All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

Category:Almagest

2025-04-18T10:41:39Z

RobvGent: more precise + online links

The star catalogue in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagest Almagest] is based on the epoch 20 July 137 CE (1 Thoth 885 Nabonassar). It's author is given as the librarian of Alexandria (Egypt), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy] and its original title is Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις (''Mathēmatikē Syntaxis'').

It served as the standard book on astronomy for the next millennium in both the Christian and the Islamic tradition. As such, it was translated from the original Greek into Arabic and later into mediaeval Latin.

[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Greco-Roman]]

Quadrans Muralis

2025-01-26T22:09:04Z

RobvGent: more minor changes

[[File:Quadrantiden Stellarium2025 starsTo6.5mag.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|The radiant of the Quadrantids meteor shower displayed in Stellarium (2025) with stars only shown brighter than 6.5 mag. The star closest to the current radiant is marked.]]
This is one of the obsolete constellations from Early Modern Europe. The term is Latin and means "wall-mounted quadrant", a large astronomical instrument fixed to a wall. The constellation is still in common memory of meteor observers as a rich meteor shower that peaks in the first days of January are known as the Quadrantids. Their apparent point of origin, the radiant, is in the area where historically this constellation used to be defined.

==Etymology and History==

[[File:Mural firstlist2of10.jpg|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|Quadrans Muralis in Fortin's 1795 star catalogue (first page).]]
[[File:Mural firstlist8of10.jpg|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|Quadrans Muralis in Fortin's 1795 star catalogue (second page).]]

=== Origin of Constellation ===

The constellation was originally invented by the French astronomer Joseph Jérôme Lalande in 1795.<ref>Ian Ridpath, ''Star Tales'', Lalande's Quadrans Muralis ([http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/quadranslalande.html Online Edition])</ref>

In the same year, the French astronomer Jean Fortin published the 3rd edition of his ''Atlas céleste'' and a star catalogue in which he listed ten stars in the constellation "Le Mural" (in French).

Fortin's atlas started in 1776 as a French edition of Flamsteed's 1729 ''Atlas Coelestis'' written in English (maps labelled in Latin).<ref>''Die Große Flamsteed Edition (Faksimiles of Flamsteed, Fortin, Bode). Begleitbuch'' Latußeck, A. and Hoffmann, S: ''Ein nützliches Unternehmen'', Albireo-Verlag, Köln, 2017 ([https://albireo-verlag.org/product/die-grosse-flamsteed-edition/ online])</ref> This book (1st edition 1776; 2nd edition 1778) of the ''Atlas céleste''<ref>Flamsteed (1729). ''Atlas Coelestis'', [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53096741t# Online: Gallica]</ref><ref>Fortin (1778), ''Atlas céleste'', 2nd edition (Online [https://repository.ou.edu/uuid/ba3dd872-fe20-5daa-b699-e1c83da4f767/pages Lib. Univ. Oklahoma])</ref> does not show Quadrans, neither in the Bootes map nor in the Draco map. His 3rd edition, published in 1795 (with participation of others, e.g. Lalande) shows the new constellation Quadrans in the [[Draco]] map, but not in the map of [[Bootes]].

The German astronomer Johann E. Bode had included a German edition of Flamsteed's atlas in his popular book ''Anleitung zur Kennntniß des gestirnten Himmels'' (1782). In the 2nd edition of this book in 1805, he depicted the new constellation Quadrans in the map of [[Bootes]], but not in the map [[Draco]] (so he did not copy from Fortin directly). It is clearly visible that he had used the same copper plates for the print as in 1782 because he did not erase the boundary lines between the constellations that he had invented. (There are no boundaries drawn in Flamsteed or Fortin.) The image of the constellation Quadrans is at the place where the boundaries of the three constellations [[Bootes]], [[Hercules]] and [[Draco]] meet.

<gallery>
File:QuadransNo Fortin1776 Dra.jpg|Fortin's 1776 (1st edition) of the ''Atlas céleste'' without Quadrans (Dra).
File:QuadransNo Fortin1776 Boo b.jpg|Fortin's 1776 (1st edition) of the ''Atlas céleste'' without Quadrans (Boo).
File:Quadrans Fortin1795.jpg|Fortin's 1795 (3rd edition) of the ''Atlas céleste'' with Quadrans in the map of Draco.
File:QuadransNo Fortin1795 Boomap.jpg|Fortin's 1795 (3rd edition) of the ''Atlas céleste'' still without Quadrans in the map Bootes.
File:Quadrant Goldbach1799 Dra.jpg|Goldbach's 1799 atlas with Quadrans between Draco, Hercules and Bootes.
File:Quadrant Goldbach1799 Boo.jpg|Goldbach's 1799 atlas with Quadrans north of Bootes.
File:Quadrans Bode1805 Boo.jpg|Bode's 1805 edition of his Bootes-star chart in ''Anleitung zur Kenntniß des gestirnten Himmels'' (labelling in German).
File:QuadransNo Bode1805 Dra.jpg|Bode's 1805 edition of ''Anleitung zur Kenntniß des gestirnten Himmels'' with the star chart of Draco still without Quadrans.
</gallery>

In his 1801 trilingual magnus opus ''Uranographia''<ref>Bode (1801) ''Uranographia''. Online: maps not available, but [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10934408?page=,1 star catalogue by MDZ (Munich Library)]</ref> (with text in German and French, and constellation maps labelled in Latin), Bode took up the idea of this constellation and incorporated it in the map of Bootes.<ref>Ian Ridpath, ''Star Tales'', Quadrans Muralis ([http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/quadrans.html Online Edition])</ref> This map is not anymore based on Flamsteed's drawings, but a completely new celestial map with deviating shapes of constellations and many more objects (stars, star clusters and other nebulae) registered.

Alexander Jamieson and Sidney Hall in the subsequent decades also depicted Quadrans together with Bootes.

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===

<gallery>
File:Bode1801 s Quadrans.jpg|Bode 1801 Uranographia, Quadrans as a neighbouring detail next to Draco
File:Quadrans Muralis.jpg|Bode's (1801), Quadrans Muralis in ''Uranographia'', Johann E. Bode. This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects
File:Alexander Jamieson Celestial Atlas-Plate 7 - restoration - crop.jpg|Quadrans in Alexander Jamieson (1822), Plate 7 from ''A Celestial Atlas comprising a systematic display of the heavens in a series of thirty maps illustrated by scientific description of their contents and accompanied by catalogues of the stars and astronomical exercises''
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Bootes, Canes Venatici, Coma Berenices, and Quadrans Muralis.jpg|alt=Sidney Hall, ''Urania's Mirror'' (1825): "Bootes, Canes Venatici, Coma Berenices, and Quadrans Muralis", plate 10, a set of celestial cards accompanied by A familiar treatise on astronomy ... by Jehoshaphat Aspin. London. Astronomical chart, print on layered paper board : etching, hand-colored.|Sidney Hall, ''Urania's Mirror (1825):'' "Bootes, Canes Venatici, Coma Berenices, and Quadrans Muralis", plate 10, a set of celestial cards accompanied by ''A familiar treatise on astronomy ...'' by Jehoshaphat Aspin. London. Astronomical chart, 1 print on layered paper board : etching, hand-colored.
File:Quadrans muralis map.png|Map of the ancient constellation '''Quadrans Muralis.''' Created by CWitte with PP3 (PP3's homepage) byTorsten Bronger. This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects.
</gallery>

==Mythology==

no mythology

== IAU WGSN Name Discussion ==
In 2023 and 2025, it was suggested to use a name related to this obsolete historical constellation. The terms "Quadrans" or "Muralis" could be used to name a star in the area of this historical constellation; the first term makes more sense with regard to its reminiscence in the name of the meteor shower.

WGSN chose to ...

==Weblinks==
*
==References==
*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
<references />

Quadrans Muralis

2025-01-26T22:05:49Z

RobvGent: further small changes

[[File:Quadrantiden Stellarium2025 starsTo6.5mag.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|the radiant of the Quadrantides meteor shower displayed in Stellarium (2025) with stars shown only brighter than 6.5 mag. The star closest to the current radiant marked.]]
This is one of the obsolete constellations from Early Modern Europe. The term is Latin and means "wall-mounted quadrant", a large astronomical instrument fixed to a wall. The constellation is still in common memory of astronomers as a rich meteor shower that peaks in the first days of January are known as the Quadrantids. Their apparent point of origin, the radiant, is in the area where historically this constellation used to be defined.

==Etymology and History==

[[File:Mural firstlist2of10.jpg|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|Quadrans Muralis in Fortin's 1795 star catalogue (first page).]]
[[File:Mural firstlist8of10.jpg|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|Quadrans Muralis in Fortin's 1795 star catalogue (second page).]]

=== Origin of Constellation ===

The constellation was originally invented by the French astronomer Joseph Jérôme Lalande in 1795.<ref>Ian Ridpath, ''Star Tales'', Lalande's Quadrans Muralis ([http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/quadranslalande.html Online Edition])</ref>

In the same year, the French astronomer Jean Fortin published the 3rd edition of his ''Atlas céleste'' and a star catalogue in which he listed ten stars in the constellation "Le Mural" (in French).

Fortin's atlas started in 1776 as a French edition of Flamsteed's 1729 ''Atlas Coelestis'' written in English (maps labelled in Latin).<ref>''Die Große Flamsteed Edition (Faksimiles of Flamsteed, Fortin, Bode). Begleitbuch'' Latußeck, A. and Hoffmann, S: ''Ein nützliches Unternehmen'', Albireo-Verlag, Köln, 2017 ([https://albireo-verlag.org/product/die-grosse-flamsteed-edition/ online])</ref> This book (1st edition 1776; 2nd edition 1778) of the ''Atlas céleste''<ref>Flamsteed (1729). ''Atlas Coelestis'', [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53096741t# Online: Gallica]</ref><ref>Fortin (1778), ''Atlas céleste'', 2nd edition (Online [https://repository.ou.edu/uuid/ba3dd872-fe20-5daa-b699-e1c83da4f767/pages Lib. Univ. Oklahoma])</ref> does not show Quadrans, neither in the Bootes map nor in the Draco map. His 3rd edition, published in 1795 (with participation of others, e.g. Lalande) shows the new constellation Quadrans in the [[Draco]] map, but not in the map of [[Bootes]].

The German astronomer Johann E. Bode had included a German edition of Flamsteed's atlas in his popular book ''Anleitung zur Kennntniß des gestirnten Himmels'' (1782). In the 2nd edition of this book in 1805, he depicted the new constellation Quadrans in the map of [[Bootes]], but not in the map [[Draco]] (so he did not copy from Fortin directly). It is clearly visible that he had used the same copper plates for the print as in 1782 because he did not erase the boundary lines between the constellations that he had invented. (There are no boundaries drawn in Flamsteed or Fortin.) The image of the constellation Quadrans is at the place where the boundaries of the three constellations [[Bootes]], [[Hercules]] and [[Draco]] meet.

<gallery>
File:QuadransNo Fortin1776 Dra.jpg|Fortin's 1776 (1st edition) of the ''Atlas céleste'' without Quadrans (Dra).
File:QuadransNo Fortin1776 Boo b.jpg|Fortin's 1776 (1st edition) of the ''Atlas céleste'' without Quadrans (Boo).
File:Quadrans Fortin1795.jpg|Fortin's 1795 (3rd edition) of the ''Atlas céleste'' with Quadrans in the map of Draco.
File:QuadransNo Fortin1795 Boomap.jpg|Fortin's 1795 (3rd edition) of the ''Atlas céleste'' still without Quadrans in the map Bootes.
File:Quadrant Goldbach1799 Dra.jpg|Goldbach's 1799 atlas with Quadrans between Draco, Hercules and Bootes.
File:Quadrant Goldbach1799 Boo.jpg|Goldbach's 1799 atlas with Quadrans north of Bootes.
File:Quadrans Bode1805 Boo.jpg|Bode's 1805 edition of his Bootes-star chart in ''Anleitung zur Kenntniß des gestirnten Himmels'' (labelling in German).
File:QuadransNo Bode1805 Dra.jpg|Bode's 1805 edition of ''Anleitung zur Kenntniß des gestirnten Himmels'' with the star chart of Draco still without Quadrans.
</gallery>

In his 1801 trilingual magnus opus ''Uranographia''<ref>Bode (1801) ''Uranographia''. Online: maps not available, but [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10934408?page=,1 star catalogue by MDZ (Munich Library)]</ref> (with text in German and French, and constellation maps labelled in Latin), Bode took up the idea of this constellation and incorporated it in the map of Bootes.<ref>Ian Ridpath, ''Star Tales'', Quadrans Muralis ([http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/quadrans.html Online Edition])</ref> This map is not anymore based on Flamsteed's drawings, but a completely new celestial map with deviating shapes of constellations and many more objects (stars, star clusters and other nebulae) registered.

Alexander Jamieson and Sidney Hall in the subsequent decades also depicted Quadrans together with Bootes.

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===

<gallery>
File:Bode1801 s Quadrans.jpg|Bode 1801 Uranographia, Quadrans as a neighbouring detail next to Draco
File:Quadrans Muralis.jpg|Bode's (1801), Quadrans Muralis in ''Uranographia'', Johann E. Bode. This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects
File:Alexander Jamieson Celestial Atlas-Plate 7 - restoration - crop.jpg|Quadrans in Alexander Jamieson (1822), Plate 7 from ''A Celestial Atlas comprising a systematic display of the heavens in a series of thirty maps illustrated by scientific description of their contents and accompanied by catalogues of the stars and astronomical exercises''
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Bootes, Canes Venatici, Coma Berenices, and Quadrans Muralis.jpg|alt=Sidney Hall, ''Urania's Mirror'' (1825): "Bootes, Canes Venatici, Coma Berenices, and Quadrans Muralis", plate 10, a set of celestial cards accompanied by A familiar treatise on astronomy ... by Jehoshaphat Aspin. London. Astronomical chart, print on layered paper board : etching, hand-colored.|Sidney Hall, ''Urania's Mirror (1825):'' "Bootes, Canes Venatici, Coma Berenices, and Quadrans Muralis", plate 10, a set of celestial cards accompanied by ''A familiar treatise on astronomy ...'' by Jehoshaphat Aspin. London. Astronomical chart, 1 print on layered paper board : etching, hand-colored.
File:Quadrans muralis map.png|Map of the ancient constellation '''Quadrans Muralis.''' Created by CWitte with PP3 (PP3's homepage) byTorsten Bronger. This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects.
</gallery>

==Mythology==

no mythology

== IAU WGSN Name Discussion ==
In 2023 and 2025, it was suggested to use a name related to this obsolete historical constellation. The terms "Quadrans" or "Muralis" could be used to name a star in the area of this historical constellation; the first term makes more sense with regard to its reminiscence in the name of the meteor shower.

WGSN chose to ...

==Weblinks==
*
==References==
*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
<references />

Quadrans Muralis

2025-01-26T21:59:58Z

RobvGent: italics

[[File:Quadrantiden Stellarium2025 starsTo6.5mag.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|the radiant of the Quadrantides meteor shower displayed in Stellarium (2025) with stars shown only brighter than 6.5 mag. The star closest to the current radiant marked.]]
This is one of the obsolete constellations from Early Modern Europe. The term is Latin and means "wall-mounted quadrant", a large instrument attached to a wall. The constellation is still in common memory of astronomers as a rich meteor shower that peaks in the first days of January is named The Quadrantids; their apparent point of origin, the radiant, is in the area where historically this constellation used to be defined.
==Etymology and History==
[[File:Mural firstlist2of10.jpg|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|Quadrans Muralis in Fortin's 1795 star catalogue (first page).]]
[[File:Mural firstlist8of10.jpg|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|Quadrans Muralis in Fortin's 1795 star catalogue (second page).]]

=== Origin of Constellation ===
The constellation was originally invented by the French astronomer Joseph Jérôme Lalande in 1795. <ref>Ian Ridpath, ''Star Tales'', Lalande's Quadrans Muralis ([http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/quadranslalande.html Online Edition])</ref>

In the same year, the French astronomer Jean Fortin published the 3rd edition of his ''Atlas céleste'' and a star catalogue in which he mentions ten stars in the constellation "Le Mural" (in French). Fortin's atlas started in 1776 as a French edition of Flamsteed's 1729 ''Atlas Coelestis'' written in English (maps labelled in Latin).<ref>''Die Große Flamsteed Edition (Faksimiles of Flamsteed, Fortin, Bode). Begleitbuch'' Latußeck, A. and Hoffmann, S: ''Ein nützliches Unternehmen'', Albireo-Verlag, Köln, 2017 ([https://albireo-verlag.org/product/die-grosse-flamsteed-edition/ online])</ref> This book (1st edition 1776; 2nd edition 1778) of the ''Atlas céleste''<ref>Flamsteed (1729). ''Atlas Coelestis'', [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53096741t# Online: Gallica]</ref><ref>Fortin (1778), ''Atlas céleste'', 2nd edition (Online [https://repository.ou.edu/uuid/ba3dd872-fe20-5daa-b699-e1c83da4f767/pages Lib. Univ. Oklahoma])</ref> does not show Quadrans, neither in the Bootes map nor in the Draco map. His 3rd edition, published in 1795 (with participation of others, e.g. Lalande) show the new constellation Quadrans in the [[Draco]] map, but not in the map of [[Bootes]].

The German astronomer Johann E. Bode had included a German edition of Flamsteed's atlas in his popular book ''Anleitung zur Kennntniß des gestirnten Himmels'' (1782). In the 2nd edition of this book in 1805, he depicted the new constellation Quadrans in the map of [[Bootes]], but not in the map [[Draco]] (so he did not copy from Fortin directly). It is clearly visible that he had used the same copper plates for the print as in 1782 because he did not erase the boundary lines between the constellations that he had invented. (There are no boundaries drawn in Flamsteed or Fortin.) The image of the constellation Quadrans is at the place where the boundaries of the three constellations [[Bootes]], [[Hercules]] and [[Draco]] meet.

<gallery>
File:QuadransNo Fortin1776 Dra.jpg|Fortin's 1776 (1st edition) of the ''Atlas céleste'' without Quadrans (Dra).
File:QuadransNo Fortin1776 Boo b.jpg|Fortin's 1776 (1st edition) of the ''Atlas céleste'' without Quadrans (Boo).
File:Quadrans Fortin1795.jpg|Fortin's 1795 (3rd edition) of the ''Atlas céleste'' with Quadrans in the map of Draco.
File:QuadransNo Fortin1795 Boomap.jpg|Fortin's 1795 (3rd edition) of the ''Atlas céleste'' still without Quadrans in the map Bootes.
File:Quadrant Goldbach1799 Dra.jpg|Goldbach's 1799 atlas with Quadrans between Draco, Hercules and Bootes.
File:Quadrant Goldbach1799 Boo.jpg|Goldbach's 1799 atlas with Quadrans north of Bootes.
File:Quadrans Bode1805 Boo.jpg|Bode's 1805 edition of his Bootes-star chart in ''Anleitung zur Kenntniß des gestirnten Himmels'' (labelling in German).
File:QuadransNo Bode1805 Dra.jpg|Bode's 1805 edition of ''Anleitung zur Kenntniß des gestirnten Himmels'' with the star chart of Draco still without Quadrans.
</gallery>

In his 1801 trilingual magnus opus ''Uranographia''<ref>Bode (1801) ''Uranographia''. Online: maps not available, but [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10934408?page=,1 star catalogue by MDZ (Munich Library)]</ref> (with text in German and French, and constellation maps labelled in Latin), Bode took up the idea of this constellation and incorporated it in the map of Bootes.<ref>Ian Ridpath, ''Star Tales'', Quadrans Muralis ([http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/quadrans.html Online Edition])</ref> This map is not anymore based on Flamsteed's drawings, but a completely new celestial map with deviating shapes of constellations and many more objects (stars, star clusters and other nebulae) registered.

Alexander Jamieson and Sidney Hall in the subsequent decades also depicted Quadrans together with Bootes.

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===

<gallery>
File:Bode1801 s Quadrans.jpg|Bode 1801 Uranographia, Quadrans as a neighbouring detail next to Draco
File:Quadrans Muralis.jpg|Bode's (1801), Quadrans Muralis in ''Uranographia'', Johann E. Bode. This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects
File:Alexander Jamieson Celestial Atlas-Plate 7 - restoration - crop.jpg|Quadrans in Alexander Jamieson (1822), Plate 7 from ''A Celestial Atlas comprising a systematic display of the heavens in a series of thirty maps illustrated by scientific description of their contents and accompanied by catalogues of the stars and astronomical exercises''
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Bootes, Canes Venatici, Coma Berenices, and Quadrans Muralis.jpg|alt=Sidney Hall, ''Urania's Mirror'' (1825): "Bootes, Canes Venatici, Coma Berenices, and Quadrans Muralis", plate 10, a set of celestial cards accompanied by A familiar treatise on astronomy ... by Jehoshaphat Aspin. London. Astronomical chart, print on layered paper board : etching, hand-colored.|Sidney Hall, ''Urania's Mirror (1825):'' "Bootes, Canes Venatici, Coma Berenices, and Quadrans Muralis", plate 10, a set of celestial cards accompanied by ''A familiar treatise on astronomy ...'' by Jehoshaphat Aspin. London. Astronomical chart, 1 print on layered paper board : etching, hand-colored.
File:Quadrans muralis map.png|Map of the ancient constellation '''Quadrans Muralis.''' Created by CWitte with PP3 (PP3's homepage) byTorsten Bronger. This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects.
</gallery>

==Mythology==
no mythology

== IAU WGSN name discussion ==
In 2023 and 2025, it was suggested to use a name related to this obsolete historical constellation. The terms "Quadrans" or "Muralis" could be used to name a star in the area of this historical constellation; the first term makes more sense with regard to its reminiscence in the name of the meteor shower.

WGSN chose to ...

==Weblinks==
*
==References==
*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
<references />

Mensa

2024-11-15T00:20:12Z

RobvGent: /* Indigenous terms for the Mountain */

[[File:Mensa IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|IAU Mensa chart (CC0)]]
Mensa, originally "Mons Mensae" (Table Mountain), is one of the 88 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union IAU] constellations. There were no ancient (Babylonian, Greek or Roman) constellations in this area, so early modern astronomers created names in the southern hemisphere. The region has no bright stars, the brightest star α Mensae is 5.1 mag, and has thus not been subject to any (?)gestalt-seeing(?).

==Etymology and History==
[[File:20240811 131538.jpg compressed-768x1024.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Table Mountain with table cloth (cloud) called "Cape Cloud" (SMH 2024).]]
In the 1750s, the French surveyor and mathematician Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille was based in the trading station at the South African Cape of Good Hope that has developed into the city of Cape Town. He lived there for two years and measured positions of the land and the stars. In gaps of historical constellations, he invented new ones and named them after contemporary devices such as drawing tools, telescope, microscope, and a pendulum clock. The constellation of the Table Mountain seems to stand out as it is named after a geographical feature in Cape Town's landscape. However, Lacaille's reason is preserved in his [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35505/f787.item 1756 report for the French Academy of Science]. <blockquote>''Enfin, j’ai mis au dessous du grand nuage la Montagne de la Table, célèbre au cap de Bonne-espérance par sa figure de table, et principalement par un nuage blanc qui la vient couvrir en forme de nappe à l’approche d’un vent violent de sud-est; d’ailleurs la pluspart des Navigateurs appellent nuages du Cap, ce que nous appelons nuées de Magellan, ou le grand et le petit nuage.''
'''English'''

Finally, I have placed below the large cloud the Table Mountain, famous at the Cape of Good Hope for its table-like shape, and mainly for a white cloud which covers it in the form of a tablecloth when a strong south-easterly wind approaches; moreover, most navigators call the Cape Clouds what we call Magellan's Clouds, or the Large and Small Clouds.</blockquote>

=== Lacaille's Reason: Cape Cloud ===
[[File:20240816 173800.jpg compressed b-847x1024.jpg|alt=photograph from book|thumb|Illustration of the "Größeren Kapwolke" (‘Greater Cape Cloud’) in the ‘Bilderatlas der Sternenwelt’ by E. Weiss (1892).]]
There are two easily recognisable, free-standing dwarf galaxies in the southern sky. Today, they are generally called the Magellanic Clouds (even though there is now an initiative to ask the IAU to rename them because Magellan, as a European explorer, did not always behave nicely towards the indigenous people he met - and they ended up having their own names for these celestial objects, which they were well aware of). In Lacaille's time, however, this was not yet firmly established terminology and so the Frenchman suggested that the Large Magellanic Cloud be called the ‘Cape Cloud’.

"Cape Cloud" was the term with which navigators of the ocean-going ships referred to the cloud above the Table Mountain in Cape Town. Due to a weather rule, the mountain and its cloud had an instrumental function: Lacaille quotes a weather rule of the navigators, according to which a white cloud like a tablecloth on Table Mountain, before a dangerous south-easterly wind arises.

=== Indigenous terms for the Mountain ===
Two ethnics were native to the area of cape town: the hunter-gatherer San and the nomadic Khoekhoe (in old literature called "the Hottentots" which is today considered offensive). Of course, these peoples also had names for the mountain before the Europeans arrived. In the San and Khoekhoe language it was called '''Huriǂoaxa, the Sea Mountain''' (lit. 'sea-emerging').

This term is perhaps the earliest known (written) name for this mountain because it is mentioned in the journal of Captain Robert Jacob Gorden on his fourth journey in 1779:<ref>Robert Jacob Gordon’s fourth journey (27 June 1779 to 13 January 1780), appendix to ms 107/3/1/1, fol. 67a, [https://www.robertjacobgordon.nl/manuscripts/appendix-to-ms-107-3-1-1#page4 online]</ref><blockquote>"de Oude hottentotten hieten de Caap hoerie ḱwaggo of de zeeberg de emphasies op ieder der laatste syllabe van het woord”</blockquote>in translation <blockquote>“The old Hottentots call Cape Town hoerie ḱwaggo or sea-mountain, with the stress on the last syllable of each word”.</blockquote>

== Images of the Table Mountain ==
[[File:Hodges cape-good-hope.jpg|alt=historical painting of the Table Mountain|thumb|''A view of the Cape of Good Hope, taken on the Spot, from on board the Resolution, Capt. Cook'', Oil on canvas (William Hodges 1772, CC0).]]
<gallery>
File:20240814 121632.jpg compressed cut.jpeg|Table Mountain in Cape Town without its Cloud (SMH, August 2024)
File:20240811 113709.jpg compressed.jpeg|Table Mountain in Cape Town with its Cloud (SMH, August 2024)
File:20240811 113558.jpg compressed.jpeg|Table Mountain in Cape Town with its Cloud (SMH, August 2024)
File:20240811 113552.jpg compressed.jpeg|Table Mountain in Cape Town with its Cloud (SMH, August 2024)
File:Table Mountain (Unsplash).jpg|Table Mountain, Cape Town, South Africa (Bruno Wolff 2017, CC0)
File:Cape Town (ZA), Table Mountain -- 2024 -- 3437.jpg|View of Table Mountain from Orange Street, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (CC By Dietmar Rabich).
File:20240811 110149.jpg compressed.jpeg|Table Mountain in Cape Town with its Cloud (SMH, August 2024)
File:20240811 105344.jpg compressed.jpeg|Table Mountain in Cape Town with its Cloud (SMH, August 2024)
File:20240808 121834.jpg compressed.jpeg|Cape Town mountains from above their clouds (SMH, August 2024); the layer is rather thin and attached to the mountains.
</gallery>

== Historical Images in Star Charts ==
<gallery>
File:Lacaille-Mensa-fortin French.jpg|Lacaille's constellation Mensa in his French ''Planisphere'' (1756) (CC0)
File:Lacaille Mensa Latin.JPG|Mons Mensae in Lacaille's map ''Coelum australe stelliferum'' (1763): [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/197200?lang=en Zurich Library]
File:Mensa Bode.jpg|Constellation Mensa in Bode's ''Uranographia'' 1801 (CC0)
</gallery>

== IAU WGSN Catalog of Star Names ==
By the occasion of the IAU GA in Cape Town 2024, it was proposed to name the (yet nameless) main star of the constellation Mensa with an Indigenous term for the mountain. Thus, it was proposed to use the term "[https://ibali.uct.ac.za/s/woac/item/3470 Hoerikwaggo]" from San language (Khoekhoe: '''Huriǂoaxa''', lit. 'sea-emerging'). The term literally means "Sea Mountain" and is perhaps the earliest known (written) name for this mountain, published in 1779 already.

'''Sources:'''

* Robert Gordon 1779 ([https://www.robertjacobgordon.nl/writings-and-drawings Travel Journals])
* John Barrows 1797; cited by Nienaber and Raper 1977: 560; again: Gabriel Stefanus Nienaber and P. E. Raper (1983, 213): "[https://books.google.com/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=peJBAAAAYAAJ&dq=Hoerikwaggo Hottentot (Khoekhoen) Place Names]"

'''Astrophysics of Alpha Mensae''' (HIP 29271, HR 2261, HD 43834):

* observation: (a) in the TESS Continuous Viewing Zone, and (b) is one of the nearest, brightest stars subject to asteroseismologic analysis with TESS (Chontos+ 2021; [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=2021ApJ...922..229C SIMBAD])
* From asteroseismology, the age is fairly well-constrained age of 6 Gyr. It also has an M dwarf companion at 3".
* Alpha Men was also one of the 164 provisional target stars for the Habitable Worlds Observatory that [https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.12414 Karl Stapelfeldt and Eric Mamajek (2023)]. They are mostly naked eye FGK-type dwarfs within about 20 parsecs, and Alpha Mensae is a G7V at 10 parsecs and it should make for a great HWO target for the search for Earth-like planets (so long as the light of the companion star can be mitigated!).

==Weblinks==

* Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/mensa.html Star Tales: online edition]".

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

Suggested Stellar Transients

2024-10-25T14:20:42Z

RobvGent: expanded Schaefer

In the 1930s, Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky developed the hypothesis of stars that end their lives in big explosions: supernovae. Only in the 1960s, in a series of three papers by Robert Krafft, the physical nature of novae was explained as surface eruptions on white dwarf stars in cataclysmic binary systems.

However, the term "nova" or "stella nova" was introduced by Tycho Brahe 1572 without any knowledge of the physics in stars, but just from the visual observation of a star seemingly appearing and vanishing after a while, but remaining at the same place (unlike comets). For European astronomy, this doubtless observation required a new category or label for the appearance. In contrast, East Asian astronomers already had a label for it: "guest star". Yet, this term was also used for objects of other physical nature and visual appearance, such as comets. Hence, the historical terms never imply any specific type of object.

Since the dawn of systematic research on variable stars in the 19th century, Sinologists and astrophysicists have attempted to compile catalogues of these objects historically called "nova" (not necessarily implying an underlying nova in the definition of astrophysics) or "guest star".

== Transients that were suggested as Novae or Supernovae ==

=== Known Recurrent Novae ===
As novae (in contrast to supernovae) are surface eruptions that do not destroy the source star, they may happen regularly. Only ten recurrent novae (RN, NR or Nr) are known in our Galaxy. Perhaps one of the reasons is that we have only roughly 150 years of telescopic surveys, so there may be more recurrences to be discovered in historical data.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!scope="col" style="width: 5em;" |
!scope="col" style="width: 4em;" |Schaefer (2010)<ref name=":0">Schaefer, B.E., 2010. "Comprehensive Photometric Histories of all Known Galactic Recurrent Novae" ''Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series'', Vol. 187 (2), pp. 275–373.

[https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0067-0049/187/2/275 IOPscience][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010yCat..21870275S/abstract adsabs] </ref>
! colspan="2" |Darnley (2019)<ref name=":1">Darnley, M.J., 2019. Accrete, accrete, accrete... Bang! (and repeat): The remarkable recurrent novae. arXiv e-prints. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.13209 arXiv:1912.13209] and on [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021gacv.workE..44D/abstract adsabs 2021]</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 4em;"|Schaefer (2010)<ref name=":0" />
!scope="col" style="width: 3em;" |Darnley (2019/21)<ref name=":1" />
!
!
!Historical Observations
(Darnley 2019/'21)<ref name=":1" />
!Possible Further Historical Observations
|-
!name
! colspan="2" |τr
!Δτ
!Ampl/ mag
!t3
!Porb /d
!log10 (τ)
!t2
!
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|T Pyx
|19
|24±12
|12
|9.1
|62
|0.07622886
|1.4
|32
|1890, 1902, 1920, 1944, 1967, 2011
|
|-
|IM Nor
|82
|~82
|?
|9.8
|80
|0.10263312
|1.9
|50
|1920, 2002
|
|-
|CI Aql
|24
|27±4
|04
|7.7
|31.6
|0.6183609
|1.4
|25.4
|1917, 1941, ( ∼1968), 2000
|
|-
|V2487 Oph
|98
|~98
|?
|8.2
|8.4
| --
|2.0
|6.2
|1900, 1998
|
|-
|U Sco
|10
|10±1
|01
|10.1
|2.6
|1.23054695
|1.0
|1.2
|1863, ( ∼1873, ∼1884, ∼1894), 1906, 1917, ( ∼1927), 1936, 1945, ( ∼1955), 1969, 1979, 1987, 1999, 2010
|
|-
|V394 CrA
|30
|~38
|?
|11.2
|5.2
|1.515682
|1.6
|2.4
|1949, 1987
|
|-
|T CrB
|80
|~80
|?
|7.3
|06
|227.57
|1.9
|4
|1866, 1946
|
|-
|RS Oph
|15
|15±6
|06
|6.2
|14
|455.72
|1.2
|6.8
|1898, 1907 ?, 1933, 1945 ?, 1958, 1967, 1985, 2006
|
|-
|V745 Sco
|21
|26±1
|01
|9.2
|09
|510±20
|1.4
|6.2
|1937, ( ∼1963), 1989, 2014
|
|-
|V3890 Sgr
|25
|29±1
|01
|7.4
|14.4
|103.14
|1.5
|6.4
|1962, 1990, 2019
|
|}

=== Compiled List from Authors of the 20th century ===
Here, we collated the most famous suggestions from astrophysics papers, comment on them, and create more detailled entries for the interesting ones.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!year
!Ho/ Xu+ Text
!our comment
!Xu+ 2000<ref name=":2">Xu, Z., Pankenier, D.W., Jiang, Y., 2000. ''East Asian Archaeoastronomy''. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam</ref>
!Clark+Steph. 1977<ref>Stephenson, F. R. (1976), "Revised Catalogue of Pre-Telescopic Galactic Novae and Supernovae", ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society'', Vol. 17, p. 121</ref><ref>Clark, David H. and Stephenson, F. Richard (1977). ''The Historical Supernovae''. Oxford [Eng.] ; New York : Pergamon Press, 1977. 1st ed.</ref>
!Xu Const<ref name=":2" />
!Ho const.<ref name=":3">Ho Peng Yoke, 1962. "Ancient and Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources", ''Vistas in Astronomy'', Vol. 5., pp. 127-225
[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962VA......5..127H/abstract adsabs], and PDF on [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0083665662900077?via%3Dihub ELSEVIER]</ref>
!Nikiforov 2010
!Duerbeck 199x
!Pskovskii 1972<ref>Pskovskii, Yu. P. (1972). "Survey of Stellar Outbursts of the Pretelescopic Era". ''Soviet Astronomy'', Vol. 16, p. 23.

[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972SvA....16...23P/abstract adsabs] and [https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1972SvA....16...23P PDF]</ref>
!Xi and Po
!Hsi 1957<ref>Hsi, T.-T., 1957. "A New Catalog of Ancient Novae", ''Smithonian Contributions to Astrophysics'', Vol. 2, pp. 109-130. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957SCoA....2..109H/abstract adsabs] and [https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1957SCoA....2..109H PDF] </ref>
|-
|1
| -531
|13th year of King Jing of Zhou, in spring. A star emerged in WUNÜ [LM 10].<ref name=":2" />
|
|star
|star
|Wunü
|Wu-Nu
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|2
| -524
|
|
|
|
|
|at Ta-Chhen
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|3
| -203
|a "po" was observed at Ta-Chio for over ten days before going out of sight.<ref name=":3" />
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|Dajiao
|at Ta-Chio
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|4
| -133
|a guest star appeared at the Fang.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Fang
|Fang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|5
| -109 to -104
|a "po" was seen at Ho-Shu
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Heshu
|Ho-Shu
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|6
| -103 to -100
|a "po" was seen among the stars at Chao-Yao.
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zhaoyao
|Chao-Yao
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|7
| -76
|a guest star appeared at the Tzu-Wei between the star Tou-Shu and the Pole (star)
|
|guest star
|k'o
|within Zigong, between Doushou and [Bei-]Ji
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|8
| -75
|a candle star (chu hsing) was seen between the Khuei and the Lou.
|
|chu
|chu
|?
|between Khuei and Lou
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|9
| -68
|
|comet?
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|10
| -47
|a guest star of the size of a melon and with a bluish-white colour, was seen about 4 chhih away east of the second star in the Nan-Tou
|
|guest star
|k'o
|four chi east of the 2nd star of Nandou
|4° away east from 2nd star Nan-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|11
| -46
|a guest star appeared at the division of the Mao and stayed at about 5 chhih to the east of Chüan-Shê. It was bluish-white in colour and its rays measured 0.3 tshun
|
|guest star
|k'o
|appeared in the space of Mao and stayed in place about five chi east of Juanshe
|about 5° east of Chüan-Shê, at the division of Mao (and X)
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
| -4
|a hui appeared at the Chhien-Niu for over 70 days
|
| -
|? (Steph.'76)
|
|Chhien-Niu
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|12
| -3
|a "po" was seen at Ho-Ku.
|likely comet
|fuzzy star
|hui
|Hegu
|Ho-Ku
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|13
|29
|a guest star was seen
|neglect
|guest star
|
|Yuzuo
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|14
|59
|a "po" was seen at Thien-Chhuan
|
|
|
|
|Thien-Chhuan
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|15
|61
|a guest star was seen at the NW of Kéng-Ho pointing towards Kuan-So. It went out of sight after 70 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Genghe
|NW of Kêng-Ho
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|16
|64
|a guest star with a white vapour measuring 2 chhih was seen at the south of Tso-Chih-Fa, outside the Tuan-Mén. It appeared for a period of 75 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|outside the Nanduan gate of Taiwei (Enclosure) near Zuozhifa
|Tso-Chih-Fa, outside Tuan-Nén (Main-Gate)
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|17
|70
|a guest star was seen at Hsien-Yuan for 48 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Xuanyuan
|Hsien-yuan
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|18
|71
|a guest-star was seen at the Mao. It gradually went out of sight after 60 days at the right corner of Hsien-Yuan.
|comet
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|19
|85
|a guest star entered the Tzu-Wei.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|20
|101
|a small guest star appeared at the fourth star of Hsien-Yuan. It was bluish-yellow in colour.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in the space of the fourth star of Xuanyuan
|Hsien-Yuan
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|21
|107
|a guest star appeared at the SW of the Tung-Ching and Hu
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in Dongjing southwest of the Hu star
|southwest of Tung-Ching and Hu
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|22
|123
|
|
|
|
|
|identified as Biot’s mistake
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|23
|125
|a guest star was seen at the Thien Shih
|no
|guest star
|k'o
|Tianshi
|Thien Shih
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|24
|126
|a guest star entered the Thai-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Taiwei
|Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|25
|126
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|149
|a hui with rays 5 ft (chhih) appeared within Thien-Shih (Enclosure) pointing SE and with a yellowish-white colour. It went out of sight on a wu-chhen day in the ninth month
|comet?
|
|
|
|Thien-Shih
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|26
|158
|a "po" was seen at Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Beidou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|27
|173
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|28
|185
|a guest star appeared at Nan-Men. Its size was as large as a mat, while its five colours were fluctuating. It became smaller and went out of sight during the sixth month of the following year [July/Aug 186]
|SN or comet?
|guest star
|k'o
|Nanmen
|Nan-Mên
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|29
|200
|a "po" was seen at Ta-Liang
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Daliang
|Ta-Liang
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|30
|213
|a "po" appeared at Wu-Chu-Hou
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Wuzhuhou
|Wu-Chu-Hou
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|31
|222
|a guest star appeared within the Tso-I-Men of the Thai-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|inside Zuoyemen of Taiwei
|within Tso-I-Mên of the Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|32
|247
|a hui measuring 1 ft (chhih) appeared for 156 days at the Chen.
|comet
|broom star
|hui
|?
|Chen
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>257</s>
|<s>a white hui was seen at the Chio.</s>
|<s>comet</s>
|
|
|
|<s>Chio</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>260</s>
|<s>a "po" appeared in the east for 25 days</s>
|<s>comet</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|33
|269
|a "po" appeared within Tzu-Wei
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|34
|275
|
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zhen
|Chen
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>278</s>
|<s>a Chhih-Yu banner appeared within Tung-Ching</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Tung-Ching</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>281</s>
|<s>a "po" appeared at Chang</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Chang</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|35
|290
|
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>301</s>
|<s>a hui appeared at the (division of) Chhi</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>division of Chhi</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|36
|304
|
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Bi
|guarded the Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|37
|305
|po appeared at Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Beidou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|38
|329
|po appeared at the NW trespassing against Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|Dou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|39
|340
|25 March: a "po" was seen at the Thai-Wei.
|meteor
|fuzzy star
|
|Taiwei
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|40
|358
|a hui was seen extending from Thien-Chhuan to the Wei
|meteor
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|41
|369
|a guest star appeared at the western wall of the Tzu-Wei. It went out of sight during the seventh month
|perhaps nova
|guest star
|k'o
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|42
|386
|a guest star appeared at the Nan-Tou. It went out of sight during the sixth month.
|SN or nova
|guest star
|k'o
|Nandou
|Nan-Tou
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|43
|389
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|44
|393
|a guest star was seen within the Wei. It went out of sight during the ninth month
|SN or nova
|guest star
|k'o
|Wei
|Wei
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|45
|396
|a hui was seen at Mao-Tou. At first, a large yellow star appeared at the Mao and the Pifor more than 50 days. In winter, during the 11th month the yellow star reappeared.
|Venus
|star
|star
|in the space of Mao and Bi
|Mao + Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|46
|402
|a white guest star, which resembled loose cotton was seen at the west of the Thai-Wei. During the 12th month it entered theThai-Wei.
|comet
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|Thai Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|47
|414
|a "po" appeared at the south of the Mao
|
|fuzzy star
|
|south of Mao
|Mao
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|48
|419
|a "po" appeared at the western wall of the Thai Wei
|
|fuzzy star
|
|at the west palisade of Taiwei
|Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|49
|421
|a guest star was seen at the I
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Yi
|I
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|50
|436
|a "po" was seen at the Fang
|
|fuzzy star
|
|?
|Fang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|51
|437
|a star appeared during the day at 15 to 17 h in the NE by the side of Tung-Ching. It was yellow in colour and was as large as an orange
|meteor? or sth. with Jupiter?
|star
|star
|?
|Tung-Ching
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|<s>449</s>
|<s>a hui appeared at the north of the Mao</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Mao</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>464</s>
|<s>a chhang-hsing was seen at Chih-Nü (Vega). It was pure white in colour.</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Ho-Phing</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|52
|483
|a guest star of the size of a peck measure appeared at the Shen. It looked like a "po"
|
|guest star
|k'o
|east of Shen
|Shen
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|53
|537
|a guest star was seen at the Tzu-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|Tzu-Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|54
|541
|a guest star was seen at the Tzu-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|55
|561
|a guest star appeared at the I
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Yi
|I
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|56
|568
|a guest star was seen at the east of the Ti. […]
|comet
| -
| -
|
|Ti
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|57
|575
|a "po" appeared at Ta-Chio
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|in Dajiao
|Ta-Chio
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|58
|588
|a "po" appeared at the Chhien-Niu
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Qianniu
|Chhien-Niu
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|59
|617
|a "po" appeared at Wu-Ti-Tso of the Thai-Wei. It was of a reddish-yellow colour and measured 3 to 4 in. (tshun). After a few days it went out of sight.
|
| -
| -
|
|Thai-Wei
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|60
|639
|a "po" appeared at the Pi and the Mao
|
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|61
|641
|a "po" was seen at the Thai-Wei trespassing against Lang-Wei. It disappeared on a chia-hsü day (26.08.) in the seventh month.
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|in Taiwei that trespassed Langwei
|Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|62
|642
|
|
|guest star
| -
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|63
|667
|a hui appeared at the NE among Wu-Chhé and Pi and Mao. It was not visible on an i-hai day.
|comet
| -
| -
|
|among Wu-Chhé and Pi and Mao
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|64
|668
|a hui appeared above Wu-Chhé. It went out of sight on the 22nd day [7. Juni]
|highly likely a miscalculated year; same as 667: comet
| -
| -
|
|Wu-Chhé
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|65
|683
|a hui appeared north of Wu-Chhé. After 25 days it went out of sight
|
| -
| -
|
|Wu-Chhé
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|<s>66</s>
|<s>684</s>
|
|
|<s>fuzzy star</s>
|<s>po</s>
|<s>?</s>
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|<s>67</s>
|<s>707</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|68
|708
|a "po" appeared between the Wei and the Mao
|
|fuzzy star
|
|between Wei and Mao
|between Wei and Mao
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|69
|709
|a "po" appeared within the Tzu-Wei
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>718</s>
|<s>a hui comet was observed</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|70
|722
|a guest star appeared by the side of Ko-Tao for a period of five days before going out of sight
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Gedao
|Ko-Tao
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|71
|725
|
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Huagal
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|72
|730
|the "po" was seen between the Pi and the Mao
|
|
|
|
|between Pi and Mao
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|73
|745
|
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Jiangjun
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|<s>767</s>
|<s>a hui appeared at Hu-Kua, with its rays gradually invading Huan-Ché. It measured more than 1 ft (chhih). After 20 days it went out of sight</s>
|comet
|
|
|
|<s>Hu-Kua</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>773</s>
|<s>a chhang-hsing appeared at the Shen</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Shen</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|74
|827
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|75
|829
|a guest star appeared at the Shui-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Shuiwei
|Shui-Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|76
|837
|
|comet Halley with three subsequent apparitions
|guest star
|k'o
|alongside Nandou and Tianyue
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|77
|839
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|78
|840
|a hui appeared between the Ying-Shih and the Tung-Pi
|
|
|
|
|between the Ying-Shih and the Tung-Pi
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|79
|852
|a hui appeared at the Tzui and the Shen
|
|
|
|
|Tzui and Shen
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|
|<s>868</s>
|<s>a guest star trespassed against Venus</s>
|
|<s>-</s>
|<s>-</s>
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|80
|877
|a guest star appeared to the west of the (Tung-)Pi
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|west of Pi
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|81
|881
|
|
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|
|<s>885</s>
|<s>a hui was seen between CHi-Shui ad Chi-Hsin</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Chi-Shui and Chi-Hsin</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|82
|891
|a guest star appeared at Tung-Hsien
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|Tung-Hsien
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|83
|892
|a thien-chhang was seen in the SW. On a chi-mao day it turned into a cloud and faded away
|comet
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|84
|900
|a guest star was seen at the Central Palace by the side of Huan-Ché. It was as large as a peach, while its rays extended to Huan-Ché and concealed it from view.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|beside Huanzhe in the Central Enclosure (=Taiwei Enclosure)
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|85
|902
|
|comet
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|86
|911
|a guest star trespassed against Ti-Tso
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Dizuo
|Ti-Tso
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|<s>912</s>
|<s>a hui was seen at the west of Ling-Thai</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Ling-Thai</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|87
|926
|0
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|88
|930
|0
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|89
|945
|0
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>956</s>
|<s>a "po" appeared at the corner of the Shen with its rays pointing SE</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|90
|980
|
|
|star
|
|Dizuo
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|91
|1006
|
|SN
|
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|92
|1011
|a guest star appeared in the front of th box of the Nan-Tou
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in front of the bowl of Nandou
|Nan-Tou
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|<s>93</s>
|<s>1012</s>
|<s>0</s>
|<s>no</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|94
|1020
|a hui appeared between Tzung-Chéng, Tsung-Jen and Shih-Lou
|
|
|
|
|between Tzung-Chéng, Tsung-Jen and Shih-Lou
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|95
|1031
|22nd year of King Hyonjong of Koryo, 9th month, day gengshen [57]. A large star entered YUGUI [LM 23].
|no (comet)
|star
| -
|Yugui
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|96
|1035
|a star appeared at night at Wai-Phing. It had vaporous rays
|
|star
|star
|Waiping
|Wai-Phing
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|97
|1054
|
|SN
|guest star
|k'o
|several cun southeast of Tianguan
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|98
|1065
|a guest star trespassed against Thien-Miao
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Tianmiao
|Thien-Miao
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|99
|1069
|a guest star appeared at the longitude of Chi.On 23rd July it trespassed against Chi and then went out of sight
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|longitude of Chi
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|100
|1070
|a guest star appeared at Thien-Chün
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Tianqun
|Thien-Chün
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|101
|1073
|a guest star appeared at the south of the Tung-Pi
|
|guest star
|k'o
|south of the stars of Dongbi
|Tung-Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|102
|1074
|a guest star as large as a melon was seen at the south of Tung-Pi
|
|guest star
|k'o
|south of the stars of Dongbi
|Tung-Pi
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|103
|1080
|a hui trespassed against the Wei
|comet
| -
| -
|
|Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|104
|1082
|36th year of King Munjong, 7th moth, day dinghai [24]. A star emerged in Ziwei and trespassed against BEICHEN.
|
|star
| -
|Ziwei; trespassed against Beichen
|
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|105
|1087
|Emperor Daozong of Liao, 23rd year of the Xianyong reign period, 6th month. A sstar like a melon emerged in WENCHANG.
|no
|star
| -
|Wenchang
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|106
|1113
|a "po" was seen at the Ying-Shih
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Yingshi
|Ying-Shih
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|107
|1123
|a "po" was seen at Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Beidou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|108
|1138
|a guest star was guarding the Lou
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Lou
|Lou
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|109
|1139
|a guest star guarded the Kang
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Kang
|Kang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|110
|1163
|a guest star trepsassed against the moon
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|111
|1166
|a guest star appeared within the Thai-Wei Enclosure at the west of the large star of Wu-Ti-Tso. Its magnitude was small and it was of a bluish-white colour
|
| -
| -
|
|Thai-Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|112
|1175
|a "po" appeared at the NW outside th Tzu-Wei and above Chhi-Kung. It was as small as Mars, but rays radiated out copiously in all directions. On a ping-wu day it went out of sight
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|outside the wall of Ziwei and above Qigong
|outside Tzu-Wei and above Chhi-Kung
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|113
|1181
|a guest star appeared at the Khuei and trespassed against the stars of Chhung Ché. It went out of sight on a kuei-yu day in the first month of the following year, asting 185 days
|SN, peculiar merger (WR, CSPN)
|guest star
|k'o
|Emerged in the lunar mansion Kui and trespassed against the stars of Chuanshe
|Khui
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|114
|1203
|a guest star appeared at the SE within the Wei- It was bluish-white in colour and was of the same size as Saturn
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Wei lunar mansion
|Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|1210
|a guest star entered the Tzu-Wei. Its rays spread out like a red dragon.
|
| -
| -
|
|Tzu-Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|115
|1217
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|116
|1220
|a hui appeared at the NW at a distance of 1 ft to the east of Théng-Shé. It was red in colour.
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Beidou
|east of Théng-Shé
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|117
|1221
|a "po" appeared at Pei-Tou
|
|
|
|
|Pei-Tou
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|118
|1224
|a guest star guarded and trespassed against Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Wei
|Wei
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|119
|1230
|
|comet
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|120
|1232
|… measuring over 10 ft and was bent like an elephant’s tusk
|comet
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|121
|1240
|a hui was seen at the (Ying)Shih. On a [31.March] it went out of sight.
|
|
|
|
|(Ying)Shih
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|122
|1240
|
|
|guest star
|k'o
|lunar mansion Wei
|Wei
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|<s>123</s>
|<s>1244</s>
|
|<s>no</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|124
|1245
|
|comet
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|125
|1248
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|<s>126</s>
|<s>1264</s>
|
|<s>comet</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|1297
|12.-18.+25.03. appeared at the Tung-Ching
|
| -
| -
|
|Tung-Ching
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|127
|1297
|14.+18.09. an ominous star appeared at the Khuei
|
| -
| -
|
|Khuei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|128
|1299
|
|
| -
| -
|
|below Tzu + Sun
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|129
|1313
|
|
| -
| -
|
|Tung-Ching
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|130
|1356
|On a kuei-chhou day in the forth month of the fifth year of Kongmin Wang a guest atar trespassed against the moon
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>1368</s>
|<s>a hui appeared between the Mao and the Pi</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>between Mao and Pi</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>1373</s>
|<s>a hui entered Tzu-Wei Enclosure three times</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Tzu-Wei</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|<s>131</s>
|<s>1375</s>
|
|<s>no</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|132
|1388
|21st year of the Hongwu reign period, 2nd month, day bingyin [3]. A star emerged in DONGBI [LM 14].
|
|star
|star
|Dongbi
|Tung-Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|133
|1399
|'a guest star was seen’
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|134
|1404
|a star like a lamp appaered at the south-east of Nien-Tao. It was yellow in colour and very bright, but remained stationary
|
|star
|star
|Niandao
|south-east of Nien-Tao
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|135
|1408
|Emperor Chengzu of Ming, 6th year of the Yongle reign period, 10th month, day gengchen [17]. In the night, at the zenith, southeast of NIANDAO, there was a star like an oil-cup of a lamp. It was yeloow and shiny bright. It emerged but did not move. It was said to probably be a ZHOU BO, a star of virtue.
|same as 1404?
nova event pre-merger in 18th century?
|Zhou Bo star
| -
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|136
|1415
|a hui appeared at the Nan-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Nandou
|Nan-Tou
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|137
|1430
|a star appeared by the side of Nan-Ho. It was as large as a pellet and is colour was dark-blue. After 26 days it went out of sight
|
|guest star
|star
|more than one chi northeast of Nanhe
|Nan-Ho
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|138
|1431
|a star like a pellet appeared by the side of Chiu-Yu. It was yelloish-white and very bright. It disappeared after 15 days
|
|star, Hany star, broom star
|star
|?
|Chiu-Yu
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|139
|1437
|a guest star appeared between the 2nd and 3rd star of Wei and went out of sight after 14 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|between the second and the third star of Wei, nearer to the third star and separated from it by about half a chi
|Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|140
|1452
|Emperor Daizong of Ming, 3rd year of the Jingtai reign period, 3rd month, new moon day jiawu [31], there was a fuzzy star in BI [LM 19].
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Bi
|Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>1457</s>
|<s>26.10. a "hui" appeared at the Chio measuring over 5 (tshun) pointing north. It trespassed against the northern star of the Chio and the eastern star of the Phing-Tao.</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Chio</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>1458</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|141
|1460
|King Lishengzong, 1st year of the Guangshun reign period, spring, 2nd month. A fuzzy star appeared in YI [LM 27].
|likely a comet
|fuzzy star
|star
|Yi
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|142
|1461
|a star as white as powder appeared by the side of Tsung-Cheng in the Thien-Shih Enclosure. On an i-wei day it turned into a white vapour and went out of sight
|
| -
| -
|
|Thien-Shih
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|143
|1489
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|144
|1497
|Emperor Xiaozong of Ming, 10th year of the Hongzhi reign period, 8th month, day guisi [30]. At dusk a guest star was observed from Nanjing beside the star TIANJI.
|no
|guest star
|
|Tianji
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|145
|1523
|Emperor Shizong of Ming, 2nd year of the Jiajing reign period, 6th month. A fuzzy star appeared in TIANSHI.
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Tianshi
|Thien-Shih
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|146
|1572
|8.11. 1572 … ahui appeared in the NE. It went out of sight only during the … 21.04.-19.051574
|SN
|guest star
|k'o
|beside Gedao in the space of Bi
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|147
|1584
|Emperor Shenzong of Mong, 12th year of the Wanli reign period, 6th month, day Jiyou [46]. a) A star emerged in Fang [LM 4]. b) On this night an anomalous star emerged in Fang [LM 4].
|
|star
|star
|Fang
|Fang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|148
|1592
|record from Korea
|perhaps misunderstood SN reports from 1572, 1604
|guest star
|k'o
|Tiancang
|Thien-Tshang
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|149
|1592
|record from Korea
|perhaps misunderstood SN reports from 1572, 1604
|guest star
|k'o
|Wangliang
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|150
|1592
|record from Korea
|perhaps misunderstood SN reports from 1572, 1604
|guest star
|k'o
|Wangliang
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|
|1596
|a hui appeared at the Tung-Ching. It was of the same size as the large star in Wu-Chhé [Capella]. On 22.08. it went out of sight.
|likely a comet
| -
| -
|
|Tung-Ching
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|151
|1600-1621, 1655
|
|
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|152
|1600
|33rd year of King Sonjo, 11th month, day jiyou [46]. A guest star appeared in Wei [LM 6]. It was larger than the Fire Star (HUOXING) in XIN [LM 5]. Its color was orange and it glittered.
|
|guest star
| -
|Wei
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|1603
|a guest star appeared at the Wei larger than Huo-Hsing in the Hsin (Antares). Its colour was yellowish-red. It was scintillating. On a ting-wei day (…) it trespassed against Venus at the Wei.
|
| -
| -
|
|Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|153
|1604
|
|SN
|guest star
|k'o
|
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|154
|1645
|King Injo of the Yi Dynasty, 23rd year, 2nd month. A large star entered YUGUI [LM 23].
|
|star
|
|Yugui
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|155
|1661
|2nd year (xinchou) of King Hyinjong, 10th intercalary month, day wuchen [5]. A guest star as large as Saturn appeared in NÜ [LM 10]. On day dinghai [24] of the 11th month it disappeared.
|
|guest star
|
|Nü
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|156
|1664
|
|
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|157
|1676
|
|
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|158
|1688
|
|
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|159
|1690
|Emperor Shengzu of Qing, 29th year of the Kangxi reign period, 8th month, day yiyou [22]. An anomalous star was seen in JI [LM 7]. It was yellow and lasted for two nights.
|
|star
|
|east of the third star of Ji; 3 du 18 fen in Wei, DE -34 du, 20 fen
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|}

== Weblinks ==

== References ==
[[Category:transient]]

<references />

Suggested Stellar Transients

2024-10-25T14:15:45Z

RobvGent: expanded Hsi 1957

In the 1930s, Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky developed the hypothesis of stars that end their lives in big explosions: supernovae. Only in the 1960s, in a series of three papers by Robert Krafft, the physical nature of novae was explained as surface eruptions on white dwarf stars in cataclysmic binary systems.

However, the term "nova" or "stella nova" was introduced by Tycho Brahe 1572 without any knowledge of the physics in stars, but just from the visual observation of a star seemingly appearing and vanishing after a while, but remaining at the same place (unlike comets). For European astronomy, this doubtless observation required a new category or label for the appearance. In contrast, East Asian astronomers already had a label for it: "guest star". Yet, this term was also used for objects of other physical nature and visual appearance, such as comets. Hence, the historical terms never imply any specific type of object.

Since the dawn of systematic research on variable stars in the 19th century, Sinologists and astrophysicists have attempted to compile catalogues of these objects historically called "nova" (not necessarily implying an underlying nova in the definition of astrophysics) or "guest star".

== Transients that were suggested as Novae or Supernovae ==

=== Known Recurrent Novae ===
As novae (in contrast to supernovae) are surface eruptions that do not destroy the source star, they may happen regularly. Only ten recurrent novae (RN, NR or Nr) are known in our Galaxy. Perhaps one of the reasons is that we have only roughly 150 years of telescopic surveys, so there may be more recurrences to be discovered in historical data.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!scope="col" style="width: 5em;" |
!scope="col" style="width: 4em;" |Schaefer (2010)<ref name=":0">Schaefer, B.E., 2010. ''ApJS'' 187 (2), 275–373.

[https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0067-0049/187/2/275 IOPscience][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010yCat..21870275S/abstract adsabs] </ref>
! colspan="2" |Darnley (2019)<ref name=":1">Darnley, M.J., 2019. Accrete, accrete, accrete... Bang! (and repeat): The remarkable recurrent novae. arXiv e-prints. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.13209 arXiv:1912.13209] and on [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021gacv.workE..44D/abstract adsabs 2021]</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 4em;"|Schaefer (2010)<ref name=":0" />
!scope="col" style="width: 3em;" |Darnley (2019/21)<ref name=":1" />
!
!
!Historical Observations
(Darnley 2019/'21)<ref name=":1" />
!Possible Further Historical Observations
|-
!name
! colspan="2" |τr
!Δτ
!Ampl/ mag
!t3
!Porb /d
!log10 (τ)
!t2
!
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|T Pyx
|19
|24±12
|12
|9.1
|62
|0.07622886
|1.4
|32
|1890, 1902, 1920, 1944, 1967, 2011
|
|-
|IM Nor
|82
|~82
|?
|9.8
|80
|0.10263312
|1.9
|50
|1920, 2002
|
|-
|CI Aql
|24
|27±4
|04
|7.7
|31.6
|0.6183609
|1.4
|25.4
|1917, 1941, ( ∼1968), 2000
|
|-
|V2487 Oph
|98
|~98
|?
|8.2
|8.4
| --
|2.0
|6.2
|1900, 1998
|
|-
|U Sco
|10
|10±1
|01
|10.1
|2.6
|1.23054695
|1.0
|1.2
|1863, ( ∼1873, ∼1884, ∼1894), 1906, 1917, ( ∼1927), 1936, 1945, ( ∼1955), 1969, 1979, 1987, 1999, 2010
|
|-
|V394 CrA
|30
|~38
|?
|11.2
|5.2
|1.515682
|1.6
|2.4
|1949, 1987
|
|-
|T CrB
|80
|~80
|?
|7.3
|06
|227.57
|1.9
|4
|1866, 1946
|
|-
|RS Oph
|15
|15±6
|06
|6.2
|14
|455.72
|1.2
|6.8
|1898, 1907 ?, 1933, 1945 ?, 1958, 1967, 1985, 2006
|
|-
|V745 Sco
|21
|26±1
|01
|9.2
|09
|510±20
|1.4
|6.2
|1937, ( ∼1963), 1989, 2014
|
|-
|V3890 Sgr
|25
|29±1
|01
|7.4
|14.4
|103.14
|1.5
|6.4
|1962, 1990, 2019
|
|}

=== Compiled List from Authors of the 20th century ===
Here, we collated the most famous suggestions from astrophysics papers, comment on them, and create more detailled entries for the interesting ones.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!year
!Ho/ Xu+ Text
!our comment
!Xu+ 2000<ref name=":2">Xu, Z., Pankenier, D.W., Jiang, Y., 2000. ''East Asian Archaeoastronomy''. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam</ref>
!Clark+Steph. 1977<ref>Stephenson, F. R. (1976), "Revised Catalogue of Pre-Telescopic Galactic Novae and Supernovae", ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society'', Vol. 17, p. 121</ref><ref>Clark, David H. and Stephenson, F. Richard (1977). ''The Historical Supernovae''. Oxford [Eng.] ; New York : Pergamon Press, 1977. 1st ed.</ref>
!Xu Const<ref name=":2" />
!Ho const.<ref name=":3">Ho Peng Yoke, 1962. "Ancient and Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources", ''Vistas in Astronomy'', Vol. 5., pp. 127-225
[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962VA......5..127H/abstract adsabs], and PDF on [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0083665662900077?via%3Dihub ELSEVIER]</ref>
!Nikiforov 2010
!Duerbeck 199x
!Pskovskii 1972<ref>Pskovskii, Yu. P. (1972). "Survey of Stellar Outbursts of the Pretelescopic Era". ''Soviet Astronomy'', Vol. 16, p. 23.

[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972SvA....16...23P/abstract adsabs] and [https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1972SvA....16...23P PDF]</ref>
!Xi and Po
!Hsi 1957<ref>Hsi, T.-T., 1957. "A New Catalog of Ancient Novae", ''Smithonian Contributions to Astrophysics'', Vol. 2, pp. 109-130. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957SCoA....2..109H/abstract adsabs] and [https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1957SCoA....2..109H PDF] </ref>
|-
|1
| -531
|13th year of King Jing of Zhou, in spring. A star emerged in WUNÜ [LM 10].<ref name=":2" />
|
|star
|star
|Wunü
|Wu-Nu
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|2
| -524
|
|
|
|
|
|at Ta-Chhen
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|3
| -203
|a "po" was observed at Ta-Chio for over ten days before going out of sight.<ref name=":3" />
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|Dajiao
|at Ta-Chio
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|4
| -133
|a guest star appeared at the Fang.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Fang
|Fang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|5
| -109 to -104
|a "po" was seen at Ho-Shu
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Heshu
|Ho-Shu
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|6
| -103 to -100
|a "po" was seen among the stars at Chao-Yao.
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zhaoyao
|Chao-Yao
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|7
| -76
|a guest star appeared at the Tzu-Wei between the star Tou-Shu and the Pole (star)
|
|guest star
|k'o
|within Zigong, between Doushou and [Bei-]Ji
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|8
| -75
|a candle star (chu hsing) was seen between the Khuei and the Lou.
|
|chu
|chu
|?
|between Khuei and Lou
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|9
| -68
|
|comet?
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|10
| -47
|a guest star of the size of a melon and with a bluish-white colour, was seen about 4 chhih away east of the second star in the Nan-Tou
|
|guest star
|k'o
|four chi east of the 2nd star of Nandou
|4° away east from 2nd star Nan-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|11
| -46
|a guest star appeared at the division of the Mao and stayed at about 5 chhih to the east of Chüan-Shê. It was bluish-white in colour and its rays measured 0.3 tshun
|
|guest star
|k'o
|appeared in the space of Mao and stayed in place about five chi east of Juanshe
|about 5° east of Chüan-Shê, at the division of Mao (and X)
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
| -4
|a hui appeared at the Chhien-Niu for over 70 days
|
| -
|? (Steph.'76)
|
|Chhien-Niu
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|12
| -3
|a "po" was seen at Ho-Ku.
|likely comet
|fuzzy star
|hui
|Hegu
|Ho-Ku
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|13
|29
|a guest star was seen
|neglect
|guest star
|
|Yuzuo
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|14
|59
|a "po" was seen at Thien-Chhuan
|
|
|
|
|Thien-Chhuan
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|15
|61
|a guest star was seen at the NW of Kéng-Ho pointing towards Kuan-So. It went out of sight after 70 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Genghe
|NW of Kêng-Ho
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|16
|64
|a guest star with a white vapour measuring 2 chhih was seen at the south of Tso-Chih-Fa, outside the Tuan-Mén. It appeared for a period of 75 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|outside the Nanduan gate of Taiwei (Enclosure) near Zuozhifa
|Tso-Chih-Fa, outside Tuan-Nén (Main-Gate)
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|17
|70
|a guest star was seen at Hsien-Yuan for 48 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Xuanyuan
|Hsien-yuan
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|18
|71
|a guest-star was seen at the Mao. It gradually went out of sight after 60 days at the right corner of Hsien-Yuan.
|comet
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|19
|85
|a guest star entered the Tzu-Wei.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|20
|101
|a small guest star appeared at the fourth star of Hsien-Yuan. It was bluish-yellow in colour.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in the space of the fourth star of Xuanyuan
|Hsien-Yuan
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|21
|107
|a guest star appeared at the SW of the Tung-Ching and Hu
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in Dongjing southwest of the Hu star
|southwest of Tung-Ching and Hu
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|22
|123
|
|
|
|
|
|identified as Biot’s mistake
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|23
|125
|a guest star was seen at the Thien Shih
|no
|guest star
|k'o
|Tianshi
|Thien Shih
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|24
|126
|a guest star entered the Thai-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Taiwei
|Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|25
|126
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|149
|a hui with rays 5 ft (chhih) appeared within Thien-Shih (Enclosure) pointing SE and with a yellowish-white colour. It went out of sight on a wu-chhen day in the ninth month
|comet?
|
|
|
|Thien-Shih
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|26
|158
|a "po" was seen at Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Beidou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|27
|173
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|28
|185
|a guest star appeared at Nan-Men. Its size was as large as a mat, while its five colours were fluctuating. It became smaller and went out of sight during the sixth month of the following year [July/Aug 186]
|SN or comet?
|guest star
|k'o
|Nanmen
|Nan-Mên
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|29
|200
|a "po" was seen at Ta-Liang
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Daliang
|Ta-Liang
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|30
|213
|a "po" appeared at Wu-Chu-Hou
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Wuzhuhou
|Wu-Chu-Hou
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|31
|222
|a guest star appeared within the Tso-I-Men of the Thai-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|inside Zuoyemen of Taiwei
|within Tso-I-Mên of the Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|32
|247
|a hui measuring 1 ft (chhih) appeared for 156 days at the Chen.
|comet
|broom star
|hui
|?
|Chen
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>257</s>
|<s>a white hui was seen at the Chio.</s>
|<s>comet</s>
|
|
|
|<s>Chio</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>260</s>
|<s>a "po" appeared in the east for 25 days</s>
|<s>comet</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|33
|269
|a "po" appeared within Tzu-Wei
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|34
|275
|
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zhen
|Chen
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>278</s>
|<s>a Chhih-Yu banner appeared within Tung-Ching</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Tung-Ching</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>281</s>
|<s>a "po" appeared at Chang</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Chang</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|35
|290
|
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>301</s>
|<s>a hui appeared at the (division of) Chhi</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>division of Chhi</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|36
|304
|
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Bi
|guarded the Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|37
|305
|po appeared at Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Beidou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|38
|329
|po appeared at the NW trespassing against Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|Dou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|39
|340
|25 March: a "po" was seen at the Thai-Wei.
|meteor
|fuzzy star
|
|Taiwei
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|40
|358
|a hui was seen extending from Thien-Chhuan to the Wei
|meteor
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|41
|369
|a guest star appeared at the western wall of the Tzu-Wei. It went out of sight during the seventh month
|perhaps nova
|guest star
|k'o
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|42
|386
|a guest star appeared at the Nan-Tou. It went out of sight during the sixth month.
|SN or nova
|guest star
|k'o
|Nandou
|Nan-Tou
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|43
|389
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|44
|393
|a guest star was seen within the Wei. It went out of sight during the ninth month
|SN or nova
|guest star
|k'o
|Wei
|Wei
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|45
|396
|a hui was seen at Mao-Tou. At first, a large yellow star appeared at the Mao and the Pifor more than 50 days. In winter, during the 11th month the yellow star reappeared.
|Venus
|star
|star
|in the space of Mao and Bi
|Mao + Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|46
|402
|a white guest star, which resembled loose cotton was seen at the west of the Thai-Wei. During the 12th month it entered theThai-Wei.
|comet
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|Thai Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|47
|414
|a "po" appeared at the south of the Mao
|
|fuzzy star
|
|south of Mao
|Mao
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|48
|419
|a "po" appeared at the western wall of the Thai Wei
|
|fuzzy star
|
|at the west palisade of Taiwei
|Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|49
|421
|a guest star was seen at the I
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Yi
|I
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|50
|436
|a "po" was seen at the Fang
|
|fuzzy star
|
|?
|Fang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|51
|437
|a star appeared during the day at 15 to 17 h in the NE by the side of Tung-Ching. It was yellow in colour and was as large as an orange
|meteor? or sth. with Jupiter?
|star
|star
|?
|Tung-Ching
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|<s>449</s>
|<s>a hui appeared at the north of the Mao</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Mao</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>464</s>
|<s>a chhang-hsing was seen at Chih-Nü (Vega). It was pure white in colour.</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Ho-Phing</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|52
|483
|a guest star of the size of a peck measure appeared at the Shen. It looked like a "po"
|
|guest star
|k'o
|east of Shen
|Shen
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|53
|537
|a guest star was seen at the Tzu-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|Tzu-Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|54
|541
|a guest star was seen at the Tzu-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|55
|561
|a guest star appeared at the I
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Yi
|I
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|56
|568
|a guest star was seen at the east of the Ti. […]
|comet
| -
| -
|
|Ti
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|57
|575
|a "po" appeared at Ta-Chio
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|in Dajiao
|Ta-Chio
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|58
|588
|a "po" appeared at the Chhien-Niu
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Qianniu
|Chhien-Niu
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|59
|617
|a "po" appeared at Wu-Ti-Tso of the Thai-Wei. It was of a reddish-yellow colour and measured 3 to 4 in. (tshun). After a few days it went out of sight.
|
| -
| -
|
|Thai-Wei
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|60
|639
|a "po" appeared at the Pi and the Mao
|
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|61
|641
|a "po" was seen at the Thai-Wei trespassing against Lang-Wei. It disappeared on a chia-hsü day (26.08.) in the seventh month.
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|in Taiwei that trespassed Langwei
|Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|62
|642
|
|
|guest star
| -
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|63
|667
|a hui appeared at the NE among Wu-Chhé and Pi and Mao. It was not visible on an i-hai day.
|comet
| -
| -
|
|among Wu-Chhé and Pi and Mao
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|64
|668
|a hui appeared above Wu-Chhé. It went out of sight on the 22nd day [7. Juni]
|highly likely a miscalculated year; same as 667: comet
| -
| -
|
|Wu-Chhé
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|65
|683
|a hui appeared north of Wu-Chhé. After 25 days it went out of sight
|
| -
| -
|
|Wu-Chhé
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|<s>66</s>
|<s>684</s>
|
|
|<s>fuzzy star</s>
|<s>po</s>
|<s>?</s>
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|<s>67</s>
|<s>707</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|68
|708
|a "po" appeared between the Wei and the Mao
|
|fuzzy star
|
|between Wei and Mao
|between Wei and Mao
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|69
|709
|a "po" appeared within the Tzu-Wei
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>718</s>
|<s>a hui comet was observed</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|70
|722
|a guest star appeared by the side of Ko-Tao for a period of five days before going out of sight
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Gedao
|Ko-Tao
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|71
|725
|
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Huagal
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|72
|730
|the "po" was seen between the Pi and the Mao
|
|
|
|
|between Pi and Mao
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|73
|745
|
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Jiangjun
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|<s>767</s>
|<s>a hui appeared at Hu-Kua, with its rays gradually invading Huan-Ché. It measured more than 1 ft (chhih). After 20 days it went out of sight</s>
|comet
|
|
|
|<s>Hu-Kua</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>773</s>
|<s>a chhang-hsing appeared at the Shen</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Shen</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|74
|827
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|75
|829
|a guest star appeared at the Shui-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Shuiwei
|Shui-Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|76
|837
|
|comet Halley with three subsequent apparitions
|guest star
|k'o
|alongside Nandou and Tianyue
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|77
|839
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|78
|840
|a hui appeared between the Ying-Shih and the Tung-Pi
|
|
|
|
|between the Ying-Shih and the Tung-Pi
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|79
|852
|a hui appeared at the Tzui and the Shen
|
|
|
|
|Tzui and Shen
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|
|<s>868</s>
|<s>a guest star trespassed against Venus</s>
|
|<s>-</s>
|<s>-</s>
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|80
|877
|a guest star appeared to the west of the (Tung-)Pi
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|west of Pi
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|81
|881
|
|
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|
|<s>885</s>
|<s>a hui was seen between CHi-Shui ad Chi-Hsin</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Chi-Shui and Chi-Hsin</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|82
|891
|a guest star appeared at Tung-Hsien
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|Tung-Hsien
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|83
|892
|a thien-chhang was seen in the SW. On a chi-mao day it turned into a cloud and faded away
|comet
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|84
|900
|a guest star was seen at the Central Palace by the side of Huan-Ché. It was as large as a peach, while its rays extended to Huan-Ché and concealed it from view.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|beside Huanzhe in the Central Enclosure (=Taiwei Enclosure)
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|85
|902
|
|comet
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|86
|911
|a guest star trespassed against Ti-Tso
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Dizuo
|Ti-Tso
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|<s>912</s>
|<s>a hui was seen at the west of Ling-Thai</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Ling-Thai</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|87
|926
|0
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|88
|930
|0
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|89
|945
|0
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>956</s>
|<s>a "po" appeared at the corner of the Shen with its rays pointing SE</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|90
|980
|
|
|star
|
|Dizuo
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|91
|1006
|
|SN
|
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|92
|1011
|a guest star appeared in the front of th box of the Nan-Tou
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in front of the bowl of Nandou
|Nan-Tou
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|<s>93</s>
|<s>1012</s>
|<s>0</s>
|<s>no</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|94
|1020
|a hui appeared between Tzung-Chéng, Tsung-Jen and Shih-Lou
|
|
|
|
|between Tzung-Chéng, Tsung-Jen and Shih-Lou
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|95
|1031
|22nd year of King Hyonjong of Koryo, 9th month, day gengshen [57]. A large star entered YUGUI [LM 23].
|no (comet)
|star
| -
|Yugui
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|96
|1035
|a star appeared at night at Wai-Phing. It had vaporous rays
|
|star
|star
|Waiping
|Wai-Phing
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|97
|1054
|
|SN
|guest star
|k'o
|several cun southeast of Tianguan
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|98
|1065
|a guest star trespassed against Thien-Miao
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Tianmiao
|Thien-Miao
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|99
|1069
|a guest star appeared at the longitude of Chi.On 23rd July it trespassed against Chi and then went out of sight
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|longitude of Chi
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|100
|1070
|a guest star appeared at Thien-Chün
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Tianqun
|Thien-Chün
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|101
|1073
|a guest star appeared at the south of the Tung-Pi
|
|guest star
|k'o
|south of the stars of Dongbi
|Tung-Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|102
|1074
|a guest star as large as a melon was seen at the south of Tung-Pi
|
|guest star
|k'o
|south of the stars of Dongbi
|Tung-Pi
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|103
|1080
|a hui trespassed against the Wei
|comet
| -
| -
|
|Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|104
|1082
|36th year of King Munjong, 7th moth, day dinghai [24]. A star emerged in Ziwei and trespassed against BEICHEN.
|
|star
| -
|Ziwei; trespassed against Beichen
|
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|105
|1087
|Emperor Daozong of Liao, 23rd year of the Xianyong reign period, 6th month. A sstar like a melon emerged in WENCHANG.
|no
|star
| -
|Wenchang
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|106
|1113
|a "po" was seen at the Ying-Shih
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Yingshi
|Ying-Shih
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|107
|1123
|a "po" was seen at Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Beidou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|108
|1138
|a guest star was guarding the Lou
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Lou
|Lou
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|109
|1139
|a guest star guarded the Kang
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Kang
|Kang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|110
|1163
|a guest star trepsassed against the moon
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|111
|1166
|a guest star appeared within the Thai-Wei Enclosure at the west of the large star of Wu-Ti-Tso. Its magnitude was small and it was of a bluish-white colour
|
| -
| -
|
|Thai-Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|112
|1175
|a "po" appeared at the NW outside th Tzu-Wei and above Chhi-Kung. It was as small as Mars, but rays radiated out copiously in all directions. On a ping-wu day it went out of sight
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|outside the wall of Ziwei and above Qigong
|outside Tzu-Wei and above Chhi-Kung
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|113
|1181
|a guest star appeared at the Khuei and trespassed against the stars of Chhung Ché. It went out of sight on a kuei-yu day in the first month of the following year, asting 185 days
|SN, peculiar merger (WR, CSPN)
|guest star
|k'o
|Emerged in the lunar mansion Kui and trespassed against the stars of Chuanshe
|Khui
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|114
|1203
|a guest star appeared at the SE within the Wei- It was bluish-white in colour and was of the same size as Saturn
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Wei lunar mansion
|Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|1210
|a guest star entered the Tzu-Wei. Its rays spread out like a red dragon.
|
| -
| -
|
|Tzu-Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|115
|1217
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|116
|1220
|a hui appeared at the NW at a distance of 1 ft to the east of Théng-Shé. It was red in colour.
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Beidou
|east of Théng-Shé
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|117
|1221
|a "po" appeared at Pei-Tou
|
|
|
|
|Pei-Tou
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|118
|1224
|a guest star guarded and trespassed against Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Wei
|Wei
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|119
|1230
|
|comet
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|120
|1232
|… measuring over 10 ft and was bent like an elephant’s tusk
|comet
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|121
|1240
|a hui was seen at the (Ying)Shih. On a [31.March] it went out of sight.
|
|
|
|
|(Ying)Shih
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|122
|1240
|
|
|guest star
|k'o
|lunar mansion Wei
|Wei
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|<s>123</s>
|<s>1244</s>
|
|<s>no</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|124
|1245
|
|comet
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|125
|1248
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|<s>126</s>
|<s>1264</s>
|
|<s>comet</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|1297
|12.-18.+25.03. appeared at the Tung-Ching
|
| -
| -
|
|Tung-Ching
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|127
|1297
|14.+18.09. an ominous star appeared at the Khuei
|
| -
| -
|
|Khuei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|128
|1299
|
|
| -
| -
|
|below Tzu + Sun
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|129
|1313
|
|
| -
| -
|
|Tung-Ching
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|130
|1356
|On a kuei-chhou day in the forth month of the fifth year of Kongmin Wang a guest atar trespassed against the moon
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>1368</s>
|<s>a hui appeared between the Mao and the Pi</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>between Mao and Pi</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>1373</s>
|<s>a hui entered Tzu-Wei Enclosure three times</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Tzu-Wei</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|<s>131</s>
|<s>1375</s>
|
|<s>no</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|132
|1388
|21st year of the Hongwu reign period, 2nd month, day bingyin [3]. A star emerged in DONGBI [LM 14].
|
|star
|star
|Dongbi
|Tung-Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|133
|1399
|'a guest star was seen’
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|134
|1404
|a star like a lamp appaered at the south-east of Nien-Tao. It was yellow in colour and very bright, but remained stationary
|
|star
|star
|Niandao
|south-east of Nien-Tao
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|135
|1408
|Emperor Chengzu of Ming, 6th year of the Yongle reign period, 10th month, day gengchen [17]. In the night, at the zenith, southeast of NIANDAO, there was a star like an oil-cup of a lamp. It was yeloow and shiny bright. It emerged but did not move. It was said to probably be a ZHOU BO, a star of virtue.
|same as 1404?
nova event pre-merger in 18th century?
|Zhou Bo star
| -
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|136
|1415
|a hui appeared at the Nan-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Nandou
|Nan-Tou
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|137
|1430
|a star appeared by the side of Nan-Ho. It was as large as a pellet and is colour was dark-blue. After 26 days it went out of sight
|
|guest star
|star
|more than one chi northeast of Nanhe
|Nan-Ho
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|138
|1431
|a star like a pellet appeared by the side of Chiu-Yu. It was yelloish-white and very bright. It disappeared after 15 days
|
|star, Hany star, broom star
|star
|?
|Chiu-Yu
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|139
|1437
|a guest star appeared between the 2nd and 3rd star of Wei and went out of sight after 14 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|between the second and the third star of Wei, nearer to the third star and separated from it by about half a chi
|Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|140
|1452
|Emperor Daizong of Ming, 3rd year of the Jingtai reign period, 3rd month, new moon day jiawu [31], there was a fuzzy star in BI [LM 19].
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Bi
|Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>1457</s>
|<s>26.10. a "hui" appeared at the Chio measuring over 5 (tshun) pointing north. It trespassed against the northern star of the Chio and the eastern star of the Phing-Tao.</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Chio</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>1458</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|141
|1460
|King Lishengzong, 1st year of the Guangshun reign period, spring, 2nd month. A fuzzy star appeared in YI [LM 27].
|likely a comet
|fuzzy star
|star
|Yi
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|142
|1461
|a star as white as powder appeared by the side of Tsung-Cheng in the Thien-Shih Enclosure. On an i-wei day it turned into a white vapour and went out of sight
|
| -
| -
|
|Thien-Shih
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|143
|1489
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|144
|1497
|Emperor Xiaozong of Ming, 10th year of the Hongzhi reign period, 8th month, day guisi [30]. At dusk a guest star was observed from Nanjing beside the star TIANJI.
|no
|guest star
|
|Tianji
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|145
|1523
|Emperor Shizong of Ming, 2nd year of the Jiajing reign period, 6th month. A fuzzy star appeared in TIANSHI.
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Tianshi
|Thien-Shih
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|146
|1572
|8.11. 1572 … ahui appeared in the NE. It went out of sight only during the … 21.04.-19.051574
|SN
|guest star
|k'o
|beside Gedao in the space of Bi
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|147
|1584
|Emperor Shenzong of Mong, 12th year of the Wanli reign period, 6th month, day Jiyou [46]. a) A star emerged in Fang [LM 4]. b) On this night an anomalous star emerged in Fang [LM 4].
|
|star
|star
|Fang
|Fang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|148
|1592
|record from Korea
|perhaps misunderstood SN reports from 1572, 1604
|guest star
|k'o
|Tiancang
|Thien-Tshang
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|149
|1592
|record from Korea
|perhaps misunderstood SN reports from 1572, 1604
|guest star
|k'o
|Wangliang
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|150
|1592
|record from Korea
|perhaps misunderstood SN reports from 1572, 1604
|guest star
|k'o
|Wangliang
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|
|1596
|a hui appeared at the Tung-Ching. It was of the same size as the large star in Wu-Chhé [Capella]. On 22.08. it went out of sight.
|likely a comet
| -
| -
|
|Tung-Ching
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|151
|1600-1621, 1655
|
|
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|152
|1600
|33rd year of King Sonjo, 11th month, day jiyou [46]. A guest star appeared in Wei [LM 6]. It was larger than the Fire Star (HUOXING) in XIN [LM 5]. Its color was orange and it glittered.
|
|guest star
| -
|Wei
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|1603
|a guest star appeared at the Wei larger than Huo-Hsing in the Hsin (Antares). Its colour was yellowish-red. It was scintillating. On a ting-wei day (…) it trespassed against Venus at the Wei.
|
| -
| -
|
|Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|153
|1604
|
|SN
|guest star
|k'o
|
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|154
|1645
|King Injo of the Yi Dynasty, 23rd year, 2nd month. A large star entered YUGUI [LM 23].
|
|star
|
|Yugui
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|155
|1661
|2nd year (xinchou) of King Hyinjong, 10th intercalary month, day wuchen [5]. A guest star as large as Saturn appeared in NÜ [LM 10]. On day dinghai [24] of the 11th month it disappeared.
|
|guest star
|
|Nü
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|156
|1664
|
|
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|157
|1676
|
|
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|158
|1688
|
|
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|159
|1690
|Emperor Shengzu of Qing, 29th year of the Kangxi reign period, 8th month, day yiyou [22]. An anomalous star was seen in JI [LM 7]. It was yellow and lasted for two nights.
|
|star
|
|east of the third star of Ji; 3 du 18 fen in Wei, DE -34 du, 20 fen
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|}

== Weblinks ==

== References ==
[[Category:transient]]

<references />

Suggested Stellar Transients

2024-10-25T14:12:55Z

RobvGent: title HPY's catalogue

In the 1930s, Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky developed the hypothesis of stars that end their lives in big explosions: supernovae. Only in the 1960s, in a series of three papers by Robert Krafft, the physical nature of novae was explained as surface eruptions on white dwarf stars in cataclysmic binary systems.

However, the term "nova" or "stella nova" was introduced by Tycho Brahe 1572 without any knowledge of the physics in stars, but just from the visual observation of a star seemingly appearing and vanishing after a while, but remaining at the same place (unlike comets). For European astronomy, this doubtless observation required a new category or label for the appearance. In contrast, East Asian astronomers already had a label for it: "guest star". Yet, this term was also used for objects of other physical nature and visual appearance, such as comets. Hence, the historical terms never imply any specific type of object.

Since the dawn of systematic research on variable stars in the 19th century, Sinologists and astrophysicists have attempted to compile catalogues of these objects historically called "nova" (not necessarily implying an underlying nova in the definition of astrophysics) or "guest star".

== Transients that were suggested as Novae or Supernovae ==

=== Known Recurrent Novae ===
As novae (in contrast to supernovae) are surface eruptions that do not destroy the source star, they may happen regularly. Only ten recurrent novae (RN, NR or Nr) are known in our Galaxy. Perhaps one of the reasons is that we have only roughly 150 years of telescopic surveys, so there may be more recurrences to be discovered in historical data.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!scope="col" style="width: 5em;" |
!scope="col" style="width: 4em;" |Schaefer (2010)<ref name=":0">Schaefer, B.E., 2010. ''ApJS'' 187 (2), 275–373.

[https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0067-0049/187/2/275 IOPscience][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010yCat..21870275S/abstract adsabs] </ref>
! colspan="2" |Darnley (2019)<ref name=":1">Darnley, M.J., 2019. Accrete, accrete, accrete... Bang! (and repeat): The remarkable recurrent novae. arXiv e-prints. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.13209 arXiv:1912.13209] and on [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021gacv.workE..44D/abstract adsabs 2021]</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 4em;"|Schaefer (2010)<ref name=":0" />
!scope="col" style="width: 3em;" |Darnley (2019/21)<ref name=":1" />
!
!
!Historical Observations
(Darnley 2019/'21)<ref name=":1" />
!Possible Further Historical Observations
|-
!name
! colspan="2" |τr
!Δτ
!Ampl/ mag
!t3
!Porb /d
!log10 (τ)
!t2
!
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|T Pyx
|19
|24±12
|12
|9.1
|62
|0.07622886
|1.4
|32
|1890, 1902, 1920, 1944, 1967, 2011
|
|-
|IM Nor
|82
|~82
|?
|9.8
|80
|0.10263312
|1.9
|50
|1920, 2002
|
|-
|CI Aql
|24
|27±4
|04
|7.7
|31.6
|0.6183609
|1.4
|25.4
|1917, 1941, ( ∼1968), 2000
|
|-
|V2487 Oph
|98
|~98
|?
|8.2
|8.4
| --
|2.0
|6.2
|1900, 1998
|
|-
|U Sco
|10
|10±1
|01
|10.1
|2.6
|1.23054695
|1.0
|1.2
|1863, ( ∼1873, ∼1884, ∼1894), 1906, 1917, ( ∼1927), 1936, 1945, ( ∼1955), 1969, 1979, 1987, 1999, 2010
|
|-
|V394 CrA
|30
|~38
|?
|11.2
|5.2
|1.515682
|1.6
|2.4
|1949, 1987
|
|-
|T CrB
|80
|~80
|?
|7.3
|06
|227.57
|1.9
|4
|1866, 1946
|
|-
|RS Oph
|15
|15±6
|06
|6.2
|14
|455.72
|1.2
|6.8
|1898, 1907 ?, 1933, 1945 ?, 1958, 1967, 1985, 2006
|
|-
|V745 Sco
|21
|26±1
|01
|9.2
|09
|510±20
|1.4
|6.2
|1937, ( ∼1963), 1989, 2014
|
|-
|V3890 Sgr
|25
|29±1
|01
|7.4
|14.4
|103.14
|1.5
|6.4
|1962, 1990, 2019
|
|}

=== Compiled List from Authors of the 20th century ===
Here, we collated the most famous suggestions from astrophysics papers, comment on them, and create more detailled entries for the interesting ones.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!year
!Ho/ Xu+ Text
!our comment
!Xu+ 2000<ref name=":2">Xu, Z., Pankenier, D.W., Jiang, Y., 2000. ''East Asian Archaeoastronomy''. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam</ref>
!Clark+Steph. 1977<ref>Stephenson, F. R. (1976), "Revised Catalogue of Pre-Telescopic Galactic Novae and Supernovae", ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society'', Vol. 17, p. 121</ref><ref>Clark, David H. and Stephenson, F. Richard (1977). ''The Historical Supernovae''. Oxford [Eng.] ; New York : Pergamon Press, 1977. 1st ed.</ref>
!Xu Const<ref name=":2" />
!Ho const.<ref name=":3">Ho Peng Yoke, 1962. "Ancient and Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources", ''Vistas in Astronomy'', Vol. 5., pp. 127-225
[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962VA......5..127H/abstract adsabs], and PDF on [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0083665662900077?via%3Dihub ELSEVIER]</ref>
!Nikiforov 2010
!Duerbeck 199x
!Pskovskii 1972<ref>Pskovskii, Yu. P. (1972). "Survey of Stellar Outbursts of the Pretelescopic Era". ''Soviet Astronomy'', Vol. 16, p. 23.

[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972SvA....16...23P/abstract adsabs] and [https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1972SvA....16...23P PDF]</ref>
!Xi and Po
!Hsi 1957<ref>Hsi, T.-T., 1957. ''Smithonian Contrib. Astrophys''. 2. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957SCoA....2..109H/abstract adsabs] and [https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1957SCoA....2..109H PDF] </ref>
|-
|1
| -531
|13th year of King Jing of Zhou, in spring. A star emerged in WUNÜ [LM 10].<ref name=":2" />
|
|star
|star
|Wunü
|Wu-Nu
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|2
| -524
|
|
|
|
|
|at Ta-Chhen
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|3
| -203
|a "po" was observed at Ta-Chio for over ten days before going out of sight.<ref name=":3" />
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|Dajiao
|at Ta-Chio
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|4
| -133
|a guest star appeared at the Fang.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Fang
|Fang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|5
| -109 to -104
|a "po" was seen at Ho-Shu
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Heshu
|Ho-Shu
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|6
| -103 to -100
|a "po" was seen among the stars at Chao-Yao.
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zhaoyao
|Chao-Yao
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|7
| -76
|a guest star appeared at the Tzu-Wei between the star Tou-Shu and the Pole (star)
|
|guest star
|k'o
|within Zigong, between Doushou and [Bei-]Ji
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|8
| -75
|a candle star (chu hsing) was seen between the Khuei and the Lou.
|
|chu
|chu
|?
|between Khuei and Lou
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|9
| -68
|
|comet?
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|10
| -47
|a guest star of the size of a melon and with a bluish-white colour, was seen about 4 chhih away east of the second star in the Nan-Tou
|
|guest star
|k'o
|four chi east of the 2nd star of Nandou
|4° away east from 2nd star Nan-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|11
| -46
|a guest star appeared at the division of the Mao and stayed at about 5 chhih to the east of Chüan-Shê. It was bluish-white in colour and its rays measured 0.3 tshun
|
|guest star
|k'o
|appeared in the space of Mao and stayed in place about five chi east of Juanshe
|about 5° east of Chüan-Shê, at the division of Mao (and X)
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
| -4
|a hui appeared at the Chhien-Niu for over 70 days
|
| -
|? (Steph.'76)
|
|Chhien-Niu
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|12
| -3
|a "po" was seen at Ho-Ku.
|likely comet
|fuzzy star
|hui
|Hegu
|Ho-Ku
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|13
|29
|a guest star was seen
|neglect
|guest star
|
|Yuzuo
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|14
|59
|a "po" was seen at Thien-Chhuan
|
|
|
|
|Thien-Chhuan
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|15
|61
|a guest star was seen at the NW of Kéng-Ho pointing towards Kuan-So. It went out of sight after 70 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Genghe
|NW of Kêng-Ho
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|16
|64
|a guest star with a white vapour measuring 2 chhih was seen at the south of Tso-Chih-Fa, outside the Tuan-Mén. It appeared for a period of 75 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|outside the Nanduan gate of Taiwei (Enclosure) near Zuozhifa
|Tso-Chih-Fa, outside Tuan-Nén (Main-Gate)
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|17
|70
|a guest star was seen at Hsien-Yuan for 48 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Xuanyuan
|Hsien-yuan
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|18
|71
|a guest-star was seen at the Mao. It gradually went out of sight after 60 days at the right corner of Hsien-Yuan.
|comet
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|19
|85
|a guest star entered the Tzu-Wei.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|20
|101
|a small guest star appeared at the fourth star of Hsien-Yuan. It was bluish-yellow in colour.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in the space of the fourth star of Xuanyuan
|Hsien-Yuan
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|21
|107
|a guest star appeared at the SW of the Tung-Ching and Hu
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in Dongjing southwest of the Hu star
|southwest of Tung-Ching and Hu
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|22
|123
|
|
|
|
|
|identified as Biot’s mistake
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|23
|125
|a guest star was seen at the Thien Shih
|no
|guest star
|k'o
|Tianshi
|Thien Shih
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|24
|126
|a guest star entered the Thai-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Taiwei
|Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|25
|126
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|149
|a hui with rays 5 ft (chhih) appeared within Thien-Shih (Enclosure) pointing SE and with a yellowish-white colour. It went out of sight on a wu-chhen day in the ninth month
|comet?
|
|
|
|Thien-Shih
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|26
|158
|a "po" was seen at Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Beidou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|27
|173
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|28
|185
|a guest star appeared at Nan-Men. Its size was as large as a mat, while its five colours were fluctuating. It became smaller and went out of sight during the sixth month of the following year [July/Aug 186]
|SN or comet?
|guest star
|k'o
|Nanmen
|Nan-Mên
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|29
|200
|a "po" was seen at Ta-Liang
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Daliang
|Ta-Liang
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|30
|213
|a "po" appeared at Wu-Chu-Hou
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Wuzhuhou
|Wu-Chu-Hou
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|31
|222
|a guest star appeared within the Tso-I-Men of the Thai-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|inside Zuoyemen of Taiwei
|within Tso-I-Mên of the Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|32
|247
|a hui measuring 1 ft (chhih) appeared for 156 days at the Chen.
|comet
|broom star
|hui
|?
|Chen
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>257</s>
|<s>a white hui was seen at the Chio.</s>
|<s>comet</s>
|
|
|
|<s>Chio</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>260</s>
|<s>a "po" appeared in the east for 25 days</s>
|<s>comet</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|33
|269
|a "po" appeared within Tzu-Wei
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|34
|275
|
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zhen
|Chen
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>278</s>
|<s>a Chhih-Yu banner appeared within Tung-Ching</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Tung-Ching</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>281</s>
|<s>a "po" appeared at Chang</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Chang</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|35
|290
|
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>301</s>
|<s>a hui appeared at the (division of) Chhi</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>division of Chhi</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|36
|304
|
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Bi
|guarded the Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|37
|305
|po appeared at Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Beidou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|38
|329
|po appeared at the NW trespassing against Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|Dou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|39
|340
|25 March: a "po" was seen at the Thai-Wei.
|meteor
|fuzzy star
|
|Taiwei
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|40
|358
|a hui was seen extending from Thien-Chhuan to the Wei
|meteor
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|41
|369
|a guest star appeared at the western wall of the Tzu-Wei. It went out of sight during the seventh month
|perhaps nova
|guest star
|k'o
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|42
|386
|a guest star appeared at the Nan-Tou. It went out of sight during the sixth month.
|SN or nova
|guest star
|k'o
|Nandou
|Nan-Tou
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|43
|389
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|44
|393
|a guest star was seen within the Wei. It went out of sight during the ninth month
|SN or nova
|guest star
|k'o
|Wei
|Wei
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|45
|396
|a hui was seen at Mao-Tou. At first, a large yellow star appeared at the Mao and the Pifor more than 50 days. In winter, during the 11th month the yellow star reappeared.
|Venus
|star
|star
|in the space of Mao and Bi
|Mao + Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|46
|402
|a white guest star, which resembled loose cotton was seen at the west of the Thai-Wei. During the 12th month it entered theThai-Wei.
|comet
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|Thai Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|47
|414
|a "po" appeared at the south of the Mao
|
|fuzzy star
|
|south of Mao
|Mao
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|48
|419
|a "po" appeared at the western wall of the Thai Wei
|
|fuzzy star
|
|at the west palisade of Taiwei
|Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|49
|421
|a guest star was seen at the I
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Yi
|I
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|50
|436
|a "po" was seen at the Fang
|
|fuzzy star
|
|?
|Fang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|51
|437
|a star appeared during the day at 15 to 17 h in the NE by the side of Tung-Ching. It was yellow in colour and was as large as an orange
|meteor? or sth. with Jupiter?
|star
|star
|?
|Tung-Ching
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|<s>449</s>
|<s>a hui appeared at the north of the Mao</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Mao</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>464</s>
|<s>a chhang-hsing was seen at Chih-Nü (Vega). It was pure white in colour.</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Ho-Phing</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|52
|483
|a guest star of the size of a peck measure appeared at the Shen. It looked like a "po"
|
|guest star
|k'o
|east of Shen
|Shen
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|53
|537
|a guest star was seen at the Tzu-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|Tzu-Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|54
|541
|a guest star was seen at the Tzu-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|55
|561
|a guest star appeared at the I
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Yi
|I
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|56
|568
|a guest star was seen at the east of the Ti. […]
|comet
| -
| -
|
|Ti
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|57
|575
|a "po" appeared at Ta-Chio
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|in Dajiao
|Ta-Chio
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|58
|588
|a "po" appeared at the Chhien-Niu
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Qianniu
|Chhien-Niu
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|59
|617
|a "po" appeared at Wu-Ti-Tso of the Thai-Wei. It was of a reddish-yellow colour and measured 3 to 4 in. (tshun). After a few days it went out of sight.
|
| -
| -
|
|Thai-Wei
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|60
|639
|a "po" appeared at the Pi and the Mao
|
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|61
|641
|a "po" was seen at the Thai-Wei trespassing against Lang-Wei. It disappeared on a chia-hsü day (26.08.) in the seventh month.
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|in Taiwei that trespassed Langwei
|Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|62
|642
|
|
|guest star
| -
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|63
|667
|a hui appeared at the NE among Wu-Chhé and Pi and Mao. It was not visible on an i-hai day.
|comet
| -
| -
|
|among Wu-Chhé and Pi and Mao
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|64
|668
|a hui appeared above Wu-Chhé. It went out of sight on the 22nd day [7. Juni]
|highly likely a miscalculated year; same as 667: comet
| -
| -
|
|Wu-Chhé
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|65
|683
|a hui appeared north of Wu-Chhé. After 25 days it went out of sight
|
| -
| -
|
|Wu-Chhé
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|<s>66</s>
|<s>684</s>
|
|
|<s>fuzzy star</s>
|<s>po</s>
|<s>?</s>
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|<s>67</s>
|<s>707</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|68
|708
|a "po" appeared between the Wei and the Mao
|
|fuzzy star
|
|between Wei and Mao
|between Wei and Mao
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|69
|709
|a "po" appeared within the Tzu-Wei
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>718</s>
|<s>a hui comet was observed</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|70
|722
|a guest star appeared by the side of Ko-Tao for a period of five days before going out of sight
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Gedao
|Ko-Tao
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|71
|725
|
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Huagal
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|72
|730
|the "po" was seen between the Pi and the Mao
|
|
|
|
|between Pi and Mao
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|73
|745
|
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Jiangjun
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|<s>767</s>
|<s>a hui appeared at Hu-Kua, with its rays gradually invading Huan-Ché. It measured more than 1 ft (chhih). After 20 days it went out of sight</s>
|comet
|
|
|
|<s>Hu-Kua</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>773</s>
|<s>a chhang-hsing appeared at the Shen</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Shen</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|74
|827
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|75
|829
|a guest star appeared at the Shui-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Shuiwei
|Shui-Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|76
|837
|
|comet Halley with three subsequent apparitions
|guest star
|k'o
|alongside Nandou and Tianyue
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|77
|839
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|78
|840
|a hui appeared between the Ying-Shih and the Tung-Pi
|
|
|
|
|between the Ying-Shih and the Tung-Pi
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|79
|852
|a hui appeared at the Tzui and the Shen
|
|
|
|
|Tzui and Shen
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|
|<s>868</s>
|<s>a guest star trespassed against Venus</s>
|
|<s>-</s>
|<s>-</s>
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|80
|877
|a guest star appeared to the west of the (Tung-)Pi
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|west of Pi
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|81
|881
|
|
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|
|<s>885</s>
|<s>a hui was seen between CHi-Shui ad Chi-Hsin</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Chi-Shui and Chi-Hsin</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|82
|891
|a guest star appeared at Tung-Hsien
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|Tung-Hsien
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|83
|892
|a thien-chhang was seen in the SW. On a chi-mao day it turned into a cloud and faded away
|comet
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|84
|900
|a guest star was seen at the Central Palace by the side of Huan-Ché. It was as large as a peach, while its rays extended to Huan-Ché and concealed it from view.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|beside Huanzhe in the Central Enclosure (=Taiwei Enclosure)
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|85
|902
|
|comet
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|86
|911
|a guest star trespassed against Ti-Tso
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Dizuo
|Ti-Tso
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|<s>912</s>
|<s>a hui was seen at the west of Ling-Thai</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Ling-Thai</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|87
|926
|0
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|88
|930
|0
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|89
|945
|0
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>956</s>
|<s>a "po" appeared at the corner of the Shen with its rays pointing SE</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|90
|980
|
|
|star
|
|Dizuo
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|91
|1006
|
|SN
|
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|92
|1011
|a guest star appeared in the front of th box of the Nan-Tou
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in front of the bowl of Nandou
|Nan-Tou
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|<s>93</s>
|<s>1012</s>
|<s>0</s>
|<s>no</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|94
|1020
|a hui appeared between Tzung-Chéng, Tsung-Jen and Shih-Lou
|
|
|
|
|between Tzung-Chéng, Tsung-Jen and Shih-Lou
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|95
|1031
|22nd year of King Hyonjong of Koryo, 9th month, day gengshen [57]. A large star entered YUGUI [LM 23].
|no (comet)
|star
| -
|Yugui
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|96
|1035
|a star appeared at night at Wai-Phing. It had vaporous rays
|
|star
|star
|Waiping
|Wai-Phing
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|97
|1054
|
|SN
|guest star
|k'o
|several cun southeast of Tianguan
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|98
|1065
|a guest star trespassed against Thien-Miao
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Tianmiao
|Thien-Miao
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|99
|1069
|a guest star appeared at the longitude of Chi.On 23rd July it trespassed against Chi and then went out of sight
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|longitude of Chi
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|100
|1070
|a guest star appeared at Thien-Chün
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Tianqun
|Thien-Chün
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|101
|1073
|a guest star appeared at the south of the Tung-Pi
|
|guest star
|k'o
|south of the stars of Dongbi
|Tung-Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|102
|1074
|a guest star as large as a melon was seen at the south of Tung-Pi
|
|guest star
|k'o
|south of the stars of Dongbi
|Tung-Pi
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|103
|1080
|a hui trespassed against the Wei
|comet
| -
| -
|
|Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|104
|1082
|36th year of King Munjong, 7th moth, day dinghai [24]. A star emerged in Ziwei and trespassed against BEICHEN.
|
|star
| -
|Ziwei; trespassed against Beichen
|
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|105
|1087
|Emperor Daozong of Liao, 23rd year of the Xianyong reign period, 6th month. A sstar like a melon emerged in WENCHANG.
|no
|star
| -
|Wenchang
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|106
|1113
|a "po" was seen at the Ying-Shih
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Yingshi
|Ying-Shih
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|107
|1123
|a "po" was seen at Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Beidou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|108
|1138
|a guest star was guarding the Lou
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Lou
|Lou
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|109
|1139
|a guest star guarded the Kang
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Kang
|Kang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|110
|1163
|a guest star trepsassed against the moon
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|111
|1166
|a guest star appeared within the Thai-Wei Enclosure at the west of the large star of Wu-Ti-Tso. Its magnitude was small and it was of a bluish-white colour
|
| -
| -
|
|Thai-Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|112
|1175
|a "po" appeared at the NW outside th Tzu-Wei and above Chhi-Kung. It was as small as Mars, but rays radiated out copiously in all directions. On a ping-wu day it went out of sight
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|outside the wall of Ziwei and above Qigong
|outside Tzu-Wei and above Chhi-Kung
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|113
|1181
|a guest star appeared at the Khuei and trespassed against the stars of Chhung Ché. It went out of sight on a kuei-yu day in the first month of the following year, asting 185 days
|SN, peculiar merger (WR, CSPN)
|guest star
|k'o
|Emerged in the lunar mansion Kui and trespassed against the stars of Chuanshe
|Khui
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|114
|1203
|a guest star appeared at the SE within the Wei- It was bluish-white in colour and was of the same size as Saturn
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Wei lunar mansion
|Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|1210
|a guest star entered the Tzu-Wei. Its rays spread out like a red dragon.
|
| -
| -
|
|Tzu-Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|115
|1217
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|116
|1220
|a hui appeared at the NW at a distance of 1 ft to the east of Théng-Shé. It was red in colour.
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Beidou
|east of Théng-Shé
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|117
|1221
|a "po" appeared at Pei-Tou
|
|
|
|
|Pei-Tou
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|118
|1224
|a guest star guarded and trespassed against Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Wei
|Wei
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|119
|1230
|
|comet
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|120
|1232
|… measuring over 10 ft and was bent like an elephant’s tusk
|comet
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|121
|1240
|a hui was seen at the (Ying)Shih. On a [31.March] it went out of sight.
|
|
|
|
|(Ying)Shih
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|122
|1240
|
|
|guest star
|k'o
|lunar mansion Wei
|Wei
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|<s>123</s>
|<s>1244</s>
|
|<s>no</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|124
|1245
|
|comet
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|125
|1248
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|<s>126</s>
|<s>1264</s>
|
|<s>comet</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|1297
|12.-18.+25.03. appeared at the Tung-Ching
|
| -
| -
|
|Tung-Ching
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|127
|1297
|14.+18.09. an ominous star appeared at the Khuei
|
| -
| -
|
|Khuei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|128
|1299
|
|
| -
| -
|
|below Tzu + Sun
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|129
|1313
|
|
| -
| -
|
|Tung-Ching
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|130
|1356
|On a kuei-chhou day in the forth month of the fifth year of Kongmin Wang a guest atar trespassed against the moon
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>1368</s>
|<s>a hui appeared between the Mao and the Pi</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>between Mao and Pi</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>1373</s>
|<s>a hui entered Tzu-Wei Enclosure three times</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Tzu-Wei</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|<s>131</s>
|<s>1375</s>
|
|<s>no</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|132
|1388
|21st year of the Hongwu reign period, 2nd month, day bingyin [3]. A star emerged in DONGBI [LM 14].
|
|star
|star
|Dongbi
|Tung-Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|133
|1399
|'a guest star was seen’
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|134
|1404
|a star like a lamp appaered at the south-east of Nien-Tao. It was yellow in colour and very bright, but remained stationary
|
|star
|star
|Niandao
|south-east of Nien-Tao
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|135
|1408
|Emperor Chengzu of Ming, 6th year of the Yongle reign period, 10th month, day gengchen [17]. In the night, at the zenith, southeast of NIANDAO, there was a star like an oil-cup of a lamp. It was yeloow and shiny bright. It emerged but did not move. It was said to probably be a ZHOU BO, a star of virtue.
|same as 1404?
nova event pre-merger in 18th century?
|Zhou Bo star
| -
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|136
|1415
|a hui appeared at the Nan-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Nandou
|Nan-Tou
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|137
|1430
|a star appeared by the side of Nan-Ho. It was as large as a pellet and is colour was dark-blue. After 26 days it went out of sight
|
|guest star
|star
|more than one chi northeast of Nanhe
|Nan-Ho
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|138
|1431
|a star like a pellet appeared by the side of Chiu-Yu. It was yelloish-white and very bright. It disappeared after 15 days
|
|star, Hany star, broom star
|star
|?
|Chiu-Yu
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|139
|1437
|a guest star appeared between the 2nd and 3rd star of Wei and went out of sight after 14 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|between the second and the third star of Wei, nearer to the third star and separated from it by about half a chi
|Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|140
|1452
|Emperor Daizong of Ming, 3rd year of the Jingtai reign period, 3rd month, new moon day jiawu [31], there was a fuzzy star in BI [LM 19].
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Bi
|Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>1457</s>
|<s>26.10. a "hui" appeared at the Chio measuring over 5 (tshun) pointing north. It trespassed against the northern star of the Chio and the eastern star of the Phing-Tao.</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Chio</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>1458</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|141
|1460
|King Lishengzong, 1st year of the Guangshun reign period, spring, 2nd month. A fuzzy star appeared in YI [LM 27].
|likely a comet
|fuzzy star
|star
|Yi
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|142
|1461
|a star as white as powder appeared by the side of Tsung-Cheng in the Thien-Shih Enclosure. On an i-wei day it turned into a white vapour and went out of sight
|
| -
| -
|
|Thien-Shih
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|143
|1489
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|144
|1497
|Emperor Xiaozong of Ming, 10th year of the Hongzhi reign period, 8th month, day guisi [30]. At dusk a guest star was observed from Nanjing beside the star TIANJI.
|no
|guest star
|
|Tianji
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|145
|1523
|Emperor Shizong of Ming, 2nd year of the Jiajing reign period, 6th month. A fuzzy star appeared in TIANSHI.
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Tianshi
|Thien-Shih
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|146
|1572
|8.11. 1572 … ahui appeared in the NE. It went out of sight only during the … 21.04.-19.051574
|SN
|guest star
|k'o
|beside Gedao in the space of Bi
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|147
|1584
|Emperor Shenzong of Mong, 12th year of the Wanli reign period, 6th month, day Jiyou [46]. a) A star emerged in Fang [LM 4]. b) On this night an anomalous star emerged in Fang [LM 4].
|
|star
|star
|Fang
|Fang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|148
|1592
|record from Korea
|perhaps misunderstood SN reports from 1572, 1604
|guest star
|k'o
|Tiancang
|Thien-Tshang
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|149
|1592
|record from Korea
|perhaps misunderstood SN reports from 1572, 1604
|guest star
|k'o
|Wangliang
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|150
|1592
|record from Korea
|perhaps misunderstood SN reports from 1572, 1604
|guest star
|k'o
|Wangliang
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|
|1596
|a hui appeared at the Tung-Ching. It was of the same size as the large star in Wu-Chhé [Capella]. On 22.08. it went out of sight.
|likely a comet
| -
| -
|
|Tung-Ching
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|151
|1600-1621, 1655
|
|
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|152
|1600
|33rd year of King Sonjo, 11th month, day jiyou [46]. A guest star appeared in Wei [LM 6]. It was larger than the Fire Star (HUOXING) in XIN [LM 5]. Its color was orange and it glittered.
|
|guest star
| -
|Wei
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|1603
|a guest star appeared at the Wei larger than Huo-Hsing in the Hsin (Antares). Its colour was yellowish-red. It was scintillating. On a ting-wei day (…) it trespassed against Venus at the Wei.
|
| -
| -
|
|Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|153
|1604
|
|SN
|guest star
|k'o
|
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|154
|1645
|King Injo of the Yi Dynasty, 23rd year, 2nd month. A large star entered YUGUI [LM 23].
|
|star
|
|Yugui
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|155
|1661
|2nd year (xinchou) of King Hyinjong, 10th intercalary month, day wuchen [5]. A guest star as large as Saturn appeared in NÜ [LM 10]. On day dinghai [24] of the 11th month it disappeared.
|
|guest star
|
|Nü
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|156
|1664
|
|
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|157
|1676
|
|
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|158
|1688
|
|
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|159
|1690
|Emperor Shengzu of Qing, 29th year of the Kangxi reign period, 8th month, day yiyou [22]. An anomalous star was seen in JI [LM 7]. It was yellow and lasted for two nights.
|
|star
|
|east of the third star of Ji; 3 du 18 fen in Wei, DE -34 du, 20 fen
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|}

== Weblinks ==

== References ==
[[Category:transient]]

<references />

Suggested Stellar Transients

2024-10-25T13:37:55Z

RobvGent: small edits

In the 1930s, Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky developed the hypothesis of stars that end their lives in big explosions: supernovae. Only in the 1960s, in a series of three papers by Robert Krafft, the physical nature of novae was explained as surface eruptions on white dwarf stars in cataclysmic binary systems.

However, the term "nova" or "stella nova" was introduced by Tycho Brahe 1572 without any knowledge of the physics in stars, but just from the visual observation of a star seemingly appearing and vanishing after a while, but remaining at the same place (unlike comets). For European astronomy, this doubtless observation required a new category or label for the appearance. In contrast, East Asian astronomers already had a label for it: "guest star". Yet, this term was also used for objects of other physical nature and visual appearance, such as comets. Hence, the historical terms never imply any specific type of object.

Since the dawn of systematic research on variable stars in the 19th century, Sinologists and astrophysicists have attempted to compile catalogues of these objects historically called "nova" (not necessarily implying an underlying nova in the definition of astrophysics) or "guest star".

== Transients that were suggested as Novae or Supernovae ==

=== Known Recurrent Novae ===
As novae (in contrast to supernovae) are surface eruptions that do not destroy the source star, they may happen regularly. Only ten recurrent novae (RN, NR or Nr) are known in our Galaxy. Perhaps one of the reasons is that we have only roughly 150 years of telescopic surveys, so there may be more recurrences to be discovered in historical data.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!scope="col" style="width: 5em;" |
!scope="col" style="width: 4em;" |Schaefer (2010)<ref name=":0">Schaefer, B.E., 2010. ''ApJS'' 187 (2), 275–373.

[https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0067-0049/187/2/275 IOPscience][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010yCat..21870275S/abstract adsabs] </ref>
! colspan="2" |Darnley (2019)<ref name=":1">Darnley, M.J., 2019. Accrete, accrete, accrete... Bang! (and repeat): The remarkable recurrent novae. arXiv e-prints. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.13209 arXiv:1912.13209] and on [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021gacv.workE..44D/abstract adsabs 2021]</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 4em;"|Schaefer (2010)<ref name=":0" />
!scope="col" style="width: 3em;" |Darnley (2019/21)<ref name=":1" />
!
!
!Historical Observations
(Darnley 2019/'21)<ref name=":1" />
!Possible Further Historical Observations
|-
!name
! colspan="2" |τr
!Δτ
!Ampl/ mag
!t3
!Porb /d
!log10 (τ)
!t2
!
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|T Pyx
|19
|24±12
|12
|9.1
|62
|0.07622886
|1.4
|32
|1890, 1902, 1920, 1944, 1967, 2011
|
|-
|IM Nor
|82
|~82
|?
|9.8
|80
|0.10263312
|1.9
|50
|1920, 2002
|
|-
|CI Aql
|24
|27±4
|04
|7.7
|31.6
|0.6183609
|1.4
|25.4
|1917, 1941, ( ∼1968), 2000
|
|-
|V2487 Oph
|98
|~98
|?
|8.2
|8.4
| --
|2.0
|6.2
|1900, 1998
|
|-
|U Sco
|10
|10±1
|01
|10.1
|2.6
|1.23054695
|1.0
|1.2
|1863, ( ∼1873, ∼1884, ∼1894), 1906, 1917, ( ∼1927), 1936, 1945, ( ∼1955), 1969, 1979, 1987, 1999, 2010
|
|-
|V394 CrA
|30
|~38
|?
|11.2
|5.2
|1.515682
|1.6
|2.4
|1949, 1987
|
|-
|T CrB
|80
|~80
|?
|7.3
|06
|227.57
|1.9
|4
|1866, 1946
|
|-
|RS Oph
|15
|15±6
|06
|6.2
|14
|455.72
|1.2
|6.8
|1898, 1907 ?, 1933, 1945 ?, 1958, 1967, 1985, 2006
|
|-
|V745 Sco
|21
|26±1
|01
|9.2
|09
|510±20
|1.4
|6.2
|1937, ( ∼1963), 1989, 2014
|
|-
|V3890 Sgr
|25
|29±1
|01
|7.4
|14.4
|103.14
|1.5
|6.4
|1962, 1990, 2019
|
|}

=== Compiled List from Authors of the 20th century ===
Here, we collated the most famous suggestions from astrophysics papers, comment on them, and create more detailled entries for the interesting ones.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!year
!Ho/ Xu+ Text
!our comment
!Xu+ 2000<ref name=":2">Xu, Z., Pankenier, D.W., Jiang, Y., 2000. ''East Asian Archaeoastronomy''. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam</ref>
!Clark+Steph. 1977<ref>Stephenson, F. R. (1976), "Revised Catalogue of Pre-Telescopic Galactic Novae and Supernovae", ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society'', Vol. 17, p. 121</ref><ref>Clark, David H. and Stephenson, F. Richard (1977). ''The Historical Supernovae''. Oxford [Eng.] ; New York : Pergamon Press, 1977. 1st ed.</ref>
!Xu Const<ref name=":2" />
!Ho const.<ref name=":3">Ho Peng Yoke, 1962. ''Vistas in Astronomy'' 5.
[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962VA......5..127H/abstract adsabs], and PDF on [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0083665662900077?via%3Dihub ELSEVIER]</ref>
!Nikiforov 2010
!Duerbeck 199x
!Pskovskii 1972<ref>Pskovskii, Yu. P. (1972). "Survey of Stellar Outbursts of the Pretelescopic Era". ''Soviet Astronomy'', Vol. 16, p. 23.

[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972SvA....16...23P/abstract adsabs] and [https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1972SvA....16...23P PDF]</ref>
!Xi and Po
!Hsi 1957<ref>Hsi, T.-T., 1957. ''Smithonian Contrib. Astrophys''. 2. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957SCoA....2..109H/abstract adsabs] and [https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1957SCoA....2..109H PDF] </ref>
|-
|1
| -531
|13th year of King Jing of Zhou, in spring. A star emerged in WUNÜ [LM 10].<ref name=":2" />
|
|star
|star
|Wunü
|Wu-Nu
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|2
| -524
|
|
|
|
|
|at Ta-Chhen
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|3
| -203
|a "po" was observed at Ta-Chio for over ten days before going out of sight.<ref name=":3" />
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|Dajiao
|at Ta-Chio
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|4
| -133
|a guest star appeared at the Fang.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Fang
|Fang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|5
| -109 to -104
|a "po" was seen at Ho-Shu
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Heshu
|Ho-Shu
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|6
| -103 to -100
|a "po" was seen among the stars at Chao-Yao.
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zhaoyao
|Chao-Yao
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|7
| -76
|a guest star appeared at the Tzu-Wei between the star Tou-Shu and the Pole (star)
|
|guest star
|k'o
|within Zigong, between Doushou and [Bei-]Ji
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|8
| -75
|a candle star (chu hsing) was seen between the Khuei and the Lou.
|
|chu
|chu
|?
|between Khuei and Lou
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|9
| -68
|
|comet?
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|10
| -47
|a guest star of the size of a melon and with a bluish-white colour, was seen about 4 chhih away east of the second star in the Nan-Tou
|
|guest star
|k'o
|four chi east of the 2nd star of Nandou
|4° away east from 2nd star Nan-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|11
| -46
|a guest star appeared at the division of the Mao and stayed at about 5 chhih to the east of Chüan-Shê. It was bluish-white in colour and its rays measured 0.3 tshun
|
|guest star
|k'o
|appeared in the space of Mao and stayed in place about five chi east of Juanshe
|about 5° east of Chüan-Shê, at the division of Mao (and X)
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
| -4
|a hui appeared at the Chhien-Niu for over 70 days
|
| -
|? (Steph.'76)
|
|Chhien-Niu
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|12
| -3
|a "po" was seen at Ho-Ku.
|likely comet
|fuzzy star
|hui
|Hegu
|Ho-Ku
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|13
|29
|a guest star was seen
|neglect
|guest star
|
|Yuzuo
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|14
|59
|a "po" was seen at Thien-Chhuan
|
|
|
|
|Thien-Chhuan
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|15
|61
|a guest star was seen at the NW of Kéng-Ho pointing towards Kuan-So. It went out of sight after 70 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Genghe
|NW of Kêng-Ho
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|16
|64
|a guest star with a white vapour measuring 2 chhih was seen at the south of Tso-Chih-Fa, outside the Tuan-Mén. It appeared for a period of 75 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|outside the Nanduan gate of Taiwei (Enclosure) near Zuozhifa
|Tso-Chih-Fa, outside Tuan-Nén (Main-Gate)
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|17
|70
|a guest star was seen at Hsien-Yuan for 48 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Xuanyuan
|Hsien-yuan
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|18
|71
|a guest-star was seen at the Mao. It gradually went out of sight after 60 days at the right corner of Hsien-Yuan.
|comet
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|19
|85
|a guest star entered the Tzu-Wei.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|20
|101
|a small guest star appeared at the fourth star of Hsien-Yuan. It was bluish-yellow in colour.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in the space of the fourth star of Xuanyuan
|Hsien-Yuan
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|21
|107
|a guest star appeared at the SW of the Tung-Ching and Hu
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in Dongjing southwest of the Hu star
|southwest of Tung-Ching and Hu
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|22
|123
|
|
|
|
|
|identified as Biot’s mistake
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|23
|125
|a guest star was seen at the Thien Shih
|no
|guest star
|k'o
|Tianshi
|Thien Shih
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|24
|126
|a guest star entered the Thai-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Taiwei
|Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|25
|126
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|149
|a hui with rays 5 ft (chhih) appeared within Thien-Shih (Enclosure) pointing SE and with a yellowish-white colour. It went out of sight on a wu-chhen day in the ninth month
|comet?
|
|
|
|Thien-Shih
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|26
|158
|a "po" was seen at Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Beidou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|27
|173
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|28
|185
|a guest star appeared at Nan-Men. Its size was as large as a mat, while its five colours were fluctuating. It became smaller and went out of sight during the sixth month of the following year [July/Aug 186]
|SN or comet?
|guest star
|k'o
|Nanmen
|Nan-Mên
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|29
|200
|a "po" was seen at Ta-Liang
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Daliang
|Ta-Liang
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|30
|213
|a "po" appeared at Wu-Chu-Hou
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Wuzhuhou
|Wu-Chu-Hou
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|31
|222
|a guest star appeared within the Tso-I-Men of the Thai-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|inside Zuoyemen of Taiwei
|within Tso-I-Mên of the Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|32
|247
|a hui measuring 1 ft (chhih) appeared for 156 days at the Chen.
|comet
|broom star
|hui
|?
|Chen
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>257</s>
|<s>a white hui was seen at the Chio.</s>
|<s>comet</s>
|
|
|
|<s>Chio</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>260</s>
|<s>a "po" appeared in the east for 25 days</s>
|<s>comet</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|33
|269
|a "po" appeared within Tzu-Wei
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|34
|275
|
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zhen
|Chen
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>278</s>
|<s>a Chhih-Yu banner appeared within Tung-Ching</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Tung-Ching</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>281</s>
|<s>a "po" appeared at Chang</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Chang</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|35
|290
|
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>301</s>
|<s>a hui appeared at the (division of) Chhi</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>division of Chhi</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|36
|304
|
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Bi
|guarded the Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|37
|305
|po appeared at Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Beidou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|38
|329
|po appeared at the NW trespassing against Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|Dou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|39
|340
|25 March: a "po" was seen at the Thai-Wei.
|meteor
|fuzzy star
|
|Taiwei
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|40
|358
|a hui was seen extending from Thien-Chhuan to the Wei
|meteor
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|41
|369
|a guest star appeared at the western wall of the Tzu-Wei. It went out of sight during the seventh month
|perhaps nova
|guest star
|k'o
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|42
|386
|a guest star appeared at the Nan-Tou. It went out of sight during the sixth month.
|SN or nova
|guest star
|k'o
|Nandou
|Nan-Tou
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|43
|389
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|44
|393
|a guest star was seen within the Wei. It went out of sight during the ninth month
|SN or nova
|guest star
|k'o
|Wei
|Wei
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|45
|396
|a hui was seen at Mao-Tou. At first, a large yellow star appeared at the Mao and the Pifor more than 50 days. In winter, during the 11th month the yellow star reappeared.
|Venus
|star
|star
|in the space of Mao and Bi
|Mao + Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|46
|402
|a white guest star, which resembled loose cotton was seen at the west of the Thai-Wei. During the 12th month it entered theThai-Wei.
|comet
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|Thai Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|47
|414
|a "po" appeared at the south of the Mao
|
|fuzzy star
|
|south of Mao
|Mao
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|48
|419
|a "po" appeared at the western wall of the Thai Wei
|
|fuzzy star
|
|at the west palisade of Taiwei
|Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|49
|421
|a guest star was seen at the I
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Yi
|I
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|50
|436
|a "po" was seen at the Fang
|
|fuzzy star
|
|?
|Fang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|51
|437
|a star appeared during the day at 15 to 17 h in the NE by the side of Tung-Ching. It was yellow in colour and was as large as an orange
|meteor? or sth. with Jupiter?
|star
|star
|?
|Tung-Ching
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|<s>449</s>
|<s>a hui appeared at the north of the Mao</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Mao</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>464</s>
|<s>a chhang-hsing was seen at Chih-Nü (Vega). It was pure white in colour.</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Ho-Phing</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|52
|483
|a guest star of the size of a peck measure appeared at the Shen. It looked like a "po"
|
|guest star
|k'o
|east of Shen
|Shen
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|53
|537
|a guest star was seen at the Tzu-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|Tzu-Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|54
|541
|a guest star was seen at the Tzu-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|55
|561
|a guest star appeared at the I
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Yi
|I
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|56
|568
|a guest star was seen at the east of the Ti. […]
|comet
| -
| -
|
|Ti
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|57
|575
|a "po" appeared at Ta-Chio
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|in Dajiao
|Ta-Chio
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|58
|588
|a "po" appeared at the Chhien-Niu
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Qianniu
|Chhien-Niu
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|59
|617
|a "po" appeared at Wu-Ti-Tso of the Thai-Wei. It was of a reddish-yellow colour and measured 3 to 4 in. (tshun). After a few days it went out of sight.
|
| -
| -
|
|Thai-Wei
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|60
|639
|a "po" appeared at the Pi and the Mao
|
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|61
|641
|a "po" was seen at the Thai-Wei trespassing against Lang-Wei. It disappeared on a chia-hsü day (26.08.) in the seventh month.
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|in Taiwei that trespassed Langwei
|Thai-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|62
|642
|
|
|guest star
| -
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|63
|667
|a hui appeared at the NE among Wu-Chhé and Pi and Mao. It was not visible on an i-hai day.
|comet
| -
| -
|
|among Wu-Chhé and Pi and Mao
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|64
|668
|a hui appeared above Wu-Chhé. It went out of sight on the 22nd day [7. Juni]
|highly likely a miscalculated year; same as 667: comet
| -
| -
|
|Wu-Chhé
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|65
|683
|a hui appeared north of Wu-Chhé. After 25 days it went out of sight
|
| -
| -
|
|Wu-Chhé
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|<s>66</s>
|<s>684</s>
|
|
|<s>fuzzy star</s>
|<s>po</s>
|<s>?</s>
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|<s>67</s>
|<s>707</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|68
|708
|a "po" appeared between the Wei and the Mao
|
|fuzzy star
|
|between Wei and Mao
|between Wei and Mao
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|69
|709
|a "po" appeared within the Tzu-Wei
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Zigong
|Tzu-Wei
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>718</s>
|<s>a hui comet was observed</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|70
|722
|a guest star appeared by the side of Ko-Tao for a period of five days before going out of sight
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Gedao
|Ko-Tao
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|71
|725
|
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Huagal
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|72
|730
|the "po" was seen between the Pi and the Mao
|
|
|
|
|between Pi and Mao
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|73
|745
|
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Jiangjun
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|<s>767</s>
|<s>a hui appeared at Hu-Kua, with its rays gradually invading Huan-Ché. It measured more than 1 ft (chhih). After 20 days it went out of sight</s>
|comet
|
|
|
|<s>Hu-Kua</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>773</s>
|<s>a chhang-hsing appeared at the Shen</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Shen</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|74
|827
|
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|75
|829
|a guest star appeared at the Shui-Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Shuiwei
|Shui-Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|76
|837
|
|comet Halley with three subsequent apparitions
|guest star
|k'o
|alongside Nandou and Tianyue
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|77
|839
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|78
|840
|a hui appeared between the Ying-Shih and the Tung-Pi
|
|
|
|
|between the Ying-Shih and the Tung-Pi
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|79
|852
|a hui appeared at the Tzui and the Shen
|
|
|
|
|Tzui and Shen
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|
|<s>868</s>
|<s>a guest star trespassed against Venus</s>
|
|<s>-</s>
|<s>-</s>
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|80
|877
|a guest star appeared to the west of the (Tung-)Pi
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|west of Pi
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|81
|881
|
|
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|
|<s>885</s>
|<s>a hui was seen between CHi-Shui ad Chi-Hsin</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Chi-Shui and Chi-Hsin</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|82
|891
|a guest star appeared at Tung-Hsien
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|Tung-Hsien
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|83
|892
|a thien-chhang was seen in the SW. On a chi-mao day it turned into a cloud and faded away
|comet
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|84
|900
|a guest star was seen at the Central Palace by the side of Huan-Ché. It was as large as a peach, while its rays extended to Huan-Ché and concealed it from view.
|
|guest star
|k'o
|beside Huanzhe in the Central Enclosure (=Taiwei Enclosure)
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|85
|902
|
|comet
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|86
|911
|a guest star trespassed against Ti-Tso
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Dizuo
|Ti-Tso
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|<s>912</s>
|<s>a hui was seen at the west of Ling-Thai</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Ling-Thai</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|87
|926
|0
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|88
|930
|0
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|89
|945
|0
|no
|
|
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>956</s>
|<s>a "po" appeared at the corner of the Shen with its rays pointing SE</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|90
|980
|
|
|star
|
|Dizuo
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|91
|1006
|
|SN
|
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|92
|1011
|a guest star appeared in the front of th box of the Nan-Tou
|
|guest star
|k'o
|in front of the bowl of Nandou
|Nan-Tou
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|<s>93</s>
|<s>1012</s>
|<s>0</s>
|<s>no</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|94
|1020
|a hui appeared between Tzung-Chéng, Tsung-Jen and Shih-Lou
|
|
|
|
|between Tzung-Chéng, Tsung-Jen and Shih-Lou
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|95
|1031
|22nd year of King Hyonjong of Koryo, 9th month, day gengshen [57]. A large star entered YUGUI [LM 23].
|no (comet)
|star
| -
|Yugui
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|96
|1035
|a star appeared at night at Wai-Phing. It had vaporous rays
|
|star
|star
|Waiping
|Wai-Phing
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|97
|1054
|
|SN
|guest star
|k'o
|several cun southeast of Tianguan
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|98
|1065
|a guest star trespassed against Thien-Miao
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Tianmiao
|Thien-Miao
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|-
|99
|1069
|a guest star appeared at the longitude of Chi.On 23rd July it trespassed against Chi and then went out of sight
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|longitude of Chi
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|100
|1070
|a guest star appeared at Thien-Chün
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Tianqun
|Thien-Chün
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|101
|1073
|a guest star appeared at the south of the Tung-Pi
|
|guest star
|k'o
|south of the stars of Dongbi
|Tung-Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|102
|1074
|a guest star as large as a melon was seen at the south of Tung-Pi
|
|guest star
|k'o
|south of the stars of Dongbi
|Tung-Pi
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|103
|1080
|a hui trespassed against the Wei
|comet
| -
| -
|
|Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|104
|1082
|36th year of King Munjong, 7th moth, day dinghai [24]. A star emerged in Ziwei and trespassed against BEICHEN.
|
|star
| -
|Ziwei; trespassed against Beichen
|
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|105
|1087
|Emperor Daozong of Liao, 23rd year of the Xianyong reign period, 6th month. A sstar like a melon emerged in WENCHANG.
|no
|star
| -
|Wenchang
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|106
|1113
|a "po" was seen at the Ying-Shih
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Yingshi
|Ying-Shih
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|107
|1123
|a "po" was seen at Pei-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Beidou
|Pei-Tou
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|108
|1138
|a guest star was guarding the Lou
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Lou
|Lou
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|109
|1139
|a guest star guarded the Kang
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Kang
|Kang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|110
|1163
|a guest star trepsassed against the moon
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|111
|1166
|a guest star appeared within the Thai-Wei Enclosure at the west of the large star of Wu-Ti-Tso. Its magnitude was small and it was of a bluish-white colour
|
| -
| -
|
|Thai-Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|112
|1175
|a "po" appeared at the NW outside th Tzu-Wei and above Chhi-Kung. It was as small as Mars, but rays radiated out copiously in all directions. On a ping-wu day it went out of sight
|
|fuzzy star
|po
|outside the wall of Ziwei and above Qigong
|outside Tzu-Wei and above Chhi-Kung
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|113
|1181
|a guest star appeared at the Khuei and trespassed against the stars of Chhung Ché. It went out of sight on a kuei-yu day in the first month of the following year, asting 185 days
|SN, peculiar merger (WR, CSPN)
|guest star
|k'o
|Emerged in the lunar mansion Kui and trespassed against the stars of Chuanshe
|Khui
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|114
|1203
|a guest star appeared at the SE within the Wei- It was bluish-white in colour and was of the same size as Saturn
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Wei lunar mansion
|Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|
|1210
|a guest star entered the Tzu-Wei. Its rays spread out like a red dragon.
|
| -
| -
|
|Tzu-Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|115
|1217
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|116
|1220
|a hui appeared at the NW at a distance of 1 ft to the east of Théng-Shé. It was red in colour.
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Beidou
|east of Théng-Shé
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|117
|1221
|a "po" appeared at Pei-Tou
|
|
|
|
|Pei-Tou
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|118
|1224
|a guest star guarded and trespassed against Wei
|
|guest star
|k'o
|Wei
|Wei
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|119
|1230
|
|comet
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|120
|1232
|… measuring over 10 ft and was bent like an elephant’s tusk
|comet
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|121
|1240
|a hui was seen at the (Ying)Shih. On a [31.March] it went out of sight.
|
|
|
|
|(Ying)Shih
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|122
|1240
|
|
|guest star
|k'o
|lunar mansion Wei
|Wei
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|<s>123</s>
|<s>1244</s>
|
|<s>no</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|124
|1245
|
|comet
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|125
|1248
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|<s>126</s>
|<s>1264</s>
|
|<s>comet</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|1297
|12.-18.+25.03. appeared at the Tung-Ching
|
| -
| -
|
|Tung-Ching
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|127
|1297
|14.+18.09. an ominous star appeared at the Khuei
|
| -
| -
|
|Khuei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|128
|1299
|
|
| -
| -
|
|below Tzu + Sun
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|129
|1313
|
|
| -
| -
|
|Tung-Ching
|no
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|130
|1356
|On a kuei-chhou day in the forth month of the fifth year of Kongmin Wang a guest atar trespassed against the moon
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>1368</s>
|<s>a hui appeared between the Mao and the Pi</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>between Mao and Pi</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>1373</s>
|<s>a hui entered Tzu-Wei Enclosure three times</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Tzu-Wei</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|<s>131</s>
|<s>1375</s>
|
|<s>no</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|132
|1388
|21st year of the Hongwu reign period, 2nd month, day bingyin [3]. A star emerged in DONGBI [LM 14].
|
|star
|star
|Dongbi
|Tung-Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|133
|1399
|'a guest star was seen’
|
|guest star
|k'o
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|134
|1404
|a star like a lamp appaered at the south-east of Nien-Tao. It was yellow in colour and very bright, but remained stationary
|
|star
|star
|Niandao
|south-east of Nien-Tao
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|135
|1408
|Emperor Chengzu of Ming, 6th year of the Yongle reign period, 10th month, day gengchen [17]. In the night, at the zenith, southeast of NIANDAO, there was a star like an oil-cup of a lamp. It was yeloow and shiny bright. It emerged but did not move. It was said to probably be a ZHOU BO, a star of virtue.
|same as 1404?
nova event pre-merger in 18th century?
|Zhou Bo star
| -
|?
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|136
|1415
|a hui appeared at the Nan-Tou
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Nandou
|Nan-Tou
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|137
|1430
|a star appeared by the side of Nan-Ho. It was as large as a pellet and is colour was dark-blue. After 26 days it went out of sight
|
|guest star
|star
|more than one chi northeast of Nanhe
|Nan-Ho
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|138
|1431
|a star like a pellet appeared by the side of Chiu-Yu. It was yelloish-white and very bright. It disappeared after 15 days
|
|star, Hany star, broom star
|star
|?
|Chiu-Yu
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|139
|1437
|a guest star appeared between the 2nd and 3rd star of Wei and went out of sight after 14 days
|
|guest star
|k'o
|between the second and the third star of Wei, nearer to the third star and separated from it by about half a chi
|Wei
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|140
|1452
|Emperor Daizong of Ming, 3rd year of the Jingtai reign period, 3rd month, new moon day jiawu [31], there was a fuzzy star in BI [LM 19].
|
|fuzzy star
| -
|Bi
|Pi
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|
|<s>1457</s>
|<s>26.10. a "hui" appeared at the Chio measuring over 5 (tshun) pointing north. It trespassed against the northern star of the Chio and the eastern star of the Phing-Tao.</s>
|
|
|
|
|<s>Chio</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|
|<s>1458</s>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|<s>no</s>
|-
|141
|1460
|King Lishengzong, 1st year of the Guangshun reign period, spring, 2nd month. A fuzzy star appeared in YI [LM 27].
|likely a comet
|fuzzy star
|star
|Yi
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|142
|1461
|a star as white as powder appeared by the side of Tsung-Cheng in the Thien-Shih Enclosure. On an i-wei day it turned into a white vapour and went out of sight
|
| -
| -
|
|Thien-Shih
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|143
|1489
|
|no
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|-
|144
|1497
|Emperor Xiaozong of Ming, 10th year of the Hongzhi reign period, 8th month, day guisi [30]. At dusk a guest star was observed from Nanjing beside the star TIANJI.
|no
|guest star
|
|Tianji
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|145
|1523
|Emperor Shizong of Ming, 2nd year of the Jiajing reign period, 6th month. A fuzzy star appeared in TIANSHI.
|
|fuzzy star
|
|Tianshi
|Thien-Shih
|yes
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|-
|146
|1572
|8.11. 1572 … ahui appeared in the NE. It went out of sight only during the … 21.04.-19.051574
|SN
|guest star
|k'o
|beside Gedao in the space of Bi
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|147
|1584
|Emperor Shenzong of Mong, 12th year of the Wanli reign period, 6th month, day Jiyou [46]. a) A star emerged in Fang [LM 4]. b) On this night an anomalous star emerged in Fang [LM 4].
|
|star
|star
|Fang
|Fang
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|148
|1592
|record from Korea
|perhaps misunderstood SN reports from 1572, 1604
|guest star
|k'o
|Tiancang
|Thien-Tshang
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|149
|1592
|record from Korea
|perhaps misunderstood SN reports from 1572, 1604
|guest star
|k'o
|Wangliang
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|150
|1592
|record from Korea
|perhaps misunderstood SN reports from 1572, 1604
|guest star
|k'o
|Wangliang
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|
|1596
|a hui appeared at the Tung-Ching. It was of the same size as the large star in Wu-Chhé [Capella]. On 22.08. it went out of sight.
|likely a comet
| -
| -
|
|Tung-Ching
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|151
|1600-1621, 1655
|
|
| -
| -
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|152
|1600
|33rd year of King Sonjo, 11th month, day jiyou [46]. A guest star appeared in Wei [LM 6]. It was larger than the Fire Star (HUOXING) in XIN [LM 5]. Its color was orange and it glittered.
|
|guest star
| -
|Wei
|
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|
|1603
|a guest star appeared at the Wei larger than Huo-Hsing in the Hsin (Antares). Its colour was yellowish-red. It was scintillating. On a ting-wei day (…) it trespassed against Venus at the Wei.
|
| -
| -
|
|Wei
|no
|no
|no
|no
|no
|-
|153
|1604
|
|SN
|guest star
|k'o
|
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|154
|1645
|King Injo of the Yi Dynasty, 23rd year, 2nd month. A large star entered YUGUI [LM 23].
|
|star
|
|Yugui
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|155
|1661
|2nd year (xinchou) of King Hyinjong, 10th intercalary month, day wuchen [5]. A guest star as large as Saturn appeared in NÜ [LM 10]. On day dinghai [24] of the 11th month it disappeared.
|
|guest star
|
|Nü
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|156
|1664
|
|
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|no
|-
|157
|1676
|
|
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|-
|158
|1688
|
|
|
|
|
|
|no
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|159
|1690
|Emperor Shengzu of Qing, 29th year of the Kangxi reign period, 8th month, day yiyou [22]. An anomalous star was seen in JI [LM 7]. It was yellow and lasted for two nights.
|
|star
|
|east of the third star of Ji; 3 du 18 fen in Wei, DE -34 du, 20 fen
|
|yes
|no
|yes
|yes
|yes
|}

== Weblinks ==

== References ==
[[Category:transient]]

<references />

Solitaire

2024-10-21T15:12:31Z

RobvGent: minor

[[File:LeMonnier1776 solitaire.jpeg|alt=original star chart with the first depiction of the Solitaire|thumb|Pierre Le Monnier's "Constellation du Solitaire" in the History of the French Academy of Science publication (1776)]]
This French term was used for the now-obsolete constellation Turdus Solitarius (= Solitaire = [[Noctua]]).

==Etymology and History==
The extinct constellations Turdus Solitarius and Noctua, which share some history and region of the sky, have brief summaries in ''Star Names - Their Lore and Meaning'' by Richard H. Allen (1899, pp. 418-419) and in ''Star Tales'' by Ian Ridpath (1988, p. 151) and have a dedicated chapter in ''The Lost Constellations'' by John C. Barentine (2015, ch. 29, pp. 449-464).

The classical constellation Hydra ends with the star Pi Hydrae. In early modern time, some astronomers extended the chain of stars towards Libra and even introduced yet another bird on its longer end (as traditionally, the Raven sits on the tail tip of Hydra). The constellation of "Solitaire" was first depicted in Pierre Charles Le Monnier's contribution to the ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35758/f654.item Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences ... avec les mémoires de mathématique & de physique... tirez des registres de cette Académie],'' from the French Academy of Science (Académie royale des sciences, Paris) 1776.
[[File:Stellarium+solitaire monnier mark+lbl.gif|thumb|Animated GIF for the identifications of stars in the constellation of the "Solitaire" by Le Monnier (1776), modern star chart from Stellarium, GIF by SMH 2024.]]
[[File:Monticola solitarius, Spain 1.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Blue rock thrush, male, Spain (CC-BY Jose Maria Carretero Palacios from Jerez de los Caballeros, España), Spanish term: Roquero solitario.]]
[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/lemonniersolitaire.html Ian Ridpath] elaborates that the engraver Yves-Marie Le Gouaz (1742–1816) accompanied Pierre Le Monnier's announcement of the new constellation and states: <blockquote>Unfortunately the bird shown on the engraving is not the Rodrigues solitaire as Le Monnier had intended, but rather a blue rock thrush, known as the solitaire of the Philippines. Whether the error was due to Le Monnier or Le Gouaz is unknown.</blockquote>Bode (1801) in his famous ''Uranographia'' takes over the idea of this additional bird but depicts it slightly differently. His label in Latin is "Turdus Solitarius" which is the scientific term for the Blue Rock Thrush, first described in Carl von Linné (Carl Linnaeus): Systema Naturae<ref>Linné On Line - University of Uppsala, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040111191036/http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/animal/1_1.html wayback-machine]</ref><ref>English translation of Linné's book by William Turton (1806): A General System of Nature,: Through the Three Grand Kingdoms of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, Systematically Divided Into Their Several Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, and Varieties. Lackington, Allen, and Company. </ref> (10th edition 1758).

=== List of Identified Stars in Monnier's Map ===

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!label
!IAU desig.
!description
!IAU name
!Vmag
|-
|1
|gamma (Sco)
|sigma Lib
|in the heart/ chest
|Brachium
|3.25
|-
|2
| -
|E Hya
|in the east claw
| -
|4.4
|-
|3
| -
|60 Hya
|at the edge of the wooden branch
| -
|5.8
|-
|4
| -
|57 Hya
|lowest in the east leg
| -
|5.75
|-
|5
| -
|56 Hya
|next to the lowest in the east leg
| -
|5.2
|-
|6
| -
|55 Hya
|the next one of these
| -
|5.5
|-
|7
| -
|m Hya
|the uppermost in the legs, where they join the body
| -
|5.05
|-
|8
| -
|4 Lib
|the uppermost in the west leg
| -
|5.7
|-
|9
| -
|HIP 72488
|the one above the west leg, surrounded by a group of faint ones (7 to 8 mag)
| -
|5.65
|-
|10
| -
|12 Lib
|the northern one of the two between the heart and the legs
| -
|5.25
|-
|11
| -
|14 Lib
|the southern one of the two between the heart and the legs
| -
|6.9
|-
|12
| -
|23 Lib
|the faint one east of the heart
| -
|6.45
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 74732
|chain of three equidistant in the upper spine: the easternmost
| -
|5.5
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 73927
|chain of three equidistant in the upper spine: middle one
| -
|6.1
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 73884
|the fainter one below the middle one
| -
|7.1
|-
|16
| -
|KX Lib
|chain of three equidistant in the upper spine: the westernmost
| -
|5.75
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 76106
|above the forehead
| -
|5.52
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 71816
|the three faint ones where the tail joins the body: uppermost
| -
|7
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 71295
|the three faint ones where the tail joins the body: middle
| -
|6.45
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 70961
|the three faint ones where the tail joins the body: lowest
| -
|7.05
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 70518
|where the wing meets the tail: upper
| -
|6.6
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 70261
|where the wing meets the tail: lower
| -
|6.75
|-
|23
| -
|236 Vir
|tip of the wing
| -
|5.85
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 69658
|tip of the wing
| -
|5.5
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 76569
|where the beak joins the head
| -
|5.8
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 72310
|the brighter one of the two faint in the middle of the body
| -
|6
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 72217 B
|the fainter one of the two faint in the middle of the body
| -
|7.3
|-
|28
| -
|k Hya
|western edge of the wooden branch
| -
|4.75
|-
|29
| -
|l Hya
|western claw of Solitaire
| -
|4.95
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 75939
|in the eye of the Solitaire
| -
|6.2
|}

==== Bright Stars within the Frame, not within the constellation area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!id
!Monnier's Label
!IAU design.
! colspan="2" |description
!IAU name
!Vmag
|-
|1
| -
|iota1 Lib
| colspan="2" |above the neck
| -
|4.5
|-
|2
| -
|iota2 Lib
| colspan="2" |above the neck
| -
|6.2
|-
|3
|kappa Vir
|kappa Lib
| colspan="2" |above the beak
| -
|4.75
|-
|4
| -
|41 Lib
| colspan="2" |above the head
| -
|5.55
|-
|5
| -
|10 Lib
| colspan="2" |above the rump
| -
|6.25
|-
|6
| -
|42 Lib
| colspan="2" |below the beak
| -
|4.95
|-
|7
| -
|36 Lib
| colspan="2" |edge of the frame
| -
|5.1
|-
|8
|e Vir
|ups Lib
| colspan="2" |edge of the frame
| -
|3.6
|-
|9
|delta [Lup]
|f Lup
| colspan="2" |in front of the wooden branch
| -
|4.35
|-
|10
|delta [Lup]
|l Lup
| colspan="2" |below of the wooden branch
| -
|4.9
|-
|11
| -
|50 Hya
| colspan="2" |east of pi Hya
| -
|5.05
|-
|12
| -
|pi Hya
| colspan="2" |tip of Hydra's tail
| -
|3.25
|-
|13
| -
|47 Hya
| colspan="2" |last(double) before the tail tip of Hya
| -
|5.2
|-
|14
| -
|48 Hya
| colspan="2" |last(double) before the tail tip of Hya
| -
|5.75
|-
|15
| -
|59 Hya
| colspan="2" |above the wooden branch
| -
|6.3
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 76143
| colspan="2" |in front of the chest
| -
|6.9
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 70469
| colspan="2" |the one west of the legs
| -
|5.3
|}

=== Species of Bird ===
The bird was native to the Rodrigues Island, east of Madagascar & east of Mauritius in the Southern Indian Ocean. It is considered a species of doves and pigeons although they were flightless and much taller (size of the swans). The Rodrigues Solitaire is considered an endemisms that derives from Madagascar pigeons, while the Dodo is considered an endemism of the same pigeon at another island (Mauritius). <gallery>
File:Pezophaps solitaria.png|The Rodrigues Solitaire (''Pezophaps solitaria'') was a flightless member of the pigeon order endemic to Rodrigues. It was a close relative of the Dodo. About One-Third Natural Size—from descriptions and drawings. Author <bdi>Frederick William Frohawk</bdi> (1861–1946), wikicommons.
File:Leguat1891solitaire.jpg|Picture of a Solitaire (1708). From Leguat, François (1891), The voyage of François Leguat of Bresse, to Rodriguez, Mauritius, Java, and the Cape of Good Hope. 2 Volumes., Edited and annotated by S. Pasfield Oliver, London: Hakluyt Society. It is a facsimile of a figure from: Leguat, François (1708), Voyage et avantures de François Leguat & de ses compagnons en deux isles desertes des Indes Orientales. 2 Volumes., London: Mortier (1708).
File:Pezophaps solitaria - 2.jpg|Mounted skeletons of a male and female '''solitaires''' ''(Pezophaps solitaria)''. The specimens are from the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. photo: Emőke Dénes, wikicommons.
File:PSM V15 D032 Dodo and solitaire birds.jpg|Dodo and solitaire birds (unknown author 1879)
File:Extinct birds - an attempt to unite in one volume a short account of those birds which have become extinct in historical times - that is, within the last six or seven hundred years - to which are (14564153928).jpg
File:Ma - Raphus cucullatus skeleton 3.jpg|'''Dodo''' ''(Raphus cucullatus)'' skeleton at the Natural History Museum in London, England. Emőke Dénes (2011)
File:Didus cucullatus white background.jpg|''Didus cucullatus'' from Rothschild's Extinct birds (1907)
File:William Hodges – Dodo and Red Parakeet.jpg|''Dodo and Red Parakeet'', attributed to William Hodges (1773)
File:Solitaire+Dodo compared2human.jpg|Comparison of the size of the Rodrigues Solitaire and other species of pigeon with a human (by Narwhaler).
</gallery>

=== Emoji ===
The description reads: <blockquote>A brown or gray dodo shown in full profile. Generally depicted with a curved yellow beak, small wings, a fluffy white tail, yellow or orange feet, and black talons.

May be used to represent dodos or the concept of being extinct.

''Dodo'' was approved as part of Unicode 13.0 in 2020 and added to Emoji 13.0 in 2020.</blockquote>Unicode: U+1F9A2

==Transformations/ Variants==
<gallery>
File:LeMonnier1776 solitaire.jpeg|Pierre Le Monnier's "Constellation du Solitaire" in the History of the French Academy of Science publication (1776)
File:Solitaire bode1801.JPG|constellation "Turdus Solitarius" in Bode (1801)
File:Solitaire bode1801 highlight.jpg|Solitaire in Bode (1801) highlighted (CC BY WGSN).
File:Bode Turdus.jpg| Turdus Solitarius in Bode's Uranographia. This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects.
File:Stellarium+solitaire bode+labls+markers.gif|Animated GIF to identify the area of the constellation "Turdus Solitarius" in Bode (1801), modern star chart from Stelllarium, GIF by SMH 2024.
File:Stellarium-solitair Bode+Monnier.gif|animated GIF for the comparison of the "Solitaire" in Monnier (1776) and Bode (1801); modern star chart from Stellarium, GIF by SMH 2024.
</gallery>

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The brightest star of historical "Turdus Solitarius" was Sigma Librae, mag. 3.2, named Brachium by WGSN. It was suggested in 2023 to try naming another of its stars, if we can identify them reliably. The French "Solitaire" is an obvious name to use. The biological relative from the neighboring island, the Dodo, is much more popular and even has an emoji. Perhaps we should use this name, too and commemorate extinct animals. Or maybe use a double star for both, Solitaire and Dodo?

Suggestions:

* E Hya (4.41 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=E+Hya&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]) is the second brightest star in the constellation, and is within the area of the bird in both versions, but not drawn in Monnier's map
* m Hya (5.05 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=m+Hya&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]), HIP 72197 = HR 5497, is "double or multiple".
** m Hya A has 5.46 mag - suggested name "Solitaire"
** m Hya B has 7.25 mag - suggested name "Dodo"
* HIP 75939 (6.2 mag, [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HIP+75939&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]) "the one in the bird's eye".

The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

* Le Monnier's depiction of the Solitaire ([https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35758/f654.item Gallica])
* Bode's depiction of the Solitaire ([https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/3341788 eRARA Zurich])
* [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/lemonniersolitaire.html Ian Ridpath's "Star Tales", online edition]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=vKWqLrdbTzo Video explaining the common ancestor of both, Solitaires and Dodos].
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftQORb9WTko Video explaining reconstruction and taxonomy of the dodo]

== Reference ==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Solitaire

2024-10-14T10:15:45Z

RobvGent: slight rewite

[[File:LeMonnier1776 solitaire.jpeg|alt=original star chart with the first depiction of the Solitaire|thumb|Pierre Le Monnier's "Constellation du Solitaire" in the History of the French Academy of Science publication (1776)]]
This French term was used for the now-obsolete constellation Turdus Solitarius (= Solitaire = [[Noctua]]).

==Etymology and History==
The extinct constellations Turdus Solitarius and Noctua, which share some history and region of the sky, have brief summaries in ''Star Names - Their Lore and Meaning'' by Richard H. Allen (1899, pp. 418-419) and in ''Star Tales'' by Ian Ridpath (1988, p. 151) and have a dedicated chapter in ''The Lost Constellations'' by John C. Barentine (2015, ch. 29, pp.&nbs;449-464).

The classical constellation Hydra ends with the star Pi Hydrae. In early modern time, some astronomers extended the chain of stars towards Libra and even introduced yet another bird on its longer end (as traditionally, the Raven sits on the tail tip of Hydra). The constellation of "Solitaire" was first depicted in Pierre Charles Le Monnier's contribution to the ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35758/f654.item Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences ... avec les mémoires de mathématique & de physique... tirez des registres de cette Académie],'' from the French Academy of Science (Académie royale des sciences, Paris) 1776.
[[File:Stellarium+solitaire monnier mark+lbl.gif|thumb|Animated GIF for the identifications of stars in the constellation of the "Solitaire" by Le Monnier (1776), modern star chart from Stellarium, GIF by SMH 2024.]]
[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/lemonniersolitaire.html Ian Ridpath] elaborates that the engraver Yves-Marie Le Gouaz (1742–1816) accompanied Pierre Le Monnier's announcement of the new constellation and states: <blockquote>Unfortunately the bird shown on the engraving is not the Rodrigues solitaire as Le Monnier had intended, but rather a blue rock thrush, known as the solitaire of the Philippines. Whether the error was due to Le Monnier or Le Gouaz is unknown.</blockquote>Bode (1801) in his famous ''Uranographia'' takes over the idea of this additional bird but depicts it slightly differently,

=== List of Identified Stars in Monnier's Map ===

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!label
!IAU desig.
!description
!IAU name
!Vmag
|-
|1
|gamma (Sco)
|sigma Lib
|in the heart/ chest
|Brachium
|3.25
|-
|2
| -
|E Hya
|in the east claw
| -
|4.4
|-
|3
| -
|60 Hya
|at the edge of the wooden branch
| -
|5.8
|-
|4
| -
|57 Hya
|lowest in the east leg
| -
|5.75
|-
|5
| -
|56 Hya
|next to the lowest in the east leg
| -
|5.2
|-
|6
| -
|55 Hya
|the next one of these
| -
|5.5
|-
|7
| -
|m Hya
|the uppermost in the legs, where they join the body
| -
|5.05
|-
|8
| -
|4 Lib
|the uppermost in the west leg
| -
|5.7
|-
|9
| -
|HIP 72488
|the one above the west leg, surrounded by a group of faint ones (7 to 8 mag)
| -
|5.65
|-
|10
| -
|12 Lib
|the northern one of the two between the heart and the legs
| -
|5.25
|-
|11
| -
|14 Lib
|the southern one of the two between the heart and the legs
| -
|6.9
|-
|12
| -
|23 Lib
|the faint one east of the heart
| -
|6.45
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 74732
|chain of three equidistant in the upper spine: the easternmost
| -
|5.5
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 73927
|chain of three equidistant in the upper spine: middle one
| -
|6.1
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 73884
|the fainter one below the middle one
| -
|7.1
|-
|16
| -
|KX Lib
|chain of three equidistant in the upper spine: the westernmost
| -
|5.75
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 76106
|above the forehead
| -
|5.52
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 71816
|the three faint ones where the tail joins the body: uppermost
| -
|7
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 71295
|the three faint ones where the tail joins the body: middle
| -
|6.45
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 70961
|the three faint ones where the tail joins the body: lowest
| -
|7.05
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 70518
|where the wing meets the tail: upper
| -
|6.6
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 70261
|where the wing meets the tail: lower
| -
|6.75
|-
|23
| -
|236 Vir
|tip of the wing
| -
|5.85
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 69658
|tip of the wing
| -
|5.5
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 76569
|where the beak joins the head
| -
|5.8
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 72310
|the brighter one of the two faint in the middle of the body
| -
|6
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 72217 B
|the fainter one of the two faint in the middle of the body
| -
|7.3
|-
|28
| -
|k Hya
|western edge of the wooden branch
| -
|4.75
|-
|29
| -
|l Hya
|western claw of Solitaire
| -
|4.95
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 75939
|in the eye of the Solitaire
| -
|6.2
|}

==== Bright Stars within the Frame, not within the constellation area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!id
!Monnier's Label
!IAU design.
! colspan="2" |description
!IAU name
!Vmag
|-
|1
| -
|iota1 Lib
| colspan="2" |above the neck
| -
|4.5
|-
|2
| -
|iota2 Lib
| colspan="2" |above the neck
| -
|6.2
|-
|3
|kappa Vir
|kappa Lib
| colspan="2" |above the beak
| -
|4.75
|-
|4
| -
|41 Lib
| colspan="2" |above the head
| -
|5.55
|-
|5
| -
|10 Lib
| colspan="2" |above the rump
| -
|6.25
|-
|6
| -
|42 Lib
| colspan="2" |below the beak
| -
|4.95
|-
|7
| -
|36 Lib
| colspan="2" |edge of the frame
| -
|5.1
|-
|8
|e Vir
|ups Lib
| colspan="2" |edge of the frame
| -
|3.6
|-
|9
|delta [Lup]
|f Lup
| colspan="2" |in front of the wooden branch
| -
|4.35
|-
|10
|delta [Lup]
|l Lup
| colspan="2" |below of the wooden branch
| -
|4.9
|-
|11
| -
|50 Hya
| colspan="2" |east of pi Hya
| -
|5.05
|-
|12
| -
|pi Hya
| colspan="2" |tip of Hydra's tail
| -
|3.25
|-
|13
| -
|47 Hya
| colspan="2" |last(double) before the tail tip of Hya
| -
|5.2
|-
|14
| -
|48 Hya
| colspan="2" |last(double) before the tail tip of Hya
| -
|5.75
|-
|15
| -
|59 Hya
| colspan="2" |above the wooden branch
| -
|6.3
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 76143
| colspan="2" |in front of the chest
| -
|6.9
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 70469
| colspan="2" |the one west of the legs
| -
|5.3
|}

=== Species of Bird ===
The bird was native to the Rodrigues Island, east of Madagascar & east of Mauritius in the Southern Indian Ocean. It is considered a species of doves and pigeons although they were flightless and much taller (size of the swans). The Rodrigues Solitaire is considered an endemisms that derives from Madagascar pigeons, while the Dodo is considered an endemism of the same pigeon at another island (Mauritius). <gallery>
File:Pezophaps solitaria.png|The Rodrigues Solitaire (''Pezophaps solitaria'') was a flightless member of the pigeon order endemic to Rodrigues. It was a close relative of the Dodo. About One-Third Natural Size—from descriptions and drawings. Author <bdi>Frederick William Frohawk</bdi> (1861–1946), wikicommons.
File:Leguat1891solitaire.jpg|Picture of a Solitaire (1708). From Leguat, François (1891), The voyage of François Leguat of Bresse, to Rodriguez, Mauritius, Java, and the Cape of Good Hope. 2 Volumes., Edited and annotated by S. Pasfield Oliver, London: Hakluyt Society. It is a facsimile of a figure from: Leguat, François (1708), Voyage et avantures de François Leguat & de ses compagnons en deux isles desertes des Indes Orientales. 2 Volumes., London: Mortier (1708).
File:Pezophaps solitaria - 2.jpg|Mounted skeletons of a male and female '''solitaires''' ''(Pezophaps solitaria)''. The specimens are from the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. photo: Emőke Dénes, wikicommons.
File:PSM V15 D032 Dodo and solitaire birds.jpg|Dodo and solitaire birds (unknown author 1879)
File:Extinct birds - an attempt to unite in one volume a short account of those birds which have become extinct in historical times - that is, within the last six or seven hundred years - to which are (14564153928).jpg
File:Dodo size comparison diagram.svg|Dodo size comparison diagram, relative to a human, wikicommons user LitigiousOx 2021.
File:Ma - Raphus cucullatus skeleton 3.jpg|'''Dodo''' ''(Raphus cucullatus)'' skeleton at the Natural History Museum in London, England. Emőke Dénes (2011)
File:Didus cucullatus white background.jpg|''Didus cucullatus'' from Rothschild's Extinct birds (1907)
File:William Hodges – Dodo and Red Parakeet.jpg|''Dodo and Red Parakeet'', attributed to William Hodges (1773)
</gallery>

=== Emoji ===
[[File:Dodo emojis.jpg|thumb|random versions of "dodo"-emojis displayed by a search engine]]
The description reads: <blockquote>A brown or gray dodo shown in full profile. Generally depicted with a curved yellow beak, small wings, a fluffy white tail, yellow or orange feet, and black talons.

May be used to represent dodos or the concept of being extinct.

''Dodo'' was approved as part of Unicode 13.0 in 2020 and added to Emoji 13.0 in 2020.</blockquote>Unicode: U+1F9A2

==Transformations/ Variants==
<gallery>
File:LeMonnier1776 solitaire.jpeg|Pierre Le Monnier's "Constellation du Solitaire" in the History of the French Academy of Science publication (1776)
File:Solitaire bode1801.JPG|constellation "Turdus Solitarius" in Bode (1801)
File:Solitaire bode1801 highlight.jpg|Solitaire in Bode (1801) highlighted (CC BY WGSN).
File:Bode Turdus.jpg| Turdus Solitarius in Bode's Uranographia. This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects.
File:Stellarium+solitaire bode+labls+markers.gif|Animated GIF to identify the area of the constellation "Turdus Solitarius" in Bode (1801), modern star chart from Stelllarium, GIF by SMH 2024.
File:Stellarium-solitair Bode+Monnier.gif|animated GIF for the comparison of the "Solitaire" in Monnier (1776) and Bode (1801); modern star chart from Stellarium, GIF by SMH 2024.
</gallery>

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The brightest star of historical "Turdus Solitarius" was Sigma Librae, mag. 3.2, named Brachium by WGSN. It was suggested in 2023 to try naming another of its stars, if we can identify them reliably. The French "Solitaire" is an obvious name to use. The biological relative from the neighboring island, the Dodo, is much more popular and even has an emoji. Perhaps we should use this name, too and commemorate extinct animals. Or maybe use a double star for both, Solitaire and Dodo?

Suggestions:

* E Hya (4.41 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=E+Hya&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]) is the second brightest star in the constellation, and is within the area of the bird in both versions
* m Hya (5.05 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=m+Hya&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]), HIP 72197 = HR 5497, is "double or multiple".
** m Hya A has 5.46 mag - suggested name "Solitaire"
** m Hya B has 7.25 mag - suggested name "Dodo"
* 56 Hya (5.2 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=56+Hya&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD])

The name was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 202x. The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

* Le Monnier's depiction of the Solitaire ([https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35758/f654.item Gallica])
* Bode's depiction of the Solitaire ([https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/3341788 eRARA Zurich])
* [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/lemonniersolitaire.html Ian Ridpath's "Star Tales", online edition]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=vKWqLrdbTzo Video explaining the common ancestor of both, Solitaires and Dodos].
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftQORb9WTko Video explaining reconstruction and taxonomy of the dodo]

== Reference ==

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Antinous

2024-10-10T13:23:11Z

RobvGent: re-added Caelum Antiquum link

[[File:Adlerantinous web-1-474x275.jpg|alt=Antinous (Bode1781)|thumb|Antinous in Bode (1781)]]A "sub"-constellation (or asterism) Antinous was created by Ptolemy of Alexandria and published in the Almagest star catalogue 137 CE. It is placed in the constellation of [[Aquila]], The Eagle.

=== Graeco-Babylonian Origin of the asterism name ===

----

=== The Roman (hi)story behind it ===
[[wikipedia:Antinous|Antinous]] is the name of one of the closest confidants of Emperor [[wikipedia:Hadrian|Hadrian of Rome]]. When Hadrian was in Egypt, Antinous drowned in the Nile. It was unclear from the outset whether this was an accident, suicide or murder. Of course, this can no longer be clarified today. The fact is that he fell into the water, could not swim and drowned.

Following the event and its mysterious reasons, several cults were created, in antiquity as well as early modern age.

# '''Deification in Antiquity.''' The grief-stricken emperor then declared a state of mourning in the Roman Empire and a cult of veneration began: Hadrian had a temple built for Antinous in the city of Rome, Antinous games were held in Athens and the astronomer Ptolemy of Alexandria placed the name of the deceased among the stars by inventing a new constellation.
# '''New Constellation in the ''Almagest?''''' The stars are listed as a separate group in the constellation of the Eagle which was taken over from ancient Babylon. As the Babylonian uranology has a constellation The Corpse in this area, it suggests that "Antinous" was just a new name for an old constellation.
# '''Revival in modern European history.''' The figure was drawn again in historical maps in early modern age, and it became an icon in Victorian England of the 19th century.

==== Historical source: Almagest (Toomer 1984) ====
[[File:Eagle Almagest Antinous hi.JPG|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|Antinous in the original ancient Greek version of the Almagest (written by Ptolemy of Alexandria 137 CE, printed edition by Heiberg 1898).]]
[[File:Aql Ptolbst.png|thumb|Aquila with Antinous in Almagest (smh 2017)]]
Toomer's English translation of the Almagest (1984, page 357) gives for the constellation of Aquila:

# The star in the middle of the head (τ Aql)
# The one in advance of this, on the neck (ß Aql)
# The bright star on the place between the shoulders, called μετάφρενον (Aquila) (α Aql))
# The one close to this towards the north (o Aql)
# The more advanced of the 2 in the left shoulder (γ Aql)
# The rearmost of them (φ Aql))
# The more advanced of the two in the right shoulder (μ Aql)
# The rearmost of them (σ Aql)
# The star some distance under the tail of Aquila, touching the Milky Way (ζ Aql)
The stars around Aquila, '''to which the name 'Antinous' is given'''.
# The more advanced of the 2 stars south of the head of Aquila (η Aql)
# The rearmost of them (θ Aql)
# The star to the south and west of the right shoulder of Aquila (δ Aql)
# The one to the south of this (ι Aql)
# The one to the south again of the latter (κ Aql)
# The star most in advance of all (λ Aql)

==== Babylonian root ====
Interestingly, the eagle is one of the "Greek" constellations that are taken directly from Babylonian uranography. The Babylonians also had a bird of prey, an eagle (or a vulture), in exactly the same place in the sky. Next to the Babylonian constellation Eagle is the Babylonian constellation The Corpse. Since the Almagest contains many Babylonian reminiscences (e.g. Babylonian eclipse observations are quoted), it could be that Ptolemy's new creation refers to the older Babylonian constellation and merely changes its name.

The '''Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN''' is of unknown date but certainly compiled before 1000 BCE. Definition in MUL.APIN list I.1 (line I ii 12):

* ''original:'' DIŠ MUL dZa-ba4-ba4 [[A2.mušen|mulTi8mušen]] u [[AD6|mulAD6]]
* ''Akkadian:'' Kakkab Zababa [[Eru_(Eagle)|Erû]] u [[Pagru]]
* ''English:'' The asterism of God Zababa, the Eagle, and the Dead Man.
Obviously, the Babylonian Dead Man (or Corpse) forms part of a constellation together with the Eagle and with the god Zababa (a warlike god and city god of Kish, identified with the god of war Ninurta).

==== Further ancient mentionings ====
In the '''Hathor temple in Dendera (Egypt)''', there are two zodiakoi: a rectangular zodiac in the pronaos which is in drawn in the typical Egyptian style in an extraordinarily high ceiling, in two lanes across the whole depth of the room, and a small circular zodiac in the ceiling of the pronaos of a small Osiris chapel at the roof of the Hathor temple. This ceiling is low, touchable by human hands, as the whole room is hardly high enough for average people. Therefore, this star chart is not as divine as the one in the entrance hall of the temple. Hoffmann (2022) suggested that the whole map is a Babylonian star chart in Greco-Egyptian painting style.

* At the place of the Babylonian Eagle and the Corpse, there is a duck and an animal cadaver.

<gallery>
File:Aql Ptolbst.png|Aquila in the Almagest carrying a Corpse
File:Eagle+Corpse Dendera-zodiac2022.jpg|In the circular zodiac in Dendera (Roman time Egypt), at the place of the Ealge, a Duck is depicted. Next to it, we find the corpse of an animal. It may be placed on the stars of Delphinus or south of the duck but somewhere in this area. This is a visualiation produced for Stellarium (Hoffmann 2022).
File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)
File:Aqldel ptolbabtxt.png|possible Babylonian model of Eagle and Corpse next to the constellation of The Pig in IAU-Delphinus, suggested by S.M. Hoffmann (2018). The man and the bird are drawn as described in Ptolemy's Almagest.
</gallery>

== Ancient, Medieval and Early Modern sources and reception ==
[[File:Antinous mentioned in text.png|alt=screenshot of Latin text|thumb|????]]

==== Cassius Dio (165 - 235 CE) ====
The Greek-speaking Roman historian [[wikipedia:Cassius_Dio|Cassius Dio]] writes in his Roman History (quoted here is the Epitome of Book LXIX, 11 in the Loeb Classical Library edition):<blockquote>"In Egypt also he [=Hadrian] rebuilt the city named henceforth for Antinoos. Antinoos was from Bithynium, a city of Bithynia, which we also call Claudiopolis; he had been a favourite of the emperor and had died in Egypt, either by falling into the Nile, as Hadrian writes, or, as the truth is, by being offered in sacrifice. For Hadrian, as I have stated, was always very curious and employed divinations and incantations of all kinds. Accordingly, he honoured Antinoos, either because of his love for him or because the youth had voluntarily undertaken to die (it being necessary that a life should be surrendered freely for the accomplishment of the ends Hadrian had in view), by building a city on the spot where he had suffered this fate and naming it after him; and he also set up statues, or rather sacred images of him, practically all over the world. Finally, he declared that he had seen a star which he took to be that of Antinoos, and gladly lent an ear to the fictitious tales woven by his associates to the effect that the star had really come into being from the spirit of Antinoos and had then appeared for the first time. On this account, then, he became the object of some ridicule, and also because at the death of his sister Paulina he had not immediately paid her any honour..."</blockquote>

==== Historia Augusta (time span 117 to 284/5 CE, from Late Antiquity) ====
The [[wikipedia:Historia_Augusta|Historia Augusta]] (SHA, Hadrian, 14,5f.) also covers the death of Antinoos:<blockquote>"5 During a journey on the Nile he lost Antinous, his favourite, and for this youth he wept like a woman. 6 Concerning this incident there are varying rumours; for some claim that he had devoted himself to death for Hadrian, and others — what both his beauty and Hadrian's sensuality suggest. 7 But however this may be, the Greeks deified him at Hadrian's request, and declared that oracles were given through his agency, but these, it is commonly asserted, were composed by Hadrian himself."</blockquote>

==== Medieval Sources ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Author
!Commentary
|-
|Leiden Aratea (around 840)
|without Antinous
|-
|Gerard of Cremona (c. 1114-1187)
|Translation of Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' from the Arabic - without Antinous
|-
|Michael Scotus (c. 1180 - c. 1235)
|without Antinous
|-
|Georg Trazepunt (1396 - 1484)
|Translation of Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' from the Greek - with Antinous
|}

==== Early Modern Sources ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Author
!
|-
|Reintroduction by Caspar Vopel
|Antinous appears as a name underneath the head of the Eagle on Vopel's [https://www.kulturelles-erbe-koeln.de/documents/obj/05741337/rba_d022262_09 1532 manuscript globe]. Vopel also added a figure of Antinous on his 1536 printed globe and depicts him before the act of sacrifice.
|-
|Tycho Brahe - ''Progymnasmata'' (1602)
|Johannes Kepler edited Tycho Brahe's star catalogue and published it as part of the ''[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10861238?page=322,323 Astronomiae Instauratae Progymnasmata]'' in 1602. Antinous (p. 268) follows the constellation Vultur (p. 267), which is Aquila.
|-
|Bayer's ''Uranographia'' (1603)
|Johann Bayer adds "''Ganymedis raptrix''" and "''Servans Antinoum''" as variants in the introductory text to plate 16, covering the constellation Aquila. In the star list for Aquila, he names the figure hanging from the eagle as Ganymede.
|-
|Jacob Bartsch, ''Usus astronomicus planisphaerii stellati'' (1623)
|Bartsch adds Antinous to his list of constellations (in the chapter ''De fixis seu asterismis'') and writes (Bartsch (1623), Usus astronomicus, p. 56):<blockquote>"XX. ANTINOVS puer Aquilae subiicitur, cuius stellae olim informes ad Aquilam numeratae a Ptolemaeus post iussu Adriani imperatoris formatae, cuius is fuit amasius. Aliis Ganymedes dicitur, de unguibus aquilae suspensus, quem Iupiter in coelum rapuit."</blockquote><blockquote>"20. ANTINOUS, the boy who was placed underneath the Eagle, whose unformed stars once were numbered to Aquila by Ptolemy, after an order of Emperor Hadrian, of whom he was a lover. By others he is called Ganymede, suspended from the claws of the eagle, which Jupiter stole away into the sky."</blockquote>
|}

== Depictions ==
[[File:Bode1801 Aql.jpg|alt=map with drawn Antinous|thumb|Aquila with Antinous, Bode (1782) uncoloured]]
==== Early Modern Depiction(s) ====
* [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/77472?query=uranometria Bayer ''Uranometria'' (1603)]
*[https://repository.ou.edu/uuid/bf60154b-6c8f-51a3-bfd0-f8835ad931e9 Flamsteed's ''Atlas Coelestis'' (1729)] did not show Antinous
*[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1513204x/f41.item# Fortin 1776]
*[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10806460?page=29 Bode ''Vorstellung der Gestirne'' (1782, 1805)]
* [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/3341773 Bode ''Uranographia'' (1801)]
<gallery>
File:Aratea 54v and 55r.jpg|Aquila with Sagitta, Leiden Aratea, Fol. 54v and 55r, between circa 830 and circa 840
File:Aquila Uranometria.jpg|Aquila et Antinous (Bayer 1603)
File:Johannes Hevelius - Prodromus Astronomia - Volume III "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" - Tavola R - Aquila et Antinous.jpg|''Aquila et Antinous'' in Hevelius (1690) in ''Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia'' in volume ''Prodromus Astronomia''
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous.jpg|"Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous", plate 13 in ''Urania's Mirror'', a set of celestial cards accompanied by ''A Familiar Treatise on Astronomy ...'' by Jehoshaphat Aspin (1825). London. Astronomical chart, print on layered paper board : etching, hand-colored.
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus).jpg|Aquila et Antinous, 1776 - Jean Fortin/ John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus, [https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/66194/laigle-antinous-la-fleche-le-renard-le-dauphin-aquila-flamsteed-fortin source])
File:Aql bode.jpg|The constellation of Aquila (Eagle) and the constellation of Antinous, portrayed as Zeus and Ganymede, from the ''Uranographia'', by Johann Elert Bode (1782).
File:Simon Antinous spanish1894.jpg|Aquila et Antinous at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

== Suggested for IAU-CSN ==
The name "Antinous" has been proposed for Theta Aquilae (head of Ptolemy's figure).

==== Modern dedication (symbol for or against homosexuality) ====
Ian Ridpath in his website ''Star Tales'' describes Hadrian as the first openly gay Roman Emperor, and Antinous as his boy lover. This statement continues the view of Antinous ''as a symbol'' of male homosexuality in the contemporary Western culture, a view created by the literature by Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935) and Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-1987). Occasionally, the symbol figure of Antinous is used by the LGPTQ community as one of their icons. Therefore, aiming at inclusion, astronomers of the 20th and 21st century occasionally use this asterism as a symbol of homosexuality in general.

However, it must also be pointed out that Antinous who died before his 20th birthday was a teenager while the emperor Hadrian was in his 40s. Thus, their relationship - if it was not only Platonic - may have been pederasty which is today considered as a form of child abuse and therefore condemned in modern society (astronomers, planetarians, and everybody else who uses the term "Antinous").

==== Cultural Astronomy Concerns ====
For [[wikipedia:Theta_Aquilae|Theta Aquilae (tet Aql) the wikipedia]] mentions some alternatives, e.g. the Chinese constellation [[Tianfu]] that consists of four stars (cf. also Allen 1899 spelling it Tseen Foo, The Heavenly Raft with a wrong number of stars). After double checking this name and its history, the Chinese WGSN-members prefer to use "Tianfu" for Tau Aql and neither for Eta nor Theta. The Rhoads (1971) NASA catalog of star names has "Almizan III" but a) WGSN tries to avoid Roman numerals in names, b) there is a triplet called "Almizan" and we can use one of the other stars to adopt this names.

Hence there is no conflict with Antinous.

==== Decision ====
The name Antinous is applied to Theta Aquilae.

== References ==

===Weblinks===
* Ian Ridpath: [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/antinous.html Star Tales – Antinous]
* Ian Ridpath: [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/aquila.html#antinous Star Tales – Aquila: An obsolete subdivision]
* https://scilogs.spektrum.de/uhura-uraniae/sternbilder-der-adler-und-der-junge/

=== Literature ===
* Allen, Richard Hinckley, ''Star-Names and their Meanings'' (New York/London: G.E. Stechert, 1899), pp. 40-41 [[https://archive.org/details/star-names-and-their-meanings/page/40/mode/1up?view=theater Internet Archive link] / [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Antinous*.html Caelum Antiquum link]].
* Dekker, Elly, "Caspar Vopel's Ventures in Sixteenth-Century Celestial Cartography", ''Imago Mundi'', '''62''' (2010), 161-190 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23018028 JSTOR link]].
* Gullberg, Jessica, Susanne M. Hoffmann, Steven R. Gullberg (2022). "Painting Babylonian", in: S.M. Hoffmann & G. Wolfschmidt (eds.): ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021.'', Reihe: ''Nuncius Hamburgensis'' 57, tredition, Hamburg & OpenScienceTechnology Berlin (cBook), pp. 171-191.
* Hoffmann, Susanne M. (2022). "Preliminary Observations on the Dendera Zodiac (Egypt)", in: S.M. Hoffmann & G. Wolfschmidt (eds.): ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021.'', Reihe: ''Nuncius Hamburgensis'' 57, tredition, Hamburg & OpenScienceTechnology Berlin (cBook), pp. 524-541.
* Hoffmann, Susanne M : ''Als der Löwe an den Himmel kam'', Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag Stuttgart 2021, pp. 86-88.

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Greco-Roman]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

Antinous

2024-10-09T11:11:55Z

RobvGent: replaced Allen weblink with link to the original publication + reference to paper by Elly Dekker

[[File:Adlerantinous web-1-474x275.jpg|alt=Antinous (Bode1781)|thumb|Antinous in Bode (1781)]]A "sub"-constellation (or asterism) Antinous was created by Ptolemy of Alexandria and published in the Almagest star catalogue 137 CE. It is placed in the constellation of [[Aquila]], The Eagle.

=== Graeco-Babylonian Origin of the asterism name ===

----

=== The Roman (hi)story behind it ===
[[wikipedia:Antinous|Antinous]] is the name of one of the closest confidants of Emperor [[wikipedia:Hadrian|Hadrian of Rome]]. When Hadrian was in Egypt, Antinous drowned in the Nile. It was unclear from the outset whether this was an accident, suicide or murder. Of course, this can no longer be clarified today. The fact is that he fell into the water, could not swim and drowned.

Following the event and its mysterious reasons, several cults were created, in antiquity as well as early modern age.

# '''Deification in Antiquity.''' The grief-stricken emperor then declared a state of mourning in the Roman Empire and a cult of veneration began: Hadrian had a temple built for Antinous in the city of Rome, Antinous games were held in Athens and the astronomer Ptolemy of Alexandria placed the name of the deceased among the stars by inventing a new constellation.
# '''New Constellation in the ''Almagest?''''' The stars are listed as a separate group in the constellation of the Eagle which was taken over from ancient Babylon. As the Babylonian uranology has a constellation The Corpse in this area, it suggests that "Antinous" was just a new name for an old constellation.
# '''Revival in modern European history.''' The figure was drawn again in historical maps in early modern age, and it became an icon in Victorian England of the 19th century.

==== Historical source: Almagest (Toomer 1984) ====
[[File:Eagle Almagest Antinous hi.JPG|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|Antinous in the original ancient Greek version of the Almagest (written by Ptolemy of Alexandria 137 CE, printed edition by Heiberg 1898).]]
[[File:Aql Ptolbst.png|thumb|Aquila with Antinous in Almagest (smh 2017)]]
Toomer's English translation of the Almagest (1984, page 357) gives for the constellation of Aquila:

# The star in the middle of the head (τ Aql)
# The one in advance of this, on the neck (ß Aql)
# The bright star on the place between the shoulders, called μετάφρενον (Aquila) (α Aql))
# The one close to this towards the north (o Aql)
# The more advanced of the 2 in the left shoulder (γ Aql)
# The rearmost of them (φ Aql))
# The more advanced of the two in the right shoulder (μ Aql)
# The rearmost of them (σ Aql)
# The star some distance under the tail of Aquila, touching the Milky Way (ζ Aql)
The stars around Aquila, '''to which the name 'Antinous' is given'''.
# The more advanced of the 2 stars south of the head of Aquila (η Aql)
# The rearmost of them (θ Aql)
# The star to the south and west of the right shoulder of Aquila (δ Aql)
# The one to the south of this (ι Aql)
# The one to the south again of the latter (κ Aql)
# The star most in advance of all (λ Aql)

==== Babylonian root ====
Interestingly, the eagle is one of the "Greek" constellations that are taken directly from Babylonian uranography. The Babylonians also had a bird of prey, an eagle (or a vulture), in exactly the same place in the sky. Next to the Babylonian constellation Eagle is the Babylonian constellation The Corpse. Since the Almagest contains many Babylonian reminiscences (e.g. Babylonian eclipse observations are quoted), it could be that Ptolemy's new creation refers to the older Babylonian constellation and merely changes its name.

The '''Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN''' is of unknown date but certainly compiled before 1000 BCE. Definition in MUL.APIN list I.1 (line I ii 12):

* ''original:'' DIŠ MUL dZa-ba4-ba4 [[A2.mušen|mulTi8mušen]] u [[AD6|mulAD6]]
* ''Akkadian:'' Kakkab Zababa [[Eru_(Eagle)|Erû]] u [[Pagru]]
* ''English:'' The asterism of God Zababa, the Eagle, and the Dead Man.
Obviously, the Babylonian Dead Man (or Corpse) forms part of a constellation together with the Eagle and with the god Zababa (a warlike god and city god of Kish, identified with the god of war Ninurta).

==== Further ancient mentionings ====
In the '''Hathor temple in Dendera (Egypt)''', there are two zodiakoi: a rectangular zodiac in the pronaos which is in drawn in the typical Egyptian style in an extraordinarily high ceiling, in two lanes across the whole depth of the room, and a small circular zodiac in the ceiling of the pronaos of a small Osiris chapel at the roof of the Hathor temple. This ceiling is low, touchable by human hands, as the whole room is hardly high enough for average people. Therefore, this star chart is not as divine as the one in the entrance hall of the temple. Hoffmann (2022) suggested that the whole map is a Babylonian star chart in Greco-Egyptian painting style.

* At the place of the Babylonian Eagle and the Corpse, there is a duck and an animal cadaver.

<gallery>
File:Aql Ptolbst.png|Aquila in the Almagest carrying a Corpse
File:Eagle+Corpse Dendera-zodiac2022.jpg|In the circular zodiac in Dendera (Roman time Egypt), at the place of the Ealge, a Duck is depicted. Next to it, we find the corpse of an animal. It may be placed on the stars of Delphinus or south of the duck but somewhere in this area. This is a visualiation produced for Stellarium (Hoffmann 2022).
File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)
File:Aqldel ptolbabtxt.png|possible Babylonian model of Eagle and Corpse next to the constellation of The Pig in IAU-Delphinus, suggested by S.M. Hoffmann (2018). The man and the bird are drawn as described in Ptolemy's Almagest.
</gallery>

== Ancient, Medieval and Early Modern sources and reception ==
[[File:Antinous mentioned in text.png|alt=screenshot of Latin text|thumb|????]]

==== Cassius Dio (165 - 235 CE) ====
The Greek-speaking Roman historian [[wikipedia:Cassius_Dio|Cassius Dio]] writes in his Roman History (quoted here is the Epitome of Book LXIX, 11 in the Loeb Classical Library edition):<blockquote>"In Egypt also he [=Hadrian] rebuilt the city named henceforth for Antinoos. Antinoos was from Bithynium, a city of Bithynia, which we also call Claudiopolis; he had been a favourite of the emperor and had died in Egypt, either by falling into the Nile, as Hadrian writes, or, as the truth is, by being offered in sacrifice. For Hadrian, as I have stated, was always very curious and employed divinations and incantations of all kinds. Accordingly, he honoured Antinoos, either because of his love for him or because the youth had voluntarily undertaken to die (it being necessary that a life should be surrendered freely for the accomplishment of the ends Hadrian had in view), by building a city on the spot where he had suffered this fate and naming it after him; and he also set up statues, or rather sacred images of him, practically all over the world. Finally, he declared that he had seen a star which he took to be that of Antinoos, and gladly lent an ear to the fictitious tales woven by his associates to the effect that the star had really come into being from the spirit of Antinoos and had then appeared for the first time. On this account, then, he became the object of some ridicule, and also because at the death of his sister Paulina he had not immediately paid her any honour..."</blockquote>

==== Historia Augusta (time span 117 to 284/5 CE, from Late Antiquity) ====
The [[wikipedia:Historia_Augusta|Historia Augusta]] (SHA, Hadrian, 14,5f.) also covers the death of Antinoos:<blockquote>"5 During a journey on the Nile he lost Antinous, his favourite, and for this youth he wept like a woman. 6 Concerning this incident there are varying rumours; for some claim that he had devoted himself to death for Hadrian, and others — what both his beauty and Hadrian's sensuality suggest. 7 But however this may be, the Greeks deified him at Hadrian's request, and declared that oracles were given through his agency, but these, it is commonly asserted, were composed by Hadrian himself."</blockquote>

==== Medieval Sources ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Author
!Commentary
|-
|Leiden Aratea (around 840)
|without Antinous
|-
|Gerard of Cremona (c. 1114-1187)
|Translation of Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' from the Arabic - without Antinous
|-
|Michael Scotus (c. 1180 - c. 1235)
|without Antinous
|-
|Georg Trazepunt (1396 - 1484)
|Translation of Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' from the Greek - with Antinous
|}

==== Early Modern Sources ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Author
!
|-
|Reintroduction by Caspar Vopel
|Antinous appears as a name underneath the head of the Eagle on Vopel's [https://www.kulturelles-erbe-koeln.de/documents/obj/05741337/rba_d022262_09 1532 manuscript globe]. Vopel also added a figure of Antinous on his 1536 printed globe and depicts him before the act of sacrifice.
|-
|Tycho Brahe - ''Progymnasmata'' (1602)
|Johannes Kepler edited Tycho Brahe's star catalogue and published it as part of the ''[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10861238?page=322,323 Astronomiae Instauratae Progymnasmata]'' in 1602. Antinous (p. 268) follows the constellation Vultur (p. 267), which is Aquila.
|-
|Bayer's ''Uranographia'' (1603)
|Johann Bayer adds "''Ganymedis raptrix''" and "''Servans Antinoum''" as variants in the introductory text to plate 16, covering the constellation Aquila. In the star list for Aquila, he names the figure hanging from the eagle as Ganymede.
|-
|Jacob Bartsch, ''Usus astronomicus planisphaerii stellati'' (1623)
|Bartsch adds Antinous to his list of constellations (in the chapter ''De fixis seu asterismis'') and writes (Bartsch (1623), Usus astronomicus, p. 56):<blockquote>"XX. ANTINOVS puer Aquilae subiicitur, cuius stellae olim informes ad Aquilam numeratae a Ptolemaeus post iussu Adriani imperatoris formatae, cuius is fuit amasius. Aliis Ganymedes dicitur, de unguibus aquilae suspensus, quem Iupiter in coelum rapuit."</blockquote><blockquote>"20. ANTINOUS, the boy who was placed underneath the Eagle, whose unformed stars once were numbered to Aquila by Ptolemy, after an order of Emperor Hadrian, of whom he was a lover. By others he is called Ganymede, suspended from the claws of the eagle, which Jupiter stole away into the sky."</blockquote>
|}

== Depictions ==
[[File:Bode1801 Aql.jpg|alt=map with drawn Antinous|thumb|Aquila with Antinous, Bode (1782) uncoloured]]
==== Early Modern Depiction(s) ====
* [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/77472?query=uranometria Bayer ''Uranometria'' (1603)]
*[https://repository.ou.edu/uuid/bf60154b-6c8f-51a3-bfd0-f8835ad931e9 Flamsteed's ''Atlas Coelestis'' (1729)] did not show Antinous
*[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1513204x/f41.item# Fortin 1776]
*[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10806460?page=29 Bode ''Vorstellung der Gestirne'' (1782, 1805)]
* [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/3341773 Bode ''Uranographia'' (1801)]
<gallery>
File:Aratea 54v and 55r.jpg|Aquila with Sagitta, Leiden Aratea, Fol. 54v and 55r, between circa 830 and circa 840
File:Aquila Uranometria.jpg|Aquila et Antinous (Bayer 1603)
File:Johannes Hevelius - Prodromus Astronomia - Volume III "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" - Tavola R - Aquila et Antinous.jpg|''Aquila et Antinous'' in Hevelius (1690) in ''Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia'' in volume ''Prodromus Astronomia''
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous.jpg|"Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous", plate 13 in ''Urania's Mirror'', a set of celestial cards accompanied by ''A Familiar Treatise on Astronomy ...'' by Jehoshaphat Aspin (1825). London. Astronomical chart, print on layered paper board : etching, hand-colored.
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus).jpg|Aquila et Antinous, 1776 - Jean Fortin/ John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus, [https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/66194/laigle-antinous-la-fleche-le-renard-le-dauphin-aquila-flamsteed-fortin source])
File:Aql bode.jpg|The constellation of Aquila (Eagle) and the constellation of Antinous, portrayed as Zeus and Ganymede, from the ''Uranographia'', by Johann Elert Bode (1782).
File:Simon Antinous spanish1894.jpg|Aquila et Antinous at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

== Suggested for IAU-CSN ==
The name "Antinous" has been proposed for Theta Aquilae (head of Ptolemy's figure).

==== Modern dedication (symbol for or against homosexuality) ====
Ian Ridpath in his website ''Star Tales'' describes Hadrian as the first openly gay Roman Emperor, and Antinous as his boy lover. This statement continues the view of Antinous ''as a symbol'' of male homosexuality in the contemporary Western culture, a view created by the literature by Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935) and Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-1987). Occasionally, the symbol figure of Antinous is used by the LGPTQ community as one of their icons. Therefore, aiming at inclusion, astronomers of the 20th and 21st century occasionally use this asterism as a symbol of homosexuality in general.

However, it must also be pointed out that Antinous who died before his 20th birthday was a teenager while the emperor Hadrian was in his 40s. Thus, their relationship - if it was not only Platonic - may have been pederasty which is today considered as a form of child abuse and therefore condemned in modern society (astronomers, planetarians, and everybody else who uses the term "Antinous").

==== Cultural Astronomy Concerns ====
For [[wikipedia:Theta_Aquilae|Theta Aquilae (tet Aql) the wikipedia]] mentions some alternatives, e.g. the Chinese constellation [[Tianfu]] that consists of four stars (cf. also Allen 1899 spelling it Tseen Foo, The Heavenly Raft with a wrong number of stars). After double checking this name and its history, the Chinese WGSN-members prefer to use "Tianfu" for Tau Aql and neither for Eta nor Theta. The Rhoads (1971) NASA catalog of star names has "Almizan III" but a) WGSN tries to avoid Roman numerals in names, b) there is a triplet called "Almizan" and we can use one of the other stars to adopt this names.

Hence there is no conflict with Antinous.

==== Decision ====
The name Antinous is applied to Theta Aquilae.

== References ==

===Weblinks===
* Ian Ridpath: [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/antinous.html Star Tales – Antinous]
* Ian Ridpath: [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/aquila.html#antinous Star Tales – Aquila: An obsolete subdivision]
* https://scilogs.spektrum.de/uhura-uraniae/sternbilder-der-adler-und-der-junge/

=== Literature ===
* Allen, Richard Hinckley, ''Star-Names and their Meanings'' (New York/London: G.E. Stechert, 1899), pp. 40-41 [[https://archive.org/details/star-names-and-their-meanings/page/40/mode/1up?view=theater Internet Archive link]].
* Dekker, Elly, "Caspar Vopel's Ventures in Sixteenth-Century Celestial Cartography", ''Imago Mundi'', '''62''' (2010), 161-190 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23018028 JSTOR link]].
* Gullberg, Jessica, Susanne M. Hoffmann, Steven R. Gullberg (2022). "Painting Babylonian", in: S.M. Hoffmann & G. Wolfschmidt (eds.): ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021.'', Reihe: ''Nuncius Hamburgensis'' 57, tredition, Hamburg & OpenScienceTechnology Berlin (cBook), pp. 171-191.
* Hoffmann, Susanne M. (2022). "Preliminary Observations on the Dendera Zodiac (Egypt)", in: S.M. Hoffmann & G. Wolfschmidt (eds.): ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021.'', Reihe: ''Nuncius Hamburgensis'' 57, tredition, Hamburg & OpenScienceTechnology Berlin (cBook), pp. 524-541.
* Hoffmann, Susanne M : ''Als der Löwe an den Himmel kam'', Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag Stuttgart 2021, pp. 86-88.

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Greco-Roman]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

Antinous

2024-10-07T10:44:50Z

RobvGent:

[[File:Adlerantinous web-1-474x275.jpg|alt=Antinous (Bode1781)|thumb|Antinous in Bode (1781)]]A "sub"-constellation (or asterism) Antinous was created by Ptolemy of Alexandria and published in the Almagest star catalogue 137 CE. It is placed in the constellation of [[Aquila]], The Eagle.

=== Graeco-Babylonian Origin of the asterism name ===

----

=== The Roman (hi)story behind it ===
[[wikipedia:Antinous|Antinous]] is the name of one of the closest confidants of Emperor [[wikipedia:Hadrian|Hadrian of Rome]]. When Hadrian was in Egypt, Antinous drowned in the Nile. It was unclear from the outset whether this was an accident, suicide or murder. Of course, this can no longer be clarified today. The fact is that he fell into the water, could not swim and drowned.

Following the event and its mysterious reasons, several cults were created, in antiquity as well as early modern age.

# '''Deification in Antiquity.''' The grief-stricken emperor then declared a state of mourning in the Roman Empire and a cult of veneration began: Hadrian had a temple built for Antinous in the city of Rome, Antinous games were held in Athens and the astronomer Ptolemy of Alexandria placed the name of the deceased among the stars by inventing a new constellation.
# '''New Constellation in the ''Almagest?''''' The stars are listed as a separate group in the constellation of the Eagle which was taken over from ancient Babylon. As the Babylonian uranology has a constellation The Corpse in this area, it suggests that "Antinous" was just a new name for an old constellation.
# '''Revival in modern European history.''' The figure was drawn again in historical maps in early modern age, and it became an icon in Victorian England of the 19th century.

==== Historical source: Almagest (Toomer 1984) ====
[[File:Eagle Almagest Antinous hi.JPG|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|Antinous in the original ancient Greek version of the Almagest (written by Ptolemy of Alexandria 137 CE, printed edition by Heiberg 1898).]]
[[File:Aql Ptolbst.png|thumb|Aquila with Antinous in Almagest (smh 2017)]]
Toomer's English translation of the Almagest (1984, page 357) gives for the constellation of Aquila:

# The star in the middle of the head (τ Aql)
# The one in advance of this, on the neck (ß Aql)
# The bright star on the place between the shoulders, called μετάφρενον (Aquila) (α Aql))
# The one close to this towards the north (o Aql)
# The more advanced of the 2 in the left shoulder (γ Aql)
# The rearmost of them (φ Aql))
# The more advanced of the two in the right shoulder (μ Aql)
# The rearmost of them (σ Aql)
# The star some distance under the tail of Aquila, touching the Milky Way (ζ Aql)
The stars around Aquila, '''to which the name 'Antinous' is given'''.
# The more advanced of the 2 stars south of the head of Aquila (η Aql)
# The rearmost of them (θ Aql)
# The star to the south and west of the right shoulder of Aquila (δ Aql)
# The one to the south of this (ι Aql)
# The one to the south again of the latter (κ Aql)
# The star most in advance of all (λ Aql)

==== Babylonian root ====
Interestingly, the eagle is one of the "Greek" constellations that are taken directly from Babylonian uranography. The Babylonians also had a bird of prey, an eagle (or a vulture), in exactly the same place in the sky. Next to the Babylonian constellation Eagle is the Babylonian constellation The Corpse. Since the Almagest contains many Babylonian reminiscences (e.g. Babylonian eclipse observations are quoted), it could be that Ptolemy's new creation refers to the older Babylonian constellation and merely changes its name.

The '''Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN''' is of unknown date but certainly compiled before 1000 BCE. Definition in MUL.APIN list I.1 (line I ii 12):

* ''original:'' DIŠ MUL dZa-ba4-ba4 [[A2.mušen|mulTi8mušen]] u [[AD6|mulAD6]]
* ''Akkadian:'' Kakkab Zababa [[Eru_(Eagle)|Erû]] u [[Pagru]]
* ''English:'' The asterism of God Zababa, the Eagle, and the Dead Man.
Obviously, the Babylonian Dead Man (or Corpse) forms part of a constellation together with the Eagle and with the god Zababa (a warlike god and city god of Kish, identified with the god of war Ninurta).

==== Further ancient mentionings ====
In the '''Hathor temple in Dendera (Egypt)''', there are two zodiakoi: a rectangular zodiac in the pronaos which is in drawn in the typical Egyptian style in an extraordinarily high ceiling, in two lanes across the whole depth of the room, and a small circular zodiac in the ceiling of the pronaos of a small Osiris chapel at the roof of the Hathor temple. This ceiling is low, touchable by human hands, as the whole room is hardly high enough for average people. Therefore, this star chart is not as divine as the one in the entrance hall of the temple. Hoffmann (2022) suggested that the whole map is a Babylonian star chart in Greco-Egyptian painting style.

* At the place of the Babylonian Eagle and the Corpse, there is a duck and an animal cadaver.

<gallery>
File:Aql Ptolbst.png|Aquila in the Almagest carrying a Corpse
File:Eagle+Corpse Dendera-zodiac2022.jpg|In the circular zodiac in Dendera (Roman time Egypt), at the place of the Ealge, a Duck is depicted. Next to it, we find the corpse of an animal. It may be placed on the stars of Delphinus or south of the duck but somewhere in this area. This is a visualiation produced for Stellarium (Hoffmann 2022).
File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)
File:Aqldel ptolbabtxt.png|possible Babylonian model of Eagle and Corpse next to the constellation of The Pig in IAU-Delphinus, suggested by S.M. Hoffmann (2018). The man and the bird are drawn as described in Ptolemy's Almagest.
</gallery>

== Ancient, Medieval and Early Modern sources and reception ==
[[File:Antinous mentioned in text.png|alt=screenshot of Latin text|thumb|????]]

==== Cassius Dio (165 - 235 CE) ====
The Greek-speaking Roman historian [[wikipedia:Cassius_Dio|Cassius Dio]] writes in his Roman History (quoted here is the Epitome of Book LXIX, 11 in the Loeb Classical Library edition):<blockquote>"In Egypt also he [=Hadrian] rebuilt the city named henceforth for Antinoos. Antinoos was from Bithynium, a city of Bithynia, which we also call Claudiopolis; he had been a favourite of the emperor and had died in Egypt, either by falling into the Nile, as Hadrian writes, or, as the truth is, by being offered in sacrifice. For Hadrian, as I have stated, was always very curious and employed divinations and incantations of all kinds. Accordingly, he honoured Antinoos, either because of his love for him or because the youth had voluntarily undertaken to die (it being necessary that a life should be surrendered freely for the accomplishment of the ends Hadrian had in view), by building a city on the spot where he had suffered this fate and naming it after him; and he also set up statues, or rather sacred images of him, practically all over the world. Finally, he declared that he had seen a star which he took to be that of Antinoos, and gladly lent an ear to the fictitious tales woven by his associates to the effect that the star had really come into being from the spirit of Antinoos and had then appeared for the first time. On this account, then, he became the object of some ridicule, and also because at the death of his sister Paulina he had not immediately paid her any honour..."</blockquote>

==== Historia Augusta (time span 117 to 284/5 CE, from Late Antiquity) ====
The [[wikipedia:Historia_Augusta|Historia Augusta]] (SHA, Hadrian, 14,5f.) also covers the death of Antinoos:<blockquote>"5 During a journey on the Nile he lost Antinous, his favourite, and for this youth he wept like a woman. 6 Concerning this incident there are varying rumours; for some claim that he had devoted himself to death for Hadrian, and others — what both his beauty and Hadrian's sensuality suggest. 7 But however this may be, the Greeks deified him at Hadrian's request, and declared that oracles were given through his agency, but these, it is commonly asserted, were composed by Hadrian himself."</blockquote>

==== Medieval Sources ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Author
!Commentary
|-
|Leiden Aratea (around 840)
|without Antinous
|-
|Gerard of Cremona (c. 1114-1187)
|Translation of Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' from the Arabic - without Antinous
|-
|Michael Scotus (c. 1180 - c. 1235)
|without Antinous
|-
|Georg Trazepunt (1396 - 1484)
|Translation of Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' from the Greek - with Antinous
|}

==== Early Modern Sources ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Author
!
|-
|Reintroduction by Caspar Vopel
|Antinous appears as a name underneath the head of the Eagle on Vopel's [https://www.kulturelles-erbe-koeln.de/documents/obj/05741337/rba_d022262_09 1532 manuscript globe]. Vopel also added a figure of Antinous on his 1536 printed globe and depicts him before the act of sacrifice.
|-
|Tycho Brahe - ''Progymnasmata'' (1602)
|Johannes Kepler edited Tycho Brahe's star catalogue and published it as part of the ''[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10861238?page=322,323 Astronomiae Instauratae Progymnasmata]'' in 1602. Antinous (p. 268) follows the constellation Vultur (p. 267), which is Aquila.
|-
|Bayer's ''Uranographia'' (1603)
|Johann Bayer adds "''Ganymedis raptrix''" and "''Servans Antinoum''" as variants in the introductory text to plate 16, covering the constellation Aquila. In the star list for Aquila, he names the figure hanging from the eagle as Ganymede.
|-
|Jacob Bartsch, ''Usus astronomicus planisphaerii stellati'' (1623)
|Bartsch adds Antinous to his list of constellations (in the chapter ''De fixis seu asterismis'') and writes (Bartsch (1623), Usus astronomicus, p. 56):<blockquote>"XX. ANTINOVS puer Aquilae subiicitur, cuius stellae olim informes ad Aquilam numeratae a Ptolemaeus post iussu Adriani imperatoris formatae, cuius is fuit amasius. Aliis Ganymedes dicitur, de unguibus aquilae suspensus, quem Iupiter in coelum rapuit."</blockquote><blockquote>"20. ANTINOUS, the boy who was placed underneath the Eagle, whose unformed stars once were numbered to Aquila by Ptolemy, after an order of Emperor Hadrian, of whom he was a lover. By others he is called Ganymede, suspended from the claws of the eagle, which Jupiter stole away into the sky."</blockquote>
|}

== Depictions ==
[[File:Bode1801 Aql.jpg|alt=map with drawn Antinous|thumb|Aquila with Antinous, Bode (1782) uncoloured]]
==== Early Modern Depiction(s) ====
* [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/77472?query=uranometria Bayer ''Uranometria'' (1603)]
*[https://repository.ou.edu/uuid/bf60154b-6c8f-51a3-bfd0-f8835ad931e9 Flamsteed's ''Atlas Coelestis'' (1729)] did not show Antinous
*[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1513204x/f41.item# Fortin 1776]
*[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10806460?page=29 Bode ''Vorstellung der Gestirne'' (1782, 1805)]
* [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/3341773 Bode ''Uranographia'' (1801)]
<gallery>
File:Aratea 54v and 55r.jpg|Aquila with Sagitta, Leiden Aratea, Fol. 54v and 55r, between circa 830 and circa 840
File:Aquila Uranometria.jpg|Aquila et Antinous (Bayer 1603)
File:Johannes Hevelius - Prodromus Astronomia - Volume III "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" - Tavola R - Aquila et Antinous.jpg|''Aquila et Antinous'' in Hevelius (1690) in ''Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia'' in volume ''Prodromus Astronomia''
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous.jpg|"Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous", plate 13 in ''Urania's Mirror'', a set of celestial cards accompanied by ''A Familiar Treatise on Astronomy ...'' by Jehoshaphat Aspin (1825). London. Astronomical chart, print on layered paper board : etching, hand-colored.
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus).jpg|Aquila et Antinous, 1776 - Jean Fortin/ John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus, [https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/66194/laigle-antinous-la-fleche-le-renard-le-dauphin-aquila-flamsteed-fortin source])
File:Aql bode.jpg|The constellation of Aquila (Eagle) and the constellation of Antinous, portrayed as Zeus and Ganymede, from the ''Uranographia'', by Johann Elert Bode (1782).
File:Simon Antinous spanish1894.jpg|Aquila et Antinous at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

== Suggested for IAU-CSN ==
The name "Antinous" has been proposed for Theta Aquilae (head of Ptolemy's figure).

==== Modern dedication (symbol for or against homosexuality) ====
Ian Ridpath in his website ''Star Tales'' describes Hadrian as the first openly gay Roman Emperor, and Antinous as his boy lover. This statement continues the view of Antinous ''as a symbol'' of male homosexuality in the contemporary Western culture, a view created by the literature by Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935) and Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-1987). Occasionally, the symbol figure of Antinous is used by the LGPTQ community as one of their icons. Therefore, aiming at inclusion, astronomers of the 20th and 21st century occasionally use this asterism as a symbol of homosexuality in general.

However, it must also be pointed out that Antinous who died before his 20th birthday was a teenager while the emperor Hadrian was in his 40s. Thus, their relationship - if it was not only Platonic - may have been pederasty which is today considered as a form of child abuse and therefore condemned in modern society (astronomers, planetarians, and everybody else who uses the term "Antinous").

==== Cultural Astronomy Concerns ====
For [[wikipedia:Theta_Aquilae|Theta Aquilae (tet Aql) the wikipedia]] mentions some alternatives, e.g. the Chinese constellation [[Tianfu]] that consists of four stars (cf. also Allen 1899 spelling it Tseen Foo, The Heavenly Raft with a wrong number of stars). After double checking this name and its history, the Chinese WGSN-members prefer to use "Tianfu" for Tau Aql and neither for Eta nor Theta. The Rhoads (1971) NASA catalog of star names has "Almizan III" but a) WGSN tries to avoid Roman numerals in names, b) there is a triplet called "Almizan" and we can use one of the other stars to adopt this names.

Hence there is no conflict with Antinous.

==== Decision ====
The name Antinous is applied to Theta Aquilae.

== References ==

===Weblinks===
* Ian Ridpath: [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/antinous.html Star Tales – Antinous]
* Ian Ridpath: [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/aquila.html#antinous Star Tales – Aquila: An obsolete subdivision]
* https://scilogs.spektrum.de/uhura-uraniae/sternbilder-der-adler-und-der-junge/

=== Literature ===
* Allen (1899) on "Antinoüs" [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Antinous*.html weblink].
* Gullberg, Jessica, Susanne M. Hoffmann, Steven R. Gullberg (2022). "Painting Babylonian", in: S.M. Hoffmann & G. Wolfschmidt (eds.): ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021.'', Reihe: ''Nuncius Hamburgensis'' 57, tredition, Hamburg & OpenScienceTechnology Berlin (cBook), pp. 171-191.
* Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). "Preliminary Observations on the Dendera Zodiac (Egypt)", in: S.M. Hoffmann & G. Wolfschmidt (eds.): ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021.'', Reihe: ''Nuncius Hamburgensis'' 57, tredition, Hamburg & OpenScienceTechnology Berlin (cBook), pp. 524-541.
* Hoffmann, Susanne M : ''Als der Löwe an den Himmel kam'', Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag Stuttgart 2021, pp. 86-88.

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Greco-Roman]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

Antinous

2024-10-07T10:43:14Z

RobvGent: small edits

[[File:Adlerantinous web-1-474x275.jpg|alt=Antinous (Bode1781)|thumb|Antinous in Bode (1781)]]A "sub"-constellation (or asterism) Antinous was created by Ptolemy of Alexandria and published in the Almagest star catalogue 137 CE. It is placed in the constellation of [[Aquila]], The Eagle.

=== Graeco-Babylonian Origin of the asterism name ===

----

=== The Roman (hi)story behind it ===
[[wikipedia:Antinous|Antinous]] is the name of one of the closest confidants of Emperor [[wikipedia:Hadrian|Hadrian of Rome]]. When Hadrian was in Egypt, Antinous drowned in the Nile. It was unclear from the outset whether this was an accident, suicide or murder. Of course, this can no longer be clarified today. The fact is that he fell into the water, could not swim and drowned.

Following the event and its mysterious reasons, several cults were created, in antiquity as well as early modern age.

# '''Deification in Antiquity.''' The grief-stricken emperor then declared a state of mourning in the Roman Empire and a cult of veneration began: Hadrian had a temple built for Antinous in the city of Rome, Antinous games were held in Athens and the astronomer Ptolemy of Alexandria placed the name of the deceased among the stars by inventing a new constellation.
# '''New Constellation in the ''Almagest?''''' The stars are listed as a separate group in the constellation of the Eagle which was taken over from ancient Babylon. As the Babylonian uranology has a constellation The Corpse in this area, it suggests that "Antinous" was just a new name for an old constellation.
# '''Revival in modern European history.''' The figure was drawn again in historical maps in early modern age, and it became an icon in Victorian England of the 19th century.

==== Historical source: Almagest (Toomer 1984) ====
[[File:Eagle Almagest Antinous hi.JPG|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|Antinous in the original ancient Greek version of the Almagest (written by Ptolemy of Alexandria 137 CE, printed edition by Heiberg 1898).]]
[[File:Aql Ptolbst.png|thumb|Aquila with Antinous in Almagest (smh 2017)]]
Toomer's English translation of the Almagest (1984, page 357) gives for the constellation of Aquila:

# The star in the middle of the head (τ Aql)
# The one in advance of this, on the neck (ß Aql)
# The bright star on the place between the shoulders, called μετάφρενον (Aquila) (α Aql))
# The one close to this towards the north (o Aql)
# The more advanced of the 2 in the left shoulder (γ Aql)
# The rearmost of them (φ Aql))
# The more advanced of the two in the right shoulder (μ Aql)
# The rearmost of them (σ Aql)
# The star some distance under the tail of Aquila, touching the Milky Way (ζ Aql)
The stars around Aquila, '''to which the name 'Antinous' is given'''.
# The more advanced of the 2 stars south of the head of Aquila (η Aql)
# The rearmost of them (θ Aql)
# The star to the south and west of the right shoulder of Aquila (δ Aql)
# The one to the south of this (ι Aql)
# The one to the south again of the latter (κ Aql)
# The star most in advance of all (λ Aql)

==== Babylonian root ====
Interestingly, the eagle is one of the "Greek" constellations that are taken directly from Babylonian uranography. The Babylonians also had a bird of prey, an eagle (or a vulture), in exactly the same place in the sky. Next to the Babylonian constellation Eagle is the Babylonian constellation The Corpse. Since the Almagest contains many Babylonian reminiscences (e.g. Babylonian eclipse observations are quoted), it could be that Ptolemy's new creation refers to the older Babylonian constellation and merely changes its name.

The '''Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN''' is of unknown date but certainly compiled before 1000 BCE. Definition in MUL.APIN list I.1 (line I ii 12):

* ''original:'' DIŠ MUL dZa-ba4-ba4 [[A2.mušen|mulTi8mušen]] u [[AD6|mulAD6]]
* ''Akkadian:'' Kakkab Zababa [[Eru_(Eagle)|Erû]] u [[Pagru]]
* ''English:'' The asterism of God Zababa, the Eagle, and the Dead Man.
Obviously, the Babylonian Dead Man (or Corpse) forms part of a constellation together with the Eagle and with the god Zababa (a warlike god and city god of Kish, identified with the god of war Ninurta).

==== Further ancient mentionings ====
In the '''Hathor temple in Dendera (Egypt)''', there are two zodiakoi: a rectangular zodiac in the pronaos which is in drawn in the typical Egyptian style in an extraordinarily high ceiling, in two lanes across the whole depth of the room, and a small circular zodiac in the ceiling of the pronaos of a small Osiris chapel at the roof of the Hathor temple. This ceiling is low, touchable by human hands, as the whole room is hardly high enough for average people. Therefore, this star chart is not as divine as the one in the entrance hall of the temple. Hoffmann (2022) suggested that the whole map is a Babylonian star chart in Greco-Egyptian painting style.

* At the place of the Babylonian Eagle and the Corpse, there is a duck and an animal cadaver.

<gallery>
File:Aql Ptolbst.png|Aquila in the Almagest carrying a Corpse
File:Eagle+Corpse Dendera-zodiac2022.jpg|In the circular zodiac in Dendera (Roman time Egypt), at the place of the Ealge, a Duck is depicted. Next to it, we find the corpse of an animal. It may be placed on the stars of Delphinus or south of the duck but somewhere in this area. This is a visualiation produced for Stellarium (Hoffmann 2022).
File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)
File:Aqldel ptolbabtxt.png|possible Babylonian model of Eagle and Corpse next to the constellation of The Pig in IAU-Delphinus, suggested by S.M. Hoffmann (2018). The man and the bird are drawn as described in Ptolemy's Almagest.
</gallery>

== Ancient, Medieval and Early Modern sources and reception ==
[[File:Antinous mentioned in text.png|alt=screenshot of Latin text|thumb|????]]

==== Cassius Dio (165 - 235 CE) ====
The Greek-speaking Roman historian [[wikipedia:Cassius_Dio|Cassius Dio]] writes in his Roman History (quoted here is the Epitome of Book LXIX, 11 in the Loeb Classical Library edition):<blockquote>"In Egypt also he [=Hadrian] rebuilt the city named henceforth for Antinoos. Antinoos was from Bithynium, a city of Bithynia, which we also call Claudiopolis; he had been a favourite of the emperor and had died in Egypt, either by falling into the Nile, as Hadrian writes, or, as the truth is, by being offered in sacrifice. For Hadrian, as I have stated, was always very curious and employed divinations and incantations of all kinds. Accordingly, he honoured Antinoos, either because of his love for him or because the youth had voluntarily undertaken to die (it being necessary that a life should be surrendered freely for the accomplishment of the ends Hadrian had in view), by building a city on the spot where he had suffered this fate and naming it after him; and he also set up statues, or rather sacred images of him, practically all over the world. Finally, he declared that he had seen a star which he took to be that of Antinoos, and gladly lent an ear to the fictitious tales woven by his associates to the effect that the star had really come into being from the spirit of Antinoos and had then appeared for the first time. On this account, then, he became the object of some ridicule, and also because at the death of his sister Paulina he had not immediately paid her any honour..."</blockquote>

==== Historia Augusta (time span 117 to 284/5 CE, from Late Antiquity) ====
The [[wikipedia:Historia_Augusta|Historia Augusta]] (SHA, Hadrian, 14,5f.) also covers the death of Antinoos:<blockquote>"5 During a journey on the Nile he lost Antinous, his favourite, and for this youth he wept like a woman. 6 Concerning this incident there are varying rumours; for some claim that he had devoted himself to death for Hadrian, and others — what both his beauty and Hadrian's sensuality suggest. 7 But however this may be, the Greeks deified him at Hadrian's request, and declared that oracles were given through his agency, but these, it is commonly asserted, were composed by Hadrian himself."</blockquote>

==== Medieval Sources ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Author
!Commentary
|-
|Leiden Aratea (around 840)
|without Antinous
|-
|Gerard of Cremona (c. 1114-1187)
|Translation of Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' from the Arabic - without Antinous
|-
|Michael Scotus (c. 1180 - c. 1235)
|without Antinous
|-
|Georg Trazepunt (1396 - 1484)
|Translation of Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' from the Greek - with Antinous
|}

==== Early Modern Sources ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Author
!
|-
|Reintroduction by Caspar Vopel
|Antinous appears as a name underneath the head of the Eagle on Vopel's [https://www.kulturelles-erbe-koeln.de/documents/obj/05741337/rba_d022262_09 1532 manuscript globe]. Vopel also added a figure of Antinous on his 1536 printed globe and depicts him before the act of sacrifice.
|-
|Tycho Brahe - ''Progymnasmata'' (1602)
|Johannes Kepler edited Tycho Brahe's star catalogue and published it as part of the ''[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10861238?page=322,323 Astronomiae Instauratae Progymnasmata]'' in 1602. Antinous (p. 268) follows the constellation Vultur (p. 267), which is Aquila.
|-
|Bayer's ''Uranographia'' (1603)
|Johann Bayer adds "''Ganymedis raptrix''" and "''Servans Antinoum''" as variants in the introductory text to plate 16, covering the constellation Aquila. In the star list for Aquila, he names the figure hanging from the eagle as Ganymede.
|-
|Jacob Bartsch, ''Usus astronomicus planisphaerii stellati'' (1623)
|Bartsch adds Antinous to his list of constellations (in the chapter ''De fixis seu asterismis'') and writes (Bartsch (1623), Usus astronomicus, p. 56):<blockquote>"XX. ANTINOVS puer Aquilae subiicitur, cuius stellae olim informes ad Aquilam numeratae a Ptolemaeus post iussu Adriani imperatoris formatae, cuius is fuit amasius. Aliis Ganymedes dicitur, de unguibus aquilae suspensus, quem Iupiter in coelum rapuit."</blockquote><blockquote>"20. ANTINOUS, the boy who was placed underneath the Eagle, whose unformed stars once were numbered to Aquila by Ptolemy, after an order of Emperor Hadrian, of whom he was a lover. By others he is called Ganymede, suspended from the claws of the eagle, which Jupiter stole away into the sky."</blockquote>
|}

== Depictions ==
[[File:Bode1801 Aql.jpg|alt=map with drawn Antinous|thumb|Aquila with Antinous, Bode (1782) uncoloured]]
==== Early Modern Depiction(s) ====
* [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/77472?query=uranometria Bayer ''Uranometria'' (1603)]
*[https://repository.ou.edu/uuid/bf60154b-6c8f-51a3-bfd0-f8835ad931e9 Flamsteed's ''Atlas Coelestis'' (1729)] did not show Antinous
*[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1513204x/f41.item# Fortin 1776]
*[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10806460?page=29 Bode ''Vorstellung der Gestirne'' (1782, 1805)]
* [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/3341773 Bode ''Uranographia'' (1801)]
<gallery>
File:Aratea 54v and 55r.jpg|Aquila with Sagitta, Leiden Aratea, Fol. 54v and 55r, between circa 830 and circa 840
File:Aquila Uranometria.jpg|Aquila et Antinous (Bayer 1603)
File:Johannes Hevelius - Prodromus Astronomia - Volume III ''Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia'' - Tavola R - Aquila et Antinous.jpg|''Aquila et Antinous'' in Hevelius (1690) in ''Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia'' in volume ''Prodromus Astronomia''
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous.jpg|"Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous", plate 13 in ''Urania's Mirror'', a set of celestial cards accompanied by ''A Familiar Treatise on Astronomy ...'' by Jehoshaphat Aspin (1825). London. Astronomical chart, print on layered paper board : etching, hand-colored.
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus).jpg|Aquila et Antinous, 1776 - Jean Fortin/ John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus, [https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/66194/laigle-antinous-la-fleche-le-renard-le-dauphin-aquila-flamsteed-fortin source])
File:Aql bode.jpg|The constellation of Aquila (Eagle) and the constellation of Antinous, portrayed as Zeus and Ganymede, from the ''Uranographia'', by Johann Elert Bode (1782).
File:Simon Antinous spanish1894.jpg|Aquila et Antinous at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

== Suggested for IAU-CSN ==
The name "Antinous" has been proposed for Theta Aquilae (head of Ptolemy's figure).

==== Modern dedication (symbol for or against homosexuality) ====
Ian Ridpath in his website ''Star Tales'' describes Hadrian as the first openly gay Roman Emperor, and Antinous as his boy lover. This statement continues the view of Antinous ''as a symbol'' of male homosexuality in the contemporary Western culture, a view created by the literature by Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935) and Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-1987). Occasionally, the symbol figure of Antinous is used by the LGPTQ community as one of their icons. Therefore, aiming at inclusion, astronomers of the 20th and 21st century occasionally use this asterism as a symbol of homosexuality in general.

However, it must also be pointed out that Antinous who died before his 20th birthday was a teenager while the emperor Hadrian was in his 40s. Thus, their relationship - if it was not only Platonic - may have been pederasty which is today considered as a form of child abuse and therefore condemned in modern society (astronomers, planetarians, and everybody else who uses the term "Antinous").

==== Cultural Astronomy Concerns ====
For [[wikipedia:Theta_Aquilae|Theta Aquilae (tet Aql) the wikipedia]] mentions some alternatives, e.g. the Chinese constellation [[Tianfu]] that consists of four stars (cf. also Allen 1899 spelling it Tseen Foo, The Heavenly Raft with a wrong number of stars). After double checking this name and its history, the Chinese WGSN-members prefer to use "Tianfu" for Tau Aql and neither for Eta nor Theta. The Rhoads (1971) NASA catalog of star names has "Almizan III" but a) WGSN tries to avoid Roman numerals in names, b) there is a triplet called "Almizan" and we can use one of the other stars to adopt this names.

Hence there is no conflict with Antinous.

==== Decision ====
The name Antinous is applied to Theta Aquilae.

== References ==

===Weblinks===
* Ian Ridpath: [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/antinous.html Star Tales – Antinous]
* Ian Ridpath: [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/aquila.html#antinous Star Tales – Aquila: An obsolete subdivision]
* https://scilogs.spektrum.de/uhura-uraniae/sternbilder-der-adler-und-der-junge/

=== Literature ===
* Allen (1899) on "Antinoüs" [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Antinous*.html weblink].
* Gullberg, Jessica, Susanne M. Hoffmann, Steven R. Gullberg (2022). "Painting Babylonian", in: S.M. Hoffmann & G. Wolfschmidt (eds.): ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021.'', Reihe: ''Nuncius Hamburgensis'' 57, tredition, Hamburg & OpenScienceTechnology Berlin (cBook), pp. 171-191.
* Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). "Preliminary Observations on the Dendera Zodiac (Egypt)", in: S.M. Hoffmann & G. Wolfschmidt (eds.): ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021.'', Reihe: ''Nuncius Hamburgensis'' 57, tredition, Hamburg & OpenScienceTechnology Berlin (cBook), pp. 524-541.
* Hoffmann, Susanne M : ''Als der Löwe an den Himmel kam'', Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag Stuttgart 2021, pp. 86-88.

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Greco-Roman]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

Antinous

2024-10-06T16:36:46Z

RobvGent: redating Gerard of Cremona

[[File:Adlerantinous web-1-474x275.jpg|alt=Antinous (Bode1781)|thumb|Antinous in Bode (1781)]]A "sub"-constellation (or asterism) Antinous was created by Ptolemy of Alexandria and published in the Almagest star catalogue 137 CE. It is placed in the constellation of [[Aquila]], The Eagle.

=== Graeco-Babylonian Origin of the asterism name ===

----

=== The Roman (hi)story behind it ===
[[wikipedia:Antinous|Antinous]] is the name of one of the closest confidants of Emperor [[wikipedia:Hadrian|Hadrian of Rome]]. When Hadrian was in Egypt, Antinous drowned in the Nile. It was unclear from the outset whether this was an accident, suicide or murder. Of course, this can no longer be clarified today. The fact is that he fell into the water, could not swim and drowned.

Following the event and its mysterious reasons, several cults were created, in antiquity as well as early modern age.

# '''Deification in Antiquity.''' The grief-stricken emperor then declared a state of mourning in the Roman Empire and a cult of veneration began: Hadrian had a temple built for Antinous in the city of Rome, Antinous games were held in Athens and the astronomer Ptolemy of Alexandria placed the name of the deceased among the stars by inventing a new constellation.
# '''New Constellation in the ''Almagest?''''' The stars are listed as a separate group in the constellation of the Eagle which was taken over from ancient Babylon. As the Babylonian uranology has a constellation The Corpse in this area, it suggests that "Antinous" was just a new name for an old constellation.
# '''Revival in modern European history.''' The figure was drawn again in historical maps in early modern age, and it became an icon in Victorian England of the 19th century.

==== Historical source: Almagest (Toomer 1984) ====
[[File:Eagle Almagest Antinous hi.JPG|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|Antinous in the original ancient Greek version of the Almagest (written by Ptolemy of Alexandria 137 CE, printed edition by Heiberg 1898).]]
[[File:Aql Ptolbst.png|thumb|Aquila with Antinous in Almagest (smh 2017)]]
Toomer's English translation of the Almagest (1984, page 357) gives for the constellation of Aquila:

# The star in the middle of the head (τ Aql)
# The one in advance of this, on the neck (ß Aql)
# The bright star on the place between the shoulders, called μετάφρενον (Aquila) (α Aql))
# The one close to this towards the north (o Aql)
# The more advanced of the 2 in the left shoulder (γ Aql)
# The rearmost of them (φ Aql))
# The more advanced of the two in the right shoulder (μ Aql)
# The rearmost of them (σ Aql)
# The star some distance under the tail of Aquila, touching the Milky Way (ζ Aql)
The stars around Aquila, '''to which the name 'Antinous' is given'''.
# The more advanced of the 2 stars south of the head of Aquila (η Aql)
# The rearmost of them (θ Aql)
# The star to the south and west of the right shoulder of Aquila (δ Aql)
# The one to the south of this (ι Aql)
# The one to the south again of the latter (κ Aql)
# The star most in advance of all (λ Aql)

==== Babylonian root ====
Interestingly, the eagle is one of the "Greek" constellations that are taken directly from Babylonian uranography. The Babylonians also had a bird of prey, an eagle (or a vulture), in exactly the same place in the sky. Next to the Babylonian constellation Eagle is the Babylonian constellation The Corpse. Since the Almagest contains many Babylonian reminiscences (e.g. Babylonian eclipse observations are quoted), it could be that Ptolemy's new creation refers to the older Babylonian constellation and merely changes its name.

The '''Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN''' is of unknown date but certainly compiled before 1000 BCE. Definition in MUL.APIN list I.1 (line I ii 12):

* ''original:'' DIŠ MUL dZa-ba4-ba4 [[A2.mušen|mulTi8mušen]] u [[AD6|mulAD6]]
* ''Akkadian:'' Kakkab Zababa [[Eru_(Eagle)|Erû]] u [[Pagru]]
* ''English:'' The asterism of God Zababa, the Eagle, and the Dead Man.
Obviously, the Babylonian Dead Man (or Corpse) forms part of a constellation together with the Eagle and with the god Zababa (a warlike god and city god of Kish, identified with the god of war Ninurta).

==== Further ancient mentionings ====
In the '''Hathor temple in Dendera (Egypt)''', there are two zodiakoi: a rectangular zodiac in the pronaos which is in drawn in the typical Egyptian style in an extraordinarily high ceiling, in two lanes across the whole depth of the room, and a small circular zodiac in the ceiling of the pronaos of a small Osiris chapel at the roof of the Hathor temple. This ceiling is low, touchable by human hands, as the whole room is hardly high enough for average people. Therefore, this star chart is not as divine as the one in the entrance hall of the temple. Hoffmann (2022) suggested that the whole map is a Babylonian star chart in Greco-Egyptian painting style.

* At the place of the Babylonian Eagle and the Corpse, there is a duck and an animal cadaver.

<gallery>
File:Aql Ptolbst.png|Aquila in the Almagest carrying a Corpse
File:Eagle+Corpse Dendera-zodiac2022.jpg|In the circular zodiac in Dendera (Roman time Egypt), at the place of the Ealge, a Duck is depicted. Next to it, we find the corpse of an animal. It may be placed on the stars of Delphinus or south of the duck but somewhere in this area. This is a visualiation produced for Stellarium (Hoffmann 2022).
File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)
File:Aqldel ptolbabtxt.png|possible Babylonian model of Eagle and Corpse next to the constellation of The Pig in IAU-Delphinus, suggested by S.M. Hoffmann (2018). The man and the bird are drawn as described in Ptolemy's Almagest.
</gallery>

== Ancient, Medieval and Early Modern sources and reception ==
[[File:Antinous mentioned in text.png|alt=screenshot of Latin text|thumb|????]]

==== Cassius Dio (165 - 235 CE) ====
The Greek-speaking Roman historian [[wikipedia:Cassius_Dio|Cassius Dio]] writes in his Roman History (quoted here is the Epitome of Book LXIX, 11 in the Loeb Classical Library edition):<blockquote>"In Egypt also he [=Hadrian] rebuilt the city named henceforth for Antinoos. Antinoos was from Bithynium, a city of Bithynia, which we also call Claudiopolis; he had been a favourite of the emperor and had died in Egypt, either by falling into the Nile, as Hadrian writes, or, as the truth is, by being offered in sacrifice. For Hadrian, as I have stated, was always very curious and employed divinations and incantations of all kinds. Accordingly, he honoured Antinoos, either because of his love for him or because the youth had voluntarily undertaken to die (it being necessary that a life should be surrendered freely for the accomplishment of the ends Hadrian had in view), by building a city on the spot where he had suffered this fate and naming it after him; and he also set up statues, or rather sacred images of him, practically all over the world. Finally, he declared that he had seen a star which he took to be that of Antinoos, and gladly lent an ear to the fictitious tales woven by his associates to the effect that the star had really come into being from the spirit of Antinoos and had then appeared for the first time. On this account, then, he became the object of some ridicule, and also because at the death of his sister Paulina he had not immediately paid her any honour..."</blockquote>

==== Historia Augusta (time span 117 to 284/5 CE, from Late Antiquity) ====
The [[wikipedia:Historia_Augusta|Historia Augusta]] (SHA, Hadrian, 14,5f.) also covers the death of Antinoos:<blockquote>"5 During a journey on the Nile he lost Antinous, his favourite, and for this youth he wept like a woman. 6 Concerning this incident there are varying rumours; for some claim that he had devoted himself to death for Hadrian, and others — what both his beauty and Hadrian's sensuality suggest. 7 But however this may be, the Greeks deified him at Hadrian's request, and declared that oracles were given through his agency, but these, it is commonly asserted, were composed by Hadrian himself."</blockquote>

==== Medieval Sources ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Author
!Commentary
|-
|Leiden Aratea (around 840)
|without Antinous
|-
|Gerard of Cremona (c. 1114-1187)
|Translation of Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' from the Arabic - without Antinous
|-
|Michael Scotus (c. 1180 - c. 1235)
|without Antinous
|-
|Georg Trazepunt (1396 - 1484)
|Translation of Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' from the Greek - with Antinous
|}

==== Early Modern Sources ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Author
!
|-
|Bayer's ''Uranographia'' (1603)
|Johann Bayer adds "''Ganymedis raptrix''" and "''Servans Antinoum''" as variants in the introductory text to plate 16, covering the constellation Aquila. In the star list for Aquila, he names the figure hanging from the eagle as Ganymede.
|-
|Tycho Brahe - Progymnasmata (1602)
|Johannes Kepler edited Tycho Brahe's star catalogue and published it as part of the ''[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10861238?page=322,323 Astronomiae Instauratae Progymnasmata]'' in 1602. Antinous (p. 268) follows the constellation Vultur (p. 267), which is Aquila.
|-
|Jacob Bartsch, ''Usus astronomicus planisphaerii stellati'' (1623)
|Bartsch adds Antinous to his list of constellations (in the chapter ''De fixis seu asterismis'') and writes (Bartsch (1623), Usus astronomicus, p. 56):<blockquote>"XX. ANTINOVS puer Aquilae subiicitur, cuius stellae olim informes ad Aquilam numeratae a Ptolemaeus post iussu Adriani imperatoris formatae, cuius is fuit amasius. Aliis Ganymedes dicitur, de unguibus aquilae suspensus, quem Iupiter in coelum rapuit."</blockquote><blockquote>"20. ANTINOUS, the boy who was placed underneath the Eagle, whose unformed stars once were numbered to Aquila by Ptolemy, after an order of Emperor Hadrian, of whom he was a lover. By others he is called Ganymede, suspended from the claws of the eagle, which Jupiter stole away into the sky."</blockquote>
|-
|Reintroduction by Caspar Vopel
|Antinous appears as a name underneath the head of the Eagle on Vopel's [https://www.kulturelles-erbe-koeln.de/documents/obj/05741337/rba_d022262_09 1532 manuscript globe]. Vopel also added a figure of Antinous on his 1536 printed globe and depicts him before the act of sacrifice.
|}

== Depictions ==
[[File:Bode1801 Aql.jpg|alt=map with drawn Antinous|thumb|Aquila with Antinous, Bode (1782) uncoloured]]
==== Early Modern Depiction(s) ====
* [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/77472?query=uranometria Bayer ''Uranometria'' (1603)]
*[https://repository.ou.edu/uuid/bf60154b-6c8f-51a3-bfd0-f8835ad931e9 Flamsteed's ''Atlas Coelestis'' (1729)] did not show Antinous
*[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1513204x/f41.item# Fortin 1776]
*[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10806460?page=29 Bode ''Vorstellung der Gestirne'' (1782, 1805)]
* [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/3341773 Bode ''Uranographia'' (1801)]
<gallery>
File:Aratea 54v and 55r.jpg|Aquila with Sagitta, Leiden Aratea, Fol. 54v and 55r, between circa 830 and circa 840
File:Aquila Uranometria.jpg|Aquila et Antinous (Bayer 1603)
File:Johannes Hevelius - Prodromus Astronomia - Volume III "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" - Tavola R - Aquila et Antinous.jpg|"Aquila et Antinous" in Hevelius (1690) in "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" in volume "Prodromus Astronomia"
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous.jpg|"Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous", plate 13 in ''Urania's Mirror'', a set of celestial cards accompanied by ''A familiar treatise on astronomy ...'' by Jehoshaphat Aspin (1825). London. Astronomical chart, 1 print on layered paper board : etching, hand-colored.
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus).jpg|Aquila et Antinous, 1776 - Jean Fortin/ John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus, [https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/66194/laigle-antinous-la-fleche-le-renard-le-dauphin-aquila-flamsteed-fortin source])
File:Aql bode.jpg|The constellation of Aquila (Eagle) and the constellation of Antinous, portrayed as Zeus and Ganymede, from the ''Uranographia'', by Johann Elert Bode (1782).
File:Simon Antinous spanish1894.jpg|Aquila et Antinous at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

== Suggested for IAU-CSN ==
The name "Antinous" has been proposed for Theta Aquilae (head of Ptolemy's figure).

==== Modern dedication (symbol for or against homosexuality) ====
Ian Ridpath in his website ''Star Tales'' describes Hadrian as the first openly gay Roman Emperor, and Antinous as his boy lover. This statement continues the view of Antinous ''as a symbol'' of male homosexuality in the contemporary Western culture, a view created by the literature by Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935) and Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-1987). Occasionally, the symbol figure of Antinous is used by the LGPTQ community as one of their icons. Therefore, aiming at inclusion, astronomers of the 20th and 21st century occasionally use this asterism as a symbol of homosexuality in general.

However, it must also be pointed out that Antinous who died before his 20th birthday was a teenager while the emperor Hadrian was in his 40s. Thus, their relationship - if it was not only Platonic - may have been pederasty which is today considered as a form of child abuse and therefore condemned by us (astronomers, planetarians, and everybody else who uses the term "Antinous").

==== Cultural Astronomy Concerns ====
For [[wikipedia:Theta_Aquilae|Theta Aquilae (tet Aql) the wikipedia]] mentions some alternatives, e.g. the Chinese constellation [[Tianfu]] that consists of four stars (cf. also Allen 1899 spelling it Tseen Foo, The Heavenly Raft with a wrong number of stars). After double checking this name and its history, the Chinese WGSN-members prefer to use "Tianfu" for Tau Aql and neither for Eta nor Theta. The Rhoads (1971) NASA catalog of star names has "Almizan III" but a) WGSN tries to avoid Roman numerals in names, b) there is a triplet called "Almizan" and we can use one of the other stars to adopt this names.

Hence there is no conflict with Antinous.

==== Decision ====
The name Antinous is applied to Theta Aquilae.

== References ==

===Weblinks===
* Ian Ridpath: [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/antinous.html Star Tales – Antinous]
* Ian Ridpath: [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/aquila.html#antinous Star Tales – Aquila: An obsolete subdivision]
* https://scilogs.spektrum.de/uhura-uraniae/sternbilder-der-adler-und-der-junge/

=== Literature ===
* Allen (1899) on "Antinoüs" [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Antinous*.html weblink]
* Gullberg, Jessica, Susanne M Hoffmann, Steven R. Gullberg (2022). Painting Babylonian, in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.): Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021., Reihe: Nuncius Hamburgensis 57, tredition, Hamburg & OpenScienceTechnology Berlin (cBook), pp. 171-191
* Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Preliminary Observations on the Dendera Zodiac (Egypt). in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.): Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021., Reihe: Nuncius Hamburgensis 57, tredition, Hamburg & OpenScienceTechnology Berlin (cBook), pp. 524-541
* Hoffmann, Susanne M : Als der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag Stuttgart 2021, p. 86-88

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Greco-Roman]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

Rana

2024-09-27T14:55:36Z

RobvGent: minor edits

[[File:Eric rana2.jpg|alt=screenshot(s) of text|thumb|"Rana Secunda" abbreviated in the original star catalog]]
Modern name for Delta Eridani = HR 1136; astrophysical importance: one of the first (rare) exemplars of “subgiants” recognized.
==Etymology and History==
[[File:Eric rana.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Positions of "Rana" and "Ran" in the star map of Eridanus]]
The star was called "Rana Secunda" in Piazzi's Palermo Catalog (1814; ''Praecipuarum Stellarum Inerrantium Positiones Mediae Ineunte Saeculo XIX. Ex Observationibus Habitis In Specula Panormitana Ab anno 1792 ad annum 1813''), however this appears to have been shortened to "Rana" in later works.

The name appears to have been misappropriated by Piazzi or his team:

* Rana Secunda <- “2nd frog” <- ضفدع الثاني aḍ-ḍifdaʿ aṯ-ṯānī – attributed to Beta Ceti “Diphda” (where 1st frog was Fomalhaut) (Hyde’s 1665 translation of Ulugh Beg, Leybourn 1694, Knobel 1895).
* Strangely it is obvious from Hyde’s translation of Ulugh Beg’s text that the Latinized Rana Secunda is referring to a star in the tail of Cetus.

Despite the misappropriation, the name propagated. Later references, all as “Rana” for del Eri:

# (1) Kendall (1845) ''Uranography: Or, a Description of the Heavens''
# (2) Becvar (1964) ''Atlas of the Heavens - II: Catalogue 1950.0''
# (3) Rhoads (1971) ''A Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars''
# (4) Chartrand (1982) ''Skyguide: A Field Guide for Amateur Astronomers''
# (5) Hoffleit & Jaschek (1991) ''The Bright Star Catalogue'' (5th ed.)
# (6) Bakich (1995) ''The Cambridge Guide to the Constellations''
# (7) Moore (2006) ''The Amateur Astronomer'' (12th ed.)
# (8) Anderson & Francis (2012) ''XHIP: An Extended Hipparcos Compilation''

==Mythology==

==IAU Star Name==
Name is already in SIMBAD: https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Rana and has a Wikipedia entry

Issue: Similar name “Ran” was adopted for another star in same constellation - Epsilon Eridani - through NameExoWorlds 2015 campaign (”Rana” was apparently a sufficiently rare name that committee did not notice similarity at the time). *Both* are nearby K stars within 10pc! Alternate option: We could use original “Rana Secunda” from Piazzi? (although most references over past century do seem to just have “Rana”)

WGSN discussed the name in 2022 and registered it in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names.
== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Tyl

2024-09-27T13:58:51Z

RobvGent: minor edit

A modern star name for Epsilon Draconis A = HR 7582. The star is V=3.91 mag, G7 giant at d=47 pc. Has companion B 3.6” away (V=6.8 mag).
[[File:Becvar Tyl.jpg|alt=screenshot of the atlas page|thumb|Star name "Tyl" in Bečvář's celestial atlas (1951)]]

==Etymology and History==
Name of unknown etymology from Antonín Bečvář’s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalnate_Pleso_Atlas_of_the_Heavens ''Atlas Coeli Skalnaté Pleso''] (1951)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/becvar-atlas-1950 Atlas (1951)] & [https://archive.org/details/atlascoeliiikata0000anto Katalog (1960)], pp. 345-350.</ref> and later editions. Later, it appeared in Rhoads (1971), Hoffleit & Jaschek’s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Star_Catalogue ''Bright Star Catalogue''],<ref>[https://archive.org/details/brightstarcatalo0000dorr 4th edition (1982)], pp. xi-xii & 461-468 [Appendix II] & [https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-3?-source=V/50 5th edition (1991)].</ref> Moore (1990), Bakich (1995), Kunitzsch & Smart (2006), etc.

The etymology is unknown but highly likely, the name refers to [[wikipedia:Josef_Kajetán_Tyl|Josef Kajetán Tyl]], a Czech writer (1808-1858). He is best known for his authorship of the new Czech national anthem.

==IAU Star Name==
Name is already in SIMBAD: https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Tyl

Until March 2022, unable to find any other aliases for this particular star, and is only name for star in BSC. Yet, the IAU WGSN refrains from applying this name officially because it seems to be politically motivated.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Tyl

2024-09-27T13:34:58Z

RobvGent: added online links

A modern star name for Epsilon Draconis A = HR 7582. The star is V=3.91 mag, G7 giant at d=47 pc. Has companion B 3.6” away (V=6.8 mag).
[[File:Becvar Tyl.jpg|alt=screenshot of the atlas page|thumb|Star name "Tyl" in Bečvář's celestial atlas (1951)]]

==Etymology and History==
Name of unknown etymology from Antonín Bečvář’s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalnate_Pleso_Atlas_of_the_Heavens ''Atlas Coeli Skalnaté Pleso II''] (1951)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/becvar-atlas-1950 Atlas (1951)] & [https://archive.org/details/atlascoeliiikata0000anto Katalog (1960)], pp. 345-350.</ref> and later editions. Later, it appeared in Rhoads (1971), Hoffleit & Jaschek’s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Star_Catalogue ''Bright Star Catalogue''],<ref>[https://archive.org/details/brightstarcatalo0000dorr 4th edition (1982)], pp. xi-xii & 461-468 [Appendix II] & [https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-3?-source=V/50 5th edition (1991)].</ref> Moore (1990), Bakich (1995), Kunitzsch & Smart (2006), etc.

The etymology is unknown but highly likely, the name refers to [[wikipedia:Josef_Kajetán_Tyl|Josef Kajetán Tyl]], a Czech writer (1808-1858). He is best known for his authorship of the new Czech national anthem.

==IAU Star Name==
Name is already in SIMBAD: https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Tyl

Until March 2022, unable to find any other aliases for this particular star, and is only name for star in BSC. Yet, the IAU WGSN refrains from applying this name officially because it seems to be politically motivated.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Tyl

2024-09-27T12:55:19Z

RobvGent: added online links

A modern star name for Epsilon Draconis A = HR 7582. The star is V=3.91 mag, G7 giant at d=47 pc. Has companion B 3.6” away (V=6.8 mag).
[[File:Becvar Tyl.jpg|alt=screenshot of the atlas page|thumb|Star name "Tyl" in Bečvář's celestial atlas (1951)]]

==Etymology and History==
Name of unknown etymology from Antonín Bečvář’s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalnate_Pleso_Atlas_of_the_Heavens ''Atlas Coeli Skalnaté Pleso II''] (1951)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/becvar-atlas-1950 Atlas (1951)] & [https://archive.org/details/atlascoeliiikata0000anto Katalog (1960)], pp. 345-350.</ref> and later editions. Later, it appeared in Hoffleit’s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Star_Catalogue ''Bright Star Catalogue''] (4th & 5th editions), Rhoads (1971), Moore (1990), Bakich (1995), Kunitzsch & Smart (2006), etc.

The etymology is unknown but highly likely, the name refers to [[wikipedia:Josef_Kajetán_Tyl|Josef Kajetán Tyl]], a Czech writer (1808-1858). He is best known for his authorship of the new Czech national anthem.

==IAU Star Name==
Name is already in SIMBAD: https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Tyl

Until March 2022, unable to find any other aliases for this particular star, and is only name for star in BSC. Yet, the IAU WGSN refrains from applying this name officially because it seems to be politically motivated.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Tyl

2024-09-27T12:42:39Z

RobvGent: added online links

A modern star name for Epsilon Draconis A = HR 7582. The star is V=3.91 mag, G7 giant at d=47 pc. Has companion B 3.6” away (V=6.8 mag).
[[File:Becvar Tyl.jpg|alt=screenshot of the atlas page|thumb|Star name "Tyl" in Bečvář's celestial atlas (1951)]]

==Etymology and History==
Name of unknown etymology from Antonín Bečvář’s ''Atlas Coeli Skalnaté Pleso II'' (1951)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/becvar-atlas-1950 Atlas] & [https://archive.org/details/atlascoeliiikata0000anto Katalog (1960 reprint)].</ref> and later editions. Later, it appeared in Hoffleit’s ''Bright Star Catalog'' (4th & 5th editions), Rhoads (1971), Moore (1990), Bakich (1995), Kunitzsch & Smart (2006), etc.

The etymology is unknown but highly likely, the name refers to [[wikipedia:Josef_Kajetán_Tyl|Josef Kajetán Tyl]], a Czech writer (1808-1858). He is best known for his authorship of the new Czech national anthem.

==IAU Star Name==
Name is already in SIMBAD: https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Tyl

Until March 2022, unable to find any other aliases for this particular star, and is only name for star in BSC. Yet, the IAU WGSN refrains from applying this name officially because it seems to be politically motivated.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Tyl

2024-09-27T12:35:46Z

RobvGent: caps

A modern star name for Epsilon Draconis A = HR 7582. The star is V=3.91 mag, G7 giant at d=47 pc. Has companion B 3.6” away (V=6.8 mag).
[[File:Becvar Tyl.jpg|alt=screenshot of the atlas page|thumb|Star name "Tyl" in Bečvář's celestial atlas 1950]]

==Etymology and History==
Name of unknown etymology from Antonín Bečvář’s ''Atlas Coeli Skalnaté Pleso II'' (1951) & later editions. Later, it appeared in Hoffleit’s ''Bright Star Catalog'' (4th & 5th editions), Rhoads (1971), Moore (1990), Bakich (1995), Kunitzsch & Smart (2006), etc.

The etymology is unknown but highly likely, the name refers to [[wikipedia:Josef_Kajetán_Tyl|Josef Kajetán Tyl]], a Czech writer (1808-1858). He is best known for his authorship of the new Czech national anthem.

==IAU Star Name==
Name is already in SIMBAD: https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Tyl

Until March 2022, unable to find any other aliases for this particular star, and is only name for star in BSC. Yet, the IAU WGSN refrains from applying this name officially because it seems to be politically motivated.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Tyl

2024-09-27T12:34:28Z

RobvGent: no caps

A modern star name for Epsilon Draconis A = HR 7582. The star is V=3.91 mag, G7 giant at d=47 pc. Has companion B 3.6” away (V=6.8 mag).
[[File:Becvar Tyl.jpg|alt=screenshot of the atlas page|thumb|star name "Tyl" in Becvar's celestial atlas 1950]]

==Etymology and History==
Name of unknown etymology from Antonín Bečvář’s ''Atlas Coeli Skalnaté Pleso II'' (1951) & later editions. Later, it appeared in Hoffleit’s ''Bright Star Catalog'' (4th & 5th editions), Rhoads (1971), Moore (1990), Bakich (1995), Kunitzsch & Smart (2006), etc.

The etymology is unknown but highly likely, the name refers to [[wikipedia:Josef_Kajetán_Tyl|Josef Kajetán Tyl]], a Czech writer (1808-1858). He is best known for his authorship of the new Czech national anthem.

==IAU Star Name==
Name is already in SIMBAD: https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Tyl

Until March 2022, unable to find any other aliases for this particular star, and is only name for star in BSC. Yet, the IAU WGSN refrains from applying this name officially because it seems to be politically motivated.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Tyl

2024-09-27T12:33:13Z

RobvGent: minor edits

A modern star name for Epsilon Draconis A = HR 7582. The star is V=3.91 mag, G7 giant at d=47 pc. Has companion B 3.6” away (V=6.8 mag).
[[File:Becvar Tyl.jpg|alt=screenshot of the atlas page|thumb|star name "Tyl" in Becvar's celestial atlas 1950]]

==Etymology and History==
Name of unknown etymology from ANTONÍN BEČVÁŘ’S ''Atlas Coeli Skalnaté Pleso II'' (1951) & later editions. Later, it appeared in Hoffleit’s ''Bright Star Catalog'' (4th & 5th editions), Rhoads (1971), Moore (1990), Bakich (1995), Kunitzsch & Smart (2006), etc.

The etymology is unknown but highly likely, the name refers to [[wikipedia:Josef_Kajetán_Tyl|Josef Kajetán Tyl]], a Czech writer (1808-1858). He is best known for his authorship of the new Czech national anthem.

==IAU Star Name==
Name is already in SIMBAD: https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Tyl

Until March 2022, unable to find any other aliases for this particular star, and is only name for star in BSC. Yet, the IAU WGSN refrains from applying this name officially because it seems to be politically motivated.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Indus

2024-09-27T10:50:23Z

RobvGent: minor edits

__FORCETOC__
One of the 88 official IAU constellations. The southern constellation was created by Dutch explorers in late 1597 (or early 1598) and added to Western star globes and charts, starting with Plancius's globe of 1598 followed by Bayer's Uranometria atlas of 1603.

==History and Etymology==

==Modern Star Names==

==weblinks==
* Ridpath, Ian, “[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/indus.html Star Tales: online edition]”.

==References==

[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:4work]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

BALAG

2024-09-27T10:35:13Z

RobvGent: minor edits

mulBALAG is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘’The Scorpion.’

==Dictionary==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
[[File:Vega+Antares 1250BCE.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The two bright stars Vega and Antares rising over Babylon 1250 BCE (Stellarium). Antares rises prior to Vega. This effect is stronger in the 3rd millennium. ]]
= "Lyra (Harp)"; in [G. 3] mulAB2.BIR3(??); this appears to be a constellation, since in the list of star names before and after it come the names of constellations, the identification is unclear.

'''Pronunciation:''' The final ‘G’ was pronounced in the original Sumerian something akin to English ‘ng’ or Spanish ‘ñ’ as in ‘señor.’

Gabbay 2019:<ref>Gabbay, U. (2019): ‘The Balaĝ Instrument and Its Role in the Cult of Ancient Mesopotamia’, in J.G. Westenholz ed., ''Sounds of ancient music of Ancient Mesopotamia'', [https://jewish-music.huji.ac.il/en/yuval/22869 on-line], Hebrew University </ref> 133 n. 7, in his discussion of the ancient Sumerian stringed 'instruments' points out that the name of the Sumerian BALAG is onomatopoetic for the sound one makes when plucking a stringed instrument such as a harp or lyre. In later times BALAG came to be a name for a drum (Gabbay 2019).

An identification with what would later become classical Lyra remains unproven despite the fact that both Sumerian BALAG and Lyra are in the shape of string instruments: The Lyra-region is known as mul[[UZ3|UZ3,]] 'The She-Goat' in later Sumerian and Akkadian sources.

In fact, the constellation name mul[[UZ3|UZ3]] was already in use at the time of the Nippur Forerunner where mulBALAG occurs (Horowitz 2005: 169). This suggests that mulBALAG may have been an asterism within the larger 'The She-Goat' constellation, and so that the name mulBALAG was already falling out of use by the early second millennium BCE. Greek sources only start in the early first millennium leaving a time gap of roughly a millennium.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars from Nippur: mulbalag [MSL XI, 108:404].
|
|}
'''II. Deity and symbol.'''

The sacred lyre as a musical instrument has been known since the Early Dynastic period [Borovskaya 1997; Stauder 1972-75]. Many Mesopotamian gods had lyres. During the Ur III dynastic and later periods, lyres played important roles during temple rituals in Nippur and other cities. The name was recorded often without the determinative d [PSD II, B 75-78; Sallaberger I, 100]. Which lyre served as the basis for this constellation is unknown.
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Лира (Арфа)»; в [G. 3] mulAB2.BIR3(??); по-видимому, это созвездие, поскольку в списке названий звезд до и после него идут названия созвездий, отождествление неясно.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд из Ниппура: mulbalag [MSL XI, 108:404].

II. Божество и символ.

Священная лира как музыкальный инструмент известна с раннединастического периода [Боровская 1997; Stauder 1972–75]. Лиры имелись у многих месопотамских богов. В эпоху III династии Ура и позднее они играли важную роль в храмовом ритуале в Ниппуре и других городах. Название фиксировалось часто без детерминатива d [PSD II, B 75–78; Sallaberger I, 100]. Какая именно лира послужила основой для данного созвездия, неизвестно.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

BI.GIR3

2024-09-27T10:32:16Z

RobvGent: added wikilink

ulBI.GIR3 is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Dictionary==
ulBI.GIR3 is the currently accepted reading for an asterism in the circular diagram [TCL 6, 13 i; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 224-226].

Photographs of the obverse and reverse of TCL 6 13 (O 176) in the ''Musées royaux d’art et d’histoire'' (Brussels) are available in Horowitz 2014: pl. XXVIII-XXIX, and on [https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Texte_astronomique_seleucide.jpg WikiMedia]. The photographs cannot confirm the reading given by Rochberg-Halton on the basis of the handcopy TCL 6 13.

=== Historical Dictionaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a13)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| название созвездия (звезды?) в круглой диаграмме [TCL 6, 13 i; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 224–226]. || Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Hydrus

2024-09-25T10:16:13Z

RobvGent: chronological order

[[File:Hydrus IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|star chart,CC BY IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine (Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg)]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. The constellation Hydrus, known as the Lesser Water Snake, is located in the southern celestial hemisphere, positioned between the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. It is notable for being near the celestial south pole.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:1024px-Johann Bayer - Uraniometria - Hydrus.jpg|thumb|Bayer (1603): Constellation Hydrus]]
The often-cited analogy to the great water snake is not convincing because the constellation looks completely different. A ‘snake line’ is also unimaginative as any collection of points can ultimately be connected to form a snake line.

Hydrus begins next to Achernar, the brightest star in the constellation River. The star we call Achernar today was only added to the river later; on European maps it is only found in early modern times. The Arab Bedouins may have used it for orientation a few centuries earlier. However, the Arabic name Achernar for ‘end of the river’ was transferred to this star in modern times by ϑ Eridani and refers to the Ptolemaic constellation.

It seems that Pieter Keyser and Frederick de Houtman, who navigated the Eerste Schipvaart from Europe via Madagasscar to the East Indies, continued the line of the ancient river southwards to the star Achernar and evern further south to find the position of the Celestial South Pole by star hopping. At least that's how it looks in the Uranometria (1603), because the tip of the water snake's tail is next to the South Pole. However, the celestial globe by Blaeu (who directly used de Houtman's original data) the image is not that clear. So perhaps, the curly watery line pointing due south is a creation by Plancius, Hondius or Bayer.

Yet another problem occured with the star hopping from Orion's foot to the south pole: after the extension of the river, the brightest star was no longer at the end of the river as it is written in the Almagest (137 CE). Ptolemy's Almagest reports the last star in Eridanus ‘the brightest’. The brightest star in the ancient chain is β Eridani (2.75 mag) at the northern end of the river, but the coordinates of the "last" and "brightest" are given at the southern end of Ptolemy's river. The star at the southern endpoint is ϑ Eridani (3.2 mag). The stars of Hydrus also lie in this brightness range, but Achernar is significantly brighter at 0.45 mag. It is therefore possible that one of the Dutch cartographers made the decision to place the brightest star (then Achernar) traditionally at the end of the river. Calling the rest of the snake line ‘water snake’ then seems like a pun or a play on words (‘snake of water’?). However, Hydrus was spread across the globe by Plancius in 1598 as a constellation. The Uranometria only recorded a few animals, Indus and this elongated river in the southern starry sky. As a result of further regroupings, in particular the introduction of the constellation ‘Octant’ by Lacaille in 1756, contemporary Hydrus no longer marks the pole of the sky with few stars.

=== Origin of Constellation ===

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
Originally an extension of Eridanus, creating a meandering chain of stars which flows close to the celestial south pole.<gallery>
File:1024px-Johann Bayer - ''Uraniometria'' - Hydrus.jpg|Bayer (1603): Constellation Hydrus
File:Lacaille’s southern planisphere of 1756.png|In Lacaille's map of the celestial south (1756), the tail of Hydrus is modified to place Octans (a newly invented nautical instrument) at the celestial south pole
File:Eri+Hyi stellarium.png|Eridanus and Hydrus in Stellarium (modern map, 2024)

</gallery>

== Greek Mythology ==

No ancient mythology

== Weblinks ==
* Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/hydrus.html Star Tales: online edition]".

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)
* [[References (Babylonian)]]
* [[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

[[Category:4work]]

Mensa

2024-09-24T14:31:01Z

RobvGent: ordered by year

Mensa

2024-09-24T14:27:45Z

RobvGent: small edits

Garnet Star

2024-09-18T21:04:18Z

RobvGent: more minor edits

[[File:Mu Cephei "The Garnet Star" 2023 (Ha and OIII).png|alt=photograph of the star in its nebula|thumb|The Garnet Star; captured 2023 in Krefeld, Germany with a Skywatcher 150/750; ZWO ASI 2600MC Pro Color and an Optolong L-Extreme filter; total exposure time of 4h (5min per single light frame), CC BY NiKo 2023]]
The name ‘Garnet Star’ (Latin: ''Garnet Sidus'') was given by Piazzi 1803 with a reference to William Herschel's textual description of μ Cephei ([https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=mu+Cep&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]) as "deep garnet red". In telescopes the star appears red due to its spectral class M2. The star is visible to the naked eye, but the human eye cannot recognize the colour without a telescope because colour vision cuts off at roughly 2 mag.

μ Cephei is a semi-regular variable star, ranging between mags. 3.4 and 5.1, and was the prototype of the no-longer-used class of "mu Cephei stars". It is a red supergiant with an estimated diameter over a thousand times that of the Sun, one of the largest stars known.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:GarnetStar Herschel highlightGarnet.jpg|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|description of "fine deep garnet colour" in Herschel's publication]]
μ Cephei became famous through observations by William Herschel (1738 - 1822), who described it in a paper<ref>Herschel, William (1783). "On the Proper Motion of the Sun and Solar System; With an Account of Several Changes That Have Happened among the Fixed Stars since the Time of Mr. Flamstead [sic]". ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London''. '''73''': 247–283. [https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1783.0017 doi:10.1098/rstl.1783.0017]. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/106492 106492]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186213288 186213288].</ref> in 1783 listing stars that were not listed in Flamsteed's star catalogue. <blockquote>A considerable star, not marked by Flamsteed, will be found near the head of Cepheus. Its right ascension ... It is '''of very''' '''deep garnet colour''', such as the periodical star ο Ceti was formerly, and a most beautiful object, especially if we look for some time at a white star before we turn our telescope to it, such as α Cephei, which is near at hand.</blockquote>

<blockquote>(p. 257 under the headline "Stars newly come to be visible") </blockquote>
[[File:Piazzi GarnetSidus txt.jpg|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|"Garnet Sidus" in Piazzi's star catalogue 1803.]]
[[File:Piazzi GarnetSidus pageview.jpg|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|Piazzi's Palermo Star Catalogue (1803), page view with "Garnet Sidus" (p 678/679), [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10485079?page=678,679 LINK]. ]]
According to this description, Piazzi in his "Palermo Star Catalogue"<ref>Piazzi, Giuseppe (1803). ''Praecipuarum stellarum inerrantium positiones mediae ineunte seculo XIX : ex observationibus habitis in specula Panormitana ab anno 1792 ad annum 1802'', [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/details/bsb10485079 OCLC: 643816777]</ref> named it "Garnet Star". The description of mu Cephei as "deep red" evokes the image of a vividly red star. In fact, the star's color index (B – V) of 2.35 magnitudes makes it the reddest one visible for the naked eye (although the colour is only visible in telescopes). This intense hue is largely due to the interstellar dust between us and the star. Corresponding to its spectral type, without the reddening effect of this dust, its color index would be (B – V) = 1.71 magnitudes.

The star's variability was not mentioned by Herschel, but only suspected by J. R. Hind in 1848 and confirmed by Argelander. Like many red supergiants (e.g. Betelgeuse, Antares), the Garnet Star has two periods, one of 850 and another 4400 days, and it is (of course) surrounded by the nebula of its emissions.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
In 2023, the WGSN discovered that [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=mu+Cep&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD] has two proper names for the star, "Erakis" and "Herschel's Garnet Star", and decided to study their history. Which of the names should be preferred?

The Arabic reading group agreed that "Erakis" is a misspelling of "Alrakis", a name which is applied to another star already (in 2017, WGSN applied "Alrakis" to μ Dra with the reason by Kunitzsch and Smart that the star name had been misapplied to this star earlier). Therefore, the Arabic alternative should be dropped. We also suggest to use the shorter (and non-eponymous) version "Garnet Star".

The name "Garnet Star" was discussed and approved for μ Cephei by the IAU WGSN in 2024.
== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Garnet Star

2024-09-18T21:02:05Z

RobvGent: minor edits

[[File:Mu Cephei "The Garnet Star" 2023 (Ha and OIII).png|alt=photograph of the star in its nebula|thumb|The Garnet Star; captured 2023 in Krefeld, Germany with a Skywatcher 150/750; ZWO ASI 2600MC Pro Color and an Optolong L-Extreme filter; total exposure time of 4h (5min per single light frame), CC BY NiKo 2023]]
The name ‘Garnet Star’ (Latin: ''Garnet Sidus'') was given by Piazzi 1803 with a reference to William Herschel's textual description of μ Cephei ([https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=mu+Cep&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]) as "deep garnet red". In telescopes the star appears red due to its spectral class M2. The star is visible to the naked eye, but the human eye cannot recognize the colour without a telescope because colour vision cuts off at roughly 2 mag.

μ Cephei is a semi-regular variable star, ranging between mags. 3.4 and 5.1, and was the prototype of the no-longer-used class of "mu Cephei stars". It is a red supergiant with an estimated diameter over a thousand times that of the Sun, one of the largest stars known.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:GarnetStar Herschel highlightGarnet.jpg|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|description of "fine deep garnet colour" in Herschel's manuscript]]
μ Cephei became famous through observations by William Herschel (1738 - 1822), who described it in a paper<ref>Herschel, William (1783). "On the Proper Motion of the Sun and Solar System; With an Account of Several Changes That Have Happened among the Fixed Stars since the Time of Mr. Flamstead [sic]". ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London''. '''73''': 247–283. [https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1783.0017 doi:10.1098/rstl.1783.0017]. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/106492 106492]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186213288 186213288].</ref> in 1783 listing stars that were not listed in Flamsteed's star catalogue. <blockquote>A considerable star, not marked by Flamsteed, will be found near the head of Cepheus. Its right ascension ... It is '''of very''' '''deep garnet colour''', such as the periodical star ο Ceti was formerly, and a most beautiful object, especially if we look for some time at a white star before we turn our telescope to it, such as α Cephei, which is near at hand.</blockquote>

<blockquote>(p. 257 under the headline "Stars newly come to be visible") </blockquote>
[[File:Piazzi GarnetSidus txt.jpg|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|"Garnet Sidus" in Piazzi's star catalogue 1803.]]
[[File:Piazzi GarnetSidus pageview.jpg|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|Piazzi's Palermo Star Catalogue (1803), page view with "Garnet Sidus" (p 678/679), [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10485079?page=678,679 LINK]. ]]
According to this description, Piazzi in his "Palermo Star Catalogue"<ref>Piazzi, Giuseppe (1803). ''Praecipuarum stellarum inerrantium positiones mediae ineunte seculo XIX : ex observationibus habitis in specula Panormitana ab anno 1792 ad annum 1802'', [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/details/bsb10485079 OCLC: 643816777]</ref> named it "Garnet Star". The description of mu Cephei as "deep red" evokes the image of a vividly red star. In fact, the star's color index (B – V) of 2.35 magnitudes makes it the reddest one visible for the naked eye (although the colour is only visible in telescopes). This intense hue is largely due to the interstellar dust between us and the star. Corresponding to its spectral type, without the reddening effect of this dust, its color index would be (B – V) = 1.71 magnitudes.

The star's variability is not mentioned by Herschel, but only suspected by J. R. Hind in 1848 and confirmed by Argelander. Like many red supergiants (e.g. Betelgeuse, Antares), the Garnet Star has two periods, one of 850 and another 4400 days, and it is (of course) surrounded by the nebula of its emissions.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
In 2023, the WGSN discovered that [https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=mu+Cep&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD] has two proper names for the star, "Erakis" and "Herschel's Garnet Star", and decided to study their history. Which of the names should be preferred?

The Arabic reading group agreed that "Erakis" is a misspelling of "Alrakis", a name which is applied to another star already (in 2017, WGSN applied "Alrakis" to μ Dra with the reason by Kunitzsch and Smart that the star name had been misapplied to this star earlier). Therefore, the Arabic alternative should be dropped. We also suggest to use the shorter (and non-eponymous) version "Garnet Star".

The name "Garnet Star" was discussed and approved for μ Cephei by the IAU WGSN in 2024.
== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Antinous

2024-09-18T16:33:49Z

RobvGent: better English

[[File:Adlerantinous web-1-474x275.jpg|alt=Antinous (Bode1781)|thumb|Antinous in Bode (1781)]]A "sub"-constellation (or asterism) Antinous was created by Ptolemy of Alexandria and published in the Almagest star catalogue 137 CE. It is placed in the constellation of [[Aquila]], The Eagle.

=== Graeco-Babylonian Origin of the asterism name ===

----

=== The Roman (hi)story behind it ===
[[wikipedia:Antinous|Antinous]] is the name of one of the closest confidants of Emperor [[wikipedia:Hadrian|Hadrian of Rome]]. When Hadrian was in Egypt, Antinous drowned in the Nile. It was unclear from the outset whether this was an accident, suicide or murder. Of course, this can no longer be clarified today. The fact is that he fell into the water, could not swim and drowned.

Following the event and its mysterious reasons, several cults were created, in antiquity as well as early modern age.

# '''Deification in Antiquity.''' The grief-stricken emperor then declared a state of mourning in the Roman Empire and a cult of veneration began: Hadrian had a temple built for Antinous in the city of Rome, Antinous games were held in Athens and the astronomer Ptolemy of Alexandria placed the name of the deceased among the stars by inventing a new constellation.
# '''New Constellation in the ''Almagest?''''' The stars are listed as a separate group in the constellation of the Eagle which was taken over from ancient Babylon. As the Babylonian uranology has a constellation The Corpse in this area, it suggests that "Antinous" was just a new name for an old constellation.
# '''Revival in modern European history.''' The figure was drawn again in historical maps in early modern age, and it became an icon in Victorian England of the 19th century.

==== Historical source: Almagest (Toomer 1984) ====
[[File:Eagle Almagest Antinous hi.JPG|alt=screenshot of page|thumb|Antinous in the original ancient Greek version of the Almagest (written by Ptolemy of Alexandria 137 CE, printed edition by Heiberg 1898).]]
[[File:Aql Ptolbst.png|thumb|Aquila with Antinous in Almagest (smh 2017)]]
Toomer's English translation of the Almagest (1984, page 357) gives for the constellation of Aquila:

# The star in the middle of the head (τ Aql)
# The one in advance of this, on the neck (ß Aql)
# The bright star on the place between the shoulders, called μετάφρενον (Aquila) (α Aql))
# The one close to this towards the north (o Aql)
# The more advanced of the 2 in the left shoulder (γ Aql)
# The rearmost of them (φ Aql))
# The more advanced of the two in the right shoulder (μ Aql)
# The rearmost of them (σ Aql)
# The star some distance under the tail of Aquila, touching the Milky Way (ζ Aql)
The stars around Aquila, '''to which the name 'Antinous' is given'''.
# The more advanced of the 2 stars south of the head of Aquila (η Aql)
# The rearmost of them (θ Aql)
# The star to the south and west of the right shoulder of Aquila (δ Aql)
# The one to the south of this (ι Aql)
# The one to the south again of the latter (κ Aql)
# The star most in advance of all (λ Aql)

==== Babylonian root ====
Interestingly, the eagle is one of the "Greek" constellations that are taken directly from Babylonian uranography. The Babylonians also had a bird of prey, an eagle (or a vulture), in exactly the same place in the sky. Next to the Babylonian constellation Eagle is the Babylonian constellation The Corpse. Since the Almagest contains many Babylonian reminiscences (e.g. Babylonian eclipse observations are quoted), it could be that Ptolemy's new creation refers to the older Babylonian constellation and merely changes its name.

The '''Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN''' is of unknown date but certainly compiled before 1000 BCE. Definition in MUL.APIN list I.1 (line I ii 12):

* ''original:'' DIŠ MUL dZa-ba4-ba4 [[A2.mušen|mulTi8mušen]] u [[AD6|mulAD6]]
* ''Akkadian:'' Kakkab Zababa [[Eru_(Eagle)|Erû]] u [[Pagru]]
* ''English:'' The asterism of God Zababa, the Eagle, and the Dead Man.
Obviously, the Babylonian Dead Man (or Corpse) forms part of a constellation together with the Eagle and with the god Zababa (a warlike god and city god of Kish, identified with the god of war Ninurta).

==== Further ancient mentionings ====
In the '''Hathor temple in Dendera (Egypt)''', there are two zodiakoi: a rectangular zodiac in the pronaos which is in drawn in the typical Egyptian style in an extraordinarily high ceiling, in two lanes across the whole depth of the room, and a small circular zodiac in the ceiling of the pronaos of a small Osiris chapel at the roof of the Hathor temple. This ceiling is low, touchable by human hands, as the whole room is hardly high enough for average people. Therefore, this star chart is not as divine as the one in the entrance hall of the temple. Hoffmann (2022) suggested that the whole map is a Babylonian star chart in Greco-Egyptian painting style.

* At the place of the Babylonian Eagle and the Corpse, there is a duck and an animal cadaver.

<gallery>
File:Aql Ptolbst.png|Aquila in the Almagest carrying a Corpse
File:Eagle+Corpse Dendera-zodiac2022.jpg|In the circular zodiac in Dendera (Roman time Egypt), at the place of the Ealge, a Duck is depicted. Next to it, we find the corpse of an animal. It may be placed on the stars of Delphinus or south of the duck but somewhere in this area. This is a visualiation produced for Stellarium (Hoffmann 2022).
File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)
File:Aqldel ptolbabtxt.png|possible Babylonian model of Eagle and Corpse next to the constellation of The Pig in IAU-Delphinus, suggested by S.M. Hoffmann (2018). The man and the bird are drawn as described in Ptolemy's Almagest.
</gallery>

== Ancient, Medieval and Early Modern sources and reception ==
[[File:Antinous mentioned in text.png|alt=screenshot of Latin text|thumb|????]]

==== Cassius Dio (165 - 235 CE) ====
The Greek-speaking Roman historian [[wikipedia:Cassius_Dio|Cassius Dio]] writes in his Roman History (quoted here is the Epitome of Book LXIX, 11 in the Loeb Classical Library edition):<blockquote>"In Egypt also he [=Hadrian] rebuilt the city named henceforth for Antinoos. Antinoos was from Bithynium, a city of Bithynia, which we also call Claudiopolis; he had been a favourite of the emperor and had died in Egypt, either by falling into the Nile, as Hadrian writes, or, as the truth is, by being offered in sacrifice. For Hadrian, as I have stated, was always very curious and employed divinations and incantations of all kinds. Accordingly, he honoured Antinoos, either because of his love for him or because the youth had voluntarily undertaken to die (it being necessary that a life should be surrendered freely for the accomplishment of the ends Hadrian had in view), by building a city on the spot where he had suffered this fate and naming it after him; and he also set up statues, or rather sacred images of him, practically all over the world. Finally, he declared that he had seen a star which he took to be that of Antinoos, and gladly lent an ear to the fictitious tales woven by his associates to the effect that the star had really come into being from the spirit of Antinoos and had then appeared for the first time. On this account, then, he became the object of some ridicule, and also because at the death of his sister Paulina he had not immediately paid her any honour..."</blockquote>

==== Historia Augusta (time span 117 to 284/5 CE, from Late Antiquity) ====
The [[wikipedia:Historia_Augusta|Historia Augusta]] (SHA, Hadrian, 14,5f.) also covers the death of Antinoos:<blockquote>"5 During a journey on the Nile he lost Antinous, his favourite, and for this youth he wept like a woman. 6 Concerning this incident there are varying rumours; for some claim that he had devoted himself to death for Hadrian, and others — what both his beauty and Hadrian's sensuality suggest. 7 But however this may be, the Greeks deified him at Hadrian's request, and declared that oracles were given through his agency, but these, it is commonly asserted, were composed by Hadrian himself."</blockquote>

==== Medieval Sources ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Author
!Commentary
|-
|Leiden Aratea (around 840)
|without Antinous
|-
|Michael Scotus (c. 1180 - c. 1235)
|without Antinous
|-
|
|
|-
|Georg Trazepunt (1396 - 1484)
|Translations of Ptolemy's Almagest - with Antinous
|-
|Gregor von Cremona (1535-1591)
|Translations of Ptolemy's Almagest - without Antinous
|}

==== Early Modern Sources ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Author
!
|-
|Bayer's ''Uranographia'' (1603)
|Johann Bayer adds "''Ganymedis raptrix''" and "''Servans Antinoum''" as variants in plate 16, covering the constellation Aquila. However, in the text, he the figure hanging from the eagle as Ganymede.
|-
|Tycho Brahe - Progymnasmata (1602)
|Johannes Kepler edited Tycho Brahe's star catalogue and published it as part of the ''[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10861238?page=322,323 Astronomiae Instauratae Progymnasmata]'' in 1602. Antinous (p. 268) follows the constellation Vultur (p. 267), which is Aquila.
|-
|Jacob Bartsch, ''Usus astronomicus planisphaerii stellati'' (1623)
|Bartsch adds Antinous to his list of constellations (in the chapter ''De fixis seu asterismis'') and writes (Bartsch (1623), Usus astronomicus, p. 56):<blockquote>"XX. ANTINOVS puer Aquilae subiicitur, cuius stellae olim informes ad Aquilam numeratae a Ptolemaeus post iussu Adriani imperatoris formatae, cuius is fuit amasius. Aliis Ganymedes dicitur, de unguibus aquilae suspensus, quem Iupiter in coelum rapuit."</blockquote><blockquote>"20. ANTINOUS, the boy who was placed underneath the Eagle, whose unformed stars once were numbered to Aquila by Ptolemy, after an order of Emperor Hadrian, of whom he was a lover. By others he is called Ganymede, suspended by the claws o the eagle, which Jupiter stole away into the sky."</blockquote>
|-
|Reintroduction by Caspar Vopel
|Antinous appears as a name underneath the head of the Eagle on Vopel's [https://www.kulturelles-erbe-koeln.de/documents/obj/05741337/rba_d022262_09 1532 manuscript globe]. Vopel also added a figure of Antinous on his 1536 printed globe and depicts him before the act of sacrifice.
|}

== Depictions ==
[[File:Bode1801 Aql.jpg|alt=map with drawn Antinous|thumb|Aquila with Antinous, Bode (1782) uncoloured]]
==== Early Modern Depiction(s) ====
* [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/77472?query=uranometria Bayer ''Uranometria'' (1603)]
*[https://repository.ou.edu/uuid/bf60154b-6c8f-51a3-bfd0-f8835ad931e9 Flamsteed's ''Atlas Coelestis'' (1729)] did not show Antinous
*[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1513204x/f41.item# Fortin 1776]
*[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10806460?page=29 Bode ''Vorstellung der Gestirne'' (1782, 1805)]
* [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/3341773 Bode ''Uranographia'' (1801)]
<gallery>
File:Aratea 54v and 55r.jpg|Aquila with Sagitta, Leiden Aratea, Fol. 54v and 55r, between circa 830 and circa 840
File:Aquila Uranometria.jpg|Aquila et Antinous (Bayer 1603)
File:Johannes Hevelius - Prodromus Astronomia - Volume III "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" - Tavola R - Aquila et Antinous.jpg|"Aquila et Antinous" in Hevelius (1690) in "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" in volume "Prodromus Astronomia"
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous.jpg|"Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous", plate 13 in ''Urania's Mirror'', a set of celestial cards accompanied by ''A familiar treatise on astronomy ...'' by Jehoshaphat Aspin (1825). London. Astronomical chart, 1 print on layered paper board : etching, hand-colored.
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus).jpg|Aquila et Antinous, 1776 - Jean Fortin/ John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus, [https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/66194/laigle-antinous-la-fleche-le-renard-le-dauphin-aquila-flamsteed-fortin source])
File:Aql bode.jpg|The constellation of Aquila (Eagle) and the constellation of Antinous, portrayed as Zeus and Ganymede, from the ''Uranographia'', by Johann Elert Bode (1782).
File:Simon Antinous spanish1894.jpg|Aquila et Antinous at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

== Suggested for IAU-CSN ==
The name "Antinous" has been proposed for theta Aquilae (head of Ptolemy's figure).

==== Modern dedication (symbol for or against homosexuality) ====
Ian Ridpath in his website ''Star Tales'' describes Hadrian as the first openly gay Roman Emperor, and Antinous as his boy lover. This statement continues the view of Antinous ''as a symbol'' of male homosexuality in the contemporary Western culture, a view created by the literature by Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935) and Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-1987). Occasionally, the symbol figure of Antinous is used by the LGPTQ community as one of their icons. Therefore, aiming at inclusion, astronomers of the 20th and 21st century occasionally use this asterism as a symbol of homosexuality in general.

However, it must also be pointed out that Antinous who died before his 20th birthday was a teenager while the emperor Hadrian was in his 40s. Thus, their relationship - if it was not only Platonic - may have been pederasty which is today considered as a form of child abuse and therefore condemned by us (astronomers, planetarians, and everybody else who uses the term "Antinous").

==== Cultural Astronomy Concerns ====
For [[wikipedia:Theta_Aquilae|theta Aqliae (tet Aql) the wikipedia]] mentions some alternatives, e.g. the Chinese constellation [[Tianfu]] that consists of four stars (cf. also Allen 1899 spelling it Tseen Foo, The Heavenly Raft with a wrong number of stars). After double checking this name and its history, the Chinese WGSN-members prefer to use "Tianfu" for tau Aql and neither for eta nor theta. The Rhoads (1971) NASA catalog of star names has "Almizan III" but a) WGSN tries to avoid Roman numerals in names, b) there is a triplet called "Almizan" and we can use one of the other stars to adopt this names.

Hence there is no conflict with Antinous.

==== Decision ====
The name Antinous is applied to theta Aquliae.

== References ==

===Weblinks===

*https://scilogs.spektrum.de/uhura-uraniae/sternbilder-der-adler-und-der-junge/

=== Literature ===
* Allen (1899) on "Antinoüs" [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Antinous*.html weblink]
* Gullberg, Jessica, Susanne M Hoffmann, Steven R. Gullberg (2022). Painting Babylonian, in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.): Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021., Reihe: Nuncius Hamburgensis 57, tredition, Hamburg & OpenScienceTechnology Berlin (cBook), pp. 171-191
* Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Preliminary Observations on the Dendera Zodiac (Egypt). in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.): Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021., Reihe: Nuncius Hamburgensis 57, tredition, Hamburg & OpenScienceTechnology Berlin (cBook), pp. 524-541
* Hoffmann, Susanne M : Als der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag Stuttgart 2021, p. 86-88
* Ian Ridpath: [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/antinous.html Star Tales – Antinous]

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Greco-Roman]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Africa]]

Hydrus

2024-09-17T16:26:52Z

RobvGent: better English

[[File:Hydrus IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|star chart,CC BY IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine (Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg)]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]].

==Etymology and History==
The Greek constellation ...

=== Origin of Constellation ===

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
Originally an extension of Eridanus, creating a meandering chain of stars which flows close to the celestial South Pole.

== Greek Mythology ==

No ancient mythology
== Weblinks ==

*

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)
* [[References (Babylonian)]]
* [[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

[[Category:4work]]

Hydrus

2024-09-17T16:21:32Z

RobvGent: caps

[[File:Hydrus IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|star chart,CC BY IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine (Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg)]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]].

==Etymology and History==
The Greek constellation ...

=== Origin of Constellation ===

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
Originally an extension of Eridanus, so that the winding chain of stars reaches the celestial South Pole.

== Greek Mythology ==

No ancient mythology
== Weblinks ==

*

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)
* [[References (Babylonian)]]
* [[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

[[Category:4work]]

Reticulum

2024-09-17T09:59:52Z

RobvGent: accent

[[File:Reticulum IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|IAU star chart "Reticulum", IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine (Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg)]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. In its modern shape, Reticulum was invented by the French scholar Nicolas Louis de Lacaille during his stay at the Cape of Good Hope in 1751–52.<ref>Ian Ridpath, Star Tales, [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/reticulum.html Online Edition], second entry in [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/reticulumlacaille.html Online Edition]</ref> It was published with his report in 1756 and named it in French ''Réticule Rhomboïde'' because he actually transformed an earlier constellation (Rhombus) invented by his compatriot Isaac Habrecht.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Rhombus Habrecht.JPG|alt=star chart (Habrecht)|thumb|Habrecht (1666) star chart with [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=359&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4382&wy=0.305 "Rhombe" (Rhombus)] as a new constellation (CC0).]]

=== Origin of Constellation ===
'''Isaac Habrecht''' (1589–1633) was a professor of astronomy and mathematics in Strasbourg (his father and a nephew were clockmakers). He made a celestial planisphere and a celestial globe (1628) for which he vastly used the newly invented Dutch constellations. However, at the area of Reticulum, there was no constellation yet and Habrecht invented a new one by forming a geometrical figure of a quadrilateral named "'''Rhombe'''".

The French terms derives from Ancient Greek ῥόμβος (rhómbos) and describes an equilateral quadrilateral, i.e. a quadrilateral with four edges of the same length. It is not exactly known which stars Habrecht had in mind but his figure is drawn between the new Dutch constellations "[[Dorado]]" and "[[Hydrus]]".

Augustin Royer included this constellation in his star chart (1679).

=== Lacaille's transformations ===
'''Nicolas Louis de Lacaille''' apparently knew and transformed this constellation. In his first publication<ref>Nicolas Louis de Lacaille (1752). Mémoire: Tables des Ascension Droites et des Declinations Apparentes des étoiles australes renfermées dans le tropique du Capricorne; observées au cap de Bonne-espérance, dans l'intervalle du 6 Août 1751, au 18 Juillet 1752. par M. l'Abbé de la Caille. (p. 539-587)

Remarques sur le Catalogue précédent. (p. 587-592). Histoire de l'Académie Royale, Janvier 1752. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35505/f786.item Gallica] </ref> [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35505/f786.image (Mémoire) in 1752 for the Académie Royale de France] he wrote in French: <blockquote>[[File:Lacaille-ret.jpg|alt=historical map (detail)|thumb|Lacaille (1752): [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35505/f789.item Le Reticule Romboide]. ]]Le '''Réticule rhomboïde''', petit instrument astronomique qui a servi á desser ce catalogue: on le construit par l'intersection de quatre droites tirées de chaque angle d'un carré au millieu de deux côtés oppossés (p. 588). </blockquote>English: <blockquote>The Rhomboid Reticle, a small astronomical instrument used to draw up this catalogue: it is constructed by the intersection of four straight lines drawn from each corner of a square at the midpoint of two opposite sides. </blockquote>
[[File:Lacaille1756 starChart hi.JPG|alt=historical map (detail)|thumb|Lacaille's constellation Reticulum in its [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/197200?lang=en&zoom=5&lat=1145&lon=3274&layers=B first publication] (labelled Reticulus). ]]
Since he explicitly says ‘square’ and not ‘rectangle’ in general, this instrument is probably a small rhombus. In his Latin map and star catalogue, [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/pageview/152610 Coelum australe stelliferum] (1756, republished 1763), Lacaille labels the constellation only "'''Reticulus'''" (without any reference to the rhombe). Next to the accompanying text which describes the measurements and observations, he presents several drawings to explain the construction of four ''reticuli''. <blockquote>[[File:Lacaille descriptionLatin.JPG|alt=screenshot of text|thumb|Lacaille (1763) description of the "[https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/pageview/152608 small instrument]" and its construction in Latin. ]]'''Lacaille's French:''' Ces observations ont été faites avaec une Pendule réglée aux révolutions des Etoiles, et avav une lunette garnie de différents réticules.
[...]

Le second réticule que nous avons appellé ''le petit réticule'' étoit construit de cette manier. Ayant décrit sur une plaque de cuivre un quarré A B C D, dont chaque côté étoit de 15,548 lignes de longueur , on a divisé les côtés A B, C D en quatre parties égales A E, E F, F G, G B et C K, K I, I H, H D; on a tié les droites E I, G I, F H, F K, ce qui a formé le rhombe F M I L qui est le vrai champ du réticule. Ensuite on a évidé à la lime presque tout ce qui étoit renfermé dans le cercle N I O F inferit au quarré A C ; on n'a laissé que lames F L, L I, I M, et l'espace trapézoïde A N M F. Enfin on a rendu des foies dans les lignes F I, N O, et le réticules étoit achevé.

'''English:''' These observations were made with a Pendulum set to the revolutions of the Stars, and with a telescope fitted with different reticles.

[...]

The second reticle, which we have called the small reticle, was constructed in this way. Having described on a copper plate a square A B C D, each side of which was 15,548 lines long, the sides A B, C D were divided into four equal parts A E, E F, F G, G B and C K, K I, I H, H D; the straight lines E I, G I, F H, F K were connected, forming the rhomb F M I L which is the true field of the reticule. Then almost everything enclosed in the circle N I O F inferior to the square A C was hollowed out with a file, leaving only the blades F L, L I, I M, and the trapezoidal space A N M F. Finally, livers were made in the lines F I, N O, and the reticule was completed. </blockquote>
[[File:Lacaille descriptionLatin 3rdNet.jpg|thumb|Lacaille's Latin description of the 3rd net (1756), CC0, [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/pageview/152610 rara].]]
This reticle with a central rhomb seems to be meant with the constellation. Lacaille describes it for the second of his "nets" in detail and then refers the third and fourth net to a similar principle. However, the drawing for the third net looks differently.

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===
<gallery>
File:Rhombus Habrecht.JPG|Habrecht (1666) star chart with "[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=359&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4382&wy=0.305 Rhombe" (Rhombus]) as a new constellation (CC0).
File:Lacaille-ret.jpg|Lacaille's invention of "Le Reticule Romboide" in 1752.
File:Lacaille1756 starChart hi.JPG|Lacaille's "Reticulus", published in 1756/1763.
File:Simon1894 Dorado+Ret.jpg|Reticulum behind Dorado at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

==Mythology==

While Lacailles clearly describes how to draw a "rhombic net" on a slider in the focal point of his telescope, contemporary star lore of the 20th century mixes this description with modern crosshairs and scales in eyepieces.

Lacaille describes an extra box (in front of his eyepiece) at the focal point of tube which is equipped with a slider to carry the "reticule". He describes four of these "nets". The first net ("Le premier de ces réticules") is composed by 1,684 lines and that he measures the time intervals of transitting stars, the second (petit réticule) and the third (grand réticule) have a little rhombus in the middle. The fourth (moyen réticule) is described similar to the third one; they seem to be divided in an upper and lower part to be used alternately while observing stars in transit.

== IAU WGSN ==
As the original name of the constellation might be considered "Rhombe" and this rhombus-structure was definitely included in the original naming of Reticulus, it was suggested in 2023 to name the brightest star of the modern constellation "Rhombe" or "Rhombo" or "Rhombus". α Ret (alpha Reticuli) is a G-type red giant star at distance ~50 parsecs with Vmag of 3.36 ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=alf+Ret&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]).

==Weblinks==

*

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

Dorado

2024-09-17T09:59:03Z

RobvGent: accent

[[File:DOR (IAU definition).gif|alt=DOR modern map|thumb|The modern map of the IAU-constellation Dorado (S&T graphics)]] One of the 88 official constellations. There is no need to translate the term because "Dorado" already is a modern (not Latin) word and used in many languages to designate a specific sort of fish. For further explanation, "Dorado, the Dolphinfish" would work in English. The Spanish term "dorado" literally means "golden", and it has been used for various type of fish in the past. Given this translation, the constellation name has sometimes been translated as "Goldfish", although the Spanish term always designated exotic fish species from the "new worlds".

==Etymology and History==

Dorado, the Dolphinfish, has been invented by Pieter Keyser and Frederik de Houtman on their journey to Indonesia (later called "Dutch Indies") 1592-1594. Their catalogue<ref>de Houtman, Frederik (1603) [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Star Catalogue concerning the Indian Magpie]</ref> of southern stars was published by de [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Houtman in 1603 as an appendix] to a dictionary of the Malaysian (and other) language(s). Before the publication of the star catalogue, de Houtman shared his data with Petrus Plancius, who had actually commissioned this work. Even in the 1590s, Plancius had worked with this material and his [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/plancius-globe.html celestial globe of 1598] already displayed paintings of the newly invented constellations in the south, and so did Johann Bayer's Uranometria (1603).

===Species of Fish===
Following Dekker (1987),<ref>Dekker, E. (1987), Early explorations of the southern celestial sky, Annals of Science, 44:5, 439-470. [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|PDF here References (Medieval and Early Modern)]]</ref> Ridpath<ref>Ridpath, Ian (1988). Star Tales, Lutterworth. original on [https://archive.org/details/startales0000ridp_w3y6 Internet Archive]. [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/dorado.html Ridpath's website]</ref> (supported by van Gent) argues that the dorado in the sky hunts the flying fish (Volans), and that the Dutch explorer might have observed such a hunt on their journey (cf. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bk7McNUjWgw BBC Earth documentation], also see Maas 1924<ref>Maass, Alfred, ``Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel<nowiki>''</nowiki>, [https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/tbg.html Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde], vol. 64 (1924), pp. 1-172 & 347-459, with a "Nachtrag", vol. 66 (1926), pp. 618-670.</ref>).

Despite translating the Spanish term "dorado" (golden), historical Spanish and other European languages never designated any species of [[wikipedia:Goldfish|goldfish]] (small freshwater pet fish) with the term.

In biology, "Dorado" is the name of two sorts of fish: a freshwater fish in South America and a predatory fish that lives in the ocean. The ocean inhabitants, who had inspired de Houtman and Keyser, are today known as dolphinfishes with the scientific genus name "Coryphaena". The "Common Dolphinfish" (''Coryphaena hippurus'') is called '''''Mahi Mahi,''''' the Hawaiian language term for "very strong". In Persian, the word "mahi" (ماهی) happens to mean "fish" which is unrelated to the Hawaiian term. Although there are other names for the fish in some regions (e.g. "Lampuka" on the Mediterranean island of Malta and specifically "Ikan Lemadang" in Indonesia, where de Houtman and Keyser invented the celestial name), the Hawaiian term became publicly known. To avoid confusion with dolphins (the sea mammals that are unrelated to all species of fish), the term for the fish that is used in the public, e.g. in restaurants, is Mahi Mahi.

===Modern transformations ===
The standard topic that Dorado hunts Volans can be traced throughout history. Yet, Bode and Goldbach show some anomalies: Bode wrote two books: one in German in 1772 as a very young man, training himself in astronomy ("Anleitung zur Kenntniß des gestirnten Himmels") and his famous atlas as senior astronomer at the Berlin observatory, ''Uranographia'' (1801). In 1772, he labels Dorado "swordfish" and in his Latin-labelled atlas consequently "Xiphias" (and not "Dorado" like everybody else). Goldbach (1799) reproduces Lacaille's map but labels it in German with the translation "swordfish" while in his own interpretation of the map (next page), he labels Dorado "goldfish". <gallery>
File:Dor+vol Bayer1603.jpg|Bayer (1603): Dorado hunts Volans
File:Dorado+volans Dopplmayr1742.jpg|Doppelmayr's (1742) version of Dorado's hunt of Volans
File:Dor+Vol+Arg Bode1772.jpg|Bode (1772) depicts Dorado hunting Volans next to Argo.
File:Dorado Bode1772.jpg|Bode (1772) labels Dorado "Schwerdt-Fisch" (swordfish)
File:Dor+Vol Fortin 1776-1795.jpg|Fortin's hunt of Volans by Dorado (1775-1795)
File:Dor+Vol+Arg Lacaille dtBeschr Goldbach.jpg|Lacaille's "Dorado" hunts Volans (1756, here repro 1799)
File:Dor Lacaille dtBeschr.jpg|Lacaille's "Dorado" (1756), the German translation in Goldbach 1799 labels it "Schwerdfisch" (swordfish).
File:Dor+vol+arg Goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's own version of Dorado hunting Volans next to Argo (1799)
File:Dor goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's own "Dorado" is labelled "Goldfisch" (goldfish) in German (1799).
File:Simon1894 Dorado+Ret.jpg|Dorado with Reticulum and Pictor at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

== IAU Star Name Discussion ==
As the stars of Dorado are rather faint, no one has a proper historical name. The main star is α Dor (3.3 mag) and β Dor has 3.8 mag; all other stars are fainter than 4 mag.

As the official translation of the constellation name should be "Dolphinfish", it might be an idea to name the brightest star (α Dor) Mahi Mahi but we need to make sure that this does not cause conflict with the Hawaiian native speakers and their culture. Several members of the WGSN position themselves against this idea for various reasons, and alternative suggestions have been made, particularly searching for indigenous names for stars and constellations in this area. The name Mahi Mahi was never to our knowledge applied to an asterism, so it may be inappropriate to use this Hawaiian term. The Indonesian term "Ikan Lemadang" is a bit of a mouthful, and not internationally recognised, but it may possibly be more appropriate.

Johnson<ref>Johnson, Rubellite, John Mahelona and Clive Ruggles (in press, publication expected in 2026). ''Nā Inoa Hōkū: Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names'', 3rd edn. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.</ref> ''et al''.’s Austronesian star catalogue lists the "Dolphin constellation" ''Kailou'' from the Admiralty Is. and the Kankanaey asterism ''Sipat'', both of which are identified with modern Delphinus or possibly Dorado. In other words, it is possible that Dorado was known as Kailou in Melanesia and Sipat in the Malay Archipelago, which leads to the suggestion of Kailou and/ or Sipat for stars in Dorado.

According to Ambrosio<ref>Ambrosio, Dante L. (2010). ''Balatik: Etnoastronomiya Kalangitan sa Kabihasnang Pilipino''. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.</ref> (2010, 155): "Sipat and Tudong [another asterism] are mentioned in prayers for the offering of a chicken for someone who cannot control urination, and for the ceremony of ''kentan'', where the rice seedlings are blessed before being planted." Vanoverbergh<ref>Vanoverbergh, Morice, "Kankenay Religion", ''Anthropos'' 67 (1972), 72-128.</ref> (1972, 91) identifies Sipat as "The Dolphin" whereas Tudong is "part of Andromeda, Pisces, Triangulum, and Aries". It is pretty clear that the Dolphin in question is Delphinus, not Dorado. "Sipat" in Tagalog does not mean Dolphin but rather "look carefully". It may have other meanings in other Filipino languages, but these are grounds for ruling out this term for stars in Dorado.

Kailou is certainly a fish name in the Manus. Still, it is the wrong type of fish (jack [Carangidae]), (see Akimichi and Sukiyama 2010, 16)<ref>Akimichi, Tomoya and Osamu Sukiyama (2010). ''Manus fish names''. doi.org/10.15021/00004269.</ref> and, once again, the name is more likely to apply to Delphinus rather than Dorado. If we apply "Kailou" here, we probably apply it to the wrong region in the sky.

An alternative candidate name is "''Xiphias''" (swordfish), the alias for the constellation name "Dorado," as it appeared in Kepler's Rudolphine Tables (1627). The name "Xiphias" was also applied to the constellation by Halley (1678), Hevelius (1690), and Bode (1801).

== Weblinks ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bk7McNUjWgw BBC Earth (youTube) documenting the hunt of flying fish by the dolphinfish].

== References==

[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

Antinous

2024-09-17T09:58:18Z

RobvGent: accent

[[File:Adlerantinous web-1-474x275.jpg|alt=Antinous (Bode1781)|thumb|Antinous in Bode (1781)]]A "sub"-constellation (or asterism) Antinous was created by Ptolemy of Alexandria and published in the Almagest star catalogue 137 CE. It is placed in the constellation of [[Aquila]], The Eagle.

=== Graeco-Babylonian Origin of the asterism name ===

----

==== The Roman (hi)story behind it ====
[[wikipedia:Antinous|Antinous]] is the name of the boy lover of Emperor [[wikipedia:Hadrian|Hadrian of Rome]]. When Hadrian was in Egypt, Antinous drowned in the Nile. It was unclear from the outset whether this was an accident, suicide or murder. Of course, it can no longer be clarified today. The fact is that he fell into the water, could not swim and drowned. The grief-stricken emperor then declared a state of mourning in the Roman Empire and a cult of veneration began: Hadrian had a temple built for Antinous in the city of Rome, Antinous games were held in Athens and the astronomer Ptolemy of Alexandria placed the name of the deceased among the stars by inventing a new constellation.

In the sky, Antinous was now part of the constellation of the Eagle, and in the ''Almagest'' the stars are listed as a separate group in this constellation.

==== Historical source: Almagest (Toomer 1984) ====
[[File:Aql Ptolbst.png|thumb|Aquila with Antinous in Almagest (smh 2017)]]
Toomer's English translation of the Almagest (1984, page 357) gives for the constellation of Aquila:

# The star in the middle of the head (τ Aql)
# The one in advance of this, on the neck (ß Aql)
# The bright star on the place between the shoulders, called μετάφρενον (Aquila) (α Aql))
# The one close to this towards the north (o Aql)
# The more advanced of the 2 in the left shoulder (γ Aql)
# The rearmost of them (φ Aql))
# The more advanced of the two in the right shoulder (μ Aql)
# The rearmost of them (σ Aql)
# The star some distance under the tail of Aquila, touching the Milky Way (ζ Aql)
The stars around Aquila, '''to which the name 'Antinous' is given'''.
# The more advanced of the 2 stars south of the head of Aquila (η Aql)
# The rearmost of them (θ Aql)
# The star to the south and west of the right shoulder of Aquila (δ Aql)
# The one to the south of this (ι Aql)
# The one to the south again of the latter (κ Aql)
# The star most in advance of all (λ Aql)

==== Babylonian root ====
Interestingly, the eagle is one of the "Greek" constellations that are taken directly from Babylonian uranography. The Babylonians also had a bird of prey, an eagle (or a vulture), in exactly the same place in the sky. Next to the Babylonian constellation Eagle is the Babylonian constellation The Corpse. Since the Almagest contains many Babylonian reminiscences (e.g. Babylonian eclipse observations are quoted), it could be that Ptolemy's new creation refers to the older Babylonian constellation and merely changes its name.

The '''Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN''' is of unknown date but certainly compiled before 1000 BCE. Definition in MUL.APIN list I.1 (line I ii 12):

* ''original:'' DIŠ MUL dZa-ba4-ba4 [[A2.mušen|mulTi8mušen]] u [[AD6|mulAD6]]
* ''Akkadian:'' Kakkab Zababa [[Eru_(Eagle)|Erû]] u [[Pagru]]
* ''English:'' The asterism of God Zababa, the Eagle, and the Dead Man.
Obviously, the Babylonian Dead Man (or Corpse) forms part of a constellation together with the Eagle and with the god Zababa (a warlike god and city god of Kish, identified with the god of war Ninurta).

==== Further ancient mentionings ====
In the '''Hathor temple in Dendera (Egypt)''', there are two zodiakoi: a rectangular zodiac in the pronaos which is in drawn in the typical Egyptian style in an extraordinarily high ceiling, in two lanes across the whole depth of the room, and a small circular zodiac in the ceiling of the pronaos of a small Osiris chapel at the roof of the Hathor temple. This ceiling is low, touchable by human hands, as the whole room is hardly high enough for average people. Therefore, this star chart is not as divine as the one in the entrance hall of the temple. Hoffmann (2022) suggested that the whole map is a Babylonian star chart in Greco-Egyptian painting style.

* At the place of the Babylonian Eagle and the Corpse, there is a duck and an animal cadaver.

<gallery>
File:Aql Ptolbst.png|Aquila in the Almagest carrying a Corpse
File:Eagle+Corpse Dendera-zodiac2022.jpg|In the circular zodiac in Dendera (Roman time Egypt), at the place of the Ealge, a Duck is depicted. Next to it, we find the corpse of an animal. It may be placed on the stars of Delphinus or south of the duck but somewhere in this area. This is a visualiation produced for Stellarium (Hoffmann 2022).
File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)
File:Aqldel ptolbabtxt.png|possible Babylonian model of Eagle and Corpse next to the constellation of The Pig in IAU-Delphinus, suggested by S.M. Hoffmann (2018). The man and the bird are drawn as described in Ptolemy's Almagest.
</gallery>

== Ancient, Medieval and Early Modern sources and reception ==
[[File:Antinous mentioned in text.png|alt=screenshot of Latin text|thumb|????]]

==== Cassius Dio ====
The Greek-speaking Roman historian [[wikipedia:Cassius_Dio|Cassius Dio]] writes in his Roman History (quoted here is the Epitome of Book LXIX, 11 in the Loeb Classical Library edition):

"In Egyt also he [=Hadrian] rebuilt the city named henceforth for Antinoos. Antinoos was from Bithynium, a city of Bithynia, which we also call Claudiopolis; he had been a favourite of the emperor and had died in Egypt, either by falling into the Nile, as Hadrian writes, or, as the truth is, by being offered in sacrifice. For Hadrian, as I have stated, was always very curious and employed divinations and incantations of all kinds. Accordingly, he honoured Antinoos, either because of his love for him or because the youth had voluntarily undertaken to die (it being necessary that a life should be surrendered freely for the accomplishment of the ends Hadrian had in view), by building a city on the spot where he had suffered this fate and naming it after him; and he also set up statues, or rather sacred images of him, practically all over the world. Finally, he declared that he had seen a star which he took to be that of Antinoos, and gladly lent an ear to the fictitious tales woven by his associates to the effect that the star had really come into being from the spirit of Antinoos and had then appeared for the first time. On this account, then, he became the object of some ridicule, and also because at the death of his sister Paulina he had not immediately paid her any honour..."

==== Historia Augusta ====
The [[wikipedia:Historia_Augusta|Historia Augusta]] (SHA, Hadrian, 14,5f.) also covers the death of Antinoos:

"5 During a journey on the Nile he lost Antinous, his favourite, and for this youth he wept like a woman. 6 Concerning this incident there are varying rumours; for some claim that he had devoted himself to death for Hadrian, and others — what both his beauty and Hadrian's sensuality suggest. 7 But however this may be, the Greeks deified him at Hadrian's request, and declared that oracles were given through his agency, but these, it is commonly asserted, were composed by Hadrian himself."

==== Translations of Ptolemy's Almagest ====
Georg Trazepunt Almagest - with Antinous

Gregor von Cremona Almagest - without Antinous

==== Bayer's ''Uranographia'' (1603) ====
Johann Bayer adds "''Ganymedis raptrix''" and "''Servans Antinoum''" as variants in plate 16, covering the constellation Aquila. However, in the text, he the figure hanging from the eagle as Ganymede.

==== Tycho Brahe - Progymnasmata (1602) ====
Johannes Kepler edited Tycho Brahe's star catalogue and published it as part of the ''[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10861238?page=322,323 Astronomiae Instauratae Progymnasmata]'' in 1602. Antinous (p. 268) follows the constellation Vultur (p. 267), which is Aquila.

==== Jacob Bartsch, ''Usus astronomicus planisphaerii stellati'' (1623) ====
Bartsch adds Antinous to his list of constellations (in the chapter ''De fixis seu asterismis'') and writes (Bartsch (1623), Usus astronomicus, p. 56):

"XX. ANTINOVS puer Aquilae subiicitur, cuius stellae olim informes ad Aquilam numeratae a Ptolemaeus post iussu Adriani imperatoris formatae, cuius is fuit amasius. Aliis Ganymedes dicitur, de unguibus aquilae suspensus, quem Iupiter in coelum rapuit."

"20. ANTINOUS, the boy who was placed underneath the Eagle, whose unformed stars once were numbered to Aquila by Ptolemy, after an order of Emperor Hadrian, of whom he was a lover. By others he is called Ganymede, suspended by the claws o the eagle, which Jupiter stole away into the sky."

== Depictions ==
[[File:Bode1801 Aql.jpg|alt=map with drawn Antinous|thumb|Aquila with Antinous, Bode (1782) uncoloured]]

==== Reintroduction by Caspar Vopel ====

Antinous appears as a name underneath the head of the Eagle on Vopel's [https://www.kulturelles-erbe-koeln.de/documents/obj/05741337/rba_d022262_09 1532 manuscript globe]. Vopel also added a figure of Antinous on his 1536 printed globe and depicts him before the act of sacrifice.
==== Early Modern Depiction(s) ====
* [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/77472?query=uranometria Bayer ''Uranometria'' (1603)]
*[https://repository.ou.edu/uuid/bf60154b-6c8f-51a3-bfd0-f8835ad931e9 Flamsteed's ''Atlas Coelestis'' (1729)] did not show Antinous
*[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1513204x/f41.item# Fortin 1776]
*[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10806460?page=29 Bode ''Vorstellung der Gestirne'' (1782, 1805)]
* [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/3341773 Bode ''Uranographia'' (1801)]
<gallery>
File:Aratea 54v and 55r.jpg|Aquila with Sagitta, Leiden Aratea, Fol. 54v and 55r, between circa 830 and circa 840
File:Aquila Uranometria.jpg|Aquila et Antinous (Bayer 1603)
File:Johannes Hevelius - Prodromus Astronomia - Volume III "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" - Tavola R - Aquila et Antinous.jpg|"Aquila et Antinous" in Hevelius (1690) in "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" in volume "Prodromus Astronomia"
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous.jpg|"Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous", plate 13 in ''Urania's Mirror'', a set of celestial cards accompanied by ''A familiar treatise on astronomy ...'' by Jehoshaphat Aspin (1825). London. Astronomical chart, 1 print on layered paper board : etching, hand-colored.
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus).jpg|Aquila et Antinous, 1776 - Jean Fortin/ John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus, [https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/66194/laigle-antinous-la-fleche-le-renard-le-dauphin-aquila-flamsteed-fortin source])
File:Aql bode.jpg|The constellation of Aquila (Eagle) and the constellation of Antinous, portrayed as Zeus and Ganymede, from the ''Uranographia'', by Johann Elert Bode (1782).
File:Simon Antinous spanish1894.jpg|Aquila et Antinous at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

== Suggested for IAU-CSN ==
The name "Antinous" has been proposed for theta Aquilae (head of Ptolemy's figure).

==== Modern dedication ====
Ian Ridpath in his website ''Star Tales'' describes Hadrian as the first openly gay Roman Emperor, and Antinous as his boy lover. This statement continues the view of Antinous ''as a symbol'' of male homosexuality in the contemporary Western culture, a view created by the literature by Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935) and Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-1987). Occasionally, the symbol figure of Antinous is used by the LGPTQ community as one of their icons. Therefore, aiming at inclusion, astronomers of the 20th and 21st century occasionally use this asterism as a symbol of homosexuality in general.

However, it must also be pointed out that Antinous who died before his 20th birthday was a teenager while the emperor Hadrian was in his 40s. Thus, their relationship - if it was not only Platonic - may have been pederasty which is today considered as a form of child abuse and therefore condemned by us (astronomers, planetarians, and everybody else who uses the term "Antinous").

==== Concerns ====
For [[wikipedia:Theta_Aquilae|theta Aqliae (tet Aql) the wikipedia]] mentions some alternatives, e.g. the Chinese constellation [[Tianfu]] that consists of four stars (cf. also Allen 1899 spelling it Tseen Foo, The Heavenly Raft with a wrong number of stars). After double checking this name and its history, the Chinese WGSN-members prefer to use "Tianfu" for tau Aql and neither for eta nor theta. The Rhoads (1971) NASA catalog of star names has "Almizan III" but a) WGSN tries to avoid Roman numerals in names, b) there is a triplet called "Almizan" and we can use one of the other stars to adopt this names.

Hence there is no conflict with Antinous.

==== Decision ====
The name Antinous is applied to theta Aquliae.

== References ==

===Weblinks===

*https://scilogs.spektrum.de/uhura-uraniae/sternbilder-der-adler-und-der-junge/

=== Literature ===
* Allen (1899) on "Antinoüs" [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Antinous*.html weblink]
* Gullberg, Jessica, Susanne M Hoffmann, Steven R. Gullberg (2022). Painting Babylonian, in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.): Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021., Reihe: Nuncius Hamburgensis 57, tredition, Hamburg & OpenScienceTechnology Berlin (cBook), pp. 171-191
* Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Preliminary Observations on the Dendera Zodiac (Egypt). in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.): Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021., Reihe: Nuncius Hamburgensis 57, tredition, Hamburg & OpenScienceTechnology Berlin (cBook), pp. 524-541
* Hoffmann, Susanne M : Als der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag Stuttgart 2021, p. 86-88
* Ian Ridpath: [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/antinous.html Star Tales – Antinous]

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Greco-Roman]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Africa]]

Tucana

2024-09-17T09:57:31Z

RobvGent: accent

[[File:Toucan plancius1598.jpg|alt=bird labelled "Toucan" on Plancius's Globe|thumb|First depiction of Toucan on the Hondius/Plancius globe of 1598.]]
[[File:Exster (name in first publication).jpg|alt=section of de Houtman's star catalogue (1603) with the headline "Exster"|thumb|The name "Indiaenschen Exster" ["Indian Magpie"] was given to the constellation by de Houtman (1603) in the first printed catalogue of the southernmost stars.]]
[[File:TUC (IAU constellation).gif|alt=modern map of constellation Tucana|thumb|Constellation Tucana (modern definition: S&T Graphics)]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]].

The original Dutch name of the constellation of the bird that is now called "Toucan" (Tucana, Tuc) was "den Indiaenschen Exster, op Indies Lang ghenaemt" (the Indian Magpie, known as "Lang" in the Indies). The constellation was invented by Pieter Dircksz Keyser and Frederik de Houtman on their journey to Indonesia in 1595/6.

== Invention & Transformation ==
The southern star catalog by de Houtman<ref>Frederik de Houtman (1603) [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Star Catalogue concerning the Indian Magpie]</ref> and Keyser was published by de [https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055&lan=en#page//10/65/92/106592907949460216143244254321834124579.jpg/mode/1up Houtman in 1603 as an appendix] to a dictionary of the Malaysian (and other) language(s). This star catalog was written in Dutch (with later translations to French,<ref>Marre, Aristide, “Catalogue des étoiles circumpolaires australes observées dans l'Ile de Sumatra”, ''Bulletin sciences mathématiques et astronomiques'', '''1''' (1881), 336–352 [[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1881BSMA....5..336H/abstract ADS link]].</ref> English<ref>Knobel, Edward Ball, “On Frederick de Houtman's catalogue of southern stars, and the origin of the southern constellations”, ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''77''' (1917), 414–432 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.5.414 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..414K/abstract ADS link]].</ref><ref>Knobel, Edward Ball, “Note on the paper 'On Frederick de Houtman's catalogue of southern stars, and the origin of the southern constellations' ", ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''77''' (1917), 580 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.8.580 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..580K/abstract ADS link]].</ref> and Spanish<ref>Selga, Miguel, "Un catálogo antiguo de estrellas australes", ''Revista de la Sociedad Astronómica de España y América'', '''8''' (1918), 84-90 & '''9''' (1919), 11, 44-46 & 62-63 [online link(?)].</ref>). This printed catalogue of 1603 was made from observations collected by de Houtman on his second voyage (1598-1602) and during the two-year period when he was held as a hostage by the Sultan of Aceh on Northern Sumatra. At that time, de Houtman worked for W.J. Blaeu, a Plancius competitor, who used the data on his celestial globe of 1603.

Before the publication of his star catalogue, de Houtman had shared the data from the first voyage (1595/6) with Petrus Plancius who had actually commissioned this work. Plancius used the data collected by Pieter Dircksz Keyser on the exploration "Eerste Schipvaart" ('de eerste schipvaart op Oost-Indie'); De Houtman may have assisted in making these observations, and as Keyser was buried on the island of Java, de Houtman may also have been the person who personally communicated Keyser’s data to Plancius in 1597, but this is nowhere explicitly stated, it is just assumed because Plancius had worked with this material, and his [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/plancius-globe.html celestial globe of 1598] already displayed paintings of the newly invented constellations in the south. The images had the labels "Indian" and "Toucan" left and right of the bird, while the left label ("Indian") also referred to the male figure northwest of it. Petrus Plancius' work and/or its copies by W. J. Blaeu served as source for Bayer's ''Uranometria'' (1603). Bayer's map of the south pole also displays the image with the label "Toucan" and an extraordinarily long beak.

== Species of this bird ==
The additional phrase in de Houtman's catalog, mentioning that the bird was named "Lang" is occasionally misinterpreted to be the cause for this depiction, implying that "Lang" in Dutch means "long" and refers to the beak. In de Houtman's days the Dutch word for long was usually spelled as "lanck", so "Lang" is actually the name of the bird in the Malay language (cf. Maass 1926)<ref>Maass, Alfred, "Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel", ''Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', '''64''' (1924), 1-172 & 347-459 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1924_64.pdf online link]], with a "Nachtrag", '''66''' (1926), 618-670 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1926_66.pdf online link]].</ref>. According to the [https://archive.org/details/aeg2034.0001.001.umich.edu/page/599/mode/1up Malay-English Dictionary (1901)], it is the a generic term for birds of prey such as hawks, kites, falcons and eagles.

The hornbill's beak and crown start off white, but they may gradually turn orange and red because the hornbill rubs its beak against a gland. Although hornbills' favorite food is fig leaves, they also commonly eat insects, mice, lizards, and small birds.
[[File:Toucan1575 Thevat.jpg|alt=book page - screenshot|thumb|Toucan in the Book by André Thevat 1575 (with depiction).]]
It looks like illustrations of Toucans from Brazil were already in books in the late 1500s, see books by André Thevet (e.g. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JtgaX-v2A5sC&pg=PA90-IA1&dq=toucan Thevat 1558], [https://books.google.com/books?id=QW5YAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA938-IA1&dq=toucan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwii74OipKeHAxXnBEQIHV6zC6AQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=toucan&f=false Thevat 1575]), so one could imagine in late 16th century Dutch ports there was access to books with an illustration of the South American Toucan, even if they never saw the hornbill endemic to Africa, India, Indonesia.

=== Indigenous importance ===
In the Indonesian language, the bird is called "Burung Enggang" or "Burung Rangkong." Renowned on the island of Borneo, this human-friendly hornbill is closely associated with the Dayak people. In Dayak philosophy, the bird holds great significance and is deeply embedded in their culture and local wisdom. The hornbill symbolises the close connection of the Indonesian people to their natural surroundings. Its entire body represents the greatness and glory of the tribe, symbolising peace and unity, with its thick wings denoting a leader who always protects his people. The long tail is viewed as a sign of the prosperity of the Dayak people. Moreover, the hornbill serves as an example of family life in the community, teaching them always to love their partners and raise their children to become independent and mature Dayaks.

<gallery>
File:Talawang-Perisai-Tradisi-Suku-Dayak-941x480.jpg|Dayak tribal magical shield which has a picture of a hornbill in the carving (Youla Azkarrula 2024)
File:Hornbill Thailand 2023.jpg|hornbill in a tree in Thailand (photograph by Cheung Sze Leung)
File:Great hornbill Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|alt=This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects. The description on its file description page there is shown below. Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar Location : Raigad, Maharashtra, India (2020)|This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects. The description on its file description page there is shown below. Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar Location : Raigad, Maharashtra, India (2020)
File:Rangkong youla.jpg|Image description here. [https://www.rekoforest.org/id/warta-lapangan/english-the-13-hornbills-of-indonesia/ more information in Indonesian]. 1. Julang Sulawesi (Rhyticeros cassidix), conservation status: vulnerable 2. Kangkareng Sulawesi (Anthracoceros malayanus), Conservation status: near threatened 3. Julang Sumba (Rhyticeros everetti), conservation status: vulnerable 4. Enggang Klihingan (Anorrhinus galeritus), conservation status: low risk 5. Julang Emas (Rhyticeros undulatus), conservation status: low risk 6. Enggang Cula (Buceros rhinoceros), Conservation status: near threatened 7. Kangkareng Hitam (Anthracoceros malayanus), Conservation status: near threatened 8. Kangkareng Perut-putih (Anthracoceros albirostris), conservation status: low risk 9. Rangkong Gading (Rhinoplax vigil), conservation status: critical 10. Julang Irian (Rhyticeros plicatus), conservation status: low risk 11. Enggang Jambul (Berenicornis comatus), Conservation status: near threatened 12. Enggang Papan (Buceros bicornis), Conservation status: near threatened 13. Julang Jambul-Hitam (Rhabdotorrhinus corrugatus), Conservation status: near threatened
File:Hornbill fb.jpg|hornbill interacting with men in modern popculture
</gallery>

=== Mythology ===
A Dayak story from Kalimantan reports that hornbills are the incarnation of the Bird Commander. Panglima Burung is a figure who lives in the mountains of inland Kalimantan and has a magical form and will only be present during war. In general, this bird is considered sacred and is not allowed to be hunted or eaten. Even today, the government protects this species by law.

===Possible origins of the interpretation of a Toucan===
[[File:Tucana blaeu 1603.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|On Blaeu's 1603 globe the bird is named Pica Indica ab Indis Lang, and is drawn as a hornbill, not a toucan.]]
Toucans are not home to the East Indies and Malaysia. [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/tucana.html Ridpath] suggests that the inventor of this constellation was actually Pieter Keyser who had not survived the expedition to the East Indies but had previously visited South America. Hoffmann (2021, 108) considers an image or sculpture of the bird enough to confuse naming. Thus, Plancius and de Houtman would also be possible inventors because baroque ‘wunderkamers’ could certainly have played a mediating role here. Rob van Gent adds that it is not necessary that Keyser, de Houtman or Plancius actually saw a living (or dead) toucan as they are bound to descriptions and depictions of the bird in 16th-century travel literature: in particular Plancius would surely have been familiar with these.

With the above mentioned facts on the significance of hornbills in the Indonesian Dayak culture, it appears even more likely that de Houtman (with or without Keyser) named the constellation of the "Indiaenische Exster" (in Dutch) after the hornbill. This is supported by the label "ab Indis Lang" on the globe by Blaeu (1603), in a time when de Houtman worked for Blaeu. As the biological differences between hornbills and toucans were likely unknown, the name of the constellation might simply be a confusion caused by the lack of biological knowledge.

== Versions in early modern celestial maps ==

=== Usage of "Lang" ===
During the first half of the 17th century the alternative name 'Lang'<ref>Not to be confused with the modern Dutch word for the adjective "long". In late 16th- and 17th-century Dutch sources this was commonly written as "lanck" or 'langh".</ref> was also used on Dutch and French celestial globes and maps.

* celestial globe of [[wikipedia:Willem_Blaeu|Willem Jansz Blaeu]] dated 1603.
* undated [https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/celestia/puzzlingstarmaps.htm pair of celestial planispheres] by an unknown author.
* [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8490787w pair of celestial planispheres] by [[wikipedia:Melchior_Tavernier|Melchior Tavernier]] dated 1628.
* [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8490592h pair of celestial planispheres] by [https://data.bnf.fr/15320054/antoine_de_fer/ Antoine de Fer] dated 1650.

After ''c.'' 1650 the name Lang does not seem to be used anymore on celestial globes and maps.

=== Image Gallery ===
<gallery>
File:Toucan plancius1598.jpg|Plancius' Toucan (1598)
File:Tuc Bayer.png|Bayer's Toucan (1603)
File:Tucana blaeu 1603.jpg|On Blaeu's 1603 globe the bird is named "Pica Indica ab Indis Lang", and is drawn as a hornbill, not a toucan.
File:Lang-Exster mystery star map south.jpg|Tucana labelled "Lang" on an anonymous planisphere of the southern sky in the Bodel Nijenhuis Collection of the Leiden University Library ([https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/celestia/puzzlingstarmaps.htm more information]).
File:Lang onGlobeByMelchiorTevenier highlighted.JPG|Tucana labelled "Lang" on Melchior Tavernier's celestial planisphere of the southern sky dated 1628 ([https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8490787w/f2.item# Gallica]).
File:Toucan doppelmayr1742.jpg|Doppelmayr's Toucan (1742)
File:Toucan Lacaille Goldbach.jpg|Lacaille's Toucan (1756)
File:Toucan Bode1772.jpg|Bode's Toucan (1772)
File:Toucan Fortin1775-1795.jpg|Fortin's Toucan (1775-1795)
File:Toucan Goldbach1799.jpg|Goldbach's Toucan (1799) looks like a sparrow
File:Simon Tucana 1894.jpg|Tucana at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

== IAU WGSN - Modern Star Name==
"Exster" or "Lang" were proposed as a name for the main star of the modern IAU-constellation of Tucana (alf Tuc) in 2023. Variants could be using one name for alpha, the other for beta Tuc. There were concerns from the American and European members of WGSN that a Dutch (European) term might possibly be interpreted offending for the native population due to colonialism, but our Indonesian colleagues rejected this concern. As our studies suggest that "Lang" was probably an indigenous name for the bird (in one the many Malaysian dialects) that was taken over by the Europeans in the 17th century, we suggest a double name "Lang-Exster" for the star alpha Tucanae (α Tuc), a spectroscopic binary with an integrated Vmag of 2.82 ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=alf+Tuc&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]). This will in any case respect and preserve the heritage of both, the indigenous Indonesian/ Malayan culture and the European Golden Age of Cartography in the 17th century.

WGSN thanks Youla Azkarrula (from Bali, Indonesia) for valuable contributions to this topic.

==References==

*Ian Ridpath, Star Tales. [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/tucana.html website]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]
<references />

Lupus

2024-09-17T09:56:53Z

RobvGent: accent

[[File:Lupus IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb| IAU Lupus chart (CC BY, IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine: Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg)]]
One of the 88 modern IAU constellations. Lupus forms part of the super-constellation Centaurus-Lupus-Ara which mythologically belong together.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:LionMan Carter2019.jpg|alt=photograph of the impression of a Babylonian seal|thumb|Impression of Cylinder Seal with a central creature that is half man, half lion. Provenance unknown, Middle Assyrian, mid-late 13th century, rose quartz. (Padget 2003, 131-133 and Carter 2019). Possibly a template for the later Greek super-constellation? ]]
The Greek constellation Θηρίον (Therion, i.e. 'the Beast') is in the same position as the Mesopotamian constellation [[UR.IDIM]], the Mad Dog. The Mesopotamian constellation might depict a rabid dog or wolf: the wording is can refer to both. However, Greek uranology took over the Mesopotamian constellation, it was transferred to an animal sacrificed to the gods. An [[UR.IDIM#/media/File:LionMan Carter2019.jpg|image of the Babylonian Urmahlullu-daemon that was discovered in 2019 on a seal]] suggests some potential that the Greek image of a centaur-like creature who sacrificed the animal may (or may not) be based on one of the ancient Mesopotamian interpretations of Urmahlullu holding a dead animal. Together with Centaurus and Ara, Lupus forms a super-constellation.

==Mythology==
[[File:AL-SABU LUPUS ET QANTURIS CENTAURUS AL SUFI RL.png|alt=star chart|thumb|The figure of السبع ''al-Sabuᶜ'' grasped by قنطورس ''Qanṭūris'', according to an edition of the treatise of ᶜAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ṣūfī, 1606, St-Peterburg (CC BY Roland E. Laffitte 2023)]]
In Babylonian mythology, the centaur-like lion-man called Urmahlullu was considered a monster, a door keeper (Wiggerman 1992, 52), which makes this creature a protective spirit, a benevolent creature (cf. Krebernik in [[UR.IDIM]]).

The mythographers of antiquity do not agree on what is depicted here: Hyginus referred to the animal as simply ‘a victim’, while Germanicus Caesar said that the centaur was either carrying game from the woods, or was bringing gifts to the altar.<ref>Ian Ridpath, Star Tales ([http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/lupus.html website] 2024). </ref> On the marble globe of the Atlas Farnese, the centaur holds a sacrificial animal in his right hand, which he brings to the censer (Ara). Originally, the sacrificed creature was not specified, but it was called ‘the beast’. Only later was it renamed Lupus (Latin: The Wolf).

The association of the dead beast with a wine-skin, also recorded by Eratosthenes, appears as a logical consequence of the sacrificed animal, as the skin of slaughtered animals can be used as a drinking vessel. Some Saharan nomads still use this today. It is therefore clear that in Greek uranography the beast belongs to the centaur called ‘Cheiron’ who is regarded as the only wise centaur. He was the teacher of numerous Greek heroes, and his image in the sky also symbolizes cultivated behavior and religion as he sacrifices the beast on the altar.

== Transformation of Images ==
<gallery>
File:Stellarium-UR.IDIM.jpg|Jessica Gullberg's impression of the Babylonian constellation UR.IDIM (The Mad Dog) in Stellarium 2021.
File:Cen+lup kugel.jpg|Centaurus et Lupus on the ancient Greek Kugel Globe, drawing by SMH 2021.
File:FarneseSMH2017 web 11.jpg|Centaurus et Lupus on the ancient Greco-Roman Farnese Globe, drawing by SMH 2017.
File:Cen+lup mainz Globe.jpg|Centaurus et Lupus on the ancient Roman Mainz Globe, drawing by SMH 2021.
File:Centaurus et Lupus - Mercator.jpeg|Centaurus and Lupus constellations from the Mercator celestial globe 1551 (CC0).
File:Uranometria Centaurus.jpg|Centaurus as drawn by Joh. Bayer (1603) and Lupus drawn by the user of this exemplar of the atlas (extra map for Bayer).
File:Simon1894 Cen+Lup.jpg|Centaurus et Lupus at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

== IAU Star Names ==
There are no classical star names in Lupus. In 2023, it was suggested to use the original Babylonian name of the UR.IDIM as name for the brightest star of the (later Greek, Greco-Roman and modern) constellation.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

Cetus

2024-09-17T09:56:10Z

RobvGent: accent

[[File:Cetus IAU.svg|thumb|star chart of Cetus by IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine (Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg)]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. It is related to the group of constellations around the constellation [[Andromeda]] and highly likely originates from the Mediterranean coast, definitely not from Mesopotamia (as this region was covered by the constellation [[SIM.MAḪ|SIM.MAH]]). There is a comprehensive paper on this constellation.<ref name=":0">'''Hoffmann, S.M.''', Vickers, D. and Geymeier, M. (2022). Constellation Cetus: Whale or Monster?, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 287-340</ref>

==Etymology and History==
The Greek name κῆτος (''ketos'') does not in any case refer to a real animal, but only to a mythological creature. Its Latinized version "cetus", however, may also designate a whale. "Though archaeological findings of whale remains are uncommon in Greece, there exist few examples of ancient whalebones in the Aegean Sea, probably originating from stranded whales. ... Combined with archaeological artifacts as the bones of prehistorical giant sea creatures in the Wādī al-Ḥītān (Valley of Whales) in today's Egypt, this might have triggered traveller's imagination and have led to further stories (and cock-and-bull story)."<ref name=":0" />
=== Origin of Constellation ===
The Greek constellation probably originates from the east coast of the Mediterranean as the mythology of this seamonster either includes it in the tale of princess [[Andromeda]] threatened by a seamoster and rescued by the hero Perseus, or princess Hesione exposed to another seamonster and rescued by Hercules. The Andromeda saga is related to a rock in the ancient habour of Old Jaffa (Tel Aviv) while Hesione is a princess of Troy (Anatolia). In both cases, the seamonster is home to the Mediterranean.

As this constellation does not have a Babylonian equivalent, we suspect that it was taken from another culture in order to diversify the sky culture in Alexander's new empire.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:CetusCentered Kugel smh framed.jpg|an apparent vessel for Cetus on the Kugel-Globe (drawing SMH 2024), 2nd or 1st century BCE
File:Hydor Kugel smh2023.jpeg|map of the Kugel Globe, Cetus in the center of two lines with rings, drawing by SMH 2024, 2nd or 1st century BCE
File:Farnese dasWasser smh sw framed.jpeg|Some lines forming a stream of water in which Cetus is centered on the Farnese Globe (drawing by SMH 2021), 2nd or 1st century CE with Hellenistic predecessor
File:Hydor Farnese-Stellarium smh2022.jpeg|Figures of the Farnese Globe mapped to the Stellarium star chart (drawing and implementing by SMH 2021). Cetus-region.
File:Hydor Mainz smh2023.jpeg|map of the Mainz Globe with Cetus in the center, surrounded by many dots (star symbols), perhaps representing The Water (drawing by SMH 2023), 2nd century CE
</gallery>

<gallery>
File:Simon1894 Cet.jpg|Cetus at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

== Greek Mythology ==

== Weblinks ==

*

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)
* [[References (Babylonian)]]
* [[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]
[[Category:4work]]

Centaurus

2024-09-17T09:55:31Z

RobvGent: accent

[[File:Centaurus IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|IAU star chart (CC By: IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg)]]
One of the [https://xing.fmi.uni-jena.de/mediawiki/index.php/Category:88_IAU-Constellations 88 IAU constellations]. The ancient Greek constellation of the Centaur forms a super-constellation with [[Lupus]] and [[Ara]]. It is unknown whether or not Centaurus had a Babylonian predecessor: The Mesopotamian uranologies in this area mention a god ([[Numushda]]) whose appearance and exact location in the sky are not preserved, and the constellation [[UR.IDIM]] which is commonly translated as "Mad Dog" (or rabid dog) but also associated with a benevolent door keeper daemon who is a lion-man. Such a lion-man may possibly be depicted in seal imprints and mythologically named Urmahlullu.

==Etymology and History==
The Greek constellation is possibly derived from a Babylonian one. There were several centaur-like creatures and other mixed man-animal beings in Mesopotamian culture; seal imprints and reliefs witness them.

===Origin of Constellation===

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===
<gallery>
File:Cen+lup kugel.jpg|Centaurus et Lupus on the ancient Greek Kugel Globe, drawing by SMH 2021.
File:FarneseSMH2017 web 11.jpg|Centaurus et Lupus on the ancient Greco-Roman Farnese Globe, drawing by SMH 2017.
File:Cen+lup mainz Globe.jpg|Centaurus et Lupus on the ancient Roman Mainz Globe, drawing by SMH 2021.
File:Centaurus et Lupus - Mercator.jpeg|Centaurus and Lupus constellations from the Mercator celestial globe 1551 (CC0).
File:Uranometria Centaurus.jpg|Centaurus as drawn by Joh. Bayer (1603) and Lupus drawn by the user of this exemplar of the atlas (extra map for Bayer).
File:Simon1894 Cen+Lup.jpg|Centaurus et Lupus at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>

==Greek Mythology==

==Weblinks==

*

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]

Aquila

2024-09-17T09:54:18Z

RobvGent: accent

Aquila, The Eagle, is one of the official IAU-constellations. Its history goes back to a Sumerian constellations ([[TE8.mušen|TI8]], The Eagle or The Vulture) in the same area of the sky.

== Etymology and History ==
"Aquila" is the Latin transtlation of the Ancient Greek term which is the translation of an Akkadian term which is the translation of a Sumerian term. It is unknown whether the Sumerians distinguished betwen eagles and vultures. The Greek term and mythology clearly refer to an eagle as a symbol of divine power, but the original Sumerian constellation might have had a different context: as it was placed next to the Sumerian constellation of The Corpse, the bird might have been considered a vulture.

=== Origin of constellation ===
The constellation is listed in MUL.APIN's first list.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the constellation ===
<gallery>
File:Aratea 54v and 55r.jpg|Aquila with Sagitta, Leiden Aratea, Fol. 54v and 55r, between circa 830 and circa 840
File:Aquila Uranometria.jpg|Aquila et Antinous (Bayer 1603)
File:Johannes Hevelius - Prodromus Astronomia - Volume III "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" - Tavola R - Aquila et Antinous.jpg|"Aquila et Antinous" in Hevelius (1690) in "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" in volume "Prodromus Astronomia"
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous.jpg|"Delphinus, Sagitta, Aquila, and Antinous", plate 13 in ''Urania's Mirror'', a set of celestial cards accompanied by ''A familiar treatise on astronomy ...'' by Jehoshaphat Aspin (1825). London. Astronomical chart, 1 print on layered paper board : etching, hand-colored.
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus).jpg|Aquila et Antinous, 1776 - Jean Fortin/ John Flamsteed - L'Aigle, Antinous, La Fleche, Le Renard, Le Dauphin (Aquila, Sagitta, Vulpecula & Anser Delphinus, [https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/66194/laigle-antinous-la-fleche-le-renard-le-dauphin-aquila-flamsteed-fortin source])
File:Aql bode.jpg|The constellation of Aquila (Eagle) and the constellation of Antinous, portrayed as Zeus and Ganymede, from the ''Uranographia'', by Johann Elert Bode (1782).
File:Simon Antinous spanish1894.jpg|Aquila et Antinous at ''Planisferio celeste'' (Carlos Simón 1894)
</gallery>
== Greek Mythology ==

== References ==
=== Weblinks ===

* [[References]] (general)
* [[References (Babylonian)]]
* [[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]
[[Category:4work]]

Jordanus

2024-09-17T09:51:59Z

RobvGent: added year of publication

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Arabic Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961. ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [nr. 329] und ''al-qafazāt'' [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Ptolemäus nicht angeführt hat.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''''English:''''' 'the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt'' “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120:<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Lyncis hinzunimmt. Nur die letzteren drei stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’''” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''''English:''''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Lynis. Only the latter three agree with the ''anwā‘'' definition “below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā''”’.</blockquote>[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012, pp. 112-113. ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |
''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|'''Arabic'''
|'''French'''
|'''English'''
|'''Author'''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|the southern one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|the front one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|the northern one of of the Hyena
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="5" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|the small one of the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="5" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|the Water Trough
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|the Meeting
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="5" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|the Jumps
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|the Jumps (of the Gazelles)
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|The Jumps of the Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|the Bouncings
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|the female Gazelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|First Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Second Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Third Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the northern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the southern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|(the northern one) of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|the southern one of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|the southern one of the third jump
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', or "Tables of right ascensions of the stars and their declinations", accompanied by their signs [+ or -] is one of the tables in the book ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' by Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, between 1325 and 1340. It is edited and partially translated by ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The above list of historical names confirms, that there are no Arabic names competing for the stars are suggested to call Ior and Dan.

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-17T09:49:29Z

RobvGent: + Arabic

[[File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|alt=historical globe gores (1612)|thumb|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted). Note that the year 1625 mentioned in one of the cartouches is not the year of publication but the epoch for which the stellar coordinates were plotted.]]
[[File:Jordanis Constellation Position.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Jordanis Constellation Position on a modern map (CC BY Ultima Thulean)]]
[[File:Jordanus.jpg|thumb|Jordanus in Jakob Bartsch's Planisphaerium Stellatum 1661]]
[[File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian.gif|alt=detail of star chart, free stars highlighted|thumb|Dürer (1515): Map of Ursa Major with eight free stars south of it. animated GIF highlights them (CC BY SMH)]]
An obsolete Early Modern constellation made from eight unnamed Ptolemaic stars: Alpha and Beta CVn, Alpha, 31 and 38 Lyncis (according to Toomer), and three fainter stars of uncertain identity.

==Etymology and History==
It is the name of a (real) river with immense cultural significance, not only as a border between countries but also for several religions. The English word is a Latin loanword, derived from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity (Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn'', Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'').

=== Constellation ===
The extinct constellation "Jordanus Fluvius" or "Jordanis" – the river Jordan – was invented by Petrus Plancius on his 1612 celestial globe.<ref>Ridpath, Ian, "[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html Star Tales: online edition]".</ref><ref>Barentine, John C., 2015, ''The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore'', Springer Praxis Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_Constellations/u_7NCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jordanus+Fluvius+Ursa+Majoris&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover LINK], Chichester, UK, p. 201-216.</ref><ref>[https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Jor.html Harper, David & Stockman, L.M., 2020, "Jordanus Fluvius – The River Jordan"], </ref> The constellation first appeared in print in the book ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'' by Jacob Bartsch (1624), as his 26th constellation – "Iordanis" or "Iordanus". In the illustration of "Iordanis" on Bartsch's celestial globe ''Planisphaerium Stellatum...'' (1661), the star Alpha Lyncis appears as one of the prominent stars in the middle of the constellation. The extinct constellation also appeared as "Iordan" on Isaac Habrecht's (1628) ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', "Fluvius Jordanis" in Carel Allard's (1708) ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale'' and "Ior-Dan" in Corbinianus Thomas' (1730) ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum''. John Barentine (2016) notes that most of the area of Jordanis (and its aliases) was carved up in Hevelius's Lynx, Leo Minor, and Canes Venatici, which were subsequently adopted as constellations by the IAU in the 1920s.

=== Occurrence in historical maps and globes ===

* van den Keere, Pieter & Plancius, Petrus 1612, celestial globe.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.130713 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Bartsch, Jacob, 1624, ''Usus Astronomicus Planisphaerii Stellati'', p. 57.
* Habrecht, Isaac, 1628, ''Planiglobium coeleste et terrestre'', Figura I.<ref>[https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&pn=356 ECHO link].</ref>
* Cellarius, Andreas, 1660, ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'', Plates 24, 25 & 26.<ref>[https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80900 Alvin link 1], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80899 Alvin link 2], [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:80898 Alvin link 3].</ref>
* Royer, Augustin, 1679, ''Cartes du ciel reduites en quatre tables''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8444012m/f1.item Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5971440s/f1.item Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Brunacci, Francesco, 1687, ''Planisfero del Globo Celeste Arctico & Antarctico''.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491352m Gallica link].</ref>
* Coronelli, Vincenzo, 1692, ''Planisfero Settentrionale, corretto, et accresciuto di molte Stelle'',<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84912543 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101003934 Gallica link 2].</ref> also on his celestial globes dated 1693 & 1696.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530665520 Gallica link 1], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53065264t Gallica link 2].</ref>
* Allard, Carel, 1708, ''Planisphaerii Coelestis Hemisphaerium Septentrionale''.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.702487 Rijksmuseum link].</ref>
* Thomas, Corbinianus, 1730, ''Mercurii philosophici firmamentum firmianum'', Frankfurt/Leipzig.

=== Transformation of Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:PreJordanus in Duerer Ian hi.JPG|The eight 'external' stars south of Ursa Major in Dürer's star chart 1515, described by [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ptolemy-spare.html Ian Ridpath] (highlighted by SMH).
File:KEE Jordanus piece hi.JPG|Globe gores of the 1612 celestial globe by van den Keere & Plancius on which Plancius introduced his last set of biblically inspired constellations, including Jordanus (highlighted).
File:Jordanus Habrecht hi.JPG|Jordanus constellation (highlighted) in [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/27CWZ8E0&start=351&viewMode=images&pn=356&ww=0.25&wh=0.2654&wx=0.4614&wy=0.4032 Habrecht, Isaak, Planiglobium coeleste ac terrestre (1666)].
File:Jordanus HI 20240816 114638.jpg|Ursa Major on a celestial Globe by Isaac Habrecht (1675), (Dommuseum Hildesheim, Inv.-Nr. 1980-7). Jordanus is drawn with two headwaters labelled "Ior" and "Dan", and the Big Dipper is drawn as a Chariot with Charioteer pulled by three animals (instead of the handle of the dipper).
File:Jordanus Andreae1724.JPG|Image of the river with its direction of flow reversed by Johann ‍Ludwig ‍Andreae (1724) with description [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/jordanus.html by Ian Ridpath]
</gallery>

==Mythology / Cultural Significance==
<gallery>
File:JordanRiver en.svg|The Jordan River. Modified from [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf MAP] Cross-checked with other maps, especially in the area of the Hula swamp and the tributaries ([[commons:File:JordanRiver_en.svg|see Wikicommons]]).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 152835.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153142.jpg|Baptism ceremony at Bethabara, Jordan River (west), CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 153050.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise 20230422 153239.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place, CC0.
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154044.jpg|Bethabara at Jordan River (west) where Jesus was baptised (according to Matthew) as ceremonial place and with a church visible at the east side of the river, CC0.
File:20230422 154556.jpg|Probes of Jordan River water are sold as souvenirs, CC0.
File:Jordan River.jpg|The Jordan River defines the borders between Israel and Jordan. It has rich cultural and historical significance (CC BY SA 2.5 Author: David Bjorgen, from Wikimedia Commons).
File:JordanRiver Baptise20230422 154038.jpg|Several churches at both sides of the Jordan River, cc0.
File:20230422 152855.jpg|Jordan River is in a depression: partially below sea-level (CC0)
</gallery>

== Arabic Names of the Stars in Jordanus ==

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Paul Kunitzsch, ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur'', 1961. ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 21a. awlād ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 39:<blockquote>„die Jungen der Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā’ wa''-l-''qafazāt'' „kleine Sterne zwischen ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [nr. 329] und ''al-qafazāt'' [nr. 211a]“. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. und 18‒20 zählt besonders den 5. bis 8. externen Stern im ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis hierzu, sowie all die zahllosen Sterne, die schwächer sind als Größe sechs und die Ptolemäus nicht angeführt hat.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''''English:''''' 'the young of the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 67, 1 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): ''kawākib ṣiġār fī-mā bayna ẓ-ẓibā‘ wa-l-qafazāt'' “small stars between aẓ-ẓibā” [no. 329] and al-qafazāt [no. 211a]’. Ṣūfī 34, 1f. and 18-20 counts especially the 5th to 8th external star in the Ptolemaic image Great Bear = Fl. 10 Leonis Minoris; IX, 115; VIII, 245; Fl. 31 Lyncis, as well as all the countless stars that are fainter than magnitude six and that Prolemy did not mention.</blockquote>* 329. ''aẓ-Ẓibā’'', p. 120:<blockquote>„die Gazellen“. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’'' „der Länge nach angeordnete Sterne unterhalb von qafazāt ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' [= ''ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris'']“; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifiziert ''aẓ-ẓibā’'' mit den Sternen auf Brauen, Augen, Ohren und Maul des ptolemäischen Bildes Großer Bär (d. h. der 4., 5., 2., 3., 6. und 1. Stern) = ''ρο2''A''π2σ2''d''ο'' Ursae Majoris, wozu er 33, 19‒34, 2 noch den 8., 3., und 4. externen des Großen Bären = Fl. 31, 40 (''α''), 38 Lyncis hinzunimmt. Nur die letzteren drei stimmen mit der ''anwā’'' Definition „unterhalb von ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā’''” überein. </blockquote> <blockquote>'''''English:''''' ‘the gazelles’. Ibn Qutayba 66, 11 (for the stars treated under lunar station 14): kawākib mustaṭīla asfal min qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā‘ “stars arranged lengthwise below qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā” [= ικλμνξ Ursa Majoris]’; Ṣūfī 33,7 identifies aẓ-ẓibā with the stars on the brows, eyes, ears and mouth of the Ptolemaic image Great Bear (i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st stars). i.e. the 4th, 5th, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 1st star) = ρο2Aπ2σ2dο Ursae Majoris, to which he adds 33, 19-34, 2 the 8th, 3rd and 4th exterior of the Great Bear = Fl. 31, 40 (α), 38 Lynis. Only the latter three agree with the ''anwā‘'' definition “below ''qafazāt aẓ-ẓibā''”’.</blockquote>[[File:RolandLafitte ArabicMap Gazelles.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', «°les Gazelles°» (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]
[[File:RolandLafitte modernMap.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|''al-Ẓibā’'', « les Gazelles » (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2024)]]

=== '''''al-Ẓibā’''''' in Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', p. 112-113. ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |
''ο2ρπ2σ2d'' ''UMa +αβ CVn + α/''31 ''Lyn''
|-
|
|'''Arabic'''
|'''French'''
|'''English'''
|'''Author'''
|-
|
|''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles
|the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|''Lyn''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Australe des Gazelles
|the southern one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''31 Lyn''
|''Mutaq. al-Ḍibā’'' [p/ ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|l’Antérieure des Gazelles
|the front one of the Gazelles
|Miṣrī
|-
|''38 Lyn''
|''Šamālī ’l-Ḍibā’''

'' '' [en fait : ''al-Ẓibā’'']
|la Boréale des Hyènes

[en fait : les Gazelles]
|the northern one of of the Hyena
|Miṣrī
|-
| colspan="5" |46, 21+''β LMi''
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ẓibā’''
|les Petits des Gazelles
|the small one of the Gazelles
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Awlād'' ''al-Ġizlān''
|''idem''
|
|Ṣūfī
|-
| colspan="5" |''τhυφθef UMa''
|-
|
|''al-Ḥawḍ''
|l’Abreuvoir
|the Water Trough
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-ᶜUnq''
|l’Assemblée
|the Meeting
|Qutayba
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="5" |''ικλμνξ UMa''
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Sauts
|the Jumps
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''al-Qafazāt''
|les Sauts [des Gazelles]
|the Jumps (of the Gazelles)
|Qutayba
|-
|
|''Qafazāt al-Ġizlān''
|les Sauts des Gazelles
|The Jumps of the Gazelles
|Ṣūfī
|-
|
|''al-Qawāfiz''
|les Bondissantes
|the Bouncings
|Marzūqī
|-
|
|''Baqarāt al-Ẓibā’''
|les Gazelles femelles
|the female Gazelles
|Fāris
|-
|''νξ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ūlā''
|le 1er Saut
|First Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''λμ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāniyya''
|le 2nd Saut
|Second Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ικ UMa''
|''al-Qafazat al-Ṯāliṯa''
|le 3ème Saut
|Third Jump
|Ṣūfī
|-
|''ι UMa''
|''Šamālī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|la Boréale du 1er Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the northern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''κ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Qafazat al-Ūlā''

 [en fait : ''al-Ṯāliṯa'']
|l’Australe du Premier Saut

 [en fait : le 3ème]
|the southern one of the first jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''λ UMa''
|[''Šamālī''] ''’l-Q. al-Ṯāniyya''
|[la Boréale] du 2nd Saut
|(the northern one) of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''μ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q al-Ṯāniyya''
|l’Australe du 2nd Saut
|the southern one of the second jump
|Miṣrī
|-
|''ξ UMa''
|''Ğanūbī ’l-Q. al-Ṯāliṯa''

 [en fait : ''al- Ūlā'']
|l’Australe du 3ème Saut

 [en fait le 1er]
|the southern one of the third jump
|Miṣrī
|}
NB : Miṣrī is Nağm al-Dīn al- Miṣrī (XIVth c.), see ''Ğadwal maṭāliᶜ al-kawākib wa-abᶜādihā wa-ğihatihi'', or "Tables of right ascensions of the stars and their declinations", accompanied by their signs [+ or -] is one of the tables in the book ''Kitāb fī l-ālāt al-falakiyya'' by Nağm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī, between 1325 and 1340. It is edited and partially translated by ms. Oxford, Bodeliean Library, Marsh 672, fol. 148v-151r, in CHARRETTE, François, ''Mathematical Intrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria''B►, 2003, p. 360-370.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==
The name was suggested to the IAU WGSN to be used as a star name in 2023. Alpha and Beta CVn are already named (Cor Caroli and Chara), the brightest of the others is Alpha Lyncis ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V). For this star, also the star name "Xuanyuan" was suggested but rejected because of the tremendous significance of this Chinese term for the Chinese cultural heritage.

In the earliest versions of the drawing of the Jordanus River, the headwaters of the river are marked by three stars, likely to be identified with 25 CVn and 20 CVn + HR 4997. Their names on late 16th-century Dutch biblical maps<ref>In 1590 Petrus Plancius designed a set of biblical maps, engraved by Johannes van Deutecom and his sons Baptista and Johannes, to illustrate a new edition of the so-called [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Aesbijbel Deux-Aes Bible] printed by the Amsterdam publisher Laurens Jacobszoon. The map of the Holy Land in this set distinctly marks the headwaters of the Jordan River as ''Dan fons'' and ''Ior fons''. Later editions of these maps were embellished by adding a border with biblical scenes. See [https://www.biblianeerlandica.be/wp-content/uploads/4.-Plancius-1590-Beloofde-Land-1-sm.jpg example 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.105989 example 2].</ref> are Dan and Ior.<ref>The names ''Ior'' and ''Dan'' as the headwaters of the Jordan River appear to have originated in European pilgrim narratives and chronicles in the times of the Crusades. Cf. George Adam Smith, ''The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early Church'' (New York: A.C. Armstrong and Son, 1895), p. 472 [note 1] [[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra1895smit/page/n503/mode/1up Internet Archive link]].</ref> Thus, it is proposed to name one, two or all three stars within the obsolete constellation:

# α Lyncis: "Jordanus", ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=alpha+Lyn&submit=SIMBAD+search SIMBAD]: 3.1 mag in V)
# 25 CVn: "Ior" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=25+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.82 mag) for the sake of symmetry, perhaps also BH CVn ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=BH+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94-5.1 mag [https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=5103 VSX]), but on some maps explicitly only one star here
# 20 CVn + HR 4997: "Dan" ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=20+CVn&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.69 mag, [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HR+4997&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD] 4.94 mag)

The above list of historical names confirms, that there are no Arabic names competing for the stars are suggested to call Ior and Dan.

The WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

==Weblinks==

*

==Reference==

[[Category:Constellation‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:European]]

Jordanus

2024-09-14T10:32:00Z

RobvGent: in => on

Jordanus

2024-09-14T10:31:17Z

RobvGent: reversed order

Jordanus

2024-09-13T21:47:24Z

RobvGent: added content on maps showing the headwaters

Jordanus

2024-09-13T12:52:37Z

RobvGent: Ior & Dan

Jordanus

2024-09-13T10:48:49Z

RobvGent: added online links