ša2 MUL le-qat-ma mulDil-bat GAL-ma MUL TUR … ˹dṢal˺-bat-a-nu ina ZAG-ša2 DU-ma «[Если Венера] взяла звезду со своей [прав]ой [стороны], и Венера — большая, а звезда — маленькая: царь Элама приобретет значение и силу и будет управлять странами четырех регионов, принимая дань от царей, своих подданных; (это произойдет, если) Марс стоит справа от нее» [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:70], параллель см. [ibid., 68, BM 75 228:14; 210, K. 7936+:12; 214, K.3601+:15; 226, K. 2816+:12]; [DIŠ mulDil-bat] ˹ina A2˺ 2,30-ša2 MUL le-qat-ma mulDil-bat GAL-ma MUL TUR … dṢal-bat-a-nu ina 2,30-ša2 DU-ma «[Если Венера] взяла звезду со своей левой стороны и Венера — большая, а звезда — маленькая: царь Аккада ditto; (это произойдет, если) Марс стоит слева от нее» (аподосис см. предыдущее предсказание) [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:71], параллель см. [ibid., 68, BM 75 228:15; 210, K. 7936+:13; 214, K.3601+:16; 226, K. 2816+:13]. см. также [SAA 8, 415: 1–4].

(26) Красный цвет Венеры и Марс; ka-lu-šu2-ma SA5 ṣa-rip dṢal-bat-a-nu: dGUD.UD TE-ši-ma «Она целиком окрашена в красный цвет, (это означает): Марс, вар.: Меркурий подходит к ней близко» [BPO 3, 132, K. 2907+: III 5]; [DIŠ mulDil-bat …KI.GU]B-ša2 SA5 ŠUB-tim ANŠE.KUR.RA […] ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ [dṢal-bat-a-n]u? KI-ša2 DU-ma «[Если Венера, … позиц]ия ее красная: падёж лошадей (и) […] будут в стране, (это означает): [Мар]с с ней стоит «[BPO 3, 100, K.35:16], см. также [ibid., 70, BM 75228:19; 188, K.2153+:10].

(27) Венера несет корону; DIŠ mulDil-bat AGA SIG7 (вар.: SA5) ap-rat dṢal-bat-a-nu ina IGI-ša2 DU-ma «Если Венера несет зеленую (вар.: красную) корону: Марс впереди нее стоит» [BPO 3, 58, K. 148+:12]. см. также [ibid., 215, K.3601+:31]; 2 AGA.MEŠ ap-rat 2 dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ ina pa-ni-šu2 DU.ME-zu-ma «Она несет 2 короны — 2 планеты (= Марс и Меркурий) стоят впереди нее» [BPO 3, 132, K. 2907+:IV 12].

(28) Венера и Звезды (= Марс) справа от нее; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 16.

(29) Соединение Марса и Сатурна в лунном гало; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma 2 MUL.MEŠ ina ŠA3-bi / TUR3 30 GUB.MEŠ BALA UD.MEŠ GID2.MEŠ «Если Луна окружена гало и 2 звезды (= Марс и Сатурн) стоят в лунном гало: царствование будет долгим» [SAA 8, 168:3–4]; DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-nu u dUDU.IDIM im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma GUB.MEŠ / ZI-ut NIM.MAki «Если Марс и планета (=Сатурн) сталкиваются друг с другом (в лунном гало) и стоят (в нем): нападение Элама» [SAA 8, 168:5–6]; параллели и варианты см. [SAA 8, 48:1–4; 49 r.4–6; 169:8–9; 317:6–8; 383:1–2; 416 r. 3–5; 491 r. 1–4; 542 r. 1–2]; DIŠ mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulUDU.IDIM is-sa-na-aḫ-ḫur ŠE-im iq-qir «Если Марс движется вокруг планеты (=Сатурн): ячмень будет дорогим» [SAA 8, 82:4].

(30) Марс приближается к Меркурию; (пробел) mulṣal-bat-a-nu a-na muludu.idim.gu4.ud ˹te] … «Марс [приближается] к Меркурию …» (комментарий к неизвестному предсказанию, вместо которого пробел) [Borger 1973, 41:8′].

(31) Планета и Марс стоят напротив; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM u dṢal-bat-a-nu im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma GUB.MEŠ ZI-ut NIM.MAki […] «Если планета (=Меркурий?) и Марс стоят напротив друг друга: нападение Элама […]» [Largement 1957, 248:74; TU, 16:74], см. также [SAA 8, 168 r. 5–6].

(32) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ mulṢal-bat-a-nu ana mulGIR2.TAB TE ina E2.GAL NUN BURU3-šu2 GAL2-ši «Марс приближается с Скорпиону: во дворце принца будет повреждение» [BPO 2, III 8a], DIŠ mulṢal-bat-a-nu ana mulGIR2.TAB TE URU ina BURU3-ši DIB-bat «Если Марс приближается к Скорпиону: город будет взят из-за пробоины (в стене)» [BPO 2, III 8b].

(33) Попятное движение Марса в Скорпионе; mulṢal-bat-a-nu is-su-uḫ-ur / ut-ta-me-iš ina pa-na-tu-uš-šu2 ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB / il-lak lum-nu šu-u2 «Марс развернулся, начал движение и движется вперед в Скорпионе; это плохой знак» [SAA 8, 53 r. 2–4]. e-t[ar-ba d]˹ṣal˺-bat-a-nu ki-ma TA ŠA3-bi / mulGIR2.TAB it-tu-ṣi-a is-suḫ-ra / ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB e-ta-rab an-ni-u pi-šir3-šu2 «Когда Марс вы[ходит] из Скорпиона, разворачивается и (снова) входит в Скорпион, его интерпретация такова»: DIŠ mulṣal-bat-a-nu ki-i i-tu-ra a-na ŠA3-bi / mulGIR2.TAB e-tu-ru-ub a-na EN.NUN-ka la te-eg-gi LUGAL UD ḪUL.GAL2 KA2 NU E3 «Если Марс поворачивается (т.е. совершает попятное движение) (и) входит в Скорпион: не пренебрегай своей безопасностью; царь не должен выходить за двери в злой день» [SAA 10, 8:21–27].

(34) Движения Марса относительно Скорпиона (наблюдения); mulṢal-bat-a-nu ut-ta-me-iš / a-na pa-na-tu-uš-šu2 il-lak / [ina Š]A3 mulGIR2.TAB in-ne2-me-da «Марс начал движение, он идет вперед; он остановился [в] Скорпионе» [SAA 8, 85 r. 1–3], mulṢal-bat-a-nu ša2 ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB u2-zu-[uz-zu] / a-na a-ṣe-e pa-n[i-šu2 / il-ta-[kan] / a-di UD-25-KAM2 ša2 ITI.[ŠU] / ul-tu mulGIR2.TAB uṣ-[ṣi] / u3 ša2-ru-ru-šu2 ma-aq-[tu] / ŠA3 ša2 LUGAL be-li2-ia lu ṭa-a-[bi] / LUGAL ma-aʼ-diš lu ḫa-d[i] / a-di uṣ-ṣu-u2 / ma-ṣar-ti ša2 ram-ni-šu2 / LUGAL li-iṣ-ṣur «Марс, который сто[ит] в Скорпионе, к выходу лицо свое обратил; до 25-го [дуузу] он выйд[ет] из Скорпиона и его блеск упад[ет]. Сердце царя, моего господина, пусть успокои[тся]; царь должен быть очень ра[д], (но) до тех пор пока (Марс) выходит, пусть царь побережет себя» [SAA 8, 387: 3– r. 6]. «Что касается ритуала замены царя, о котором мой господин писал мне, (в нем нет необходимости, поскольку) [mulṣal]-ba[t!-a-n]u! [T]A ŠA3 ir-ti / [ša2 mulGIR2.TAB u2]-ṣa-a [М]а[р]с [вы]шел [и]з груди [Скорпиона]» [SAA 10, 12:6-9]. mulṣal-bat-a-nu TA mulGIR2.TAB it-tu-[u]ṣ-ṣi a-na ŠA3-bi / mulPA.BIL2.SAG pa-ni-šu2 is-sa-kan LUGAL be-li2 u2-di «Марс вы[ш]ел из Скорпиона и к Пабилсагу лицо свое обратил. Царь, мой господин, должен знать (это)» [SAA 10, 349 s. 1–2]. см. также n19dNergal, IV 2.

(35) Марс в Козе-Рыбе; наблюдение: mulṢal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-bi mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 / u2-tu-uk-kiš it-ti-it!-zi / ša2-ru-ru ma-aʼ-da «Марс вошел в Козу-Рыбу, остановился (там) и имеет большой блеск», интерпретация: DIŠ [dU.GUR] / mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 r[a-kib] / šal-pu-ut-ti ERI.DUG3ki U[N!.MEŠ-šu2] / iš-šag-gi-šu «Если [Нергал (= Марс)] е[дет] в Козе-Рыбе (букв. Козой-Рыбой везется): разорение города Эриду; [его] л[юди] будут истреблены» [SAA 10, 104 r. 2–8].

(36) Движение Марса относительно Старика; см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 20.

(37) Марс приближается к Старику; см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 19.

(38) Марс во Льве; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulUR.MAḪ [KUR-ud x x x] / … / mulUR.BAR.RA mul[ṣal-bat-a-nu] / mulUR.MAḪ mul[UR.GU.LA] / mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 m[ulUR.GU.LA GUB-ma] «Если Волк [достигает] Льва: …. Волк = [Марс], Лев = [Лев]; Марс [стоит] во [Льве]» [SAA 8, 45:1–6]; [DIŠ mulṣ]al-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 mul[UR.GU.LA TU-ma GUB] / ŠUB-tim MAŠ2.ANŠE [GAR-an] «[Если М]арс [входит] во [Льва и стоит там]: падёж скота [произойдет]» [SAA 8, 81:3–4]; ki-ma dṣal-bat-a-nu tu-u-ra TA ŠA3-bi / SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA is-su-ḫur / mulAL.LUL dma-a-ši ul-tap-pit / an-ni-u2 pi-šir3-šu2 / TIL BALA-e LUGAL MAR.TUki «Когда Марс возвращается (т.е. движется попятным движением) от Головы Льва (и) касается Краба (и) Близнецов, его интерпретация такова: конец царствования царя Амурру» [SAA 10, 8 r. 3–7].

(39) Марс приближается к Крабу; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 7.

(40) Соединение Марса (= Волчья звезда) с Сатурном (= звезда Солнца); см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 3.

(41) Весы потемнели = Марс в Скорпионе стоит; см. z10Zibānītum, VI 11.

(42) Текущие наблюдения Марса; dṣal-bat-a-nu:. 2-u2 3-šu2 / ina UD-me an-ni-i ni-ta-ṣar / la ne2-e-mur / ir-te-bi «Дважды или трижды мы наблюдали сегодня, (надеясь увидеть) Марс, мы не увидели (его); он зашел» (наблюдение последнего вечернего появления Марса) [SAA 8, 7:5–8]; [mulṣal-bat]-a-nu mu-šu an-ni-u / [TA ŠA3 mu]lAL.LUL u2-ṣa «Этой ночью [Ма]рс вышел [из] Краба» [SAA 8, 28:3′–4′]; mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 / mulPA.BIL.SAG it-te-me-di / it-ti-ti-iz «Марс остановился в Пабилсаге и стоял (там)» [SAA 8, 52:7–r.1]; [mulṣa]l-bat-a-nu ina UGU mulKU6 AN-e / … la iq-ri-ib / [T]A pa-ni-šu2 ip-ti-e-ti «[М]арс к Небесной Рыбе … не приблизился, он удалился [о]т нее» [SAA 8, 55:10e–11e]; mulṣal-bat-a-nu | er-bi | u2-ba-ni TA IGI mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / pa-a-te la iṭ-ḫi ina UGU-ḫi ˹la˺ ik-šu-ud «Марс оставался (на расстоянии) 4 пальцев от Сатурна, он не приблизился, не достиг его» [SAA 8, 82:8–9]; mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina itiNE / a-mir en-na it-ti / mulZI.BA.AN.NA / [[ ]] 150 u2-ṭu [[ ]] / iq-te-ru-ub «Марс стал виден в месяце абу; сейчас он приблизился (на расстояние) в 2,5 «пядей» (= 30 30′) Весов» [SAA 10, 172:4′–8′].

См. также: dṢal-bat-a-nu ina IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Марс впереди Козы-Рыбы (появился)» [BPO 2, III 26a], DIŠ mulṢal-bat-a-nu mu 6 iti.meš DU-ma gim … «Если Марс год (и) 6 месяцев стоит, подобно …» [Borger 1973, 41 r. 38′]. Примеры других предсказаний, связанных с Марсом, см. [Gössman 1950, 360, III].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Mars]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

Ṣalbatānu

2026-04-24T12:35:01Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[2] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ṣalbatānu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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mul / d''Ṣalbatānu'' (𒀯𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡) is the most common name for Mars in cuneiform. Many names for Mars are also available, particularly in the Great Star List (Koch-Westenholz??-??) where most of these names are malefic reflecting the planet's unlucky character in astrology. For benefic and malefic planets in general see Rochberg 2010<ref>Rochberg, F. (2010). In the Path of the Moon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.</ref> reprinted in Rochberg 2022: 135-142.

==Visibility & Appearance==
{{Template:Mars}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The most common name for Mars, occurring in texts of all categories [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 360; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> Ṣ]. The exact meaning and etymology uncertain.<ref name=":17">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' (AN 21l).<ref name=":17" />

ul / d''Ṣal'' is a rarely used abbreviation for mul / d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Mars." See ''dṢal'' in [TCL 6<ref name=":1">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13 obv. ii 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, rev. ii 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.</ref>, 213-214, 221 note 19], and ''ulṢal'' GUR''4'' "Brilliant Mars" in the circular chart [TCL 6<ref name=":1" />, 13 obv.; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2" />, 224]. See also [Hunger 1969, 138].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Urra XXII series: [mulU]DU.BAD / mul''udu-til'' = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "[P]lanet = Mars" [MSL XI, 31, section 10:10; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 106:281ʹ].
*(2) Series Ḫg. B VI, list of names for Mars: mulsa5 = ''ma-ak-ru-u''2 = d''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu''] "Red (star) = red = M[ars]", mulsa5(DIRI) = ''mi''3-''qit i-šat'' = [MIN] "Red star = Falling fire = [Mars]", mulŠul = ''lum-num''2 = MIN "Evil (star) = evil = Mars", mulnu. me.a = ''ba-lum'' = MIN "Nonexistence = lack (lack, lit. "without") = ditto(Mars)", mul lúsa.gaz = ''ḫab-ba-tum'' = MIN "(Star)-robber = robber = ditto (Mars)", mullul.la = ''sa-ar-rum'' = MIN "Lying (star) = lie = lie = ditto (Mars)", mul lúkur2.ra = ''na-kar'' = MIN "(Star)-enemy = enemy = ditto (Mars)", mul lúKUR2.RA = ''ša''2-''nu-um-ma'' = MIN "Stranger = stranger = ditto (Mars)", mulur.bar. ra = ''a-šu-u'' = MIN "Wolf = Stranger = ditto(Mars)", mulnim.ma = (space) = MIN "Asterism of Elam = (space) = ditto (Mars)", mulgig = ''kakkab''(MUL) ''šib-ṭi'' <''u''> ''mūtāni''(NAM.BAD)meš = MIN "(Star)-Disease = Star of plague and death = ditto(Mars)" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:28-38]; for a parallel see. [SpTU III<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 Rs. iii], see also related articles.
*(3) Antagal series (G 309): dsi.mu.ud = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229].
|Example
|-
|'''Early evidence from the end of the Old Babylonian (Early Kassite?) period.'''
*(1) A prediction text describing the extirpation: mul''ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-na-ap-pa-ḫa-am-ma bu-la u''2-''ḫal-la-aq'' "Mars will rise and destroy the cattle" [Nougayrol 1971<ref name=":18">''Nougayrol J.'' Nouveaux textex sur le ''ziCCu'' (II) // RA. 1971. Vol. 65, № 1. P. 67-84.</ref>, 72, AO 7539:62]; an unpublished parallel from Ras Shamra (RS 23.38* rev. 13′) is mentioned in [ibid.<ref name=":18" />, 82].
*(2) Ancient Babylonian prediction text on lunar eclipses (BM 22696:23): [''Ṣa-al-b'']''a-ta-nu-um i-ta-ab-bi-am-ma bu-lam u''2-[''ḫal-la-aq'']-''ma'', cited in [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":19">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 235, note 2].
*(3) Ancient Babylonian prediction text on lunar eclipses (BM 86381 i 22f.): ''ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-ta-bu-ma bu-lam u''2-''ḫal-la-aq'' "Mars will rise and destroy the cattle," quoted in [Rochberg-Halton 1988''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22)., 125, note 7].
*(4) A list of predictions concerning "the darkening (or eclipse) of the sun" (dUTU ''a-di-ir''): BE DINGIR ''u''2-''du-ri-iš i-ru-ub'' d''Ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu-um i-ša-aḫ-ḫ-ḫ-ḫi-iṭ-ma'' [...] / ''bu-ul'' GIR3 (possibly -''am'') ''u''2-''ḫa-al-la-aq'' "If the god (= sun?) darkens (var: gloomily flickers): Mars is angry(?) [...], livestock will die?" [Dietrich 1996<ref>''Dietrich M.'' Altbabylonische Omina zur Sonnenfinsternis // WZKM 86, 99-106.</ref>, 101: p. 26-27]; see also below III 14-15.
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe P.

*Month of Kislimu, stars of Enlil, 120 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

Astrolabe B.

*(1) List (12´3): mul ''ša ina'' igi d''E''2-''a'' gub / mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' kal mu / [''man'']-''za-za-za-za ut-ta-na-kar'' "The star that stands in front of Ea (is) Mars, (which) changes its position all year long" (B i 23-25); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":4">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 10].
*(2) List (3´12): [itigan m]ul''ṣal-bat-a-nu šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "[Kislimu]: Mars (rising) (in the path of) Ea " (C i 9).
*(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m):
**(a) [itigan] mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulud.ka.du8. a muluz3 ˹e3˺ "[Kislimu]: Mars, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, and the goat arise" (C 29),
**(b) mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulud.ka.du8.a muluz3 šu2.[a] "(Simanu): Mars, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, and the Goat desce[nd]" [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 18; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 37, 40].

BM 82923.

*Kislimu month, stars of Ea: mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' // 2 // ''mu-u''2''-tu'' "Mars // 120 // death" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:25].

BM 34713.

*itigan // 2.0 ''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' // 1.10 múlgir2.tab // 35 múl[lugal] "Kislimu: 120 Mars, 70 Scorpius, 35 [King]" [LBAT<ref name=":5">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:9].

"Round astrolabes."

*See 162. itigan.gan.u3 // mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' // 2.00 "(Stars of Ea), kislimu, Mars, 120" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 11].
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|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":6">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 62, 125 D ii 5, 187 §II 7-8, 235 §II 2 D 8′ + note 2, 253 EAE 22 part I § I 3; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 8a-b, 11a, 11c, 13a, 26-26a, V 1a, XI 7; BPO 3<ref name=":8">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; Borger 1973<ref name=":9">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al., 38-55. Leiden, 1973.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 8′-12′, 16′, 37′-39′; Largement 1957<ref name=":10">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264.</ref>, 244:46, 248:74, 254:107, 109; Verderame 2002<ref>Verderame 2002</ref>, 248-249; SpTU I<ref name=":11">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 92:2′; SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:5,6; SpTU V<ref name=":12">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264].
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|'''Text Nv. 10. Intercalation scheme'''
*[...mul''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu'' as the star Anu is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of arahsamnu, see (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]].
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|'''"Catalog of 30 stars."'''
Ea. 10.

*MUL SA5 ''ša a-na'' IGI d''E''2-''a'' GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB-''šu''2 ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' dUTU.E3 ''mi''-[''šil'' MU] / ''i-na'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ''ka-la'' MU KI.GUB-''šu''2 ''ut-ta-na-kar'' MUL ''šu-u''2 mulUDU.IDIM d[''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''] "The red star, that stands in front of Ea, is positioned at the place where the Sun rises for half of the year, and then at the place where the Sun sets for the other half of the year, for the duration of the whole year, the position of the star changes, this star — the planet [Mars]"

(A. 11-12).

*MUL SA5 ''ša''2 IGI d''E''2-''a'' kal MU KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "The red star that is in front of Ea changes (its) position all year long, (it is) Mars" (B. 13) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":4" />, 177] (in A. 11-12: KI.GUB-''šu''2 ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' dUTU.E3 ''mi''-[''šil'' MU] / ''i-na'' dUTU.ŠU2.A, probably erroneously borrowed from Anu 1, see (Kurtik i18) ''[[Ištar]]''.
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|'''"Letters" and "reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 380b; SAA 8<ref name=":13">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 351-352].
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Anu (No. 21): mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir-ma'' AN-''e ib-bir'' "Mars, its position constantly changes and it crosses the sky" (I ii 14).
*(2) Planets, "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL d''Sin'' DU''-ku'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' DU-''ak'' "Mars takes (the same) path that the Moon takes" (II i 4).
*(3) List and definition of planets: mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' in fourth place, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(4) Planetary theory:
**(a) mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' dUTU.ŠU3.A TUM3-''ma'' 2 ITI KIMIN 3 ITI 10 ''u''4-''mi'' KIMIN 6 ITI 20 ''u''4-''mi ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ''ina'' KASKAL dUTU SAR-''ḫa'' IGI.LA2 "Mars disappears in the west and remains (invisible) in the sky for 2 months, or 3 months (and) 10 days, or 6 months (and) 20 days and rises and becomes visible in the east in the path of the Sun" (II i 51-52),
**(b) mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' dUTU.E3 IGI.LA2-''ma'' MU 1 KAM 6 ITI KIMIN / MU 1 KAM 10 ITI KIMIN 2 MU.AN.NAmeš / ''ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3 MUL BI BE-''ma'' SA5 GAR ''u ba-il''3 BE-''ma un-nu-un u'' TUR "Mars becomes visible in the east, stands in the sky for 1 year (and) 6 months or 1 year (and) 10 months, or 2 years (and then) disappears in the west. This star either reveals redness and has great brilliance, or it is dim(?) and small" (II i 64-65) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 34, 70, 80, 86].
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|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
*(1) List of astrological names for Mars: AN AN NI x [x], mul[…], mul''ma-ak-ru-u'', mulsa5, mulsig7, [mu]lman-''ma'', mul''a-ḫu-u'', mul[''n'']''a-ka-ru'', mul''s''[''ar''6]-''ru'', mulḫul, mulka5.a, mulnim.ma, mullu2.sa.gaz, mulur.bar.ra, multi8mušen, mul''lu-um-nu'', mul''si-mu-ut'', mulla šid.meš, mulapin, mulšudun, mulšu.pa, mulbal.teš2.a, mulug5.ga, mulbir, mulnunki, mulud.ka.duḫ.a, […] = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'';
*(2) ''ul'' babbar = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "White star = Mars";
*(3) 12 stars of Amurru: mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'';
*(4) 7 names of Mars: ulman-''ma'', mul''a-ḫu-u''2 ul''na-ka-ru'' / ul''sar''6-''ru'' ulḫul ulka5.a ulnim.maki / ul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / 7 ''zik-ru-šu'' "Strange Star, Star of the Stranger, Hostile star, Lying star, Evil star, Fox, Asterism of Elam — Mars, 7 are his names";
*(5) list of planets: ul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' in last place (see Kurtik u07 [[UDU.IDIM]]) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 83-105, 168, 219, 239, 243].
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|'''Star List VR 46, 1:42.'''
*a) muludu.idim = ''muš-mit bu-lim'' "Planet = the one who kills cattle,"
*b) mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' = ''muš-ta-bar-ru-u''2 ''mu-ta-nu'' "Mars = the one who prolongs the plague" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:41-42; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":14">''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 353].
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|'''MLC 1866.'''
For a list of the 7 planets, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
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|'''Anaphora.'''
*А 3427: ''ina'' itigan ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "In the month of kislimu on the morning of the 28th day, Mars emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":15">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA 55 (N.F. 17), 237-251.</ref>, 238:4], parallel in Sp II 202+: ''ina'' gan ''ina še-rim'' [28 múl''ṣal'']-''bat-a-nu meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":15" />, 245:21].
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|'''Mathematical astronomy.'''
*d''Ṣal-bat-a-ni'' instead of AN in the singular text [ACT<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>, No. 802 r. 7].
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|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) The nature of the influence.
**(a) DIŠ d[''Ṣal-bat-a-nu pit''2-''ru-us na-an-ziq ḫa'']-˹''an-ṭu-su''˺ "If [Mars (appears): (this sign) is ambiguous; (it will be) qui]ck [to anger]."
**(b) DIŠ KI d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' UŠ2 GIG UŠ2 UR.MAD ''u''2-''lu'' UŠ2 GIŠ.TUKUL LUGAL "If the region of Mars: death by disease, death by a lion, or death by a king's weapon" [TCL 6<ref name=":1" />, 13 obv. ii 2, 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2" />, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b 324-325].
*(2) "Hypsoma". KI ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 ''ša''2 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MUL2.U[Z3...] "The secret place of Mars. [Capricorn?...]" [STC I<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref> 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.</ref>], quoted in [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":6" />, 55:31], see also (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(3) Zodiacal astrology. ''aš''2-''šu''2 d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' múlMAŠ.MAŠ KI ''Sin'' MAŠ.TAB.BA U3.TU "Since Mars (stands) in Gemini with the Moon [or: in the place of the Moon - G.K.]: twins will be born" [LBAT<ref name=":5" />, 1593:9′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(4) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the position of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac.
*BM 36746+: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'', passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
*(5) Predictions of grain prices based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: d''Ṣal-bat-an'', d''Ṣal-bat-an-nu'', mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [SpTU I<ref name=":11" />, 94, passim].
*(6) Predictions of enemy attacks from observations of the positions and visibility of planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6<ref name=":1" />, 13 obv. ii 11, 17, 19, 21, 21, 22, 25, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":2" />, 213-214, 216].
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Non-standard syllabic notation: mul''Ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu'' (AO 7539 r. 17) [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Rituels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>, 79, note 2]. See also [SpTU I<ref name=":11" />, 97:1; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42:10; SpTU V<ref name=":12" />, 261 r. 8-23, 264 passim, 269 r. 6].

===Additional===

====Deity.====
The planet Mars was associated with Nergal, lord of the underworld, who was also regarded as the god of plague, war, and destruction (see n18). The name is often spelled with the determinative d. The origin of the name Ṣalbatānu appears to be mysterious [HCH<ref>''Hunger H., Stephenson F.R., Walker C.B.F., Yau K.K.C.'' Halley's Comet in History / Ed. by F.R.Stephenson and C.B.F.Walker. L.: British Museum Publ., 1985.</ref> 16; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 7]. Lambert suggests that ṣalbatānu derives from ṣarbatānu, a rare form of the adjective formed from ṣarbû, lit. "pertaining to poplar," and connects it presumably with dlugal.giš.asal2 = [''be-el ṣa'']''r''-BE (AN:d''Anum'' VI 72 [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 205]), a deity from Nergal's retinue [Lambert 1996<ref name=":16">''Lambert W.G.'' The etymology and meaning of ialbatānu // NABU. 1996, no 4, p. 108, 123).</ref>; Brown 2000<ref>''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 55]. However, it remains unclear why the most widespread name of Mars, whose astrological significance seems to be enormous, is associated with such an insignificant figure of the Mesopotamian pantheon? The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the Babylonian name of Mars as the following: Βελέβατος. ὁ τοῡ πυρὸς ἀστήρ. Βαβυλώνιοι. "B/Celebatos: fire star: Babylonians," derived apparently from Akkadian Ṣalbatānu [TLG 4085-002 Β 479], see also [Lambert 1996<ref name=":16" />; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":14" />, 350].

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
*(1) In the Šurpu II 182 series of incantations: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' ... ''lip-ṭu-ru'' "Mars ... let him free." [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18].
*(2) On the ritual of "laying on of hands" (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) performed in front of Mars, cf. [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 206 r. 5′-6′; 240:10; 262:5-8], as well as (Kurtik k08) [[Kayyamānu(m)|''Kayyamānu'']].
*(3) On the ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revitalizing" the deity statue, see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]], II.
*(4) For the Namburbi series, see. [Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA 48, № 1, 1-15.</ref>, 12-13:7].
*(5) Deities witnessing the treaty: mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' (in the fifth place after Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, and Mercury) [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 29, 6 iv 15]; parallel in [Wiseman 1958<ref>''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.</ref>, 29: col. i 15].
*(6) Letter to Ashurbanipal from his son, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
*(7) Temple ritual at Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
*(8) Invocation of the blessing of the gods on the king, among whom is Mars, see (Kurtik u07) [[SAG.ME.GAR]]. [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 8:11].
*(9) A ritual against the evil portended by Mars; when the ritual was performed, a prayer was recited: ina ḪUL mul''ṣal-bat-a-n''[''u''] / ''ša a-dan-šu''2 ''u''2-''še-ti''-[''qu-u-ni''] / ''u''3 ''ina'' ŠA3 mulLU2.ḪUN.GA2 ''i''[''n-na-mir-u-ni''] ... "In the evil (foreshadowed) by Mars, who has exceeded his fixed (term) and appeared in the constellation of the Hired Man: let his evil not approach, nor pass close, nor crush me, nor affect me, my country, the men of my palace, nor my army."'" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 381: 5 - r. 4].
*(10) Ritual actions with the sacred drum before Mars and Saturn; UD-25-KAM2 ''ina nu-bat''-[''ti''] / LI.LI.IZ3 ''ina'' IGI d[U].GU[R] / ''ina'' UGU ''ku-zip-pi'' / ''ša'' LUGAL ''iš-šak-kan'' / ''ša'' dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''is-se-niš'' / ''ne''2''-pu-uš'' "On the 25th day (of the month), at nig[ht], a drum will be placed in front of [N]erga[l] (= Mars) on top of the royal robes. At the same time we will perform (the chants of) Saturn" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 340:9 - p. 2].

====Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
(1) = Red Star; see (Kurtik s04) [[SA5|SA5]], and also (Kurtik h08) [[ḪUL]], III 3.

(2) = Red planet; see (Kurtik s04) [[SA5|SA5]], II, (Kurtik m03) ''[[Makrû]]'', III 2.

(3) = The star Eridu; see (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]], VI 2.

(4) = Plow; see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN]], VI 1.

(5) = Eagle; see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]], VI 3.

(6) = Meslamtea; see (Kurtik m24) [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]].

(7) = Star Cluster; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 1, 15-16.

(8) = Wolf; mulUR.BAR.RA = mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 48:5], see also (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 1, (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]], VI

(9) = Bow; see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]], VI 13.

(10) = Yoke; see below (22).

See also the identifications: [m]ulUR.GU.LA: mulUR.BAR.RA: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Lion = Wolf = Mars", mulKA5.A: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Fox = Mars" [SpTU I, 50:37-38], SI E d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "SI E = Mars"(?) [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 132, K.2907+: I 2].

See also (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', (Kurtik g14) [[GIG]], (Kurtik h08) [[ḪUL]], (Kurtik k29) [[KUR2.RA|lúKUR2.RA]], (Kurtik L17) [[LUL.LA]], (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], (Kurtik n23) [[NIM.MA]], (Kurtik n48) [[NU.ME.A]], (Kurtik s01) [[SA.GAZ|lúSA.GAZ]], (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]], (Kurtik sh12) [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']], (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].

=====Predictions:=====
(11) General astrological meaning; [d''ṣal-bat-a-nu''] ''a-na mu-ta-ni qa-bi'' "[Mars] is said to (predict) death" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 114:3].

(12) The visibility of Mars; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM GU4.UD d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MU.NI ''ša''2-''ru-ru iš-ši'' LUGAL NIM.MAki ''i-dan''-[''nin''] "If the leaping planet, whose name is Mars, radiates: the king of Elam will be strengthen[ed]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":10" />, 244:46; TU, 16:46] (for a parallel see [SpTU I, 92:2]), Mercury's standard designation GU4.UD = ''šiḫṭu'' "Leap," here given apparently by mistake; [DIŠ] d''ṣal-bat-a-nu um-mu-liš'' KUR-''ma'' ŠE.ER.ZI.MEŠ-''šu''2 SIG7 / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 "[If] Mars rises flickering and it emits in yellow-green: the king of Elam will die" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 114:6-7], see also [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 100: 18-19], (Kurtik n19) [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']], IV 1; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu u''2-''ta-na-at-ma'' SIG5 ''ib-il-ma a-ḫi-tu''2 "If Mars becomes weak, it is good, (if it becomes) brilliant, it is bad" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 114 r. 3]; DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [ŠE.ER.ZI IL2-''ši''] / LUGAL ''i-dan-nin-''[''ma'' NIG2.TUK x x] "If Mars [bears radiance]: the power and [welfare] of the king will increase" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 104 r. 10-11]; DIŠ ''ina'' AN-''e mi-i''[''š-ḫu ša'' mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' IGI] / RI.RI.GA: [ŠUB-''tim bu-lim ina'' KUR GAL2] "If the mi[šḫu of Mars is seen in the sky: (there will be) an epidemic, var: [there will be cattle grazing in the country]" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 104 r. 12-13].

(13) The rising of Mars in various months; [DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-n'']''u ina'' itiŠU IGI.LAL KI.NA2 ''qu-ra-di'' DAGAL "[If Mar]s becomes visible in the month of duzu: cemetery of warriors will increase" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 114:2], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 143 r. 4; 341:1-2]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' IGI-[''ir''] / BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 / ŠA3-''bi'' KUR DUG3-''ab'' "If Mars becomes visible in the month of ulul: the harvest of the country will be abundant; the heart of the country will be happy" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 419:1-3]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiGUD mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' IGI.LAL MI2.KUR2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ / ''šal-pu''2-''tim'' ERIM-''man-da'' / ERIM-''man-da'' LU2.gim-''ra-a-a'' "If Mars becomes visible in the month of ayar: there will be hostilities; destruction of Umman-manda, Umman-manda (means) the Cimmerians" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 100:25].

(14) The rising/setting of Mars and the destruction of livestock; dUDU.IDIM SAR-''ma'' MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 "The planet will rise and destroy livestock" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":19" />, 235, EAE 20, § II.2 + note 2], see also (15); mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' TU-''ma'' MAŠ2.ANŠE ZA[Ḫ2] "Mars will set and destroy cattle" [ibid., 170, EAE 19, Section III, Source A: 8].

(15) The eclipse of the Moon, the rising of Mars, and the destruction of cattle; DIŠ UD.16.KAM AN.MI GAR ''im-ḫul-lu'' KUR-''ma'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 "If an eclipse (of the Moon) occurs on the 16th day (of the month): a hurricane will come, Mars will rise and rui[n] the cattle" [ibid. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":19" />, 253, EAE 22 part I § I:3].

(16) Mars stands in the east; [DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu ina'' IM.KUR.RA GUB-''iz'' ZI''-ut'' SU.BIR4ki / ''u''3 ''kaš-ši-i a-na'' KUR "[If Ma]rs stands in the east: Subartu and the Kassites will attack the country" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 81 r. 1-2; 114:4-5].

(17) Mars stands in the north; [DIŠ] ˹d˺UDU.IDIM ''ina'' IM.SI.SA2 GUB-''iz'' / UŠ2.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ ZI-''bu'' LUGAL URIki ''ana'' KUR KUR2 "[If] the planet(=Mars) stands in the north: there will be death; an attack on the king of Akkad in enemy territory" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" /> 81 r 1-2; 114:5] [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 341:3-4].

(18) Mars’ influence on the stars; [DIŠ mul]UDU.IDIM MUL.MEŠ AN-''e u''2-''lap-pat'' / LUGAL KUR.KUR ''u''2-''qat-ti'' / d''ṣal-bat-a-nu i-ba-il-ma'' / MUL.MEŠ ''u''2-''lap-pat-ma'' "[If] a planet influences the stars of the heavens: the king will overpower (lit. finish off) (all) countries, (meaning): Mars has great brilliance and influences the stars" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 327 r. 3′-6′].

(19) Mars is the Star of the Western Country (=Amurru); mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MUL KUR MAR.TUki / ḪUL ''ša''2 KUR MAR.TUki ''u'' NIM.MAki "Mars is the star of Amurru; evil for Amurru and Elam" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 383 r. 5-8], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 412 r. 2].

(20) Mars is the star of Subartu; d''ṣal-bat-a''-[''nu'' MUL ''ša''2] KUR SU.BIR4ki ''ba-ʼi-il'' / ''u''3 ''ša-ru''-[''r'']''u na-ši'' SIG5 ''ša''2 KUR SU.BIR4ki ''šu-u''2 "Mar[s, the star] of Subartu, has great brilliance and shin[e]s; this is good for Subartu" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 491 r. 7-8].

(21) Mars and the Moon; ˹DIŠ˺ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' / <d>30 KUR ḪUL-''ta'' TUŠ-''ib'' "If Mars stands close to the front of the Moon: the moon-god will relocate a bad? country" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 311:1-2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SI KAB 30 GUB LUGAL ŠU2-''tu''2 DU3-''uš'' "If a planet (=Mars) stands on the left horn of the Moon: the king will succeed in ruling the world" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 311:3]; DIŠ MUL ''ina'' IGI 30 KAB GUB ... "If the star (=Mars) stands on the left horn of the Moon: (the apodosis is the same)" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 311:4]; DIŠ MUL ''ina'' EGIR 30 KAB GUB LUGAL URIki ŠU2-''tu''2 DU3-''uš'' "If the star (=Mars) stands to the left behind the Moon: the king of Akkad will succeed in ruling the world" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 311:5]; DIŠ MUL ''ina'' SI 150 30 GUB KUR KUR2 ḪUL I[GI] "If the star (=Mars) stands on the left horn of the Moon: an enemy country will exp[erience] evil" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 311 r. 1]; for close predictions relating to Mars, see also [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 311:7-10, r. 2-7; 484:1-6].

(22) Mars in the lunar halo; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' ZAḪ2 MAŠ2.ANŠE ''ina'' KUR DU3.A.BI / ''me-re-šu''2 ZU2.LUM.MA NU SI.SA2 / KI.MIN KUR MAR.TUki TUR-''ir'' "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo Mars stands within it: death of cattle in all countries; date plantations will not flourish; var.: the country of the West (=Amurru) will decrease" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 168: 10-r. 2]; ˹DIŠ˺ 30 TUR3 (NIGIN2-ma) mulŠUDUN ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL UŠ2-''ma'' KUR-''su'' TUR-''ir'' / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 / mulŠUDUN mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "If the Moon is (surrounded by) a halo and the Yoke stands in it: the king will die and his country will diminish; the king of Elam will die. Yoke (means) Mars." [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 383 r. 1-3]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB / LUGAL ERIM-''šu''2 ''u''2''-tas-sar'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and a planet (=Mars?) stands in it: the king's troops will be surrounded" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 412:5-6; for parallels and variants see. [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 41:5-8; 49:3-5; 82 r. 3-5; 169:1-4; 181:7-r.4; 317 r. 1-4; 327:8-10; 376:1-r.1; 383:7-10; 412:1-4; 416:1-3; 491:5-7].

(23) Mars and Jupiter; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 19-23.

(24) Mars behind Shulpae; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' EGIR dŠUL.PA.E3 DU-''ak'' MU BI ''dam-qat'' "If Mars stands behind Shulpae (=Jupiter): this year will be good" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 114 r. 4].

(25) Venus took the star(=Mars) on its right or left; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' A2 ZA]G-''ša''2 MUL ''le-qat-ma'' mul''Dil-bat'' GAL-''ma'' MUL TUR ... ˹d''Ṣal''˺-''bat-a-nu ina'' ZAG-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "[If Venus] takes a star from its [right] [side], and Venus is big and the star is small: The king of Elam will acquire importance and power and will rule the countries of the four regions, accepting tribute from the kings, his subjects; (this will happen if) Mars stands on the right side" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 46, VAT 10218:70], for a parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 68, BM 75 228:14; 210, K. 7936+:12; 214, K.3601+:15; 226, K. 2816+:12]; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat''] ˹''ina'' A2˺ 2,30-''ša''2 MUL ''le-qat-ma'' mul''Dil-bat'' GAL-''ma'' MUL TUR ... d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' 2,30-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "[If Venus] takes a star from its left side and Venus is large and the star is small: the King of Akkad ditto; (this will happen if) Mars stands to its left" (apodosis see. previous prediction) [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:71], for a parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 68, BM 75 228:15; 210, K. 7936+:13; 214, K.3601+:16; 226, K. 2816+:13]. see also [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 415: 1-4].

(26) The red color of Venus and Mars; ''ka-lu-šu''2-''ma'' SA5 ''ṣa-rip'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'': dGUD.UD TE''-ši-ma'' "It is entirely colored red, (meaning): Mars, var: Mercury comes close to it." [BPO 3, 132, K. 2907+: III 5]; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' ...KI.GU]B-''ša''2 SA5 ŠUB-''tim'' ANŠE.KUR.RA [...] ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ [d''Ṣal-bat-a-n'']''u''? KI-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "[If Venus, ... posit]ion is red: the fall of horses (and) [...] will be in the country, (it means): [Mar]s stands with it" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 100, K.35:16], see also [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 70, BM 75228:19; 188, K.2153+:10].

(27) Venus wears a crown; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' AGA SIG7 (var.: SA5) ''ap-rat'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' IGI-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "If Venus wears a green (var.: red) crown: Mars stands before it" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 58, K. 148+:12]. see also [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 215, K.3601+:31]; 2 AGA.MEŠ ''ap-rat'' 2 dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ ''ina pa-ni-šu''2 DU.ME''-zu-ma'' "It wears two crowns - two planets (= Mars and Mercury) stand ahead of her" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 132, K. 2907+:IV 12].

(28) Venus and the Stars (= Mars) to its right; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 16.

(29) Conjunction of Mars and Saturn in the lunar halo; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' / TUR3 30 GUB.MEŠ BALA UD.MEŠ GID2.MEŠ "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and 2 stars (= Mars and Saturn) stand in the lunar halo: reign will be long" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 168:3-4]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu u'' dUDU.IDIM ''im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma'' GUB.MEŠ / ZI-''ut'' NIM.MAki "If Mars and a planet (=Saturn) face each other (in the lunar halo) and stand (in it): the attack of Elam" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 168:5-6]; for parallels and variants see. [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 48:1-4; 49 r. 4-6; 169:8-9; 317:6-8; 383:1-2; 416 r. 3-5; 491 r. 1-4; 542 r. 1-2]; DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM ''is-sa-na-aḫ-ḫur'' ŠE-''im iq-qir'' "If Mars moves around a planet (=Saturn): barley will be expensive" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 82:4].

(30) Mars approaches Mercury; (blank) mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu a-na'' muludu.idim.gu4.ud ˹te˺ ... "Mars [is] approaching Mercury ..." (comment on an unknown prediction, with a space in its place) [Borger 1973<ref name=":9" />, 41:8′].

(31) The planet and Mars stand opposite each other; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM ''u'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma'' GUB.MEŠ ZI-''ut'' NIM.MAki [...] "If the planet (=Mercury?) and Mars stand opposite each other: the attack of Elam [...]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":10" />, 248:74; TU, 16:74], see also [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 168 r. 5-6].

(32) Mars is approaching the Scorpius; DIŠ mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE ''ina'' E2.GAL NUN BURU3-''šu''2 GAL2-''ši'' "Mars is approaching the Scorpius: there will be damage in the prince's palace" [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 8a], DIŠ mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE URU ''ina'' BURU3-''ši'' DIB-''bat'' "If Mars approaches Scorpius: the city will be taken via a breach (in the wall)" [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 8b].

(33) The backward movement of Mars in Scorpius; mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu is-su-uḫ-ur'' / ''ut-ta-me-iš ina pa-na-tu-uš-šu''2 ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB / ''il-lak lum-nu šu-u''2 "Mars turns around, starts a movement and moves forward into the Scorpius; this is a bad sign" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 53 r. 2-4]. ''e-t''[''ar-ba'' d]˹''ṣal''˺-''bat-a-nu ki-ma'' TA ŠA3-''bi'' / mulGIR2.TAB ''it-tu-ṣi-a is-suḫ-ra'' / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB ''e-ta-rab an-ni-u pi-šir''3-''šu''2 "When Mars exits [goes] from Scorpius, turns around and enters (again) into the Scorpius, its interpretation is as follows": DIŠ mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ki-i i-tu-ra a-na'' ŠA3-''bi'' / mulGIR2.TAB ''e-tu-ru-ub a-na'' EN.NUN-''ka la te-eg-gi'' LUGAL UD ḪUL.GAL2 KA2 NU E3 "If Mars turns (i.e., makes a backward movement) (and) enters Scorpius: do not neglect your safety; a king should not go outdoors on an evil day." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 8:21-27].

(34) The movement of Mars in relation to the Scorpius (observations); mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ut-ta-me-iš'' / ''a-na pa-na-tu-tu-uš-šu''2 ''il-lak'' / [''ina'' Š]A3 mulGIR2.TAB ''in-ne''2-''me-da'' "Mars has begun to move, it is advancing; and it has stopped [in] the Scorpius" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 85 r. 1-3], mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ša''2 ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB ''u2''-''zu''-[''uz-zu''] / ''a-na a-ṣe-e pa-n''[''i-šu''2 / ''il-ta''-[''kan''] / ''a-di'' UD-25-KAM2 ''ša''2 ITI.[ŠU] / ''ul-tu'' mulGIR2.TAB ''uṣ''-[''ṣi''] / ''u''3 ''ša''2-''ru-ru-šu''2 ''ma-aq''-[''tu''] / ŠA3 ''ša''2 LUGAL ''be-li''2-''ia lu ṭa-a''-[''bi''] / LUGAL ''ma-a''ʼ-diš ''lu ḫa-d''[''i''] / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 / ''ma-ṣar-ti ša''2 ''ram-ni-šu''2 / LUGAL ''li-iṣ-ṣur'' "Mars, "which is in Scorpius, has turned its face towards the exit; before the 25th day of [duuzu], it will leave Scorpius and its luster will fall. The heart of the king, my lord, let it res[t]; the king should be very gla[d], (but) as long as (Mars) comes out, let the king save himself." [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 387: 3- r. 6]. "As for the ritual of replacing the king, about which my master wrote to me, (it is not necessary, since) [mul''ṣal'']-''ba''[''t''!-''a-n'']''u''! [T]A ŠA3 ''ir-ti'' / [''ša''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u''2]-''ṣa-a'' [M]a[r]s [we]nt [fr]om the chest of the [Scorpius]." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 12:6-9]. mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' TA mulGIR2.TAB ''it-tu''-[''u'']''ṣ-ṣ-ṣi a-na'' ŠA3-''bi'' / mulPA.BIL2.SAG ''pa-ni-šu''2 ''is-sa-kan'' LUGAL ''be-li''2 ''u''2-''di'' "Mars [ar]ose from the Scorpius and turned its face towards Pabilsag. The king, my lord, should know (this)." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 349 s. 1-2]. See also (Kurtik n19) [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']], IV 2.

(35) Mars in the Goat-Fish; observation: mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 / ''u''2-''tu-uk-kiš it-ti-it''!-''zi'' / ''ša''2-''ru-ru ma-aʼ-da'' "Mars has entered Goat-Fish, has stopped (there) and has great brilliance", interpretation: DIŠ [dU.GUR] / mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 ''r''[''a-kib''] / ''šal-pu-ut-ti'' ERI.DUG3ki U[N! MEŠ-''šu''2] / ''iš-šag-gi-šu'' "If [Nergal (= Mars)] go[es] into the Goat-Fish (lit. Goat-Fish is driven): the city of Eridu will be in ruins; [its] people will be exterminated" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 104 r. 2-8].

(36) The movement of Mars relative to the Old Man; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 20.

(37) Mars approaching the Old Man; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 19.

(38) Mars in Leo; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulUR.MAḪ [KUR-''ud'' x x x x] / ... / mulUR.BAR.RA mul[''ṣal-bat-a-nu''] / mulUR.MAḪ mul[UR.GU.LA] / mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 m[ulUR.GU.LA GUB-''ma''] "If the Wolf [reaches] Leo: .... Wolf = [Mars], Leo = [Leo]; Mars [stands] in [Leo]" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 45:1-6]; [DIŠ mul''ṣ'']''al-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mul[UR.GU.LA TU-''ma'' GUB] / ŠUB-''tim'' MAŠ2.ANŠE [GAR-''an''] "[If M]ars [enters] into [Leo and stands there]: a fall of the cattle [will happen]" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 81:3-4]; ''ki-ma'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu tu-u-ra'' TA ŠA3-''bi'' / SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA ''is-su-ḫur'' / mulAL.LUL d''ma-a-ši ul-tap-pit'' / ''an-ni-u''2 ''pi-šir''3''-šu''2 / TIL BALA-''e'' LUGAL MAR.TUki "When Mars returns (i.e. moves backwards) from the Lion's Head (and) touches the Crab (and) Gemini, its interpretation is: the end of the reign of King Amurru." [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 8 r. 3-7].

(39) Mars approaches the Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 7.

(40) Mars’ (= Wolf star) connection with Saturn (= Sun star); see (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 3.

(41) Libra darkens = Mars stands n the Scorpius; see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 11.

(42) Current observations of Mars; d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'':. 2-''u''2 3-''šu''2 / ''ina'' UD-''me an-ni-i ni-ta-ṣar'' / ''la ne''2-''e-mur'' / ''ir-te-bi'' "Twice or thrice we observed today, (hoping to see) Mars, but we did not see (it); it went down" (observation of the last evening appearance of Mars) [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 7:5-8]; [mul''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu mu-šu an-ni-u'' / [TA ŠA3 mu]lAL.LUL ''u''2-''ṣa'' "This night [Ma]rs came out [of] the Crab" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 28:3′-4′]; mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 / mulPA.BIL.SAG ''it-te-me-di'' / ''it-ti-ti-iz'' "Mars stopped at Pabilsag and stood (there)" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 52:7-r.1]; [mul''ṣa'']''l-bat-a-nu ina'' UGU mulKU6 AN-''e'' / ... ''la iq-ri-ib'' / [T]A ''pa-ni-šu''2 ''ip-ti-e-ti'' "[M]ars, to the Heavenly Fish ... did not approach, it withdrew [from] it." [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 55:10e-11e]; mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' | ''er-bi'' | ''u''2''-ba-ni'' TA IGI mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / ''pa-a-te la iṭ-ḫi ina'' UGU-''ḫi'' ˹''la''˺ ''ik-šu-ud'' "Mars remained (at a distance of) four fingers from Saturn, it did not approach, it did not reach it" [ARAK<ref name=":13" />, 82:8-9]; mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' itiNE / ''a-mir en-na it-ti'' / mulZI.BA.AN.NA / [[ ]]. 150 u2-ṭu [[ ]] / ''iq-te-ru-ub'' "Mars became visible in the month of Ab; it has now approached (at a distance of) 2.5 "heels" (= 30 30′) of Libra" [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 172:4′-8′].

See also: d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 "Mars (appeared) ahead of the Goat-Fish " [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 26a], DIŠ mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mu 6 iti.meš DU-''ma'' gim ... "If Mars stands for a year (and) 6 months, like ..." [Borger 1973<ref name=":9" />, 41 r. 38′]. For other examples of Mars-related predictions, see. [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0" />, 360, III].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, ts02)
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|редко используемое сокращение от mul / dṢal-bat-a-nu «Марс». См. dṢal в [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, rev. ii 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 221 note 19], а также ulṢal GUR4 «Марс блестящий» в круглой диаграмме [TCL 6, 13 obv.; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 224]. См. также [Hunger 1969, 138].
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, ts02)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|самое распространенное название Марса, встречающееся в текстах всех категорий [Gössman 1950, 360; CAD Ṣ].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: [mulU]DU.BAD / muludu-til = dṣal-bat-a-nu «[П]ланета = Марс» [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:281ʹ]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI, список названий Марса: mulsa5 = ma-ak-ru-u2 = dṣal-[bat-a-nu] «Красная (звезда) = красный = М[арс]», mulsa5(DIRI) = mi3-qit i-šat = [MIN] «Красная звезда = Падение Огня = [Марс]», mulCul = lum-num2 = MIN «Злая (звезда) = зло = Марс», mulnu.me.a = ba-lum = MIN «Небытие = недостаток (отсутствие, букв. «без») = ditto(Марс)», mul lúsa.gaz = ḫab-ba-tum = MIN «(Звезда)-разбойник = разбойник = ditto (Марс)», mullul.la = sa-ar-rum = MIN «Лживая (звезда) = ложь = ditto (Марс)», mul lúkur2.ra = na-kar = MIN «(Звезда)-Враг = враг = ditto (Марс)», mul lúKUR2.RA = ša2-nu-um-ma = MIN «Чужестранец = чужой = ditto (Марс), mulur.bar.ra = a-Cu-u = MIN «Волк = Чужой = ditto(Марс)», mulnim.ma = (пробел) = MIN «Звезда Элама = (пробел) = ditto (Марс)», mulgig = kakkab(MUL) šib-ṭi <nowiki> mūtāni(NAM.BAD)</nowiki>meš = MIN «(Звезда)-Болезнь = Звезда чумы и смертей = ditto(Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:28–38]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii], см. также соответствующие статьи. (3) Серия Antagal (G 309): dsi.mu.ud = dṣal-bat-a-nu [MSL XVII, 229]. Ранние свидетельства конца старовавилонского (начала касситского?) периода. (1) Предсказательный текст c описанием экстиспиции: mulṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-na-ap-pa-ḫa-am-ma bu-la u2-ḫal-la-aq «Марс взойдет и погубит скот» [Nougayrol 1971, 72, AO 7539:62]; неопубликованная параллель из Рас-Шамры (RS 23.38* rev. 13′) упоминается в [ibid., 82]. (2) Cтаровавилонский предсказательный текст по лунным затмениям (BM 22696:23): [Ṣa-al-b]a-ta-nu-um i-ta-ab-bi-am-ma bu-lam u2-[ḫal-la-aq]-ma, цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 235, note 2]. (3) Cтаровавилонский предсказательный текст по лунным затмениям (BM 86381 i 22f.): ṣa-al-ba-ta-nu i-ta-bu-ma bu-lam u2-ḫal-la-aq «Марс взойдет и погубит скот», цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 125, note 7]. (4) Список предсказаний, касающихся «затемнения (или затмения) Солнца» (dUTU a-di-ir): BE DINGIR u2-du-ri-iš i-ru-ub dṢa-al-ba-ta-nu-um i-ša-aḫ-ḫi-iṭ-ma […] / bu-ul GIR3 (вероятно, -am) u2-ḫa-al-la-aq «Если бог (=Солнце?) зашел затмившимся (вар: мрачно мерцающим): Марс гневается(?) […], скот погубит?» [Dietrich 1996, 101: r. 26–27]; cм. также ниже III 14–15. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц кислиму, звезды Энлиля, 120 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul ša ina igi dE2-a gub / mulṣal-bat-a-nu kal mu / [man]-za-za ut-ta-na-kar «Звезда, которая перед Эа стоит, (это) Марс, (который) весь год положение (свое) изменяет» (B i 23–25); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 10]. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itigan m]ulṣal-bat-a-nu šu-ut dE2-a «[Кислиму]: Марс (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 9). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): а) [itigan] mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulud.ka.du8.a muluz3 ˹e3˺ «[Кислиму]: Марс, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Коза восходят» (С 29), b) mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulud.ka.du8.a muluz3 šu2.[a] «(Симану): Марс, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Коза захо[дят]» [KAV 218, C 18; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц кислиму, звезды Эа: mulṣal-bat-a-nu // 2 // mu-u2-tu «Марс // 120 // cмерть» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:25]. BM 34713. itigan // 2,0 ṣal-bat-a-nu // 1,10 múlgir2.tab // 35 múl[lugal] «Кислиму: 120 Марс, 70 Скорпион, 35 [Царь]» [LBAT, 1499:9]. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. itigan.gan.u3 // mulṣal-bat-a-nu // 2,00 «(Звезды Эа), кислиму, Марс, 120» [CT 33, 11]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 62, 125 D ii 5, 187 §II 7–8, 235 §II 2 D 8' + note 2, 253 EAE 22 part I § I 3; BPO 2, III 8a–b, 11a, 11c, 13a, 26–26a, V 1a, XI 7; BPO 3, 286; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 8′–12′, 16′, 37′–39′; Largement 1957, 244:46, 248:74, 254:107, 109; Verderame 2002, 248–249; SpTU I, 92:2'; SpTU III, 101:5,6; SpTU V, 264]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Еа. 10. MUL SA5 ša a-na IGI dE2-a GUB-zu KI.GUB-šu2 mi-šil MU i-na dUTU.E3 mi-[šil MU] / i-na dUTU.ŠU2.A ka-la MU KI.GUB-šu2 ut-ta-na-kar MUL šu-u2 mulUDU.IDIM d[Ṣal-bat-a-nu] «Красная звезда, которая стоит перед Эа, чье положение полгода там, где восходит Солнце, (и) по[лгода] там, где заходит Солнце, весь год положение свое изменяет, эта звезда — планета [Марс]» (A. 11–12). MUL SA5 ša2 IGI dE2-a kal MU KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 dṢal-bat-a-nu «Красная звезда, которая перед Эа, весь год положение (свое) изменяет, (это) Марс» (В. 13) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177] (в А. 11–12: KI.GUB-šu2 mi-šil MU i-na dUTU.E3 mi-[šil MU] / i-na dUTU.ŠU2.A, вероятно, позаимствовано ошибочно из Anu 1, см. i18Ištar). «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380b; ARAK, 351–352]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 21): mulṢal-bat-a-nu KI.GUB-su KUR2.KUR2-ir-ma AN-e ib-bir «Марс свое положение постоянно изменяет и пересекает небо» (I ii 14). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku dṢal-bat-a-nu DU-ak «Марс проходит (тот же) путь, что Луна проходит» (II i 4). (3) Список и определение планет: mulṢal-bat-a-nu на четвертом месте, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (4) Планетная теория: a) mulṢal-bat-a-nu ina dUTU.ŠU3.A TUM3-ma 2 ITI KIMIN 3 ITI 10 u4-mi KIMIN 6 ITI 20 u4-mi ina AN-e uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma ina dUTU.E3 ina KASKAL dUTU SAR-ḫa IGI.LA2 «Марс исчезает на западе и остается (невидимым) на небе 2 месяца, или 3 месяца (и) 10 дней, или 6 месяцев (и) 20 дней и восходит и становится видимым на востоке на пути Солнца» (II i 51–52), b) mulṢal-bat-a-nu ina dUTU.E3 IGI.LA2-ma MU 1 KAM 6 ITI KIMIN / MU 1 KAM 10 ITI KIMIN 2 MU.AN.NAmeš / ina AN-e GUB-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3 MUL BI BE-ma SA5 GAR u ba-il3 BE-ma un-nu-un u TUR «Марс становится виден на востоке, стоит на небе 1 год (и) 6 месяцев или 1 год (и) 10 месяцев, или 2 года (и) исчезает на западе. Эта звезда либо обнаруживает красноту и имеет большой блеск, либо она тусклая(?) и маленькая» (II i 64–65) [MA, 34, 70, 80, 86]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список астрологических имен Марса: AN AN NI x [x], mul[…], mulma-ak-ru-u, mulsa5, mulsig7, [mu]lman-ma, mula-ḫu-u, mul[n]a-ka-ru, muls[ar6]-ru, mulḫul, mulka5.a, mulnim.ma, mullu2.sa.gaz, mulur.bar.ra, multi8mušen, mullu-um-nu, mulsi-mu-ut, mulla šid.meš, mulapin, mulšudun, mulšu.pa, mulbal.teš2.a, mulug5.ga, mulbir, mulnunki, mulud.ka.duḫ.a, […] = dṣal-bat-a-nu; (2) ul babbar = dṣal-bat-a-nu «Белая звезда = Марс»; (3) 12 звезд Амурру: mulṣal-bat-a-nu; (4) 7 имен Марса: ulman-ma, mula-ḫu-u2 ulna-ka-ru / ulsar6-ru ulḫul ulka5.a ulnim.maki / ulṣal-bat-a-nu / 7 zik-ru-šu «Странная звезда, Звезда Чужак, Враждебная звезда, Лживая звезда, Злая звезда, Лиса, звезда Элама — это Марс, 7 его имен»; (5) список планет: ulṣal-bat-a-nu на последнем месте (см. u07UDU.IDIM) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 83–105, 168, 219, 239, 243]. Список звезд VR, 46, 1:42. a) muludu.idim = muš-mit bu-lim «Планета = убивающая скот», b) mulṣal-bat-a-nu = muš-ta-bar-ru-u2 mu-ta-nu «Марс = Тот, кто продлевает чуму» [HBA, 52:41–42; Wee 2016, 162–3; Reynolds 1998, 353]. MLC 1866. Список 7 планет, см. u07UDU.IDIM. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: […mulṣal-bat]-a-nu как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце арахсамну, см. u20UR.GU.LA. Анафора. А 3427: ina itigan ina še-rim ud 28 dṣal-bat-a-nu ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце кислиму утром 28-го дня Марс испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:4], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina gan ina še-rim [28 múlṣal]-bat-a-nu meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:21]. Математическая астрономия. dṢal-bat-a-ni вместо AN в единственном тексте [ACT, No. 802 r. 7]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Характер воздействия. a) DIŠ d[Ṣal-bat-a-nu pit2-ru-us na-an-ziq ḫa]-˹an-ṭu-su˺ «Если [Марс (появляется): (этот знак) двусмысленный; (он будет) быс]тр [на гнев]». b) DIŠ KI dṢal-bat-a-nu UŠ2 GIG UŠ2 UR.MAD u2-lu UŠ2 GIŠ.TUKUL LUGAL «Если область Марса: смерть от болезни, смерть от льва или смерть от царского оружия» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 2, 5; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b 324–325]. (2) «Гипсома». KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 dṢal-bat-a-nu MUL2.U[Z3…] «Секретное место Марса: [Козерог?…]» [STC I 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 55:31], см. также u07UDU.IDIM. (3) Зодиакальная астрология. aš2-šu2 dṢal-bat-a-nu ina múlMAŠ.MAŠ KI Sin MAŠ.TAB.BA U3.TU «Поскольку Марс в Близнецах (стоит) с Луной [или: на месте Луны — Г.К.]: близнецы родятся» [LBAT, 1593:9′; Reiner 2000]. (4) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: dṢal-bat-a-nu, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134–136], см. s20Sîn. (5) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: dṢal-bat-an, dṢal-bat-an-nu, mulṢal-bat-a-nu [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания нападения врагов из наблюдений положений и видимости планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 11, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 216].

Нестандартная силлабическая запись: mulṢa-al-ba-ta-nu (AO 7539 r. 17) [RAcc., 79, note 2]. См. также [SpTU I, 97:1; SpTU II, 42:10; SpTU V, 261 r. 8–23, 264 passim, 269 r. 6].

II. Божество.

Планета Марс была связана с Нергалом, господином преисподней, считавшимся также богом чумы, войны и разрушения (см. n18). Название нередко записывается с детерминативом d. Происхождение имени Ṣalbatānu представляется загадочным [HCH 16; Reiner 1995, 7]. Лэмберт предполагает, что ṣalbatānu происходит от ṣarbatānu, редкой формы прилагательного, образованной от ṣarbû, букв. «относящийся к тополю», и связывает его предположительно с dlugal.giš.asal2 = [be-el ṣa]r-BE (AN:dAnum VI 72 [Litke 1998, 205]), божеством из окружения Нергала [Lambert 1996; Brown 2000, 55]. Остается, однако, непонятным, почему самое распространенное имя Марса, астрологическое значение которого представлялось огромным, связано со столь малозначительной фигурой в месопотамском пантеоне? Греческий лексикограф Гесихий приводит вавилонское название Марса: Βελέβατος. ὁ τοῡ πυρὸς ἀστήρ. Βαβυλώνιοι. «Б/Cелебатос: огненная звезда: вавилоняне», происходящее, по-видимому, от аккадского Ṣalbatānu [TGL 4085–002 Β 479], см. также [Lambert 1996; Reynolds 1998, 350]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) В серии заклинаний Šurpu II 182: dṢal-bat-a-nu … lip-ṭu-ru «Марс … пусть освободит» [Reiner 1970, 18]. (2) Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM), совершаемый перед Марсом см. [SAA 10, 206 r. 5′–6′; 240:10; 262:5–8], а также k08kayyamānu. (3) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k10KAK.SI.SA2, II. (4) Серия Намбурби, см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. (5) Божества – свидетели договора: mulṢal-bat-a-nu (на пятом месте после Юпитера, Венеры, Сатурна и Меркурия) [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 29, 6 iv 15]; параллель в [Wiseman 1958, 29: col. i 15]. (6) Письмо Ашшурбанапалу от сына, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. (7) Храмовый ритуал в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (8) Призывание благословения богов на царя, среди которых —Марс, см. [SAA 10, 8:11]. (9) Ритуал против зла, предвещаемого Марсом, при исполнении ритуала звучала молитва: ina ḪUL mulṣal-bat-a-n[u] / ša a-dan-šu2 u2-še-ti-[qu-u-ni] / u3 ina ŠA3 mulLU2.ḪUN.GA2 i[n-na-mir-u-ni] … «В зле, (предвещаемом) Марсом, который прев[ысил] свой установленный (срок) и п[оявился] в созвездии Наемник: пусть его зло не приблизится, не пройдет близко, не раздавит меня, не подействует на меня, мою страну, людей моего дворца и мою армию» [SAA 10, 381: 5 – r. 4]. (10) Ритуальные действия со священным барабаном перед Марсом и Сатурном; UD-25-KAM2 ina nu-bat-[ti] / LI.LI.IZ3 ina IGI d[U].GU[R] / ina UGU ku-zip-pi / ša LUGAL iš-šak-kan / ša dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ is-se-niš / ne2-pu-uš «В 25-й день (месяца), ночь[ю], барабан будет помещен перед [Н]ергало[м] (= Марс) поверх облачения царя. В то же время мы будем совершать (песнопения) Сатурна» [SAA 10, 340:9 – r. 2].

III. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Красная звезда; см. s04SA5, а также h08ḪUL, III 3.

(2) = Kрасная планета; см. s04SA5, II, m03Makrû, III 2.

(3) = звезда Эриду; см. n50NUNki, VI 2.

(4) = Плуг; см. a43APIN, VI 1.

(5) = Орел; см. a04A2mušen, VI 3.

(6) = Месламтаэа; см. m24dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A.

(7) = Звезды; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 1, 15–16.

(8) = Волк; mulUR.BAR.RA = mulṢal-bat-a-nu [ARAK, 48:5], см. также u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 1, u31UZ3, VI

(9) = Лук; см. a04A2mušen, VI 13.

(10) = Ярмо; см. ниже (22).

См. также тождества: [m]ulUR.GU.LA: mulUR.BAR.RA: dṢal-bat-a-nu «Лев = Волк = Марс», mulKA5.A: dṢal-bat-a-nu «Лиса = Марс» [SpTU I, 50:37–38], SI E dṢal-bat-a-nu «SI E = Марс»(?) [BPO 3, 132, K.2907+: I 2].

См. также a15Aḫû, g14GIG, h08ḪUL, k29lúKUR2.RA, L17LUL.LA, m05MAN-ma, n23NIM.MA, n48NU.ME.A, s01lúSA.GAZ, sh02ŠAḪ, sh12dŠimut, sh17ŠU.PA.

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(11) Общее астрологическое значение; [dṣal-bat-a-nu] a-na mu-ta-ni qa-bi «[Марс], говорят, для (предсказания) смерти» [ARAK, 114:3].

(12) Видимость Марса; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM GU4.UD dṢal-bat-a-nu MU.NI ša2-ru-ru iš-ši LUGAL NIM.MAki i-dan-[nin] «Если прыгающая планета, чье имя Марс, излучение имеет: царь Элама усили[тся]» [Largement 1957, 244:46; TU, 16:46] (параллель см. [SpTU I, 92:2]), стандартное обозначение Меркурия GU4.UD = šiḫṭu «Прыжок», здесь приведено, по-видимому, по ошибке; [DIŠ] dṣal-bat-a-nu um-mu-liš KUR-ma ŠE.ER.ZI.MEŠ-šu2 SIG7 / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 «[Если] Марс восходит мерцая и его излучения желто-зеленое: царь Элама умрет» [ARAK, 114:6–7], см. также [SAA 10, 100:18–19], n19dNergal, IV 1; DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-nu u2-ta-na-at-ma SIG5 ib-il-ma a-ḫi-tu2 «Если Марс становится слабым — это хорошо, (если он становится) блестящим — это плохо» [ARAK, 114 r. 3]; DIŠ mulṣal-bat-a-nu [ŠE.ER.ZI IL2-ši] / LUGAL i-dan-nin-[ma NIG2.TUK x x] «Если Марс [сияние несет]: сила и [благосостояние] царя возрастут» [SAA 10, 104 r. 10–11]; DIŠ ina AN-e mi-i[š-ḫu ša mulṣal-bat-a-nu IGI] / RI.RI.GA: [ŠUB-tim bu-lim ina KUR GAL2] «Если на небе mi[šḫu Марса видна]: (будет) эпидемия, вар.: [в стране будет падеж скота]» [SAA 10, 104 r. 12–13].

(13) Восход Марса в различные месяцы; [DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-n]u ina itiŠU IGI.LAL KI.NA2 qu-ra-di DAGAL «[Если Мар]с становится виден в месяце дуузу: кладбище воинов увеличится» [ARAK, 114:2], см. также [ibid., 143 r. 4; 341:1–2]; DIŠ ina itiKIN dṣal-bat-a-nu IGI-[ir] / BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 / ŠA3-bi KUR DUG3-ab «Если Марс стал вид[ен] в месяце улулу: урожай страны будет обильным; сердце страны будет счастливо» [ARAK, 419:1–3]; DIŠ ina itiGUD mulṣal-bat-a-nu IGI.LAL MI2.KUR2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ / šal-pu2-tim ERIM–man-da / ERIM–man-da LU2.gim-ra-a-a «Если Марс становится виден в месяце айяру: будут военные действия; разрушение Умман-манда, Умман-манда (означает) киммерийцы» [SAA 10, 100:25].

(14) Восход/заход Марса и гибель скота; dUDU.IDIM SAR-ma MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 «Планета взойдет и погубит скот» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 235, EAE 20, § II.2 + note 2], см. также (15); mulṢal-bat-a-nu TU-ma MAŠ2.ANŠE ZA[Ḫ2] «Марс зайдет и погубит скот» [ibid., 170, EAE 19, Section III, Source A: 8].

(15) Затмение Луны, восход Марса и гибель скота; DIŠ UD.16.KAM AN.MI GAR im-ḫul-lu KUR-ma dṢal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma MAŠ2.ANŠE ZAḪ2 «Если затмение (Луны) произойдет в 16-й день (месяца): ураган придет, Марс взойдет и погуби[т] скот» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 253, EAE 22 part I § I:3].

(16) Марс стоит на востоке; [DIŠ mulṣal-bat]-a-nu ina IM.KUR.RA GUB-iz ZI-ut SU.BIR4ki / u3 kaš-ši-i a-na KUR «[Если Ма]рс стоит на востоке: нападение Субарту и касситов на страну» [ARAK, 81 r. 1–2; 114:4–5].

(17) Марс стоит на севере; [DIŠ] ˹d˺UDU.IDIM ina IM.SI.SA2 GUB-iz / UŠ2.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ ZI-bu LUGAL URIki ana KUR KUR2 «[Если] планета(=Марс) стоит на севере: будут смерти; нападение царя Аккада на страну врага» [ARAK, 341:3–4].

(18) Марс воздействует на звезды; [DIŠ mul]UDU.IDIM MUL.MEŠ AN-e u2-lap-pat / LUGAL KUR.KUR u2-qat-ti / dṣal-bat-a-nu i-ba-il-ma / MUL.MEŠ u2-lap-pat-ma «[Если] планета на звезды небесные воздействует: царь одолеет (букв. прикончит) (все) страны, (это означает): Марс имеет большой блеск и воздействует на звезды» [ARAK, 327 r. 3′–6′].

(19) Марс — Звезда Западной страны (=Амурру); mulṣal-bat-a-nu MUL KUR MAR.TUki / ḪUL ša2 KUR MAR.TUki u NIM.MAki «Марс — звезда Амурру; зло для Амурру и Элама» [ARAK, 383 r. 5–8], см. также [ibid., 412 r. 2].

(20) Марс — звезда Субарту; dṣal-bat-a-[nu MUL ša2] KUR SU.BIR4ki ba-ʼi-il / u3 ša-ru-[r]u na-ši SIG5 ša2 KUR SU.BIR4ki šu-u2 «Мар[с, звезда] Субарту, имеет большой блеск и несет сиян[и]е; это хорошо для Субарту» [ARAK, 491 r. 7–8].

(21) Марс и Луна; ˹DIŠ˺ mulṣal-bat-a-nu ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz / <d>30 KUR ḪUL-ta TUŠ-ib «Если Марс стоит близко у передней части Луны: лунный бог переселит плохую? страну» [ARAK, 311:1–2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SI KAB 30 GUB LUGAL ŠU2-tu2 DU3-uš «Если планета (=Марс) стоит на левом роге Луны: царь преуспеет в управлении миром» [ARAK, 311:3]; DIŠ MUL ina IGI 30 KAB GUB … «Если звезда (=Марс) стоит слева впереди Луны: (аподосис тот же)» [ARAK, 311:4]; DIŠ MUL ina EGIR 30 KAB GUB LUGAL URIki ŠU2-tu2 DU3-uš «Если звезда (=Марс) стоит слева позади Луны: царь Аккада преуспеет в управлении миром» [ARAK, 311:5]; DIŠ MUL ina SI 150 30 GUB KUR KUR2 ḪUL I[GI] «Если звезда (= Марс) стоит на левом роге Луны: вражеская страна ис[пытает] зло» [ARAK, 311 r. 1]; весьма близкие предсказания, относящиеся к Марсу, см. также [ARAK, 311:7–10, r. 2–7; 484:1–6].

(22) Марс в лунном гало; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz ZAḪ2 MAŠ2.ANŠE ina KUR DU3.A.BI / me-re-šu2 ZU2.LUM.MA NU SI.SA2 / KI.MIN KUR MAR.TUki TUR-ir «Если Луна окружена гало и внутри него Марс стоит: гибель скота во всех странах; финиковые плантации не будут процветать; вар.: Западная страна (=Амурру) уменьшится» [ARAK, 168: 10–r. 2]; ˹DIŠ˺ 30 TUR3 (NIGIN2-ma) mulŠUDUN ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz / LUGAL UŠ2-ma KUR-su TUR-ir / LUGAL NIM.MAki UŠ2 / mulŠUDUN mulṣal-bat-a-nu «Если Луна (окружена) гало и Ярмо в нем стоит: царь умрет, а его страна уменьшится; царь Элама умрет. Ярмо (означает) Марс» [ARAK, 383 r. 1–3]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB / LUGAL ERIM-šu2 u2-tas-sar «Если Луна окружена гало и планета (=Марс?) стоит в нем: царские войска будут окружены» [ARAK, 412:5–6; параллели и варианты см. [ARAK, 41:5–8; 49:3–5; 82 r. 3–5; 169:1–4; 181:7–r.4; 317 r. 1–4; 327:8–10; 376:1–r.1; 383:7–10; 412:1–4; 416:1–3; 491:5–7].

(23) Марс и Юпитер; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR, III 19–23.

(24) Марс позади Шульпаэ; DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-nu EGIR dŠUL.PA.E3 DU-ak MU BI dam-qat «Если Марс идет позади Шульпаэ (=Юпитер): этот год хороший» [ARAK, 114 r. 4].

(25) Венера взяла звезду(=Марс) справа или слева; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ina A2 ZA]G-ša2 MUL le-qat-ma mulDil-bat GAL-ma MUL TUR … ˹dṢal˺-bat-a-nu ina ZAG-ša2 DU-ma «[Если Венера] взяла звезду со своей [прав]ой [стороны], и Венера — большая, а звезда — маленькая: царь Элама приобретет значение и силу и будет управлять странами четырех регионов, принимая дань от царей, своих подданных; (это произойдет, если) Марс стоит справа от нее» [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:70], параллель см. [ibid., 68, BM 75 228:14; 210, K. 7936+:12; 214, K.3601+:15; 226, K. 2816+:12]; [DIŠ mulDil-bat] ˹ina A2˺ 2,30-ša2 MUL le-qat-ma mulDil-bat GAL-ma MUL TUR … dṢal-bat-a-nu ina 2,30-ša2 DU-ma «[Если Венера] взяла звезду со своей левой стороны и Венера — большая, а звезда — маленькая: царь Аккада ditto; (это произойдет, если) Марс стоит слева от нее» (аподосис см. предыдущее предсказание) [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:71], параллель см. [ibid., 68, BM 75 228:15; 210, K. 7936+:13; 214, K.3601+:16; 226, K. 2816+:13]. см. также [ARAK, 415: 1–4].

(26) Красный цвет Венеры и Марс; ka-lu-šu2-ma SA5 ṣa-rip dṢal-bat-a-nu: dGUD.UD TE-ši-ma «Она целиком окрашена в красный цвет, (это означает): Марс, вар.: Меркурий подходит к ней близко» [BPO 3, 132, K. 2907+: III 5]; [DIŠ mulDil-bat …KI.GU]B-ša2 SA5 ŠUB-tim ANŠE.KUR.RA […] ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ [dṢal-bat-a-n]u? KI-ša2 DU-ma «[Если Венера, … позиц]ия ее красная: падёж лошадей (и) […] будут в стране, (это означает): [Мар]с с ней стоит «[BPO 3, 100, K.35:16], см. также [ibid., 70, BM 75228:19; 188, K.2153+:10].

(27) Венера несет корону; DIŠ mulDil-bat AGA SIG7 (вар.: SA5) ap-rat dṢal-bat-a-nu ina IGI-ša2 DU-ma «Если Венера несет зеленую (вар.: красную) корону: Марс впереди нее стоит» [BPO 3, 58, K. 148+:12]. см. также [ibid., 215, K.3601+:31]; 2 AGA.MEŠ ap-rat 2 dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ ina pa-ni-šu2 DU.ME-zu-ma «Она несет 2 короны — 2 планеты (= Марс и Меркурий) стоят впереди нее» [BPO 3, 132, K. 2907+:IV 12].

(28) Венера и Звезды (= Марс) справа от нее; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 16.

(29) Соединение Марса и Сатурна в лунном гало; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma 2 MUL.MEŠ ina ŠA3-bi / TUR3 30 GUB.MEŠ BALA UD.MEŠ GID2.MEŠ «Если Луна окружена гало и 2 звезды (= Марс и Сатурн) стоят в лунном гало: царствование будет долгим» [ARAK, 168:3–4]; DIŠ dṣal-bat-a-nu u dUDU.IDIM im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma GUB.MEŠ / ZI-ut NIM.MAki «Если Марс и планета (=Сатурн) сталкиваются друг с другом (в лунном гало) и стоят (в нем): нападение Элама» [ARAK, 168:5–6]; параллели и варианты см. [ARAK, 48:1–4; 49 r.4–6; 169:8–9; 317:6–8; 383:1–2; 416 r. 3–5; 491 r. 1–4; 542 r. 1–2]; DIŠ mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulUDU.IDIM is-sa-na-aḫ-ḫur ŠE-im iq-qir «Если Марс движется вокруг планеты (=Сатурн): ячмень будет дорогим» [ARAK, 82:4].

(30) Марс приближается к Меркурию; (пробел) mulṣal-bat-a-nu a-na muludu.idim.gu4.ud ˹te] … «Марс [приближается] к Меркурию …» (комментарий к неизвестному предсказанию, вместо которого пробел) [Borger 1973, 41:8′].

(31) Планета и Марс стоят напротив; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM u dṢal-bat-a-nu im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma GUB.MEŠ ZI-ut NIM.MAki […] «Если планета (=Меркурий?) и Марс стоят напротив друг друга: нападение Элама […]» [Largement 1957, 248:74; TU, 16:74], см. также [ARAK, 168 r. 5–6].

(32) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ mulṢal-bat-a-nu ana mulGIR2.TAB TE ina E2.GAL NUN BURU3-šu2 GAL2-ši «Марс приближается с Скорпиону: во дворце принца будет повреждение» [BPO 2, III 8a], DIŠ mulṢal-bat-a-nu ana mulGIR2.TAB TE URU ina BURU3-ši DIB-bat «Если Марс приближается к Скорпиону: город будет взят из-за пробоины (в стене)» [BPO 2, III 8b].

(33) Попятное движение Марса в Скорпионе; mulṢal-bat-a-nu is-su-uḫ-ur / ut-ta-me-iš ina pa-na-tu-uš-šu2 ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB / il-lak lum-nu šu-u2 «Марс развернулся, начал движение и движется вперед в Скорпионе; это плохой знак» [ARAK, 53 r. 2–4]. e-t[ar-ba d]˹ṣal˺-bat-a-nu ki-ma TA ŠA3-bi / mulGIR2.TAB it-tu-ṣi-a is-suḫ-ra / ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB e-ta-rab an-ni-u pi-šir3-šu2 «Когда Марс вы[ходит] из Скорпиона, разворачивается и (снова) входит в Скорпион, его интерпретация такова»: DIŠ mulṣal-bat-a-nu ki-i i-tu-ra a-na ŠA3-bi / mulGIR2.TAB e-tu-ru-ub a-na EN.NUN-ka la te-eg-gi LUGAL UD ḪUL.GAL2 KA2 NU E3 «Если Марс поворачивается (т.е. совершает попятное движение) (и) входит в Скорпион: не пренебрегай своей безопасностью; царь не должен выходить за двери в злой день» [SAA 10, 8:21–27].

(34) Движения Марса относительно Скорпиона (наблюдения); mulṢal-bat-a-nu ut-ta-me-iš / a-na pa-na-tu-uš-šu2 il-lak / [ina Š]A3 mulGIR2.TAB in-ne2-me-da «Марс начал движение, он идет вперед; он остановился [в] Скорпионе» [ARAK, 85 r. 1–3], mulṢal-bat-a-nu ša2 ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB u2-zu-[uz-zu] / a-na a-ṣe-e pa-n[i-šu2 / il-ta-[kan] / a-di UD-25-KAM2 ša2 ITI.[ŠU] / ul-tu mulGIR2.TAB uṣ-[ṣi] / u3 ša2-ru-ru-šu2 ma-aq-[tu] / ŠA3 ša2 LUGAL be-li2-ia lu ṭa-a-[bi] / LUGAL ma-aʼ-diš lu ḫa-d[i] / a-di uṣ-ṣu-u2 / ma-ṣar-ti ša2 ram-ni-šu2 / LUGAL li-iṣ-ṣur «Марс, который сто[ит] в Скорпионе, к выходу лицо свое обратил; до 25-го [дуузу] он выйд[ет] из Скорпиона и его блеск упад[ет]. Сердце царя, моего господина, пусть успокои[тся]; царь должен быть очень ра[д], (но) до тех пор пока (Марс) выходит, пусть царь побережет себя» [ARAK, 387: 3– r. 6]. «Что касается ритуала замены царя, о котором мой господин писал мне, (в нем нет необходимости, поскольку) [mulṣal]-ba[t!-a-n]u! [T]A ŠA3 ir-ti / [ša2 mulGIR2.TAB u2]-ṣa-a [М]а[р]с [вы]шел [и]з груди [Скорпиона]» [SAA 10, 12:6-9]. mulṣal-bat-a-nu TA mulGIR2.TAB it-tu-[u]ṣ-ṣi a-na ŠA3-bi / mulPA.BIL2.SAG pa-ni-šu2 is-sa-kan LUGAL be-li2 u2-di «Марс вы[ш]ел из Скорпиона и к Пабилсагу лицо свое обратил. Царь, мой господин, должен знать (это)» [SAA 10, 349 s. 1–2]. см. также n19dNergal, IV 2.

(35) Марс в Козе-Рыбе; наблюдение: mulṢal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-bi mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 / u2-tu-uk-kiš it-ti-it!-zi / ša2-ru-ru ma-aʼ-da «Марс вошел в Козу-Рыбу, остановился (там) и имеет большой блеск», интерпретация: DIŠ [dU.GUR] / mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 r[a-kib] / šal-pu-ut-ti ERI.DUG3ki U[N!.MEŠ-šu2] / iš-šag-gi-šu «Если [Нергал (= Марс)] е[дет] в Козе-Рыбе (букв. Козой-Рыбой везется): разорение города Эриду; [его] л[юди] будут истреблены» [SAA 10, 104 r. 2–8].

(36) Движение Марса относительно Старика; см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 20.

(37) Марс приближается к Старику; см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 19.

(38) Марс во Льве; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulUR.MAḪ [KUR-ud x x x] / … / mulUR.BAR.RA mul[ṣal-bat-a-nu] / mulUR.MAḪ mul[UR.GU.LA] / mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 m[ulUR.GU.LA GUB-ma] «Если Волк [достигает] Льва: …. Волк = [Марс], Лев = [Лев]; Марс [стоит] во [Льве]» [ARAK, 45:1–6]; [DIŠ mulṣ]al-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 mul[UR.GU.LA TU-ma GUB] / ŠUB-tim MAŠ2.ANŠE [GAR-an] «[Если М]арс [входит] во [Льва и стоит там]: падёж скота [произойдет]» [ARAK, 81:3–4]; ki-ma dṣal-bat-a-nu tu-u-ra TA ŠA3-bi / SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA is-su-ḫur / mulAL.LUL dma-a-ši ul-tap-pit / an-ni-u2 pi-šir3-šu2 / TIL BALA-e LUGAL MAR.TUki «Когда Марс возвращается (т.е. движется попятным движением) от Головы Льва (и) касается Краба (и) Близнецов, его интерпретация такова: конец царствования царя Амурру» [SAA 10, 8 r. 3–7].

(39) Марс приближается к Крабу; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 7.

(40) Соединение Марса (= Волчья звезда) с Сатурном (= звезда Солнца); см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 3.

(41) Весы потемнели = Марс в Скорпионе стоит; см. z10Zibānītum, VI 11.

(42) Текущие наблюдения Марса; dṣal-bat-a-nu:. 2-u2 3-šu2 / ina UD-me an-ni-i ni-ta-ṣar / la ne2-e-mur / ir-te-bi «Дважды или трижды мы наблюдали сегодня, (надеясь увидеть) Марс, мы не увидели (его); он зашел» (наблюдение последнего вечернего появления Марса) [ARAK, 7:5–8]; [mulṣal-bat]-a-nu mu-šu an-ni-u / [TA ŠA3 mu]lAL.LUL u2-ṣa «Этой ночью [Ма]рс вышел [из] Краба» [ARAK, 28:3′–4′]; mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 / mulPA.BIL.SAG it-te-me-di / it-ti-ti-iz «Марс остановился в Пабилсаге и стоял (там)» [ARAK, 52:7–r.1]; [mulṣa]l-bat-a-nu ina UGU mulKU6 AN-e / … la iq-ri-ib / [T]A pa-ni-šu2 ip-ti-e-ti «[М]арс к Небесной Рыбе … не приблизился, он удалился [о]т нее» [ARAK, 55:10e–11e]; mulṣal-bat-a-nu | er-bi | u2-ba-ni TA IGI mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / pa-a-te la iṭ-ḫi ina UGU-ḫi ˹la˺ ik-šu-ud «Марс оставался (на расстоянии) 4 пальцев от Сатурна, он не приблизился, не достиг его» [ARAK, 82:8–9]; mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina itiNE / a-mir en-na it-ti / mulZI.BA.AN.NA / [[ ]] 150 u2-ṭu [[ ]] / iq-te-ru-ub «Марс стал виден в месяце абу; сейчас он приблизился (на расстояние) в 2,5 «пядей» (= 30 30′) Весов» [SAA 10, 172:4′–8′].

См. также: dṢal-bat-a-nu ina IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Марс впереди Козы-Рыбы (появился)» [BPO 2, III 26a], DIŠ mulṢal-bat-a-nu mu 6 iti.meš DU-ma gim … «Если Марс год (и) 6 месяцев стоит, подобно …» [Borger 1973, 41 r. 38′]. Примеры других предсказаний, связанных с Марсом, см. [Gössman 1950, 360, III].
|Example
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==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Mars]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

ŠAḪ

2026-04-24T12:30:30Z

JanSafford: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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Sumerian ŠAḪ(A) (𒋚), Akkadian ''šaḫû'' meaning "The Pig" is a Mesopotamian constellation in the general area of the constellation of the "Demon with the Gaping Mouth" (mul[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]) in [[Cygnus]]/ [[Cepheus]]. The constellation may be identified with stars in modern [[Delphinus]] and/ or [[Vulpecula]], [[Sagitta]] and adjacent areas of [[Cygnus]].

A transformation from Akkadian ''šaḫû'' to the ancient Greek Dolphin could be suggested based on puns.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''Šaḫû'' "Pig"; a constellation located perhaps in Delphinus (Delphinus) [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 371; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> Š/1, 105a], see also (Kurtik d02) [[DAMU|d''Damu'']].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XVII 3-4; Verderame 2002<ref name=":2">''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 249].
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Enlil (n. 28): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulŠAḪ d''Da-mu'' "The star which stands on its right (i.e., mulUD.KA.DU8.A): the Pig, Damu" (I i 29) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 36].
* ŠAḪ(A) = ''šaḫû'' “pig”. mulŠAḪ (Krebernik's counting: EN 28r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46.'''
* 1:19. mulšaḫ d''Da-mu'' = d''A-nu'' "Pig, Damu = Anu," see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
| Dalbanna-text.

* F.
** mulur2.kun šaḫ (in [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0" />,147 ] erroneously mulUḪ.ŠUBUR)
** mul gir3 za[g... ... ...]
** mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i'']
** 3 mul.meš gu t[u.l]u
** [2 dal.b]a.an.na dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r''[''u'']
** "The pelvis? of a pig (α Lac?). The righ[t] leg [...] (ι Cyg). Star with great brilliance of Anuni[t] (γ Peg, β And). 3 stars. Wea[k tau]t rope. [2 inter]vals, interval. Star with the great brilliance of Anunit firs[t]." [Walker 1995, 30; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4">Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref>, 105]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":5">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 57], mul gir3 za[g... ... ...] = mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? "The righ[t] foot [of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth]".
* G.
** ˹mulgaba?˺ šaḫ
** mulgir3 zag u4.k[a.du8.a
** mu]lka.muš.i3.ku2.e
** 3 mul.meš ˹gu˺si.˹sa2 dub˺.ba
** [2 da]l.˹ba.an.na˺ d[al.ba].an.na mulka.muš.i3.ku2.e ''maḫ-ru''
** "Chest? of the Pig (ο And). The right foot of a Demon with the Op[en Mouth] (ι Cyg). Pest (α Cas?). 3 stars. A straight tight rope. [2 in]tervals, in[ter]val. Pest — the first (star)." [Walker 1995, 30; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4" />, 105; Koch 1995<ref name=":5" />, 45, 57].
* I. ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] "[Tail? Pig]" (β Lac), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §e. mul''z''[''ap-pi šaḫ'']? "Br[istles of the Pig]?" (7 And), see (Kurtik a39) [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]].
|
|}
[[File:SAH CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 122828.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ŠAḪ (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
|γ Sagittae
|HIP 98337
|Inside the Hull
|3.47
|-
|2
|δ Sagittae
|HIP 97365
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|3
|β Sagittae
|HIP 96837
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.38
|-
|4
|[[Sham]]
| HIP 96757
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.38
|-
| 5
|13 Vul
|HIP 97886
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.64
|-
|6
| -
|HIP 99824
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.75
|-
|7
|29 Vul
| HIP 101867
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.82
|-
|8
|12 Vul
| HIP 97679
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
| 9
|ζ Sagittae
|HIP 97496
|Inside the Hull
|5.034
|-
|10
|17 Vul
|HIP 99080
|Inside the Hull
|5.056
|-
|11
|η Sagittae
|HIP 98920
|Inside the Hull
|5.093
|-
|12
|22 Vul
|HIP 99853
|Inside the Hull
| 5.176
|-
|13
|24 Vul
|HIP 99951
|Inside the Hull
|5.302
|-
|14
|14 Vul
|HIP 98375
|Inside the Hull
|5.66
|-
|15
| -
| HIP 100754
| Inside the Hull
|5.672
|-
|16
|18 Sge
| HIP 99913
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
| 17
|9 Sge
|HIP 97796
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 99445
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 99479
|Inside the Hull
|6.269
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 98772
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 100876
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 101505
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
| 23
| -
|HD 189754
|Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Delphinus [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79a].

= possibly Delphinus [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 15].

= the head and first whorl of the Dragon (Draco) (?) [MA<ref name=":3" />, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4" />, 273].

= Delphinus(?) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C].

= Delphinus [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 76].

==== Deity. ====
''Damu'', see (Kurtik d02) [[DAMU|d''Damu'']].

==== Symbol. ====
The pig (?).

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) Mouth of the Pig, see below (3).

(2) The chest of the Pig (ο And), see dbn text (§ G).

(3) The stubble of the Pig (7 And), see dbn-text (§ e).

(4) The pelvis? of the Pig (α Lac), see dbn-text (§ F).

(5) The tail of the Pig (β Lac) (?), see dbn-text (§ I).

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars(?); mulŠAḪ = MIN "Pig = Mars" [II R<ref>''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).</ref>, 49, 4: 44a].

===== Predications: =====
(2) The Pig is massive; DIŠ mulŠAḪ ''gup-pu-uš'' x[...] "If the Pig is extremely massive [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XVII 3].

(3) The Pig has its mouth open; DIŠ mulŠAḪ KA-''šu''2 BAD NUN.MEŠ ''ana'' x [...] "If the Pig has its mouth open: princes to [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XVII 4].

(4) The Moon wears the crown of the Pig; DIŠ AGA mulŠAḪ ''a-pir'' KUR SU.KU2 IGI GIR3.BAL GAL2 [...] "If (the Moon) wears the crown of the Pig: the country will know famine, there will be desolation [...]" [Verderame 2002<ref name=":2" />, 73, 89 IIIh2:19′, 96 IIIq:4′].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Kurtik (2022, sh02) !! Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = ''Šaḫû'' «Свинья»; созвездие, находившееся, возможно, в Дельфине (Delphinus) [Gössman 1950, 371; BPO 2, 15; CAD Š/1, 105a], cм. также d02d''Damu''. || Example
|-
| I. Источники.
'''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, XVII 3–4; Verderame 2002, 249]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. Звезды Энлиля (№ 28): MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulŠAḪ d''Da-mu'' «Звезда, которая справа от него (т.е. mulUD.KA.DU8.A) стоит: Свинья, Даму» (I i 29) [MA, 26]. '''''Список звезд VR 46,1:19'''''. mulšaḫ d''Da''-''mu'' = d''A-nu'' «Свинья, Даму = Ану», см. также [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''F'''. mulur2.kun šaḫ (в [Gössman 1950,147] ошибочно mulUḪ.ŠUBUR) mul gir3 za[g… … …] mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i''] 3 mul.meš gu t[u.l]u [2 dal.b]a.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r''[''u''] «Таз? свиньи (α Lac?). Прав[ая] нога […] (ι Cyg). Звезда с большим блеском Анунит[у] (γ Peg). 3 звезды. Сла[бо натяну]тая веревка. [2 интер]вала, интервал. Звезда с большим блеском Ануниту перв[ая].» [Walker 1995, 30; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 57], mul gir3 za[g… … …] = mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? «Прав[ая] нога [Демона с Разинутой Пастью]». '''G'''. ˹mulgaba?˺ šaḫ mulgir3 zag u4.k[a.du8.a mu]lka.muš.i3.ku2.e 3 mul.meš ˹gu˺si.˹sa2 dub˺.ba [2 da]l.˹ba.an.na˺ d[al.ba].an.na mulka.muš.i3.ku2.e ''maḫ-ru'' «Грудь? Свиньи (ο And). Правая нога Демона с Рази[нутой Пастью] (ι Cyg). Вредитель (α Cas?). 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. [2 ин]тервала, ин[тер]вал. Вредитель — первая (звезда)» [Walker 1995, 30; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105; Kock 1995, 45, 57]. '''I'''. ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] «[Хвост? Свиньи]» (β Lac), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. '''§e'''. mul''z''[''ap-pi'' šaḫ]? «Щ[етина Свиньи]?» (7 And), см. a39ANŠE.KUR.RA.

II. Божество.

Даму, см. d02d''Damu''.

III. Символ.

Свинья (?).

III. Отождествление.

= Delphinus [Weidner 1957–59, 79a].

= возможно, Delphinus [BPO 2, 15].

= голова и первый виток Дракона (Draco) (?) [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273].

= Delphinus(?) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= Delphinus [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

IV. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Пасть Свиньи, см. ниже (3).

(2) Грудь Свиньи (ο And), см. dbn-текст (§ G).

(3) Щетина Свиньи (7 And), см. dbn-текст (§ е).

(4) Таз? Свиньи (α Lac), см. dbn-текст (§ F).

(5) Хвост Свиньи (β Lac) (?), см. dbn-текст (§ I).

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Марс''(?); mulŠAḪ = MIN «Свинья = Марс» [II R, 49, 4: 44a].

Предсказания:

(2) ''Свинья массивная''; DIŠ mulŠAḪ ''gup-pu-uš'' x[…] «Если Свинья очень массивная […] [BPO 2, XVII 3].

(3) ''У Свиньи пасть открыта''; DIŠ mulŠAḪ KA-''šu''2 BAD NUN.MEŠ ''ana'' x […] «Если у Свиньи пасть ее открыта: князья к […]» [BPO 2, XVII 4].

(4) ''Луна корону Свиньи несет''; DIŠ AGA mulŠAḪ ''a-pir'' KUR SU.KU2 IGI GIR3.BAL GAL2 […] «Если (Луна) корону Свиньи несет: страна узнает голод, будет опустошение […]» [Verderame 2002, 73, 89 IIIh2:19′, 96 IIIq:4′].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sge]][[Category:Vul]][[Category:Del]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

KA5.A

2026-04-24T12:25:57Z

JanSafford: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:KA5.A}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:BabFox stellarium2025.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation KA5 (Fox) in Stellarium (CC BY SMH2019).]]
mulKA5.A (𒀯𒈜𒀀), (mul)''Šēlebu'' (𒀯𒊺𒇷𒁍), "The Fox", is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation next to the larger constellation [[MAR.GID2.DA|mul (giš)MAR.GID2.DA, ''eriqqu'']] in [[Ursa Major]], 'The Great Bear,' which includes the [[:Category:BigDipper|Big Dipper]].

<s>[Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 205; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Š/2, 270]</s>.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* mulLUL.A, (KA5.A)
* mulKA10 (mulKA5.A)
* = ''šēlebu'' "Fox".

A suggested identification is the star 80 UMa ([[Mizar]]) above the pole of the Big Dipper but as the fox is drawn in the Denderah Zodiac, it likely covers a larger area rather than referring to only one star.<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Preliminary Observations on the Dendera Zodiac (Egypt). in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, pages 524-541</ref>

Is "The Fox" a metaphor for the a part of the Wagon, [[MAR.GID2.DA|mul (giš)MAR.GID2.DA, ''eriqqu'']] in [[Ursa Major]]?

As foxes are long and sleek, as opposed to much larger and fatter bears, we would identify 'The Fox' with the pole of the Big Dipper and the two upper stars of the Big Dipper's dipper (formal star names???). 'The Fox's head '''''would can then on???''''' in both directions to the classical Bear constellation's head and tail. In other words, 'The Fox' could be Ursa Major without the Bear's long legs. This fits the description of 'The Fox' identified with the ''zarû'' of 'The Wagon' in the Uranology texts, this same term being used for the pole of 'the Little Dipper' in [[Ursa Minor]] in this group.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian monolingual lists: mulka5.a [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 137, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 8; Emar VI/4<ref name=":3">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:116].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulka5.a = ''še-la-bu'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":3" />, 151:177], mulka5.a = ''še-le-bu'' [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 31, Section 11:5′], mulka5 = ''še-el''(var.: ''šel'')-''le-bi'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 62; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 111:322ʹ].

|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: mulKA5.A [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:18].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."''' <nowiki>[[I think that we will simplify things by just giving Horowitz 2014 page numbers for each section with the Appendix A listing as well - right now this is all a mess - I can do this pretty easily and quickly]]</nowiki>???
Astrolabe B

* (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu'' mulka5.[a] "The star which is behind it (i.e. mul''Šul-pa-e''3 = Jupiter) (stands, it is) is "the Fox" (B iii 24).

* (2) List (3´12): [itiše] ... mulka5.a ''šu''[-''ut'' d''En-lil''2] "The month of Addar: ...Fox (on the path of) Enlil (rising)" (C iii 12).
* (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is Addar, sunset is ulul [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014, 39, rev. col. iii 6; 40], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2, III 29].
Astrolabe P.

* Month of addar, stars of Anu, 90 [Horowitz 2014<ref name=":4">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 141, Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575]

'''[[still issue of LBAT 1499 vs mukallimtu as Alb P)??'''
|
|-
|'''BM 82923.'''

* Month of Addar, stars of Anu: mulKA5.A // 1,[3]0 // dEN ''mu-uš-mit'' "Fox // 90 // Lord who kills" [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 29-30:35].
|
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
* Month of Nisan, stars of An: múlka5.a [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, An, and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 stars of An (no. 11): mulka5.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 3a, 4-4a, III 8, 29].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Enlil (no. 16): MUL ''ša''2 KI ''za-ri-i ša''2 mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-''zu'' / mulKA5.A d''Er''3''-ra gaš-ri'' DINGIRmeš "The star which stands in the shaft of the Wagon: the Fox, Erra, the strong one of the gods." (I i 16-17) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 33]; for a possible parallel see MLC 1866 (iii 18-19 Uranology).
* mulKA5.A (EN 17r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 49 r. 9, 563:4].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellanea." <nowiki>[[cc at university GSL files???]]</nowiki>'''
* (1) List of the names of Mars: mulka5.a = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Fox = Mars";
* (2) mul''za-ru-u''2 = ''ma-šad-du'' "Shaft = Pole";
* (3) 12 stars of Amurru: mulka5.a;
* (4) 7 names of Mars (7 ''zik-ru-šu''): ulka5.a [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:93, 162, 220, 238]; see also [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 50:37-38; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107:24 u. Anm.].
|
|-
|'''Uranology Group'''
MLC 1866'''.'''

* MUL ''ša''2 ''it-ti za-r''[''u'' mulMAR.GID2.DA] / GUB-''zu'' mul˹KA5.A d''Er''3''-ra''˺ ''gaš-ri'' D[INGIR.MEŠ] "The star that with the cart-po[le of the Wagon] / stands, the Fox, Erra, the strong one [among the gods]" (col. iii 18-19) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41].
|
|-
|'''The list of "7 Enlils."'''
See (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|
|-
|'''The list of "4 Enlils."'''
* Fox correlates with Enlil of Enamtila, see (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|
|-
|'''"Išum and Erra."'''
* d''Er''3-''ra ina nap-ḫar'' DINGIR.MEŠ / ''ina'' MUL.<MEŠ> ''ša''2-''ma-mi'' mulKA5.˹A˺ […] "Erra among all the gods / Among the stars of heaven, the Fox [...]" [Al-Rawi and Black 1989<ref>''Al-Rawi F.N.H., Black J.A''. The Second Tablet of "Išum and Erra" // Iraq. 1989. V. 51. P. 111-122.</ref>, 118:15-16, 122, notes].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427:
** [… ''ina''] itibar2 ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlKA10 ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
** "[In] the month of Nisan at noon(?) on the 29th day, the Fox emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 239:25].
** ['''[for all Anaphora - add in F Rochberg article???]]'''
|
|}
[[File:KA CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 153134.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside KA5 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Thuban]]
|HIP 68756
| Constellation lines
|3.68
|-
|2
|[[Giausar]]
|HIP 56211
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.85
|-
|3
|κ Draconis
|HIP 61281
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.89
|-
|4
|[[Alcor]]
|HIP 65477
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.01
|-
|5
|RR UMi
|HIP 73199
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.54
|-
|6
|CU Dra
|HIP 67627
|Constellation lines
| 4.66
|-
| 7
|83 UMa
|HIP 66738
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.66
|-
|8
|CQ Dra
|HIP 60998
| Constellation lines
|4.95
|-
|9
| -
|HIP 56583
| Inside the Hull
|5.19
|-
|10
| [[Taiyi]]
|HIP 63076
| Constellation lines
|5.225
|-
|11
| 74 UMa
|HIP 60978
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.347
|-
|12
|9 Dra
|HIP 63432
|Inside the Hull
|5.368
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 65728
|Constellation lines
|5.4
|-
|14
|[[Tianyi]]
| HIP 62423
|Inside the Hull
|5.423
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 61532
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|16
|81 UMa
|HIP 66198
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 62512
|Constellation lines
|5.831
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 66798
| Inside the Hull
|5.85
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 62402
|Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
| 20
| -
|HIP 67485
|Inside the Hull
|5.964
|-
|21
|76 UMa
|HIP 61936
|Inside the Hull
|6.02
|-
| 22
|75 UMa
|HIP 60992
|Inside the Hull
|6.065
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 70952
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 63952
|Inside the Hull
|6.154
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 64774
| Inside the Hull
|6.189
|-
|26
|CQ UMa
|HIP 66700
|Inside the Hull
|6.273
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 60589
|Inside the Hull
|6.308
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 63152
|Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 62046
|Inside the Hull
|6.378
|-
| 30
| -
|HIP 63297
|Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 67548
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 68184
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 69107
|Inside the Hull
|6.471
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 64522
|Inside the Hull
|6.53
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Symbol. ====
Mesopotamian representations of the constellation are unknown; apparently it was a fox. A fox-like figure (jackal?) is depicted on a zodiac from Dendera among the northern constellations [EAT III, 72ff., Nr. 54 (Dendera B)]; see also [Kurtik 1990<ref>''Куртик Г.Е.'' Астрономия древнего Египта // ИАИ. 1990. Вып. XXII. C. 207-256.</ref>, 248, 253].

==== Deity. ====
The constellation of the Fox is associated with Erra, the god of war, anarchy, famine, and plague, sometimes identified with Nergal [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 669; Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 21-29; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 329]. Hence the correspondence of Fox - Mars and the unfavorable predictions arising because of it. The association of the Fox with Erra seems to be explained by the negative perception that developed in Mesopotamia in relation to the fox [Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 351-352]. mulKA5.A is mentioned among the constellation deities in the Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:18].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= g Ursae Majoris [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 205; Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 80a; 1959-60<ref name=":6" />, 108].

= 80-86 Ursae Majoris (?) [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, p. 7, 12; MA<ref name=":5" />, 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 272].

= part of the Big Dipper [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C;

= Ursa Major, Horowitz 2014<ref name=":4" />, 246].

==== Astrology. ====

==== Identifications: ====
(1) = Mars; see above.

==== Predictions: ====
(2) View of Fox as planet Mars(?); (a) mulKA5.A MUL.BI NU SA5 [...] "The Fox, its star is not red [...]" [BPO 2, II 3a], (b) mulKA5.A ''ina'' SAR-''šu''2 ''ma-diš'' SA5 ''u'' [...] "The Fox star at its rising is very red and [...] [ibid., II 4a], (c). DIŠ mulKA5.A | KUR-''šu''2 | (glossary: ''mu-ul ka-a ni-pi-iḫ'') [xxx]x ''a''!-''dir'' | [xxx] ... "If the rising of the Fox [...] is dark ..." [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 49 r. 9].

(3) General astrological meaning; mulKA5.A ''ana'' E2.MEŠ ''pu-lu-ši'' "The Fox for (predicting) the breaking into houses" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 4]; parallel [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, III 8].

(4) The Fox (= Mars) in Scorpius; mulKA5.A ''ana'' E2.ME ''pu-lu-ši ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB DU-''ma'' "The Fox for (predicting) breaking into houses stands in Scorpius" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 36, Parallels to II 4].

See also [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 54:15; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 205, III B.2].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, k06)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulLUL.A, mulKA10; = šēlebu «Лиса»; созвездие в Большой Медведице (Ursa Majoris) (?) [Gössman 1950, 205; BPO 2, 12; CAD Š/2, 270].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерские одноязычные списки: mulka5.a [MSL XI, 137, Forrerunner 2, rev. ii 8; Emar VI/4, 154:116]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mulka5.a = še-la-bu [Emar VI/4, 151:177], mulka5.a = še-le-bu [MSL XI, 31, Section 11:5′], mulka5 = še-el(вар.: šel)-le-bi [SpTU III, 114A v 62; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 111:322ʹ]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mulKA5.A [Oppenheim 1959, 283:18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц аддару, звезды Ану, 90 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu mulka5.[a] «Звезда, которая позади него (т.е mulŠul-pa-e3 = Юпитер) (стоит, это) Лиса» (B iii 24). (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiše] … mulka5.a šu[-ut dEn-lil2] «Месяц аддару: …Лиса (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 12). (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход — аддару, заход — улулу [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014, 39, rev. col. iii 6; 40], см. k24KU6; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 29]. BM 82923. Месяц аддару, звезды Ану: mulKA5.A // 1,[3]0 // dEN mu-uš-mit «Лиса // 90 // Господин, который убивает» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 29–30:35]. BM 34713. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану: múlka5.a [LBAT, 1499:1], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 11): mulka5.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, II 3a, 4–4a, III 8, 29]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Энлиля (№ 16): MUL ša2 KI za-ri-i ša2 mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-zu / mulKA5.A dEr3-ra gaš-ri DINGIRmeš «Звезда, которая на дышле Повозки стоит: Лиса, Эрра, сильный среди богов» (I i 16–17) [MA, 23]; возможная параллель см. MLC 1866 (iii 18–19). «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 49 r. 9, 563:4]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulka5.a = dmin(=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Лиса = Марс»; (2) mulza-ru-u2 = ma-šad-du «Дышло = Дышло»; (3) 12 звезд Амурру: mulka5.a; (4) 7 имен Марса (7 zik-ru-šu): ulka5.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:93, 162, 220, 238]; см. также [SpTU I, 50:37–38; Weidner 1959–60, 107:24 u. Anm.]. MLC 1866. MUL ša2 it-ti za-r[u mulMAR.GID2.DA] / GUB-zu mul˹KA5.A dEr3-ra˺ gaš-ri [DINGIR.MEŠ] «Звезда, которая на дышле [Повозки] / стоит, Лиса, бог Эрра сильный [среди богов]» (col. iii 18–19) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41]. Список «7 Энлилей». См. e10dEn-lil2. Список «4-х Энлилей». Лиса соотносится с Энлилем из Энамтилы, см. e10dEn-lil2. «Ишум и Эрра». der3-ra ina nap-ḫar DINGIR.MEŠ / ina MUL.<MEŠ> ša2-ma-mi mulKA5.˹A˺ […] «Эрра среди всех богов / Среди звезд небесных, Лиса […]» [Al-Rawi–Black 1989, 118:15–16, 122, notes]. Анафора. А 3427: [… ina] itibar2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlKA10 ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[В] месяце нисану в полдень(?) 29-го дня Лиса испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:25].

II. Символ.

Месопотамские изображения созвездия неизвестны; по-видимому, это была лиса. Похожая на лису фигура (шакал?) изображена на зодиаке из Дендеры среди северных созвездий [EAT III, 72ff., Nr. 54 (Dendera B)]; см. также [Куртик 1990, 248, 253].

III. Божество.

Созвездие Лиса связано с Эррой, богом войны, анархии, голода и чумы, отождествляемым иногда с Нергалом [МНМ II, 669; Roberts 1972, 21–29; Tallqvist 1938, 329]. Отсюда соответствие Лиса ― Марс и возникающие из-за этого неблагоприятные предсказания. Связь Лисы с Эррой объясняется, по-видимому, тем негативным восприятием, которое сложилось в Месопотамии по отношению к лисе [Reynolds 1998, 351–352]. mulKA5.A упоминается среди божеств-созвездий в новоассирийской молитве ночным богам [Oppenheim 1959, 283:18].

IV. Отождествление.

= g Ursae Majoris [Gössman 1950, 205; Weidner 1957–59, 80a; 1959–60, 108].

= 80–86 Ursae Majoris (?) [BPO 2, p. 7, 12; MA, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272].

= часть Большой Медведицы [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 246].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. выше.

Предсказания:

(2) Вид Лисы как планеты Марс(?); a) mulKA5.A MUL.BI NU SA5 […] «Лиса, звезда его не красная» [BPO 2, II 3a], b) mulKA5.A ina SAR-šu2 ma-diš SA5 u […] «Звезда при своем восходе очень красная и […] [ibid., II 4a], с). DIŠ mulKA5.A | KUR-šu2 | (глосса: mu-ul ka-a ni-pi-iḫ) [xxx]x a!-dir | [xxx] … «Если Лиса при своем восходе [...] темная …» [SAA 8, 49 r. 9].

(3) Общее астрологическое значение; mulKA5.A ana E2.MEŠ pu-lu-ši «Лиса для (предсказания) разрушения домов» [BPO 2, II 4]; параллель [ibid., III 8].

(4) Лиса (= Марс) в Скорпионе; mulKA5.A ana E2.ME pu-lu-ši ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB DU-ma «Лиса, (которая) для разрушения домов, в Скорпионе стоит» [BPO 2, 36, Parallels to II 4].

См. также [ACh Suppl., 54:15; Gössman 1950, 205, III B.2].
| Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, sh07)
|
|-
|
=== (mul)''Šēlebu'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulKA5.A «Лиса» в лексических текстах, см. k06KA5.A
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

[[Category:UMa]]

Šiltāḫu

2026-04-24T12:22:08Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Šiltāḫu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul''Šiltāḫu'' (𒀯𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷) , and š''ukūdu'' are Akkadian names for the asterism 'The Arrow' which includes stars in classical Sirius.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var.:

* ''šukūdu''; Akkadian parallel to mulKAK.U2.TAG.GA "Arrow"<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> in lexical and other texts, see (Kurtik k11) [[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]], (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, sh11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)<ref>Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>
|-
|вар.: šukūdu; аккадская параллель к mulKAK.U2.TAG.GA «Стрела» в лексических и других текстах, см. k11KAK.U2.TAG.GA, k10KAK.SI.SA2.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Šubtu

2026-04-24T12:18:34Z

JanSafford: /* Sources and References */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.jpg|thumb|Model of the MUL.APIN celestial sphere (left: sketch, right: computed 3D model). Fig. 5 in Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023): What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>]]
The Akkadian word ''šubtu'', with its wide range of meanings related to domiciles and locations large and small, from seats to thrones to throne daises to temples to army camps to even more extended territories, is applied to deities on a few occasions in astronomical contexts. In the Astrolabes MUL [[IKU]] 'the Field' ([[Pegasus|Pegasu]]<nowiki/>s) is the 'seat of Anu,' and in MUL.APIN the asterism MUL [[AL.LUL|AL LUL]], 'The Crab,' also the 'seat of Anu' with MUL IKU here being the seat of Ea.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Hoffmann Krebernik2023 Fig4 seats-in-sky.jpeg|thumb|Iku, seat of Ea (left) and Crab, seat of Anu (right); ground map: Stellarium. Fig 4 in Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023).<ref name=":0" />]]
The exact significance of the term in these contexts is uncertain but it is notable that 'The Crab' whose seat belongs to Anu is in the Path of Enlil, north of the Path of Anu. Likewise, 'The Field' whose seat belongs to the Path of Ea is further north in the Path of Anu. Thus, the picture one can gather from these two entries is that the seats of the gods are placed above the position of their stars. Given that both Ea and Anu are both royal figures in the Mesopotamian pantheon - Anu (the King of Heavaen), and Ea (the King of the Apsu), the image of the asterisms serving as a throne seems most likely. As such, it is interesting to note that both 'The Field' and 'The Crab' include square elements suggestive of seats. For MUL IKU, the square of Pegasus, for MUL AL.LUL, the square within a square outline of Cancer the Crab. For the older tradition of Standing and Sitting Gods, astral deities preserved in the later MUl.APIN compendium see Hoffmann and Horowitz 2023.

'''''Wayne look for more stuff'''''

see glossary of Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023):<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r). </blockquote>

=== Sources and References ===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''MUL.APIN (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) The list of the stars of Enlil (no. 7):
** mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat dA-nim''
** "The Crab, the seat of Anu" (I i 7) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":1">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 31], parallel in MLC 1866 (col. ii 18).
| [[File:CNC Cancer TF Anu kosmosInv.jpg|thumb|Throne of Anu in constellation Cancer, drawing by Kay Elzner in Hoffmann (2021),<ref>Hoffmann (2021), Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart.</ref> ]]
|-
| '''''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''''
* Astrolabe B.
** '''(1)''' Menology: [itibara2] mulAŠ.GAN2 bar2.an.na: itibara2 ''i-ku-u''2 ''šu-bat'' d''A-nim'' "Nisanu month, the Field, dwelling of Anu" (A i 1, 7); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan 1985,<ref>Çağirgan G. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192, 399-416.</ref> 403:1], see also [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 81; CAD I, 69b; Emelyanov 1999, 50, Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 54].
|[[File:Cnc AlRawi2001 details 300dpi.jpg|thumb|Drawing of AL.LUL on the Sippar Planisphere (W. Horowitz and F. N. H. Al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>), highlighting by Hoffmann 2024.]]
|-
|'''''MUL.APIN.'''''
* '''(1)''' The stars of Anu (no. 1):
** mulAŠ.IKU ''šu-bat'' d''E''2-''a a-lik'' IGI MUL.MEŠ ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''
** "The Field, the seat of Ea, who goes in front of the stars of Anu." (I i 40), [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":1" />, 38]
** for a parallel see. MLC 1866 i 1; see also (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
|
|}

=== additional ===

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| rowspan="2" | no entry for Šubtu || Example
|-
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4work]]

ŠU.GI

2026-04-24T12:11:08Z

JanSafford: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg|thumb|Old Man behind (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]
mulŠU.GI (𒀯𒋗𒄀) = Akkadian mul''šību'', 'the Old Man' is an asterism in male human form in [[Perseus]]. The Uranology group speaks of stars in his head, beard, and right and left hand.

'''''The Uranology passages need to be added below (ABC Section 1, E 1'-6'(see Beaulieu et al. 2014: 76 -- also look at LBAT 1502 below - and Hatinen JCS 75'''''

(possibly one line missing)12

1′. […] [x x x x (x)]

2′. [… šumēl](GÙB?])-˹šu˺? ina muḫḫi(UGU) zappi(M[UL.MUL) tarṣat]

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul''šību'' "Old Man"; constellation in [[Perseus]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 378; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15], see also (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra V 3 series: giš.nig2 šu.gi = ''nar-kab-tu'', cited in [CAD<ref name=":2">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> N/1, 353b].
* (2) Antagal (E c 5): giš.gigir šu.gi = ''ma-ḫa-rum'' ša2 giš.gigir [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 19, 49, K. 26 rev. iii 4; CAD<ref name=":2" /> N/1, 353b].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of Ayar, stars of Ea, 110 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 573].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(bi) gub mulšu.gi / d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dmar.tu "The constellation which stands behind it (i.e. the Demon with the Gaping Mouth), (it is) the Old Man, Enmesharra, the West-deity" (B ii 13-14); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 5], see also (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
** (2) List (3´12): itigu4 ... mulšu.gi ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "The month of ayar: ... The old man (rises) (on the way) of Anu " (C ii 2).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising — ayar, setting — arahsamnu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 15, 28; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":4">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, 40]; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
* BM 82923. The month of ayar, stars of Anu: [mulŠU.G]I // 1,30 // d''En-lil''2 "Old Man // 90 // Enlil" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:5].
* BM 34713. The month of siman, stars of Anu [LBAT<ref name=":5">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:3], see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* Text Nv. 10. [''ina''] ˹iti˺šu mulšu.gi // mul.mul / [u] mulku6 // mulAN.TA.GUB.BA / mulšu.pa // mul''zi''-˹''ba-nit''˺? / ''u'' mul˹dšar2˺.ur4 dšar2.gaz // mulAN.TA.ŠU.˹UR˺.[RA] "[In] the month of duuzu: the Old Man, the Star Cluster, / [and] the Fish — the Upward Standing Star. / Shupa, Libra, and Sharur, Shargaz— Upwards-flar[ing] star" (Rev. 33-36) [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":6">Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref>, 56].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 2): mulšu.gi [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":7">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
* Anu 5. MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu'' [GUB-''zu''] ˹mul˺ŠU.GI d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dKUR.G[AL] "The asterism that [stands] behind it (i.e., the Demon with the Gaping Mouth), the Old Man, Enmesharra, Amur[ru]" (A.19, B.20) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3" />, 178].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1998, 222, EAE 20 text e: r. 11; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 34a, XV 6-10b XVI 5, 7; BPO 3<ref name=":8">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 288; Largement 1957<ref name=":9">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264. </ref>, 254:107; Verderame 2002<ref name=":10">''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 249; SpTU III<ref name=":11">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101 r. 9, 11].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 3): mulŠU.GI d''En-me-šar''2''-ra'' "Old Man, Enmesharra" (I i 3) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":12" />].
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 15th of Addaru' (I iii 12), see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrisings and sunsets:
** a) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]],
** b) (I iii 33), see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]].
* (4) List of ziqpu stars: mulŠU.GI between mulLU.LIM and mulGAM3 (I iv 5).
* (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** a) on the 15th of duuzu the Old Man culminates, the Arrow rises (I iv 21-22), see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]] (for parallel see BM 77054),
** b) on the 15th day of ab the weak stars of the Old Man culminates, the Bow rises (I iv 22-23), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]] (for parallel see BM 77054).
* (6) Stars 'in the path of the Moon': mulŠU.GI (I iv 33), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (7) Scheme for determining the winds with stars: mulŠU.GI — east, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (8) Second intercalation scheme: see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]] [MA<ref name=":12">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 18, 47, 50, 52, 59, 63-64, 68, 87, 92-93].
BM 77054.
* a) ''ina'' itišu ud.16.kam ''in''[''a'' ''ri-bi''?...] / 3 mul.meš šu.[gi?...] / mulkak.si.sa2 [...] "On the 16th day of duuzu before the en[tering...] / 3 stars of the Old M[an...] / Arrow [...]".
* b) ''ina'' itiizi ud.5.ka[m...] / 4 mul.meš [šu.gi?...] / mulban ˹mul˺[...] "5th of ab [...] / 4 stars [of the Old Man ...] / Bow [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA 81, 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, obv. 7′-9′, 10′-12′].
|[[File:OldMan+h+chiPer stellarium+myFoto.jpg|thumb|Old Man (ShU.GI) with star cluster in Stellarium (CC BY S. Hoffmann and J. Gullberg)]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports".'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 380b; SAA 8<ref name=":13">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 352b].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) 12 Amurru stars: mulšu.gi;
* (2) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: mulšu.gi [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":14">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 215, 226]; see also the list of "7 tikpi-stars" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 35].
|
|-
|'''List of "7 Enlils."'''
* The old man corresponds with Enlil of Nippur, see (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) [2½ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 27 IGI DANNA ''ina'' [KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL ''um-mu-lu-ti'' | EN MUL ''ni-bi-i ša''2 [mulŠU.GI] "[2½ min weight], 150 on earth, 27,000 miles [in the sky] / From the dim stars to the star with great brilliance [Old Man]",
** (b) [1⅔ MA. NA MIN | 10] UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN] / [TA MUL ''ni-bi-i ša''2 ŠU.GI] / TA MUL ''na''-[''aṣ-ra-pu''] "[1⅔ min of weight, 100] on earth, 18000 [in the sky] / [From the star with great brilliance of the Old Man] to Na[tsrapu]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:29-32; TU<ref name=":15">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:29-32; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":16">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA ''a-na'' MUL ''ni-bu-u ša''2 mulŠ[U.GI] "150 to the brilliant star of of the Old M[an]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":16" />, 224-225:9].
* (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 múlŠU.GI // 1 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "A star with great brilliance in the Old Man // 1 (star) // 7200 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":16" />, 226-227:6].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA SI ''ša'' mulLU.LIM EN MUL ''ni''-[''bi-i''] / ''ša'' mulŠU.GI [...] "From the Stag's horn to the shin[ing] star of the Old Man [...]",
** b) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM3 [...] "From the (shining star) of the Old Man to the Staff [...]" [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:6-8].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ''ana'' MUL ''ni-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI "½ mile (150) to the Old Man's shining star" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:14]. See also: ''a-na'' SA4 ''ša''2 múlŠU.GI [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES 58 (2004) 537-572.</ref>, BM 36609+: obv. ii 17].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §A. [mul ga]ba šu.gi "[Che]st of the Old Man" (η Per) [Walker 1995, 29; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 44; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":6" />, 105].
* §H. [mu]ldil.bat šu.gi "[Star with great brilliance of the Old Man" (θ Per), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §U. mulgir3 zag šu.gi "The right foot of the Old Man" (ρ Per), see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* ['''''...múlLU]GAL MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | 10 ˹UŠ˺ ar2 S˹A4˺ ša2 [múlŠU.GI ana ziq-pi ...] "[...Ca]r is the star of Antashurra. (Point) at 100 after the star c great brilliance [Old Man culminates ...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 17ʹ, ii 16ʹ].'''''
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) AO 6483: [...: mul2 ''ni-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 múlšu.]gi ''e''3-''a'' uš2 giš[...] "(If a child is born when) [... the brilliant star of the Old M]an appears: death by we[apons](?)" [TU<ref name=":15" />, 14 r. 35; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
* (2) "Hypsoma". KI ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 ''ša''2 d30 múlŠU.GI ''u'' MUL2.MUL2 "The place of the moon's niṣirti: the Old Man and the Star Cluster," see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
|
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
See (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
|
|}
See also mulŠU.GI [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1593:17′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>], SA4 ''ša''2 múlŠU.GI ''a''-[''n'']''a ziq-pi'' GUB-''zu'' "The Old Man's brilliant star culminates" [Sach-Hunger Diaries II<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-214 obv. 2-3].
[[File:SUGI CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 171701.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ŠU.GI (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
! Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Mirfak]]
|HIP 15863
|Constellation lines
|1.79
|-
|2
|[[Algol]]
|HIP 14576
| Constellation lines
|2.12
|-
|3
|ζ Persei
|HIP 18246
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.85
|-
| 4
|ϵ Persei
| HIP 18532
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.89
|-
|5
|γ Persei
|HIP 14328
|Constellation lines
|2.93
|-
|6
|δ Persei
|HIP 17358
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.01
|-
|7
|ρ Persei
|HIP 14354
|Constellation lines
|3.39
|-
|8
|[[Miram]]
|HIP 13268
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.79
|-
|9
|ν Persei
|HIP 17529
|Inside the Hull
|3.8
|-
|10
|[[Misam]]
|HIP 14668
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|11
|[[Atik]]
|HIP 17448
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.91
|-
|12
|τ Persei
|HIP 13531
|Inside the Hull
| 3.96
|-
|13
|ι Persei
|HIP 14632
|Inside the Hull
|4.04
|-
|14
|[[Menkib]]
|HIP 18614
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.06
|-
|15
|θ Persei
| HIP 12777
|Constellation lines
|4.11
|-
| 16
| -
|HIP 13254
|Constellation lines
|4.21
|-
|17
|ψ Persei
|HIP 16826
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|18
|σ Persei
|HIP 16335
|Inside the Hull
|4.36
|-
|19
|ω Persei
|HIP 14817
|Inside the Hull
|4.607
|-
| 20
|π Persei
|HIP 13879
|Inside the Hull
|4.7
|-
|21
|65 And
| HIP 11313
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.71
|-
|22
|34 Per
| HIP 16244
|Inside the Hull
| 4.735
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 14382
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.766
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 15416
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|25
|12 Per
|HIP 12623
|Inside the Hull
|4.92
|-
|26
|24 Per
|HIP 13905
|Inside the Hull
| 4.93
|-
|27
|32 Per
| HIP 15648
|Inside the Hull
| 4.946
|-
|28
| -
|HIP 16147
|Inside the Hull
|4.97
|-
|29
| 40 Per
|HIP 17313
|Inside the Hull
|4.972
|-
|30
|Cl Melotte 20 772
|Cl Melotte 20 772
|Inside the Hull
|4.989
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 15219
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|32
|31 Per
|HIP 15444
|Inside the Hull
|5.032
|-
|33
|42 Per
|HIP 17886
|Inside the Hull
|5.11
|-
|34
|14 Tri
| HIP 11784
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.144
|-
| 35
|29 Per
| HIP 15404
|Inside the Hull
|5.157
|-
|36
|64 And
|HIP 11220
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.19
|-
| 37
| -
|HIP 14043
|Inside the Hull
| 5.219
|-
| 38
|V575 Per
|HIP 15770
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|39
|36 Per
|HIP 16499
|Inside the Hull
|5.32
|-
|40
|20 Per
|HIP 13490
|Inside the Hull
|5.343
|-
|41
|14 Per
|HIP 12768
|Inside the Hull
|5.435
|-
|42
|V396 Per
|HIP 16470
|Inside the Hull
| 5.461
|-
|43
|30 Per
| HIP 15338
|Inside the Hull
|5.476
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 13965
|Inside the Hull
|5.485
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 18434
| Inside the Hull
|5.488
|-
|46
| -
| HIP 17203
| Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 16210
|Inside the Hull
|5.572
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 17460
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 17584
|Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|50
| -
| HIP 12072
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 16168
| Inside the Hull
| 5.73
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 18081
|Inside the Hull
|5.772
|-
|53
|IW Per
|HIP 16591
|Inside the Hull
|5.776
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 15876
|Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 16340
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 12686
|Inside the Hull
|5.835
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 13339
|Inside the Hull
| 5.859
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 13949
|Inside the Hull
|5.877
|-
| 59
| -
|HIP 16518
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 12181
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 15004
|Inside the Hull
|5.913
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 15669
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 15334
| Inside the Hull
|5.967
|-
|64
|V376 Per
|HIP 17846
|Inside the Hull
|5.97
|-
| 65
| -
|HIP 13832
|Inside the Hull
|6.028
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 13713
| Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
| 67
| -
| HIP 14365
|Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
|68
| -
| HIP 15118
|Inside the Hull
|6.06
|-
|69
|V576 Per
|HIP 15988
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|70
| -
| HIP 17475
|Inside the Hull
|6.091
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 14392
|Inside the Hull
|6.105
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 13997
| Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 14887
|Inside the Hull
|6.139
|-
|74
|66 And
| HIP 11465
|Inside the Hull
|6.156
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 15209
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 12287
|Inside the Hull
|6.191
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 13462
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 13732
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 16252
|Inside the Hull
|6.217
|-
|80
|V423 Per
|HIP 15204
|Inside the Hull
|6.229
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 12982
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 12990
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 17732
|Inside the Hull
|6.252
|-
|84
| -
| HIP 12690
|Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 16424
|Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|86
| -
| HIP 12305
|Inside the Hull
| 6.287
|-
|87
| -
|HIP 14566
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
| 88
| -
|HIP 14914
| Inside the Hull
|6.327
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 12057
|Inside the Hull
|6.345
|-
|90
|V521 Per
|HIP 14544
|Inside the Hull
|6.375
|-
|91
| -
|HIP 12990
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 16938
| Inside the Hull
|6.402
|-
|93
|KP Per
|HIP 16516
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 16447
|Inside the Hull
|6.411
|-
|95
| -
| HIP 13257
| Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|96
| -
|HIP 17558
|Inside the Hull
|6.443
|-
|97
| -
| HIP 13176
| Inside the Hull
|6.448
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 15282
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|99
|V509 Per
|HIP 14264
|Inside the Hull
|6.467
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 13036
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 13275
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 16425
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|}
==== Additional ====
==== Deity. ====
Almost nothing is known of Shugi as a deity. His name is absent in the lists of gods, as well as in the main lexical texts, where the constellation gišgigir is widely represented. Mythologemes in which Shugi would appear as an actor, as well as rituals associated with him, are unknown. His role as charioteer to Enmesharra's chariot, indicated as if by the identification šu.gi = maḫāru ša gišgigir, can hardly be accepted, since it is known from other texts that the constellation gišgigir formed only a part of mulšu.gi. The astrological texts add nothing more definite.

==== Symbol. ====
A clothed male figure with a beard. Description in VAT 9428 obv. 1-3: ˹mulŠU.GI˺ ''ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''z''[''i-iq-na za-qi'']''n'' / [...] ''i-na'' ZAG-''šu''2 [''dir-rat na'']-''ši'' / GUB3-''šu''2 ''ina'' UGU MUL.MUL LA2-''at''2 ''ina'' SAG-[''šu''2 1 MUL] ˹''e''˺-''ṣir'' "An old man, a clothed human figure with a [bea]rd, / [...] in his right hand, [hol]ds [a whip]. / His left [hand] extends above the Star Cluster. [A star] is depicted on [his] head." [Weidner 1927<ref name=":17">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 74; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":18">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 21, 24].

==== Previous Identification. ====
The constellation of Shuga generally corresponds to the modern Perseus, but it extended much further south and towards the northern stars of Taurus, which forms the Chariot constellation (gišGIGIR = d''En-me-šar''2-''ra''), which was in the feet of Shuga [Weidner 1927<ref name=":17" />, 77-78; 3. Erg.<ref>J.Schaumberger, 3. Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von ''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Münster, 1935.</ref> 2, 327; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 378, I].

= Perseus + northern part of Taurus (?) [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13].

= Perseus + the northern stars of the Hyades (Hyades) [Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":19">''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79a].

= Perseus [Waerden 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref>, 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 72; Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":19" />, 74; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 15; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":14" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":6" />, 274; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":4" />, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":18" />, 76].

= Perseus; when the constellation GIGIR(=Enmešarra) was included, it reached as far north as Taurus [MA<ref name=":12" />, 137].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) "Star of great brilliance in the Old Man"; = ziqpu XIV (α Persei), see ziqpu-stars.

(2) MUL.MEŠ ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI "The dim stars of the Old Man," MUL.APIN I iv 22 [MA<ref name=":12" /> 64].

(3) Star with great brilliance in the Old Man (θ Per), see ziqpu-stars, dbn-text (§ H).

(4) The head of the Old Man, see VAT 9428.

(5) The Old Man's chest (η Per), see dbn-text (§ A).

(6) The Old Man's right leg (ρ Per), see dbn-text (§ U).

(7) The right hand, the left hand, see VAT 9428.

(8) The Old Man's feet, see below (6), (20).

(9) The Old Man's Kurkurru, see below (7).

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Enmesharra; [mulŠU].GI TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''2 EN ''a-si-di-šu''2: d''En-me-šar''2-''ra šum''-[''šu''] "The [Ol]d Man, from his knee to his heel = [his] name Enmesharra" [TU<ref name=":15" />, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20">''Weidner E.'' Ein astrologischer Kommentar aus Uruk // Studia Orientalia. 1925. Vol. 1. P. 347-358.</ref>, 352].

(2) = Mars (?); cf. [Bezold 1920<ref name=":21">Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 110:72, 122:174; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 378, IV A 1].

(3) = Jupiter (?) [Bezold 1920<ref name=":21" />, 122:173; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 378, IV A 2].

(3ʹ) = mulMAR.GID2.DA, see prediction (16) below.

The constellation name mulŠU.GI was undoubtedly used as a name for one of the planets (see, e.g., predictions 14, 15 below), but to which planet is not entirely clear. Bezold's arguments in favor of identifying mulŠU.GI with Mars and Jupiter do not seem to be convincing.

(4) = Enlil; mulSA5 ''ša''2 ''ana'' IGI d''En-lil''2 IGI-''it'' IM.KUR.RA / d''En-lil''2 ''a-na'' mulŠU.GI ''i-qab-bi'' "The red star, which (stands) ahead of Enlil and (facing) the east. 'Enlil,' is what they say, referring to the Old Man." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 34-34a].

===== Predictions: =====
(5) The Old Man's chest is dark; DIŠ ulŠU.GI GABA-''su du-ʼ-u''2-''mat''2 E2.GAL ''šar-ra-qu i-pal-la''-[''šu''2] "If the Old Man's chest is very dark: thieves will breach into the palace." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XV 9, XVI 7 + Parallels], see parallel and explanation: dSAG.UŠ ''ina'' mul[...] "Saturn [...stands] in" [SpTU III<ref name=":11" />, 101 r. 11]. See also: mulŠU.GI ''a-dir'': dGENNA ''ina'' ŠA3 IGI-[''ma'' ...] "The old man darkens, (meaning): Saturn appeared in him [...]" [TU<ref name=":1" />, 18:10-11; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20" />, 351].

(6) The Old Man's feet are not visible; DIŠ ulŠU.GI GIR3.MEŠ-''šu''2 NU IGI.MEŠ LUGAL TA [gišGIGIR x x x]-''u''[''š''] "If the Old Man's feet are not visible: the king from [the chariot...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XV 10 + Parallels, XVI 5].

(7) The Old Man's Kurkurru shines; [DIŠ mu]lŠU.GI ''kur-kur-ru-šu''2 ''i-nam-bu-uṭ'' / [ARAD ''ana''] E2 EN-''šu''2 ḪI.GAR DU3-''uš'' / [mul''Dil-b'']''at'' KI GIR3 mulŠU.GI GUB-''ma'' "[If] the Old Man's kurkurru has great luster: [the servant] will plot a rebellion [against] his master's house. (This means): [Ven]us stands near the Old Man's foot." [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 380:1-3], see also [Verderame 2002<ref name=":10" />, 93, IIIm:3′, 94 IIIn:13; SpTU III<ref name=":11" />, 101 r. 9].

(8) The Old Man's stars and ''mišḫu''; DIŠ MIN (= MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2) ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'': GU4.UD ''ina'' mulŠU.GI ''ša-ru''-[''ru''] / [IL2-''ma''] ''a-dan-šu''2 DIB-''ma'' "If his (i.e., the Old Man's) stars emit mišḫu, (it means): Mercury shin[es] in the Old Man, exceeding the norm" [TU, 18:11-12; Weidner 1925, 352]; DIŠ MIN ''meš-ḫa'' GAR AN ''ina'' mulŠU.GI IGI-''m''[''a''] "If his (=the Old Man's) stars give rise to mišḫu, (it means): Mars appears in the Old Man [...]" [TU<ref name=":1" />, 18: 12; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20" />, 352].

(9) Eclipse of the Moon in the Star Cluster or the Old Man; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 9.

(10) The Old Man, the lunar halo and the planets; DIŠ mulŠU.GI TUR3 MUL.ME NIGIN.ME ''Sin ina'' ŠA3 mulŠU.G[I TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mu]lUDU.BAD.ME KI-''šu''2 DU.ME-''zu-ma'' "If the Old Man is surrounded by stars (lit. halo of stars), (it means): The Moon is surrounded by a halo within the Old Man, the planets stand with it." [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 246, K.2346+:43].

(11) The Old Man is surrounded by a halo that has the “gate” within it; DIŠ mulŠU.GI TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' KA2-''šu''2 ''ana'' IM.ULU3.LU (var.: IM.SI.SA2, IM.KUR.RA, IM.MAR.TU) BAD ''ina'' MU BI KUR.URIki (var.: SU.BIR4ki, NIM.MAki, MAR.TUki) [...] "If the Old Man is surrounded by a halo and his gates are open to the south (var.: north, east, west): in this year Akkad (var.: Subartu, Elam, Amurru) [...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":22">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 45:9-12], see also [TU<ref name=":1" />, 18:9-10; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20" />, 351].

(12) The Moon rides on the Chariot; [DIŠ gišGI]GIR U5 AN.MI GAR-''ma'' DINGIR.ME UB.DA.LIMMU2.BA LU3.ME KI GIR3 mulŠU.GI GUB "[If (the Moon)] rides on the [Chariot]: there will be an eclipse, the gods of the four regions (of the earth) will cause confusion; (this will happen if) this occurs near the Old Man's leg" [Verderame 2002, 93, IIIm:6′ + note 285]. DIŠ 30 ''ina'' ITI ''si-li-li-ti'' gišGIGIR ''ra-kib'' / LUGAL URIki ''ni-ir-šu''2 ''iš-šir''3-''ma'' / ''a-a-bi-šu''2 ŠUII-''su'' KUR-''ad''2 / ITI ''si-li-li-ti'' itiZIZ2 / ˹''ša''2˺ itiZIZ2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulŠU.GI / TUR3 NIGIN-''mi-ma'' "If the Moon, in the month of sililiti, rides the Chariot: the reign of the king of Akkad will be prosperous, his hand will smite his enemies. Sililiti (means) Shabbat, i.e. (there is a situation where) (the Moon) is surrounded by a halo in the Old Man on Shabbat" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 298:1-6], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 112 r. 3-5; 364:6- r.1].

(13) The Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Old Man is in it; DIŠ MIN-''ma'' (= 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'') mulŠU.GI ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 G[UB-''i'']''z'' / ''ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim a-me-lu''-[''ti''] / ''a-na'' AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A NU TE "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the Old Man s[ta]nds in it: is there going to be an epidemic this year? among people[s]; (this sign) does not apply to cattle and sheep" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 5 r. 4-6]; variant apodosis: BALA-˹''e''˺ UD.MEŠ GID2.DA.MEŠ "the reign will be long" [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 112 r. 6-7], see also [ACh Suppl., 45:8]; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2) TUR3 NIGIN: d30 ''ina'' ŠU.GI TUR3 [NIGIN ...AN].MI GAR-''an'' "If his (i.e., the Old Man's) stars are surrounded by a halo, (it means): The moon [is] surrounded by a halo in the Old Man, [...an eclipse] will take place." [TU<ref name=":1" />, 18:8-9; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20" />, 351].

(14) The constellation of the Old Man approaches the top of the Moon; DIŠ mulŠU.GI ''ana'' UGU 30 / SI4-''ma'' GUB ''ana'' ŠA3 30 TU ... "If the constellation of the Old Man (= planet?) approaches and stands close to the top of the Moon and enters inside it: the king's triumph will be permanent, he will live to an old age and expand his country; he will be happy (in the affairs) of his country; there will be truth and justice in the country" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 30:1-7], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 408:1-7; SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 117:3-4].

(15) The Old Man leaves his Staff behind; DIŠ ulŠU.GI ulGAM3 ''e-zib'' LUGAL PA.AN.MEŠ-''šu''2 TAK4.MEŠ-[''šu''2] "If the Old Man (= planet) leaves the Staff (= Jupiter) behind: his royal duties? will leave [him]" [BPO 2<ref name=":13" />, XV 8 + Parallels], in one commentary a clarification: LUGAL URIki "King of Ur", and an explanation: GAM3 = dSAG.ME.GAR "Staff = Jupiter" [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, Parallels to XV 8], see also [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 90, K.3111+:7].

(16) Venus before the Old Man; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulMAR.GID2.DA DU-''ma'' / ''a-me-ru'' IGI SUḪ3 ''ana'' UD.3.KAM ZI-''ma'' KUR ''ir-ri-im'' / d''Dil-bat ina'' IGI mulŠU.GI GUB-''ma'' "If Venus flares up and moves towards the Wagon (i.e. northward) and someone sees (it): a storm? will start in three days and cover the country. (It means): Venus stands ahead of the Old Man." [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 100, K.35:4], see also (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]], IV 2.

(17) The Old Man's stars follow each other; DIŠ mulŠU.GI MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''nen-mu-du'' ERUB KUR BUR2-''tu''2 G[AL2] d''Dil-bat'' KI-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Old Man's stars follow each other: the crops of the country will peri[sh]?", (this means): Venus stands within it." [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 246, K.2346+:44], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":22" />, 45:7; TU<ref name=":15" />, 18:7-8; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20" />, 351].

(18) Mercury reaches the Old Man (observ.); see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 23.

(19) Mars approaches the Old Man; [mul''ṣal-bat-a-n'']''u ana'' mulŠU.GI TE... [If Mar]s approaches the Old Man: in the Western country (=Amurru) there will be a coup d'état and brothers will kill each other; the symbols of the country will be overthrown; the secrets of the country will pass to another country; the gods will abandon the city and turn away from it" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 400:5-r.3], see also [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 100:9-12; Largement 1957<ref name=":9" />, 254:107-108].

(20) Movement of Mars in relation to the Old Man (observations); [mul''ṣal'']-''bat-a-nu ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' dEN.LIL2 ''it-ti'' GIR3II.MEŠ / [mul]ŠU.GI ''it-tan-mar un-nu-ut pu-ṣu ša''2-''ki''n "[M]ars appears in Enlil's path at the feet of the Old Man; it is dim with a whitish (tinge)" [SAA 10, 100:5-6]; [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-n''[''u''] / [''š'']''ap-la še-e''-[''pi''] / [''š'']''a'' 15 ''ša'' mulŠU.[GI] / [''i'']''z-za-a''[''z-ma''] / [''ina'' Š]A3-''šu''2 ''la e-ru''-[''ub''] / [''ina''] ''ka-qi-ri-šu''2 / [''i'']''z-za''-[''az''] "Mar[s] [s]tan[ds] [lo]wer and to the right foo[t] of the Old Ma[n]. It does not [enter] [into] [him], (but) stands [in] its realms." [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 216:1′-6′].

See also: BE-''ma'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠU.GI ''lu'' AŠ.GAN2 GUR4 ... "If ... Mercury has great brilliance in the Old Man or Field (=Pisces) ..." [TU<ref name=":1" />,13, obv. ii 19-20; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":7" />, 213]. See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 14.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, sh16)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulšību «Старик»; созвездие в Персее (Perseus) [Gössmann 1950, 378; BPO 2, 15], cм. также e11EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra V 3: giš.nig2 šu.gi = nar-kab-tu, цит. по [CAD N/1, 353b]. (2) Antagal (E c 5): giš.gigir šu.gi = ma-ḫa-rum ša2 giš.gigir [CT 19, 49, K. 26 rev. iii 4; CAD N/1, 353b]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц айяру, звезды Эа, 110 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) Cписок (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub mulšu.gi / dEn-me-šar2-ra dmar.tu «Созвездие, которое позади него (т.е. Демона с Разинутой Пастью) стоит, (это) Старик, Энмешарра, божество-Запад» (B ii 13–14); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 5], см. также s19SIM.MAḪ. (2) Список (3´12): itigu4 … mulšu.gi šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц айяру: … Старик (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 2). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — айяру, заход — арахсамну [KAV 218, С 15, 28; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]; см. m35MUL.MUL. BM 82923. Месяц айяру, звезды Ану: [mulŠU.G]I // 1,30 // dEn-lil2 «Старик // 90 // Энлиль» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:5]. BM 34713. Месяц симану, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:3], см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 2): mulšu.gi [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 5. MUL ša2 EGIR-šu [GUB-zu] ˹mul˺ŠU.GI dEn-me-šar2-ra dKUR.G[AL] «Звезда, которая [стоит] после него (т.е. после Демона с Разинутой Пастью), Старик, Энмешарра, Амур[ру]» (A.19, B.20) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1998, 222, EAE 20 text e: r. 11; BPO 2, III 34a, XV 6–10б XVI 5, 7; BPO 3, 288; Largement 1957, 254:107; Verderame 2002, 249; SpTU III, 101 r. 9, 11]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 3): mulŠU.GI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Старик, Энмешарра» (I i 3). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го аддару» (I iii 12), см. k24KU6. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, b) (I iii 33), см. a06AB.SIN2. (4) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulŠU.GI между mulLU.LIM и mulGAM3 (I iv 5). (5) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: a) 15-го дуузу Старик кульминирует, Стрела восходит (I iv 21–22), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2 (параллель см. BM 77054), b) 15-го абу слабые звезды Старика кульминируют, Лук восходит (I iv 22–23), см. b06BAN (параллель см. BM 77054). (6) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulŠU.GI (I iv 33), см. s20Sîn. (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulŠU.GI — восток, см. k24KU6. (8) Вторая интеркаляционная схема: см. k24KU6 [MA, 18, 47, 50, 52, 59, 63–64, 68, 87, 92–93]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380b; SAA 8, 352b]. Текст BM 77054. a) ina itišu ud.16.kam in[a ri-bi?…] / 3 mul.meš šu.[gi?…] / mulkak.si.sa2 […] «16-го дуузу при за[ходе…] / 3 звезды Ста[рика…] / Стрела […]». b) ina itiizi ud.5.ka[m…] / 4 mul.meš [šu.gi?…] / mulban ˹mul˺[…] «5-го абу […] / 4 звезды [Старика …] / Лук […]» [George 1991, 304–305, obv. 7′–9′, 10′–12′]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Амурру: mulšu.gi; (2) 7 lumāšu-звезд: mulšu.gi [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 215, 226]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 35]. Список «7 Энлилей». Старик соотносится с Энлилем из Ниппура, см. e10dEn-lil2. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 27 IGI DANNA ina [KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) / TA MUL um-mu-lu-ti | EN MUL ni-bi-i ša2 [mulŠU.GI] «[2½ мины веса], 150 на земле, 27000 миль [на небе] / От Тусклых звезд до звезды с большим блеском [Старика]», b) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10] UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN] / [TA MUL ni-bi-i ša2 ŠU.GI] / TA MUL na-[aṣ-ra-pu] «[1⅔ мины веса, 100] на земле, 18000 [на небе] / [От звезды с большим блеском Старика] до На[црапу]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:29–32; TU, 21:29–32; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na MUL ni-bu-u ša2 mulŠ[U.GI] «150 до блестящей звезды С[тарика]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:9]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 SA4 ša2 múlŠU.GI // 1 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Звезда с большим блеском в Старике // 1 (звезда) // 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:6]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA SI ša mulLU.LIM EN MUL ni-[bi-i] / ša mulŠU.GI […] «От рога Оленя до блес[тящей] звезды Старика […]», b) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM3 […] «От (блестящей звезды) Старика до Посоха […]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:6–8]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana MUL ni-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «½ мили (150) до блестящей звезды Старика» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:14]. См. также: a-na SA4 ša2 múlŠU.GI [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, BM 36609+: obv. ii 17]. Dalbanna-текст. §A. [mul ga]ba šu.gi «[Гру]дь Старика» (η Per) [Walker 1995, 29; Koch 1995, 44; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105]. §H. [mu]ldil.bat šu.gi «Звезда с большим блеском Старика» (θ Per), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. §U. mulgir3 zag šu.gi «Правая нога Старика» (ρ Per), см. g06GAM3. Текст Nv. 10. [ina] ˹iti˺šu mulšu.gi // mul.mul / [u] mulku6 // mulAN.TA.GUB.BA / mulšu.pa // mulzi-˹ba-nit˺? / u mul˹dšar2˺.ur4 dšar2.gaz // mulAN.TA.ŠU.˹UR˺.[RA] «[В] месяце дуузу: Старик, Звезды, / [и] Рыба — Наверху стоящая звезда. / Шупа, Весы и Шарур, Шаргаз — Наверху вспыхиваю[щая] звезда» (Rev. 33–36) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 56]. LBAT 1502. […múlLU]GAL MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | 10 ˹UŠ˺ ar2 S˹A4˺ ša2 [múlŠU.GI ana ziq-pi …] «[…Ца]рь — звезда Анташурра. (Точка) в 100 после звезды c большим блеском [Старика кульминирует…]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 17ʹ, ii 16ʹ]. Поздняя астрология. (1) AO 6483: […: mul2 ni-bu-u2 ša2 múlšu.]gi e3-a uš2 giš[…] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) [… блестящая звезда Ста]рика появляется: смерть от ор[ужия](?)» [TU, 14 r. 35; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. (2) «Гипсома». KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 d30 múlŠU.GI u MUL2.MUL2 «Место niṣirti Луны: Старик и Звезды», см. s20Sîn. Текст W22281a. См. h12lúḪUN.GA2.

См. также mulŠU.GI [LBAT, 1593:17′; Reiner 2000], SA4 ša2 múlŠU.GI a-[n]a ziq-pi GUB-zu «Блестящая звезда Старика кульминирует» [Sach-Hunger Diaries II, No.-214 obv. 2–3].

II. Божество.

О Шуги как божестве почти ничего не известно. Его имя отсутствует в списках богов, а также в основных лексических текстах, где широко представлено созвездие gišgigir. Неизвестны мифологемы, в которых Шуги выступал бы в качестве действующего лица, а также связанные с ним ритуалы. Его роль возницы при колеснице Энмешарры, на что указывает как будто отождествление šu.gi = maḫāru ša gišgigir, едва ли может быть принята, поскольку из других текстов известно, что созвездие gišgigir составляло лишь часть mulšu.gi. Астрологические тексты не добавляют ничего более определенного.

III. Символ.

Мужская одетая бородатая фигура. Описание в VAT 9428 obv. 1–3: ˹mulŠU.GI˺ ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu4 z[i-iq-na za-qi]n / […] i-na ZAG-šu2 [dir-rat na]-ši / GUB3-šu2 ina UGU MUL.MUL LA2-at2 ina SAG-[šu2 1 MUL] ˹e˺-ṣir «Старик, одетая человеческая фигура с [бород]ой, / […] в его правой руке [плеть не]сет. / Его левая (рука) простирается выше Звезд. На [его] голове [звезда] изображена» [Weidner 1927, 74; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 21, 24].

IV. Отождествление.

Созвездие Шуги в целом соответствовало современному Персею, однако простиралось значительно южнее, до северных звезд Тельца, которые образовывали созвездие Колесница (gišGIGIR = dEn-me-šar2-ra), находившееся в ногах Шуги [Weidner 1927, 77–78; 3. Erg. 2, 327; Gössmann 1950, 378, I].

= Perseus + северная часть Тельца (Taurus) (?) [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Perseus + северные звезды Гиад (Hyades) [Weidner 1957–59, 79a].

= Perseus [Waerden 1952–53, 219; 1974, 72; Weidner 1957–59, 74; BPO 2, 15; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Perseus; когда включалось созвездие GIGIR(=Enmešarra), доходило до северной части Тельца [MA, 137].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) «Звезда с большим блеском в Старике»; = ziqpu XIV (α Persei), см. ziqpu-звезды.

(2) MUL.MEŠ um-mu-lu-tu4 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Тусклые звезды Старика», MUL.APIN I iv 22 [MA 64].

(3) Звезда с большим блеском Старика (θ Per), см. ziqpu-звезды, dbn-текст (§ Н).

(4) Голова Старика, см. VAT 9428.

(5) Грудь Старика (η Per), см. dbn-текст (§ А).

(6) Правая нога Старика (ρ Per), см. dbn-текст (§ U).

(7) Правая рука, левая рука, см. VAT 9428.

(8) Ноги Старика, см. ниже (6), (20).

(9) Kurkurru Старика, см. ниже (7).

VI. Астрология.

Отождестствления:

(1) = Энмешарра; [mulŠU].GI TA kin-ṣi-šu2 EN a-si-di-šu2: dEn-me-šar2-ra šum-[šu] «[Ста]рик от его колена до его пятки = [его] имя Энмешарра» [TU, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925, 352].

(2) = Марс (?); см. [Bezold 1920, 110:72, 122:174; Gössmann 1950, 378, IV A 1].

(3) = Юпитер (?) [Bezold 1920, 122:173; Gössmann 1950, 378, IV A 2].

(3ʹ) = mulMAR.GID2.DA, см. ниже предсказание (16).

Имя созвездия mulŠU.GI, несомненно, использовалось в качестве названия для одной из планет (см., например, ниже предсказания 14, 15), однако какой именно, не вполне ясно. Аргументы Бецольда в пользу отождествления mulŠU.GI с Марсом и Юпитером не кажутся нам убедительными.

(4) = Энлиль; mulSA5 ša2 ana IGI dEn-lil2 IGI-it IM.KUR.RA / dEn-lil2 a-na mulŠU.GI i-qab-bi «Красная звезда, которая впереди Энлиля (стоит), (обратившись) к востоку. “Энлиль”, — так говорят, имея в виду Старика» [BPO 2, III 34–34a].

Предсказания:

(5) Грудь Старика темная; DIŠ ulŠU.GI GABA-su du-ʼ-u2-mat2 E2.GAL šar-ra-qu i-pal-la-[šu2] «Если грудь Старика очень темная: воры сделают пролом во дворце» [BPO 2, XV 9, XVI 7 + Parallels], см. параллель и пояснение: dSAG.UŠ ina mul[…] «Сатурн в […стоит]» [SpTU III, 101 r. 11]. См. также: mulŠU.GI a-dir: dGENNA ina ŠA3 IGI-[ma …] «Старик потемнел, (это означает): Сатурн в нем появился […]» [TU, 18:10–11; Weidner 1925, 351].

(6) Ноги Старика не видны; DIŠ ulŠU.GI GIR3.MEŠ-šu2 NU IGI.MEŠ LUGAL TA [gišGIGIR x x x]-u[š] «Если ноги Старика не видны: царь из [колесницы…]» [BPO 2, XV 10 + Parallels, XVI 5].

(7) Kurkurru Старика сияет; [DIŠ mu]lŠU.GI kur-kur-ru-šu2 i-nam-bu-uṭ / [ARAD ana] E2 EN-šu2 ḪI.GAR DU3-uš / [mulDil-b]at KI GIR3 mulŠU.GI GUB-ma «[Если] kurkurru Старика имеет большой блеск: [слуга] затеет бунт [против] дома своего господина. (Это означает): [Вене]ра в области ноги Cтарика стоит» [SAA 8, 380:1–3], см. также [Verderame 2002, 93, IIIm:3′, 94 IIIn:13; SpTU III, 101 r. 9].

(8) Звезды Старика и mišḫu; DIŠ MIN (= MUL.MEŠ-šu2) meš-ḫa im-šuḫ: GU4.UD ina mulŠU.GI ša-ru-[ru] / [IL2-ma] a-dan-šu2 DIB-ma «Если звезды его (т.е. Старика) испускают mišḫu, (это означает): Меркурий в Старике сиян[ие несет], превышает свою норму» [TU, 18:11–12; Weidner 1925, 352]; DIŠ MIN meš-ḫa GAR AN ina mulŠU.GI IGI-m[a] «Если звезды его (=Старика) порождают mišḫu, (это означает): Марс в Старике появляется […]» [TU, 18: 12; Weidner 1925, 352].

(9) Затмение Луны в Звездах или Старике; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 9.

(10) Старик, лунное гало и планеты; DIŠ mulŠU.GI TUR3 MUL.ME NIGIN.ME Sin ina ŠA3 mulŠU.G[I TUR3 NIGIN-ma mu]lUDU.BAD.ME KI-šu2 DU.ME-zu-ma «Если Старик окружен звездами (букв. гало из звезд), (это означает): Луна окружена гало внутри Старика, планеты стоят с ней» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:43].

(11) Старик окружен гало и в нем “ворота”; DIŠ mulŠU.GI TUR3 NIGIN-ma KA2-šu2 ana IM.ULU3.LU (вар.: IM.SI.SA2, IM.KUR.RA, IM.MAR.TU) BAD ina MU BI KUR.URIki (вар.: SU.BIR4ki, NIM.MAki, MAR.TUki) […] «Если Старик окружен гало и его ворота открыты на юг (вар.: север, восток, запад): в этом году Аккад (вар.: Субарту, Элам, Амурру) […]» [ACh Suppl., 45:9–12], см. также [TU, 18:9–10; Weidner 1925, 351].

(12) Луна едет на Колеснице; [DIŠ gišGI]GIR U5 AN.MI GAR-ma DINGIR.ME UB.DA.LIMMU2.BA LU3.ME KI GIR3 mulŠU.GI GUB «[Если (Луна)] на [Колес]нице едет: произойдет затмение, боги четыре региона (земли) приведут в замешательство; (это произойдет, если) она в области ноги Старика стоит» [Verderame 2002, 93, IIIm:6′ + note 285]. DIŠ 30 ina ITI si-li-li-ti gišGIGIR ra-kib / LUGAL URIki ni-ir-šu2 iš-šir3-ma / a-a-bi-šu2 ŠUII-su KUR-ad2 / ITI si-li-li-ti itiZIZ2 / ˹ša2˺ itiZIZ2 ina ŠA3-bi mulŠU.GI / TUR3 NIGIN-mi-ma «Если Луна в месяце cилилити едет на Колеснице: господство царя Аккада будет благополучным, рука его поразит его врагов. Силилити (означает) шабату, т.е. (имеет место ситуация, когда) (Луна) в шабату окружена гало в Старике» [SAA 8, 298:1–6], см. также [ibid., 112 r. 3–5; 364:6– r.1].

(13) Луна окружена гало и в нем Старик; DIŠ MIN-ma (= 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma) mulŠU.GI ina ŠA3-šu2 G[UB-i]z / ina MU BI ŠUB-tim a-me-lu-[ti] / a-na AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A NU TE «Если Луна окружена гало и Старик в нем с[то]ит: в этом году будет эпидемия? среди люд[ей]; (этот знак) не относится к крупному рогатому скоту и овцам» [SAA 8, 5 r. 4–6]; вариант аподосиса: BALA-˹e˺ UD.MEŠ GID2.DA.MEŠ «царствование будет продолжительным» [ibid., 112 r. 6–7], см. также [ACh Suppl., 45:8]; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MEŠ-šu2) TUR3 NIGIN: d30 ina ŠU.GI TUR3 [NIGIN …AN].MI GAR-an «Если звезды его (т.е. Старика) окружены гало, (это означает): Луна в Старике [окружена] гало [… затм]ение произойдет» [TU, 18:8–9; Weidner 1925, 351].

(14) Звезда Старика подходит к верху Луны; DIŠ mulŠU.GI ana UGU 30 / SI4-ma GUB ana ŠA3 30 TU … «Если звезда Старика (= планета?) подходит и стоит близко у верхней части Луны и входит внутрь Луны: торжество царя будет постоянным, он доживет до старости и расширит свою страну; он будет счастлив (в делах) своей страны; в стране будет правда и справедливость» [SAA 8, 30:1–7], см. также [ibid., 408:1–7; SAA 10, 117:3–4].

(15) Старик оставляет Посох позади; DIŠ ulŠU.GI ulGAM3 e-zib LUGAL PA.AN.MEŠ-šu2 TAK4.MEŠ-[šu2] «Если Старик (= планета) оставляет Посох (= Юпитер) позади: царские обязанности? оставят [его]» [BPO 2, XV 8 + Parallels], в одном из комментариев уточнение: LUGAL URIki «Царь Ура», и пояснение: GAM3 = dSAG.ME.GAR «Посох = Юпитер» [ibid., Parallels to XV 8], см. также [BPO 3, 90, K.3111+:7].

(16) Венера перед Стариком; DIŠ mulDil-bat SUR-ma ana IGI mulMAR.GID2.DA DU-ma / a-me-ru IGI SUḪ3 ana UD.3.KAM ZI-ma KUR ir-ri-im / dDil-bat ina IGI mulŠU.GI GUB-ma «Если Венера вспыхивает и по направлению к Повозке (т.е. на север) движется и некто видит (ее): буря? начнется через три дня и накроет страну. (Это означает): Венера стоит впереди Старика» [BPO 3, 100, K.35:4], см. также e11dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, IV 2.

(17) Звезды Старика следуют друг за другом; DIŠ mulŠU.GI MUL.MEŠ-šu2 nen-mu-du ERUB KUR BUR2-tu2 G[AL2] dDil-bat KI-šu2 GUB-ma «Если звезды Старика следуют друг за другом: урожай страны погиб[нет]?, (это означает): Венера стоит внутри него» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:44], см. также [ACh Suppl., 45:7; TU, 18:7–8; Weidner 1925, 351].

(18) Меркурий достигает Старика (наблюд.); см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 23.

(19) Марс приближается к Старику; [mulṣal-bat-a-n]u ana mulŠU.GI TE… [Если Мар]с к Старику приближается: в Западной стране (=Амурру) случится переворот и брат будет убивать брата; символы страны будут низвергнуты; секреты страны перейдут к другой стране; боги покинут ее и отвернутся от нее» [SAA 8, 400:5–r.3], см. также [SAA 10, 100:9–12; Largement 1957, 254:107–108].

(20) Движение Марса относительно Старика (наблюдения); [mulṣal]-bat-a-nu ina KASKAL šu-ut dEN.LIL2 it-ti GIR3II.MEŠ / [mul]ŠU.GI it-tan-mar un-nu-ut pu-ṣu ša2-kin «[M]арс появился на пути Энлиля в ногах Старика; он тусклый c беловатым (оттенком)» [SAA 10, 100:5–6]; [mu]lṣal-bat-a-n[u] / [š]ap-la še-e-[pi] / [š]a 15 ša mulŠU.[GI] / [i]z-za-a[z-ma] / [ina Š]A3-šu2 la e-ru-[ub] / [ina] ka-qi-ri-šu2 / [i]z-za-[az] «Мар[с] [с]то[ит] [н]иже правой ног[и] Стар[ика]. Он не вош[ел] [в не]го, (но) сто[ит] в его области» [SAA 8, 216:1′–6′].

См. также: BE-ma … dGU4.UD ina ŠU.GI lu AŠ.GAN2 GUR4… «Если … Меркурий в Старике или Поле (=Рыбы) имеет большой блеск…» [TU,13, obv. ii 19–20; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213]. См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 14.
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|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

ŠU.PA

2026-04-24T12:09:15Z

JanSafford: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Shupa Boo Stellarium.png|thumb|ŠU.PA in Bootes, represented as God Enlil (CC BY Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium).]]mul / dŠU.PA (𒀯𒋗𒉺), The Magnificent One, Brilliant One' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Bootes]]: depending on the context, either the bright star ([[Arcturus]]) or the entire constellation identified with the god Enlil. While the Mesopotamian god Enlil is a god of agriculture, the Greek man depicted in the constellation Boötes (βοώτης) is a Ploughman. The Greek Ploughman was transformed into a shepherd for oxen, due to the homophony of Greek "boo" (βοῶ, ox) and "boötes" (ploughman). The transformation could have happened via Greek folk etymology, or with the conscious attempt to merge the Roman idea of "Seven Oxen" (septem triōnēs) in Ursa Major and/or the Egyptian idea of a guard with the Greek and Mesopotamian images (perhaps in one of the first millennium empires). In any case, this (hi)story of transformation suggests an original Mesopotamian image of a male deity, the god Enlil, represented with the asterism of mulŠU.PA.

The Akkadian name of the constellation, ''šūpû'', is indicated by a syllabic spelling [mu]l''šu-pu'' in BM 68593 rev. 8 in reference to Enlil (see Horowitz 2014: 148). For ''šūpû'' in relation to magnificent, brilliant stars, cf. the following passage in the inscriptions of Tiglath Pileser I (1115-1077 BCE): (a temple) ''ša kīma kakkab šamê šūpû'', 'which like a star of heaven is magnificent' (RIMA 2 28 vii 93). '''Work to be one with 2nd paragraph of opening section and Alb - pa.e --> su.pa.e3 --> sul.pa.e3 in the broken passage in Alb B II'''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulŠU4.PA;
* = (mul)''Šūpû'' "Magnificent, brilliant"(?);

Var. designations:

* 1) a constellation in [[Bootes|Boötes]],
* 2) [[Arcturus]] (α Bootis) [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 385; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15; MA<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 125], see also (Kurtik sh18) [[ŠUDUN]].
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023):<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>Most probably a pseudo-sumerogram (influenced by Sum. pa-è “to shine”) for Akk. ''šūpû'' “brilliant, exalted”, cf. the syllabic spelling ''šu-pu'' in BM 68593 rev. 8 cited in Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 148, fn. 1043. mulŠU.PA (EN 13l).</blockquote>

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Malku II 103 series: šu-pu-u = kak-ka(var.: ka3)-bu, quoted from [CAD<ref name=":4">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> K, 46a].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 27a, IX 21, XII 8, XVII 1-2; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 288, Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al., 38-55. Leiden, 1973.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 36′].
|
|-
|'''Text HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text).'''
See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe P.

* Month of Ulul, stars of Ea, 45 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (12´3):
** a) mul ''ša i-na ṭu-ri-ša'' gub-[''zu''] / sa5 ''i-na pu-ut ni-ru'' d''En''-[''lil''2] "The star which stand[s] on its (i.e. mulmar.gid2.da.<an.na>) rope , (it is) the red (star) on the front of the yoke, En[lil]" (B iii 11-12); presumably mulšu.pa [BPO 2, 5] is meant here, cf, however, (Kurtik m09) [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]],
** (b) mul gal ''nam-ru ša ina'' zi im.[xx] / gub mulšu.pa uš.uš ki.gub ku[r2.kur2] / mul''Šul-pa-e''3 sukkal da[mar.utu] "The great shining star<s>, where the wind rises [...], stands (is) Shupa (= Jupiter), (who) changes (its) position constantly: Shulpae, the messenger of M[arduk]" (B iii 21-23). '''''[['''''</s>'''''Retranslate!!!!]]??Akkadian šūpû derived from the Š-stem (causative) of Sumerian pa.e3 -- shu pa.e3 discuss this???'''''
* (2) List (3´12): itikin ... mulšu.pa ''šu-ut'' [d''En-lil''2] "Ulul: ...Shupa (on the path of) [Enlil] (rising)" (C iii 6).
* (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising is ulul, setting is adar [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 39, 40], see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]].

BM 82923.

* Ulul, stars of Enlil: mulŠU4.PA // 45 // ''šar-rat'' d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Shupa // 45 // Queen of the Igigs" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:18]; parallel: ''šar-rat'' digigi ''u'' d''a-nu-na-ki'' "Queen of the Igigs and Anunnaki" = dšu.pa, as an epithet of Ishtar [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 238].

BM 34713.

* Month of Tashritu, stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:7], see (Kurtik n35) [[NIN.MAḪ]].

Text Nv. 10.

* (1) Intercalation scheme: mulšu.pa as Enlil's star — star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of kislimu, see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].
* (2) ''ina'' ˹iti˺[sig4 mulšu.p]a? // mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 / ''u'' [… mulsim.]˹maḫ˺? // mulAN.TA.GUB.BA / ˹mul˺[… mul]uz3? // mulab.sin2 / ''u'''(( mul<li9>.˹si4˺??? lugal // - check why Donbaz read SI4 here and go back and fix Lisi if necessary)''''') mulAN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA "In the month of [siman: Shup]a, Anunitu / and [...the Swallo]w — upward standing star. / [...] Goat, Furroe, and the [Fo]x, the King — the Upward-flaring star." (Rev. 29-32) [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 56].
* (3) mulšu.pa is the star AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA in the month of duuzu, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* a) List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 10): mulšu.[pa] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 5; Horowitz 1998, 176].
* (b) List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 6): mulšu.pa [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 12): mulŠU.PA d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' KUR ''i-šim-mu'' "Shupa, Enlil, who sets the destiny of the country" ( I i 12); for a parallel see. [VR<ref>''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''</ref>, 46, 1: 11; PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI; Horowitz 1989-90<ref name=":6">''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:1'].
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiKIN UD 15 KAM mulŠU.PA d''En-lil''2 IGI "on the 15th day of ulul, Shupa, Enlil, becomes visible" ( I ii 46); for an early parallel see. BM 77054.
* (3) Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings:
** a) mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mulŠU.PA ŠU2-''bi'' "the Heavenly Bull rises, Shupa sets" ( I iii 15), [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":10">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>]
** b) mulŠU.PA d''En-lil''2 KUR-''ma'' mulAŠ.IKU ŠU2-''bi'' "Shupa, Enlil, rises, the Field sets" ( I iii 21) Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":10" />].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 1 ''šu'' UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulŠU.PA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR mulAB.SIN2 "60 days from the rising of the Arrow to the rising of Shupa. 10 days from the rising of Shupa to the rising of the Furrow" (I iii 35-36).
* (5) List of ziqpu-stars: mulŠU.PA in first place (I iv 4).
* (6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** a) The Great Gemini culminates, Shupa and the asterism of Eridu ascends (I iv 24), see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], see also [Horowitz 1989-90<ref name=":6" />, 117, BM 73815: 3'],
** b) [''ina'' itiG]AN UD 15 KAM mulŠU.PA MIN(=''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'') MIN(= GUB-''ma'') mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A KUR-''ḫa'' "On the 15th day of [kis]lim, Shupa stands in the middle of the sky, opposite your chest, and the Panther rises" (I iv 27) Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":10" />].
* (7) Observations of heliacal risings and the direction of the wind: see (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]].
* (8) Second intercalation scheme:
** a) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN UD 15 KAM2 mul]ŠU.PA IGI.LA2 MU BI [GI.NA-''at''2] "[If] Shupa becomes visible [on the 15th day of ulul], that year is [normal]" (II Gap A 14),
** b) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 UD 15] KAM mulŠU.PA IGI.LA2 MU BI [DIRI-''at''2] "[If] Shupa becomes visible [on the 15th day of tashrit], that year is a [leap year]" (II Gap A 15) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":3" />].
Text BM 77054.
* a) ''ina'' itikin u[d.15.kam ...] / mulŠU.˹PA ''u''˺ mu[l?...] "[15th] of ulul [...] / Shupa and [...]."
* b) ''ina'' itigan ud.15.kam mulŠU.PA ''ina r''[''a-be''2''-e''...] / mulud.ka.duḫ.a [...] "On the 15th of kislim, Shupa ri[ses] / The Panther [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA 81, 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, rev. 1′-2′, 7′-8′].
|[[File:Shupa Boo Stellarium.png|thumb|ŠU.PA in Bootes, represented as God Enlil (CC BY Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium).]]
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia"'''
* (1) List of names for Mars: mulšu.pa = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Shupa = Mars";
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: mulšu.pa [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:103, 210].
|
|-
|'''Star List VR, 46, 1:11, 52.'''
* (1) mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu "Shupa, Enlil, who sets the destiny of the country: the greatness of Enlil, Marduk",
* (2) mulšu.pa = mul ''na-am-ru'' "Shupa = Brilliant star" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:11, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
BM 38369+:

* (a) [TA ''i'']''s-ḫu-un-na-at'' KUN-[''šu''] / ˹EN˺ mulŠU.PA 1 DAN[NA] "[From the br[ushes] of [his] (= Lion) tail to Shupa 1 mi[l] (= 300)",
* (b) TA mulŠU.PA EN m[ulx. x] "From Shupa to [...]" [Horowitz 1994a<ref name=":8">''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 92:18-19, 22].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa (ziqpu I: α Boo) [Pingree-Walker 1988, 321], see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
|
|-
|'''The list of "7 Enlil."'''
* Shupa is related to Enlil of Babylon and Marduk, see (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|
|-
|'''New Year's ritual in Babylon.'''
* múlšu.pa en den.lil2.meš "Shupa, the lord of Enlil (of the gods of the highest rank)" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Rituels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 138:310; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220, 229].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations. ''ki-i'' múlŠU.PA ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu d''Sîn''(30) ''at''[''tal'']''û''(A[N.G]I6) ''u''2-''šar-ru-u''2 / múlŠU.PA múlGIŠ.ERIN2 dŠAR2.UR4 dŠAR2.GAZ / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-še''[''r''3-''ša''2 ''att'']''alû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar''-[''ra'']-''a'' "If Shupa culminates and a lunar eclipse begins, / Shupa, Libra, Sharur (and) Shargaz, / Until the Sun reaches Libra. [Its] meani[ng]: the eclipse shall not begin." [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102:15-17].
|
|}
[[File:SHUPA CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182814.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ŠU.PA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| [[Arcturus]]
| HIP 69673
| Inside the Hull
| -0.05
|-
| 2
| [[Izar]]
| HIP 72105
| Constellation lines
| 2.45
|-
| 3
| [[Muphrid]]
| HIP 67927
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.68
|-
| 4
| [[Seginus]]
| HIP 71075
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.02
|-
| 5
| δ Boötis
| HIP 74666
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.49
|-
| 6
| [[Nekkar]]
| HIP 73555
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.52
|-
| 7
| ρ Boötis
| HIP 71053
| Constellation lines
| 3.59
|-
|8
|ζ Boötis
|HIP 71795
|Constellation lines
|3.78
|-
| 9
| [[Alkalurops]]
| HIP 75411
| Inside the Hull
| 4.31
|-
| 10
| σ Boötis
| HIP 71284
| Inside the Hull
| 4.47
|-
| 11
| * zet Boo B
| HIP 71795
| Constellation lines
| 4.51
|-
|12
|* zet Boo A
|HIP 71795
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.51
|-
| 13
| ο Boötis
| HIP 72125
| Inside the Hull
| 4.6
|-
| 14
| W Boo
| HIP 71995
| Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
| 15
| * eps Boo B
| -
| Inside the Hull
| 4.801
|-
| 16
| 12 Boo
| HIP 69226
| Inside the Hull
| 4.83
|-
| 17
| -
| HIP 70027
| Inside the Hull
| 4.85
|-
| 18
| π 1 Boötis
| HIP 71762
| Inside the Hull
| 4.893
|-
| 19
| 22 Boo
| HIP 70602
| Inside the Hull
| 5.394
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 72582
| Constellation lines
| 5.48
|-
| 21
| -
| HIP 73634
| Inside the Hull
| 5.513
|-
| 22
| 40 Boo
| HIP 73369
| Inside the Hull
| 5.634
|-
| 23
| * pi.02 Boo
| HR 5476
| Inside the Hull
| 5.761
|-
| 24
| -
| HIP 72552
| Inside the Hull
| 5.8
|-
| 25
| HP Boo
| HIP 72567
| Inside the Hull
| 5.867
|-
| 26
| 26 Boo
| HIP 71115
| Inside the Hull
| 5.897
|-
| 27
| -
| HIP 71571
| Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
| 28
| V* CN Boo
| HR 5343
| Inside the Hull
| 5.957
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 71277
| Inside the Hull
| 5.999
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 71094
| Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 70892
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 73068
| Inside the Hull
| 6.122
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 72469
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 72139
| Inside the Hull
| 6.145
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 71729
| Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
| 36
| -
| HIP 70762
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 71490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 38
| -
| HIP 70310
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 72124
| Inside the Hull
| 6.28
|-
| 40
| -
| HIP 71243
| Inside the Hull
| 6.306
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 73941
| Inside the Hull
| 6.351
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 71406
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 43
| -
| HIP 69592
| Inside the Hull
| 6.377
|-
| 44
| -
| HIP 71168
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 45
| -
| HIP 71857
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 46
| -
| HR 5346
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 70385
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 48
| -
| HIP 70051
| Inside the Hull
| 6.445
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
Arcturus, one of the brightest stars in the northern sky, was heavily venerated in Mesopotamia as a deity. Specific evidence, however, is not abundant. Most of them point to Shupa's special connection with Enlil. The epithet "queen of the Igigs," recorded in the astrolabe and other texts, perhaps indicates a connection with Ishtar.

===== Prayers and rituals: =====
* (1) Neo-Assyrian menologies: diš ''ina'' itikin kimin-''ma'' mulšu.pa ga gu7 i3.nun.na tu5 ''u''2-''ta-ṭa-al'' "If in the month of ulul (there is an eclipse) and Shupa (rises): he drinks milk, smears himself with melted butter, he will recover." [Koch-Westenholz 2001<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Babylonian Views of Eclipses // Res Orientales. 2001. Vol. XIII, 71-84.</ref>, 77:21].
* (2) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revitalizing" the statue-deity, see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.
* (3) The New Year ritual in Babylon (see above).

==== III. Identification. ====
As a constellation:

= Bootes (Bootes) [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 15; MA<ref name=":3" />, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276].

As a ziqpu-star:

= Arcturus (α Bootis) [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1" />, 385, I 3; Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 111; 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 59:23-24; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7" />, 208, App. C; Pingree-Walker 1988,<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref> 321, N1; Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 74a].

On the identification: mulŠU.PA = mulŠUDUN = ''nīru,'' see. [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>, 218; CAD<ref name=":4" /> N/2, 264b; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 15; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 156; 1994a<ref name=":8" />, 96, note 19].

ŠU.PA is subdivided into 4 parts, similar to the constellation AŠ.GAN2, in the VAT 9437 Text (unpublished), with each part corresponding to one of the four terrestrial regions see [Kurtik 2010, 39, note 62; Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 117, Anm. 8]

==== IV. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; see the "Great Star List and Miscellenia," and the prediction: [DIŠ] mulŠU.PA ''a-na'' mulGU4.AN.NA TE d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mu[l ...] "[If] Shupa approaches the Celestial Bull, (it means): Mars is in [...] [ACh Ištar<ref name=":9">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 30:2].

(2) = Jupiter; see Three Stars Each (Astrolabes) above, and also predictions (7); in [BPO 3, 134: 27′] the identity is given: dŠU.PA = dSA[G.UŠ] "Shupa = Sa[turn]", which can also be read as: dŠU.PA = dSAG.[ME.GAR] "Shupa = Jup[iter]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":9" />, 7:61].

(3) = Yoke; ''ina'' itiKIN mulBIR mulŠUDUN KUR-''ma'' / mulBIR mulNUNki mulŠUD[UN mulŠU].PA "In the month of ulul, the Kidney (and) Yoke rise; Kidney = Asterism of Eridu, Yo[ke = Shu]pa" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 27-27a].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Shupa is seen with the Field; DIŠ KI-''šu''2 mulŠU.PA IGI KI.MIN KI.TA mulŠU.PA IGI [BIR-''aḫ'' KUR.KUR] "If Shupa is seen with it (= mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"), var.: seen below Shupa: [the division of (all) countries]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XII 8], and also [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, IX 21].

(5) Shupa flashes again and again; [DIŠ] mulŠU.PA ''ina'' SAR-''šu''2 ''it-ta-na-an-paḫ ina'' MU.BI ŠEG3.MEŠ ''u'' A.KAL.MEŠ ''uš-ta-bar-ru-u'' "[If] Shupa flashes again and again during its appearance: rain and flood will continue this year" ( K.1776 +) [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 77, Parallel to XVII 2], see also [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, XVII 2].

(6) Shupa stands before the appearance of Venus; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiŠ[E: i]tiDIRI.ŠE d''Sin'' mulŠU.PA: MUL.MU[L ...D]U.MEŠ SU.KU ... "If Venus (becomes visible) in the month of adar, var.: second adar, (and at the same time) the Moon (and) Shupa, var: Star Cluster [...s]tand: there will be famine in the country for barley and straw [...]" [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 194, K.42+ :9].

(7) Shupa darkens; DIŠ ŠU.PA ''e-kil'' dSAG.ME.GAR ''u''2-''tan-nat-ma'' "If Shupa darkens, (it means): Jupiter becomes weak" [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:51]; DIŠ mulŠU.PA ''a-dir'' LUGAL URIki ZI-''ma'' ERIN2 NIM.MAki ''ina'' gišTUKUL SIG3-''ar'' "If Shupa darkens: the king of Akkad will rise and smite the armies of Elam with (his) weapon" [ACh Sin<ref name=":9" />, 19:13; Ištar<ref name=":9" />, 21:29].

(8) Shupa emits mišḫu; DIŠ mulŠU.PA ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ina'' KUR DU3.A.[BI ...] / TA ŠA3 mulŠU.PA-''ma ka-a-a-ma-ni'' IGI AN.M[I ...] / KUR DU3.A. BI ''a-na'' KUR URIki ''qa-bi'' SIG5 [...] ... "If Shūpa emits mišḫu: in all countries [...] (this means): from the region of Shūpa, Saturn? appears, eclips[ing] ...], all countries will speak well of Akkad [...]..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":9" /> 2, 64 col. ii 1-4; 63 col. i 7; Ištar<ref name=":9" />, 21:30].
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, sh17)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар.: mulŠU4.PA; = (mul)Šūpû «Великолепный, блестящий»(?); 1) созвездие в Волопасе (Boоtes), 2) Арктур (α Bootis) [Gössmann 1950, 385; BPO 2, 15; MA, 125], см. также sh18ŠUDUN.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Malku II 103: šu-pu-u = kak-ka(вар.: ka3)-bu, цит. по [CAD K, 46a]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 27a, IX 21, XII 8, XVII 1–2; BPO 3, 288, Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 36′]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. a33AN.TA.GUB. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа, 45 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul ša i-na ṭu-ri-ša gub-[zu] / sa5 i-na pu-ut ni-ru dEn-[lil2] «Звезда, которая на ее (т.е. mulmar.gid2.da.<an.na>) веревке сто[ит], (это) красная (звезда) на передней части ярма, Эн[лиль]» (B iii 11–12); предположительно здесь речь идет о mulšu.pa [BPO 2, 5], см., однако, m09MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA, b) mul gal nam-ru ša ina zi im.[xx] / gub mulšu.pa uš.uš ki.gub ku[r2.kur2] / mulŠul-pa-e3 sukkal da[mar.utu] «Большая блестящая звезда, которая там, где поднимается ветер, […] стоит, (это) Шупа (= Юпитер), (который) место (свое) постоянно изменяет: Шульпаэ, посланник М[ардука]» (B iii 21–23). (2) Cписок (3´12): itikin … mulšu.pa šu-ut [dEn-lil2] «Улулу: …Шупа (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит)» (C iii 6). (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход — улулу, заход — аддару [KAV 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014, 39, 40], см. b11BIR. BM 82923. Улулу, звезды Энлиля: mulŠU4.PA // 45 // šar-rat dI2-gi3-gi3 «Шупа // 45 // Царица Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:18]; параллель: šar-rat digigi u da-nu-na-ki «Царица Игигов и Ануннаков» = dšu.pa, как эпитет Иштар [Tallqvist 1938, 238]. BM 34713. Месяц ташриту, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:7], см. n35NIN.MAḪ. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 10): mulšu.[pa] [CT 33, 9 r. 5; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 6): mulšu.pa [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 12): mulŠU.PA dEn-lil2 ša2 ši-mat KUR i-šim-mu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны» ( I i 12); параллель см. [VR, 46, 1: 11; PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI; Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:1']. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 15 KAM mulŠU.PA dEn-lil2 IGI «15-го улулу Шупа, Энлиль, становится видимым» (I ii 46); ранняя параллель см. BM 77054. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-ma mulŠU.PA ŠU2-bi «Небесный Бык восходит, Шупа заходит» (I iii 15), b) mulŠU.PA dEn-lil2 KUR-ma mulAŠ.IKU ŠU2-bi «Шупа, Энлиль, восходит, Поле заходит» ( I iii 21). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 1 šu UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA / TA KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ana KUR mulAB.SIN2 «60 дней от восхода Стрелы до восхода Шупа. 10 дней от восхода Шупа до восхода Борозды» (I iii 35–36). (5) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulŠU.PA на первом месте (I iv 4). (6) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: a) Великие близнецы кульминируют, Шупа и звезда Эриду восходят (I iv 24), см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 3'], b) [ina itiG]AN UD 15 KAM mulŠU.PA MIN(=ina MURUB4 AN-e IGI-it GABA-ka) MIN(= GUB-ma) mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A KUR-ḫa «15-го [кис]лиму Шупа в середине неба напротив твоей груди стоит, и Демон с Разинутой Пастью восходит» (I iv 27). (7) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: см. n50NUNki. (8) Вторая интеркаляционная схема: a) [DIŠ ina itiKIN UD 15 KAM2 mul]ŠU.PA IGI.LA2 MU BI [GI.NA-at2] «[Если] Шупа становится виден [15-го улулу], этот год [нормальный]» (II Gap A 14), b) [DIŠ ina itiDU6 UD 15] KAM mulŠU.PA IGI.LA2 MU BI [DIRI-at2] «[Если] Шупа становится виден [15-го ташриту], этот год [високосный]» (II Gap A 15) [MA, 21, 42, 48, 49, 53, 58, 64, 66, 77, 91]. Текст BM 77054. a) ina itikin u[d.15.kam …] / mulŠU.˹PA u˺ mu[l?…] «[15-го] улулу […] / Шупа и […]». b) ina itigan ud.15.kam mulŠU.PA ina r[a-be2-e…] / mulud.ka.duḫ.a […] «15-го кислиму Шупа в[осходит…] / Демон с Разинутой Пастью […]» [George 1991, 304–305, rev. 1′–2′, 7′–8′]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulšu.pa = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Шупа = Марс»; (2) 12 звезд Аккада: mulšu.pa [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:103, 210]. Список звезд VR, 46, 1:11, 52. (1) mulšu.pa den-lil2 ša2 ši-mat kur i-šim-mu: gal den-lil2meš damar.utu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны: величие Энлилей, Мардук», (2) mulšu.pa = mul na-am-ru «Шупа = Блестящая звезда» [HBA, 52:11, 52; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. BM 38369+: a) [TA i]s-ḫu-un-na-at KUN-[šu] / ˹EN˺ mulŠU.PA 1 DAN[NA] «[От к]исти [его] (= Льва) хвоста до Шупы 1 ми[ля] (= 300)», b) TA mulŠU.PA EN m[ulx.x] «От Шупы до […]» [Horowitz 1994, 92:18–19, 22]. GU-текст. (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa (ziqpu I: α Boo) [Pingree–Walker 1988, 321], см. g19GIR2.TAB. Текст Nv. 10. (1) Схема интеркаляции: mulšu.pa как звезда Энлиля — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце кислиму, см. a02A.EDIN. (2) ina ˹iti˺[sig4 mulšu.p]a? // mulA-nu-ni-tu4 / u [… mulsim.]˹maḫ˺? // mulAN.TA.GUB.BA / ˹mul˺[… mul]uz3? // mulab.sin2 / u mul<li9>.˹si4˺ lugal // mulAN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA «В месяце [симану: Шуп]а, Ануниту / и […Ласточк]а — Наверху стоящая звезда. / […] Коза, Борозда и [Ли]си, Царь — Наверху вспыхивающая звезда.» (Rev. 29–32) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 56]. (3) mulšu.pa — звезда AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA в месяце дуузу, см. sh16ŠU.GI. Список «7 Энлилей». Шупа связан с Энлилем из Вавилона и Мардуком, см. e10dEn-lil2. Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне. múlšu.pa en den.lil2.meš «Шупа, господин Энлилей (богов наивысшего ранга)» [RAcc. 138:310; Linssen 2004, 220, 229]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ki-i múlŠU.PA a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu dSîn(30) at[tal]û(A[N.G]I6) u2-šar-ru-u2 / múlŠU.PA múlGIŠ.ERIN2 dŠAR2.UR4 dŠAR2.GAZ / a-di-i dŠamaš(UTU) múlGIŠ.ERIN2 ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-še[r3-ša2 att]alû(AN.GI6) ul u2-šar-[ra]-a «Если Шупа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться, / Шупа, Весы, Шарур (и) Шаргаз, / Пока Солнце не достигает Весов. [Его] значен[ие: затме]ние не нач[нет]ся» [SpTU III, 102:15–17].

II. Божество.

Арктур, одна из самых ярких звезд северного неба, пользовалась несомненно большим почитанием в Месопотамии как божество. Конкретных свидетельств, однако, не так уж много. Большинство из них указывает на особую связь Шупы с Энлилем. Эпитет «царица Игигов», зафиксированный в астролябии и других текстах, возможно, указывает на связь с Иштар. Молитвы и ритуалы: (1) Новоассирийские менологии: diš ina itikin kimin-ma mulšu.pa ga gu7 i3.nun.na tu5 u2-ta-ṭa-al «Если в месяце улулу (произошло затмение) и Шупа (восходит): он выпьет молоко, намажет себя топленым маслом, он выздоровеет» [Koch-Westenholz 2001, 77:21]. (2) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z10Zibānītu, II. (3) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне (см. выше).

III. Отождествление.

Как созвездие:

= Волопас (Bootes) [BPO 2, 15; MA, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276].

Как ziqpu-звезда:

= Arcturus (α Bootis) [Gössmann 1950, 385, I 3; Koch 1989, 111; 1992, 59:23–24; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; Pingree–Walker 1988, 321, N1; Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 74a].

Об отождествлении: mulŠU.PA = mulŠUDUN = nīru см. [Schaumberger 1952, 218; CAD N/2, 264b; BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 1993, 156; 1994, 96, note 19].

ŠU.PA подразделяется на 4 части, подобно созвездию AŠ.GAN2, в тексте VAT 9437 (не опубликован), причем каждая часть соотносится с одним из четырех земных регионов см. [Куртик 2010, 39, прим. 62; Weidner 1963, 117, Anm. 8]

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. «Большой список звезд», а также предсказание: [DIŠ] mulŠU.PA a-na mulGU4.AN.NA TE dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 mu[l …] «[Если] Шупа к Небесному Быку приближается, (это означает): Марс в […] [ACh Ištar, 30:2].

(2) = Юпитер; см. выше «Астролябии», а также предсказание (7); в [BPO 3, 134: 27′] приводится тождество: dŠU.PA = dSA[G.UŠ] «Шупа = Са[турн]», которое может быть прочитано также как: dŠU.PA = dSAG.[ME.GAR] «Шупа = Юп[итер]» [ACh Ištar, 7:61].

(3) = Ярмо; ina itiKIN mulBIR mulŠUDUN KUR-ma / mulBIR mulNUNki mulŠUD[UN mulŠU].PA «В месяце улулу Почка (и) Ярмо восходят; Почка = Звезда Эриду, Яр[мо = Шу]па» [BPO 2, III 27–27a].

Предсказания:

(4) Шупа видна с Полем; DIŠ KI-šu2 mulŠU.PA IGI KI.MIN KI.TA mulŠU.PA IGI [BIR-aḫ KUR.KUR] «Если Шупа видна с ним (= mulAŠ.GAN2 «Поле»), вар.: видна ниже Шупа: [разделение (всех) стран]» [BPO 2, XII 8], а также [ibid., IX 21].

(5) Шупа вспыхивает опять и опять; [DIŠ] mulŠU.PA ina SAR-šu2 it-ta-na-an-paḫ ina MU.BI ŠEG3.MEŠ u A.KAL.MEŠ uš-ta-bar-ru-u «[Если] Шупа при своем появлении вспыхивает опять и опять: в этом году дожди и наводнения продолжатся» ( K.1776+) [BPO 2, 77, Parallels to XVII 2], см. также [ibid., XVII 2].

(6) Шупа стоит при появлении Венеры; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiŠ[E: i]tiDIRI.ŠE dSin mulŠU.PA: MUL.MU[L …D]U.MEŠ SU.KU … «Если Венера (становится видна) в месяце аддару, вар.: второй аддару, (и при этом) Луна (и) Шупа, вар.: Звезды […с]тоят: в стране будет голод на ячмень и солому […]» [BPO 3, 194, K.42+ :9].

(7) Шупа потемнел; DIŠ ŠU.PA e-kil dSAG.ME.GAR u2-tan-nat-ma «Если Шупа потемнел, (это означает): Юпитер становится слабым» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:51]; DIŠ mulŠU.PA a-dir LUGAL URIki ZI-ma ERIN2 NIM.MAki ina gišTUKUL SIG3-ar «Если Шупа потемнел: царь Аккада поднимется и оружием (своим) поразит войска Элама» [ACh Sin, 19:13; Ištar, 21:29].

(8) Шупа испускает mišḫu; DIŠ mulŠU.PA meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ina KUR DU3.A.[BI…] / TA ŠA3 mulŠU.PA-ma ka-a-a-ma-ni IGI AN.M[I …] / KUR DU3.A.BI a-na KUR URIki qa-bi SIG5 […] … «Если Шупа испускает mišḫu: во всех странах […] (это означает): из области Шупы Сатурн? появляется, затме[ние …], все страны будут говорить хорошо об Аккаде […]…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 1–4; 63 col. i 7; Ištar, 21:30].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]][[Category:Boo]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

Tak-ša2-a-tu2

2026-04-24T11:59:47Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''tak-ša''2''-a-tu2''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

(MUL ša2) ''takšātu2'' (𒀯𒋳𒃻𒀀 x), the Akkadian term for triplets with reference in astronomy consisting of three asterisms: three stars or perhaps three closely linked figures. All references refer to a feature of [[Hercules]].

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
'''Variants'''

* ''taškātu'', a late phonetic variant of ''takšātu,''
* ''takšāti'' (given in oblique case) Kurtik (2007)<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>
The form is either an irregular plural with of the Akkadian masc. noun ''takkšu'', or fem. plural of a singular fem. term ''takištu'' with the same meaning as ''takšu'' (masc.), Another possibility is that the form ''takšātu'' is treated as a plural dual (which takes the same plural ending as fem.) even though ''takšātu'' refers to three items''.'' Cf. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]] for ''māšu'' (sing.) ''māšātu'' (dual). See [[Maš-a-ti|MUL ''ša''2 ''mašātī'']] "The Doublets'," "Pair (of stars).

"Asterism of the Trinity", The Triplet;

= ''ziqpu'' V, a star or group of two stars in [[Hercules]] (Hercules) [Gossmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 166, 394; AHw, 1309, CAD T 88-89].

=== Sources and Identifications ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Observations during the time of Sargon II'''
On the culmination of MUL ''taš-ka-''[''a-ti''], see (Kurtik g05) [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']].
|Example
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 5/6 MA.NA MIN (= ''šuqultu'') | 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 9 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'' | EN MUL ''ša''2 ''taš''! ''ka-a-ti'' "5/6 min in weight, 50 on earth, 9000 miles in the sky / From stars of the Pairs to stars of the Triplets",
** (b) 1⅔ MA.NA KI.MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA MUL ''ša''2 ''taš''!-.''ka-a-ti'' | EN mulDILI "1⅔ min in weight, 100 on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the star of the Triplets to the Separate Star" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216: 11-14; TU, 21:11-14; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229]; for a parallel (EN MUL ''tak-ša''2-˹''a''˺-[...]) see. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:2-3].
* (2) VAT 16436: MUL2 ''tak-ša''2-''a-tu''2 // 2 // 13 IGI 4 ME 60 KUŠ3 (field correction: 1 IGI) "Stars (of) Triplets // 2 (stars) // 13460 cubits (correction: 1000 cubits)" [Schaumberger 1952, 226-227:22].
* (3) Sippar Planisphere: 5 ˹UŠ˺ ''ana'' MUL ''ta''[''k-š'']''a''2-''a-tum'' "50 to the star (of) the Tri[pl]ets" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:5]; for a parallel see BM 61677 [ibid., 180:2'].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (R) mul ''tak-ša''2-''a-tu''2 "star (from) the Triplet" (ziqpu V: δ Her) [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:28], see (Kurtik p03) [[PA.BIL.SAG]].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* [múl''zi-ba-ni-t'']''u''4 d''šar''2-''ur''4 ''u'' d''šar''2-''gaz'' KI.MIN(= MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA) | ''tak''!-''ša''2-''a-tu''2 ''ana ziq-pi'' 13 [...] "[Lib]ra, Sharur and Shargaz are the stars of Antashurra. (The star from) the Triplet culminates. 13 [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76: i 12, ii 11' + Anm. 49].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology.'''
U.197:

* múl''tak-ša''2-''a-tum'' [...] [Sachs 1952, 75:6'].
|
|}
===Additional===

===== Previous Identification. =====
= α Herculis (Rasalgeti) [Schaumberger 1952, 219-220, 229:V]

= δ Herculis [Pingree-Walker 1988, 321, R 1; ASM, 93].

= α Herculis [Koch 1992, 60: 28-29].

= α + δ Herculis [ASM, 89].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, t01)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|«Звезда из Тройни»; = ziqpu V, звезда или группа из двух звезд в Геркулесе (Hercules) [G. 166, 394; AHw, 1309, takšu].
I. Источники.

Наблюдение времен Саргона II кульминации MUL taš-ka-[a-ti], см. g05GAM-ti. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 5/6 MA.NA MIN (= šuqultu) | 5 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 9 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL ša2 maš-a-ti | EN MUL ša2 taš!-ka-a-ti «5/6 мины веса, 50 на земле, 9000 миль на небе / От звезды из Пары до звезды из Тройни», b) 1⅔ MA.NA KI.MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA MUL ša2 taš!-ka-a-ti | EN mulDILI «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От звезды из Тройни до Отдельной звезды» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216: 11–14; TU, 21:11–14; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель (EN MUL tak-ša2-˹a˺-[..]) см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:2–3]. (2) VAT 16436: MUL2 tak-ša2-a-tu2 // 2 // 13 IGI 4 ME 60 KUŠ3 (исправление на поле: 1 IGI) «Звезды (из) Тройни // 2 (звезды) // 13460 локтей (исправление: 1000 локтей)» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:22]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: 5 ˹UŠ˺ ana MUL ta[k-š]a2-a-tum «50 до звезды (из) Тр[ой]ни» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:5]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid., 180:2']. GU-текст. (R) mul tak-ša2-a-tu2 «звезда (из) Тройни» (ziqpu V: δ Her) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:28], см. p03PA.BIL.SAG. LBAT 1502. [múlzi-ba-ni-t]u4 dšar2-ur4 u dšar2-gaz KI.MIN(= MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA) | tak!-ša2-a-tu2 ana ziq-pi 13 […] «[Вес]ы, Шарур и Шаргаз — звезды Анташурра. (Звезда из) Тройни кульминирует. 13 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 12, ii 11' + Anm. 49]. Поздняя астрология. U.197: múltak-ša2-a-tum […] [Sachs 1952, 75:6'].

II. Отождествление.

= α Herculis (Расальгети) [Schaumberger 1952, 219–220, 229:V]

= δ Herculis [Pingree–Walker 1988, 321, R 1; ASM, 93].

= α Herculis [Koch 1992, 60: 28–29].

= α + δ Herculis [ASM, 89].
|Example
|}
==References ==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Tikpu

2026-04-24T11:57:11Z

JanSafford: /* Historical Dictionaries */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Tikpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
''tikpu'' (𒀯𒋾𒅅𒁍). The term, a noun from the root ''takāpu'' , 'to dot, to make spots, to sew, to stitch,' refers to asterisms consisting of small points of light bound close together to one another that form an element in a larger asterism or constellation. Seven such ''tikpu'' are listed in the Great Star List and VAT 9418 (KAR 142) including a ''tikpu'' in the constellation mul[[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]], this almost certainly being the three stars of the belt of [[Orion]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Translation is given

* Lit. German "Fleck, gefleckt" = English "Spot, speckled." [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1357b; Weidner 1957-1959<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref> 80b];
* German "gefleckte oder rote Sterne" = English "speckled or red stars pertaining to Mars" [3. Erg.<ref name=":0">''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref>, 306-7].

The association with Mars is now known to be incorrect. See also [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":1" />, 132] for this correction: Bezold's arguments are based on a misunderstanding of the word ''tikpu,'' which he takes as a variant of ''tibku'' "layer of bricks"'','' and interprets as "ziegelrot" (red like bricks). In any case, Mesopotamian 'red' covers a wide spectrum of shades from brown and orange to purple (Thavapalan 2020)<ref>Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.</ref>.

===Sources and Identifications===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* mulgam3 mullugal / mulu5.ri2.in mulka.muš.i3.nag.a / mul''is le-e'' mulmuš mulli9.si4: 7 ''ti-ik-pi''
* "Staff, King, Eagle(?), Pest, Bull's Jaw, Snake, Fox: 7 tikpi-(stars)" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":1">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:222-225].
|
|-
|'''VAT 9418.'''
* mulšu.g[i] mulgu4.an.[na] / mul˹sipa˺.zi.an.na mulur.g[u.la] / mulmuš mulgir2.tab mullu.[lim?]: [7] ˹''ti''˺-''ik''-˹''pi''˺
* Old M[an], Heaven[ly] Bull, True Shepherd of Anu, L[eo], Snake, Scorpius, De[er?] [7] ''tikpu''-(stars)" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 35-38].
|
|}
In [Bezold 1920<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 119ff.; 3. Erg.<ref name=":0" />, 306], the term ''tikpu'' is attributed to names of Mars. This is now known to be incorrect. See also [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":1" />, 132] for this connection.

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, t03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>
|-
|букв. «Точка, крапинка» [AHw, 1357b; Weidner 1957–1959 80b]; «пятнистые или красные звезды, относящиеся к Марсу» (?) [3. Erg., 306–7].
I. Источники.

«Большой список звезд». mulgam3 mullugal / mulu5.ri2.in mulka.muš.i3.nag.a / mulis le-e mulmuš mulli9.si4 : 7 ti-ik-pi «Посох, Царь, Орел(?), Вредитель, Челюсть Быка, Змея, Лиси: 7 tikpi-(звезд)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:222–225]. VAT 9418. mulšu.g[i] mulgu4.an.[na] / mul˹sipa˺.zi.an.na mulur.g[u.la] / mulmuš mulgir2.tab mullu.[lim?] : [7] ˹ti˺-ik-˹pi˺ «Стари[к], Небес[ный] Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану, Л[ев], Змея, Скорпион, Ол[ень?]: [7] tikpu-(звезд)» [KAR, 142 i 35–38].

Названия в списках tikpu-звезд Бецольд и Шаумбергер относят к Марсу [Bezold 1920, 119ff.; 3. Erg., 306], что едва ли соответствует действительности; см. в этой связи также [Mesop.Astrol., 132].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]

TIR.AN.NA

2026-04-24T11:54:00Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[2] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:IM.SHESH stellarium.png|thumb|IM.ŠEŠ, The Rainbow, rises in the east together with the Swallow (who, in turn, is characterized by its V-shaped tail). Stellarium displays the area from northeast to southeast over Babylon in -1050.]]
mul / dTIR.AN.NA (𒀯𒌁𒀭𒈾) = ''manzât'', 'Rainbow,' is an asterism in the constellation [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]] "Stag." For rainbows in Sumerian and Akkadian terminology see Horowitz (2016)<ref name=":0">Horowitz W., 2016: “All About Rainbows,” in K. Schmid and C. Uehlinger eds., Laws of Heaven, Laws of Nature: The Legal Interpretation of Cosmic Phenomena in the Ancient World, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis (OBO, Fribourg: Academic Press, and Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht): 40-51</ref>.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variants'''

* = ''manzât'' (𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈) "Rainbow" [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 407; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/1, 230-232];
* see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠEŠ]]

Asterism in the constellation [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]] "Stag" (see Kurtik L09) in [[Andromeda]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists: multir.an.na [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:393], mul dtir.an.na [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 20].
* (2) Urra XXII series:
** multir.an.na = ''ma-an-za-ta'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:159], multir.an.na = ''man-za-tum'' [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref> 105, 79.B.1/5 col. iv 3],
** [mu]ltir.an.na = ''man-za-tu''[''m''] [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134:16; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:284ʹ].
* (3) List of stars: ˹multir˺.an.[na] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 47, K.11739 r. 6].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, I 8, II 1, III 4; Verderame 2002 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Enlil's list of stars (no. 31):
** MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 ''ša''2 ''ina'' GABA mul''lu-lim'' / GUBmeš-''zu'' d''Ḫar-ri-ru'' dTIR.AN.NA
** "The scintillating stars which stand in the chest of the Stag: The Vole, the Rainbow god" (I i 32-33) [Hunger & Steele 2019, 36].
* (2) Astrological predictions:
** dTIR.AN.NA UD ḪE2.NUN MU.NE / DIŠ ''ina'' imU18.LUU A.AN ''ina'' imSI.SA2 A.KAL ''ina'' imKUR.RA A.AN ''ina'' imMAR GIR3.BAL
** "The name of the Rainbow is ‘day? of abundance. If (it is seen) in the South, rain; in the North, flood; in the East, rain; in the West, devastation" (II iii 33-34) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 104];
The omen does not refer to the Rainbow constellation mulTIR.AN.NA, but to the rainbow as a natural phenomenon. For Rainbows in Mesopotamia see Horowitz (2016)<ref name=":0" />.
|
|-
|Text BM 77054.
* ''ina'' itišu ud.1.kam ''ina r''[''i-bi''?...] / multir.an.na gu[b...]
* "On the 1st day of duuzu before the en[tering...] / The rainbow sta[nds...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, obv. 5′-6′].
|
|-
|'''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''''
* diš 30 tur3 ban.an.na nigin... "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo (in the form of the) Celestial Bow...." [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 163:138]; here ban.an.na is probably a figurative expression for rainbow; in relation to this, see also: [...gi]š.ban ban.an.na ... ban an-e "[...] Bow, Heavenly Bow ... Heavenly Bow" [Verderame 2002 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 80, IIIb 11′ + comm. p. 64].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia"'''
* (1) multir.an.na = mulmin(=ab.sin2) "Rainbow = FUrrow";
* (2) tir.an.na ud ''nu-uḫ-šu''2 mu.bi2 ''mar-ra-tum'' "Rainbow, its name means, 'day of plenty,' rainbow" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 43, 167].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* H. multir.[an.na] "Ra[arc]" (β Cas), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §e. [multir.an.na]? "[Rainbow]" (β Cas), see (Kurtik a39) [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name of the constellation was fixed with the determinative of a deity already mentioned in the early monolingual lists of stars. The temple dtir.an.na is mentioned in a hymn from Kish [Sjöberg, Bergmann 1969<ref>''Sjoberg Å.W., Bergmann S.J.'' The Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns. N.Y., Locust Valley, 1969 (Texts from Cuneiform Sources, Vol. 3).</ref>, 167, line 34]. '''''(check and supplement)'''''

==== Previous Identifications. ====
[[File:Rainbow papke.JPG|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Rainbow next to the IKU-constellation (Papke 1993)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch. 4000 Jahre alte astronomische Aufzeichnungen entschlüsselt. Weltbild Verlag, [https://archive.org/details/diegeheimebotsch0000papk archive.org]</ref>. This way, IM.ŠEŠ would culminate together with the Swallow and not rise together with it, so it contradicts at least one of the texts.]]
= 18, 31 and 32 of Andromeda (Andromeda) (?) [MA<ref name=":3" />, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 274].

= β Cassiopeiae [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 57, H; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":4" />, 105, H].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) General astrological meaning; mul dTIR.AN.NA ''a-na'' [ŠE]G3 NU SUR / DIŠ ''ina'' UD ''er-pi ša''2 ŠEG3 SUR dTIR.AN.[NA G]IL ŠEG3 NU SUR "(Constellation) Rainbow for (predicting) the absence of rain. If on a cloudy day, the rainbow [is] bent when it rains,: [there will be] no rain." [ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 25:8; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 4-4a + Parallels;], the second part of the prediction seems to have a purely meteorological meaning, see also [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, I 8]; [m]ulTIR AN.NA ''ana'' [IM].ŠEG3 ŠEG3 [...] / dTIR.AN.NA ''ina'' iti˹AB˺ [...] "(Constellation) Rainbow for (predicting) rain [...]. Rainbow in the month of tebet [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, II 1-1a + Parallels], cf. MUL.APIN I iii 7-8, where the date of the heliacal rising of mulIM.ŠEŠ refers also to tebet (cf. i09).

(2) Moon, halo and rainbow; [diš 30 tur3] ''mar-ra-tum'' nigin lal še ''u'' še.giš.i3 ''mar-ra-tum'' dtir.an.na tur3 dtir.an.na nigin-[''ma''] "[If the Moon] is surrounded by [a halo] (resembling) a rainbow (during its appearance): a decrease in (the harvest of) barley and sesame. Marratum means 'rainbow,' i.e., it is surrounded by a halo of rainbows"" [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 161:122]; here, too, it seems to refer to the observation of the rainbow as a natural phenomenon.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, m06)
!
|-
|= mul / dTIR.AN.NA «Радуга»; группа звезд в созвездии Андромеды [Gössmann 1950, 407; CAD M/1, 230–232]; в основном в лексических текстах, см. t05TIR.AN.NA.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, t...)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= manzât «Радуга»; астеризм в созвездии mulLU.LIM «Олень» (см. L09) в Андромеде (Andromeda) [CAD M/1, 231–232; Gössmann 1950, 407].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки: multir.an.na [MSL XI, 108:393], mul dtir.an.na [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 20]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: multir.an.na = ma-an-za-ta [Emar VI/4, 151:159], multir.an.na = man-za-tum [Cavigneaux 1981 105, 79.B.1/5 col. iv 3], [mu]ltir.an.na = man-za-tu[m] [Cavigneaux 1979, 134:16; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:284ʹ]. (3) Список звезд: ˹multir˺.an.[na] [CT 26, 47, K.11739 r. 6]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, I 8, II 1, III 4; Verderame 2002 2, 248]. Текст BM 77054. ina itišu ud.1.kam ina r[i-bi?…] / multir.an.na gu[b…] «1-го дуузу при за[ходе…] / Радуга сто[ит…]» [George 1991, 304–305, obv. 5′–6′]. MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 31): MULmeš um-mu-lu-tu4 ša2 ina GABA mullu-lim / GUBmeš-zu dḪar-ri-ru dTIR.AN.NA «Тусклые звезды, которые стоят на груди Оленя, Харриру, Радуга» (I i 32–33). (2) Астрологические предсказания: dTIR.AN.NA UD ḪE2.NUN MU.NE / DIŠ ina imU18.LU A.AN ina imSI.SA2 A.KAL ina imKUR.RA A.AN ina imMAR GIR3.BAL «Имя Радуги — “день изобилия”. Если (она видна) на юге — дождь, на севере — наводнение, на востоке — дождь, на западе — опустошение» (II iii 33–34) [MA, 27, 112–113, 135]; не исключено, что в этом предсказании речь идет не о созвездии mulTIR.AN.NA, а о радуге как природном явлении, хотя контекст такое предположение как будто не допускает. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. diš 30 tur3 ban.an.na nigin… «Если Луна окружена гало (в виде) Небесного Лука….» [Koch Westenholz 1999, 163:138]; здесь ban.an.na, вероятно, образное выражение для обозначения радуги; см. в этой связи также: […gi]š.ban ban.an.na … ban an-e «[…] Лук, Небесный Лук … Небесный Лук» [Verderame 2002 2, 80, IIIb 11′ + comm. p. 64]. «Большой список звезд». (1) multir.an.na = mulmin(=ab.sin2) «Радуга = Борозда»; (2) tir.an.na ud nu-uḫ-šu2 mu.bi2 mar-ra-tum «Радуга, ее имя “день изобилия”, радуга» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 43, 167]. Dalbanna-текст. H. multir.[an.na] «Ра[дуга]» (β Cas), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. §e. [multir.an.na]? «[Радуга]» (β Cas), см. a39ANŠE.KUR.RA.

II. Божество.

Название созвездия фиксировалось с детерминативом божества уже в ранних одноязычных списках звезд. Храм dtir.an.na упоминается в гимне из Киша [Sjöberg, Bergmann 1969, 167, line 34]. (проверить и дополнить)

III. Отождествление.

= 18, 31 и 32 Андромеды (Andromeda) (?) [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274].

= β Cassiopeiae [Koch 1995, 57, H; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105, H].

IV. Астрология.

(1) Общее астрологическое значение; mul dTIR.AN.NA a-na [ŠE]G3 NU SUR / DIŠ ina UD er-pi ša2 ŠEG3 SUR dTIR.AN.[NA G]IL ŠEG3 NU SUR «(Созвездие) Радуга для (предсказания) отсутствия дождя. Если в облачный день, когда идет дождь, раду[га из]гибается: [дож]дя не будет» [ACh Ištar, 25:8; BPO 2, III 4–4a + Parallels;], вторая часть предсказания имеет, по-видимому, чисто метеорологическое значение, см. также [ibid., I 8]; [m]ulTIR AN.NA ana [IM].ŠEG3 ŠEG3 […] / dTIR.AN.NA ina iti˹AB˺ […] «(Созвездие) Радуга для (предсказания) дождя […]. Радуга в месяце тебету […]» [BPO 2, II 1–1a + Parallels], cр. MUL.APIN I iii 7–8, где дата гелиакического восхода mulIM.ŠEŠ относится также к тебету (см. i09).

(2) Луна, гало и радуга; [diš 30 tur3] mar-ra-tum nigin lal še u še.giš.i3 mar-ra-tum dtir.an.na tur3 dtir.an.na nigin-[ma] «[Если Луна] (при своем появлении) окружена [гало] (похожим на) радугу: уменьшение (урожая) ячменя и сезама. Marratum означает “радуга”, т.е. она окружена гало из радуги» [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:122]; здесь также, по-видимому, речь идет о наблюдении радуги как природного явления.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:And]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

TU.TU

2026-04-24T11:48:04Z

JanSafford:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul dTU.TU (𒀯𒀭𒌅𒌅) is a suggested restoration for a broken star-name in a Sumerian forerunner to the star-list of Urra XXII, to be dated no later than the Old Babylonian period (ca. 2000-1600 BCE). As such, this is to early for the later identification of one of Marduk's asterisms (both planets and/or stars), for example [[:Category:Jupiter|Jupiter]] and [[Marduk]]. No astronomical significance for Marduk is attested until the time of the composition of Enuma Elish (ca. 1100 BCE, see Lambert 2013: ???, Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 6-8). Given such uncertainty, even of reading of this only example of the star-name, no identification with any asterism is advisable. For the convenience of the user, a short discussion of the divine-name Tutu and its incorporation into the Marduk/Nabu tradition of Babylon and Borsippa is retained below.

'''Wayne check reading in Sum forerunner at University??'''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Old Babylonian monolingual Sumerian list of stars: mul dT[U.TU] [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 136, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 2]. The latest edition of the text gives mul dx [x] instead of mul dT[U.TU] [Horowitz 2005<ref>Horowitz, W. (2005). Some thoughts on Sumerian star-names and Sumerian astronomy. In Y. Sefati, P. Artzi, C. Cohen, B. L. Eichler, & V. A. Hurowitz (Eds.), An Experienced Scribe Who Neglects Nothing: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Jacob Klein (pp. 163-178). CDL Press.</ref>, 167].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The deity d''Tu-tu'' has been known since the Old Akkadian periods [Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 54]. In Hammurabi's time, it was considered the city god of Borsippa: ''na-ra-am'' TU.TU / ''mu-ri-iš'' / uru''bar-zi-pa''ki "Tutu's favorite, pleasing Borsippa" ZX (III 10-13) and in this period, apparently, was identified with Nabu. However, in the list of gods, both early and later, d''Tu-tu'' is invariably identified with Marduk, cf. [Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 74:28b; Genouillac 1923<ref>''Genouillac H. de''. Grande liste de noms divins sumériens // RA. 1923. Vol. 20. P. 95-106.</ref>, 101, AO 5376 col. iii 8; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 91:196; KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref>, 63 iii 35]. This is also mentioned in Enuma Elish (VII 9-34), as one of the 50 names of Marduk and as an independent deity in Shurpu's collection of spells (IV 65, VIII 27) [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 27, 40]. In the ritual list of the 7 sons of Enmesharra d''Tu-tu ša''2 a.meš ku3.meš ''zu-u''2 "Tutu who knows the pure waters" is equated with Kus, the deity of the constellation Mad Dog (see Kurtik u21 [[UR.IDIM]]) [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 190, O 175:12].

<s>Sumerian star list — the only source in which d''Tu-tu'' appears as an astral deity. It is probably one of the names of Marduk associated with Jupiter, but an identification with Nabu (= Mercury) cannot be ruled out (see above). If the latter were to be considered as true, this text can be regarded as the earliest known mention of the planet Mercury in Mesopotamian sources (?).</s>

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, t06)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= dTu-tu; одно из имен Мардука как планеты Юпитер или Меркурий (?).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Старовавилонский одноязычный шумерский список звезд: mul dT[U.TU] [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 2]. В последнем издании текста вместо mul dT[U.TU] приводится mul dx [x] [Horowitz 2005, 167].

II. Божество.

Божество dTu-tu известно со староаккадского времени [Roberts 1972, 54]. Во времена Хаммурапи считалось городским богом Борсиппы: na-ra-am TU.TU / mu-ri-iš / urubar-zi-paki «Любимец Туту, радующий Борсиппу» ЗХ (III 10–13) и, по-видимому, в этот период отождествлялось с Набу. Однако в списках богов как ранних, так и более поздних dTu-tu неизменно отождествляется с Мардуком, см. [Weidner 1924–25, 74:28b; Genouillac 1923, 101, AO 5376 col. iii 8; Litke 1998, 91:196; KAV, 63 iii 35]. Упоминается также среди 50 имен Мардука в поэме Энума Элиш (VII 9–34) и как самостоятельное божество в собрании заклинаний Шурпу (IV 65, VIII 27) [Reiner 1970, 27, 40]. В ритуальном списке 7 сыновей Энмешарры dTu-tu ša2 a.meš ku3.meš zu-u2 «Туту, который чистые воды знает» приравнивается Кусу, божеству созвездия Бешеный Пес (см. u21UR.IDIM) [Livingstone 1986, 190, О 175:12].

Шумерский список звезд — единственный источник, в котором dTu-tu выступает в роли астрального божества. Вероятно, это одно из имен Мардука, связанного с Юпитером, однако отождествления с Набу (= Меркурий) исключить также нельзя (см. выше). Если верно последнее, то данный текст можно рассматривать как самое раннее известное нам упоминание планеты Меркурий в месопотамских источниках (?).
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

TUR3

2026-04-24T11:45:41Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:TUR3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
TUR3 (𒀯𒉣𒇬) = ''tarbāşu'', 'cattle-pen.' The sequence of signs MUL TUR3 occurs in a broken context in a commentary to Enuma Anu Enlil relating to the 'horns' (crescents) of the [[:Category:Moon|Moon]] and [[:Category:Venus|Venus]]. Rather than an identification of a star-name, we would connect this to the term [[E2.TUR3|mulE2.TUR3]] = mul''Tarbāṣu'' "cattle-pen,' with reference to the entire sky in two other obscure passages in Enuma Anu Enlil (Horowitz 2011<ref>Horowitz W. (2011). Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography (Second Printing, with Corrections and Addenda), Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana.</ref>: 255).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

*1) Previously understood as an epithet of Venus.
*2) abbreviation of [[E2.TUR3|mulE2.TUR3]](?) (Kurtik e06).

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
*In astrological commentaries:
**DIŠ S[I.MEŠ]-šú TUR3 MI : [ina] SI.MEŠ TU[R3 . . . , <s>mul</s> MUL TUR3: d''Dil-bat'' [ . . . ;
**If its (the Moon's) horns are dark : [in] the horns, a cattle-p[en . . ., a star (of) the cattle-pen: Venus, <s>"Zagon = Venus"</s> [Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 166, Table V, Som. z:8'-9'].
(most likely with reference to Venus in a halo of the Moon)
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, t10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulTarbāṣu «Загон»; 1) эпитет Венеры; 2) сокращение от mulE2.TUR3(?), см. e06.
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. В астрологическом комментарии: mulTUR3 : dDil-bat «Загон = Венера» [NSAM 2, 166, Table V, Сom. z:9'].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

UD.KA.DU8.A

2026-04-24T11:30:33Z

JanSafford: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UD.KA.DU8.A (𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀)}}
{{distinguish|Udkadua}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Layard plate5 ukadua nimrud.PNG|alt=drawing of a Nimrud relief by Layard (1853)|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A Henry Austin Layard's drawing of the storm demon between two male gods (the god of war and the weather god) in Nimrud, published in Layard (1853). [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/library/3ADD60G8/pageimg&start=11&pn=19&mode=imagepath Digital Source (MPIWG Berlin)]. ]]
mulUD.KA.DU8.A. (Akkadian reading uncertain), loanword from Sumerian ''kaduhhu'' at Boghazkoi.

A Mesopotamian constellation in the region of [[Cygnus]] and [[Cepheus]]. The Sumerian term UD.KA.DU8.A (𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀) is a compound which is translated into Akkadian literally meaning "the demon with the gaping mouth" which is translated into Akkadian as ''u4-mu na-ᵓ-ri'', 'raging storm,' in the star-list VR 46 1: 41 (and dupl.). In lists of animals, UD.KA.DU8.A is equated with the Akkadian ''nimru'', "panther", suggesting that the asterism is a panther-demon, perhaps a panther griffin. However, there is no attested ancient equation between the star-name mulU4.KA.DU8.A and ''nimru''. The Boghazkoi (Hittite) Prayer to the Gods of the Night gives a syllabic writing for a loan-word from the Sumerian: ''kaduḫḫû''. This, and the absence of an attested Akkadian star-name, suggests that this asterism was either not part of any native Akkadian or Indo-European name repertoire of constellations that was known or remembered in Ancient Mesopotamia.

A relief sequence in Nimrud shows the depiction of a panther-griffin with a gaping mouth in the middle between the weather god and the god of war. Both, weather and war, can be associated with storm in the way of thunderstorm and "to be up in arms", respectively.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A,
* mulU4.KA.DU8.A,
* PIRIG2.KA.DU8.A;
* = mul''kaduḫḫû'',
* (mul)[[nimru|''nimru'']],
Constellation in [[Cygnus]], The Swan and parts of [[Cepheus]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 144; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K, 35, N/2, 234-235; LAS 2<ref name=":2">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>, 93; MA<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":4">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 76].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023):<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>The sumerogram means “day/storm demon (U4) with open (DU8.A) mouth (KA)”. The Akk. reading ''nimru'' “panther” (normal logogram PIRIG.TUR) is uncertain, cf. CAD N/2, 235 s.v. ''nimru'' 2. Note, however, the equation mulKA. AN.DU8 = ''pa-ti-rù'' between mulUDU.IDIM = ''bi-i-bu'' and mulMAR.TU = ''a''-˹''mu''˺-''ru'' in a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 27’, see Arnaud 1985<ref>Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).</ref>, VI.1, 288, and Gantzert 2011<ref>Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki></ref>, I 211, II 127). Gantzert transliterates mulQÀ.AN.DU8 and considers this as a variant spelling for GI.DU8 = ''paṭīru'' “altar” (AHw<ref name=":5">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>: “Tragaltärchen”), which would be based on GI = ''qanû'' “reed”. Alternatively, ''pati-rù'' could represent a hitherto unattested Akkadian word corresponding to Greek πάνθηρ “panther” (which is considered to be a loanword from an ancient Near Eastern language, cf. also Sanskrit ''puṇḍarīka'' “tiger”). mulU4.KA.DU8.A (EN 27l).</blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* ''Nabnītu'' Series XXII, 265:
** U[D].KA.DU8.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' "Dem[on] with the Open Mouth = Panther," quoted in [LAS 2<ref name=":2" />, 93], see also [CT<ref name=":6">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 12, 48 iv 14].
|'''''panther griffin?'''''
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mul''Ka4-ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref>, 47 r. 46; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:46; Soden 1987<ref>''Soden W. von.'' // AfO. 1987. Bd. 34. S. 71.</ref>, 71].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:8, 10], and also [Biggs 1987<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10 r. 30].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of Kislim, stars of Anu, 60 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3):
*** ''mul ša igi-šu gub kap-pi u rit-te gar-nu / mulud.ka.du8.a dNergal(u.gur)''
*** "The constellation which stands before it (i.e. Libra), possessing wings and arms, (is) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (B ii 12-13); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":7">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 4].
** (2) List (3´12):
*** [itigan] ... mul''ud.ka.du8.a šu-ut dA-nim''
*** "[Kislim]: ... The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (rising) (in the path of) Anu " (C ii 9).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising — kislim, setting — simanu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":8">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, 40].
* BM 82923.
** Kislimu, stars of Anu: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''
** "Demon with the Gaping Mouth // 60 // Mars" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:26].
* BM 34713.
** Month of tebet, stars of Anu [LBAT<ref name=":9">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:10], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]].
* "Round astrolabes." Sm. 162.
** mulud.ka.[du8.a] // 1
** "(Stars of Anu, month of Kislim), Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 60" [CT<ref name=":6" /> 33, 11].
* Text Nv. 10.
** Intercalation scheme: mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ like the constellation of Ea — asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of adar, see (Kurtik L04) Lammu.
** Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 8): mulud.ka.<du8>.a [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A.png|alt=UD.KA.DU.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)]]
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
* Anu 4.
** [MUL ša2] ˹''ana'' IGI''-it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu múlUD.KA.D[UḪ.A dU.GUR]
** "[The star that] stands opposite it (i.e., . Scorpius), wearing a crown (on its head), equipped with wings and arms, (it is) the 'Demon with the Op[en] Mouth', [Nergal]" (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, <ref name=":7" />178].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Enlil (no. 27): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (I i 27).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ina itiGAN UD 15 KAM mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulTI8mušen ''u'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' IGImeš
** "On the 15th day of Kislim, the Panther, the Eagle and Pabilsag become visible" (I iii 5-6) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 50].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrisings and sunsets:
** a) (I iii 20), see (Kurtik n50) NUNki,
** b) (I iii 29), see (Kurtik a04) [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal sunrisings:
** TA KUR ša2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulSIM.MAḪ
** "30 days from the rising of the Goat to the rising of the Panther. 30 days from the rising of the Panther to the rising of the Swallow" (I iii 39-40) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":3" />, 59]
* (5) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** (a)
*** BE-''ma zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM / ''ina šer3-ti la-am'' dUTU KUR''-ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG''-ka'' imMAR.TU / GUB3-ka imKUR.RA ni-iš IGI-ka imU18.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e / ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR''-ḫa''
*** "If you wish to observe the ziqpu-(stars) in the 20th day of nisan, you should stand in the morning before sunrise, place the west on your right, the east on your left, with your face facing south; (at that time) the shoulder of the Demon with the open Mouth will stand in the middle of the sky opposite your chest and the Staff will rise" (I iv 10-14),
** (b) on the 1st day of Ayar, the chest of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth culminates, the Star Cluster rise, cf. (Kurtik m35) MUL.MUL,
** (c) on the 20th day of ayar, the knee of the Demon with the Split Mouth culminates, the Bull's Jaw rises, see (Kurtik i15) ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'',
** (d)
*** ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR''-ḫa''
*** "On the 10th day of siman, the heel of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the True Shepherd of Anu rises" (I iv 19-20), (for a parallel see BM 77054:1′-4′ [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>]),
** (e) Shupa culminates, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth rises (I iv 27), see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]] [MA<ref name=":3" />, 26, 44-45, 49, 51, 54, 59-63, 66].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A in Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021), left is Cassiopeia, below Andromeda, above Vega, right Altair]]
|-
|'''Text BM 77054.'''
* See (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":9" />, 149 r. 2-3; SAA 8<ref name=":10">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List"'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: mul''ud.ka.duḫ.a'' = d''min''(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars";
* (2) 12 stars of Elam: [mulud.ka.duḫ.a]; (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: mulud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":11">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:108, 205, 226].
|
|-
|'''Star List VR 46,'''
* 1:43. mulud.ka.duḫ.a = u4-mu na-ʼi-ri "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Roaring Demon" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:43; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3; AHw<ref name=":5" />, 709a].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866.
** mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR: SAG.KAL ''a-lik ˹maḫ-ri˺ / ˹ṣa-lam˺ šu-u2 lu-bu-uš-tu4 la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ''˹2˺ pa-ni-šu2 pa-ni maḫ-ru-˹tu2˺ pa-ni ṣa-lam / ˹pa˺-ni ar2-ku-˹tu4 pa˺-ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin / pi-i pi-˹ti kap˺-pi ra-aš2-ši kin-ṣi 15-šu2 / ˹ki-ṣal˺-šu2'' 3.˹TA.˺AM3 MUL ''a-si-du 15-šu2'' KI.UR2 / [x x x a-si-d]u KI.˹UR2˺ ''ṣa-lam''
** "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal, is the first in line, it goes ahead. / Here is a description of (his) human figure: he is clothed, he carries a crown. / He has two faces. The front face is that of a human figure, / the rear face is that of a lion, bearded, / mouth open, has wings; his right shin (and) / his ankle (repeated) three times(?); a star on his right heel (and) lower limbs / [(these are) ... the heel] and lower limbs of a human figure" (col. i 17-23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":4" />, 36, 39-40, Section B].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
See
* (Kurtik k25) ''[[Kumāru]]'',
* (Kurtik n20) [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ni-bu-u2 ša2'' GABA-''šu''2]],
* (Kurtik k18) ''[[Kinṣu]]'',
* (Kurtik a47) ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''.
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* С.
** [mu]laga ud.ka.du8.a mulud.ka.du8.a mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […]
** "Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cyg),
** mul˹GU2.MUR˺ (ο1 Cyg) / [...2 in]ter[va]ls, interval [...]" [Walker 1995, 29; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105]; mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[...] = mul˹gu2.mur ''u''4?-''ka''?˺-[''duḫ-a'']?
** "The throat of the Demon? with the [Open?] Mouth?", according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":12">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>].
* F. mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? "The rig[ht] foot [of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth]" (ι Cyg), see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].
* G. mulgir3 zag ud.k[a.du8.a], see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].
* H.
** mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.a multir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ud.ka.du8.a ''maḫ-ru''
** "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). Ra[inbow (β Cas). sta]r with great brilliance from the Old Man (θ Per). 3 stars. Loosely stained rope. [2 inter]vals, inter[val]. Right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth — first." [Walker 1995, 30-31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105; Koch 1995<ref name=":12" />, 45, 57].
* I.
** mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.˹a mul˺ [...m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš tak2-si
** "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). [...] PA SI of Stag (δ Cas). 3 stars. tak2-si" [Walker 1995, 31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 104-105]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":12" />, 45, 57],
** ˹mul˺ [...] = ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] "[Tail of the Pig]"(β Lac),
** PA SI lu.lim = ''pa-si'' lu.lim "Leaf(?) of the Stag".
* J.
** [mu]lšu.si ˹gir3˺ gub3 ud.ka.du8.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'' mulsag lúḫun.ga2 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba
** "The toe on the right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (π Peg), the st[ar with great brilliance] of Anunitu (γ Peg), the head of the Hired Man (α Ari): 3 stars. Straight tight rope." [Walker 1995, 31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 106; Koch 1995<ref name=":12" />, 45, 57].
* §m. mulaga ud.ka.du8.a (α Cep), see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* §w. mul''ku-ma-ru'' ud.ka.du8.a mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mulza.ba4.ba4 4 mul.meš gan2 ab2 mulgir3 uz3 ''ḫe-pi''2
** "The Shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (κ Cyg? ), Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), left arm, new damage, Zababa (ζ Oph): 4 stars. Cow Pasture. Leg of the Goat, damage." [Walker 1995, 40-41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 110-111]; according to J. Koch,
** mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 = mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? "Left hand [of the Bison]" (Ser d), mulgir3 uz3 "Leg of the Goat" (= δ Her) [Koch 1995<ref name=":12" />, 50, 63].
* §x.
** mulur2 gir3 gub3 ud.ka.du8.a muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti u''3 mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2
** "The base of the left leg of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (μ Cyg), the star with great brilliance Anunitu (γ Peg), and the hand, damage." [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":12" />, 51, 64],
** mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 = mulšu [gub3 uz3]? "[The left] hand [of the Goat]" (θ Lyr).
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dUTU ''še-re-e-ti'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulAŠ.GAN2 ''u'' / mulSIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiGAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša2'' dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ. AM3
* "On the 15th day of siman, during sunrise in the morning, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Field, and the Swallow are in equilibrium (= in climax). In the month of kislimu, in the evening at sunset, the same thing takes place." [SpTU I,<ref name=":13">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref> 95:5'-6'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99], see also [SpTU I<ref name=":13" />, 27 r.20].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
А 3427
* [... ''ina''] itiab ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlud.ka.du8.a ki.min (= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "[In] the month of tebet at noon(?) on the 29th day, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 239:22]. See also (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
|Example
|}

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Deneb]]
| HIP 102098
|within constellation lines
| 1.25
|-
|2
| [[Sadr]]
| HIP 100453
|within constellation lines
|2.23
|-
| 3
|[[Aljanah]]
|HIP 102488
|within constellation lines
|2.48
|-
|4
|ζ Cygni
|HIP 104732
|within constellation lines
|3.21
|-
|5
|ζ Cephei
|HIP 109492
|within constellation lines
|3.35
|-
|6
|[[Alfarasalkamil]]
|HIP 113726
|within constellation lines
| 3.62
|-
|7
|ξ Cygni
|HIP 104060
|Inside the Hull
|3.73
|-
|8
|τ Cygni
| HIP 104887
|Inside the Hull
|3.73
|-
|9
|[[Stellio]]
|HIP 111169
|Inside the Hull
|3.77
|-
|10
|[[Udkadua]]
|HIP 116584
|within constellation lines
|3.82
|-
| 11
|η Cygni
|HIP 98110
|within constellation lines
|3.88
|-
|12
|ν Cygni
|HIP 103413
|Inside the Hull
|3.94
|-
|13
|41 Cyg
| HIP 101076
|within constellation lines
|4.01
|-
|14
|ρ Cygni
|HIP 106481
|within constellation lines
|4.02
|-
|15
|1 Lac
|HIP 109937
|within constellation lines
|4.15
|-
|16
|π 2 Cygni
|HIP 107533
|Inside the Hull
|4.18
|-
|17
|ϵ Cephei
|HIP 109857
|Inside the Hull
| 4.18
|-
|18
| 52 Cyg
|HIP 102453
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|19
|σ Cygni
|HIP 105102
| Inside the Hull
| 4.24
|-
|20
| 5 Lac
|HIP 111022
|Inside the Hull
|4.37
|-
|21
|υ Cygni
|HIP 105138
|Inside the Hull
|4.42
|-
|22
|39 Cyg
|HIP 100587
|within constellation lines
|4.44
|-
|23
|β Lacertae
|HIP 110538
|Inside the Hull
| 4.44
|-
|24
|11 Lac
|HIP 111944
|Inside the Hull
|4.46
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 109754
|within constellation lines
| 4.49
|-
|26
|6 Lac
|HIP 111104
| Inside the Hull
|4.511
|-
|27
|63 Cyg
|HIP 104194
|Inside the Hull
| 4.514
|-
|28
|[[Honores]]
|HIP 114570
|Inside the Hull
|4.52
|-
|29
|λ Cygni
| HIP 102589
| Inside the Hull
|4.54
|-
|30
|2 Lac
|HIP 110351
| Inside the Hull
| 4.54
|-
|31
|4 Lac
|HIP 110609
|Inside the Hull
|4.58
|-
|32
|9 Lac
|HIP 111674
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|33
|47 Cyg A
|HIP 101474
|Inside the Hull
|4.636
|-
|34
| 3 And
|HIP 113919
|Inside the Hull
|4.64
|-
| 35
|15 Vul
|HIP 98543
|within constellation lines
|4.651
|-
|36
|[[Azelfafage]]
|HIP 107136
|Inside the Hull
|4.66
|-
|37
|59 Cyg
|HIP 103632
|Inside the Hull
|4.75
|-
| 38
|* lam Cyg A
|HIP 102589
| Inside the Hull
|4.76
|-
|39
| 57 Cyg
| HIP 103089
|Inside the Hull
|4.77
|-
|40
|P Cyg
|HIP 100044
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|41
| 55 Cyg
|HIP 102724
|Inside the Hull
|4.86
|-
|42
|8 And
|HIP 115022
|Inside the Hull
|4.86
|-
|43
|72 Cyg
|HIP 106551
| Inside the Hull
|4.91
|-
| 44
|28 Cyg
|HIP 99303
|Inside the Hull
|4.93
|-
|45
| T Cyg
|HIP 102571
|Inside the Hull
|4.93
|-
|46
| 15 Lac
|HIP 112917
|Inside the Hull
|4.938
|-
|47
|[[Tengshe]]
|HIP 113288
|Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|48
|29 Cyg
|HIP 99770
|Inside the Hull
| 4.99
|-
|49
|68 Cyg
| HIP 105186
| Inside the Hull
|5
|-
|50
| 74 Cyg
|HIP 106711
| Inside the Hull
|5.035
|-
| 51
| -
|HIP 102843
|Inside the Hull
|5.05
|-
| 52
| -
| HIP 109102
|Inside the Hull
| 5.07
|-
|53
|13 Lac
|HIP 112242
|Inside the Hull
|5.08
|-
|54
|75 Cyg
|HIP 106999
|Inside the Hull
|5.086
|-
|55
| 35 Cyg
| HIP 100122
| Inside the Hull
|5.162
|-
|56
|* 2 And A
|HIP 113788
|Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
|57
| 21 Vul
|HIP 99738
|Inside the Hull
| 5.189
|-
|58
|NGC 6871
| NGC 6871
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|59
|61 Cyg A
|HIP 104214
|Inside the Hull
| 5.21
|-
|60
|71 Cyg
|HIP 106093
|Inside the Hull
|5.217
|-
|61
|12 Lac
|HIP 112031
|Inside the Hull
|5.229
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 109572
|Inside the Hull
| 5.23
|-
|63
|70 Cyg
|HIP 105942
|Inside the Hull
|5.293
|-
|64
| 4 And
| HIP 114200
|Inside the Hull
| 5.294
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 105898
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 99031
|Inside the Hull
|5.37
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 109521
|Inside the Hull
| 5.377
|-
|68
|W Cyg
|HIP 106642
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|69
|EW Lac
|HIP 113327
|Inside the Hull
| 5.43
|-
|70
| 60 Cyg
|HIP 103732
|Inside the Hull
|5.432
|-
|71
|11 And
|HIP 115152
|Inside the Hull
|5.44
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 103094
| Inside the Hull
|5.462
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 103145
|Inside the Hull
|5.47
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 107235
| Inside the Hull
| 5.505
|-
| 75
| -
|HIP 109745
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
|76
| -
| HIP 103519
|Inside the Hull
|5.547
|-
|77
|36 Cyg
|HIP 100108
| Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 105769
| Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|79
|V1942 Cyg
|HIP 108845
|Inside the Hull
|5.596
|-
|80
|40 Cyg
|HIP 100907
|Inside the Hull
|5.62
|-
|81
|49 Cyg
|HIP 102066
| Inside the Hull
|5.638
|-
|82
|V1768 Cyg
|HIP 98863
| Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 102155
|Inside the Hull
|5.664
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 111544
|Inside the Hull
|5.67
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 105497
|Inside the Hull
|5.671
|-
| 86
| -
|HIP 101899
|Inside the Hull
| 5.673
|-
|87
| -
|HIP 105390
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
| 88
|8 Lac A
|HIP 111546
| Inside the Hull
|5.69
|-
|89
|79 Cyg
| HIP 107253
|Inside the Hull
|5.695
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 99841
|Inside the Hull
|5.698
|-
|91
| -
|HIP 104371A
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 109831
| Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|93
|77 Cyg
|HIP 107162
|Inside the Hull
| 5.726
|-
|94
| -
|HIP 98767
|Inside the Hull
|5.73
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 105282
| Inside the Hull
|5.74
|-
|96
| -
|HIP 106393
|Inside the Hull
|5.755
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 108758
|Inside the Hull
|5.776
|-
|98
|DT Cyg
|HIP 104185
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
|V460 Cyg
|HIP 107129
|Inside the Hull
|5.84
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 112417
|Inside the Hull
|5.84
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 111259
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|102
|V1334 Cyg
|HIP 105269
|Inside the Hull
|5.882
|-
|103
| -
| HIP 109972
|Inside the Hull
|5.882
|-
|104
|42 Cyg
|HIP 101067
|Inside the Hull
| 5.899
|-
|105
|V2119 Cyg
|HIP 100574
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|106
|14 Lac
|HIP 112778
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|107
| -
|HIP 111925
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|108
| -
|HIP 100501
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|109
|69 Cyg
|HIP 105811
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|110
| -
|HR 8708
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 111
| -
|HIP 112041
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|112
| -
|HIP 103371
|Inside the Hull
|5.96
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 101986
| Inside the Hull
|5.965
|-
|114
| -
| HIP 113048
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 103734
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 102033
| Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|117
|61 Cyg B
|HIP 104217
| Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 105432
| Inside the Hull
| 6.037
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 104765
|Inside the Hull
|6.071
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 100486
| Inside the Hull
|6.072
|-
|121
| 76 Cyg
|HIP 107097
|Inside the Hull
|6.075
|-
|122
| -
| HIP 107186
|Inside the Hull
|6.089
|-
|123
| -
|HIP 107664
|Inside the Hull
|6.091
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 103894
| Inside the Hull
|6.097
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 112098
|Inside the Hull
|6.106
|-
|126
|AR Lac
|HIP 109303
| Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 109033
|Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
|128
| -
|HIP 115171
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 99145
|Inside the Hull
|6.141
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 105229
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
|131
| -
|HIP 103532
|Inside the Hull
|6.156
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 105101
|Inside the Hull
|6.159
|-
|133
| -
| HIP 110849
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|134
| -
|HIP 110566
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|135
| -
| HIP 106518
|Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|136
|V399 Lac
|HIP 109205
| Inside the Hull
|6.171
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 110171
|Inside the Hull
|6.179
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 109121
|Inside the Hull
|6.181
|-
|139
|V1619 Cyg
|HIP 107856
|Inside the Hull
|6.193
|-
|140
|CP Cyg
|HIP 106752
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 101756
|Inside the Hull
|6.202
|-
|142
| -
| HIP 106420
|Inside the Hull
|6.209
|-
| 143
| -
| HIP 105034
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|144
|44 Cyg
| HIP 101214
|Inside the Hull
|6.216
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 100018
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|146
|V1981 Cyg
|HIP 103828
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|147
|V1339 Cyg
|HIP 107140
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
| 148
| -
|HIP 112761
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|149
|* lam Cyg B
|HIP 102589
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 109082
| Inside the Hull
|6.254
|-
|151
| -
|HIP 107637
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 99893
|Inside the Hull
|6.275
|-
| 153
| -
|HIP 111550
|Inside the Hull
|6.275
|-
|154
|48 Cyg
|HIP 101765
|Inside the Hull
|6.304
|-
|155
| -
|HIP 103949
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 103963
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|157
|NAME HD 193702AB
|HIP 100268
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|158
| -
|HIP 103079
|Inside the Hull
|6.355
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 100155
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
| 160
| -
|HIP 107398
|Inside the Hull
|6.369
|-
|161
| V405 Lac
|HIP 110408
|Inside the Hull
|6.369
|-
|162
| -
| HIP 105017
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
| 163
| -
|HIP 110316
| Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|164
| -
|HIP 111247
| Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|165
| -
| HIP 111753
|Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 98701
|Inside the Hull
|6.378
|-
| 167
| -
| HIP 105406
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|168
| V444 Cep
|HIP 109124
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 100866
|Inside the Hull
|6.398
|-
|170
| -
|HIP 109272
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|171
|NGC 7243
|NGC 7243
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 112300
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|173
| -
| HIP 102585
|Inside the Hull
|6.411
|-
|174
|V350 Lac
|HIP 111072
| Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 175
|LN And
|HIP 113802
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 105637
|Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 107445
| Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 113750
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
| 179
|5 And
|HIP 114210
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|180
| -
|HIP 102993
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
| 181
| -
|HIP 103822
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 104962
|Inside the Hull
|6.441
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 99929
|Inside the Hull
|6.448
|-
|184
| -
| HIP 110055
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 114981
|Inside the Hull
|6.455
|-
|186
| -
|HIP 112986
|Inside the Hull
|6.463
|-
|187
| -
|HIP 99719
|Inside the Hull
|6.464
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 103596
| Inside the Hull
|6.465
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 101268
|Inside the Hull
|6.467
|-
| 190
|X Cyg
|HIP 102276
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|191
|ET And
|HIP 115036
|Inside the Hull
|6.479
|-
|192
| -
| HIP 107749
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|193
| -
|HIP 103871
|Inside the Hull
|6.486
|-
|194
| -
|HIP 113603
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
| 195
| -
|HIP 109079
|Inside the Hull
|6.494
|-
| 196
| -
| HIP 101768
|Inside the Hull
|6.496
|-
|197
| -
|HIP 102062
|Inside the Hull
|6.497
|-
|198
| -
|HIP 99653
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
[[Nergal|dNergal]] (see Kurtik n18).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) At a lunar eclipse: diš ''ina'' itikan kimin''-ma'' .... [igi] mulud.ka.du8.a mulgir2.tab ''uš-kin'' ti.la taḫ "If in the month of kislim (an eclipse occurrs)... he casts himself down (before) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (and) the Scorpius; (his) life will be prolonged" [Koch-Westenholz 2001<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Babylonian Views of Eclipses // Res Orientales. 2001. Vol. XIII. P.71-84.</ref>, 77:33].
* (2) Calendar and mythological text BM 55466+(r. 17): múlud.ka.du8.a [Landsberger 1923<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.</ref>; STC I<ref name=":14">''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 213; II<ref name=":14" />, Pl. 71:17].
* (3) Wishes for the welfare of the Assyrian king: [mulUD.KA.D]U8.A dU+GUR ''iš-de-ka'' ''lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka'' / [...] ˹''lu''˺-''ter a-na la'' DUG3-˹''ub''? ''lib''? ''bi''?˺ "[The Demon with the Op]en [Mouth], Nergal, may he strengthen your foundation, all your enemies / [...] may he throw you into discontent!" [Watanabe 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331: 9′-10′].

==== Symbol. ====
For a description of the figure of the constellation see. MLC 1866 (col. i 17-24). The figure resembles that of a monster-like creature with features resembling a panther, a lion, and a bird; it has arms, wings, and two faces — one apparently that of a human and the other like a lion. The presence of a crown indicates the figure's divine status. Mesopotamian glyptics contain many images of different kinds of bird-lions, lion-griffins, but we do not know an image that exactly corresponds to the description given above. Thus, on kudurru and in glyptics there are images of a "dragon-lion" or "lion-griffin", whose front part of the body is like a lion (head, paws, and the trunk), and the hind part is bird-like (legs with claws and a tail), it also has wings, and the mouth is always viciously open [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 181ff.; 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, 489a; Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 48]. There is no evidence, however, that these images were actually associated with the constellation mulUD.KA.DU8.A.

==== Previous Identification. ====
[[File:Udkadua.jpg|thumb|Udkadua according to Roland Laffitte (2009); star names assembled from different sources, cf [https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C24.pdf PDF on Uranos].]]
= Cygnus + nearby constellations: Cepheus, Lacerta; + parts of Pegasus and Andromeda(?) [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 144, I].

= Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13].

= Cygnus + part of Cephei [Waerden 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 73].

= Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75a].

= Swan (Cygnus) and part of Cepheus (Cepheus) [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 15; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":8" />, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":4" />, 76].

= Swan, Lizard, and parts of Cassiopeia and Cepheus [MA<ref name=":3" />, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274].

= Swan (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":11" />, 207, App. C].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) Crown (α Cep), see dbn text (§§C, m, w), '''Laffitte:''' ''α Cep''

(2) Throat(?), see dbn-text (§C), '''Laffitte''': la Trachée artère ''ο2 Cyg''

(3) Shoulder (= ziqpu VIII), see (Kurtik k25) ''[[Kumāru]]'', '''Laffitte:''' ''β Cyg''

(4) Chest (= ziqpu IX), see (Kurtik n20) [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]], ''α Cyg''

(5) Arms, see Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 stars."

(6) Wings, see MLC 1866, Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars."

(7) Right leg (ι Cyg), see dbn text (§§ F, G, H, I).

(8) The base of the left foot (μ Cyg), see dbn-text (§x).

(9) Toe on the right foot (π Peg), see dbn-text (§ J), '''Laffitte:''' ''α Sge''

(10) Knee (= ziqpu X), see (Kurtik k18) ''[[Kinṣu]]''., '''Laffitte:''' ''α Lac''

(11) Heel (= ziqpu XI), see (Kurtik a47) [[Asidu|''Asīdu'']].

'''Laffitte:''' la Patte droite du Démon tempête: ''δ Cyg''

==== Astrology. ====
Identifications:

(1) = Mars; see above BM 82923, "Great Star List," and also predictions (6), (7), (13), (14).

(2) = Nergal; mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR ''ša''2 [...] "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is) Nergal, who [...]" [SAA 8<ref name=":10" />, 282:2], see also Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars," MUL.APIN I i 27.

(3) = ''Šimut''; see (Kurtik sh12) [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']], II 1-2, and also prediction (14).

(4) = Jupiter(?); see prediction (11).

Predictions:

(5) Rising in its own time and not in its own time; m[ulU]D.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' itiŠU ŠU2 ''ina'' ITI […] IGI-''mar'' BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI LUGAL KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-''šu''2 KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' IDIM.ME KUR-''ad''2 "The [D]emon with the Open Mouth sets in the month of duuzu, it rises in the month of [...]; if the star rises early: the king of the country will smite his enemy; if the star [rises] late: [the king of the country] will be smitten by his enemy (and) will gain knowledge?" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 11].

(6) Risings in the month of Nisan; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URIki ''ina'' KA d''Ir''3-''ra'' BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ''ana'' MAŠ2.ANŠE NU TE "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (= Mars?) rises heliacally in the month of nisan: (within) 5 years, there will be a plague in Akkad at the command of Erra, but it will not affect livestock." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XIII 5, XIV 4].

(7) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) approaches the Fish (=Mercury); [DIŠ mul]UD.KA.DU8.A ''a-na'' mulKU6 TE d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' [...] "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth approaches the Fish, (it means): Mars appraoches Mercury [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":15">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 30:15], see also [SpTU III, 101:8].

(8) The Wolf approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth; see (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 5.

(9) Eclipse of the Moon in Scorpius, when the Shoulder culminates; see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]], VI 10.

(10) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth and the Stag; DIŠ mulUD.KA.[DU8.A] GIR3 15 ˹mul˺LU.LIM ''ir-ḫi'' RI.RI '''(check)''' ''bu-lim'' GALGA KUR SAR-aḫ "If the Demon with the Op[en] Mouth 'waters'(?) the right leg of the Stag: cattle will fall; council in the country will shine forth" [ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":15" />, 78 col. ii 17].

(11) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits ''mišḫu''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A MIN (=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'') MAN MA[R.TU...] / dSAG.ME.GAR ''ma-diš'' [...] ... "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu: the king of Amur[ru (will die) ...], (it means): Jupiter is very [....]..." [ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":15" />, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; this prediction allows for the identity, "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Jupiter," but we cannot assert this with complete certainty..

(12) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth darkens; múlUD.KA.DU8.A ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth becomes dark: an eclipse of the Moon will occur during the evening watch" (AO 6455:1) [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 11:1].

(13) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) is very white or very red when it appears; [DIŠ] mulUD.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' GU4.UD-''šu''2 AN-''e'' ''sip''2-''du''(?) ''u''4-''mu'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 ''si-nu-tu u''3 […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' SA5 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ EN ''lip''3-''lip''3-''ši-na'' UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 … "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is observed) durings its appearance in the sky: sorrow, Mars' day [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very white: horses will die because of si-nu-tu and [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very red: pregnant women and their intrauterine babies will die because of ..." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":15" />, 30:8-10], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":15" />, 24:1].

(14) The colors of Shemut (= the Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars); DIŠ d''Si-mu-ut'' MUL.BI MI (var.: BABBAR, SIG7, SA5) ... "If Shemut, its star is black (var.: white, green, red) ..." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":15" />, 24:4-5].

See also: DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI ...[...] "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth appears...[...]" [SAA 8<ref name=":10" />, 415 r. 1-2].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2007)
!Gössmann (1950)
!Laffitte (2009)
https://uranos.fr/som_fr_01/
|-
| scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, u06) ===
| scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
| scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
=== Laffitte (Uranos 2009) ===
|-
|вар. чтения: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A, mulU4.KA.DU8.A, PIRIG2.KA.DU8.A; = mul''kaduḫḫû'', (mul)''nimru'', шум. «Демон с Разинутой Пастью», акк. «Пантера, Леопард»; созвездие в Лебеде и части Цефея (Cygnus + Cepheus) [Gössmann 1950, 144; BPO 2, 15; CAD K, 35, N/2, 234–235; LAS 2, 93; MA, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].||Example
|U4.KA.DUḪ.A ([https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C24.pdf PDF])
«le Démon Tempête à la Gueule béante»

= ''Nemru'', «la Panthère»
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты''.''' Серия ''Nabnītu'' XXII, 265: U[D].KA.DU8.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' «Дем[он] с Разинутой Пастью = Пантера», цит. по [LAS 2, 93], см. также [CT 12, 48 iv 14]. '''''Хеттская молитва ночным богам'''''. mul''Ka''4-''ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46; Soden 1987, 71]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3, 289; SpTU III, 101:8, 10], а также [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30]. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану, 60 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul ''ša'' igi-''šu'' gub ''kap-pi u rit-te'' gar-''nu'' / mulud.ka.du8.a d''Nergal''(u.gur) «Созвездие, которое перед ними (т.е. Весами) стоит, обладающее крыльями и руками, (это) Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (B ii 12–13); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Anu'' 4]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itigan] … mulud.ka.du8.a ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[Кислиму]: … Демон с Разинутой Пастью (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 9). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — кислиму, заход — симану [KAV 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]. BM 82923. Кислиму, звезды Ану: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью // 60 // Марс» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:26]. BM 34713. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:10], см. g27GU.LA. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulud.ka.[du8.a] // 1 «(Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 60» [CT 33, 11]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 8): mulud.ka.<du8>.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Anu'' 4. [MUL ''ša''2] ˹''ana'' IGI-''it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-''nu'' múlUD.KA.D[UḪ.A dU.GUR] «[Звезда, которая] напротив него (т.е. Скорпиона) стоит, несущая корону (на своей голове), снабженная крыльями и руками, (это) “Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью”, [Нергал]» (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. '''''Текст BM 77054'''''. См. sh17ŠU.PA. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 27): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (I i 27). '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiGAN UD 15 KAM mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulTI8mušen ''u'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' IGImeš «15-го кислиму Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Орел и Пабилсаг становятся видны» (I iii 5–6). '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 20), см. n50NUNki, b) (I iii 29), см. a04A2mušen. '''(4)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIM.MAḪ «30 дней от восхода Козы до восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью. 30 дней от восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью до восхода Ласточки» (I iii 39–40). '''(5)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5). '''(6)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: '''a)''' BE-''ma'' ''zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka'' ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM / ''ina'' ''šer''3-''ti la-am'' dUTU KUR-''ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG-''ka'' imMAR.TU / GUB3-''ka'' imKUR.RA ''ni-iš'' IGI-''ka'' imU18.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa'' «Если ты хочешь наблюдать ''ziqpu''-(звезды) 20-го нисану, ты должен стать утром перед восходом Солнца, запад справа от тебя, восток слева от тебя, лицо твое обращено к югу; (в это время) плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди и Посох восходит» (I iv 10–14), '''b)''' 1-го айяру грудь Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Звезды восходят, см. m35MUL.MUL, '''c)''' 20-го айяру колено Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Челюсть Быка восходит, см. i15''Is lê'', '''d)''' ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du'' ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ḫa'' «10-го симану пятка Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20), (параллель см. BM 77054:1′–4′ [George 1991]), '''e)''' Шупа кульминирует, Демон с Разинутой Пастью восходит (I iv 27), см. sh17ŠU.PA [MA, 26, 44–45, 49, 51, 54, 59–63, 66]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 149 r. 2–3; SAA 8, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulud.ka.duḫ.a = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Элама: [mulud.ka.duḫ.a]; '''(3)''' 7 ''lumāšu''-звезд: mulud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:108, 205, 226]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:43'''''. mulud.ka.duḫ.a = ''u''4-''mu'' ''na''-ʼ''i-ri'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Ревущий демон» [HBA, 52:43; Wee 2016, 162–3; AHw, 709a]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR : SAG.KAL ''a-lik'' ˹''maḫ-ri''˺ / ˹''ṣa-lam''˺ ''šu-u''2 ''lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ˹2˺ ''pa-ni''-''šu2'' ''pa-ni maḫ-ru''-˹''tu''2˺ ''pa-ni ṣa-lam'' / ˹''pa''˺''-ni ar''2-''ku-''˹''tu''4 ''pa''˺-''ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin'' / ''pi-i'' ''pi-''˹''ti'' ''kap''˺''-pi ra''-''aš''2-''ši kin-ṣi'' 15-''šu2'' / ˹''ki-ṣal''˺-''šu2'' 3.˹TA.˺AM3 MUL ''a-si-du'' 15-''šu2'' KI.UR2 / [x x x ''a-si-d'']''u'' KI.˹UR2˺ ''ṣa-lam'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал, самый первый, идущий впереди. / Вот (его) человеческая фигура: он в одеянии, он несет корону. / У него два лица. Переднее лицо — лицо человеческой фигуры, / заднее лицо — лицо льва, бородат, / рот открыт, имеет крылья; его правая голень (и) / его лодыжка (повторены) трижды(?); звезда на его правой пятке (и) нижних конечностях / [(это) … пятк]а и нижние конечности человеческой фигуры» (col. i 17–23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39–40, Section B]. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''''. См. k25''Kumāru'', n20''ni''-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2, k18''Kinṣu'', a47''Asīdu''. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''С.''' [mu]laga ud.ka.du8.a mulud.ka.du8.a mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […] «Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), Демон с Разинутой Пастью (α Cyg), mul˹GU2.MUR˺ (ο1 Cyg) / […2 ин]тер[ва]ла, интервал […]» [Walker 1995, 29; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105]; mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] = mul˹gu2.mur u4?-ka?˺-[duḫ-a]? «Горло Демона? с [Разинутой?] Пастью?», согласно [Koch 1995]. '''F'''. mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? «Прав[ая] нога [Демона с Разинутой Пастью]» (ι Cyg), см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''G'''. mulgir3 zag ud.k[a.du8.a], см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''H'''. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.a multir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ud.ka.du8.a ''maḫ-ru'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). Ра[дуга (β Cas). Звез]да с большим блеском Старика (θ Per). 3 звезды. Слабо натянутая веревка. [2 интер]вала, интер[вал]. Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью — первая.» [Walker 1995, 30–31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''I'''. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.˹a mul˺ […m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš ''tak''2-''si'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). […] PA SI Оленя (δ Cas). 3 звезды. ''tak''2-''si''» [Walker 1995, 31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 104–105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 57], ˹mul˺ […] = ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] «[Хвост Свиньи]»(β Lac), PA SI lu.lim = ''pa-si'' lu.lim «Лист(?) Оленя». '''J'''. [mu]lšu.si ˹gir3˺ gub3 ud.ka.du8.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'' mulsag lúḫun.ga2 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba «Носок правой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (π Peg), зве[зда с большим блеском] Ануниту (γ Peg), голова Наемника (α Ari): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка.» [Walker 1995, 31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 106; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''§m'''. mulaga ud.ka.du8.a (α Cep), см. u31UZ3. '''§w'''. mul''ku-ma-ru'' ud.ka.du8.a mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mulza.ba4.ba4 4 mul.meš gan2 ab2 mulgir3 uz3 ''ḫe-pi''2 «Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью (κ Cyg?), Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), левая рука, новое повреждение, Забаба (ζ Oph): 4 звезды. Коровье пастбище. Нога Козы, повреждение» [Walker 1995, 40–41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 110–111]; согласно Й. Коху, mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 = mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? «Левая рука [Зубра]» (Ser ''d''), mulgir3 uz3 «Нога Козы» (= δ Her) [Koch 1995, 50, 63]. '''§x'''. mulur2 gir3 gub3 ud.ka.du8.a muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti u''3 mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 «Основание левой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (μ Cyg), звезда с большим блеском Ануниту (γ Peg) и рука, повреждение.» [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 = mulšu [gub3 uz3]? «[Левая] рука [Козы]» (θ Lyr). '''''Текст Nv. 10.''''' Схема интеркаляции: mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ как звезда Эа — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04''Lammu''. '''''Текст W. 22281a.''''' ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 dUTU ''še-re-e-ti'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulAŠ.GAN2 ''u'' / mulSIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiGAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го симану при восходе Солнца утром Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Поле и Ласточка в равновесии (= в кульминации). В месяце кислиму вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое» [SpTU I, 95:5'–6'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99], см. также [SpTU I, 27 r.20]. '''''Анафора'''''. А 3427: [… ''ina''] itiab ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlud.ka.du8.a ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) «[В] месяце тебету в полдень(?) 29-го дня Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'' и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:22]. См. также h12lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Божество.

Нергал (см. n18). '''''Молитвы и ритуалы'''''. '''(1)''' При лунном затмении: diš ''ina'' itikan kimin-''ma'' …. [igi] mulud.ka.du8.a mulgir2.tab ''uš-kin'' ti.la taḫ «Если в месяце кислиму (затмение произошло)… он повергает себя ниц (перед) Демоном с Разинутой Пастью (и) Скорпионом; (его) жизнь продлится» [Koch-Westenholz 2001, 77:33]. '''(2)''' Календарно-мифологический текст BM 55466+(r. 17): múlud.ka.du8.a [Landsberger 1923; STC I, 213; II, Pl. 71:17]. '''(3)''' Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulUD.KA.D]U8.A dU+GUR ''iš-de-ka lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka'' / […] ˹''lu''˺-''ter a-na la'' DUG3-˹''ub''? ''lib''?-''bi''?˺ «[Демон с Рази]нутой [Пастью], Нергал, да укрепит твои основания, всех врагов твоих / […] да ввергнет в недовольство!» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331: 9′–10′].

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия см. MLC 1866 (col. i 17–24). Это монстрообразное существо, имеющее черты сходства с пантерой, но также со львом и птицей, у него есть руки, крылья и два лица, одно, по-видимому, человеческое, а второе — львиное. Наличие короны указывает на божественный статус фигуры. Месопотамская глиптика содержит немало изображений различного рода птице-львов, львов-грифонов, однако нам неизвестно изображение, точно соответствующее приведенному описанию. Так, на кудурру и в глиптике встречаются изображения «льва-дракона», или «льва-грифона», у которого передняя часть тела — львиная (голова, лапы и туловище), а задняя часть — птичья (ноги с когтями и хвост), у него имеются также крылья, и пасть всегда злобно разинута [Seidl 1968, 181ff.; 1969, 489a; Black–Green 1992, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Нет, однако, доказательств того, что эти изображения были на самом деле связаны с созвездием mulUD.KA.DU8.A.

IV. Отождествление.

= Сygnus + близлежащие созвездия: Cepheus, Lacerta; + части Пегаса и Андромеды(?) [Gössmann 1950, 144, I].

= Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Cygnus + часть Cephei [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957–59, 75a].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) и часть Цефея (Сepheus) [BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Лебедь, Ящерица и части Кассиопеи и Цефея [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Корона (α Cep), см. dbn-текст (§§С, m, w).

(2) Горло(?), см dbn-текст (§С).

(3) Плечо (= ''ziqpu'' VIII), см. k25''Kumāru''.

(4) Грудь (= ''ziqpu'' IX), см. n20''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2

(5) Руки, см. Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(6) Крылья, см. MLC 1866, Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(7) Правая нога (ι Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§§ F, G, H, I).

(8) Основание левой ноги (μ Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§x).

(9) Носок правой ноги (π Peg), см. dbn-текст (§ J).

(10) Колено (= ''ziqpu'' X), см. k18''Kinṣu''.

(11) Пятка (= ''ziqpu'' XI), см. a47''Asīdu''.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Марс''; см. выше ''BM 82923'', «''Большой список звезд»'', а также предсказания (6), (7), (13), (14).

(2) = ''Нергал''; mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR ''ša''2 […] «Демон с Разинутой Пастью (есть) Нергал, который […]» [SAA 8, 282:2], см. также Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''», MUL.APIN I i 27.

(3) = ''Шимут''; см. sh12d''Šimut'', II 1–2, а также предсказание (14).

(4) = ''Юпитер''(?); см. предсказание (11).

Предсказания:

(5) ''Восход в свое и не в свое время''; m[ulU]D.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' itiŠU ŠU2 ''ina'' ITI […] IGI-''mar'' BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI LUGAL KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-''šu''2 KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' IDIM.ME KUR-''ad''2 «[Д]емон с Разинутой Пастью заходит в месяце дуузу, он восходит в месяце […]; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь страны поразит своего врага; еcли эта звезда [восходит] поздно: [царя той страны] поразит его враг (и) захватит знать?» [BPO 2, IX 11].

(6) ''Восход в месяце нисану''; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URIki ''ina'' KA d''Ir''3-''ra'' BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ''ana'' MAŠ2.ANŠE NU TE «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (= Марс?) восходит гелиакически в месяце нисану: (в течение) 5 лет в Аккаде по велению Эрры будет чума, но она не коснется скота» [BPO 2, XIII 5, XIV 4].

(7) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''приближается к Рыбе'' (=''Меркурий''); [DIŠ mul]UD.KA.DU8A ''a-na'' mulKU6 TE d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' […] «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью к Рыбе приближается, (это означает): Марс к Меркурию приближается […]» [ACh Ištar, 30:15], см. также [SpTU III, 101:8].

(8) ''Волк к Демону с Разинутой Пастью приближается''; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 5.

(9) ''Затмение Луны в Скорпионе, когда Плечо кульминирует''; см. g19GIR2.TAB, VI 10.

(10) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Олень''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.[DU8.A] GIR3 15 ˹mul˺LU.LIM ''ir-ḫi'' RI.RI (проверить) ''bu-lim'' GALGA KUR SAR-''aḫ'' «Если Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью «поливает»(?) правую ногу Оленя: падеж скота; совет в стране воссияет» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 col. ii 17].

(11) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает'' ''mišḫu''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A MIN (=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'') MAN MA[R.TU…] / dSAG.ME.GAR ''ma-diš'' […] … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'': царь Амур[ру (умрет) …], (это означает): Юпитер очень [….]…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; данное предсказание допускает тождество: “Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Юпитер”, однако полной уверенности быть не может.

(12) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью потемнел''; múlUD.KA.DU8.A ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-''ma'' «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью стал темным: затмение Луны в вечернюю стражу произойдет» (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1].

(13) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''при своем появлении очень белый или'' ''очень красный''; [DIŠ] mulUD.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' GU4.UD-''šu''2 AN-e ''sip''2''-du''(?) ''u''4-''mu'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 ''si-nu-tu u''3 […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' SA5 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ EN ''lip''3-''lip''3-''ši-na'' UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (наблюдается) при своем появлении на небе: печаль, день Марса […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень белый: лошади будут умирать из-за ''si-nu-tu'' и […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень красный: беременные женщины и их внутриутробные младенцы будут умирать из-за …» [ACh Ištar, 30:8–10], см. также [ACh Ištar, 24:1].

(14) ''Цвета Шимута'' (= ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс''); DIŠ d''Si-mu-ut'' MUL.BI MI (вар.: BABBAR, SIG7, SA5) … «Если Шимут, звезда его черная (вар.: белая, зеленая, красная) …» [ACh Ištar, 24:4–5].

См. также: DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI … […] «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью появляется … […]» [SAA 8, 415 r. 1–2]
|Example
|* Le nom de U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », est attesté dans les ''Tables calendaires'' dites « astrolabes » datées de la fin du 1er millénaire av. J.-C. o il correspond à ''α Cyg''.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> On trouve ce nom pour une constellation désormais développée tant plusieurs documents datés entre l’an mil et 650 av. J.-C., notamment les ''Listes d’étoiles culminantes'' et le ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'', de même époque, soit ver où elle apparaît comme un des plus riches d’étoiles de la voûte céleste mésopotamienne.

Neuf étoiles apparaissent dans ces documents pour la constellation U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », que l’on nomme ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », en akkadien. Le tableau ci-dessous découle d’une série d’hypothèses qui ont conduit à modifier les identifications faites pour les rendre cohérente avec la figure la plus plausible, le changement le plus substantiel consistant à faire passer le « Pied gauche » du segment ''μ Cyg''‒''π Peg'' à ''γ Sge''‒''α Sge''. Il n’est cependant pas certain que les Mésopotamiens n’avaient pas, en des lieux différents, imaginé des iconographies différentes pour cette figure qui se présente de toute façon sans doute possible comme un démon/panthère ailé.

'''Les noms des étoiles UD.KA.DUḪ.A'''
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Nom'''
|'''Transcription'''
|'''Traduction'''
|-
|''α Cep''
|mul.AGA U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Couronne du Démon tempête
|-
|''α Cyg''
|mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A

mul.GABA U4.KA.DUḪ.A

MUL ''nibu šá'' mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Démon tempête

la Poitrine du Démon Tempête

(l’étoile) brillante (de la Poitrine) du Démon…°
|-
|''δ Cyg''
|mul.GÌR ZAG U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Patte droite du Démon tempête
|-
|''β Cyg''
|mul.''kumaru'' (''šá'') U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Épaule du Démon tempête
|-
|''γ Sge''
|mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Hanche gauche du Démon tempête
|-
|''ο2 Cyg''
|mul.GÚ.MUR
|la Trachée artère
|-
|''α Sge''
|mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Orteil de Patte gauche du Démon
|-
|''α Lac''
|''Kinṣu šá'' mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante)
|-
|''λ Andr''
|''Asidu šá'' mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante)
|}
'''II. La mythologie liée à la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'''''

Comme l’indiquent sans équivoque les textes classiques, U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », ou ''Nemru'' = « la Panthère » en akkadien, est l’emblème de Nergal qui possède, ans la mythologie mésopotamienne, le statut de dieu des Enfers, maître du Monde d’En-bas. Placé d’abord sous l’autorité d’Éreškigal, le Monde des morts est devenu son royaume à la suite de son mariage avec la déesse, ainsi que le raconte le mythe ''Nergal et Éreškigal''.

La personnalité de Nergal est complexe. Ainsi apparaît-il sur le monder terrestre commun dieu redoutable, maître des épidémies mortelles et des inondations. Ce pouvoir de mort explique son assimilation, effectuée à la fin du IIe millénaire, avec Erra, le dieu de la Guerre, dont il hérite l’épithète de « Vaillant ». C’est à ce titre qu’il devient d’ailleurs le patron de la planète ''Ṣabaltānu'' (= ''Mars''), dont le rougeoiement était conçu comme un phénomène funeste dans les textes astrologiques.

Il est représenté sur les kudurrus d’époque qassite par son animal emblématique, le Démon/Panthère ailé accompagné d’une masse à double tête de panthère.

Les Mésopotamiens avaient une représentation assez réaliste des figures célestes, comme cela est prouvé par la mise au point des figures de UR.GU.LA, « le Lion », ou de SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, « le Fidèle Berger d’Anu » à partir des noms d’étoiles, les figures représentations fournies par les kudurrus ou par le document astrologique dont témoignent les tablettes VAT 7847 & 7851 et AO 6448.

Or les Mésopotamiens donnèrent des noms aux étoiles de la région centrée sur ''Cygnus'' des appellations s’expliquant par la place des étoiles dans la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », qui est, selon V R 46, l. 43, UD-''mu na-i-ri'', soit « la Tempête rugissante », et dont l’équivalent akkadien est ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », lié à Nergal.

En effet, ainsi que cela ressort tant de la tablette babylonienne tardive BM 5502, l. 19, qui est une copie de la tablette médiobabylonienne HS 1897, que de la ''Table des Douze fois Trois'', CT 250, ii, l.12, ou encore du ''Texte MUL.APIN'', c’est-à-dire de la tablette BM 86378, I, i, l. 28 : U4.KA.DUḪ.A d.UGUR, soit « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante est Nergal ».

Nous apprenons par ce mêmes tablettes que U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », se présente ''a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu, « coiffé d’une couronne [et] muni d’ailes et de mains », HS 1897, l. 18 & BM 5502, l. 19. Nous possédons une représentation de la panthère/démon tempête comme symbole de Nergal sur le kudurru du roi qassite Mellishipak II, 1188-1174 av. J.-C. (voir ci-contre).

Nous possédons deux types de listes d’étoiles de mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A. La première fait partie des étoiles culminantes canoniques, que nous trouvons dans divers documents, notamment dans AO 6478, dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Hermann Hunger et David Pingree, ''Astral sciences'', 86-87. La seconde est extraite du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' (K 6490), dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Johannes Koch, ''WO'', XXVI, 27-42, par ailleurs indiqué par les auteurs précédents, ''ibid.'', 105-111.

'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A''' '''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'')

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu''

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante

(de la Poitrine du Démon…)°
|

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A''' '''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'')

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu''

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante

(de la Poitrine du Démon…)°
|

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A à partir des identifications de J. Koch'''

Le passage des deux identifications au prisme de la localisation dans les figures reconstituées à partir des noms d’étoiles, conduit aux constatations suivantes :

1. les deux identifications induisent des formes différentes pour la figure de mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A ;

2. dans les deux cas, une représentation anthropomorphique s’avère impraticable. Dans le cas A, le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / Kamaru, « l’Épaule », étant plus long que le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / ''Asidu'', « le Talon », cela entraînerait un torse complètement disproportionné puisque le rapport du premier ne saurait dépasser le quart dans un figure humaine trapue et aux jambes courtes. Dans le cas B, GABA, « la Poitrine », se trouverait exactement entre un GÌR GÙB, « Pied gauche » et un GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit », de taille différente, même si l’on admet avec Koch que le terme ''kumaru'' doit être compris non comme « épaule », mais comme « limite », et la distance entre GABA, « la Poitrine » et GÌR ZAG, « le Pied droit », serait quatre ou cinq fois plus petite que celle qui séparerait GABA, « la Poitrine », et AGA, « la Couronne ».

3. dans le cas A, nous avons un figure du Démon / Panthère complexe, soumise à une torsion assez grande entre un buste disposé de face avec une tête tournée vers la droite et une croupe quasiment de profil. Mais elle peut rester proportionnée, même en tenant faisant figurer AGA, « la Couronne », qui appartient à la seconde liste. Une seule remarque pour cette hypothèse : si le terme ''kumaru'' comme « épaule », ainsi que le pensent Hunger et Pingree, c’est ''γ Cyg'' qui conviendrait mieux dans la figure que ''β Cyg''. Si nous prenons l’acception proposée par Koch, ''β Cyg'' est parfaitement à sa place sur la représentation proposée.

4. Dans le cas B, nous ne pouvons admettre une figure de l’animal emblème de Nergal que de dos avec une tête tournée vers la gauche, ce qui obligerait à localiser GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit » sur une épaule de fait cachée par la figure. Cela paraît bien peu vraisemblable.

5. il n’est pas totalement impossible que nous soyons en présence de deux figures composée de façon indépendante impliquant donc des noms d’étoiles que le regroupement dans un figure unique rendrait incohérent. Je ferai toutefois l’hypothèse d’une figure unique. Le problème se pose alors de localiser les étoiles du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' sur cette figure en modifiant leur identification. Dans ce cas GÌR GÙB, « le Pied gauche », correspondrait à l’espace de ''Sagitta''. C’est ainsi que mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB, « la Base du Pied gauche » pourrait être identifiée à ''γ Sge'' et mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB, « le Doigt du Pied gauche », à ''γ Sge''. Le fait que la tablette V R 46 nous parle des ''bras'' de U4.KA.DUḪ.A et non ce ses ''pieds'' (GÌR) comme cela est indiqué dans la liste B, ou de ''jambe'' (''kinṣu'') et de ''talon'' (''asidu'') invite cependant à pencher pour l’hypothèse d’une pluralité de figures.

|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

UDU.NITA2

2026-04-24T11:20:44Z

JanSafford: /* Sources and Identifications */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UDU.NITA2}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulUDU.NITA2 (𒀯𒇻𒀴), The Ram, is the star at the head of the staff in mul[[GAM3|gam3]] = ''gamlu'', 'The Crook,' ([[Auriga]]) as identified in Uranology Texts and the star-list VR 46: muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3, 'The Ram' = the head of 'The Crook.' In VR 46 'The Ram' must be the very bright star (α Aurigae = [[Capella]]), making it one of a select single-stars in larger asterisms that has its own individual Sumerian-Akkadian name. This also seems to be case in Uranalogy Text E rev. 7'-8') which makes a explicit reference to one single ''(išten'') star with reference to the head of a ram, although line 9 places multiple stars in the head of the crook in 'The Crook' asterism. This uncertainty cannot be resolved as the start of rev. 8'-9' are too damaged to allow for certain reading. It is also possible that two separate ideas have been merged here: the single-star referring to the very bright star Capella, and the reference to 2 or 3 stars comprising the 'The Ram' in 'The Crook' (Capella and neighboring dimmer star(s). For multiple ideas presented side-by-side in the Uranology group compare the view of [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]] as alternately in human form but also sheep-form.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
"Star-Lamb" [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 142].

=== Sources and Identifications ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''list of stars''' '''VR 46, 1:49: <nowiki>[[should be in the GSL category??]]</nowiki> VR 46 + duplicates - how to write this everywhere???'''
* muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 "
* Star-Lamb = head of the Staff" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3]; group of stars in the Charioteer ([[Auriga]]), see also (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|
|-
|'''Uranology'''
'''Text E [MLC 1884 rev. 6-8, Beaulieu et al. 2018'''<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>''': 63]'''
* 6' ina ŠUII 15-šú GÀM na-ši
* 7' i[na?](erased?) GÀM DIŠ+en mulGÀM GUB-zu
* 8' SAG.DU GÀM SAG.DU UDU.NÍTA
* 9' ⌈2(or 3)⌉ MUL ina SAG.DU GÀM e-ṣir.MEŠ

translation:

* 6' In its right hand it carries a crook,
* 7' In the crook one (star called) “The Crook” stands.
* 8' The head of the crook is the head of a ram. 2 (or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn.
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|«Звезда-Баран» [G. 142]. Только в списке звезд VR 46, 1:49: muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 «Звезда-Баран = голова Посоха» [HBA 52; Wee 2016, 162–3]; группа звезд в Возничем (Auriga), см. также g06GAM3.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Aur]]

UG5.GA

2026-04-24T11:10:50Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UG5.GA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

UG5.GA is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. The spelling ''U'''2'''-ge-e'' occurs only one time, in a prediction.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variants

* UG5.GA
* ''U'''2'''-ge-e''

{| class="wikitable"

! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Identifications
|-
| '''Astrolabe Group'''
BM 82923.

* Month of ulul, stars of Anu:
** mulUG5.GA // 1.30 // dEN BE
** "Raven // 90 // Lord of Death(?)" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:17].
*
|
|-
| '''MUL.APIN'''
(4) Astrological predictions:

* a)
** DIŠ mul4UG5.GA ''ana id'' IM.1 KI.TA ''ina-pal'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2
** "If the Raven . . .s below to the direction of the South wind: sesame will prosper." (II iii 28) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":10">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 23:5, 24:6; BPO 3<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 83, K.800:11],
* b)
** DIŠ mul4UG5.GA ''ana id'' IM.2 AN.TA ''ina-pal'' AB.SIN2 ŠE NU SI.SA2
** "If the Raven rises up(?) towards the north: barley harvest will not be abundant" (II iii 29), see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":10" />, 23:6, 24:8],
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* List of names of Mars: mulug5.ga = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Raven = Mars";
|
|}

=== additional ===
Predictions

* [DIŠ] mulUGA MUL.MEŠ-<''šu''2> ''ba-ʼ''-[''lu''] dIM ŠEG3 ''ṭaḫ-du-tum u''2''-šeš-š''[''ir''] "[If] the constellation of the Raven are brilliant: Adad will bring abundant rain" [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVII 11].

* DIŠ mulUG5.GA KASKAL dUTU KUR-''ud'' KI.LAM TUR dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ: dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD d''Šul-pa-e''3-[''a'' KUR-''ud''] "If the Raven reaches the path of the Sun: business activity will decrease, (meaning): Saturn or Mercury [reaches] Jupite[r]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":102">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 50:17], for a parallel see. [Borger 1973<ref name=":5">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41:23′; ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":102" />, 88:17-18]; the commentary suggests the identities: 'Raven = Saturn or Mercury', 'Path of the Sun = Jupiter'. However, in similar predictions in [SAA 8, 82:5-6], the context implies: "Raven = Mars" and "Path of the Sun = Saturn" in accordance with the common interpretation of Saturn as the star of the Sun (see Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]), and in [ACh Ištar<ref name=":102" />, 20:104] "Raven = Mars", see in this connection also [Largement 1957<ref name=":6">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 254:114; SpTU I<ref name=":7">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 90 r. 8′; SpTU III<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:29].

(15) The raven approaches the asterism of Eridu;

* DIŠ ulug5.ga sukkal ulKAL ''ana'' ulNUNki TE GAN2.Z[I ''ina'' kur] ˹du3.a. bi˺ [...] "The raven, the messenger of Lamma, approaches the asterism of Eridu: all the cultivated fields [in the country] [...] [Borger 1973<ref name=":5" />, 41 r. 26′; ACh Ištar<ref name=":102" />, 23:14; AAT, 43:14].

(16) The Raven approaches Shulpae (= Jupiter);

* DIŠ mulUG5.GA ''ana'' d''Šul-pa-e''3 KUR-''ud'' [...] "If the Raven reaches Jupiter [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:30].

(17) The Bow (=Mercury?) stands near the Raven (Goat-Fish?); see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], V 11.

(18) The Fish (=Mercury or Saturn) stands near the Raven (= Goat-Fish, Swallow or Anunitu); see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

(19) Raven and the star KAL.NE; see (Kurtik k15) [[KAL.NE]].

(20) The Raven inclines towards the Furrow;

* [DIŠ mul]UG5.GA ''ana'' mulAB.SIN2 ''šu-ur'' BURU5 ḪI.A ZI.A "[If] the Raven inclines towards the Furrow: numerous crows will attack" [ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":102" />, 81:1, 80:4].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| Kurtik (2007) had these terms as variants of UGA which we consider incorrect ||
|-
| ||
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4work]]

UG5.GA

2026-04-24T11:09:18Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UG5.GA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

UG5.GA is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. The spelling ''U'''2'''-ge-e'' occurs only one time, in a prediction.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variants

* UG5.GA
* ''U'''2'''-ge-e''

{| class="wikitable"

! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Identifications
|-
| '''Astrolabe Group'''
BM 82923.

* Month of ulul, stars of Anu:
** mulUG5.GA // 1.30 // dEN BE
** "Raven // 90 // Lord of Death(?)" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:17].
*
|
|-
| '''MUL.APIN'''
(4) Astrological predictions:

* a)
** DIŠ mul4UG5.GA ''ana id'' IM.1 KI.TA ''ina-pal'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2
** "If the Raven . . .s below to the direction of the South wind: sesame will prosper." (II iii 28) [Hunger & Steele 2019], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":10">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 23:5, 24:6; BPO 3<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 83, K.800:11],
* b)
** DIŠ mul4UG5.GA ''ana id'' IM.2 AN.TA ''ina-pal'' AB.SIN2 ŠE NU SI.SA2
** "If the Raven rises up(?) towards the north: barley harvest will not be abundant" (II iii 29), see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":10" />, 23:6, 24:8],
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* List of names of Mars: mulug5.ga = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Raven = Mars";
|
|}

=== additional ===
Predictions

* [DIŠ] mulUGA MUL.MEŠ-<''šu''2> ''ba-ʼ''-[''lu''] dIM ŠEG3 ''ṭaḫ-du-tum u''2''-šeš-š''[''ir''] "[If] the constellation of the Raven are brilliant: Adad will bring abundant rain" [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVII 11].

* DIŠ mulUG5.GA KASKAL dUTU KUR-''ud'' KI.LAM TUR dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ: dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD d''Šul-pa-e''3-[''a'' KUR-''ud''] "If the Raven reaches the path of the Sun: business activity will decrease, (meaning): Saturn or Mercury [reaches] Jupite[r]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":102">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 50:17], for a parallel see. [Borger 1973<ref name=":5">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41:23′; ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":102" />, 88:17-18]; the commentary suggests the identities: 'Raven = Saturn or Mercury', 'Path of the Sun = Jupiter'. However, in similar predictions in [SAA 8, 82:5-6], the context implies: "Raven = Mars" and "Path of the Sun = Saturn" in accordance with the common interpretation of Saturn as the star of the Sun (see Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]), and in [ACh Ištar<ref name=":102" />, 20:104] "Raven = Mars", see in this connection also [Largement 1957<ref name=":6">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 254:114; SpTU I<ref name=":7">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 90 r. 8′; SpTU III<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:29].

(15) The raven approaches the asterism of Eridu;

* DIŠ ulug5.ga sukkal ulKAL ''ana'' ulNUNki TE GAN2.Z[I ''ina'' kur] ˹du3.a. bi˺ [...] "The raven, the messenger of Lamma, approaches the asterism of Eridu: all the cultivated fields [in the country] [...] [Borger 1973<ref name=":5" />, 41 r. 26′; ACh Ištar<ref name=":102" />, 23:14; AAT, 43:14].

(16) The Raven approaches Shulpae (= Jupiter);

* DIŠ mulUG5.GA ''ana'' d''Šul-pa-e''3 KUR-''ud'' [...] "If the Raven reaches Jupiter [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:30].

(17) The Bow (=Mercury?) stands near the Raven (Goat-Fish?); see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], V 11.

(18) The Fish (=Mercury or Saturn) stands near the Raven (= Goat-Fish, Swallow or Anunitu); see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

(19) Raven and the star KAL.NE; see (Kurtik k15) [[KAL.NE]].

(20) The Raven inclines towards the Furrow;

* [DIŠ mul]UG5.GA ''ana'' mulAB.SIN2 ''šu-ur'' BURU5 ḪI.A ZI.A "[If] the Raven inclines towards the Furrow: numerous crows will attack" [ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":102" />, 81:1, 80:4].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| Kurtik (2007) had these terms as variants of UGA which we consider incorrect ||
|-
| ||
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4work]]

Zapānītu

2026-04-24T10:59:39Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Zapānītu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
d''Zapānītu'' (𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Variants:

* Zarp''ānītu(m)''
* ''Ṣarpānītum''
* ''Zerpānītu(m)''

= the goddess ''Zarpānītu''

* (formerly transcribed as d''Ṣarpānītum''),
* consort of Marduk,
* identified with the constellation [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]] "Branch" (see Kurtik a02)
* and apparently with [[:Category:Venus|Venus]].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023): <ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>''Zarpanītu(m)''. Goddess, wife of Marduk. d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' (EN 12r).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11):

* ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "The Frond (of the date palm) of Eru, Zarpanitu" (I i 11) [Hunger-Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 32].
|Example
|-
|'''New Year's ritual in Babylon.'''
* d''Zar-pa-ni-tu''4 ''na-bat'' mul.<meš> "Zarpanitum, the most brilliant of the stars" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 135, 151:252; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 219, 228].
* The ritual of "Laying on of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam). About Zarpanitu: [''i-lat''] ''ṣi-ta-aš''2 ''u ši-la-an ba-e''?-[''lat'' an-''e'' bad] "[Goddess of] the morning and the evening, ruler of the distant heavens." [BMS<ref>''King L.W.'' Babylonian Magic and Sorcery. L., 1896.</ref>, no. 9:41; Ebeling 1953<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Die akkadische Gebetsserie "Handerhebung". Berlin, 1953.</ref>, 68-9:14-15; Mayer 1976<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.</ref>, ''Zarpānītum'' 1].
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z04)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= богиня Зарпаниту (ранее транскрибировалась как dṢarpānītum), супруга Мардука, отождествляемая с созвездием A.EDIN «Ветвь» (см. a02) и, по-видимому, с Венерой.
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): sis-sin-nu dE4-ru6 dZar-pa-ni-tum «Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум» (I i 11) [MA, 21]. Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне. dZar-pa-ni-tu4 na-bat mul.<meš> «Зарпаниту, самая блестящая из звезд» [RAcc. 135, 151:252; Linssen 2004, 219, 228]. Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam). О Зарпаниту: [i-lat] ṣi-ta-aš2 u ši-la-an ba-e?-[lat an-e bad] «[Богиня] утра и вечера, властитель[ница небес далеких]» [BMS, № 9:41; Ebeling 1953, 68–9:14–15; Mayer 1976, Zarpānītum 1].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Zarû

2026-04-24T10:56:52Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Zarû''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
__FORCETOC__
mul''Zarû'' (𒀯𒍝𒊒𒌑) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

* “Cart pole”: see (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GÍD.DA]].<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
* = "Drawbar." [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 70a; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 622b, 1516];

part of the constellation [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]] "Wagon", identified with [[KA5.A|mulKA5.A]] "Fox".
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* mulAPIN ''u za-ru-u''2... [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 55:28-30].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Enlil (no. 16):
** MUL ''ša''2 KI ''za-ri-i ša''2 mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-''zu'' / mulKA5.A d''Er''3''-ra gaš-ri'' DINGIRmeš
** "The star that stands on the drawbar of the Wagon: the Fox, Erra, the strong one amongst the gods" (I i 16-17) [Hunger-Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 23].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* mul''za-ru-u''2 = ''ma-šad-du'' "Star Drawbar = drawbar" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:162; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 108].
|
|}

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Дышло» [CAD Z, 70a; AHw, 622b, 1516]; часть созвездия mulMAR.GID2.DA «Повозка», отождествляемая c mulKA5.A «Лиса».
I. Источники.

EAE. mulAPIN u za-ru-u2… [ACh Suppl., 55:28–30]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Энлиля (№ 16): MUL ša2 KI za-ri-i ša2 mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-zu / mulKA5.A dEr3-ra gaš-ri DINGIRmeš «Звезда, которая стоит на дышле Повозки: Лиса, Эрра, сильный среди богов» (I i 16–17) [MA, 23]. «Большой список звезд». mulza-ru-u2 = ma-šad-du «Звезда Дышло = дышло» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:162; Weidner 1959–60, 108].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

ZIB

2026-04-24T10:53:25Z

JanSafford:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr_grp-GIF_engl.gif|alt=animated GIF showing the transformation of constellations in the Andromeda-region|thumb|transformation of the constellation in the Andromeda-region from Babylonian "Anunitu" through Syriac deities to the Greek mythological princess (by Susanne M Hoffmann 2016)]]
mulZIBmeš (𒀯𒍦𒈨) = ''zibbātu'',. 'The Tails,' is a late Babylonian name for the zodiacal constellation [[Pisces]], consisting of the two traditional Mesopotamian asterisms mul[[SIM.MAḪ]] and mul[[Anunitu|Anunītu]] ('The Swallow' and Anunitu). In this late time, the constellation of "the tails" was visualized as a fish-tail and bird-tail joined (Beaulieu et al. 2018: 44-45). Yet the origin is the earlier and much larger constellation of The Swallow mul[[SIM.MAḪ]] mentioned in MUL.APIN whose V-shaped tails match the V-shaped chains of stars in Pisces and whose body was imagined in modern [[Cetus]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
[[File:A reflection flight of barn swallow.jpg|thumb|a reflection flight of barn swallow in Nepal (CC BY Prasan Shrestha)]]
'''Var. reading:'''

* mulZibmeš,
* mulZib;
* abbreviation of mul''zibbātu'' 'Tails';

Designation of the zodiac sign and constellation Pisces in later astronomical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 175].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Astronomical diaries.'''
See. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":0">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim], the designation ZIBme first occurs in a diary in -382. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":0" />, 74, no.-382 rev. 4′].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* ZIB.ME – the standard designation for the zodiac sign Pisces [ACT I-III<ref name=":0" />; LBAT<ref name=":1">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, passim]; it is used already in the lunar tablets of the late 5th century BC. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969<ref>''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. Vol. 14. Р. 1-22.</ref>; Britton 1989<ref>''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus. 1989. Vol. 32. P. 1-52.</ref>, 30-31].
|[[File:Stellarium Swallow+ MULAPIN.jpg|thumb|Giant Swallow (MUL.APIN) with its tails in the path of the Moon = ecliptic (Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg).]]
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) "Horoscopes". The designation of the zodiac sign Pisces [BH, passim].
* (2) "Microzodiac". The division of the zodiac sign Hired Man(Aries) into 12 parts: 12-''i-tum zittu''(ḫa.la) múlzib ''šum''3-''šu''2 "The 12th part, its name is Tails" [TU,<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref> 14:19; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
* (3) "Hypsoma." Pisces is the hypsoma of Venus, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.
* (4) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlZIB.ME ... "In the region of Pisces (born): ...confusion of the heart." [LBAT<ref name=":1" />, 1593 rev. 11′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
|[[File:Psc SwallowFish seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|Psc as Swallow-Fish on seal from Uruk (Wallenfels 1993).]]
|-
|'''MLC 1866.'''
See (Kurtik b12) [[BURANUN]], (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
|[[File:RiversPlt_labelled.jpg|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
|}

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulZibme, mulZib; сокращение от mulzibbātu «Хвосты»; обозначение знака зодиака и созвездия Рыбы (Pisces) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [Grossmann 1950 175].
I. Источники.

Астрономические дневники. См. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim], обозначение ZIBme впервые встречается в дневнике за -382 г. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 74, No.-382 rev. 4′]. Математическая астрономия. ZIB.ME — стандартное обозначение знака зодиака Рыбы [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; используется уже в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». Обозначение знака зодиака Рыбы [BH, passim]. (2) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник(Овен) на 12 частей: 12-i-tum zittu(ḫa.la) múlzib šum3-šu2 «12-я часть, ее имя Хвосты» [TU, 14:19; Sachs 1952, 66]. (3) «Гипсома». Рыбы — гипсома Венеры, см. d06Dilbat. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlZIB.ME … «В области Рыб (родился): …сердечное смятение» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 11′; Reiner 2000]. MLC 1866. См. b12BURANUN, s19SIM.MAḪ.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

Ziqpu

2026-04-24T10:51:21Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ziqpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,<ref name=":0" /> with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1''°''RA'','' and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? Horowitz 1988<ref name=":1" />, also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) ''ziqpu'', a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;
* 2) MUL.MEŠ ''ziqpu'', specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 84-90; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 127ff].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 67%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 290].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' /
|"Ziqpu-stars, which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer of the sky – the observer watches the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky. (In the sky is)
|-
|
* mulŠU.PA
* MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A
* mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš
* mulUR.KU /
* mulUZ3
* mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
* mul''lu-lim''
* mulŠU.GI
* mulGAM3 /
* mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL
* mulAL.LUL
* mulUR.GU.LA
* mul''E''4-''ru''6
* ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' /
|
# the Shupa,
# the Constellation of Dignity,
# the Standing Gods,
# the Dog,
# the Goat,
# the Demon with the Gaping Mouth,
# the Stag,
# the Old Man,
# the Staff,
# the Great Twins,
# the Crab,
# the Lion,
# Erua,
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru''
|They all are ziqpu-stars that stand in the path of Enlil and in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer, who, in the dark night, observes the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky "
|}
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 57-60].
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
|-
|
|-
|
# in [[Bootes]] (perhaps the complete constellation, perhaps only [[Arcturus]]),
# [[Corona Borealis]],
# the Standing Gods (uncertain because of change over time: see [[DINGIR.GUB.BA]]),
# a part of [[Hercules]],
# [[Lyra]],
# covers areas of [[Cepheus]]+[[Cygnus]] and touches [[Andromeda]],
# the Stag (in the region of [[Cassiopeia]]/ [[Andromeda]]),
# [[Perseus]],
# [[Auriga]],
# [[Gemini]],
# [[Cancer]],
# [[Leo]],
# [[Coma Berenices]],
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|
|}
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2" />, 57-60].
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 134:8, 149 r. 4].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
AO 6478:
* ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 ''sar-ḫi u''3 [''šu''2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru'']
* "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:2-4; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:2-4; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; MCG<ref name=":1">''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 183].

Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]:

* I. mulŠUDUN "Yoke" (Kurtik sh18).
* II. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']] "The rear portion of the harness" (Kurtik sh21).
* III. [[GAM-ti|mulGAM-''ti'']] "Staff" (Kurtik g05).
* IV. [[Maš-a-ti|MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'']] "Stars from the Pair" (Kurtik m14).
* V. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti "Stars from the Triple" (Kurtik t01).
* VI. [[DILI|MUL DILI]] "Separate Star" (Kurtik d07).
* VII. [[GAŠAN.TIN|mulGAŠAN.TIN]] "Lord of Life" (Kurtik g09).
* VIII. ''[[Kumāru|ku-ma-ri]] ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A "Shoulder of the UD.KA.DU8.A daemon" (Kurtik k25).
* IX. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]] "The bright star on its breast (Kurtik n20)
* X. [[Kinṣu|mulkin-ṣi]] "Knee, shin?"(Kurtik k18).
* XI. [[Asidu|mul''a-si-di'']] "Heel (of the Panther)" (Kurtik a47).
* XII. 4 ša2 [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]] "4 stars of the Stag" (Kurtik L09).
* XIII. [[Ummulūtu|mul''um-mu-lu-ti'']] "dim stars" (Kurtik u14).
* XIV. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] "Bright star in the Old Man" (Kurtik n21).
* XV. [[Naṣrapu|mul''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']] (Kurtik n08).
* XVI. [[GAM3|mulGAM3]] "Staff" (Kurtik g06).
* XVII. [[KIŠIB|MUL KIŠIB]] GAM3 "Hand on the Staff" (Kurtik k21).
* XVIII. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]] "(Frontal) Twin" (Kurtik m16).
* XIX. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]] EGIR-''i'' "Rear Twin" (Kurtik m16).
* XX. [[AL.LUL|mulAL.LUL]] "Crab" (Kurtik a18).
* XXI. [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA]] "2 stars on the head of the Lion" (Kurtik s06).
* XXII. [[4 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]] "4 stars on its breast" (Kurtik g03).
* XXIII. [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2]] "2 stars on its tail" (Kurtik g23).
* XXIV. [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]] "A separate star on its tail" (Kurtik d08).
* XXV. [[A.EDIN|mulA.EDIN]] "A branch" (Kurtik a02).
* XXVI. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE]] "A harness" (Kurtik sh20).

Circle of ziqpu stars.

* [PA]P? 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d[''En-lil''2] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].
* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'': mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''... "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the True Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2]; ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).

In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].
|
|}
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) ziqpu — стандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций звезд и планет, употреблявшийся со времени Саргонидов; 2) MUL.MEŠ ziqpu — специально выбранные группы звезд, образовывавшие на небе замкнутый пояс, последовательные кульминации которых позволяли фиксировать ночью моменты и временные интервалы между наблюдениями с высокой степенью точности [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 84–90; CAD Z, 127ff].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, 290]. MUL.APIN. Список ziqpu-звезд: MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' / mulŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš mulUR.KU / mulUZ3 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mul''lu-lim'' mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' / PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru'' «Ziqpu-звезды, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине неба напротив груди наблюдателя неба, и при помощи которых ночью восход и заход звезд в их серединах он наблюдает. (Это) Шупа, Звезда Достоинство, Стоящие Боги, Пес, Коза, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Олень, Старик, Посох, Большие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Эруа, Звезда Изобилия. Все они — ziqpu-звезды на пути Энлиля, которые стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и при помощи которых ночью восходы и заходы звезд в их серединах ты наблюдаешь» (I iv 1–9) [Hunger & Steele 2019, 57–60]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 134:8, 149 r. 4]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. AO 6478: ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 sar-''ḫi u''3 [šu2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru''] «(Расстояния) между (группами) кульминирующих звезд, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине [неба] напротив груди того, кто наблюдает небо, и при помощи которых восход и [заход] звезд в их серединах ночью [он наблюдает]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:2–4; TU, 21:2–4; HBA, 132; MCG, 183].

Номера и названия ziqpu-звезд, согласно [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88–89; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]:

I. mulŠUDUN «Ярмо» (sh18).

II. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti «Задняя часть упряжи» (sh21).

III. mulGAM-ti «Посох» (g05).

IV. MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «Звезды из Пары» (m14).

V. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti «Звезды из Тройни» (t01).

VI. MUL DILI «Отдельная звезда» (d07).

VII. mulGAŠAN TIN «Владычица жизни» (g09).

VIII. ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A «Плечо Пантеры» (k25).

IX. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Яркая звезда на ее груди (n20)

X. mulkin-ṣi «Колено, голень?»(k18).

XI. mula-si-di «Пятка (Пантеры)» (a47).

XII. 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM «4 звезды Оленя» (L09).

XIII. mulum-mu-lu-ti «Тусклые звезды» (u14).

XIV. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Яркая звезда в Старике» (n21).

XV. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu (n08).

XVI. mulGAM3 «Посох» (g06).

XVII. MUL KIŠIB GAM3 «Рука на Посохе» (k21).

XVIII. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «(Передний) Близнец» (m16).

XIX. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i «Задний Близнец» (m16).

XX. mulAL.LUL «Краб» (a18).

XXI. 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «2 звезды на голове Льва» (s06).

XXII. MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «4 звезды на его груди» (g03).

XXIII. MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «2 звезды на его хвосте» (g23).

XXIV. MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте» (d 08).

XXV. mulA.EDIN «Ветвь» (a02).

XXVI. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «Упряжь»(sh20).

Круг ziqpu-звезд. [PA]P? 12 DANNA kip-pat zi-[iq-pi] / bi-rit MUL.MEŠ ša KASKAL šu-ut d[En-lil2] «[Все]го? 12 “миль” круга (звезд, которые) куль[минируют], из числа звезд на пути [Энлиля]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92, BM 38694+:20–21]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд и лунным затмениям [SpTU III, 102]. (2) Предсказания izbu: mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ana e-la-nu… «(Когда созвездия) Наемник, Небесный Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану кульминируют (букв. наверху)… [Biggs 1968, 53:2]; elānu — здесь, по-видимому, нестандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций (?).

В аналогичном смысле в тексте W.22281a при обозначении кульминаций употребляется šitqulu, букв. «взаимно уравновешиваться», «быть равными друг другу» (?) [SpTU I, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99; AHw, 1252a].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Ziqpu

2026-04-24T10:50:13Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ziqpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,<ref name=":0" /> with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1''°''RA'','' and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? MCG<ref name=":1" />, also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) ''ziqpu'', a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;
* 2) MUL.MEŠ ''ziqpu'', specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 84-90; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 127ff].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 67%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 290].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' /
|"Ziqpu-stars, which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer of the sky – the observer watches the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky. (In the sky is)
|-
|
* mulŠU.PA
* MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A
* mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš
* mulUR.KU /
* mulUZ3
* mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
* mul''lu-lim''
* mulŠU.GI
* mulGAM3 /
* mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL
* mulAL.LUL
* mulUR.GU.LA
* mul''E''4-''ru''6
* ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' /
|
# the Shupa,
# the Constellation of Dignity,
# the Standing Gods,
# the Dog,
# the Goat,
# the Demon with the Gaping Mouth,
# the Stag,
# the Old Man,
# the Staff,
# the Great Twins,
# the Crab,
# the Lion,
# Erua,
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru''
|They all are ziqpu-stars that stand in the path of Enlil and in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer, who, in the dark night, observes the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky "
|}
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 57-60].
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
|-
|
|-
|
# in [[Bootes]] (perhaps the complete constellation, perhaps only [[Arcturus]]),
# [[Corona Borealis]],
# the Standing Gods (uncertain because of change over time: see [[DINGIR.GUB.BA]]),
# a part of [[Hercules]],
# [[Lyra]],
# covers areas of [[Cepheus]]+[[Cygnus]] and touches [[Andromeda]],
# the Stag (in the region of [[Cassiopeia]]/ [[Andromeda]]),
# [[Perseus]],
# [[Auriga]],
# [[Gemini]],
# [[Cancer]],
# [[Leo]],
# [[Coma Berenices]],
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|
|}
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2" />, 57-60].
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 134:8, 149 r. 4].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
AO 6478:
* ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 ''sar-ḫi u''3 [''šu''2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru'']
* "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:2-4; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:2-4; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; MCG<ref name=":1">''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 183].

Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]:

* I. mulŠUDUN "Yoke" (Kurtik sh18).
* II. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']] "The rear portion of the harness" (Kurtik sh21).
* III. [[GAM-ti|mulGAM-''ti'']] "Staff" (Kurtik g05).
* IV. [[Maš-a-ti|MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'']] "Stars from the Pair" (Kurtik m14).
* V. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti "Stars from the Triple" (Kurtik t01).
* VI. [[DILI|MUL DILI]] "Separate Star" (Kurtik d07).
* VII. [[GAŠAN.TIN|mulGAŠAN.TIN]] "Lord of Life" (Kurtik g09).
* VIII. ''[[Kumāru|ku-ma-ri]] ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A "Shoulder of the UD.KA.DU8.A daemon" (Kurtik k25).
* IX. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]] "The bright star on its breast (Kurtik n20)
* X. [[Kinṣu|mulkin-ṣi]] "Knee, shin?"(Kurtik k18).
* XI. [[Asidu|mul''a-si-di'']] "Heel (of the Panther)" (Kurtik a47).
* XII. 4 ša2 [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]] "4 stars of the Stag" (Kurtik L09).
* XIII. [[Ummulūtu|mul''um-mu-lu-ti'']] "dim stars" (Kurtik u14).
* XIV. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] "Bright star in the Old Man" (Kurtik n21).
* XV. [[Naṣrapu|mul''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']] (Kurtik n08).
* XVI. [[GAM3|mulGAM3]] "Staff" (Kurtik g06).
* XVII. [[KIŠIB|MUL KIŠIB]] GAM3 "Hand on the Staff" (Kurtik k21).
* XVIII. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]] "(Frontal) Twin" (Kurtik m16).
* XIX. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]] EGIR-''i'' "Rear Twin" (Kurtik m16).
* XX. [[AL.LUL|mulAL.LUL]] "Crab" (Kurtik a18).
* XXI. [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA]] "2 stars on the head of the Lion" (Kurtik s06).
* XXII. [[4 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]] "4 stars on its breast" (Kurtik g03).
* XXIII. [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2]] "2 stars on its tail" (Kurtik g23).
* XXIV. [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]] "A separate star on its tail" (Kurtik d08).
* XXV. [[A.EDIN|mulA.EDIN]] "A branch" (Kurtik a02).
* XXVI. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE]] "A harness" (Kurtik sh20).

Circle of ziqpu stars.

* [PA]P? 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d[''En-lil''2] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].
* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'': mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''... "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the True Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2]; ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).

In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].
|
|}
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) ziqpu — стандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций звезд и планет, употреблявшийся со времени Саргонидов; 2) MUL.MEŠ ziqpu — специально выбранные группы звезд, образовывавшие на небе замкнутый пояс, последовательные кульминации которых позволяли фиксировать ночью моменты и временные интервалы между наблюдениями с высокой степенью точности [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 84–90; CAD Z, 127ff].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, 290]. MUL.APIN. Список ziqpu-звезд: MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' / mulŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš mulUR.KU / mulUZ3 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mul''lu-lim'' mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' / PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru'' «Ziqpu-звезды, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине неба напротив груди наблюдателя неба, и при помощи которых ночью восход и заход звезд в их серединах он наблюдает. (Это) Шупа, Звезда Достоинство, Стоящие Боги, Пес, Коза, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Олень, Старик, Посох, Большие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Эруа, Звезда Изобилия. Все они — ziqpu-звезды на пути Энлиля, которые стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и при помощи которых ночью восходы и заходы звезд в их серединах ты наблюдаешь» (I iv 1–9) [Hunger & Steele 2019, 57–60]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 134:8, 149 r. 4]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. AO 6478: ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 sar-''ḫi u''3 [šu2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru''] «(Расстояния) между (группами) кульминирующих звезд, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине [неба] напротив груди того, кто наблюдает небо, и при помощи которых восход и [заход] звезд в их серединах ночью [он наблюдает]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:2–4; TU, 21:2–4; HBA, 132; MCG, 183].

Номера и названия ziqpu-звезд, согласно [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88–89; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]:

I. mulŠUDUN «Ярмо» (sh18).

II. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti «Задняя часть упряжи» (sh21).

III. mulGAM-ti «Посох» (g05).

IV. MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «Звезды из Пары» (m14).

V. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti «Звезды из Тройни» (t01).

VI. MUL DILI «Отдельная звезда» (d07).

VII. mulGAŠAN TIN «Владычица жизни» (g09).

VIII. ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A «Плечо Пантеры» (k25).

IX. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Яркая звезда на ее груди (n20)

X. mulkin-ṣi «Колено, голень?»(k18).

XI. mula-si-di «Пятка (Пантеры)» (a47).

XII. 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM «4 звезды Оленя» (L09).

XIII. mulum-mu-lu-ti «Тусклые звезды» (u14).

XIV. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Яркая звезда в Старике» (n21).

XV. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu (n08).

XVI. mulGAM3 «Посох» (g06).

XVII. MUL KIŠIB GAM3 «Рука на Посохе» (k21).

XVIII. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «(Передний) Близнец» (m16).

XIX. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i «Задний Близнец» (m16).

XX. mulAL.LUL «Краб» (a18).

XXI. 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «2 звезды на голове Льва» (s06).

XXII. MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «4 звезды на его груди» (g03).

XXIII. MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «2 звезды на его хвосте» (g23).

XXIV. MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте» (d 08).

XXV. mulA.EDIN «Ветвь» (a02).

XXVI. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «Упряжь»(sh20).

Круг ziqpu-звезд. [PA]P? 12 DANNA kip-pat zi-[iq-pi] / bi-rit MUL.MEŠ ša KASKAL šu-ut d[En-lil2] «[Все]го? 12 “миль” круга (звезд, которые) куль[минируют], из числа звезд на пути [Энлиля]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92, BM 38694+:20–21]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд и лунным затмениям [SpTU III, 102]. (2) Предсказания izbu: mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ana e-la-nu… «(Когда созвездия) Наемник, Небесный Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану кульминируют (букв. наверху)… [Biggs 1968, 53:2]; elānu — здесь, по-видимому, нестандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций (?).

В аналогичном смысле в тексте W.22281a при обозначении кульминаций употребляется šitqulu, букв. «взаимно уравновешиваться», «быть равными друг другу» (?) [SpTU I, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99; AHw, 1252a].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

GI6

2026-04-24T10:47:47Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGI6}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulGI6 (𒀯𒈪), 'the Dark or Black-star' is used for both the planets Mercury and Saturn. Mercury and Saturn are the two hardest planets to find and identify with the naked eye.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* mulGIG2,
* mulMI;
* = ''ṣalmu'' "dark star";
* the name of Saturn and Mercury [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 86].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* (1) mulgi6 = ANṣa-al-meDUL3 = MIN(=dSAG.UŠ dUTU) "Dark star = Shade = Saturn, (star) of the Sun". [MSL XI, 40:40; LAS 2, 343].
* (2) mulgi6 = MUL ''ṣal''-[''me''...] [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 9].
* (3) mulgi6 = ''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud "Dark star = Saturn = Mercury" [II R, 57, 59 a, b; Gössmann 1950,<ref name=":0" /> 86].
* (4) [mul]gi6 = d''zi''-[''ba-ni-tu''4] [CT 26, 41, K.11283:4; HBA, 22].
* (5) mulgi6 [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; NSAM 2, 248].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* ulgi6 = dpap.sukkal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:169].
|
|}See also:

* MUL.MI: ''Zi-ba-ni-tu''2 "Dark star = Libra" [NSAM 2, 105, IVb: r. 3], MULx.MI: ''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4 [ibid. 107, IVc:19], [m]ulMI: dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š: MI: ṣa-la-mu: mul4KASKAL.UTU
* "Dark (star) = Saturn, MI = 'dark' = (star) Way of Sun" [SpTU I, 84:16]. See. [SpTU II, 42 r.10; SpTU V, 264 r. 2].

== Additional ==

==== II. Identification. ====
(1) = Saturn; see above, also III 2.

(2) = Mercury; mulge6 = ''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Dark star = Libra = Mercury" [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 6], see also [NSAM 2, Text IVb r. 3, IVc:19]. In MUL.APIN II i 59 it says about Mercury: MUL BI BE-''ma'' SA5 ''u ba-il''3 BE-''ma'' SIG7 ''u'' GI6 "This star is either red and shining or yellow-green and dark" [MA, 84]; dpap.sukkal which is usually identified with Orion (MUL.APIN I ii 2) seems to be Mercury in the "Great Star List and Miscellenia" [G.86]. The identification with "Libra" may also imply a connection with Saturn, see (Kurtik s10) [[SAG.UŠ]].

(3) = Libra; see above.

==== III. Astrology. ====
(1) The Moon and the Dark Star; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 MUL.MI [...] "If the Moon, at its appearance, (meets) the Dark Star [...]" [NSAM 2, 132, Ve r. 6′]; [...M]UL MI ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ''u'' MU[L...] "The dark [star] stands on its (the Moon's) right horn [...]" [NSAM 2, 159, Vt:4′].

(2) The Chariot (= Venus) and the Dark Star (= Saturn); see (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]], VI 7.

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulGIG2, mulMI; = ṣalmu «Темная звезда»; название Сатурна и Меркурия [G. 86].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulgi6 = ANṣa-al-meDUL3 = MIN(=dSAG.UŠ dUTU) «Темная звезда = Статуя = Сатурн, (звезда) Солнца» [MSL XI, 40:40; LAS 2, 343]. (2) mulgi6 = MUL ṣal-[me…] [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 9]. (3) mulgi6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [II R, 57, 59 a, b; G. 86]. (4) [mul]gi6 = dzi-[ba-ni-tu4] [CT 26, 41, K.11283:4; HBA, 22]. (5) mulgi6 [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6]. EAE. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; NSAM 2, 248]. «Большой список звезд». ulgi6 = dpap.sukkal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:169].

См. также: MUL.MI : Zi-ba-ni-tu2 «Темная звезда = Весы» [NSAM 2, 105, IVb: r. 3], MULx.MI : Zi-ba-ni-tu4 [ibid. 107, IVc:19], [m]ulMI : dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š : MI : ṣa-la-mu : mul4KASKAL.UTU «Темная (звезда) = Сатурн, MI = «темный» = (звезда) Путь Солнца» [SpTU I, 84:16]. См. [SpTU II, 42 r.10; SpTU V, 264 r. 2].

II. Отождествление.

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше, а также III 2.

(2) = Меркурий; mulge6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 6], см также [NSAM 2, Text IVb r. 3, IVc:19]. B MUL.APIN II i 59 о Меркурии сказано: MUL BI BE-ma SA5 u ba-il3 BE-ma SIG7 u GI6 «Эта звезда либо красная и блестящая, либо желто-зеленая и темная» [MA, 84]; dpap.sukkal, который обычно отождествляется с Орионом (MUL.APIN I ii 2), в «Большом списке звезд» обозначает, по-видимому, Меркурий [G. 86]. Отождествление с «Весами» может подразумевать также связь с Сатурном, см. s10SAG.UŠ.

(3) = Весы; см. выше.

III. Астрология.

(1) Луна и Темная звезда; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 MUL.MI […] «Если Луна при своем появлении (встретила) Темную звезду […]» [NSAM 2, 132, Ve r. 6′]; […M]UL MI ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB u MU[L…] «Темная [зв]езда на ее (Луны) правом роге стоит […]» [NSAM 2, 159, Vt:4′].

(2) Колесница (=Венера) и Темная звезда (=Сатурн); см. m08MAR.GID2.DA, VI 7.

(3) Красная планета (= Марс) и Темная звезда (= Сатурн); см. s04SA5, II 9.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

GIBIL6

2026-04-24T10:44:01Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGIBIL6, ''Girra''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulGIBIL6 (𒀯𒉈𒄀) is the astral manifestation of the Sumero-Akkadian fire-god Girra. In Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, Girra is an independent constellation which may also be the case in the contemporary myth 'Girra and Elamatum' when complete. Later, Girra becomes identified with Mars because of the planet's fiery red-orange color (see Horowitz 2020: 142-143)

???Probably to be added NE.GI.IZI,GAR = N13???

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* 1) dBIL.GI, dNE.GI (GIBIL6); = dGIŠ.BAR; = d''Girru'', Sumero-Akkadian fire god, Girra.
* 2) epithet of Mars, see also (Kurtik g13) [[GIŠ.BAR]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
Old Babylonian prayer:

* (a) Erm. 15642: ''na-wa-ru-um'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra." [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206</ref>, 196-197:15], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieux de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA 32, № 4, 179-190.</ref>, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
* (b) AO 6769: ''nam-ru'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra." [Dossin 1935, 181-182:16; Horowitz-Wasserman 1996<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., Wasserman N.'' Another Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night // JCS. 1996. Vol. 48. P. 57- 60.</ref>, 60],
* (c) CBS 574: ''šam-ru'' dGIB[IL6] "Fierce Gir[ra]" [Horowitz-Wasserman 1996<ref name=":0" />, 58:13].
|constellation
|-
|'''Seleucid temple ritual.'''
* múlAN dBIL.GI ''ez-zu''... "Mars, the wrathful Girra ..." [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220:308].
* W. 22281a.
** dBIL.GI ZALAG2 ''ša''2 IGI d''En-me-šar''2''-ra'' "The brilliant (fiery) Girra before Enmesharra" [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; for full text see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
* List K 7069:
** dEN.ME.ŠAR.R[A ...] / dEN.ME.ŠAR.RA[...] / MUL.MUL ''za-ap-pu'' [...] / mulBIL.GI IZI. GAR [...] / [m]ulŠUDUN M[UL...] / [m]ul''ka-li-tum'' [...]
** "Enmesharr[a...] / Enmesharra [...] / Stars, Stubble / Girra, light [...] / Yoke, S[tar...] / Kidney [...]" [CT 26, 49:4-9; Cooley 2013, 126]
|
* Mars
* double star cluster h+χ Per
*double star cluster h+χ Per
|} Cooley 2013: 126-129 discusses the astronomical myth 'Girra and Elamatum,' and what must be the related commentary of some sort K. 7609.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g13)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dBIL.GI, dNE.GI; = dGIŠ.BAR; = dGirru, бог огня Гирру/Гирра; 1) звезда или созвездие, 2) эпитет Марса, см. также g13GIŠ.BAR.
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Старовавилонская молитва: а) Erm. 15642: na-wa-ru-um dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:15], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b). AO 6769: nam-ru dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» [Dossin 1935, 181–182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60], c) CBS 574: šam-ru dGIB[IL6] «Свирепый Гир[ра]» [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. Селевкидский храмовый ритуал. múlAN dBIL:GI ez-zu… «Марс, гневный Гирра …» [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004, 220:308]. W. 22281a. dBIL:GI ZALAG2 ša2 IGI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Блестящий (огненный) Гирра перед Энмешаррой» [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; полный текст см. h12lúḪUN.GA2. Список K 7069: dEN.ME.ŠAR.R[A …] / dEN.ME.ŠAR.RA[…] / MUL.MUL za-ap-pu […] / mulBIL.GI IZI.GAR […] / [m]ulŠUDUN M[UL…] / [m]ulka-li-tum […] «Энмешарр[а …] / Энмешарра […] / Звезды, Щетина / Гирра, свет […] / Ярмо, З[везда…] / Почка […]» [CT 26, 49:4–9; Cooley 2013, 126]

Отождествление Гирры с созвездием Небесный Бык см. [Cooley 2013, 126–129].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]][[
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]

GI.GI

2026-04-24T10:37:26Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]
mulGI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and constellation [[Libra]], all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 88, 230], the name of Saturn and [[Libra]].

* (MUL) ''Kittu'' (𒀯𒆤𒌓)
* = "Star of truth (and justice)"; an epithet of Saturn.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI:
** mulgi.gi = mul ''kit-tu''2 ''u me-šar'' = dsag.uš dutu
** "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, Shamash" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:39], dupl. mulgi.gi = mul ''kit''-[''tu''2 ...] [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116: Rs. iii 8].
* (2) mulgi.[gi...] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; according to Koch's interpretation, text K.12619 ii 4-6: mulGI-[GI...] / ''kakkab kit-ti'' [''u mi-ša-ri''] / MUL GI6 mu[l''zi-ba-an-na''] "Star GI.GI = Star of truth and justice = Dark star = Star of Libra" [Koch 1989<ref name=":0">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 60-61]. Note sign-play on the Sumerian gi and gi6 (the sign MI).
|
|-
|'''Planisphere K. 8538.'''
In sector 6 the inscription:

* ˹mulGI-GI˺ and the figure of Libra(?) [Koch 1989<ref name=":0" />, 59; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Identification. ====
(1) = Saturn;

(2) = constellation Librae = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, according to [Koch 1989<ref name=":0" />, 79].

==== III. Astrology. ====
(1) The Star of Truth has weakened; DIŠ MUL ''ki-tu''4 ŠER2.ŠER2 KUR ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu'' [...] "If the Star of Truth weakens: the country, of mercy and peace [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 25:26].

(2) The Star of Truth approaches the Crown of Anu; [DIŠ MUL ''ki-t'']''u''4 ''a-na'' mulAGA.AN.NA TE dSAG.UŠ ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' "[If the Star of Truth] approaches the Crown of Anu, (this means): Saturn appears in the middle of the Celestial Bull." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 30:20].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, g11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| [Gössmann 1950, 88, 230], название Сатурна и Весов.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulgi.gi = mul kit-tu2 u me-šar = dsag.uš dutu «Звезда gi.gi = Звезда правды и справедливости = Сатурн, Шамаш» [MSL XI, 40:39], поздняя параллель: mulgi.gi = mul kit-[tu2 …] [SpTU III, 116: Rs. iii 8]. (2) mulgi.[gi…] [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; согласно интерпретации Коха, текст K.12619 ii 4-6: mulGI-[GI…] / kakkab kit-ti [u mi-ša-ri] / MUL MI mu[lzi-ba-an-na] «Звезда GI.GI = Звезда правды и справедливости = Темная звезда = Звезда Весы» [Koch 1989, 60–61]. Планисферa K. 8538. В секторе 6 надпись: ˹mulGI-GI˺ и изображение фигуры Весов(?) [Koch 1989, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9].

II. Отождествление.

(1) = Сатурн;

(2) = созвездие Весы = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, согласно [Koch 1989, 79].

III. Астрология.

(1) Звезда Правды ослабела; DIŠ MUL ki-tu4 ŠER2.ŠER2 KUR ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu […] «Если Звезда Правды ослабела: странa милосердие и мир […]» [ACh Ištar, 25:26].

(2) Звезда Правды приближается к Короне Ану; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u4 a-na mulAGA.AN.NA TE dSAG.UŠ ina ŠA3 mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-ma «[Если Звезда Прав]ды к Короне Ану приближается, (это означает): Сатурн в середине Небесного Быка появляется» [ACh Ištar, 30:20].
| Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, k22)
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Звезда правды (и справедливости)»; эпитет Сатурна [G. 230], см. g11GI.GI.
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Saturn]]

GENNA

2026-04-24T10:35:43Z

JanSafford:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
múl dGENNA (𒋼𒀭𒌉𒁹) = ''kayyamānu''(''m'') "Constant" is a common name for Saturn in cuneiform. It is the name that is used in the lists of 7 planets in the the Late Babylonian Uranology tablet MCL 1866 and contemporary Late Babylonian ritual texts. The sign GENNA is the compound TUR.DIŠ''.''

{{Template:Saturn}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* dTUR.DIŠ;
* ''= [[Kayyamānu(m)|kayyamānu(m]]) "''Constant"; The Sumerian equivalents of kayyamānu(m) [[SAG.UŠ|mul/dSAG.UŠ]] and [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]] (Kurtik s10, u09) are also commonly used in the first millennium BCE.

A designation of Saturn in astronomical texts of the first millennium BCE [G. 69].

The name apparently comes from the Akkadian word, ginâ, "constantly, normally" [AHw. [AHw, 289; CAD G, 78], close in meaning to kayyamānu, and apparently reflects the slow motion of Saturn relative to the stars in comparison to other planets.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Neo-Babylonian comments: GENNA = ''ka-a-a-nu'' [AHw, 420].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
Only in later copies and commentaries, cf. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 285, BM 47447 Rev. 29; SpTU I, 90:4-5, 7, 9; SpTU II, 42 r. 1, 6; SpTU III, 102 Rs. 8; SpTU IV, 162 r. 13].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
First in the diary for -567 as dGENNA [ADRT I, -567:9]; in the same diary we find dSAG.UŠ [ibid., -567:2]; in later texts the designation Saturn is always GENNA.
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* (d)GENNA — the designation of Saturn in Seleucid ephemerides and horoscopes [ACT II, 474a; BH, 28].
|
|-
|'''Uranology'''
* [MLC 1866 iv 8, Beaulieu et al. 38 D iv 8]
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology.'''Zodiacal Astrology.

* a) ''aš''2''-šu''2 dTUR.DIŠ ''lu'' [...] ''ina'' KI SAL.MEŠ KI d''Sin'' DU''-zu'' UŠ U3.TU
** "Since Saturn or [Mars], stands with the moon (or: in place of the Moon) within the boundaries of the female: a male child will be born." [LBAT, 1593:7′-8′; Reiner 2000].
* b) ''aš''2-''šu''2 dTUR.DIŠ ''u'' d''Ṣal-bat?-a?-nu?'' KI ''Sin'' / 2 UŠ(!).MEŠ U3.TU
** "As Saturn and Mars? with [or: in place of] the Moon (stands): 2 (male babies?) are born." [LBAT, 1593:9′-10′; Reiner 2000].
* c) Mercury or Saturn with the Moon, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
|
|}

==== Ritual Texts/ Miscellenous ====

* (1) New Year ritual in Babylon: múlgenna mul ''kit-tu''2 ''u mi-šar'', "Saturn, the star of judgment and justice". [RAcc. 138:307; Linssen 2004, 220:307].
* (2) Ritual in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: dTUR.DIŠ; = kayyamānu(m) «Постоянный»; обозначение Сатурна в астрономических текстах I тыс. до н.э. [G. 69]. Название происходит, по-видимому, от аккадского ginâ «постоянно, нормально» [AHw, 289; CAD G, 78], близкого по смыслу kayyamānu, и отражает, по-видимому, медленный характер движения Сатурна относительно звезд в сравнении с другими планетами. В астрологических текстах обычно употребляли названия SAG.UŠ, UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ (s10, u09).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Нововавилонский комментарий: GENNA = ka-a-a-nu [AHw, 420]. ЕАЕ. Только в поздних копиях и комментариях, см. [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 Rev. 29; SpTU I, 90:4–5, 7, 9; SpTU II, 42 r. 1, 6; SpTU III, 102 Rs. 8; SpTU IV, 162 r. 13]. «Дневники наблюдений». Впервые в дневнике за -567 г. как dGENNA [ADRT I, -567:9]; в этом же дневнике встречаем dSAG.UŠ [ibid., -567:2], в более поздних текстах обозначение Сатурна всегда ― GENNA. Математическая астрономия. (d)GENNA ― обозначение Сатурна в эфемеридах селевкидского времени и гороскопах [ACT II, 474a; BH, 28]. Храмовые ритуалы. (1) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне: múlgenna mul kit-tu2 u mi-šar «Сатурн ― звезда суда и справедливости» [RAcc. 138:307; Linssen 2004, 220:307]. (2) Ритуал в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. Поздняя астрология. Зодиакальная астрология. a) aš2-šu2 dTUR.DIŠ lu […] ina KI SAL.MEŠ KI dSin DU-zu UŠ U3.TU «Поскольку Сатурн или [Марс] в области женщин стоит с Луной (или: на месте Луны): младенец мужского пола родится» [LBAT, 1593:7′–8′; Reiner 2000]. b) aš2-šu2 dTUR.DIŠ u dṢal-bat?-a?-nu? KI Sin / 2 UŠ(!).MEŠ U3.TU «Поскольку Сатурн и Марс? с [или: на месте] Луной (стоят): 2 (младенца мужского пола?) родятся» [LBAT, 1593:9′–10′; Reiner 2000]. с) Меркурий или Сатурн с Луной, см. g34GU4.UD.

См. также mulGI6.NA (силлабическая запись GENNA?) [SpTU II, 42 r. 6].

См. также [SpTU V, 271:8ʹ].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]

GAN2.UR3

2026-04-23T16:49:10Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAN2.UR3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul gišGAN2.UR3 (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = (mul)''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow. MUL.APIN I ii 23 identifies the asterism with the weapon of the deity ''mār-bīti, '''The child of the Temple.' Presumably the arrangement of the stars in the constellation 'The Harrow' could also be recognized as a weapon in the sky.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
* mulGAN2.UR3
* "Harrow" [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 66];

A constellation which included the eastern part of the Sails ([[Vela]]) and possibly part of the [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
Urra XXII series:

* mulgiš.gan2.ur3 = ''maš-ka-ka-ti/tu''2 [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 44; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:301ʹ].
|Example
|-
| '''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e-f; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:27].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of stars of Ea (no. 6):

*MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ''ša''2 d''Mār''(A)-''bīti''(E2) (in [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 17], dA.MAL) / ''ša''2 ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 ABZU ''i-bar-ru-u''2
*"Constellation, which with it (ie. i.e. [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Entenabarguz]]) stands the Harrow, the weapon of ''Mār-bīti'', within which Apsu can be seen" (I ii 23-24) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 44].
List of stars VR 46, 1:25.
*mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ''ša''2 ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2 ABZU igi.kar2
*"The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which Apsu is seen" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 163-3].
For the god ''Mār-bīti'' see Brinkman 1968 165 fn. 1002 with a recent reference in Karlsson (2020 136 n. 8)<ref>Karlsson M. (2020). 'The Divine Determinative and the Names of the Rulers of Babylon, NABU. 2020 no. 64, pp. 134-137.</ref>.
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(I) ''ni-šik ša''2 mul gišgan2.ur3 "Harrow bite" (μ Vel) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:14-15]; see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List (Appendix)'''
*(Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming)
|
|}
See also: mul gišGAN2.UR3 ''u'' mulAPIN ''idi šūti'' [''izzazzu''] "The Harrow and the Pole stands in the south" (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/1, 368], (Fincke and Horowitz forthcoming: BM 35408 ii 6', BM 82865 6').
[[File:GISGANUR Screenshot 2025-11-30 181652.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAN2.UR3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Miaplacidus]]
|HIP 45238
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.69
|-
|2
|γ 2 Velorum
| HIP 39953
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.83
|-
|3
|ϵ Carinae
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines
|1.86
|-
|4
|[[Avior]] A
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.01
|-
|5
| [[Suhail]]
|HIP 44816
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.21
|-
|6
|[[Aspidiske]]
| HIP 45556
|Inside the Hull
|2.26
|-
|7
|[[Markeb]]
|HIP 45941
|Inside the Hull
|2.473
|-
|8
|μ Velorum
|HIP 52727
|Constellation lines
|2.69
|-
|9
|θ Carinae
|HIP 52419
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.76
|-
|10
| υ Carinae
|HIP 48002
|Inside the Hull
|2.99
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 46701
|Inside the Hull
|3.139
|-
|12
|ASAS J091626-6728.7
|ASAS J091626-6728.7
|Inside the Hull
|3.27
|-
|13
|p Car
|HIP 51576
|Inside the Hull
|3.27
|-
|14
|V337 Car
|HIP 50371
| Inside the Hull
|3.35
|-
|15
|a Car
|HIP 45080
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|16
|ϕ Velorum
| HIP 48774
|Inside the Hull
|3.45
|-
|17
|ο Velorum
|HIP 42536
|Inside the Hull
|3.63
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 44511
|Inside the Hull
|3.75
|-
|19
|l Car
|HIP 47854
| Inside the Hull
|3.75
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 43783
|Inside the Hull
|3.8
|-
|21
| -
| HIP 42570
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 51232
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|23
|Avior B
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines
|3.85
|-
|24
| -
| HIP 43023
|Inside the Hull
|3.91
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 45101
|Inside the Hull
|3.943
|-
|26
|α Volantis
|HIP 44382
|Inside the Hull
|3.99
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 46974
| Inside the Hull
|4.09
|-
|28
| NGC 3114
|NGC 3114
|Inside the Hull
|4.2
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 52154
|Inside the Hull
|4.267
|-
|30
|IC 2581
|IC 2581
|Inside the Hull
|4.3
|-
|31
|V343 Car
|HIP 42568
|Inside the Hull
|4.313
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 45496
|Inside the Hull
|4.318
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 47175
|Inside the Hull
|4.35
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 51849
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
|35
|V344 Car
|HIP 43105
| Inside the Hull
| 4.49
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 47391
|Inside the Hull
|4.498
|-
|37
|MV Vel
|HIP 50676
|Inside the Hull
|4.51
|-
|38
|GZ Vel
|HIP 50555
|Inside the Hull
|4.543
|-
|39
|V520 Car
|HIP 52468
|Inside the Hull
|4.545
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 48374
| Inside the Hull
|4.58
|-
|41
|IC 2395
|IC 2395
|Inside the Hull
|4.6
|-
|42
|V399 Car
|HIP 51192
|Inside the Hull
|4.7
|-
| 43
|H Vel
|HIP 43878
|Inside the Hull
|4.723
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 42624
|Inside the Hull
|4.77
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 45856
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
|46
|HY Vel
| HIP 42726
|Inside the Hull
|4.815
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 49712
|Inside the Hull
|4.845
|-
|49
| -
| HIP 42134
|Inside the Hull
|4.847
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 52102
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 51523
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|52
|V376 Car
|HIP 43937
|Inside the Hull
|4.895
|-
|53
| -
|HIP 43347
|Inside the Hull
|4.935
|-
|54
|GX Vel
|HIP 45085
|Inside the Hull
|5
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 42088
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
| 56
| -
|HIP 46950
| Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|57
| GU Vel
|HIP 41483
|Inside the Hull
|5.073
|-
|58
| -
| HIP 51912
|Inside the Hull
|5.088
|-
| 59
| -
|HIP 46283
|Inside the Hull
|5.089
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 45505
| Inside the Hull
|5.094
|-
|61
|KX Vel
|HIP 43413
|Inside the Hull
|5.11
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 46914
|Inside the Hull
|5.12
|-
|63
|FZ Vel
| HIP 44093
|Inside the Hull
|5.146
|-
| 64
| -
|HIP 42834
|Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 44143
|Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
|66
|* B Vel A
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 41296
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|68
|NZ Vel
|HIP 42504
|Inside the Hull
|5.19
|-
| 69
| -
|HR 3976
| Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|70
|LN Vel
|HIP 42679
|Inside the Hull
|5.227
|-
| 71
| -
|HIP 42129
|Inside the Hull
|5.234
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 45328
|Inside the Hull
| 5.254
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 45631
|Inside the Hull
|5.254
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 49698
|Inside the Hull
|5.258
|-
|75
|LW Vel
|HIP 50070
|Inside the Hull
|5.265
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 51313
|Inside the Hull
|5.27
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 43671
| Inside the Hull
|5.302
|-
|78
| -
| HIP 47479
|Inside the Hull
|5.307
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 45571
|Inside the Hull
|5.39
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 42459
|Inside the Hull
| 5.439
|-
| 81
| -
|HIP 52004
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|82
| OP Vel
|HIP 43082
| Inside the Hull
| 5.459
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 46594
|Inside the Hull
|5.46
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 47204
|Inside the Hull
|5.467
|-
|85
|HX Vel
|HIP 42712
|Inside the Hull
|5.468
|-
| 86
|KT Vel
|HIP 42715
| Inside the Hull
| 5.474
|-
|87
|Cl Trumpler 14
|Cl Trumpler 14
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 52405
| Inside the Hull
|5.51
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 40282
|Inside the Hull
|5.514
|-
| 90
| -
|HIP 45219
|Inside the Hull
|5.532
|-
|91
| * 33 Vel A
|HIP 41616
|Inside the Hull
|5.535
|-
|92
| -
| HIP 47717
|Inside the Hull
|5.544
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 51140
|Inside the Hull
|5.546
|-
|94
| -
| HR 3817
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|95
| -
| HIP 48310
|Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
|96
| -
|HR 3605
| Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|97
|* mu. Vel B
|HIP 52727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.58
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 43499
| Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 45920
|Inside the Hull
|5.608
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 42535
| Inside the Hull
| 5.61
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 48348
|Inside the Hull
|5.617
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 50520
|Inside the Hull
|5.67
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 43797
|Inside the Hull
|5.698
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 48613
|Inside the Hull
|5.705
|-
|105
|S Car
|HIP 49751
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 48287
|Inside the Hull
|5.711
|-
|107
| -
|HIP 45962
| Inside the Hull
|5.729
|-
|108
| -
|HIP 43148
|Inside the Hull
|5.748
|-
|109
| -
|HIP 49934
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
| 110
| -
|HIP 43669
| Inside the Hull
| 5.768
|-
|111
| -
| HIP 45122
| Inside the Hull
|5.769
|-
| 112
| -
|HIP 46225
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 48339
|Inside the Hull
|5.778
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 44256
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 42177
|Inside the Hull
|5.782
|-
|116
| -
| HIP 47498
|Inside the Hull
|5.794
|-
|117
| -
|HIP 50493
|Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
| 118
| -
|HIP 40077
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|119
| -
| HIP 45314
|Inside the Hull
| 5.85
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 44024
|Inside the Hull
|5.876
|-
| 121
|V514 Car
|HIP 52043
| Inside the Hull
|5.876
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 42614
|Inside the Hull
|5.879
|-
| 123
| -
|HR 4020
|Inside the Hull
| 5.88
|-
| 124
| -
|HIP 46460
|Inside the Hull
|5.886
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 41081
|Inside the Hull
|5.887
|-
|126
|V482 Car
|HIP 46620
|Inside the Hull
|5.888
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 43589
|Inside the Hull
|5.889
|-
|128
| -
|HIP 46482
|Inside the Hull
|5.904
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 50078
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 45270
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|131
| -
|HIP 49164
|Inside the Hull
|5.928
|-
|132
|LR Vel
|HIP 45675
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 50993
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|134
|V335 Vel
|HIP 48527
|Inside the Hull
|5.932
|-
|135
| -
| HIP 40932
|Inside the Hull
|5.954
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 41674
|Inside the Hull
|5.969
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 52127
| Inside the Hull
|5.979
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 47559
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|139
| -
|HIP 46101
|Inside the Hull
|5.988
|-
|140
|* ups Car B
|HR 3891
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 45418
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|142
| -
|HIP 43620
|Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 51623
|Inside the Hull
|6.006
|-
|144
| -
|HIP 41861
|Inside the Hull
|6.021
|-
|145
| -
|HR 3386
|Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 46328
|Inside the Hull
|6.039
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 45481
|Inside the Hull
|6.04
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 41373
|Inside the Hull
|6.041
|-
|149
| -
|HIP 48119
|Inside the Hull
|6.047
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 48835
|Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
|151
| -
|HD 92463
|Inside the Hull
|6.06
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 44708
|Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
| 153
| -
|HIP 46093
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 51245
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
| 155
| -
| HIP 50044
|Inside the Hull
|6.087
|-
|156
|* B Vel B
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|157
|NGC 2669
|NGC 2669
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|158
| R Car
|HIP 46806
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|159
| -
| HR 3840
|Inside the Hull
| 6.1
|-
|160
|IV Vel
| HIP 48799
|Inside the Hull
|6.115
|-
| 161
| -
|HIP 50232
|Inside the Hull
|6.134
|-
|162
|V478 Car
|HIP 45615
|Inside the Hull
|6.136
|-
|163
| -
|HIP 49994
| Inside the Hull
|6.147
|-
|164
|IP Vel
| HIP 47694
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|165
| -
|HIP 47172
|Inside the Hull
|6.177
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 49137
| Inside the Hull
|6.181
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 46067
|Inside the Hull
|6.188
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 49233
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 49160
|Inside the Hull
|6.191
|-
|170
|Cl Bochum 10
|Cl Bochum 10
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|171
| -
|HR 3817
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 47913
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
| 173
| -
|HIP 45002
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 174
| -
|HIP 50287
| Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 41986
|Inside the Hull
|6.221
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 47145
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 51732
|Inside the Hull
|6.238
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 49394
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 42717
|Inside the Hull
|6.243
|-
|180
| -
|HR 4065
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 46737
|Inside the Hull
| 6.255
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 43807
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|183
| -
|HR 3840
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|184
| -
|HIP 51676
| Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 46045
|Inside the Hull
|6.264
|-
| 186
| -
|HIP 46049
|Inside the Hull
|6.265
|-
|187
| -
|HIP 43195
|Inside the Hull
|6.266
|-
|188
| -
| HIP 45742
|Inside the Hull
|6.268
|-
|189
|GY Vel
|HIP 50332
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|190
| -
|HIP 50562
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|191
|C 1033-598
|C 1033-598
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|192
| -
| HIP 45437
|Inside the Hull
| 6.311
|-
|193
| -
|HIP 52160
|Inside the Hull
|6.314
|-
|194
| -
|HIP 45603
|Inside the Hull
| 6.319
|-
|195
|V486 Car
|HIP 47591
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|196
| -
| HIP 50916
|Inside the Hull
|6.325
|-
|197
| -
|HIP 41813
|Inside the Hull
| 6.333
|-
|198
| -
|HIP 41653
|Inside the Hull
| 6.346
|-
| 199
| -
|HR 3971
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|200
| -
|HIP 50785
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|201
|V473 Car
|HIP 43763
|Inside the Hull
|6.353
|-
|202
| -
|HIP 44665
|Inside the Hull
|6.355
|-
|203
| -
|HIP 45214
|Inside the Hull
|6.358
|-
|204
| -
|HIP 49223
|Inside the Hull
|6.371
|-
|205
| -
|HIP 41781
|Inside the Hull
|6.373
|-
|206
| -
|HIP 44423
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|207
| -
|HIP 48730
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|208
| -
| HIP 49619
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|209
|V368 Car
|HIP 49926
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 210
| -
| HIP 51461
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|211
| -
|HIP 47422
|Inside the Hull
|6.403
|-
|212
| -
|HIP 50067
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|213
| -
| HIP 49092
|Inside the Hull
|6.412
|-
|214
| -
|HIP 51984
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
|215
| -
|HIP 40433
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|216
| -
|HIP 51327
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|217
|WR 22
|HIP 52308
|Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
|218
|V507 Car
|HIP 51265
| Inside the Hull
|6.426
|-
|219
| -
|HIP 51866
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|220
| -
|HIP 42400
|Inside the Hull
|6.431
|-
|221
| -
|HIP 44509
|Inside the Hull
|6.438
|-
|222
| -
| HIP 40749
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|223
|V469 Car
|HIP 41644
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|224
| -
|HIP 44565
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|225
|V495 Car
|HIP 49642
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|226
| -
|HIP 50069
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|227
| -
|HIP 50520
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|228
|V487 Car
|HIP 47893
|Inside the Hull
|6.471
|-
|229
| -
|HIP 44979
|Inside the Hull
|6.476
|-
|230
| -
|HIP 42440
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|231
| -
|HIP 52103
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|232
|WR 24
|HIP 52488
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|233
| -
|HIP 41905
|Inside the Hull
|6.481
|-
|234
| -
|HIP 41426
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|235
|QZ Vel
|HIP 48469
|Inside the Hull
|6.491
|-
|236
| -
|HIP 49477
|Inside the Hull
|6.492
|}
===Additional ===

====Deity. ====
The epithet ''mār bīti'', used in MUL.APIN in connection with the Harrow, had two serpent deities venerated in Der: ''Šaḫan'' (the correct reading is ''Irḫan'' [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6">''McEwan G.J.P.'' dMUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.</ref>, 223; Krebernik 1984<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Beschwörungen aus Fara und Ebla. Hildesheim-Zürich-N.Y., 1984</ref>, 298ff.]), and ''Nirah'' (d''Niraḫ ilu šu-pu-u''2 ''mār bīti ša''2 uru''De-e-erki'' "Nirah, the brilliant god, prince of Der" [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6" />, 222, note 31]), see also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 120, 440]. Could one claim on this basis that the Harrow constellation was associated with one of these deities? The name (giš)gan2.ur3 as a royal name is given in the "Sumerian King List", in the section related to Kish, see [Jacobsen 1939, 76-77:43-45; Hallo 1963<ref>''Hallo W.W.'' Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension // JCS. 1963. Vol. 17. P.</ref>, 52].

====Symbol.====
Unknown. For a description on the designs of the harrow used in tilling the fields in ancient Mesopotamia, see [Salonen 1968<ref>''Salonen A''. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968. </ref>, 109-115].

====Previous Identification. ====
= Crux [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79];

= eastern part of Vela [MA<ref name=":5" />, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

====Parts of the constellation.====
''ni-šik ša''2 mul gišGAN2. “Harrow’s bite,” see above.

====Astrology.*====
Identifications:

(1) = Mercury; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud " [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Predictions:

(2) Goat (=Venus) reaches the Harrow (=Mercury); mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim'' AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A.. "The goat reaches Harrow: there will be an epidemic among the cattle this year." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101: 27].

(3) Goat (=Venus) reaches Harrow (=Mercury) from the south; [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME "[If the Goat] reaches the Harrow from the south: in this year herds of cattle and small cattle will die" [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12f ]. See also [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 54:6-7].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: mul gišGAN2.UR3.(RA); = maškakātu «Борона» [BPO 2, 11; Gössmann 1950, 66]; созвездие, включавшее восточную часть Парусов (Vela) и, возможно, часть Центавра (Centaurus).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul gišgan2.ur3 = maš-ka-ka-ti/tu2 [SpTU III, 114A v 44; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:301ʹ]. EAE. Cм. [BPO 2, II 12e–f; BPO 3, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III, 101:27]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Эа (№ 6): MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ša2 dMār(A)-bīti(E2) (в [Gössmann 1950, 17] – dA.MAL) / ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ZU:AB i-bar-ru-u2 «Созвездие, которое с его (т.е. Энтенабархума) стороны стоит, Борона, оружие Марбити, внутри которого Апсу можно увидеть» (I ii 23–24) [MA, 36–37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:25. mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ABZU igi.kar2 «Борона, оружие Марбити, в котором Апсу видно» [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 163–3]. GU-текст. (I) ni-šik ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 «Укус Бороны» (μ Vel) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14–15]; cм. также u17UR.A.

См. также: mul gišGAN2.UR3 u mulAPIN idi šūti [izzazzu] «Борона и Поле на юге стоят» (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), цит. по [CAD M/1, 368].

II. Божество.

Эпитет mār bīti, используемый в MUL.APIN в связи с Бороной, имели два змеиных божества, почитавшихся в Дере: Šaḫan (правильное чтение Irḫan [McEvan 1983, 223; Krebernik 1984, 298ff.]), и Нирах (dNiraḫ ilu šu-pu-u2 mār bīti ša2 uruDe-e-erki «Нирах, блистательный бог, принц Дера» [McEvan 1983, 222, note 31]), см. также [Tallqvist 1938, 120, 440]. Можно ли утверждать на этом основании, что созвездие Борона было связано с одним из этих божеств? Название (giš)gan2.ur3 как царское имя приводится в «Шумерском царском списке», в части, относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 76–77:43–45; Hallo 1963, 52].

III. Символ.

Неизвестен. Описание конструкций бороны, употреблявшихся при обработке полей в древней Месопотамии, см. [Salonen 1968, 109–115].

IV. Отождествление.

= Crux [Gössmann 1950, 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

= восточная часть Vela [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273].

V. Части созвездия.

ni-šik ša2 mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Укус Бороны», см. выше.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Меркурий; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud «Борона = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Предсказания:

(2) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий); mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-ud ina MU BI ŠUB-tim AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A... «Коза достигает Бороны: в этом году будет эпидемия среди скота» [BPO 2, II 12e], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:17′; SpTU III, 101: 27].

(3) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий) с юга; [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-ud ina MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME «[Если Коза] достигает Бороны с юга: в этом году стада крупного и мелкого рогатого скота погибнут» [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], параллели см. [BPO 2, II 12f ]. См. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 54:6–7].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m21) (mul)''Maškakātu''
|
|-
|
===(mul)''Maškakātu''===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Борона»; созвездие, соответствующее восточной части Парусов и части Центавра. Силлабическая запись встречается в поздних копиях серии Urra XXII; см. g08GAN2.UR3.
|
|}

== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

GAM-ti

2026-04-23T16:33:29Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAM, ''kippatu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Ancient Near Eastern Art The Ur-Nammu Stele.jpg|thumb|Ancient Near Eastern Art The Ur-Nammu Stele, God of Ur with Enlil & Tree of Life, c. 2060 BCE.]]
[[File:Enlil withDignitySymbol.jpg|thumb|Enlil with Ring+Rod-symbol of dignity, painted by Jessica Gullberg. It is well possible that Enlil was imagined in the constellation that later became the Greek "Ploughman", Bootes, and that CrB was imagined the ring+rod emblem (SMH).]]
GAM (𒃵) = ''kippatu'' (𒄒𒉺𒀜), 'The Circle'. An astermism whose literal name in Sumerian and Akkadian is 'The circle.' It is also used as an alternative name for [[Corona Borealis]] (also called "asterism of dignity"), (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], perhaps in reference to the circular element at the constellations bottom edge. Lexical evidence suggests that the Sumerian reading for this meaning of the sign GAM is gur2. Writings of the asterism's name GAM-''ti'' add the phonetic complement 'ti' to assure the Akkadian ''kippatu''.

The image intended by the name 'The Circle' matches pictorial evidence for 'the rod and ring' in Mesopotamian art. See e.g. most recently Abrahm 2011<ref>M Abram (2011). A New Look at the Mesopotamian Rod and Ring. Studia Antiqua, Volume 10 Number 1 Article 5, BYU ScholarsArchive <nowiki>https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu</nowiki></ref> and Slansky<ref>Slanski, “The Mesopotamian 'Rod and Ring': Icon of Righteous Kingship and Balance of Power between Palace and Temple,” in Regime Change in the Ancient Near.</ref> what ever year it is.'

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Dignity BabAsterism.jpg|thumb|The Mesopotamian asterism The Circle, Dignity, GAM/ GAM-''ti.'' In Stellarium painted as a horncrown of Babylonian deities by Jessica Gullberg.]]The translation ''<nowiki/>'ring''' is occasionally given but we find it inappropriate. ''kippatu'' in CAD K with jewelry but a loop is good - lets look at scepter and loops in art

Var. names:

* GAM;
* = mul''kippatu'' "Ring, Circle";

Var. designations:

* 1) = ziqpu III (α Coronae Borealis, Gemma),
* 2) a group of stars in Corona Borealis [Gossmann 1950, 65; AHw, 483a; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">Schaumberger J. Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Three Stars Each.'''
Text Nv. 10. Intercalation scheme:

* ˹''kip-pat''˺ as asterism of Anu — asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Tebet, see (Kurtik d05) ''[[Dilbat]]'' 1502.
* dPA ''u'' dLUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA | ''kip''!-''pat''! ''ana ziq-pi'' 30 [...] "Šullat and Haniš - (asterism) Antagubba. The ring culminates 30 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>Donbaz V., Koch J. Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 10, ii 9' + Anm. 46].

Observations during the time of Sargon II:

* ''ina'' U[GU] / mul''kip-pi-te u''2-''s''[''ar-ri''] / ''ina'' UGU MUL ''taš-ka-''[''a-ti''] / [''i'']''t-tu-u''2-''aḫ'' [xx]
* "(The storm) beg[an] (during the culmination) of the Ring and [su]bsided (when the stars of the) Tripl[ets] (culminated)". [Lanfranchi and Parpola 1990<ref>Lanfranchi G.B., Parpola S. The Correspondence of Sargon II. Part II. Helsinki University Press, 1990 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. V).</ref>, 249:12ʹ-15ʹ].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 2 MA.NA KI.LA2 | 12 UŠ ''i-na qaq-qa-ri'' | 21 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' DAN[NA ''i-na šamê''(AN)e | TA mulŠUDUN. ANŠE EGIR-''ti'' | EN m[ulGAM-''ti''] "2 mina weight, 12 UŠ on the ground, 21600 miles in the sky / From the Hind section of the Rope to the Ri[ng]",
** (b) 2½ MA. NA MIN | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN (=''ina qaqqari'') | 27 ''lim'' DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM-''ti'' | EN MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'' "2½ mina weight, ½ ''bēru'' on earth, 27000 miles in the sky, from the Ring to the star from the Twins" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:7-10; TU, 21:7-10; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16436: múl''kip-pat'' // 9 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "ring // 9 (stars) / 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:20].
* (3) Sippar Planisphere:
** a) 12 UŠ ''ana'' [mulGAM-''ti''] "12 UŠ to the [Ring]" (rev. 3),
** b) mul[GAM-''t'']''i'' "[Rin]g," a circle of 9 points in the diagram (obv., Segment 6) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:3, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (P) ˹mul˺''kip-pat'' kimin igi mulza.ba4.ba4 dšar2.ur dšar2.gaz gu
* "Ring (ziqpu III: α CrB), or eye of Zababa (η Oph), Šarur (and) Šargaz (λ, υ Sco)=: string" [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, BM 78161:26]; according to [Koch 1992, 59], igi mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 is υ Oph.
|[[File:TheCircle Dignity BabAsterism.jpg|thumb|The Mesopotamian asterism of Dignity/ The Circle, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). ]]
|-
|'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-star.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":1" />, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) A[N...]/ 3 KUŠ3 SIG ''kip-pat'' IGI "Mars appeared 3 cubits below the Ring" [Sachs & Hunger Diaries<ref name=":3">Sachs A., Hunger H. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991</ref> II, No.-234: 7-9].
* (2) When describing the motion of comets: KUŠ3? ''e'' ''kip-pat mi-šiḫ-šu''2 ''ana'' ULU3 "...cubits? above the Ring, its tail to the south". [Sachs & Hunger Diaries<ref name=":3" /> III, No.-162 r. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
W 22554/2

* ''ki-i'' múl''kip-pat a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''u''2-''ša''[''r-r'']''u''-''u''2
* "If the Ring culminates (and) the lunar eclipse should begin..." [SpTU III, 102:18]. See also U.197 obv. 5': múl''kip-pat'' [...] [Sachs 1952<ref>Sachs A. Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 74].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation:

= α, β [[Corona Borealis|Coronae Borealis]] [G. 65];

= stars with great brilliance in the western part of the Northern Corona; according to VAT 16436:3, contains 9 stars [Schaumberger 1952, 219]; it is α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB, according to [ASM<ref name=":0">Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88].

= [[Corona Borealis]] [ASM<ref name=":0" />, 271].

Ziqpu III:

= α Coronae Borealis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2">Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref>, 321; Koch 1992<ref>Koch J. Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 59; ASM<ref name=":0" />, 86].

See also (Kurtik b02) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. названия: GAM; = mulkippatu «Кольцо, Круг»; 1) = ziqpu III (α Coronae Borealis, Гемма), 2) группа звезд в Северной Короне (Corona Borealis) [G. 65; AHw, 483a; Schaumberger 1952].
I. Источники.

Наблюдение времен Саргона II: ina U[GU] / mulkip-pi-te u2-s[ar-ri] / ina UGU MUL taš-ka-[a-ti] / [i]t-tu-u2-aḫ [xx] «(Шторм) нач[ался] (во время кульминации) Кольца и [у]тих (когда кульминировали звезды) Трой[ни]» [Lanfranchi–Parpola 1990, 249:12ʹ–15ʹ]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 2 MA.NA KI.LA2 | 12 UŠ i-na qaq-qa-ri | 21 IGI 6 ME DAN[NA i-na šamê(AN)e | TA mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti | EN m[ulGAM-ti] «2 мины веса, 120 на земле, 21600 миль на небе / От Задней части Упряжи до Ко[льцa]», b) 2½ MA.NA MIN | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN (=ina qaqqari) | 27 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM-ti | EN MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «2½ мины веса, 150 на земле, 27000 миль на небе от Кольца до звезды из Пары» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:7–10; TU, 21:7–10; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16436: múlkip-pat // 9 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Кольцо // 9 (звезд) / 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:20]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: a) 12 UŠ ana [mulGAM-ti] «120 до [Кольца]» (rev. 3), b) mul[GAM-t]i «[Кольц]о», на диаграмме кружочек из 9 точек (obv., Segment 6) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:3, 176–178]. GU-текст. (P) ˹mul˺kip-pat kimin igi mulza.ba4.ba4 dšar2.ur dšar2.gaz gu «Кольцо (ziqpu III: α CrB), или глаз Забабы (η Oph), Шарур (и) Шаргаз (λ, υ Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:26]; cогласно [Koch 1992, 59], igi mulZa-ba4-ba4 — υ Oph. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. «Дневники наблюдений». (1) A[N...] / 3 KUŠ3 SIG kip-pat IGI «Марс появился на 3 локтя ниже Кольца» [AD II, No.-234: 7–9]. (2) При описании движения кометы: KUŠ? e kip-pat mi-šiḫ-šu2 ana ULU3 «…локтей? выше Кольца, ее хвост к югу» [AD III, No.-162 r. 9]. Текст Nv. 10. Интеркаляционная схема: ˹kip-pat˺ как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце тебету, см. d05DIL.BAT 1502. dPA u dLUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA | kip!-pat! ana ziq-pi 30 […] «Шуллат и Ханиш — (звезда) Антагубба. Кольцо кульминирует 30 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 10, ii 9' + Anm. 46]. Поздняя астрология. W 22554/2: ki-i múlkip-pat a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu dSîn(30) attalû(AN.GI6) u2-ša[r-r]u-u2 «Если Кольцо кульминирует (и) лунное затмение должно начаться...» [SpTU III, 102:18]. См. также U.197 obv. 5': múlkip-pat […] [Sachs 1952, 74].

II. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= α, β Coronae Borealis [G. 65];

= звезды с большим блеском в западной части Северной Короны; согласно VAT 16436:3, содержит 9 звезд [Schaumberger 1952, 219]; это α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB, согласно [ASM, 88].

= Corona Borealis [ASM, 271].

Ziqpu III:

= α Coronae Borealis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 321; Koch 1992, 59; ASM, 86].

См. также b02BAL.TEŠ2.A.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, k19)
|
|-
|= mulGAM-ti «Кольцо, круг»; = ziqpu III, группа звезд в Северной Короне (Corona Borealis); см. g05GAM-ti, b03BAL.TEŠ2.A.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:CrB]]

GAM-ti

2026-04-23T16:28:18Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[3] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAM, ''kippatu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Ancient Near Eastern Art The Ur-Nammu Stele.jpg|thumb|Ancient Near Eastern Art The Ur-Nammu Stele, God of Ur with Enlil & Tree of Life, c. 2060 BCE.]]
[[File:Enlil withDignitySymbol.jpg|thumb|Enlil with Ring+Rod-symbol of dignity, painted by Jessica Gullberg. It is well possible that Enlil was imagined in the constellation that later became the Greek "Ploughman", Bootes, and that CrB was imagined the ring+rod emblem (SMH).]]
GAM (𒃵) = ''kippatu'' (𒄒𒉺𒀜), 'The Circle'. An astermism whose literal name in Sumerian and Akkadian is 'The circle.' It is also used as an alternative name for [[Corona Borealis]] (also called "asterism of dignity"), (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], perhaps in reference to the circular element at the constellations bottom edge. Lexical evidence suggests that the Sumerian reading for this meaning of the sign GAM is gur2. Writings of the asterism's name GAM-''ti'' add the phonetic complement 'ti' to assure the Akkadian ''kippatu''.

The image intended by the name 'The Circle' matches pictorial evidence for 'the rod and ring' in Mesopotamian art. See e.g. most recently Abrahm 2011<ref>M Abram (2011). A New Look at the Mesopotamian Rod and Ring. Studia Antiqua, Volume 10 Number 1 Article 5, BYU ScholarsArchive <nowiki>https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu</nowiki></ref> and Slansky<ref>Slanski, “The Mesopotamian 'Rod and Ring': Icon of Righteous Kingship and Balance of Power between Palace and Temple,” in Regime Change in the Ancient Near.</ref> what ever year it is.'

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Dignity BabAsterism.jpg|thumb|The Mesopotamian asterism The Circle, Dignity, GAM/ GAM-''ti.'' In Stellarium painted as a horncrown of Babylonian deities by Jessica Gullberg.]]The translation ''<nowiki/>'ring''' is occasionally given but we find it inappropriate. ''kippatu'' in CAD K with jewelry but a loop is good - lets look at scepter and loops in art

Var. names:

* GAM;
* = mul''kippatu'' "Ring, Circle";

Var. designations:

* 1) = ziqpu III (α Coronae Borealis, Gemma),
* 2) a group of stars in Corona Borealis [Gossmann 1950, 65; AHw, 483a; Schaumberger 1952<ref>Schaumberger J. Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Three Stars Each.'''
Text Nv. 10. Intercalation scheme:

* ˹''kip-pat''˺ as asterism of Anu — asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Tebet, see (Kurtik d05) ''[[Dilbat]]'' 1502.
* dPA ''u'' dLUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA | ''kip''!-''pat''! ''ana ziq-pi'' 30 [...] "Šullat and Haniš - (asterism) Antagubba. The ring culminates 30 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>Donbaz V., Koch J. Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 10, ii 9' + Anm. 46].

Observations during the time of Sargon II:

* ''ina'' U[GU] / mul''kip-pi-te u''2-''s''[''ar-ri''] / ''ina'' UGU MUL ''taš-ka-''[''a-ti''] / [''i'']''t-tu-u''2-''aḫ'' [xx]
* "(The storm) beg[an] (during the culmination) of the Ring and [su]bsided (when the stars of the) Tripl[ets] (culminated)". [Lanfranchi and Parpola 1990<ref>Lanfranchi G.B., Parpola S. The Correspondence of Sargon II. Part II. Helsinki University Press, 1990 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. V).</ref>, 249:12ʹ-15ʹ].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 2 MA.NA KI.LA2 | 12 UŠ ''i-na qaq-qa-ri'' | 21 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' DAN[NA ''i-na šamê''(AN)e | TA mulŠUDUN. ANŠE EGIR-''ti'' | EN m[ulGAM-''ti''] "2 mina weight, 12 UŠ on the ground, 21600 miles in the sky / From the Hind section of the Rope to the Ri[ng]",
** (b) 2½ MA. NA MIN | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN (=''ina qaqqari'') | 27 ''lim'' DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM-''ti'' | EN MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'' "2½ mina weight, ½ ''bēru'' on earth, 27000 miles in the sky, from the Ring to the star from the Twins" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:7-10; TU, 21:7-10; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16436: múl''kip-pat'' // 9 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "ring // 9 (stars) / 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952, 226-227:20].
* (3) Sippar Planisphere:
** a) 12 UŠ ''ana'' [mulGAM-''ti''] "12 UŠ to the [Ring]" (rev. 3),
** b) mul[GAM-''t'']''i'' "[Rin]g," a circle of 9 points in the diagram (obv., Segment 6) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:3, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (P) ˹mul˺''kip-pat'' kimin igi mulza.ba4.ba4 dšar2.ur dšar2.gaz gu
* "Ring (ziqpu III: α CrB), or eye of Zababa (η Oph), Šarur (and) Šargaz (λ, υ Sco)=: string" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:26]; according to [Koch 1992, 59], igi mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 is υ Oph.
|[[File:TheCircle Dignity BabAsterism.jpg|thumb|The Mesopotamian asterism of Dignity/ The Circle, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). ]]
|-
|'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-star.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1955, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) A[N...]/ 3 KUŠ3 SIG ''kip-pat'' IGI "Mars appeared 3 cubits below the Ring" [AD II, No.-234: 7-9].
* (2) When describing the motion of comets: KUŠ3? ''e'' ''kip-pat mi-šiḫ-šu''2 ''ana'' ULU3 "...cubits? above the Ring, its tail to the south". [AD III, No.-162 r. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
W 22554/2

* ''ki-i'' múl''kip-pat a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''u''2-''ša''[''r-r'']''u''-''u''2
* "If the Ring culminates (and) the lunar eclipse should begin..." [SpTU III, 102:18]. See also U.197 obv. 5': múl''kip-pat'' [...] [Sachs 1952, 74].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation:

= α, β [[Corona Borealis|Coronae Borealis]] [G. 65];

= stars with great brilliance in the western part of the Northern Corona; according to VAT 16436:3, contains 9 stars [Schaumberger 1952, 219]; it is α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB, according to [ASM<ref name=":0">Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88].

= [[Corona Borealis]] [ASM<ref name=":0" />, 271].

Ziqpu III:

= α Coronae Borealis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref>, 321; Koch 1992<ref>Koch J. Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 59; ASM<ref name=":0" />, 86].

See also (Kurtik b02) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. названия: GAM; = mulkippatu «Кольцо, Круг»; 1) = ziqpu III (α Coronae Borealis, Гемма), 2) группа звезд в Северной Короне (Corona Borealis) [G. 65; AHw, 483a; Schaumberger 1952].
I. Источники.

Наблюдение времен Саргона II: ina U[GU] / mulkip-pi-te u2-s[ar-ri] / ina UGU MUL taš-ka-[a-ti] / [i]t-tu-u2-aḫ [xx] «(Шторм) нач[ался] (во время кульминации) Кольца и [у]тих (когда кульминировали звезды) Трой[ни]» [Lanfranchi–Parpola 1990, 249:12ʹ–15ʹ]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 2 MA.NA KI.LA2 | 12 UŠ i-na qaq-qa-ri | 21 IGI 6 ME DAN[NA i-na šamê(AN)e | TA mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti | EN m[ulGAM-ti] «2 мины веса, 120 на земле, 21600 миль на небе / От Задней части Упряжи до Ко[льцa]», b) 2½ MA.NA MIN | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN (=ina qaqqari) | 27 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM-ti | EN MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «2½ мины веса, 150 на земле, 27000 миль на небе от Кольца до звезды из Пары» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:7–10; TU, 21:7–10; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16436: múlkip-pat // 9 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Кольцо // 9 (звезд) / 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:20]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: a) 12 UŠ ana [mulGAM-ti] «120 до [Кольца]» (rev. 3), b) mul[GAM-t]i «[Кольц]о», на диаграмме кружочек из 9 точек (obv., Segment 6) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:3, 176–178]. GU-текст. (P) ˹mul˺kip-pat kimin igi mulza.ba4.ba4 dšar2.ur dšar2.gaz gu «Кольцо (ziqpu III: α CrB), или глаз Забабы (η Oph), Шарур (и) Шаргаз (λ, υ Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:26]; cогласно [Koch 1992, 59], igi mulZa-ba4-ba4 — υ Oph. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. «Дневники наблюдений». (1) A[N...] / 3 KUŠ3 SIG kip-pat IGI «Марс появился на 3 локтя ниже Кольца» [AD II, No.-234: 7–9]. (2) При описании движения кометы: KUŠ? e kip-pat mi-šiḫ-šu2 ana ULU3 «…локтей? выше Кольца, ее хвост к югу» [AD III, No.-162 r. 9]. Текст Nv. 10. Интеркаляционная схема: ˹kip-pat˺ как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце тебету, см. d05DIL.BAT 1502. dPA u dLUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA | kip!-pat! ana ziq-pi 30 […] «Шуллат и Ханиш — (звезда) Антагубба. Кольцо кульминирует 30 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 10, ii 9' + Anm. 46]. Поздняя астрология. W 22554/2: ki-i múlkip-pat a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu dSîn(30) attalû(AN.GI6) u2-ša[r-r]u-u2 «Если Кольцо кульминирует (и) лунное затмение должно начаться...» [SpTU III, 102:18]. См. также U.197 obv. 5': múlkip-pat […] [Sachs 1952, 74].

II. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= α, β Coronae Borealis [G. 65];

= звезды с большим блеском в западной части Северной Короны; согласно VAT 16436:3, содержит 9 звезд [Schaumberger 1952, 219]; это α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB, согласно [ASM, 88].

= Corona Borealis [ASM, 271].

Ziqpu III:

= α Coronae Borealis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 321; Koch 1992, 59; ASM, 86].

См. также b02BAL.TEŠ2.A.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, k19)
|
|-
|= mulGAM-ti «Кольцо, круг»; = ziqpu III, группа звезд в Северной Короне (Corona Borealis); см. g05GAM-ti, b03BAL.TEŠ2.A.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:CrB]]

GAL.A.RU.RU

2026-04-23T16:15:12Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[2] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
dGAL.A.RU.RU (𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒; Great Aruru) is a name for the goddess Ištar of the Stars, namely Venus: An astral manifestation of the Venus-type goddess Aruru (Black 2005).<ref>Black 2005: “Songs of the Goddess Aruru”, in Y. Sefati, P. Artzi, C. Cohen, B.L. Eichler and V.A. Hurowitz (eds.), “An Experienced Scribe Who Neglects Nothing”: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Jacob Klein, Bethesda, MD: CDL Press, 39-62 (here: 48). </ref> {{Template:Venus}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Epithet of Venus [Gössmann 1950, 63]; in the identity:

* dGAL.A.RU.RU = MIN(= d''iš''8-''tar''2 MUL.<MEŠ>)
* "Great Aruru = Goddess of the stars" [CT 25, 31, K. 2109+:17].

Aruru, the ancient mother goddess responsible for the birth and fate of people, the name is present already in the early lists of the gods, see. [MНM I,<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref> 109; Tallqvist 1938<ref>Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 256, 309; Weidner 1924-25<ref>Weidner E. Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 78, Kol. 7:1].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, g04)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| эпитет Венеры [G. 63]; в тождестве: dGAL.A.RU.RU = MIN(= diš8-tar2 MUL.<MEŠ>) «Великая Аруру = Богиня звезд» [CT 25, 31, K. 2109+:17]. Аруру, древняя богиня-мать, отвечавшая за рождение и судьбы людей, имя присутствует уже в ранних списках богов, см. [МНМ I, 109; Tallqvist 1938, 256, 309; Weidner 1924–25, 78, Kol. 7:1]. || Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

Ga-ga

2026-04-23T16:10:00Z

JanSafford: /* Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim, Safford */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ga-ga''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul''Ga-ga'' (𒀯𒂵𒂵) is a writing for an ancient Mesopotamian deity and planet name. A reading mulka3.ka3, a name for the vizier of the King of the Heavens, Anu, allows for an identification with the planet Mercury by way of the Roman messenger of the gods Mercurius.

{{Mercury}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim, Safford===
Varient readings: mulDUG.DUG, mul''ka''3-''ka''3; = ''Kakka'', a deity worshiped in Assyria, probably of Amorite origin, associated with Mercury (?) [Gössmann 1950<ref>Gössmann P.F. ''Planetarium Babylonicum,'' Rome, 1950</ref>, 103].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* (1) Hittite prayer: mul''ga-ga'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:2; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>K. van der Toorn. ''Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study''. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 129:43].
* (2) Neo-Assyrian prayer: mul''ga-ga'' [Oppenheim 1959,<ref>Oppenheim A.L. A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // ''Analecta biblica''. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref> 282:10].

Lambert reads the name in accordance with the divine name d''ka''3-''ka''3, for the vizier or messenger of Anu and/or Ishtar, identified with Mercury [Lambert 1987<ref>Lambert W.G. Babylonian Astrological Omens and Their Stars / JAOS. 1987. V. 107. Р. 93-96.</ref>, 94-96]; see also [Litke 1998<ref>Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 182:146; Steinkeller 1982<ref>Steinkeller P. The Mesopotamian God Kakka // JNES. 1982. Vol. 41, № 4. P. 289-294.</ref>; Tallqvist 1938<ref>Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 340]. In the Akkadian myth ''Nergal and Ereškigal'', Anu sends his messenger Kaka to the Underworld and back, a fitting mission for the planet Mercury.
|Example
|}

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g01)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulDUG.DUG, mulka3-ka3; = Какка, божество, почитавшееся в Ассирии, вероятно, аморитского происхождения, связанное с Меркурием (?) [Gössmann 1950, 103].
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Хеттская молитва: mulga-ga [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:2; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43]. (2) Новоассирийская молитва: mulga-ga [Oppenheim 1959, 282:10]. Cогласно Лэмберту, это dka3-ka3 — визирь или посланник Ану и/или Иштар, отождествляемый с Меркурием [Lambert 1987, 94–96]; см. также [Litke 1998, 182:146; Steinkeller 1982; Tallqvist 1938, 340].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

Ga-ga

2026-04-23T16:06:17Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ga-ga''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul''Ga-ga'' (𒀯𒂵𒂵) is a writing for an ancient Mesopotamian deity and planet name. A reading mulka3.ka3, a name for the vizier of the King of the Heavens, Anu, allows for an identification with the planet Mercury by way of the Roman messenger of the gods Mercurius.

{{Mercury}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim, Safford===
Varient readings: mulDUG.DUG, mul''ka''3-''ka''3; = ''Kakka'', a deity worshiped in Assyria, probably of Amorite origin, associated with Mercury (?) [Gössmann 1950<ref>Gössmann P.F. ''Planetarium Babylonicum,'' Rome, 1950</ref>, 103].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* (1) Hittite prayer: mul''ga-ga'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:2; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>K. van der Toorn. ''Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study''. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 129:43].
* (2) Neo-Assyrian prayer: mul''ga-ga'' [Oppenheim 1959,<ref>Oppenheim A.L. A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // ''Analecta biblica''. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref> 282:10].

Lambert reads the name in accordance with the divine name d''ka''3-''ka''3, for the vizier or messenger of Anu and/or Ishtar, identified with Mercury [Lambert 1987, 94-96]; see also [Litke 1998, 182:146; Steinkeller 1982; Tallqvist 1938, 340]. In the Akkadian myth ''Nergal and Ereškigal'', Anu sends his messenger Kaka to the Underworld and back, a fitting mission for the planet Mercury.
|Example
|}

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g01)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulDUG.DUG, mulka3-ka3; = Какка, божество, почитавшееся в Ассирии, вероятно, аморитского происхождения, связанное с Меркурием (?) [Gössmann 1950, 103].
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Хеттская молитва: mulga-ga [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:2; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43]. (2) Новоассирийская молитва: mulga-ga [Oppenheim 1959, 282:10]. Cогласно Лэмберту, это dka3-ka3 — визирь или посланник Ану и/или Иштар, отождествляемый с Меркурием [Lambert 1987, 94–96]; см. также [Litke 1998, 182:146; Steinkeller 1982; Tallqvist 1938, 340].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

ERU (Goddess)

2026-04-23T15:57:57Z

JanSafford: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> mul / dA.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-''[''a''] ''3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]].
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''[[sissinnu]]''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 8***, 350a].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes) Horowitz 2014: 246'''
CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and parallels.

* CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12),
* Nv. 10: 5'-8':
** '''[''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [mullugal] u mulšu.pa // 2''' '''⸢'''''šu'' '''⸣''-ut''''' '''dE2-a / [. . . . . . ša2 mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 ''ik''- ⸢''šu-du'' ⸣'','''''
** "[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [King] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument?]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, . . . reached.
** [Fincke 2025: 67, see previously Horowitz 2014: 223, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 64-65, 69. Parallels Fincke 2025: 70: 11', 72: 5'.
* Nv. 10: 31'-32':
** '''⸢''' '''mulE4-''ru''6''' '''// mulab.sin2''' '''/ u d ⸣ lugal MUL.AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA,'''
** '''Erua Barley Stalk, and King, the Antašurra-stars. [Fincke 2025: 68, see previously Horowitz 2014: 216-217, Donbaz and Koch 1995: ??.'''
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref name=":6">Hunger, H., & Steele, J. (2019). ''The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL. APIN''. Routledge.</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11):
**''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum''
**"The Frond (of the date palm) of Eru, Zarpanitu" (I i 11) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":6" />: 32].

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''E''4-''ru''6, between mulUR.GU.LA and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":6" />: 63]
**"the Great Twins, the Crab, the Lion, Eru, and the Abundant One" (I iv 6)<ref name=":6" />.

*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu (the constellation) Eru stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat (constellation) rises" (I iv 26)<ref name=":6" />, see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''ADD Uranology Text Here = J??'''
'''ABC Section 6 = pp. 22, 25'''
'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46. - moved to GSL category'''
* <s>mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</s>
* <s>“Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].</s>
* <s>BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.</s>
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6 "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''
А 3427:

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955*** 238:21-25].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List and Miscellenia'''
* '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see Thureau-Dangin 1921<ref>F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139</ref>; Linssen 2004<ref>Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</ref>.
** “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1" /> 52:46].
* Nv 10:
** 5', rev. 31' '''entry???''' (Fincke 2025***: 66-68), LBAT 1502:
** 11' ... 18: '''entry??''' (Fincke 2025***: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025***: 70-71), LBAT 1508: 5 (Fincke 2025***: 72).
**
* BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.
* The list of the "6 palace women".
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.é.gal.meš
** "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
81-7-27, 22 (ACh 2. Suppl. 118) (Rochberg-Halton AfO Beih. 22, 175, 207-208, 223 (transliteration - without translation): EAE 20 manuscript f [§ IX]: imgidda

* K. 6507: 7': 7’ [MU]L.''sis-sin-ni'' dE4.RU4 dx [ . . .

|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) ''mulE4-ru6'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist*** 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), with whom Erua was identified with.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. Cf. K. 6507: 7' above.

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

==== Symbol. ====
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mulE4-ru6 ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927*** 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018***: 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019***, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8***, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8***, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturn;
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920*** 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019***, 142; Pingree-Walker*** 320; Koch 1992*** 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

Ereš-ki-gal

2026-04-23T15:42:32Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ereš-ki-gal''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:British Museum Queen of the Night.jpg|thumb|"Queen of the Night". Relief. Old Babylonian (Mesopotamia). Iraq, south. 19th c BCE-18th c BCE. (public domain). ]]
''Ereškigal'' (𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲) is the Queen of the Underworld. In the Akkadian myth 'Nergal and Ereškigal' she marries the god Nergal and elevates her new husband to ultimate sovereignty in the realm of the dead.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The goddess of the underworld, identified with Mars and the constellation [[MUŠ|mulMUŠ]] ([[Hydra]]) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 128; Wiggermann 1997, 34-35]. For the goddess and 'Nergal and Ereškigal' see SAACT 8 .
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea".'''
* [d''Ereš'']-''ki-gal'' = min(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'')
* "Ereškigal = Mars" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:110].
|Planet Mars.
|-
|List of stars V R 46, 1:29.

* mulmuš = d''Ereš-ki-gal''
* "Snake = Ereškigal" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:29; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg|thumb|The Babylonian constellation of the MUŠ-snake, visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg)]]
|}
See (Kurtik m43) [[MUŠ]], (Kurtik n29) [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]].

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e16)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|богиня подземного мира, отождествляемая с Марсом и созвездием Змея (mulMUŠ) [Gössmann 1950: 128; Wiggermann 1997, 34–35].
I. Источники.

«Большой список звезд». [dEreš]-ki-gal = min(=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Эрешкигаль = Марс» [Mesop. Astrol., App. B:110]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:29. mulmuš = dEreš-ki-gal «Змея = Эрешкигаль» [HBA, 52:29; Wee 2016, 162–3].

См. m43dMUŠ, n29dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Hya]]

Ereš-ki-gal

2026-04-23T15:41:28Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ereš-ki-gal''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:British Museum Queen of the Night.jpg|thumb|"Queen of the Night". Relief. Old Babylonian (Mesopotamia). Iraq, south. 19th c BCE-18th c BCE. (public domain). ]]
''Ereškigal'' (𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲) is the

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The goddess of the underworld, identified with Mars and the constellation [[MUŠ|mulMUŠ]] ([[Hydra]]) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 128; Wiggermann 1997, 34-35]. For the goddess and 'Nergal and Ereškigal' see SAACT 8 .
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea".'''
* [d''Ereš'']-''ki-gal'' = min(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'')
* "Ereškigal = Mars" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:110].
|Planet Mars.
|-
|List of stars V R 46, 1:29.

* mulmuš = d''Ereš-ki-gal''
* "Snake = Ereškigal" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:29; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg|thumb|The Babylonian constellation of the MUŠ-snake, visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg)]]
|}
See (Kurtik m43) [[MUŠ]], (Kurtik n29) [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]].

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e16)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|богиня подземного мира, отождествляемая с Марсом и созвездием Змея (mulMUŠ) [G. 128; Wiggermann 1997, 34–35].
I. Источники.

«Большой список звезд». [dEreš]-ki-gal = min(=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Эрешкигаль = Марс» [Mesop. Astrol., App. B:110]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:29. mulmuš = dEreš-ki-gal «Змея = Эрешкигаль» [HBA, 52:29; Wee 2016, 162–3].

См. m43dMUŠ, n29dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Hya]]

Erra

2026-04-23T15:38:46Z

JanSafford:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]
d''Erra'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏) is an Akkadian name for the King of the Underworld, more commonly known as Nergal, and associated with mul[[KA5.A|KA5.A]] (the Fox, an asterism in [[Ursa Major]]). Erra is already in use as a name for an Akkadian asterisms in the Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, but there cannot be positively identified with 'The Fox'-asterism as is explicit in MUL.APIN and the GSL.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= d''Ir''3-''ra'' "Erra, Irra";

Deity of war and plague, one of the names of Nergal [Roberts 1972, 21-29; Tallqvist 1938, 329];

Reading the first list of MUL.APIN as an explanatory list:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
!
!explanandum
!explanans
|-
!counting
!line number
!DIŠ
!asterism
!deity
|-
|16
|I i 15
|1
|mulMAR.GÍD.DA
|dNin-líl
|-
|17
|I i 16,17
|1
|MUL ''šá'' KI ''za-ri-i šá'' mulMAR.GÍD.DA GUB-''<nowiki>zu |</nowiki>'' mulKA5.A
|dÈr-ra ''gaš-ri'' D.meš
|-
! colspan="5" |translation
|-
|16
|I i 15
|1
|STAR''EREQQU''(Wagon)
|GODNinlil
|-
|17
|I i 16,17
|1
|asterism by the shaft of STAR''EREQQU'' : STARŠĒLEBU(Fox)
|GODErra, the strong of the gods
|}
Akk. name of Nergal, the ruler of the netherworld. dÈr-ra (EN 17r).

Var. designations:

* 1) a group of stars in the constellation of the Great Bear,
* 2) Mars.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Old Babylonian prayer:
** a) Erm. 15642: ''qu''2-''ra-du-um'' d''Er''3-''ra'' "Heroic Erra" [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:16], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
** b) AO 6769: ''qu''2-''ra-du Ir-ra'' [Dossin 1935, 181-182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60],
** c) CBS 574: ˹''qu''3-''ra''˺-[''d'']''u'' [''I'']''r''3-''ra'' [Horowitz and Wasserman 1996, 58:13].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''

* The stars of Enlil (no. 16, 17):
** DIŠ MUL ''ša'' KI ''za-ri-i ša'' mulMAR.GÍD.DA GUB-''zu''
*** The asterism which stands in the shaft of the Wagon.
** mulKA5.A d''Er''3-''ra gaš-ri'' DINGIRmeš
*** "the Fox, Erra, strong one of the gods" (I i 17) [MA, 23].
|[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg|thumb|Wagon, Fox and Ewe in Stellarium. ]]
|-
|'''"Ishum and Erra."'''
* a) See (Kurtik k06) [[KA5.A|KA5.A]],
* b) ''kak-kab'' d''Er''3-''ra um-mu-lu ša-ru-ri i-na-aš''2-''ši''
** "Erra's star sparkles and carries radiance." [Al-Rawi and Black 1989, 118:10′]. See also [Kurtik 2019, note 34].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List, 92''''
* ... [Horowitz and Fincke, forthcoming]
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
As a constellation:

See (Kurtik k06) [[KA5.A|KA5.A]].

As planet Mars, see below.

==== III. Astrology. ====
(1) Pleiades and Erra (= Mars?);

* UL.UL ''ni-iḫ-su-ma'' UD.DA-''su-nu'' NU GAL2 d''Ir''3-''ra'' ZI-''ma'' UN.MEŠ ''ul u''2-[''šam-qat'']
* "If the Stars (stand) aside and have no light: Erra will rise, but will not kill people" [BPO 2, XV 29 + Parallels].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e20)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= dIr3-ra «Эрра, Ирра»; божество войны и чумы, одно из имен Нергала [Roberts 1972, 21–29; Tallqvist 1938, 329]; 1) группа звезд в созвездии Большой Медведицы, 2) Марс(?).
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Старовавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: qu2-ra-du-um dEr3-ra «Героический Эрра» [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:16], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: qu2-ra-du Ir-ra [Dossin 1935, 181–182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60], c) CBS 574: ˹qu3-ra˺-[d]u [I]r3-ra [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Энлиля (№ 16): mulKA5.A dEr3-ra gaš-ri DINGIRmeš «Лиса, Эрра, сильный среди богов» (I i 17) [MA, 23]. «Ишум и Эрра». a) См. k06KA5.A, b) kak-kab dEr3-ra um-mu-lu ša-ru-ri i-na-aš2-ši «Звезда Эрры сверкает и испускает сияние» [Al-Rawi–Black 1989, 118:10′]. См. также [Kurtik 2019, note 34].

II. Отождествление.

Как созвездие:

См. k06KA5.A.

Как планета Марс, см. ниже.

III. Астрология.

(1) Плеяды и Эрра (= Марс?); UL.UL ni-iḫ-su-ma UD.DA-su-nu NU GAL2 dIr3-ra ZI-ma UN.MEŠ ul u2-[šam-qat] «Если Звезды (стоят) в стороне и не имеют света: Эрра взойдет, но не будет убивать людей» [BPO 2, XV 29 + Parallels].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Erra

2026-04-23T15:38:16Z

JanSafford:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]
d''Erra'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏) is an Akkadian name for the King of the Underworld, more commonly known as Nergal, and associated with mul[[KA5.A|KA5.A]] (the Fox, an asterism in [[Ursa Major]]). Erra is already in use as a name for an Akkadian asterisms in the Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, but there cannot be positively identified with 'The Fox'-asterism as is explicit in MUL.APIN and the GSL.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= d''Ir''3-''ra'' "Erra, Irra";

Reading the first list of MUL.APIN as an explanatory list:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
!
!explanandum
!explanans
|-
!counting
!line number
!DIŠ
!asterism
!deity
|-
|16
|I i 15
|1
|mulMAR.GÍD.DA
|dNin-líl
|-
|17
|I i 16,17
|1
|MUL ''šá'' KI ''za-ri-i šá'' mulMAR.GÍD.DA GUB-''<nowiki>zu |</nowiki>'' mulKA5.A
|dÈr-ra ''gaš-ri'' D.meš
|-
! colspan="5" |translation
|-
|16
|I i 15
|1
|STAR''EREQQU''(Wagon)
|GODNinlil
|-
|17
|I i 16,17
|1
|asterism by the shaft of STAR''EREQQU'' : STARŠĒLEBU(Fox)
|GODErra, the strong of the gods
|}
Akk. name of Nergal, the ruler of the netherworld. dÈr-ra (EN 17r).

Var. designations:

* 1) a group of stars in the constellation of the Great Bear,
* 2) Mars.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Old Babylonian prayer:
** a) Erm. 15642: ''qu''2-''ra-du-um'' d''Er''3-''ra'' "Heroic Erra" [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:16], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
** b) AO 6769: ''qu''2-''ra-du Ir-ra'' [Dossin 1935, 181-182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60],
** c) CBS 574: ˹''qu''3-''ra''˺-[''d'']''u'' [''I'']''r''3-''ra'' [Horowitz and Wasserman 1996, 58:13].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''

* The stars of Enlil (no. 16, 17):
** DIŠ MUL ''ša'' KI ''za-ri-i ša'' mulMAR.GÍD.DA GUB-''zu''
*** The asterism which stands in the shaft of the Wagon.
** mulKA5.A d''Er''3-''ra gaš-ri'' DINGIRmeš
*** "the Fox, Erra, strong one of the gods" (I i 17) [MA, 23].
|[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg|thumb|Wagon, Fox and Ewe in Stellarium. ]]
|-
|'''"Ishum and Erra."'''
* a) See (Kurtik k06) [[KA5.A|KA5.A]],
* b) ''kak-kab'' d''Er''3-''ra um-mu-lu ša-ru-ri i-na-aš''2-''ši''
** "Erra's star sparkles and carries radiance." [Al-Rawi and Black 1989, 118:10′]. See also [Kurtik 2019, note 34].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List, 92''''
* ... [Horowitz and Fincke, forthcoming]
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
As a constellation:

See (Kurtik k06) [[KA5.A|KA5.A]].

As planet Mars, see below.

==== III. Astrology. ====
(1) Pleiades and Erra (= Mars?);

* UL.UL ''ni-iḫ-su-ma'' UD.DA-''su-nu'' NU GAL2 d''Ir''3-''ra'' ZI-''ma'' UN.MEŠ ''ul u''2-[''šam-qat'']
* "If the Stars (stand) aside and have no light: Erra will rise, but will not kill people" [BPO 2, XV 29 + Parallels].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e20)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= dIr3-ra «Эрра, Ирра»; божество войны и чумы, одно из имен Нергала [Roberts 1972, 21–29; Tallqvist 1938, 329]; 1) группа звезд в созвездии Большой Медведицы, 2) Марс(?).
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Старовавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: qu2-ra-du-um dEr3-ra «Героический Эрра» [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:16], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: qu2-ra-du Ir-ra [Dossin 1935, 181–182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60], c) CBS 574: ˹qu3-ra˺-[d]u [I]r3-ra [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Энлиля (№ 16): mulKA5.A dEr3-ra gaš-ri DINGIRmeš «Лиса, Эрра, сильный среди богов» (I i 17) [MA, 23]. «Ишум и Эрра». a) См. k06KA5.A, b) kak-kab dEr3-ra um-mu-lu ša-ru-ri i-na-aš2-ši «Звезда Эрры сверкает и испускает сияние» [Al-Rawi–Black 1989, 118:10′]. См. также [Kurtik 2019, note 34].

II. Отождествление.

Как созвездие:

См. k06KA5.A.

Как планета Марс, см. ниже.

III. Астрология.

(1) Плеяды и Эрра (= Марс?); UL.UL ni-iḫ-su-ma UD.DA-su-nu NU GAL2 dIr3-ra ZI-ma UN.MEŠ ul u2-[šam-qat] «Если Звезды (стоят) в стороне и не имеют света: Эрра взойдет, но не будет убивать людей» [BPO 2, XV 29 + Parallels].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

MAR.GID2.DA

2026-04-23T15:36:11Z

JanSafford: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

{{distinguish|MAR.GID2.DA_AN.NA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Wagon+WagonH Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Wagon and Wagon of Heaven in the Babylonian uranography around 1250 BCE, produced with Stellarium, paintings by Jessica GullberGössmann 1950, ]]
{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul (giš)MAR.GID2.DA, ''eriqqu''}}
mul (giš)MAR.GID2.DA (𒀯𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕), ''eriqqu'', The Wagon, is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Ursa Major]]. Both 'The Wagon' and 'The Wagon of Heaven' (the Little Dipper) are identified with goddesses, in part at least due to the feminine grammatical status of Akkadian ''eriqqu'' (pl. ''eriqqātu''). mul (giš)MAR.GID2.DA has two asterisms at its flanks, [[KA5.A|KA5.A]], The Fox, and [[U8|U8]], The Ewe. 'The Wagon' is identified with the Queen of the Gods, the goddess Ninlil. (see Horowitz 2014: 116).

The Mesopotamian Wagon is found in the Book of Job in the Bible. It is unknown if Christian missionaries brought the Wagon in these stars in the [[Norse (Asterism Names)|Norse]] culture or is Indigenous to European cultures north of the Arctic Circle (see [[Charles's Wain]]).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variants etc.
* = mul''eriqqu'', "Wagon" (Kurtik e19, below with variant ''iriqqu'')

* mulMAR (𒀯𒈥) is an abbreviation for mulMAR.GID2.DA

The Big Dipper asterism in [[Ursa Major]]. See the Uranology texts below, which give explicit mention of the 7 stars of the asterism.

(Ursa Majoris) [Gössmann 1950, 258], see also (Kurtik m07) [[MAR]].

In MUL.APIN's explanatory list<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> of deities, three asterisms are related mulMAR.GÍD.DA (EN 16l, 17l, 18l):
* SAĜ.KI ''šá'' mulMAR.GÍD.DA “front of the wagon” (EN 18l).
* ''ina ṭur-ri-šú'' (of mulMAR.GÍD.DA) “in its bond” (EN 21l).
* ''za-ri-i šá'' mulMAR.GÍD.DA “cart pole of the wagon” (EN 17l).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Old Babylonian monolingual Sumerian lists: mul (giš)mar.gid2.da [MSL 11, 108:387; 134 col. ix 8; 137, Forerunner 3, rev. ii 1].
* (2) Urra XXII series:
** mulmar.gid2.da A / mul gišmar.gid2.da B = ''i-ri-iq-qu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:165],
** mulmar.gid2.da = ''e-req-qu''/''qa'' [SpTU III, 114A v 42; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 108:299ʹ].
* (3) Antagal series (Tabl. G 311): [mulmar].gid2.da = EN.LIL2ki "wagon = Nippur" [MSL XVII, 229:311].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* (1) Old Babylonian prayer:
** a) Erm. 15642: gišMAR.GID2.DA [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:19], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
** (b) AO 6769: MAR.GID2.DA [Dossin 1935, 181-182:18].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2, I 1, III 1, 28c, subscript; BPO 3, 284; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; Largement 1957, 246:52; verderame 2002, 247; Von Soldt, Tablet 27, Ca 8; Stev. O.T., 232-234:12, 18-29, Pl. XVII 14, 20-32], see also mul gišmar.gid2.da in astrological predictions from Emar [Emar VI/4, 655:40, 43; 660:2-8; Horowitz 1990].

'''Abbreviation MAR in EAE.'''

[BPO 2, IV 4a, V 2a, VI 2a, VII 3a; Stev. O.T., Pl. XVII:23; ACh Suppl. 2, 84:3].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe P.

* Month of Abu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 574].

Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša ina'' dal.ba.an im [xx] / u im.kur.ra gib mul.b[i]? / mulmar.gid2.da d''Nin''-[''lil''2] "The star which (lies) across and between the nor[th] and the east, this star is the Wagon, Ninlil" (B iii 8-10); see also (Kurtik a43) [[APIN]].
* (2) List (3´12): itine ... mulmar.gid2.da ''šu-ut'' [d''En-lil''2] "The month of Abu: ... The Wagon (in the path of) [Enlil] (rises?)" (C iii 5). (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising is abu, setting is sabbat [KAV 218, C 21, 34; Horowitz 2014, 39-40]; see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
|
|-
|'''BM 82923.'''

* Month of abu, stars of Enlil: mul[MAR.GID2.DA] // 50 // ''be-el-tum'' "[Wagon] // 50 // Lady" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 29-30:15].
|
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
* Month of ''ululu'', stars of Enlil [LBAT, 1499:7], see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]]. Stars of Enlil, month of ''ululu'': ... 45 // [múlMA]R.GID2.DA.
|
|-
|'''Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 5): mulmar.gid2.da [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) List of stars of Enlil (nos. 15, 16, 17):
** a) mulMAR.GID2.DA d''Nin-lil''2 "Wagon, Ninlil" (I i 15),
** b) "Star on the drawbar of the Wagon" (I i 16-17), see (Kurtik k06) [[KA5.A|KA5.A]],
** c) "Star on the front of the Wagon" (I i 18), see (Kurtik u04) [[U8|U8]]; for parallels see [Horowitz 1989-90, 116; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:4'-6'].
* (2) Scheme for determining wind directions by stars: mulMAR.GID2.DA - north (II i 68-71), see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]] [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H., & Steele, J. (2019). ''The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL. APIN''. Routledge.</ref>: 83].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* MUL.MAR.GÍD.D[A |] MUL.[e-ri]-qu GSL 45 (collated??)

* (1) mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min] (=mulab.sin2) "Wagon = [Furrow]," parallel [TU, 18 r. 5];
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: mulmar.gid2.da [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:45, 210].
*
*
|
|-
|'''Uranology'''
'''MLC 1866.'''
* mulMAR.GID2.DA ''e-re-eq''-[''qu'' d''Nin-lil''2] / gišGIGIR d''a-nu-um ap''2''-sa''3-''am''-[''ma-ku'' 4 MUL.MEŠ] / ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir-u''᾽ 3 MU[L.MEŠ ''ina'' SAG.KI-''šu''2] / ''e-ṣir-u''᾽ … 2 MUL.MEŠ ''un-nu-tu-tu'' A2 ''ana'' ˹A2˺ [IGI''-šu''2 ''ina ma-šad-di''] / ''e-ṣir-u''᾽ MUL ''ša''2 ''it-ti za-r''[''u'' mulMAR.GID2.DA] / GUB-''zu'' mulKA5.A d''Er''3''-ra'' ''gaš''!(BE)-''ri'' D[INGIR.MEŠ] / MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA DIŠ x […] / mul''im-mer-tu''4 d˹''e''?˺-''a'' […] "Wagon = wag[on of Ninlil] / Anu's chariot (has the shape of) apsam[akku, 4 stars] / on its sides are depicted; 3 stars[on its front] / are depicted. ... 2 faint stars one after the other [in front of her on the drawbar] / are depicted. The star which on the drawbar of the cart / stands, Fox, the god Erra, mighty among [the gods]. / The star that (stands) on the front of the Wagon / A sheep [...]" (col. iii 13-21) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41], for comments see. [ibid., 54-56].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §V. mulmar.[gid2].˹da˺ (UMa), see (Kurtik h03) ''[[Ḫaniš]]''.
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1564:13.'''
* The name of Venus as the morning star: [DIŠ mulMAR.]GID2.DA // mul''Dil-bat'' // ''ina'' d[UTU.E3.]A "[Wa]gon is Venus at [sunrise]," see also [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV; Reiner 1995, 58, note 239].
'''''See also the invocation of the Wagon in the spell: EN2 mul[MAR.GID2.DA gi]šMAR.GID2.DA ša2-ma-mi'''''.??check at the university???
|
|-
|'''"Spell: O [Constellation Wagon], Celestial Wagon."'''
[CT 13, 38:17; CAD E, 297b; Horowitz 1989, 243]. See also [SpTU I, 28:10']..??check at the university???
|
|}
[[File:MARGIDDA CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 152439.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside MAR.GID2.DA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
! Label
!IAU design.
!description
! Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Alioth]]
|HIP 62956
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.77
|-
|2
|Dubhe
|HIP 54061
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.79
|-
|3
|[[Alkaid]]
|HIP 67301
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.86
|-
|4
|* alf UMa A
|HIP 54061
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.87
|-
|5
|[[Mizar]]
|HIP 65378
|Constellation lines
|2.22
|-
|6
|[[Merak]]
| HIP 53910
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.37
|-
| 7
| [[Phecda]]
|HIP 58001
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.44
|-
|8
|[[Megrez]]
|HIP 59774
|Constellation lines
|3.32
|-
|9
| * alf UMa B
|HIP 54061
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.86
|-
|10
| -
|HIP 57477
|Inside the Hull
|5.254
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 56510
|Inside the Hull
|5.628
|-
|12
| -
|HIP 55797
| Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
|13
|73 UMa
| HIP 60795
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59920
|Inside the Hull
|5.81
|-
|15
|71 UMa
|HIP 60584
|Inside the Hull
|5.81
|-
|16
|66 UMa
|HIP 58181
|Inside the Hull
| 5.824
|-
|17
| -
|HR 4917
|Inside the Hull
|6.02
|-
|18
|1 CVn
|HIP 59708
|Inside the Hull
|6.171
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 58225
| Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 61053
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|21
| -
| HIP 57045
|Inside the Hull
|6.266
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 56083
|Inside the Hull
|6.278
|-
|23
|68 UMa
|HIP 59458
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 56944
|Inside the Hull
|6.335
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 65754
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
|26
| -
| HIP 65698
| Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|27
| -
| HIP 55485
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The constellation MAR.GID2.DA, associated with d''Nin-lil''2, is one of the most honored astral deities of ancient Mesopotamia (see Kurtik n34 [[NIN.LIL2|dNIN.LIL2]]). Among her s epithets are ulMAR.GID2.DA ''rabītu''(GAL) "the Great Wagon" [Stev. O.T., 231:4], ''ummu'' DINGIR.MEŠ "Mother of the gods" [Horowitz 1989, 243, note 4]. Its popularity is attributed to its identification with the Big Dipper, a large, bright, circumpolar constellation.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see above; in the Neo-Assyrian version of the prayer, the name of the constellation is missing, but it was probably present in the original [Oppenheim 1959, 282-283; Reiner 1995, 67].
* (2) The purificatory ritual "Laying of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam), cf. [Mayer 1976, 429; Reiner 1995, 17].
* (3) The ritual of "namburbi" (nam.bur2.bi): ''ina'' IGI MUL.[...u MUL.]MAR.GID2 ''tašakkan'' "Before the asterism [...and] the Wagon you offer (sacrifice)" [Ebeling 1955, 38-39:24-25; Reiner 1995, 85; CAD E, 297b].
* (4) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revitalizing" a deity statue, see (Kurtik z04) [[Zibānītum|''Zibānītu'']], II.
* (5) An incantation against the plague [TuL, 163, 34:14].
* (6) New Year's ritual in Babylon: prayer to múlMAR.GID2.DA ''mar-kas'' AN-''e'' "Wagon, the link (perhaps center) of heaven" [RAcc. 139:330; Linssen 2004, 221, 230], as to the stellar incarnation of Venus [Reiner 1995 139].
* (7) Magical acts before mulMAR.GID2.DA were also performed by sorcerers [Reiner 1995, 107]. See also [AHw, 238; CAD M/1, 297; CT 13, 38:18; Horowitz 1989; 1990; Mayer 1976, 429-430; Reiner 1960].

==== Symbol. ====
Wagon. Described in VAT 9428 r. 4-7: mulMAR.GID2.DA ''ap''2''-sa''3-''ma-ak-ku'' [4 M]UL.MEŠ ''ina pu-ut-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru'' / ''ma-šad-da-ša''2 ''ana ša''2-''šal-li ša''2 mul˹''E''4˺-''ru''6 3 MUL.MEŠ / ''ina'' IGI-''at ma-šad-di-ša''2 1 MUL ''na-bu-u ina'' <<SAG>> ''ma-šad-di'' / ''u''3 2 MUL.MEŠ ''šap-lu-tu''4 A2 ''ana'' A2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SAG ''ma-šad-di eṣ-ru'' "The wagon (is shaped like) apsamakku (= "a regular quadrilateral with concave sides" [CAD A/2, 192]). [4 s]tars are shown on its front. / Her drawbar is (pointed) at the heel of Erua. 3 stars / on her drawbar - 1 star with great brilliance at the beginning of the drawbar, / and 2 stars below one after the other in front on the drawbar are depicted" [Weidner 1927, 75-78; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25]. See also the description in the Uranology text MLC 1866.

The wagon was considered as a circumpolar <s>non-setting</s> constellation. mulMAR.GID2.DA ''kal'' MU GUB-''uz ma-a i-lam-ma-a'' "The wagon stands all year long, while rotating" [BPO 2, III 28c]. Its special position in the sky is also recorded in a Neo-Assyrian inscription: ''ša Sin-aḫḫḫe-erība itti man-zal-ti e-riq-qi kinni palâšu'' "Make the reign of Sennacherib as stable as the position of (the constellation) Wagon", quoted in [CAD E, 297; M/1 229].

==== Identification. ====
= Ursa Major [Gössmann 1950, 258 I; Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 73; Weidner 1957-59, 79a; BPO 2, 13; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73].

= α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ, η Ursae Majoris [Koch 1989, 111].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) ''mašaddu'' "drawbar," see above.

(2) ''zarû'' "drawbar," see (Kurtik k06) [[KA5.A|KA5.A]], (Kurtik z05) ''[[Zarû]]''.

(3) SAG.KI = ''pūtu'' "front," lit. "forehead" of the Wagon, see above.

==== Astrology. ====

==== Abbreviation MAR ====
(1) The Star Cluster and the Wagon stand together; MUL.MUL ''u'' mulMAR UR.BI GUB.MEŠ ŠEG3.MEŠ ''u'' A.KAL.MEŠ DU.MEŠ-''ma'' ŠE.GUN3 TUR ''ina'' EN.TE.NA ŠUB-''tim bu-lim'' "If the Star Cluster and the Wagon stand together: rain and flood will come, crops will be little, in winter there will be an epidemic amongst the cattle" [BPO 2, IV 4a, V 2a, VI 2a, VII 3a]; see also: dIMIN.BI ''ana'' KU2-''ti bu-lim'': MUL.MUL ''u'' mulMAR UR.BI GUB.MEŠ [...] "Seven gods (for predicting) the death of livestock: the Star Cluster and the Wagon stand together [...]" [ACh Suppl. 2, 84:3]. Here the following identity seems to be assumed: "Wagon = Venus".

(2) The star, above the Wagon, flashes; DIŠ TA UGU-''nu'' mulMAR UL SUR-''ma'' GIM ZA.GIN3.DURU5 ''ana'' 15 NA DIB-''iq'' LU2 BI BI TI.LA ''ur-rak'' "If a star (in color) like lapis lazuli flashes above the Wagon (and) passes to the right of a person: that person will live long" [Stev. O.T., Pl. XVII:23].
===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; [...ulMAR.GID2].DA d''Dil-bat'' "[Povo]zka = Venus" [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r.1], see also below (6), (7), etc.; Venus as the morning star, see above LBAT 1564:13.

(2) = Jupiter(?); the identity is suggested in [Bezold 1920, 122:159], but there is no clear evidence.

(3) = Old Man; see below (9).

(4) = The Furrow; see above "Great Star List and Miscellenia."

===== Predictions: =====
(5) Wagon and eclipse; mulMAR.GID2.DA ''ana'' AN.MI "Wagon for (predicting) an eclipse" [BPO 2, I 1 + Parallels, III 1, subscript].

(6) Dark sky over the Wagon; [DIŠ ''e-le-nu'' mu]lMAR.GID2.DA AN-''u''2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-''nu'' d''Dil-bat'' dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD DU-''ma''] "[If over] the Wagon the sky is dark: there will be an eclipse, (meaning:) Mer[cury stands] above Venus" [BPO 3, 218, K.3601 r.33], for parallels see. [BPO 3, 180, K.229:7'; 253, 81-2-4,239:5; 255, K.2204:3; 257, LKU, 111:6; Stev.O.T., 232:12]; the commentary suggests identities: Wagon=Venus; Dark Sky=Mercury."

(7) The Wagon and the Black Star; DIŠ mulMAR.GID2.DA A2 IM.1 mulGE6 KUR-''ud'' ... "If the Wagon reaches the Black Star in the south: Adad will strike, var.: there will be an eclipse." [BPO 3, 92, K.2226+:16]; in LB 1321 r. 21′ added the comment: ...: ul''Dil-bat'' uludu.idim.sag.uš ˹''kur-ud''˺ [...] " ..., (meaning): Venus is approaching Saturn." [Borger 1973, 41:21′]. [DIŠ mu]lMAR.GID2.DA A2 imULU3 (var. readings: imMIR, imKUR.RA, imMAR.TU) mulGE6 [...] "If the Wagon is in the south (north, east, west) of the Black Star [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:90-93].

(8) The Wagon upside down; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA ''na-bal-kut'' DUMU.MEŠ EN.LIL2ki ''la'' GI.NA.MEŠ ''i-t''[''a-mu-u''2] "If the Wagon (stands) upside down: the citizens of Nippur will speak lies" [BPO 3, 219, K.3601+ r.36], see also [ibid, 232, D.T.47 r.20].

(9) Venus and the Wagon; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulMAR.GID2.DA DU-''ma a-me-ru'' IGI .... d''Dil-bat ina'' IGI mulŠU.GI DU-''ma'' "If Venus flashes (flickers?) and goes towards the Wagon, and someone sees it: a storm? will rise in three days and cover the country, (it means:) Venus stands before the Old Man" [BPO 3, 100, K.T.47 r.20] [BPO 3, 100, K.35:4; 52, VAT 10218:126]; the comment suggests an identity: Wagon=Old Man.

(10) Planet and Wagon; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM SUR-''ma'' mulMAR.GID2.DA NIGIN GAL.MEŠ TUR.MEŠ UŠ2.[MEŠ] "If the Planet flares up (i.e., dramatically increases its brilliance) and moves around? the Wagon: the great and small will di[e]." [Largement 1957, 246:52; TU, 16:52]; here apparently Planet = Mars, Wagon = Venus(?).

(11) The Wagon, the shooting star and Jupiter; DIŠ TA ŠA3 ulMAR.GID2.DA UL SUR-''ma'' ''ša''2 ulME.GAR E3 .../ DIŠ KI.MIN-''ma la'' E3 ... "If a star bursts forth from the Wagon while Jupiter rises ... var: ...if it does not rise ..." [Stev.O.T., 233:18-19, Pl. XVII:20-22]; for other predictions based on the observation of shooting stars in the Wagon or "above the Wagon," see Stev.O.T., 233:18-19, Pl. XVII:20-22. [ibid.]

(12) The Wagon and the Moon; DIŠ mulMAR.GID2.DA ''ina'' ŠA3 (var. readings: ina MAŠ.QA, ''ina'' SI 15, ''ina'' SI 150) d30 GUB ''ina'' KUR [...] "If the Wagon (=Venus) stands in the middle (var.: on the shoulder, on the right horn, on the left horn) of the Moon: in the country [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:86-89].

(13) The Wagon and the Yoke; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA ''ana'' mulŠUDUN ''pa-ni-ša''2 ''us-suḫ''4 [...] "[If] the Wagon (=Venus) (approaches) the Yoke and disappears(?) before it [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:94].

(14) The wagon at sunrise; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA ''ip-rik-ma'' ZI-''ut'' ERIN2-''man-da'' [...] "[If] The wagon lays across at sunrise: (the country) Umman-manda [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:95].

(15) Darkening of the Wagon; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA ''a-dir'' ERIN2-''man-da'' ZI''-ma'' MU 6 KAN [...] "[If] the Wagon becomes dark: (the country of) Umman-manda will attack within 6 years [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:96].

(16) The Wagon and ''mišḫu''; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ina'' KUR SU.BIR4ki ''u'' KUR [...] "[If] the Wagon gives birth to mišḫu: in the country of Subartu and the country of [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:97].

(17) The Wagon at the setting of the Sun; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB [...] ''ina'' AN.MI dUTU d[...] "If the Sun sets and the Wagon stands in its place [...] during a solar eclipse [...]" [ACh Šamaš, 16:10; Van Soldt, Table 27, Ca 8].

(18) The Pleiades and the Wagon stand together; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 11.

For other examples of predictions, see. [Gössmann 1950, 258, III].
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (e19)
!
|-
|
=== mul''eriqqu'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulMAR.GID2.DA «Повозка»; силлабическая запись встречается в лексических и ряде других текстах; см. m08MAR.GID2.DA.
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m07)
|[Gössmann 1950, 257]
|-
|
=== MAR ===
|
|-
|сокращение от mulMAR.GID2.DA «Повозка»; созвездие в пределах Большой Медведицы [Gössmann 1950, 257], см. m08.
I. Источники.

EAE. [BPO 2, IV 4a, V 2a, VI 2a, VII 3a; Stev. O.T., Pl. XVII:23; ACh Suppl. 2, 84:3].

II. Астрология.

(1) Звезды и Повозка стоят вместе; MUL.MUL u mulMAR UR.BI GUB.MEŠ ŠEG3.MEŠ u A.KAL.MEŠ DU.MEŠ-ma ŠE.GUN3 TUR ina EN.TE.NA ŠUB-tim bu-lim «Если Звезды и Повозка стоят вместе: придут дожди и наводнения, урожай будет маленьким, зимой ― эпидемия среди скота» [BPO 2, IV 4a, V 2a, VI 2a, VII 3a]; см. также: dIMIN.BI ana KU2-ti bu-lim : MUL.MUL u mulMAR UR.BI GUB.MEŠ […] «Семеро богов (для предсказания) гибели скота : Звезды и Повозка вместе стоят […]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 84:3]. Здесь, по-видимому, предполагается тождество: «Повозка = Венера».

(2) Звезда над Повозкой вспыхивает; DIŠ TA UGU-nu mulMAR UL SUR-ma GIM ZA.GIN3.DURU5 ana 15 NA DIB-iq LU2 BI TI.LA ur-rak «Если над Повозкой вспыхивает звезда (по цвету) подобная ляпис-лазури (и) проходит справа от человека: этот человек будет долго жить» [Stev. O.T., Pl. XVII:23].
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, m08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950), [Gössmann 1950, 257]
|-
|
=== MAR.GID2.DA ===
|
|-
| = muleriqqu «Повозка»; созвездие в Большой Медведице (Ursa Majoris) [Gössmann 1950, 258], cм. также m07MAR.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Старовавилонские одноязычные шумерские списки: mul (giš)mar.gid2.da [MSL 11, 108:387; 134 col. ix 8; 137, Forerunner 3, rev. ii 1]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mulmar.gid2.da A / mul gišmar.gid2.da B = i-ri-iq-qu [Emar VI/4, 151:165], mulmar.gid2.da = e-req-qu/qa [SpTU III, 114A v 42; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:299ʹ]. (3) Cерия Antagal (Tabl. G 311): [mulmar].gid2.da = EN.LIL2ki «Повозка = Ниппур» [MSL XVII, 229:311]; см. также mulMAR.GID2.DA e-re-eq-[qu…] [MLC 1866, iii 13]. «Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Cтаровавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: gišMAR.GID.DA [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:19], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: MAR.GID2.DA [Dossin 1935, 181–182:18]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, I 1, III 1, 28c, subscript; BPO 3, 284; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; Largement 1957, 246:52; verderame 2002, 247; Von Soldt, Tablet 27, Ca 8; Stev. O.T., 232–234:12, 18–29, Pl. XVII 14, 20–32], см. также mul gišmar.gid2.da в астрологических предсказаниях из Эмара [Emar VI/4, 655:40, 43; 660:2–8; Horowitz 1990]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц абу, звезды Энлиля, 50 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul ša ina dal.ba.an im [xx] / u im.kur.ra gib mul.b[i]? / mulmar.gid2.da dNin-[lil2] «Звезда которая между се[вером] и востоком поперек (лежит), звезда эта Повозка, Нинлиль» (B iii 8–10); см. также a43APIN. (2) Cписок (3´12): itine … mulmar.gid2.da šu-ut [dEn-lil2] «Месяц абу: … Повозка (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит?)» (C iii 5). (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход — абу, заход — шабату [KAV 218, C 21, 34; Horowitz 2014, 39–40]; см. b06BAN. BM 82923. Месяц абу, звезды Энлиля: mul[MAR.GID2.DA] // 50 // be-el-tum «[Повозка] // 50 // Госпожа» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 29–30:15]. BM 34713. Месяц улулу, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:7], см. b11BIR. Звезды Энлиля, месяц улулу: … 45 // [múlMA]R.GID2.DA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 5): mulmar.gid2.da [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 15, 16, 17): a) mulMAR.GID2.DA dNin-lil2 «Повозка, Нинлиль» (I i 15), b) «Звезда на дышле Повозки» (I i 16–17), см. k06 KA5.A, c) «Звезда на передке Повозки» (I i 18), см. u04U8; параллели см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:4'–6']. (2) Схема определения направлений ветров по звездам: mulMAR.GID2.DA — север (II i 68–71), см. k24KU6 [MA, 22, 23, 87]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min] (=mulab.sin2) «Повозка = [Борозда]», параллель [TU, 18 r. 5]; (2) 12 звезд Аккада: mulmar.gid2.da [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:45, 210]. MLC 1866. mulMAR.GID2.DA e-re-eq-[qu dNin-lil2] / gišGIGIR da-nu-um ap2-sa3-am-[ma-ku 4 MUL.MEŠ] / ina A2.MEŠ-šu2 e-ṣir-u᾽ 3 MU[L.MEŠ ina SAG.KI-šu2] / e-ṣir-u᾽ … 2 MUL.MEŠ un-nu-tu-tu A2 ana ˹A2˺ [IGI-šu2 ina ma-šad-di] / e-ṣir-u᾽ MUL ša2 it-ti za-r[u mulMAR.GID2.DA] / GUB-zu mulKA5.A dEr3-ra gaš!(BE)-ri D[INGIR.MEŠ] / MUL ša2 ina SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA DIŠ x […] / mulim-mer-tu4 d˹e?˺-a […] «Повозка = повоз[ка Нинлиль] / Колесница Ану (имеет форму) apsam[akku, 4 звезды] / по его сторонам изображены; 3 звезд[ы на ее передке] / изображены. … 2 слабые звезды одна за другой [впереди нее на дышле] / изображены. Звезда, которая на ды[шле Повозки] / стоит, Лиса, бог Эрра могучий среди [богов]. / Звезда, которая на передке Повозки (стоит) / Овца […]» (col. iii 13–21) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41], комментарии см. [ibid., 54–56]. Список «6 дворцовых женщин», см. a02A.EDIN. Dalbanna-текст. §V. mulmar.[gid2].˹da˺ ( UMa), см. h03Ḫaniš. LBAT 1564:13. Имя Венеры как утренней звезды: [DIŠ mulMAR.]GID2.DA // mulDil-bat // ina d[UTU.E3.]A «[Пов]озка ― Венера на [восходе Солнца]», см. также [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV; Reiner 1995, 58, note 239]. Cм. также обращение к Повозке в заклинании: EN2 mul[MAR.GID2.DA gi]šMAR.GID2.DA ša2-ma-mi «Заклинание: О [Созвездие Повозка], Небесная Повозка.» [CT 13, 38:17; CAD E, 297b; Horowitz 1989, 243]. См. также [SpTU I, 28:10'].

II. Божество.

Созвездие MAR.GID2.DA, связанное с dNin-lil2, — одно из самых почитаемых астральных божеств древней Месопотамии (см. n34dNIN.LIL2). Среди его эпитетов: ulMAR.GID2.DA rabītu(GAL) «Великая Повозка» [Stev. O.T., 231:4], ummu DINGIR.MEŠ «Мать богов» [Horowitz 1989, 243, note 4]. Его популярность объясняется отождествлением с Большой Медведицей, не заходящим созвездием, наблюдавшимся на протяжении всей ночи. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Старовавилонская молитва к ночным богам, см. выше.; в новоассирийской версии молитвы имя созвездия отсутствует, однако, вероятно, оно присутствовало в оригинале [Oppenheim 1959, 282–283; Reiner 1995, 67]. (2) Очистительный ритуал «Воздевание рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam), см. [Mayer 1976, 429; Reiner 1995, 17]. (3) Ритуал «намбурби» (nam.bur2.bi): ina IGI MUL.[… u MUL.]MAR.GID2 tašakkan «Перед звездой […и] Повозкой ты приносишь (жертвоприношение)» [Ebeling 1955, 38–39:24–25; Reiner 1995, 85; САD E, 297b]. (4) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z04Zibānītu, II. (5) Заклинание против чумы [TuL, 163, 34:14]. (6) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне: молитва к múlMAR.GID2.DA mar-kas AN-e «Повозка, связь (возможно, центр) небес» [RАcc. 139:330; Linssen 2004, 221, 230], как к звездному воплощению Венеры [Reiner 1995 139]. (7) Магические действия перед mulMAR.GID2.DA совершались также колдунами [Reiner 1995, 107]. См. также [AHw, 238; CAD M/1, 297; CT 13, 38:18; Horowitz 1989; 1990; Mayer 1976, 429–430; Reiner 1960].

III. Символ.

Повозка. Описание в VAT 9428 r. 4–7: mulMAR.GID2.DA ap2-sa3-ma-ak-ku [4 M]UL.MEŠ ina pu-ut-ti-ša2 eṣ-ru / ma-šad-da-ša2 ana ša2-šal-li ša2 mul˹E4˺-ru6 3 MUL.MEŠ / ina IGI-at ma-šad-di-ša2 1 MUL na-bu-u ina <<SAG>> ma-šad-di / u3 2 MUL.MEŠ šap-lu-tu4 A2 ana A2-šu2 ina SAG ma-šad-di eṣ-ru «Повозка (имеет форму) apsamakku (= «правильный четырехугольник с вогнутыми сторонами» [CAD A/2, 192]). [4 з]везды изображены на ее передке. / Ее дышло (направлено) в пятку Эруа. 3 звезды / на ее дышле – 1 звезда с большим блеском в начале дышла, / и 2 звезды ниже одна за другой впереди на дышле изображены» [Weidner 1927, 75–78; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25]. См. также описание в MLC 1866.

Повозка считалась не заходящим созвездием. mulMAR.GID2.DA kal MU GUB-uz ma-a i-lam-ma-a «Повозка стоит весь год, при этом вращается» [BPO 2, III 28c]. Ее особое положение на небе зафиксировано также в новоассирийской надписи: ša Sin-aḫḫe-erība itti man-zal-ti e-riq-qi kinni palâšu «Сделай правление Синаххериба столь же стабильным, как положение (созвездия) Повозка», цит. по [CAD E, 297; M/1 229].

IV. Отождествление.

= Ursa Major [Gössmann 1950, 258 I; Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 73; Weidner 1957–59, 79a; BPO 2, 13; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73].

= α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ, η Ursae Majoris [Koch 1989, 111].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) mašaddu «дышло», см. выше.

(2) zarû «дышло», см. k06KA5.A, z05Zarû.

(3) SAG.KI = pūtu «передок», букв. «лоб» Повозки, см. выше.

VI. Астрология

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; [… ulMAR.GID2].DA dDil-bat «[Пово]зка = Венера» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r.1], см. также ниже (6), (7) и др.; Венера как утренняя звезда, см. выше LBAT 1564:13.

(2) = Юпитер(?); тождество предполагается в [Bezold 1920, 122:159], однако явные свидетельства отсутствуют.

(3) = Старик; см. ниже (9).

(4) = Борозда; см. выше «Большой список звезд».

Предсказания:

(5) Повозка и затмение; mulMAR.GID2.DA ana AN.MI «Повозка для (предсказания) затмения» [BPO 2, I 1 + Parallels, III 1, subscript].

(6) Темное небо над Повозкой; [DIŠ e-le-nu mu]lMAR.GID2.DA AN-u2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-nu dDil-bat dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD DU-ma] «[Если над] Повозкой небо темное: будет затмение, (это означает:) выше Венеры Мер[курий стоит]» [BPO 3, 218, K.3601 r.33], параллели см. [ā, 180, K.229:7'; 253, 81-2-4,239:5; 255, K.2204:3; 257, LKU, 111:6; Stev.O.T., 232:12]; комментарий предполагает тождества: Повозка=Венера; Темное небо=Меркурий».

(7) Повозка и Черная звезда; DIŠ mulMAR.GID2.DA A2 IM.1 mulGE6 KUR-ud … «Если Повозка достигает на юге Черной звезды: Адад нанесет удар, вар.: будет затмение» [BPO 3, 92, K.2226+:16]; в LB 1321 r. 21′ добавлен комментарий: …: ulDil-bat uludu.idim.sag.uš ˹kur-ud˺ […] «…, (это означает): Венера к Сатурну приближается» [Borger 1973, 41:21′]. [DIŠ mu]lMAR.GID2.DA A2 imULU3 (вар. чтения: imMIR, imKUR.RA, imMAR.TU) mulGE6 […] «Если Повозка на юге (на севере, на востоке, на западе) Черную звезду […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:90–93].

(8) Повозка вверх дном; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA na-bal-kut DUMU.MEŠ EN.LIL2ki la GI.NA.MEŠ i-t[a-mu-u2] «Если Повозка (стоит) вверх дном: граждане Ниппура будут говорить неправду» [BPO 3, 219, K.3601+ r.36], см. также [ibid, 232, D.T.47 r.20].

(9) Венера и Повозка; DIŠ mulDil-bat SUR-ma ana IGI mulMAR.GID2.DA DU-ma a-me-ru IGI …. dDil-bat ina IGI mulŠU.GI DU-ma «Если Венера вспыхивает (мерцает?) и идет по направлению к Повозке, и некто видит ее: буря? поднимется через три дня и покроет страну, (это означает:) Венера стоит перед Стариком» [BPO 3, 100, K.35:4; 52, VAT 10218:126]; комментарий предполагает тождество: Повозка=Старик.

(10) Планета и Повозка; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM SUR-ma mulMAR.GID2.DA NIGIN GAL.MEŠ TUR.MEŠ UŠ2.[MEŠ] «Если Планета вспыхивает (т.е. резко увеличивает свой блеск) и движется вокруг? Повозки: великие и малые будут умир[ать]» [Largement 1957, 246:52; TU, 16:52]; здесь, по-видимому, Планета = Марс, Повозка = Венера(?).

(11) Повозка, падающая звезда и Юпитер; DIŠ TA ŠA3 ulMAR.GID2.DA UL SUR-ma ša2 ulME.GAR E3 …/ DIŠ KI.MIN-ma la E3… «Если из Повозки звезда вспыхивает, в то время как Юпитер восходит … вар.: …если не восходит…» [Stev.O.T., 233:18–19, Pl. XVII:20–22]; другие предсказания, основанные на наблюдении падающих звезд в Повозке или «выше Повозки», см. [ibid.].

(12) Повозка и Луна; DIŠ mulMAR.GID2.DA ina ŠA3 (вар. чтения: ina MAŠ.QA, ina SI 15, ina SI 150) d30 GUB ina KUR […] «Если Повозка (=Венера) в середине (вар.: на плече, на правом роге, на левом роге) Луны стоит: в стране […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:86–89].

(13) Повозка и Ярмо; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA ana mulŠUDUN pa-ni-ša2 us-suḫ4 […] «[Если] Повозка (=Венера) к Ярму (приблизилась) и перед ним исчезла(?) […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:94].

(14) Повозка при восходе; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA ip-rik-ma ZI-ut ERIN2-man-da […] «[Если] Повозка легла поперек при восходе: (страна) Умман-манда […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:95].

(15) Затемнение Повозки; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA a-dir ERIN2-man-da ZI-ma MU 6 KAN […] «[Если] Повозка стала темной: (страна) Умман-манда в течение 6 лет будет атаковать […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:96].

(16) Повозка и mišḫu; [DIŠ mul]MAR.GID2.DA meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ina KUR SU.BIR4ki u KUR […] «[Если] Повозка породила mišḫu: в стране Субарту и стране […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:97].

(17) Повозка при заходе Солнца; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB […] ina AN.MI dUTU d[…] «Если Солнце заходит и Повозка стоит на его месте […] во время солнечного затмения […]» [ACh Šamaš, 16:10; Van Soldt, Table 27, Ca 8].

(18) Плеяды и Повозка вместе стоят; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 11.

Другие примеры предсказаний см. [Gössmann 1950, 258, III].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:UMa]]
[[Category:BigDipper]]

Ereš-ki-gal

2026-04-23T15:30:42Z

JanSafford:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ereš-ki-gal''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:British Museum Queen of the Night.jpg|thumb|"Queen of the Night". Relief. Old Babylonian (Mesopotamia). Iraq, south. 19th c BCE-18th c BCE. (public domain). ]]
''Ereškigal'' (𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲) is the Queen of the Underworld. In the Akkadian myth 'Nergal and Ereškigal' she marries the god Nergal and elevates her new husband to ultimate sovereignty in the realm of the dead.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The goddess of the underworld, identified with Mars and the constellation [[MUŠ|mulMUŠ]] ([[Hydra]]) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 128; Wiggermann 1997, 34-35]. For the goddess and 'Nergal and Ereškigal' see SAACT 8 .
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea".'''
* [d''Ereš'']-''ki-gal'' = min(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'')
* "Ereškigal = Mars" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:110].
|Planet Mars.
|-
|List of stars V R 46, 1:29.

* mulmuš = d''Ereš-ki-gal''
* "Snake = Ereškigal" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:29; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg|thumb|The Babylonian constellation of the MUŠ-snake, visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg)]]
|}
See (Kurtik m43) [[MUŠ]], (Kurtik n29) [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]].

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e16)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|богиня подземного мира, отождествляемая с Марсом и созвездием Змея (mulMUŠ) [G. 128; Wiggermann 1997, 34–35].
I. Источники.

«Большой список звезд». [dEreš]-ki-gal = min(=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Эрешкигаль = Марс» [Mesop. Astrol., App. B:110]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:29. mulmuš = dEreš-ki-gal «Змея = Эрешкигаль» [HBA, 52:29; Wee 2016, 162–3].

См. m43dMUŠ, n29dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Hya]]

EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ

2026-04-23T15:28:04Z

JanSafford: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:ENTENABARGUZ stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ 'The Shaggy Winter Star' = mul /d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'', 'The Mousey One', Jessica Gulberg's interpretation of a "mousey man" in the winter sky. Map in Stellarium, position rather uncertain.]]
[[File:Мышь 2.jpg|thumb|Mouse (CC BY George Shuklin)]]mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM (𒀯𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝) now to be read mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ 'The Shaggy Winter Star' = mul d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'' (𒀯𒀭𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡)'','' 'The Mousey One'.

A constellation in the area of [[Centaurus]] but not identical to the classical constellation. A partially preserved description is available in the expanded version of the Uranology Text from late-period Uruk. The Akkadian name indicates that at least some elements of the constellation had rodent-like features.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The reading needs to be changed from conventionally mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM to now read EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>Theoretically the BAR could also be read MAŠ since the two originally distinct signs merged in the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE. However, at least one Old Babylonian lexical text clearly has the old form of BAR (CBS 6074 + UM 29-16-44 + N 6069 rev. iii’ 1, Nippur forerunner to Hh XX-XXII, cf. photo cdli P229320: [mul]EN.TE.EN.NA.BAR.GUZ). The reading GUZ of the last sign LUM (= ḪUM) is confirmed by the spelling mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUŠ in a mB forerunner of the same list from Emar (Msk 47187 rev. ii’ 10’, see Arnaud 1985<ref>Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).</ref>, VI.2, 461, and Gantzert 2011<ref>Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki></ref>, I 215, II 127), where the name is translated ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-rù''. The usual form of the Akk. equivalent is, however, ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu''. Once the name is explained as uzuGU2.MURGU d''A-num'' “Back-bone of Anum”, see N. Veldhuis, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/dcclt/corpus#P393814.19 . MURGU obviously resulted from a misinterpretation of the similar sign LUM. There and elsewhere the sumerogram is interpreted as “Shaggy Winter Star” or the like. This interpretation is based on Sum. enten “winter” and barguz = Akk. ''(ḫ)apparû'' “(with) shaggy (hair)” (cf., e.g., Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 246, fn. 1620). In the dictionaries, ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' is found under ''ḫums/ṣīru'' (AHw.), ''ḫumṣiru'' (CAD), a term for a (big) “mouse”, which displays a variety of different forms. The ancient scribes understood ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' by means of folk etymology as ''*ḫabbāt-ṣēr-Anu'' “Raider of the back/steppe of Anum” according to the commentary ''iḫbut ṣēr Anu'' “he raided the back/steppe of Anu” in a star list (5R 46: 48, cf. Weidner, HbA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51–52). mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ (EA 4l). </blockquote>Var. readings:
* mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM/LUM/HUŠ;
* mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ/ḪUM/SIG4
* = mul / d''Ḫabaṣīrānu''; the meaning of the Akkadian word is not quite clear, possible connections with ''ḫumṣīru'' "(big) mouse" with the meaning: "Mouse-like". [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 355b; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Ḫ, 8; Landsberger 1934<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14.Tafel der Serie DAR-RA = Cubullu. Leipzig, 1934.</ref>, 105f.]; a constellation within [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus) [Gössmann<ref name=":4">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 179; BPO 2<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; AHw<ref name=":2" />, 303]. For discussion of the Sumerian and Akkadian names see Beaulieu et al. 2018: 54. For previous readings see below Krebernik (2023).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists: mulen.te.en.na.bar.ḫum [MSL XI<ref name=":6">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:392], mulen.te.en.bar.ḫum [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 16].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫuš = mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-nu'' A / mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-na-ru'' B [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:163; Bloch and Horowitz 2016<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 108:298ʹ], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = [''ḫa-ba-ṣ'']''i-ra-nu'' [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 31, Gap j:g], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = ˹''ḫu-mu-un''˺-''si''3-''ru'' [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 49, RS Rec. A:65], [mulen.te.na.bar. lum] = [''ḫa-ba-ṣ'']''i-ra-nu'' [Weidner 1959-60<ref name=":7">''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:33], [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' [SpTU III<ref name=":8">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 A v 41].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' = UZU.GU2.MUR7 ''da-''˹''nim''˺ "Cosmic winter asterism = Mouse-like = Main support of Anu" [MSL XI<ref name=":6" />, 41:45], see also [SpTU III<ref name=":8" />, 116 Rs. III 14].
|Example
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."''' '''''Problems with Albs that we need to address - how to deal w/ new Horowitz edition'''''
Astrolabe B.
* (1) List (12´3): [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum dnin.gir3.su "Entenabarḫum, Ningirsu" (Section B i 26).
* (2) List (3´12): [itidu6] ... mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum ''šu''-[''ut'' d''En-lil''2] " month Tašritu: ... Entenabarḫum (on the way of) Enlil (rising)" (C iii 7).
* (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — Tašritu, sunset — Nisanu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 37, 40-41]; see (Kurtik n37) [[NIN.MAḪ]].
Astrolabe P. Month of Tašritu, stars Ea, 40 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

BM 82923.

* Month Tašritu, Enlil stars: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM // 40 // GIŠ.TUKUL MUL dE[N] [x] "Entenabarḫum // 40 // Weapon, star [...]". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:21].

BM 34713.

* The month of Araḫsamnu, the star of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:8], see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]].

"Circular Astrolabes".

* K.14943+: [mulen.te.na].bar.ḫum "(Stars of Enlil, month Ṭebetu), [Entena]barḫum" [CT<ref name=":9">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 12].
The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 7):
* ˹mulen.te.na.bar˺.ḫum [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].

Text Sm. 162 rev. (Parallel to The Hilprecht Text)

* rev. 8. [...mu]l''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' [Weidner 1957-58<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 154].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, III 5, 5b, 35-35a, X 18, XI 3, XIII 4, XIV 3; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 31′; BPO 3<ref name=":10">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Ea (no. 5): mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' "Entenabarḫum, Ningirsu" (I ii 22).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: "15th Tašritu" (I iii 1), see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
* (3) Simultaneous daily rising and setting: a) (I iii 23), see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]], b) (I iii 32), see (Kurtik a48) [[IKU|AŠ.GAN2.]]
* (4) Astrological predictions: MUL [TA i]mKUR ''ana'' imU18 SUR-''ma'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM DIB-''ma'' / ''ina'' imMAR ŠU2 3 MUmeš KUR ḪE2.NUN IGI "<If> a star flashes from the East towards the South, passes Entenabarḫum, and sets in the west: sets in the West: for three years the land will see abundance." (II iii 46-47) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":11">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 106].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":12">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 158 r. 7].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* ''Neo-Assyrian prayer: mulEN.<TE>.NA.BAR.ḪUM [Oppenheim 1959''<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>'', 283:14]. <nowiki>[[need to chek]]</nowiki>''
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea".'''
* (1) mul''ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' = dnin.gir2.su "The Mousey One = Ningirsu";
* (2) 12 asterisms of Elam: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum;
* (3) ''7'' ''lumāšu''-stars: mulen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:157, 204, 228; Weidner 1959-60<ref name=":7" />, 107:19].
* (2) mul''Ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' d''Nin-gir''2''-su'': ''iḫ-bu-tu''2 edin d''A-nu'' "Ḫabaṣiranu, Ningirsu, (who) plunders the field of Anu." [CAD<ref name=":3" /> Ḫ, 7; HBA<ref name=":1" />, 52:48;
|
|-
| '''List of stars VR 46, 1:24, 48.'''
* (1) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = d''Uraš''(IB)
* (2) "Entenabarḫum = Uraš"; [Gössmann<ref name=":4" /> 179; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866. mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ˹d''Nin''˺-[''gir''2''-s'']''u''2 / ''ṣa-lam'' SAG.DU 1+EN M[UL xxxx] / ''ina'' ˹ŠU.MIN˺ [15? ]-˹''šu''2˺ xx [xxxxxx] "Entenabarḫum, Nin[girs]u, / a human figure, on its head, one s[tar ...] / in his [right] hand [...]" (col. iii 7-9) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":14">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (J) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum "Entenabarḫum's hand" (δ Cen) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:16], see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §X. mulgir3 gub3 [en.te].na.bar.ḫum mul d?PA? [...] 3 mul.meš [... 2 dal.ba.a]n.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mulgir3 g[ub3 ...]
* "Left leg of [Ente]nabarḫum (κ Cen?), Šullat [...], [..:] 3 stars. [... 2 interv]als, interval. Le[ft] leg [...] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM<ref name=":15">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107];
* According to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 47, 60]: mul d?PA? [...] = mul d?PA?[4-''šu''2] "[4] (stars) of Šullat" (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), [...] = [mul''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL)] "[Ḫaniš]" (α Cen?). "Dilbat tablet." mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — the name of Venus in the month of Tašritu, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.
|
|}
See also [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42:14], [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 262, K.3384 r. 6]; mul''Ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu'' d''Nin-gir''2''-su'' dUDU.[IDIM] "Habaṣiranu = Ningirsu = Planet" [ACh Sin<ref name=":16">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 19:22].
[[File:ENTENARBARGUZ CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 181343.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside EN.TE.NAR.BAR.GUZ (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|υ 4 Eridani
|HIP 20042
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.56
|-
| 2
|τ 4 Eridani
|HIP 15474
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|3
|[[Theemin]]
|HIP 21393
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.82
|-
|4
|[[Beemim]]
|HIP 20535
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.96
|-
|5
| [[Dalim]]
|HIP 14879
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.98
|-
|6
|τ 3 Eridani
|HIP 14146
|Constellation lines
|4.09
|-
|7
|τ 6 Eridani
|HIP 17651
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.2
|-
|8
|τ 5 Eridani
|HIP 16611
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.25
|-
|9
|τ 1 Eridani
|HIP 12843
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
|10
|τ 8 Eridani
|HIP 18216
| Inside the Hull
|4.623
|-
|11
|15 Eri
|HIP 15382
| Inside the Hull
|4.875
|-
|12
|τ 7 Eridani
| HIP 17717
|Inside the Hull
|5.235
|-
|13
|83 G. Eri
|HIP 15643
|Inside the Hull
| 5.496
|-
| 14
|ρ Fornacis
|HIP 17738
|Inside the Hull
|5.54
|-
|15
|174 G. Eri
|HIP 19095
|Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|16
|AI For
|HIP 15479
| Inside the Hull
|5.622
|-
| 17
|σ Fornacis
| HIP 17618
|Inside the Hull
|5.904
|-
|18
|163 G. Eri
|HIP 18723
|Inside the Hull
|5.919
|-
| 19
| -
|HIP 15357
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 16029
|Inside the Hull
|5.933
|-
|21
|τ Fornacis
| HIP 17007
|Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 15125
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 15700
| Inside the Hull
|6.353
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 16449
|Inside the Hull
|6.372
|-
| 25
|65 G. Eri
|HIP 14757
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 15585
|Inside the Hull
|6.404
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 16697
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
The name of the constellation is recorded often with the divine (DINGIR) determinative and is mentioned in the list of Gods of the Night in the Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night [Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":17">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 14]. However, in the standard lists of gods, his name is absent. He is identified with Ningirsu and Uraš, who were closely connected with Ninurta (Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":17" />, 404-405, 480; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 233, A 71). The mythological background explaining the connection between these deities with the constellation remains unresolved.

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see above.
* (2) A ritual against epidemics [TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref> 163, 34:14].

==== III. Symbol. ====
Unknown. Apparently, it was a hybrid figure (Mischwesen) including human and non-human elements. The texts mention the figure's head, left leg and arm.

==== IV. Identification. ====
= Centaurus (Centaurus) [Gössmann<ref name=":4" /> 123; BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, 11; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":14" />, 72].

= most of Centaurus and probably the Cross (Centaurus, Crux) [MA<ref name=":11" />, 138].

= part of Centaurus (Centaurus) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13" />, 207, App. C].

= most of Centaurus [ASM<ref name=":15" />, 272-273].

==== V. Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum "Hand of Entenabarḫum", see GU-text, MLC 1866. (Uranology-text)

(2) mulgir3 gub3 en.te.na.bar.ḫum "Left foot of Entenabarḫum," see Dalbanna-text (§X).

(3) Head (Entenabarḫum)," see MLC 1866 (Uranology-text)

==== VI. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications. =====
(1) = Venus in the month of Tašritu; see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.

(2) = Mercury; mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min(=muludu.idim.gu4.ud) [CT<ref name=":9" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 5]; for a parallel see [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":16" /> 2, 66:30].

(3) = Jupiter(?), see [Bezold 1920,<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref> 123:205].

(4) = Saturn(?); the identification of Entenabarḫum with Ningirsu, a local form of Ninurta, suggests a possible connection of the constellation with Saturn, but we find no explicit confirmation in texts.

(5) = Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 3.

===== Predictions. =====
(6) General astrological meaning; mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''a-na'' IM.SAG IM.SAG: ''ḫa-ru-up-tu''2: / DIŠ MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM d''Nin-''[''gir''2''-su''] "Entenabarḫum for (predicting) early winds. IM.SAG = ''ḫaruptu'' "early." The asterism that stands on its side, (is) Entenabarḫum, Ningirsu" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 25:10-11; BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, III 5-5b].

(7) Heliacal risings in its own and not in its own time; DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR. ḪUM mul''A''[''n-nu-ni-tum'' BE-''ma ina''] UD.DU[G4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-''ḫa''] / KI.ḪAL GUN-''ša''2 IL2 BE-''ma ina'' NU UD.[DUG4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-''ḫa'' KI.ḪAL] GUN-''ša''2 [NU? IL2] "In the month of Tašritu Entenabarḫum, An[unitu, if it rises] at its prescribed time: the furrow will bring its harvest, if [it rises] not at its prescribed time: [the furrow will not bring] its harvest." [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, X 18].

(8) Heliacal risings in the month of Tašritu; DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM IGI LUGAL UD.MEŠ-''šu''2 GID2.MEŠ "If in the month of Tašritu, Entenabarḫum rises heliacally: the days of the king will be long" [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, XIII 4, XIV 3].

(9) View of the constellation during heliacal risings; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina E''3''-šu''2 ''mul-lu-uḫ'' / SI.SA2 BURU14 KI.LAM GI.NA "If Entenabarḫum (=Mercury) flickers(?) as it comes out: prospering of the harvest, business activity will be stable" [SAA 8<ref name=":12" />, 158 r. 7-8]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina'' ''E''3-''šu''2 ''mu-lu-uḫ ina'' SAG itiŠU IGI NINDA SI.SA2 KI.LAM GI.NA / dGU4.UD ''ki-ma'' TUM3 ''ḫa-an-ṭiš'' IGI-''ma'' "If Entenabarḫum flickers(?) when it comes out, and becomes visible at the beginning of the month of Du'uzu: bread will be good, business activity will be stable. (This means that) Mercury becoms visible quickly after its disappearance." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:47-48], see also [ACh Sin<ref name=":16" />, 19:16], MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba-᾽a-lu'' "its stars are brilliant"; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina E''3''-šu''2 ''a-bi-il ina'' SAG itiNE IGI NINDA NU SA.SI2 KI.LAM TUR / dGU4.UD ''ki-ma'' TUM3 ''a-dan-an-šu''2 ''ina'' AN''-e'' DIB-''iq-ma'' "If Entenabarḫum is foggy(?) when it comes out, and becomes visible at the beginning of the month of Abu: bread will not be good, business activity will decrease. (This means that) Mercury will pass its set time in the sky after it disappeared" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:49-50], see also [ACh Sin<ref name=":16" />, 19:17], where the identity ''a-bi-il'' - mul.meš-''šu''2 ''um-mu-lu'' "its stars are scintillating" is given, cf. [3. Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref>, 289].

(10) The position of the constellation during risings; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM SAG-''šu''2 AN-''e i-na-ṭa-la ina'' MU.B[I...] "If Entenabarḫum, its head, (at his appearance) sees the sky: this year [...] [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:51]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ana'' ABZU ''šu-ur''2 ''ina'' MU.BI [...] "If Entenabarḫum (at its appearance) leans towards the Apsû: this year [...]" [ACh Ištar, 21:52].

(11) The view of the constellation; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ma-diš'' SA5 ... "If Entenabarḫum is very red..." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:53]; DIŠ EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-''šu''2 ''ḫi-i-pu'' DIŠ-''niš it-ta-na-ba-ṭu''3 [...] "If the stars of Entenabarḫum ... shine very brightly together [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:54; LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 104:6, 120:17; CAD<ref name=":3" /> N/1, 24a]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-''šu''2 ''da-᾽a-mu'' IGI-''šu''2''-nu ana'' dUTU.ŠU.A GAR-''nu'' [...] "If the stars of Entenabarḫum are dark (and) are facing the west [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":16" />, 21:55].

(12) Sunset in the region of Ḫabaṣi; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 d''Ḫa-ba-ṣi'' GUB [...] "If the Sun, during its setting in the region of Ḫabaṣi, stands [...]". [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":16" />, 16:14]. ''<nowiki>[[this entry needs to collated???? because of name Habatsi]]</nowiki>''

(13) The pest reaches Entenabarḫum; see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]], IV 4.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e13)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ/LUM/ḪUŠ; = mul / d''Ḫabaṣīrānu'';
возможные значения: шум. «Косматая зимняя звезда», акк. «Подобный мыши» [CAD Ḫ, 8a; Landsberger, Fauna 105f; AHw, 303a, 355b; Mesop.Astrol., App. B:157]; созвездие в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) [G. 123; BPO 2, 12]. См. также h01Ḫabaṣīrānu.
|Example
|-
|Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки: mulen.te.en.na.bar.ḫum [MSL XI, 108:392], mulen.te.en.bar.ḫum [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 16]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulen.te.na.bar.ḫuš = mulḫa-ba-ṣi-na-nu A / mulḫa-ba-ṣi-na-ru B [Emar VI/4, 151:163; Bloch–Horowitz 2016, 108:298ʹ], [mulen.te].na.[bar.ḫum] = [ḫa-ba-ṣ]i-ra-nu [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:g], [mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum] = ˹ḫu-mu-un˺-si3-ru [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A:65], [mulen.te.na.bar.lum] = [ḫa-ba-ṣ]i-ra-nu [Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:33], [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu [SpTU III, 114 A v 41]. (3) Серия Ḫg. B VI: [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum = ḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu = UZU.GU2.MUR7 da-˹nim˺ «Косматая зимняя звезда = Подобный мыши = Главная опора Ану» [MSL XI, 41:45], см. также [SpTU III, 116 Rs. III 14]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц ташриту, звезды Эа, 40 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): [mu]len.te.na.bar.ḫum dnin.gir3.su «Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» (Section B i 26). (2) Cписок (3´12): [itidu6] … mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum šu-[ut dEn-lil2] «Месяц ташриту: … Энтенабархум (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 7). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход – ташриту, заход – нисану [KAV 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40–41]; см. n37NIN.MAḪ. BM 82923. Месяц ташриту, звезды Энлиля: mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM // 40 // GIŠ.TUKUL MUL dE[N] [x] «Энтенабархум // 40 // Оружие, звезда […]» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:21]. BM 34713. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:8], см. u19UR.GI7. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: [mulen.te.na].bar.ḫum «(Звезды Энлиля, месяц тебету), [Энтена]бархум» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 7): ˹mulen.te.na.bar˺.ḫum [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg–Halton 1987b, 212]. Текст Sm. 162 rev. 8. […mu]lḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 154]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 5, 5b, 35–35a, X 18, XI 3, XIII 4, XIV 3; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 31′; BPO 3, 281]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 5): mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su «Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» (I ii 22). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го ташриту» (I iii 1), см. z10Zibānītum. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 23), см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, b) (I iii 32), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Астрологические предсказания: MUL [TA i]mKUR ana imU18 SUR-ma mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM DIB-ma / ina imMAR ŠU2 3 MUmeš KUR ḪE2.NUN IGI «(Если) звезда вспыхивает от востока по направлению к западу, проходит Энтенабархум и садится на западе: в течение трех лет страна будет наслаждаться изобилием» (II iii 46–47) [MA, 36, 43, 50, 52, 115]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 158 r. 7]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mulEN.<TE>.NA.BAR.ḪUM [Oppenheim 1959, 283:14]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulḫa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu = dnin.gir2.su «Подобный Мыши = Нингирсу»; (2) 12 звезд Элама: [mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum]; (3) 7 lumāšu-звезд: mulen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:157, 204, 228; Weidner 1959–60, 107:19]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:24, 48. (1) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = dUraš(IB) «Энтенабархум = Ураш»; (2) mulḪa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu dNin-gir2-su: iḫ-bu-tu2 edin dA-nu «Хабацирану, Нингирсу, (кто) расхищает поле Ану» [CAD Ḫ, 7; HBA, 52:48; G. 179; Wee 2016, 162–3]. MLC 1866. mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ˹dNin˺-[gir2-s]u2 / ṣa-lam SAG.DU 1+EN M[UL xxxx] / ina ˹ŠU.MIN˺ [15?]-˹šu2˺ xx [xxxxxx] «Энтенабархум, Нин[гирс]у, / человеческая фигура, на голове одна зв[езда …] / в ее [правой] руке […]» (col. iii 7–9) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 37, 41]. GU-текст. (J) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum «Рука Энтенабархум» (δ Cen) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], см. также u17UR.A. Dalbanna-текст. §X. mulgir3 gub3 [en.te].na.bar.ḫum mul d?PA? […] 3 mul.meš [… 2 dal.ba.a]n.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mulgir3 g[ub3 …] «Левая нога [Энте]набархум (κ Cen?), Шуллат […], […]: 3 звезды. [… 2 интерв]ала, интервал. Ле[вая] нога […] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mul d?PA? […] = mul d?PA?[4-šu2] «[4] (звезды) Шуллата» (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), […] = [mulḪaniš(LUGAL)] «[Ханиш]» (α Cen?). «Таблица Дилбат». mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — имя Венеры в месяце ташриту, см. d06Dilbat.
См. также [SpTU II, 42:14], [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 6]; mulḪa-ba-ṣi-ra-nu dNin-gir2-su dUDU.[IDIM] «Хабацирану = Нингирсу = Планета» [ACh Sin, 19:22].

II. Божество.

Название созвездия фиксируется нередко с детерминативом d, упоминается в списке ночных богов в новоассирийской молитве к ночным богам [Tallqvist 1938, 14]. Однако в стандартных списках богов его имя отсутствует. Отождествляется с Нингирсу и Урашем, которые были тесно связаны с Нинуртой [Tallqvist 1938, 404–405, 480; Litke 1998, 233, A 71]. Мифологический сюжет, объясняющий связь этих божеств с созвездием, остается нераскрытым. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Новоассирийская молитва ночным богам, см. выше. (2) Ритуал против эпидемии [TuL 163, 34:14].

III. Символ.

Неизвестен. По-видимому, это была антропоморфная фигура. В текстах упоминаются голова, левая нога и рука фигуры.

IV. Отождествление.

= Центавр (Centaurus) [G. 123; BPO 2, 11; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

= большая часть Центавра и, вероятно, Крест (Centaurus, Crux) [MA, 138].

= часть Центавра, Центавр (Centaurus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= большая часть Центавра [ASM, 272–273].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum «Рука Энтенабархум», см. GU-текст, MLC 1866.

(2) mulgir3 gub3 en.te.na.bar.ḫum «Левая нога Энтенабархум», см. dbn-текст (§X).

(3) «Голова (Энтенабархум)», см. MLC 1866.

VI.,m Астрология.

Отождествления.

(1) = Венера в месяце ташриту; см. d06Dilbat.

(2) = Меркурий; mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min(=muludu.idim.gu4.ud) [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 5]; параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:30].

(3) = Юпитер(?), см. [Bezold 1920, 123:205].

(4) = Сатурн(?); отождествление Энтенабархум с Нингирсу, местной формой Нинурты, наводит на мысль о возможной связи созвездия с Сатурном, однако явных подтверждений в текстах мы не находим.

(5) = Краб; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 3.

Предсказания.

(6) Общее астрологическое значение; mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM a-na IM.SAG IM.SAG: ḫa-ru-up-tu2: / DIŠ MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM dNin-[gir2-su] «Энтенабархум для (предсказания) раннего ветра. IM.SAG = ḫaruptu «рано». Звезда, которая на его стороне стоит, (это) Энтенабархум, Нингирсу» [ACh Ištar, 25:10–11; BPO 2, III 5–5b].

(7) Гелиакический восход в свое и не в свое время; DIŠ ina itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulA[n-nu-ni-tum BE-ma ina] UD.DU[G4.GA-šu2 KUR-ḫa] / KI.ḪAL GUN-ša2 IL2 BE-ma ina NU UD.[DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-ḫa KI.ḪAL] GUN-ša2 [NU? IL2] «В месяце ташриту Энтенабархум, Ан[униту, если он восходит] в свое установленное время: борозда принесет свой урожай, если [он восходит] не в свое установленное время: [борозда не принесет] свой урожай» [BPO 2, X 18].

(8) Гелиакический восход в месяце ташриту; DIŠ ina itiDU6 mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM IGI LUGAL UD.MEŠ-šu2 GID2.MEŠ «Если в месяце ташриту Энтенабархум восходит гелиакически: дни царя будут долгими» [BPO 2, XIII 4, XIV 3].

(9) Вид созвездия при гелиакическом восходе; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 mul-lu-uḫ / SI.SA2 BURU14 KI.LAM GI.NA «Если Энтенабархум (=Меркурий) при своем появлении вспыхивает: нормальный урожай, деловая активность будет стабильной» [ARAK, 158 r. 7–8]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 mu-lu-uḫ ina SAG itiŠU IGI NINDA SI.SA2 KI.LAM GI.NA / dGU4.UD ki-ma TUM3 ḫa-an-ṭiš IGI-ma «Если Энтенабархум при своем появлении вспыхивает, в начале месяца дуузу восходит: хлеб будет хорошим, деловая активность нормальной. (Это будет иметь место, если) Меркурий после своего исчезновения быстро восходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:47–48], см. также [ACh Sin, 19:16], где дано тождество mulluC — mul.meš-šu2 ba-᾽a-lu «его звезды блестящие»; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 a-bi-il ina SAG itiNE IGI NINDA NU SA.SI2 KI.LAM TUR / dGU4.UD ki-ma TUM3 a-dan-an-šu2 ina AN-e DIB-iq-ma «Если Энтенабархум при своем появлении туманный, в начале месяца абу восходит: хлеба не будет, деловая активность уменьшится. (Это будет иметь место, если) Меркурий после (своего) исчезновения в свое установленное время на небе отсутствует» [ACh Ištar, 21:49–50], см. также [ACh Sin, 19:17], где дано тождество a-bi-il — mul.meš-šu2 um-mu-lu «его звезды туманные», cм. [3. Erg., 289].

(10) Положение созвездия при восходе; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM SAG-šu2 AN-e i-na-ṭa-la ina MU.B[I…] «Если Энтенабархум., голова его, (при его появлении) небо видит: в этом году […] [ACh Ištar, 21:51]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ana ABZU šu-ur2 ina MU.BI […] «Если Энтенабархум (при своем появлении) к Апсу обращен(?): в этом году […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:52].

(11) Вид созвездия; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ma-diš SA5 … «Если Энтенабархум очень красный…» [ACh Ištar, 21:53]; DIŠ EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-šu2 ḫi-i-pu DIŠ-niš it-ta-na-ba-ṭu3 […] «Если Энтенабархум, звезды его (оригинал поврежден) вместе очень яркие […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:54; LKU, 104:6, 120:17; CAD N/1, 24a]; DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM MUL.ME-šu2 da-᾽a-mu IGI-šu2-nu ana dUTU.ŠU.A GAR-nu […] «Если Энтенабархум, звезды его, темные (и) лица их на запад обращены […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:55].

(12) Заход Солнца в области Хабаци; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 dḪa-ba-ṣi GUB […] «Если Солнце при своем заходе в области Хабаци стоит […]» [ACh Šamaš, 16:14].

(13) Вредитель достигает Энтенабархума; см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E, IV 4.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, h01)
!
|-
|вар. записи: d''Ḫa-ba-ri''; аккадская параллель к mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM/LUM/SIG4; значение аккадского слова не вполне ясно, возможна связь с ''ḫumṣīru'' «(большая) мышь» и значение: «Подобный Мыши» [AHw, 355b; CAD Ḫ, 8; Landsberger 1934, 105f.]; созвездие в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) [G. 179; BPO 2, 12; AHw, 303].
См. e13EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

[[Category:Cen]]

EN.MUL

2026-04-23T15:20:02Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
dEN.MUL (𒀭𒂗𒀯) is a Mesopotamian primordial ancestor deity who might be thought of as the original prototype of later asterisms in the completed universe.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
"Lord Star"; together with d[[NIN.MUL]] "Lady Star" (Kurtik n36) forms a pair with the ancestors of Enlil in the divine genealogies [Gössmann 1950, 325; Lambert 1975, 51; Tallqvist 1938, 304].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of the gods.'''
* (1) AN: d''Anum'' series (I 100-101): dEn.mul / dNin.mul [Litke 1998, 31 + note 100].
* (2) AO 5376 (Col. I 3-4): dEn.mul / dNin.mul [Genouillac 1923, 97].
|.
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|«Господин звезд/звезды»(?); вместе с dNIN.MUL образует пару предков Энлиля в божественных генеалогиях [G. 325; Lambert 1975, 51; Tallqvist 1938, 304].
I. Источники.

Списки богов. (1) Серия AN: dAnum (I 100–101): dEn.mul / dNin.mul [Litke 1998, 31 + note 100]. (2) AO 5376 (Col. I 3–4): dEn.mul / dNin.mul [Genouillac 1923, 97].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA

2026-04-23T15:18:32Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg|thumb|God EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
Enmesharra (𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏) is one of a number of ancestor deities of Enlil, the traditional King of the Sumerian-Akkadian Pantheon. Thus it is natural for him to be identified with the constellation mulŠU.GI "Old Man."
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Lit. "Lord of all me"; Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>The last of Enlil’s primeval ancestors who were killed (in the act of creation?). d''En-me-šár-ra'' (EN 3r). For a late myth in which Enmešarra and his seven sons are defeated by Marduk, see Lambert 2013, 281-298. </blockquote>
* 1) the deity of the constellation [[ŠU.GI|mulŠU.GI]] "Old Man",
* 2) the deity of the constellation [[GIGIR|mul]] [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]] "Chariot",
* 3) the deity of the constellation [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]] "Stag". [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 122; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 304; MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 663],

See also (Kurtik g15) [[GIGIR]], (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]]. Note Enmesharra's name with the MUL determinative in examples below sub Sections III/IV.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical Texts.'''
* Series Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD = ''ša''2 mulLAGAB´BAD d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Chariot = Chariot constellation, Enmešarra" [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 197; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 353b].
|
|-
| '''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVI 8-9, 11-12; BPO 3<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281; Weidner 1925<ref name=":2">''Weidner E.'' Ein astrologischer Kommentar aus Uruk // Studia Orientalia. 1925. Vol. 1. P. 347-358.</ref>, 352f.]
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe B.

* List (12´3): mulšu.gi / d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dmar.tu
* "Old man, Enmešarra, deity-West" (B ii 13-14) [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, col. ii 14], see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''"Catalogue of 30 Stars."'''
* Anu 5, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Enlil (no. 3): mulŠU.GI d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Old man, Enmešarra" (I i 3) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 30].
|[[File:Enmesharra stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|God EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":3">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 503:6, 549:1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea."'''
* [...] = [den.me].šar2.ra [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:114].
|
|-
|List of stars V R 46, 1:14, 21.

* (1) mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' = d''Nusku''(PA + TUG2) "Girra, bright (star) which is in front of Enmešarra, Nusku", parallel [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95:10', see Steele 2017, 29f. = Steele, J. M., Rising Time Schemes in Babylonian Astronomy, Cham, Springer, 2017].
* (2) mullu.lim = d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' 'Stag = Enmešarra', see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51, Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|Text W22281a.
See (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Enmešarra — an ancient deity associated with the underworld; among his epithets: ''ṣābit kippat kigalli'' "He who holds the circle of the underworld" [MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 275, 361]. The name has been known since the third dynasty of Ur [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 103]. Together with Ninmešarra, he was formulated as the divine pair of Enlil's ancestors in the divine genealogies of the Old Babylonian period [Genouillac 1923<ref>''Genouillac H. de''. Grande liste de noms divins sumériens // RA. 1923. Vol. 20. P. 95-106.</ref>, AO 5376 col. i 28-29; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 34, Tablet I 136-137; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4">''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 153]. Later identified with Anu, Dumuzi, and Kingu [TU<ref name=":5">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 47 obv. 2-3, rev.; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 145, 190-191, 194,198-199]. Enmešarra was considered the father of the divine Seven: dimin.bi dumu.meš d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Seven, the sons of Enmešarra", 7 dumu.meš d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "The Seven Sons of Enmešarra" [Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 126-127:5, 176-177:29]. In the Neo-Assyrian period in the temple dedicated to Enmešarra (''bīt'' d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'') there were rituals connected with it. The description of one of them (VAT 8917 obv. 24-29) mentions a sacred chariot (gišgigir ''ša''2 kur elam.maki ''ša''2 giš''kussê-ša''2 ''ja''!-''a᾽-nu'' "A chariot of Elam, without a seat") in which the body of the deity was transported (add ''ša''2 d''En-me-šar''2''-ra'') [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 124-125, 147]. The image of this chariot with Enmešarra in it was probably regarded as a symbol of the constellation gišGIGIR, which name is already present in the early monolingual Nippur list of stars, see (Kurtik g15) [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]. The constellation Enmešarra, located in the zodiacal belt north of Taurus, was part of the constellation mulŠU.GI "Old Man" [Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352; 3. Erg., 327]. Therefore Enmešarra as a deity was identified with both mul gišGIGIR and mulŠU.GI.

==== Previous Identification. ====
= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11].

= north of Taurus [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 271-272].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) mul d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''2 "Frontal star of Enmešarra", see IV,1 below.

(2) MUL GIŠ.KAK d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL.BI IGI.BI "The frontal star of the axis (chariot) of Enmešarra," see below IV,1.

(3) ''a-si-di'' [''ša'' d]''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Heel of Enmešarra," see below IV, 2.

(4) [mulŠU].GI TA TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''2 EN ''a-si-di-šu''2: d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' ''šum''-[''šu''] "[Old m]an from his knee to his heel = [his] name is Enmesharra" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Visibility of the constellation; mul d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''2 ''ma-diš e-kil'' EN.TE.NA ''dan-nu'' G[AL2?] "If the front star of Enmešarra is very dark: there will be severe cold" [BPO 2, XVI 8], apodosis version: GU4.UD ''ina'' mulŠU.GI IGI-''ma'' "Mercury appeared in the Old Man " [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 18; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 8 + Parallels]; [DIŠ] mul''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI.BI GIM ''ka-ra-ri-e ina'' MURUB4-''šu''2 1 MUL ''ma-diš'' SA5 ''um-šum dan-nu'' [GA]L2 "If the front star of Enmešarra is like the midday sun (and) in its middle one star is very red: [there wi]ll be severe heat" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9], a variant of the apodosis: AN ''ina'' IL2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru'' KI ''Dil-bat ina'' MUL [...] "Mars in exceptional brilliance (reaches) the place of Venus within the constellation [...]". [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 16-17; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9 + Parallels]; ˹DIŠ˺ MUL GIŠ.KAK d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL.BI IGI.BI LUL.AŠ AL.SI4.SI4 A.ZI.GA DUGUD.DA KALAM.MA? [...] "If the front star of the axis (chariot) of Enmešarra is very red: a strong flood (will ...) the country." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 11 + Parallels]; DIŠ mulEN.ME.ŠAR2.[RA] / MUL-''šu''2 ''ma-a᾽-diš'' [SA5] / A.KAL ''uṣ-ṣa''-[''pa''] "If Enmešar[ra], its star is very [red]: floodings will increase" [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 549:1-3]; parallel: DIŠ d''En-me-šar''2-''ra ma-diš'' SA5 A.KAL [...] [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12], apodosis variant: GU4.UD ''ina'' ŠU.GI GUR4-''m''[''a''] "Mercury in the Old Man is very bright" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 14; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12 + Parallels].

(2) Venus and Enmešarra; [mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3] d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' DU-''iz'' ŠI.ŠI KUR.URIki GAR-''an'' / [TA ... mul]ŠU.GI EN ''a-si-di'' [''ša'' d]''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "[If Venus stands inside] Enmešarra: there will be defeat for Akkad; (it means that it stands) [from ...] the Old Man to Enmešarra’s heels " [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 53 r. 15; BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 104-105, K.3632:24]; for parallels see. [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, 218, K.3601+ r. 29; 237, ND 4362:21; 246, K.2346+:31].

(3) The Strange Star (=Mars) and Enmešarra; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], II 6.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, e11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| букв. «Господин всех ме»; 1) божество созвездия mul gišGIGIR «Колесница», 2) божество созвездия mulŠU.GI «Старик», 3) божество созвездия mulLU.LIM «Олень» [G. 122; Tallqvist 1938, 304; МНМ II, 663], см также g15GIGIR, sh16ŠU.GI, L09LU.LIM.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD = ša2 mulLAGAB´BAD dEn-me-šar2-ra «Колесница = созвездие Колесницы, Энмешарра» [MSL XIV, 197; CAD N/1, 353b]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XVI 8–9, 11–12; BPO 3, 281; Weidner 1925, 352f.]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Cписок (12´3): mulšu.gi / dEn-me-šar2-ra dmar.tu «Старик, Энмешарра, божество–Запад» (B ii 13–14) [Horowitz 2014, 38, col. ii 14], см. sh16ŠU.GI. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 5, см. sh16ŠU.GI. MUL.APIN. Звезды Энлиля (№ 3): mulŠU.GI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Старик, Энмешарра» (I i 3) [MA, 18]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 503:6, 549:1]. «Большой список звезд». […] = [den.me].šar2.ra [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:114]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:14, 21. (1) mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi dEn-me-šar2-ra = dNusku(PA + TUG2) «Гирра, (звезда) с большим блеском, что впереди Энмешарры, Нуску», параллель [SpTU I, 95:10']. (2) mullu.lim = dEn-me-šar2-ra «Олень = Энмешарра», см. также [HBA 51, Wee 2016, 162–3]. Текст W22281a. См. h12lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Божество.

Энмешарра — древнее божество, связанное с подземным миром; среди его эпитетов: ṣābit kippat kigalli «Тот, кто держит круг преисподней» [MCG, 275, 361]. Имя известно со времени III династии Ура [Sallaberger I, 103]. Вместе с Нинмешаррой составлял божественную пару предков Энлиля в божественных генеалогиях старовавилонского времени [Genouillac 1923, AO 5376 col. i 28–29; Litke 1998, 34, Tablet I 136–137; Livingstone 1986, 153]. Позднее отождествлялось с Ану, Думузи и Кингу [TU, 47 obv. 2–3, rev.; Livingstone 1986, 145, 190–191, 194,198–199]. Энмешарра считался отцом божественной Семерки: dimin.bi dumu.meš dEn-me-šar2-ra «Семерка, сыновья Энмешарры», 7 dumu.meš dEn-me-šar2-ra «Семеро сыновей Энмешарры» [Livingstone 1986, 126–127:5, 176–177:29]. В новоассирийский период в храме, посвященном Энмешарре (bīt dEn-me-šar2-ra), совершались связанные с ним ритуалы. В описании одного из них (VAT 8917 obv. 24–29) упоминается священная колесница (gišgigir ša2 kur elam.maki ša2 giškussê-ša2 ja!-a᾽-nu «Эламская колесница без сидения»), в которой перевозилось тело божества (adda ša2 dEn-me-šar2-ra) [ibid., 124–125, 147]. Изображение этой колесницы c Энмешаррой в ней рассматривалось, вероятно, как символ созвездия gišGIGIR, название которого присутствует уже в раннем одноязычном ниппурском списке звезд, см. g15gišGIGIR. Созвездие Энмешарра, расположенное в зодиакальном поясе на севере Тельца, составляло часть созвездия mulŠU.GI «Cтарик» [Weidner 1925, 352; 3. Erg., 327]. Поэтому Энмешарра как божество отождествлялось как с mul gišGIGIR, так и с mulŠU.GI.

II. Отождествление.

= ζ, ο+ Persei, возможно, с некоторыми звездами на севере Тельца [BPO 2, 11].

= северная часть Тельца [ASM, 271–272].

III. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) mul dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI-šu2 «Передняя звезда Энмешарры», см. ниже IV,1.

(2) MUL GIŠ.KAK dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL.BI IGI.BI «Передняя звезда оси (колесницы) Энмешарры», см. ниже IV,1.

(3) a-si-di [ša d]En-me-šar2-ra «Пятка Энмешарры», см. ниже IV, 2.

(4) [mulŠU].GI TA kin-ṣi-šu2 EN a-si-di-šu2: dEn-me-šar2-ra šum-[šu] «[Ста]рик от его колена до его пятки = [его] имя Энмешарра» [TU, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925, 352].

IV. Астрология.

(1) Видимость созвездия; mul dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI-šu2 ma-diš e-kil EN.TE.NA dan-nu G[AL2?] «Если передняя звезда Энмешарры очень темная: наступит суровый холод» [BPO 2, XVI 8], вариант аподосиса: GU4.UD ina mulŠU.GI IGI-ma «Меркурий в Старике появился» [TU, 18 r. 18; BPO 2, XVI 8 + Parralels]; [DIŠ] mulEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI.BI GIM ka-ra-ri-e ina MURUB4-šu2 1 MUL ma-diš SA5 um-šum dan-nu [GA]L2 «Если передняя звезда Энмешарры подобна полуденному Солнцу (и) в середине его одна звезда очень красная: [насту]пит жестокая жара» [BPO 2, XVI 9], вариант аподосиса: AN ina IL2 ša2-ru-ru KI Dil-bat ina MUL […] «Марс в возбужденном блеске (достигает) места Венеры в (пределах) созвездия […]» [TU, 18 r. 16-17; BPO 2, XVI 9 + Parallels]; ˹DIŠ˺ MUL GIŠ.KAK dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL.BI IGI.BI LUL.AŠ AL.SI4.SI4 A.ZI.GA DUGUD.DA KALAM.MA? […] «Если передняя звезда оси (колесницы) Энмешарры очень красная: сильное половодье (наступит в) стране» [BPO 2, XVI 11 + Parallels]; DIŠ mulEN.ME.ŠAR2.[RA] / MUL-šu2 ma-a᾽-diš [SA5] / A.KAL uṣ-ṣa-[pa] «Если Энмешар[ра], звезда его (при его восходе) очень [красная]: половодье усилится» [ARAK, 549:1–3]; параллель: DIŠ dEn-me-šar2-ra ma-diš SA5 A.KAL […] [BPO 2, XVI 12], вариант аподосиса: GU4.UD ina ŠU.GI GUR4-m[a] «Меркурий в Старике имеет большой блеск» [TU, 18 r. 14; BPO 2, XVI 12 + Parallels].

(2) Венера и Энмешарра; [mulDil-bat ina ŠA3] dEn-me-šar2-ra DU-iz ŠI.ŠI KUR.URIki GAR-an / [TA … mul]ŠU.GI EN a-si-di [ša d]En-me-šar2-ra «[Если Венера стоит внутри] Энмешарры: будет поражение Аккада; (это означает, что она) [от …] Старика до пятки Энмешарры (стоит)» [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15; BPO 3, 104–105, K.3632:24]; параллели см. [ibid., 218, K.3601+ r. 29; 237, ND 4362:21; 246, K.2346+:31].

(3) Странная звезда (=Марс) и Энмешарра; см. m05MAN-ma, II 6.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Per]]

EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA

2026-04-23T15:15:26Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mul (d)EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA (𒀯𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾) is a name for Jupiter.

== Visibility & Appearance ==

Jupiter is the second brightest planet after Venus, but its light is more yellowish than Venus and its motion is slower which is why Jupiter was considered more majestic and identified with the heads of pantheons, and hence Marduk in Mesopotamia.
{{Template:Jupiter}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= Sumerian "Lord of the heavenly stations" (Akk. ''bēl manzaz šamê''). A the name of Jupiter in the astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 120], most likely with reference to Marduk's star ''Nēberu'' as Jupiter and its role in keeping all the stars of heaven aligned in their positions. See discussion sub. (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]].''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, (p.), D.T.51 rev. 8].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
* [DIŠ mu]lEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA ''i-ba-᾽i-il'' / A.KAL.ME ''u'' A.AN.ME [GAL2.ME] / MUL.EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA: MUL.SAG.ME.[GAR]
** "(If) Engišgalanna sparkles: [there will be] flood and rain. Engišgalanna = Jupiter." [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 254:7-9].
|Jupiter
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* Astrological predictions: DIŠ mul4 dEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA KUR4-''ma'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL "If Jupiter is bright: rain and flood. The name of the Rainbow is ‘day? of abundance’" (II iii 33) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>: 104].
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Владыка небесных стоянок»; название Юпитера в астрологических текстах [G. 120].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, (стр.), D.T.51 rev. 8]. «Рапорты». [DIŠ mu]lEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA i-ba-᾽i-il / A.KAL.ME u A.AN.ME [GAL2.ME] / MUL.EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA : MUL.SAG.ME.[GAR] «(Если) Энгишгальанна сверкает: [будут] наводнения и дожди. Энгишгальанна = Юпитер» [ARAK, 254:7–9]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: DIŠ mul4 dEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA KUR4-ma A.AN u A.KAL «Если Юпитер имеет большой блеск: дождь и наводнение» (II iii 33) [MA, 112].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA

2026-04-23T15:12:01Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mul (d)EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA (𒀯𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾) is a name for Jupiter.

== Visibility & Appearance ==

Jupiter is the second brightest planet after Venus, but its light is more yellowish than Venus and its motion is slower which is why Jupiter was considered more majestic and identified with the heads of pantheons, and hence Marduk in Mesopotamia.
{{Template:Jupiter}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= Sumerian "Lord of the heavenly stations" (Akk. ''bēl manzaz šamê''). A the name of Jupiter in the astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 120], most likely with reference to Marduk's star ''Nēberu'' as Jupiter and its role in keeping all the stars of heaven aligned in their positions. See discussion sub. (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]].''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, (p.), D.T.51 rev. 8].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
* [DIŠ mu]lEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA ''i-ba-᾽i-il'' / A.KAL.ME ''u'' A.AN.ME [GAL2.ME] / MUL.EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA: MUL.SAG.ME.[GAR]
** "(If) Engišgalanna sparkles: [there will be] flood and rain. Engišgalanna = Jupiter." [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 254:7-9].
|Jupiter
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* Astrological predictions: DIŠ mul4 dEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA KUR4-''ma'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL "If Jupiter has great brilliance: rain and flood" (II iii 33) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 112].
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Владыка небесных стоянок»; название Юпитера в астрологических текстах [G. 120].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, (стр.), D.T.51 rev. 8]. «Рапорты». [DIŠ mu]lEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA i-ba-᾽i-il / A.KAL.ME u A.AN.ME [GAL2.ME] / MUL.EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA : MUL.SAG.ME.[GAR] «(Если) Энгишгальанна сверкает: [будут] наводнения и дожди. Энгишгальанна = Юпитер» [ARAK, 254:7–9]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: DIŠ mul4 dEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA KUR4-ma A.AN u A.KAL «Если Юпитер имеет большой блеск: дождь и наводнение» (II iii 33) [MA, 112].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

Ekur

2026-04-23T15:01:31Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
The Ekur (''E2-kur''; 𒂍𒆳) is an ancient Mesopotamian super-constellation consisting of the group of the Standing Gods of the Ekur (mul[[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš]]) and the Sitting Gods of the Ekur (mul[[DINGIR.KU.A|DIĜIR.TUŠ.A]]meš), both mentioned in MUL.APIN.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
See glossary of Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023):<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively. </blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46: 15–16., the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Enlil (no. 21):
**mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut E''2-''kur''
**"Standing Gods of Ekur" (I i 23), [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H., & Steele, J. (2019). ''The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL. APIN''. Routledge.</ref>: 34]
**for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:10'].
| rowspan="2" | [[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|-
| '''MUL.APIN.'''
*The list of the stars of Enlil (no. 22): mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut E''2''-kur'' "Sitting Gods of Ekur" (I i 23), see also [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|}

==== Hoffmann and Krebernik Text Edition ====

===== The path of Enlil in MUL.APIN<ref name=":0" /> =====
{| class="wikitable"
!our numbering
!DIŠ
!explanandum
!explanans
|-
|1
|1
|STAREPINNU (Plough)
|GODEnlil
|-
|2
|1
|STARBARBARU (Wolf)
|seeder of STAREPINNU
|-
|3
|1
|STARŠĪBU (Old Man)
|GODEnmešarra
|-
|4
|<1>
|STARGAMLU (Throwing-stick)
|GODGamlum(Throwing-stick)
|-
|5–6
|1
|STARTŪ’AMŪ·RABÛTU (Great Twins)
|GODLugalirra and GODMeslamtaʾea
|-
|7–8
|1
|STARTŪ’AMŪ·ṢEḪRŪTU (Little Twins)
|GODAlammuš and GODNingublaga
|-
|9
|1
|STARALLUTTU (Crab)
|seat of GODAnu
|-
|10
|1
|STARURGULÛ (Lion)
|GODLatarak
|-
|11
|1
|STAR opposite STARURGULÛ
|STAR (of the) King
|-
|12
|1
|twinkling STARs in the tail of STARURGULÛ
|‘date-palm spadix’ (jewellery?) (of) GOD<nowiki>Erua | </nowiki>GODZarpanītum
|-
|13
|1
|STARŠU.PA (The Bright?)
|GODEnlil who determines the destinies of the land
|-
|14
|1
|STAR in front of it: STARḪENGALLĀYU (Abundant)
|vizier of GODNinlil
|-
|15
|1
|STAR behind it: STARBĀŠTUM(Dignity)
|vizier of GODTišpak(<*INANNA!?)
|-
|16
|1
|STAREREQQU (Wagon)
|GODNinlil
|-
|17
|1
|STAR by the pole of STAREREQQU: STARŠĒLEBU(Fox)
|GODErra, the strong of the gods
|-
|18
|1
|STAR on the forehead of STAREREQQU: STARLAḪRU(Ewe)
|GODAya
|-
|19
|1
|STARMU.BU.KÉŠ.DA (Hitched yoke?)
|GODAnu-rabû of heaven
|-
|20
|1
|STARMAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)
|GODDamkianna
|-
|21
|1
|STAR in its bond: STARAPIL-EMAḪ (Heir of the Emaḫ-temple)
|foremost son of GODAnu
|-
!
!{1}
!STAR·STANDING·GODs of the Ekur
!The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur
|-
!
!({1})
!STAR·SITTING·GODs of the Ekur
!Sitting Gods of the Ekur (temple)
|-
|22
|1
|STARENZU (She-Goat)
|GODGula
|-
|23
|1
|STAR in front of STARENZU
|STARKALBU(Dog) (of GODGula)
|-
|24
|1
|bright STAR of STARENZU
|GOD<nowiki>Lamassatu | vizier of </nowiki>GODBaba (= GODGu-la)
|-
|25–26
|1
|2 STARs behind it
|GODNin-SAR and GODErrakal
|-
|27
|1
|STARU4.KA.DU8.A
|GODU.GUR(Nergal)
|-
|28
|1
|STAR to the right of it
|STAR<nowiki>ŠAḪÛ(Pig) | </nowiki>GODDamu
|-
|29
|1
|STAR to the left of it
|STARSSISÛ(Horse)
|-
|30
|1
|STAR behind it
|STAR<nowiki>LULIMMU | vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)</nowiki>
|-
|31
|1
|twinkling STARs opposite STARLULIMMU(Stag)
|GOD<nowiki>Ḫarriru (Field Mouse) | </nowiki>GODManzât(Rainbow)
|-
|32
|1
|red bright STAR in the kidney of STARLULIMMU
|STARPĀŠITTU (Deleter)
|-
!
!
! colspan="2" |When the STARs of GODEnlil are completed:
|}

===== Constellations of the Gods of the Ekur =====
The Standing Gods and the Sitting Gods are rubric markers (like headlines in modern texts). Then, the rest of the list can be rendered as itemized lists in modern text layout.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!explanandum
(constellations)
!explanans
(deities)
|-
!Standing Gods of the Ekur
|
* Plough
** Wolf
* Old Man
* Throwing Stick
* Great Twins
* Little Twins
* Crab
* Lion
** King
** Date-Palm Spadix
* Dignity
*Abundant One
*Šupa
|
* Enlil
** .
* Enmešarra
* Gamlu
* Lugalirra and Meslamta'ea
* Alamuš and Ningublaga
* Anu
* Latarak
** .
** Erua | Zarpanītum
* Tišpak
*the minister of Ninlil
*Enlil
|-
!Sitting Gods of the Ekur
|
*Wagon
** Fox
** Ewe
* Hitched Yoke
* Wagon of Heaven
* The Heir of the Emaḫ-temple (could be Enlil's or Anu's son)
|
*Ninlil
** Erra
** Aya
* Anu
* Damkianna
* Anu
|-
!Outside the Ekur
|
* She-Goat
** Dog
** Lamassatu
** two stars
* UD.KA.DU8.A
** Pig
** Horse
** Stag
*** Field Mouse
*** Deleter
|
* Gula
** .
** Lamassatu
** Ninsar and Erragal
* UD.KA.DU8.A
** Damu
** .
** .
*** Manzat (Rainbow)
*** Pašittu
|}

== Historical Dictionaries ==
The historical dictionaries by Kurtik (2007) and Gössmann (1950) both don't include this term, as the discovery of the astronomical unit of The Ekur only happened in a series of papers later (Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023,<ref name=":0" /> Hoffmann and Horowitz 2023,<ref>Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023). The Standing and Sitting Asterisms of Ekur, N.A.B.U., n°3 (sept.), 141-143</ref> and Hoffmann 2024<ref name=":1">Hoffmann, S.M. (2024): Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272</ref>)

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

LU.LIM

2026-04-23T14:59:04Z

JanSafford: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LULIM messenger of MULMUL.jpg|thumb|The Stag (very roughly known area) above the horizon when the Pleiades rise]]
mul / dLU.LIM (𒀯𒇻𒅆) = ''lulīmu'', 'The Stag,' is a multi-star constellation including stars belonging to the constellation Andromeda. A number of named asterisms comprise the constellation including its breast, kidney, and an element PA.SI which has yet to be fully understood.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* LU.LIM = ''lulimmu''
* mul''lu-lim'';
* (mul)''Lulīmu'' (𒀯𒇻𒇷𒈬)," Stag"; the syllabic entry is found in the Urra XXII lexical series;

Var. designations:

* 1) constellation in the area of [[Andromeda]] and central [[Cassiopeia]],
* 2) = ''ziqpu'' XII, a group of stars in Cassiopeia [G. 248].
* 3) ÉLLAG mulLU.LIM “kidney of the stag”<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
* 4) GABA mulLU.LIM “breast of the stag”<ref name=":0" />

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Old Babylonian monolingual Sumerian list: mullu.lim [MSL XI, 106:399].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mullu.lim = ''lu-li-mu'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:289ʹ]
* mullu.lim = [''lu-li-mu''] [Cavigneaux 1981, 79.B.1/221+221a iv 12; .'''''ccc??? w/ Bloch to see if it is standard Urra or something else???'''''
* (3) Antagal (G 307): dlu.lim = dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Stag = Saturn" [MSL XVII, 229].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
'''Astrolabe B.??? Problems here - see the edition of ABC on Horowitz 2014 p. 104???]]'''

* List (12´3):
** mul ''ša''2 dal.ba.an mulšu.gi ''u''3 d''A-nim gub-zu'' mulsim.maḫ
** "The star that stands between the Old Man and Anu, the Swallow"
** (B ii 15-17) [KAV 218; Horowitz 2014, 38 col. ii 15-17];
* A commentary in BPO 2 44-45 understands that the god (dingir) Anu in the passage above is in fact a/the asterism of Anu <s>(mul)</s>
* <s>mulLU.LIM 'the Stag': s star, here identified with The Stag</s>
* m<s>ul</s><s>''A-nim'' apparently = mullu.lim, which follows from the parallel text:</s> MUL SA5 ''ša''2 ''ina'' DAL.BA.AN.NA mul d''Ši-bi u'' mul d''A-nim'' GUB-''zu'' / mul''A-nim'' mulLU.LIM "The red star that stands between the Old Man and Anu. (In this case) Anu is the Stag." [BPO 2 44-45, III 32-32a; Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 181]. The Stag can be placed between the Old Man and Anu if Anu here is identified with the throne of Anu in Mul-Apin (i.e. Pegasus), see Hoffmann-Krebernick 2023. The identification with 'The Swallow' in Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98 is now obsolete.
|the description "between Old Man, Anu and Swallow" applies to the map we drew above.
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2, III 32a; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 6′-7′; SpTU III, 101:20].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Enlil's stars (nos. 30, 31, 32):
** a) MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul''lu-lim'' SUKKAL MUL.MUL "The star that stands behind it (viz. i.e. behind mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A), the Stag, the minister of the Stars" (I i 31) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":1">Hunger, H., & Steele, J. (2019). ''The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL. APIN''. Routledge.</ref>: 36]
** (b) MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 ''ša''2 ''ina'' GABA mul''lu-lim'' / GUBmeš-''zu'' d''Ḫar-ri-ru'' dTIR.AN. NA "The scintillating stars which stand in the chest of the Stag: / The Vole, the Rainbow god." (I i 32-33).<ref name=":1" />
** (c) MUL SA5 ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' BIR mul''lu-lim'' / GUB-''zu'' mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E "The bright red star which stands in the kidney of the Stag: The Deleter" (I i 34-35) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":1" />: 37].
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 5th day of Sabbath' (I iii 10), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 31), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (4) List of ziqpu stars: mul''lu-lim'' between mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A and mulŠU.GI (I iv 5) [MA, 27, 28, 46, 52, 59].
|[[File:LULIM messenger of MULMUL.jpg|thumb|The Stag (very roughly known area; between eastern Andromeda and central Cassiopeia) above the horizon when the Pleiades rise.]]
|-
|'''Star list VR 46, 1:21.'''
* mullu.lim = d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Stag = Enmesharra" [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|Enmesharra's constellation is in Perseus
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) [1⅔ M]A.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN (= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i''[''na'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') | TA mul''a-si-di'' | EN 4 ''ša''2 mulLU. [LIM] "[1⅔ mi]ni of weight, 100 on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the Heel to the 4 stars of the Stag,"
** (b) [2½ M]A.NA MIN | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 27 IGI DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN] | TA 4 ''ša''2 mulLU.LIM | EN MUL ''um-mu-lu''-[''ti''] "[2½ mi]nas of weight, 150 on earth, 27,000 miles [in the sky] / From the 4 stars of the Stag to the dim stars" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:25-28; TU, 21:25-28; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229]; for a parallel see. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:16-17].
* (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' 4 ''ša''2 mulLU.L[IM] "10° to 4 stars of the De[er]" [Schaumberger 1952, 224-225:7].
* (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 4 ''ša''2 múlLU.LIM // 4 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "4 stars of the Stag // 4 (stars) // 7200 (cubits)" [Schaumberger 1952, 226-227:4].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** (a) TA ''a-si-di-šu'' EN SI mulLU.[LIM...] "From the (Demon with the Gaping Mouth’s) Heel to the horn of the De[er]...",
** (b) TA SI ''ša'' mulLU.LIM EN MUL ''ni''-[''bi-i''] / ''ša'' mulŠU.GI [...] "From the horn of the Stag to the shining star of the Old Man [...]" [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:5-7].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ''ana'' 4 ''ša''2 mulLU.LIM "100 to 4 (stars) of the Stag" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:12]. See also: ''ana'' 4 ''ša''2 múl''lu-lim'' [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, BM 36609+: obv. ii 15].
|
|-
|'''Calendar of the daily rising and setting of ziqpu stars.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1955, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §I. [m]ul PA SI lu.lim "asterism of the PA SI of the Stag" (δ Cas), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §K. [mu]l ka x x x x [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 106]; = [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? "mouth of the D[eer]l" (ε Cas), according to [Koch 1995, 58].
* §L. [mul ... ...] x [... ...mul PA S]I lu.lim mul''giš-ši'' lu.lim mulka.muš.i3.ku2.e 4 mu[l.meš ... 2 dal.ba.an.n]a dal.ba.an.na ''murub''4-''tum maḫ-ru'' "[...] (γ Peg), [PA S]I Stag (δ Cas), thigh of Stag (γ Cas), Pest (α Cas?): 4 sta[rs.... 2 interva]ls, interval. The middle is the first." [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 106]; according to J. Koch, [mul ... ...] x [... ...] = [muldil.bat ''ša''2 ''A-nu-ni-ti'']? "[Star with great brilliance of Anunitu]" (γ Peg), [mul PA S]I lu.lim = [mul ''pa-s'']''i'' lu.lim "[Fo]x Stag" [Koch 1995, 45, 58].
* §T. [mul ''pa-si'' lu.lim], see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
See (Kurtik a42) [[Anunitu|''Anunītu'']]. See also the list of "7 tikpi-stars": mullu.[lim] [KAR, 142 i 37].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* AO 6483: [...4 ''ša''2 múllu.]lim ''e''3-''a'' uš2 muš "[If a child is born when...], (when) [the 4 stars of the Dee]r appear: death by snake" [TU, 14 r. 34; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
|
|}
[[File:LULIM CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 130208.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside LU.LIM (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Nembus]]
|HIP 7607
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.57
|-
|2
| [[Titawin]]
|HIP 7513
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.1
|-
|3
|[[Junnanmen]]
|HIP 5434
|Inside the Hull
|4.25
|-
|4
|[[Rasalnaqa]]
|HIP 116631
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.29
|-
|5
|[[Junnanmen]] A
|HIP 5434
|Inside the Hull
|4.294
|-
|6
| ω Andromedae
|HIP 6813
|Inside the Hull
|4.83
|-
| 7
|[[Adhil]]
|HIP 6411
|Inside the Hull
|4.868
|-
|8
|V428 And
|HIP 2900
|Inside the Hull
|5.129
|-
|9
| -
|HIP 2225
|Inside the Hull
| 5.173
|-
|10
|49 And
|HIP 6999
|Inside the Hull
|5.261
|-
|11
|[[Junnanmen]] B
|HIP 5434
|Inside the Hull
|5.62
|-
|12
|44 And
|HIP 5493
|Inside the Hull
|5.665
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 6711
|Inside the Hull
|5.978
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 3604
| Inside the Hull
| 6.024
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 4675
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 4501
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|17
|26 And
|HIP 1501
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 5650
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 5993
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 1302
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
|21
| GO And
|HIP 3919
| Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
|22
| -
| HIP 6087
| Inside the Hull
|6.246
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
For what is almost certainly Venus as a morning-star described as a lu-lim in the Sumerian literary work A Message of Lu-dingirra 22-23 to his mother, see https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section5/c551.htm.

Almost nothing is known about the ritual and divine status of the Stag as a divinity or asterism. Stags are common animals in Ancient Mesopotamian texts and even occurs as a royal name in the antediluvian portion of the Sumerian King List (Jacobsen 1939, 70 71: 3-4).

<s>The Stag is rarely mentioned in Sumerian literature [Heimpel 1968, 249-250]. The name lu.lim as a royal name is given in the pre-Flood era of the Sumerian King List [Jacobsen 1939, 70-71:3-4]. Among the royal epithets of the first millennium BC: ''lu-li-mu eršu'' "wise Stag" (Sennacherib), ''lu-li-mu šūpû'' "glorious Stag" (Nabonidus) [CAD L, 241a].</s> The identifications with Enmesharra and Saturn and the connection with the Pleiades (and through their intermediary with the Seven Gods) have, apparently, a rather late origin and do not give anything for understanding the early history of this constellation.

==== Symbol. ====
Stag. Numerous images of Stag (stags) are found on seals of the 3rd millennium B.C. However, it is not known whether they have an astral meaning.

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation:

= Andromeda [G. 248, I],

= αγδε Cassiopeiae [Waerden 1949, 21; Waerden 1974, 76; Weidner 1957-59, 79a; Hartner 1965, 9].

= Andromeda [BPO 2, 13].

= eastern part of Andromedae [MA, 138; ASM, 276].

Ziqpu XII:

= π, ο, ζ, ν Cassiopeiae (VAT 16436:4) [Schaumberger 1952, 229];

= stars around ν Andromedae [Sachs 1952, 70b];

= γ Andromedae [MA, 142];

= α, β, γ, δ Cassiopeiae (VAT 16436:4) [ASM, 88].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) SI mulLU.LIM "Horn of the Stag." [SpTU I, 95:7].

(2) GABA LU.LIM "The chest of the Stag," the dim stars on his chest (18, 31, and 32 Andromedae?) [MA, 138].

(3) BIR mulLU.LIM "Kidney of the Stag" (β Andromadae), see b11BIR.

(4) PA SI LU.LIM "PA.SI of the Stag" (δ Cassiopeiae) [Walker 1995, 31, § I, L; Koch 1995, 57-58].

(5) ''giš-ši'' LU.LIM "Stag's thigh" (γ Cassiopeiae) [Walker 1995, 31, § L; Koch 1995, 58].

(6) 4 ''ša''2 mulLU.LIM "4 (stars) of the Stag", = ziqpu XII, see above.

(7) mulka lu.lim 'mouth of the Stag' (ε Cas) (?), dbn-text (§K).

(8) GIR3 15 mulLU.LIM 'the right leg of the Stag', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]], VI 10.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Saturn; see above, and CAD L 241.

(2) = Mars(?); see. [Bezold 1920, 122:182],

===== Predictions: =====
(3) The Stag (=Saturn) reaches the Star Cluster; DIŠ mulLU.LIM ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ [...] "If the Stag (=Saturn) approaches the Star Cluster: eating, the Seven Gods, Saturn [...] [ACh, Suppl., 50:9], for a parallel see [ACh, Suppl., 50:9], for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:4; Borger 1973, 41:6′; SpTU 3, 101:20].

(4) The Stag (= Saturn?) covers the Stars; [DIŠ] [mul]lu.lim ki mul.mul ''it-ten-tu'' | ''id-ra-na-a-tum ina'' kur gal2.meš [...] "[If] the Stag (= Saturn?) covers the region of the Star Cluster: the (sources of) potash? there will be in the country [...] [Borger 1973, 41:7′], see also [ACh Suppl, 50:10; Suppl. 2, 75:5].

(5) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth "drenches" the Stag's right leg; see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]], VI 10.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, L09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mullu-lim; = mullulīmu «Олень»; 1) созвездие на востоке Андромеды (Andromeda) и в центральной части Кассиопеи (Cassiopeia), 2) = ziqpu XII, группа звезд в Кассиопее (Cassiopeia) [G. 248].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Старовавилонский одноязычный шумерский список: mullu.lim [MSL XI, 106:399]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mullu.lim = [lu-li-mu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 79.B.1/221+221a iv 12; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:289ʹ]. (3) Antagal (G 307): dlu.lim = dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «Олень = Сатурн» [MSL XVII, 229]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Список (12´3): mul ša2 dal.ba.an mulšu.gi u3 dA-nim gub-zu mulsim.maḫ «Звезда, которая стоит между Стариком и Ану, Ласточка» (B ii 15–17) [KAV 218; Horowitz 2014, 38 col. ii 15–17]; здесь mulA-nim, по-видимому, = mullu.lim, что следует из параллельного текста: MUL SA5 ša2 ina DAL.BA.AN.NA mul dŠi-bi u mul dA-nim GUB-zu / mulA-nim mulLU.LIM «Красная звезда, которая стоит между Стариком и Ану. (Звезда) Ану, Олень» [BPO 2, III 32–32a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 32a; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 6′–7′; SpTU III, 101:20]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 30, 31, 32): a) MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mullu-lim SUKKAL MUL.MUL «Звезда, которая стоит позади него (т.е. позади mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A), Олень, посланник Звезд» (I i 31), b) MULmeš um-mu-lu-tu4 ša2 ina GABA mullu-lim / GUBmeš-zu dḪar-ri-ru dTIR.AN.NA «Тусклые звезды, которые стоят на груди Оленя, Харриру, Радуга» (I i 32–33), c) MUL SA5 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ina BIR mullu-lim / GUB-zu mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E «Красная звезда с большим блеском, которая стоит в почке Оленя: Вредитель» (I i 34–35). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «5-го шабату» (I iii 10), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 31), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Список ziqpu-звезд: mullu-lim между mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A и mulŠU.GI (I iv 5) [MA, 27, 28, 46, 52, 59]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:21. mullu.lim = dEn-me-šar2-ra «Олень = Энмешарра» [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [1⅔ M]A.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN (= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i[na KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) | TA mula-si-di | EN 4 ša2 mulLU.[LIM] «[1⅔ ми]ны веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Пятки до 4 звезд Оленя», b) [2½ M]A.NA MIN | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 27 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN] | TA 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM | EN MUL um-mu-lu-[ti] «[2½ ми]ны веса, 150 на земле, 27000 миль [на небе] / От 4 звезд Оленя до тусклых звезд» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:25–28; TU, 21:25–28; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:16–17]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na 4 ša2 mulLU.L[IM] «100 до 4 звезд Оле[ня]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:7]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 4 ša2 múlLU.LIM // 4 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «4 звезды Оленя // 4 (звезды) // 7200 (локтей)» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:4]. (4) BM 38369+: TA da-si-di-šu EN SI mulLU.[LIM…] «От его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) Пятки до рога Оле[ня]…», b) TA SI ša mulLU.LIM EN MUL ni-[bi-i] / ša mulŠU.GI […] «От рога Оленя до блес[тящей] звезды Старика […]» [Horowitz 1994а, 91–92:5–7]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM «100 до 4 (звезд) Оленя» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:12]. См. также: ana 4 ša2 múllu-lim [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, BM 36609+: obv. ii 15]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. Dalbanna-текст. §I. [m]ul PA SI lu.lim «Звезда PA SI Оленя» (δ Cas), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. §K. [mu]l ka x x x [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 106]; = [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? «рот О[лен]я» (ε Cas), согласно [Koch 1995, 58]. §L. [mul … …] x [… …mul PA S]I lu.lim mulgiš-ši lu.lim mulka.muš.i3.ku2.e 4 mu[l.meš … 2 dal.ba.an.n]a dal.ba.an.na murub4-tum maḫ-ru «[…] (γ Peg), [PA S]I Оленя (δ Cas), бедро Оленя (γ Cas), Вредитель (α Cas?): 4 звез[ды…. 2 интерва]ла, интервал. Середина — первая» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 106]; согласно Й. Коху, [mul … …] x [… …] = [muldil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti]? «[Звезда с большим блеском Ануниту]» (γ Peg), [mul PA S]I lu.lim = [mul pa-s]i lu.lim «[Лис]т Оленя» [Koch 1995, 45, 58]. §T. [mul pa-si lu.lim], см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. Текст W. 22281a. См. a42Anunītu. См. также список «7 tikpi-звезд»: mullu.[lim] [KAR, 142 i 37]. Поздняя астрология. AO 6483: […4 ša2 múllu.]lim e3-a uš2 muš «[Если ребенок родился, когда…], (когда) [4 звезды Оле]ня появляются: смерть от змеи» [TU, 14 r. 34; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

II. Божество.

О ритуальном и божественном статусе Оленя практически ничего неизвестно. В шумерской литературе олень упоминается редко [Heimpel 1968, 249–250]. Название lu.lim как царское имя приводится в допотопной части «Шумерского царского списка» [Jacobsen 1939, 70–71:3–4]. Среди царских эпитетов I тыс. до н.э.: lu-li-mu eršu «мудрый олень» (Синаххериб), lu-li-mu šūpû «cлавный олень» (Набонид) [CAD L, 241a]. Отождествления с Энмешаррой и Сатурном и связь с Плеядами (а через их посредство с Семью богами) имеют, по-видимому, достаточно позднее происхождение и ничего не дают для понимания ранней истории этого созвездия.

III. Символ.

Олень. Многочисленные изображения оленя (оленей) содержатся на печатях III тыс. до н.э. Однако неизвестно, имеют ли они астральное значение.

IV. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= Andromeda [G. 248, I],

= αγδε Cassiopeiae [Waerden 1949, 21; Waerden 1974, 76; Weidner 1957–59, 79a; Hartner 1965, 9].

= Andromeda [BPO 2, 13].

= восточная часть Andromedae [MA, 138; ASM, 276].

Ziqpu XII:

= π, ο, ζ, ν Cassiopeiae (VAT 16436:4) [Schaumberger 1952, 229];

= звезды вокруг ν Andromedae [Sachs 1952, 70b];

= γ Andromedae [MA, 142];

= α, β, γ, δ Cassiopeiae (VAT 16436:4) [ASM, 88].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) SI mulLU.LIM «Рог Оленя» [SpTU I, 95:7].

(2) GABA LU.LIM «Грудь Оленя», тусклые звезды на его груди (18, 31 и 32 Andromedae?) [MA, 138].

(3) BIR mulLU.LIM «Почка Оленя» (β Andromadae), см. b11BIR.

(4) PA SI LU.LIM «PA.SI Оленя» (δ Cassiopeiae) [Walker 1995, 31, § I, L; Koch 1995, 57–58].

(5) giš-ši LU.LIM «Бедро Оленя» (γ Cassiopeiae) [Walker 1995, 31, § L; Koch 1995, 58].

(6) 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM «4 (звезды) Оленя», = ziqpu XII, см. выше.

(7) mulka lu.lim «рот Оленя» (ε Cas) (?), dbn-текст (§K).

(8) GIR3 15 mulLU.LIM «правая нога Оленя», см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A, VI 10.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше,

(2) = Марс(?); см. [Bezold 1920, 122:182],

Предсказания:

(3) Олень (=Сатурн) достигает Звезд; DIŠ mulLU.LIM ana MUL.MUL KUR-ud KU2-ti dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ […] «Если Олень (=Сатурн) к Звездам приближается: поедание, Семь богов, Сатурн […] [ACh, Suppl., 50:9], параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:4; Borger 1973, 41:6′; SpTU 3, 101:20].

(4) Олень (= Сатурн?) покрывает Звезды; [DIŠ] [mul]lu.lim ki mul.mul it-ten-tu | id-ra-na-a-tum ina kur gal2.meš […] «[Если] Олень (= Сатурн?) область Звезд покрывает: (источники) поташа? в стране будут […] [Borger 1973, 41:7′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:10; Suppl. 2, 75:5].

(5) Демон с Разинутой Пастью правую ногу Оленя «обливает»; см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A, VI 10.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, L18)
!
|-
|= mulLU.LIM «Олень»; силлабическая запись содержится в лексической серии Urra XXII; созвездие в пределах Андромеды (Andromeda), см. L09 LU.LIM.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:And]][[Category:Cas]]

E2.TUR3

2026-04-23T14:51:07Z

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[3] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:E2.TUR3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG|thumb|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]
mulE2.TUR3 (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is a Babylonian name meaning "Enclosure" and designates a star or constellation in [[Leo]]. Other ideas may have been held by other ancient scholars as well: The exact sense of the various renderings of the terms with e2.tur.ra range from identifications with 'The Lion' constellation to the closest sense of what might be a full-sky constellation in cuneiform. EAE (2) equates mulE2.TUR3.RA with the entire sky, based on a view of the stars as cattle in their enclosure: this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359

https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''tarbāṣu,'' 'enclosure (for cattle)';

Variant designations:

* mulE2.TUR3.RA,
* mulE.TU.RA.ME,
* mulE.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI;
* = mul''eturammi'' 'Eturammi star' [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 130, 131].
The surviving Sumerian also allows for readings with the genitive MUL ''e''2-''tu-ra'', the Star(s) of the Enclosure, and plural MUL ''e''2-''tu-ra''-ME 'the stars of the enclosure'.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''
Urra XXII series:

* [mul''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal d''a-nu-ni-tum''
** "Enclosure = Messenger of Anunitu", [mul''e-tu-r'']''a''?-''am-me'' = mulur.gu.la "Eturammi? = Lion."
** [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:19-20; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:313ʹ], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7].
|These restaurations of the text are not secure.
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* (1) mulE2.TUR3 NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E2.TUR3
** "The star of the Enclosure ... long(?), or ... of the enclosure" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 21; Koch 1989<ref name=":3">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 120-121].
* (2) mulE2.TUR3.RA DIM2.MA.AN.NA [DUG4.GA?] / ''a-na nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM2: ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM2 = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e i-qab-bi''
** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM2.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim2 (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim2 = ''banû'' "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].
* (3) DIŠ mulE2.TUR3.RA.ME SUKKAL mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ana'' mulŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ2 BURU14 ''nap-ša''2 KUR GU7 BURU14 ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I3 GAL2
** "If Eturame, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches Šupa, this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will enjoy a plentyful harvest; there will be a harvest of barley and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].
|Here we are not sure how to read the text

* (1) not translated in BPO 2<ref name=":0" />

* (2) can be read as genitive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea." ??? The word for "mixed stuff" is miscellanea; miscellania occurs in films etc. as a topographic feature ???'''
* mul''e-tu''!-''ram-mi'' = mulmin(=ur.gu.la)
* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:137].
|In this case, the identification seems to be the constellation [[Leo]], [[UR.GU.LA]]
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the AN series: d''Anum'' (V 202): [d''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal d''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke4 "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu". [Litke 1998<ref name=":5">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 187]; dBi.ir.du (= dBinibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 277; Litke 1998<ref name=":5" />, 185, note 191].

==== Previous Identification. ====
According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats mulE2.TUR.RA and mulE2.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. muleturammi in the "Great Star List and Miscellenea" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] mulE.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3|TUR3]] also in this connection. According to Koch, mul''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, its rising point which moves throughout the year within the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E2.TUR3 [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|''= tarbāṣu'' «Загон (для скота)»; вар. обозначения: mulE2.TUR3.RA, mulE.TU.RA.ME, mulE.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI; = mul''eturammi'' «Звезда Этурамми» [BPO 2, 11; G. 130, 131].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. Серия ''Urra'' XXII: [mule-TU-r]a-am-me = sukkal d''a-nu-ni-tum'' «Загон = Посланник Ануниту», [mul''e-tu-r'']''a''?''-am-me'' = mulur.gu.la «Этурамми? = Лев» [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:19–20; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:313ʹ], см. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7]. '''''EAE'''''. '''(1)''' mulE2.TUR3 NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E2.TUR3 «Звезда Загон вдоль (движется), (что соответствует) лежащему поперек загону» [BPO 2, III 21; Koch 1989, 120–121]. '''(2)''' mulE2.TUR3.RA DIM2.MA.AN.NA [DUG4.GA?] / ''a-na'' ''nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM2 : ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM2 = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e'' ''i-qab-bi'' «Загон (относится к) DIM2.MA.AN.NA / то есть ко всему небу, (потому что) dim2 (означает) “сово[купность”, (кроме того) dim2 = ''banû'' “создавать”], (поэтому) это названо “для созданий? неба”« [BPO 2, III 22–22a; Koch 1989, 121]. '''(3)''' DIŠ mulE2.TUR3.RA.ME SUKKAL mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ana'' mulŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ2 BURU14 ''nap-ša''2 KUR GU7 BURU14 ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 GAL2 «Если Этурамме, посланник Ануниту, к Шупе приближается, в этом году (в конце года) царь умрет; страна будет есть урожай вдоволь; урожай хлеба и сезама» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mul''e-tu''!-''ram-mi'' = mulmin(=ur.gu.la) «Этурамми = Лев» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:137].

II. Божество.

В астрологических и лексических текстах Этурамми связано с богиней Ануниту. В серии AN : d''Anum'' (V 202): [d''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal d''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke4 «Этурамми — посланник Бирду» [Litke 1998, 187]; dBi.ir.du (= d''Binibu'') ''—'' одно из имен Нергала [Tallqvist 1938, 277; Litke 1998,185, note 191].

III. Отождествление.

Согласно [BPO 2, 11], приведенные варианты названия относятся к одному светилу, отождествление которого неясно. Гёсман трактует mulE2.TUR.RA и mulE2.TU.RA.ME как два разных светила, не аргументируя [G. 130, 131]. mul''eturammi'' в «Большом спиcке звезд» может обозначать часть созвездия UR.GU.LA «Лев» [Mesop.Astrol., 193, notes]. В предсказании [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7] mulE.TU.RA.ME движется относительно неподвижных звезд, что делает вероятным его отождествление с планетой (Венерой, Марсом?). См. в этой связи также t10TUR3. Согласно Коху, mul''tarbāṣu'' — это Солнце, точка восхода которого перемещается на протяжении года относительно участка горизонта, имевшего мифологическое название E2.TUR3 [Koch 1989, 123], см. также [BPO 2, III 24b].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Bīt sakkî

2026-04-23T14:48:06Z

JanSafford: /* Historical Dictionaries */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:E2 ''sakkî''/ ''bīt sakkî''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
E2 ''sakkî'' / ''bīt sakkî'' (𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿) is a group of 6 stars within or in the vicinity of [[Hercules]] in Mesopotamian astral science. The meaning of the name is unclear.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= "(Stars) ''Bīt Sakkî''" [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 59; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 79a; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1012b; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25, commentary p. 32]; group of stars in [[Serpens]] (The Snake) and [[Ophiuchus]] (The Snake-Carrier) near [[Hercules]](?).
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|Only in the New Assyrian text VAT 9428

*r. 13: 6 MUL.MEŠ ''bit sak-ki-i i-ti'' K[ASKAL? MUL.MEŠ ''š'']''u-ut'' d''A-nim li-me-tam''
**“6 stars of Bit Sakki, located near to the p[ath(?) of the stars o]f Anu, (but) outside of it”
**[Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25, Section IX].
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===Additional ===

==== Previous Identification(s). ====
= possibly, stars located on the back portion of Serpens (ζ, η, θ Ser) and the northern end of Ophiuchus [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 84; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 59].

= among the stars near the constellation Hercules [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 79a].

= the stars of Bit Sakki belong to the path of Anu, but are on the border between it and the path of Enlil [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].

= six stars in the Dog constellation [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 72].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
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! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)

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|= «(Звезды) Бит Сакки» [Gössmann 1950: 59, CAD S, 79a; AHw, 1012b; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25, 32]; группа звезд в Змее (Serpens) и Змееносце (Ophiuchus) около Геркулеса (Herkules) (?).
I. Источники.

Только в новоассирийском тексте VAT 9428 r. 13: 6 MUL.MEŠ bit sak-ki-i i-ti K[ASKAL? MUL.MEŠ š]u-ut dA-nim li-me-tam «6 звезд Бит Сакки, расположенные рядом [со звездами на пу]ти Ану, (но) вне его» [Weidner 1927, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, Section IX].

II. Отождествление.

= возможно, звезды в задней части Змеи (ζ, η, θ Ser) и в северной части Змееносца [Weidner 1927, 84; Gössmann 1950: 59].

= среди звезд около созвездия Геркулес [CAD S, 79a].

= звезды Бит Сакки принадлежат пути Ану, но находятся на границе между ним и путем Энлиля [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32]

= шесть звезд в созвездии Пса [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].
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==References ==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Her]]