All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

Corona Australis

2026-07-09T05:31:49Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Arabic star names in Corona Borealis */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Corona Australis IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|CrA star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. The constellation was invented in the first century CE.

==Etymology and History==
=== Origin of Constellation ===
<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>The name ‘Wreath’ for this group of stars has been reliably documented since the 1st century by Geminos. In mathematical astronomy, this constellation first appears in the Almagest; Hipparchus does not mention it. The almost closed ring of stars of approximately equal brightness is mentioned without a name by all earlier authors.

Aratos describes the group as ‘arranged in a ring’. Eratosthenes calls it ‘seven stars of the ship below his [Sagittarius's] lower leg’. This clearly does not refer to the Argo, but to another ship. It is interesting to note in this context that the stars of Corona Australis denote a river boat in Babylonian uranography.

It is quite possible, although not certain, that Eratosthenes' text proves a cultural transfer: In the 3rd century BCE, the Syrian wars raged between the Ptolemies, who ruled Egypt, and the Seleucids, who ruled Mesopotamia. In the last years of Eratosthenes' life and work, there had been a period of peace that made the 2nd century BCE, until the Parthian Wars, an extraordinary heyday of scientific exchange between Babylon and Alexandria. Eratosthenes thus brings together Mesopotamian and newly developed Greek culture.

Modern literature sometimes claims that Hyginus made a possible star prophecy: he tells of a myrtle wreath in memory of the deceased mother of the god Dionysus. However, it is unclear whether he is referring to Corona Borealis or Australis. If Hyginus, the librarian of Augustus, invented the constellation ‘Southern Crown’, there could be a connection to the emperor and his laurel wreath.

It is astonishing that the Southern Crown is depicted on the Farnese Globe. The globe is dated to the 2nd century CE, i.e. the time of Ptolemy. Since the figures are depicted in the Greek style, the globe is considered to be a copy of a Greek original from the BCE era. However, since this star group was not referred to as a wreath until the 1st century CE, the sculptor must have reworked this star figure in a contemporary style. It looks less like a Caesar's crown than a bridal wreath.

==== Babylonian ====

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratos =====

===== Eratosthenes =====

===== Hipparchus =====

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!Στεφάνου νοτίου ἀστερισμός
!Constellation of the Southern Crown
!
|-
|1
|τῆς νοτίου περιφερείας ὁ προηγούμενος ἐκτός
|The most advanced of the stars on the southern rim, outside [the crown]
|alf Tel
|-
|2
|ὁ ἐπόμενος αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ Στεφάνου
|The star to the rear of this, on the crown
|eta1, eta2 CrA
|-
|3
|ὁ τούτο ἐπόμενος
|The one to the rear of this
|HR 7122
|-
|4
|ὁ ἔτι τούτῳ ἐπόμενος
|The one to the rear again of this
|zet CrA
|-
|5
|ὁ μετὰ τοῦτου πρὸ τοῦ γουατίου τοῦ Τοξότου
|The one after this, before the knee of Sagittarius
|del CrA
|-
|6
|ὁ μετὰ τοῦτον καὶ βορειότερος τοῦ ἐν τῷ γόνατι λαμπροῦ
|The one after this, which is north of the bright star in the knee [of Sagittarius]
|bet CrA
|-
|7
|ὁ τούτου βορειότερος
|The star to the north of this
|alf CrA
|-
|8
|ὁ ἔπὶ τούτου βορειότερος
|The one to the north again of this
|gam CrA
|-
|9
|τῶν μετὰ τοῦτον προηγουμένωυ β’ ἐν τῇ βορείῳ περιφερείᾳ ὁ ἐπόμενος
|The rearmost of the 2 stars after this, in advance, in the northern rim
|eps CrA
|-
|10
|ὁ προηγούμενος τῶν β’ ἀμαυρῶν
|The more advanced of these 2 faint stars
|HR 7129
|-
|11
|ὁ τούτου προηγούμενος ἱκανόν
|The star quite some distance in advance of this
|lam CrA
|-
|12
|ὁ ἔτι τούτου προηχούμευος
|The one in advance again of this
|HR 6942
|-
|13
|ὁ λοιπὸς καὶ νοτιώτερος τοῦ προειρημένου
|The last one, which is south of the aforementioned star
|tet CrA
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|all
|ἀστέρες φ, ὥν δ’ μεγέθους ἐ, εξ. ϛ β
|{13 stars, 5 of the fourth magnitude, 6 of the fifth, 2 of the sixth}
|
|}
[[File:Stephanos Notios Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Stephanos Notios (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Meridiana
|HIP 94114
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.087
|-
|2
|β Coronae Australis
|HIP 94160
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.095
|-
|3
|γ 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 93825
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.21
|-
|4
|δ Coronae Australis
|HIP 94005
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.571
|-
|5
|θ Coronae Australis
|HIP 90982
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.614
|-
|6
|ζ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93542
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.725
|-
|7
|ϵ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93174
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.85
|-
|8
|λ Coronae Australis
|HIP 91875
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.111
|-
|9
| -
|HIP 90887
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.155
|-
|10
|μ Coronae Australis
|HIP 92226
|Inside the hull
|5.217
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 92953
|Constellation lines
|5.346
|-
|12
|V686 CrA
|HIP 92989
|Constellation lines
|5.38
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 91989
|Inside the hull
|5.439
|-
|14
|η 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 92308
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.456
|-
|15
|η 2 Coronae Australis
|HIP 92382
|Constellation lines
|5.587
|-
|16
|V701 CrA
|HIP 93552
|Inside the hull
|5.716
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 93858
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 93470
|Inside the hull
|6.209
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 90936
|Inside the hull
|6.217
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 93074
|Inside the hull
|6.284
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 92608
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 92866
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 92487
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 93209
|Inside the hull
|6.497
|}

==== Arabic star names in Corona Australis ====
[[File:Arab_LunarStations_RL2025.png|thumb|Arabic lunar stations: mapped to the stars and with drawn images.]]
Star names reflect the cultural adoption and transformations. Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> compiled the following list:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" valign="top" |Arabic
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
|-
! valign="top" |Original
! valign="top" |Transliteration
! valign="top" |English
! valign="top" |historical author
! valign="top" |identification
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Udḥī ’l-Naᶜām''
| valign="top" |the Nest of the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Ṣūfī
| valign="top" |''Corona Australis''
|}

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:CrA Fortin1795.jpg|CrA in Fortin's Atlas Céleste, 3rd edition (1795).
File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-024.png|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Corona Australis
File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-024.png|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Corona Australis
</gallery>

== Mythology ==
'''Greek'''<ref name=":0" />

Eratosthenes does not recount any myth about the river boat on which the archer stands, nor does Geminos give any reasons for the definition of the constellation. It is unclear where the inspiration came from to describe the group as a wreath. However, the Egyptianised style of the Dendera zodiac shows the centaur-like archer on small boats beneath his hooves. This is not surprising in Egypt, where for thousands of years the stars were imagined to glide silently across the sky on barges.

== Weblinks ==
* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017072 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database – Corona Australis]

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

* [[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Modern]] [[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]] [[Category:CrA]][[Category:European]]

Corona Australis

2026-07-09T05:30:24Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Corona Australis IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|CrA star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. The constellation was invented in the first century CE.

==Etymology and History==
=== Origin of Constellation ===
<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>The name ‘Wreath’ for this group of stars has been reliably documented since the 1st century by Geminos. In mathematical astronomy, this constellation first appears in the Almagest; Hipparchus does not mention it. The almost closed ring of stars of approximately equal brightness is mentioned without a name by all earlier authors.

Aratos describes the group as ‘arranged in a ring’. Eratosthenes calls it ‘seven stars of the ship below his [Sagittarius's] lower leg’. This clearly does not refer to the Argo, but to another ship. It is interesting to note in this context that the stars of Corona Australis denote a river boat in Babylonian uranography.

It is quite possible, although not certain, that Eratosthenes' text proves a cultural transfer: In the 3rd century BCE, the Syrian wars raged between the Ptolemies, who ruled Egypt, and the Seleucids, who ruled Mesopotamia. In the last years of Eratosthenes' life and work, there had been a period of peace that made the 2nd century BCE, until the Parthian Wars, an extraordinary heyday of scientific exchange between Babylon and Alexandria. Eratosthenes thus brings together Mesopotamian and newly developed Greek culture.

Modern literature sometimes claims that Hyginus made a possible star prophecy: he tells of a myrtle wreath in memory of the deceased mother of the god Dionysus. However, it is unclear whether he is referring to Corona Borealis or Australis. If Hyginus, the librarian of Augustus, invented the constellation ‘Southern Crown’, there could be a connection to the emperor and his laurel wreath.

It is astonishing that the Southern Crown is depicted on the Farnese Globe. The globe is dated to the 2nd century CE, i.e. the time of Ptolemy. Since the figures are depicted in the Greek style, the globe is considered to be a copy of a Greek original from the BCE era. However, since this star group was not referred to as a wreath until the 1st century CE, the sculptor must have reworked this star figure in a contemporary style. It looks less like a Caesar's crown than a bridal wreath.

==== Babylonian ====

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratos =====

===== Eratosthenes =====

===== Hipparchus =====

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!Στεφάνου νοτίου ἀστερισμός
!Constellation of the Southern Crown
!
|-
|1
|τῆς νοτίου περιφερείας ὁ προηγούμενος ἐκτός
|The most advanced of the stars on the southern rim, outside [the crown]
|alf Tel
|-
|2
|ὁ ἐπόμενος αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ Στεφάνου
|The star to the rear of this, on the crown
|eta1, eta2 CrA
|-
|3
|ὁ τούτο ἐπόμενος
|The one to the rear of this
|HR 7122
|-
|4
|ὁ ἔτι τούτῳ ἐπόμενος
|The one to the rear again of this
|zet CrA
|-
|5
|ὁ μετὰ τοῦτου πρὸ τοῦ γουατίου τοῦ Τοξότου
|The one after this, before the knee of Sagittarius
|del CrA
|-
|6
|ὁ μετὰ τοῦτον καὶ βορειότερος τοῦ ἐν τῷ γόνατι λαμπροῦ
|The one after this, which is north of the bright star in the knee [of Sagittarius]
|bet CrA
|-
|7
|ὁ τούτου βορειότερος
|The star to the north of this
|alf CrA
|-
|8
|ὁ ἔπὶ τούτου βορειότερος
|The one to the north again of this
|gam CrA
|-
|9
|τῶν μετὰ τοῦτον προηγουμένωυ β’ ἐν τῇ βορείῳ περιφερείᾳ ὁ ἐπόμενος
|The rearmost of the 2 stars after this, in advance, in the northern rim
|eps CrA
|-
|10
|ὁ προηγούμενος τῶν β’ ἀμαυρῶν
|The more advanced of these 2 faint stars
|HR 7129
|-
|11
|ὁ τούτου προηγούμενος ἱκανόν
|The star quite some distance in advance of this
|lam CrA
|-
|12
|ὁ ἔτι τούτου προηχούμευος
|The one in advance again of this
|HR 6942
|-
|13
|ὁ λοιπὸς καὶ νοτιώτερος τοῦ προειρημένου
|The last one, which is south of the aforementioned star
|tet CrA
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|all
|ἀστέρες φ, ὥν δ’ μεγέθους ἐ, εξ. ϛ β
|{13 stars, 5 of the fourth magnitude, 6 of the fifth, 2 of the sixth}
|
|}
[[File:Stephanos Notios Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Stephanos Notios (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Meridiana
|HIP 94114
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.087
|-
|2
|β Coronae Australis
|HIP 94160
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.095
|-
|3
|γ 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 93825
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.21
|-
|4
|δ Coronae Australis
|HIP 94005
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.571
|-
|5
|θ Coronae Australis
|HIP 90982
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.614
|-
|6
|ζ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93542
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.725
|-
|7
|ϵ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93174
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.85
|-
|8
|λ Coronae Australis
|HIP 91875
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.111
|-
|9
| -
|HIP 90887
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.155
|-
|10
|μ Coronae Australis
|HIP 92226
|Inside the hull
|5.217
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 92953
|Constellation lines
|5.346
|-
|12
|V686 CrA
|HIP 92989
|Constellation lines
|5.38
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 91989
|Inside the hull
|5.439
|-
|14
|η 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 92308
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.456
|-
|15
|η 2 Coronae Australis
|HIP 92382
|Constellation lines
|5.587
|-
|16
|V701 CrA
|HIP 93552
|Inside the hull
|5.716
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 93858
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 93470
|Inside the hull
|6.209
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 90936
|Inside the hull
|6.217
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 93074
|Inside the hull
|6.284
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 92608
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 92866
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 92487
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 93209
|Inside the hull
|6.497
|}

==== Arabic star names in Corona Borealis ====
[[File:Arab_LunarStations_RL2025.png|thumb|Arabic lunar stations: mapped to the stars and with drawn images.]]
Star names reflect the cultural adoption and transformations. Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> compiled the following list:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" valign="top" |Arabic
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
|-
! valign="top" |Original
! valign="top" |Transliteration
! valign="top" |English
! valign="top" |historical author
! valign="top" |identification
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Udḥī ’l-Naᶜām''
| valign="top" |the Nest of the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Ṣūfī
| valign="top" |''Corona Australis''
|}

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
<gallery>
File:CrA Fortin1795.jpg|CrA in Fortin's Atlas Céleste, 3rd edition (1795).
File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-024.png|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Corona Australis
File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-024.png|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Corona Australis
</gallery>

== Mythology ==
'''Greek'''<ref name=":0" />

Eratosthenes does not recount any myth about the river boat on which the archer stands, nor does Geminos give any reasons for the definition of the constellation. It is unclear where the inspiration came from to describe the group as a wreath. However, the Egyptianised style of the Dendera zodiac shows the centaur-like archer on small boats beneath his hooves. This is not surprising in Egypt, where for thousands of years the stars were imagined to glide silently across the sky on barges.

== Weblinks ==
* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017072 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database – Corona Australis]

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

* [[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Modern]] [[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]] [[Category:CrA]][[Category:European]]

Sagittarius

2026-07-09T05:28:27Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Arabic star names in Sagittarius */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Sagittarius IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|Sgr star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. Originally, it depicted the Mesopotamian god Pabilsaĝ ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]), a god of agriculture and war, later equated with Ninurta and depicted as a mixed creature of a human body attaced to horse body with wings and an additional scorpion tail. This complex image was simplified in Greek reception, and there drawn as a centaur.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Pabilsag, ancêtre mésopotamien du Sagittaire,.jpg|thumb|profile of the figure of Pabilsag from a 12th century BCE kudurru. è.c. (Roland Laffitte 2023)]]
[[File:Kugel cen-lup-ara+sgr-sco.JPG|thumb|depiction on the Kugel Globe (4th c. CE): two centaurs in Cen and Sgr with Lup+Ara in between (drawing by SMH 2024).]]

===Origin of Constellation<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>===
This figure came to Greek culture from Mesopotamia as a zodiac sign. Since MUL.APIN, it has been called Pabilsang ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]). This is a deity depicted as a hybrid creature: a male upper body sits on a horse's body, which has a scorpion's tail and wings. Pabilsang is equated with Ninurta, a god of agriculture and war. This explains why he holds a bow and arrow – either for hunting or for defence.

Such a hybrid creature was unknown to the Greeks. The most similar creature in Greek culture and mythology is a centaur, which at least combines horse and human (although it does not have a scorpion's tail and wings). However, Eratosthenes questions whether this is a centaur: He has illustrations in which the archer has only two legs – horse legs. For this reason, and because centaurs cannot use bows and arrows, Eratosthenes prefers the opinion that this is the satyr Krotos, the son of the nurse of the Muses. He is considered a cultural founder, having invented the bow and arrow and used it to hunt animals.

Eratosthenes' belief that Sagittarius has a ship with him also points to a Babylonian influence and an accidental equation of the two-legged and four-legged figures. The Babylonian constellation Ship ([[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]) refers to a river boat and must have been located near Sagittarius. Based on depictions of Babylonian river boats, the constellation [[Corona Australis]] is usually equated with the Babylonian ship. However, centaurs do not travel on ships, which is why, according to Eratosthenes, the ship is another argument against the centaur.

Eratosthenes' claim that Sagittarius is bipedal may seem surprising at first, as today he is depicted as a four-legged centaur in all common star charts.

The Almagest mentions three feet, a horse's body and a human torso, from which we can conclude that Ptolemy also thought of Sagittarius as a centaur. So how did Eratosthenes come to the conclusion that it could be a man with horse's legs?

On the zodiac of Dendera, a depiction in an Egyptian temple that was restored in the Ptolemaic period in the 1st century (i.e. only about 100 to 150 years after Eratosthenes), there are two Sagittarians: one with two legs and one with four legs. The four-legged one is in the part of the sky where the constellation Sagittarius is located. The two-legged archer stands next to the star [[Sirius]]. This is significant in that [[Sirius]] and the stars around it formed the two Babylonian constellations ‘Arrow’ ([[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA]]) and ‘Bow’ ([[PAN]]). The strong Babylonian influences are not surprising here, as there is evidence of a significant transfer of Babylonian mathematical astronomy to Greek astronomy in Egypt, especially in the 2nd century BCE.

==== Babylonian ====
see

* [[PA.BIL.SAG]]
<gallery>
File:Nabu-Kudurri-Usur.jpg|Pabilsag on Nabu kudurru
File:Kassites1.jpg|Pabilsag in Kassites
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
</gallery>

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratus =====
<blockquote>[300] After much suffering at sea even in the previous month, when the sun inflames the bow and the Drawer of the bow, you should put ashore in the evening and not continue to trust the night. A sign of that season and that month will be the rising of the Scorpion at the end of night. [305] The Archer actually draws his great bow near the sting; the rising Scorpion stands a little ahead of him, and he then rises shortly after. At that time the head of Cynosura runs very high up at the end of night, and just before dawn Orion sets entirely, and Cepheus from hand to waist. (Kidd 1997)</blockquote>

===== Eratosthenes =====
Pamias and Zucker (2013,<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref> 85-87)<blockquote>'''Var. 1 (Περὶ τοῦ Τοξότου)''': This is the figure holding the bow, whom most people regard as a centaur, though others dispute this, arguing that no centaur uses a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the satyrs. The Archer has two stars on his head, one on his right elbow, one on his hands, one shining on his stomach, two on his back, one on his front knee, one on his foot, one on his back knee, one on his hoof, two on the bow and one on the sheepskin. Fourteen.</blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2 (Τοξότου)''': This is the Archer whom most people regard as a Centaur, a view contested by others, who argue that he is not shown with four legs, but is standing and shooting a bow; yet no Centaur has ever used a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the Satyrs. This is why it seems implausible to the people in question that he is a Centaur, and more likely that he is Crotos (Clapping), the son of Euphemia (Renown), the nurse of the Muses, who lived and stayed on Helicon.</blockquote><blockquote>The Muses ensured that he discovered the use of the bow and could obtain his food from wild beasts, as Sositheus relates. He had become intimately acquainted with the Muses and attended their performances, and he approved of them by marking the beat with cheers.</blockquote><blockquote>Indeed, he would clap his hands to mark the off-beat of their singing; so, seeing him do this, the other men began to do the same. That is why the Muses, when they tasted the charm of fame, thanks to his support, asked Zeus to reveal to all the fervour of this figure, and thus he was placed amongst the constellations, in recognition of that hand gesture he had made, adopting the posture of the archer as his distinctive mark. His gesture was perpetuated amongst men. Furthermore, the presence of the Boat indicates that he will be visible to everyone: not only to men on land, but also to those at sea; hence the error of those who depict him as a Centaur.</blockquote><blockquote>The Archer has two stars on his head, two on the bow, two on the tip of the arrow, one on his right elbow, one on his hand, one shining on his belly, two on his back, one on his tail, one on the front knee, one on the hoof, and one on the back knee. Fifteen in all.</blockquote><blockquote>The seven stars of the Boat are located beneath his paw. They resemble hind legs, but the latter are not visible at all.</blockquote>

===== Hipparchus =====

====== Rising (Lib II Cap V §10) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of ...</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sgr 5 1/2
|Cap 18
|Vir 19 1/2
|Sco 8 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|at the tip of the arrow
|the bright one in the hind feet
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib III Cap IV §6) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sco 3
|Sgr 26 1/2
|Cap 20
|Psc 4 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the bright one in the front foot
|the northern one of those in the upper garment
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45°
|}

====== Stars Mentioned ======
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, first
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, last
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §2
|setting CrB, south, last
|Psc 13.5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §13
|setting Aql, south, first
|Ari 2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib III Cap I §9
|rising Ori, south, last
|Psc 13
|}

===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====
<blockquote>Many have called this sign the Centaurus; others deny the name, for the reason that no Centaurus makes use of arrows. The question is raised, too why he is formed with horse flanks but a Satyr's tail.

Some say that he is Crotus, son of Eupheme, nurse of the Muses. As Sositheus, writer of tragedies, says, he had his home on Mount Helicon and took his pleasure in the company of the Muses, sometimes even following the pursuit of hunting. He attained great fame for his diligence, for he was very swift in the woods, and clever in the arts. As a reward for his zeal the Muses asked Jove to represent him in some star group, and Jove did so. Since he wished to display all his skills in one body, he gave him horse flanks because he rode a great deal. He added arrows, since these would show both his keenness and his swiftness, and he gave him a Satyr's tail because the Muses took no less pleasure in Crotus than Liber did in the Satyrs. Before his feet are a few stars arranged in a circle, which some said were a wreath, thrown off as by one at play. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest Τοξότης. ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!Τοξότου ἀστερισμός.
!Constellation of Sagittarius
!
|-
|1
|ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀκύδος τοῦ βέλους
|The star on the point of the arrow
|gam Sgr
|-
|2
|ὁ ἐν τῇ λαβῇ τῆς ἀριστερᾶρ χειρός
|The star in the [bow-] grip held by the left hand
|del Sgr
|-
|3
|ὁ ἐν τῷ νοτίῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου
|The star in the southern portion of the bow
|eps Sgr
|-
|4
|τῶν ἐν τῷ βορείῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου ὁ νοτιώτερος
|The southernmost of the [2] stars in the northern portion of the bow
|lam Sgr
|-
|5
|ὁ βορειότερος αὐτῶν ἐπ’ ἄκρου τοῦ τόξου.
|The northernmost of these, on the tip of the bow
|mu Sgr
|-
|6
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἅμου.
|The star on the left shoulder
|sig Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ τούτου προηγούμενος κατὰ τοῦ βέλους
|The one in advance of this, just over the arrow
|phi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ νεφελοειδὴς καὶ διπλοῦς,
|The star on the eye, which is nebulous and double
|nu1 + nu2 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ γ’ ὁ ἠγούμενος.
|The most advanced of the 3 stars in the head
|xi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|omi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῶν τριῶ.
|The rearmost of the three
|pi Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ βορεύῳ ἐφαπτίδι γ’ ὁ κότιος.
|The southernmost of the 3 stars in the northern cloak attachment
|43 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|rho Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶη
|The northernmost of the three
|ups Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τοῦς τρισὶν ἀμαυρός
|The faint star to the rear of these three
|55 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς νοτίου ἐφαπτίδος β ὁ βορειότερος;
|The northernmost of the 2 stars on the southern cloak-attachment
|61 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶν
|The southernmost of them
|57 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ὥμου.
|The star on the right shoulder
|chi1 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ἀγκῶνος..
|The star on the right elbow
|51+52 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῷ νώτῳ ἡ ὁ κατὰ τοῦ μεταφρένου.
|The three stars in the back: the one just above the place between the shoulders
|psi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν καὶ κατὰ τῆς ὡμοπλάτης.
|The three stars in the back: the middle one, just above the shoulder-blade
|tau Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ λοιπὸς καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν μασχάλην.
|The three stars in the back: the other one, under the armpit
|zet Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ ἀριστεροῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front left hock
|bet1 + bet2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ γόνατος τοῦ αὐτοῦ ποδός
|The one on the knee of the same leg
|alf Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ δεξιοῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front right hock
|eta Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ μηροῦ
|The star on the left thigh
|kap1 + kap2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀπισθύου δεξιοῦ πήχεως.
|The star on the right hind lower leg
|iot Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ ἐκφύσει τῆς οὐρᾶς ὃ τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμερος
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the northern side
|omega Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the northern side
|60 Sgr
|-
|
|τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμενος.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the southern side
|59 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the southern side
|62 Sgr
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|ἀστέρες λα, ὧν β’ μεγέθους β, γ’ 3, δ’ θ, εη, σ’ β, νεφελοειδής
|{31 stars, 2 of the second magnitude, 9 of the third, 9 of the fourth, 8 of the fifth, 2 of the sixth, [1] nebulous}
|
|}
[[File:Toxotes Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Toxotes (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Kaus Australis
|HIP 90185
|Constellation lines
|1.81
|-
|2
|Nunki
|HIP 92855
|Constellation lines
|2.067
|-
|3
|Ascella
|HIP 93506
|Constellation lines
|2.59
|-
|4
|Kaus Media
|HIP 89931
|Constellation lines
|2.668
|-
|5
|Kaus Borealis
|HIP 90496
|Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|6
|Albaldah
|HIP 94141
|Constellation lines
|2.88
|-
|7
|Alnasl
|HIP 88635
|Constellation lines
|2.99
|-
|8
|η Sagittarii
|HIP 89642
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.11
|-
|9
|ϕ Sagittarii
|HIP 92041
|Constellation lines
|3.14
|-
|10
|τ Sagittarii
|HIP 93864
|Constellation lines
|3.31
|-
|11
|ξ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 93085
|Inside the hull
|3.51
|-
|12
|NAME SDG
|NAME SDG
|Inside the hull
|3.6
|-
|13
|ο Sagittarii
|HIP 93683
|Inside the hull
|3.77
|-
|14
|Polis
|HIP 89341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.85
|-
|15
|ρ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95168
|Constellation lines
|3.93
|-
|16
|Rukbat
|HIP 95347
|Constellation lines
|3.943
|-
|17
|Arkab Prior
|HIP 95241
|Inside the hull
|4.01
|-
|18
|Meridiana
|HIP 94114
|Inside the hull
|4.087
|-
|19
|β Coronae Australis
|HIP 94160
|Inside the hull
|4.095
|-
|20
|ι Sagittarii
|HIP 98032
|Constellation lines
|4.13
|-
|21
|γ 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 93825
|Inside the hull
|4.21
|-
|22
|Arkab Posterior
|HIP 95294
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.27
|-
|23
|θ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 98412
|Constellation lines
|4.37
|-
|24
|59 Sgr
|HIP 98162
|Constellation lines
|4.528
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 88839
|Inside the hull
|4.56
|-
|26
|δ Coronae Australis
|HIP 94005
|Inside the hull
|4.571
|-
|27
|62 Sgr
|HIP 98688
|Constellation lines
|4.58
|-
|28
|52 Sgr
|HIP 96465
|Constellation lines
|4.598
|-
|29
|υ Sagittarii
|HIP 95176
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 89678
|Inside the hull
|4.627
|-
|31
|γ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 88567
|Inside the hull
|4.69
|-
|32
|Terebellum
|HIP 98066
|Constellation lines
|4.7
|-
|33
|ζ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93542
|Inside the hull
|4.725
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 98761
|Constellation lines
|4.764
|-
|35
|Ainalrami
|HIP 92761
|Constellation lines
|4.845
|-
|36
|60 Sgr
|HIP 98353
|Constellation lines
|4.846
|-
|37
|ϵ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93174
|Inside the hull
|4.85
|-
|38
|ψ Sagittarii
|HIP 94643
|Constellation lines
|4.86
|-
|39
|21 Sgr
|HIP 90289
|Inside the hull
|4.86
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 91918
|Constellation lines
|4.87
|-
|41
|56 Sgr
|HIP 97290
|Inside the hull
|4.873
|-
|42
|43 Sgr
|HIP 94820
|Constellation lines
|4.878
|-
|43
|1 Sgr
|HIP 89153
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|44
|ν 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 92845
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 98842
|Constellation lines
|4.99
|-
|46
|61 Sgr
|HIP 98258
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.998
|-
|47
|χ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95477
|Constellation lines
|5.009
|-
|48
|55 Sgr
|HIP 96950
|Constellation lines
|5.045
|-
|49
|ξ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 93057
|Constellation lines
|5.054
|-
|50
|λ Coronae Australis
|HIP 91875
|Inside the hull
|5.111
|-
|51
|M 22
|M 22
|Inside the hull
|5.2
|-
|52
|29 Sgr
|HIP 92390
|Inside the hull
|5.21
|-
|53
|μ Coronae Australis
|HIP 92226
|Inside the hull
|5.217
|-
|54
|77 G. Sgr
|HIP 91014
|Inside the hull
|5.276
|-
|55
|54 Sgr
|HIP 96808
|Inside the hull
|5.296
|-
|56
|θ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 98421
|Inside the hull
|5.299
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 99461
|Inside the hull
|5.32
|-
|58
|V3961 Sgr
|HIP 97749
|Inside the hull
|5.33
|-
|59
|V4050 Sgr
|HIP 90074
|Inside the hull
|5.34
|-
|60
|PZ 6AB
|HIP 88060
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.36
|-
|61
|28 Sgr
|HIP 92111
|Inside the hull
|5.366
|-
|62
|V686 CrA
|HIP 92989
|Inside the hull
|5.38
|-
|63
|75 G. Sgr
|HIP 90763
|Inside the hull
|5.386
|-
|64
|χ 3 Sagittarii
|HIP 95503
|Inside the hull
|5.43
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 91989
|Inside the hull
|5.439
|-
|66
|24 Sgr
|HIP 91004
|Inside the hull
|5.461
|-
|67
|14 Sgr
|HIP 89369
|Inside the hull
|5.473
|-
|68
|134 G. Sgr
|HIP 93667
|Constellation lines
|5.482
|-
|69
|193 G. Sgr
|HIP 95865
|Constellation lines
|5.49
|-
|70
|V4024 Sgr
|HIP 93996
|Inside the hull
|5.49
|-
|71
|228 G. Sgr
|HIP 97260
|Inside the hull
|5.512
|-
|72
|60 G. Sgr
|HIP 90124
|Inside the hull
|5.518
|-
|73
|50 Sgr
|HIP 95564
|Inside the hull
|5.569
|-
|74
|18 Sgr
|HIP 90260
|Inside the hull
|5.574
|-
|75
|162 G. Sgr
|HIP 94986
|Constellation lines
|5.579
|-
|76
|165 G. Sgr
|HIP 95077
|Inside the hull
|5.579
|-
|77
|κ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 100469
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|78
|131 G. Sgr
|HIP 93498
|Constellation lines
|5.628
|-
|79
|κ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 100591
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.64
|-
|80
|51 Sgr
|HIP 96406
|Inside the hull
|5.64
|-
|81
|209 G. Sgr
|HIP 96496
|Inside the hull
|5.642
|-
|82
|186 G. Sgr
|HIP 95619
|Constellation lines
|5.644
|-
|83
|37 G. Sgr
|HIP 89020
|Constellation lines
|5.65
|-
|84
|262 G. Sgr
|HIP 98470
|Inside the hull
|5.66
|-
|85
|33 Sgr
|HIP 92747
|Inside the hull
|5.678
|-
|86
|189 G. Sgr
|HIP 95823
|Inside the hull
|5.701
|-
|87
|V701 CrA
|HIP 93552
|Inside the hull
|5.716
|-
|88
|152 G. Sgr
|HIP 94434
|Inside the hull
|5.765
|-
|89
|84 G. Sgr
|HIP 91405
|Inside the hull
|5.772
|-
|90
|94 G. Sgr
|HIP 91974
|Inside the hull
|5.811
|-
|91
|ρ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 95188
|Inside the hull
|5.845
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 94157
|Inside the hull
|5.855
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 91438
|Inside the hull
|5.86
|-
|94
|57 Sgr
|HIP 97783
|Constellation lines
|5.896
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 90485
|Inside the hull
|5.902
|-
|96
|V4089 Sgr
|HIP 96234
|Inside the hull
|5.91
|-
|97
|180 G. Sgr
|HIP 95456
|Constellation lines
|5.93
|-
|98
|116 G. Sgr
|HIP 92931
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|99
|83 G. Sgr
|HIP 91347
|Inside the hull
|5.931
|-
|100
|260 G. Sgr
|HIP 98461
|Inside the hull
|5.948
|-
|101
|218 G. Sgr
|HIP 96760
|Inside the hull
|5.957
|-
|102
|264 G. Sgr
|HIP 98575
|Inside the hull
|5.999
|-
|103
|132 G. Sgr
|HIP 93537
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|104
|179 G. Sgr
|HIP 95408
|Inside the hull
|6.011
|-
|105
|140 G. Sgr
|HIP 93925
|Inside the hull
|6.027
|-
|106
|RS Sgr
|HIP 89637
|Inside the hull
|6.03
|-
|107
|233 G. Sgr
|HIP 97515
|Inside the hull
|6.031
|-
|108
|121 G. Sgr
|HIP 93134
|Constellation lines
|6.08
|-
|109
|258 G. Sgr
|HIP 98485
|Inside the hull
|6.097
|-
|110
|108 G. Sgr
|HIP 92643
|Inside the hull
|6.098
|-
|111
|148 G. Sgr
|HIP 94144
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|112
|V4333 Sgr
|HIP 96440
|Inside the hull
|6.12
|-
|113
|197 G. Sgr
|HIP 95965
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|114
|224 G. Sgr
|HIP 97067
|Inside the hull
|6.131
|-
|115
|178 G. Sgr
|HIP 95396
|Inside the hull
|6.132
|-
|116
|123 G. Sgr
|HIP 93140
|Inside the hull
|6.141
|-
|117
|62 G. Sgr
|HIP 90290
|Inside the hull
|6.142
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 98077
|Inside the hull
|6.15
|-
|119
|58 G. Sgr
|HIP 90012
|Inside the hull
|6.154
|-
|120
|38 G. Sgr
|HIP 89086
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 93858
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|122
|49 G. Sgr
|HIP 89622
|Inside the hull
|6.168
|-
|123
|280 G. Sgr
|HIP 99570
|Inside the hull
|6.191
|-
|124
|26 Sgr
|HIP 91689
|Inside the hull
|6.205
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 93470
|Inside the hull
|6.209
|-
|126
|V4200 Sgr
|HIP 97944
|Inside the hull
|6.213
|-
|127
|128 G. Sgr
|HIP 93423
|Inside the hull
|6.215
|-
|128
|[SC96] GC 607
|[SC96] GC 607
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|129
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|130
|Gumala
|HIP 94645
|Inside the hull
|6.237
|-
|131
|70 Sgr
|HIP 89980
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 94730
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|133
|V4199 Sgr
|HIP 95159
|Inside the hull
|6.26
|-
|134
|150 G. Sgr
|HIP 94272
|Inside the hull
|6.272
|-
|135
|69 G. Sgr
|HIP 90510
|Inside the hull
|6.276
|-
|136
|254 G. Sgr
|HIP 98351
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 93074
|Inside the hull
|6.284
|-
|138
|109 G. Sgr
|HIP 92635
|Inside the hull
|6.29
|-
|139
|V4198 Sgr
|HIP 93887
|Inside the hull
|6.293
|-
|140
|64 G. Sgr
|HIP 90336
|Inside the hull
|6.296
|-
|141
|Cl Collinder 394
|Cl Collinder 394
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|142
|143 G. Sgr
|HIP 93993
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|143
|263 G. Sgr
|HIP 98579
|Inside the hull
|6.306
|-
|144
|90 G. Sgr
|HIP 91901
|Inside the hull
|6.308
|-
|145
|53 Sgr
|HIP 96729
|Inside the hull
|6.321
|-
|146
|96 G. Sgr
|HIP 92016
|Inside the hull
|6.331
|-
|147
|167 G. Sgr
|HIP 95211
|Inside the hull
|6.338
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 94243
|Inside the hull
|6.344
|-
|149
|V3879 Sgr
|HIP 91781
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|150
|127 G. Sgr
|HIP 93315
|Inside the hull
|6.356
|-
|151
|133 G. Sgr
|HIP 93543
|Inside the hull
|6.357
|-
|152
|48 G. Sgr
|HIP 89620
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|153
|80 G. Sgr
|HIP 91172
|Inside the hull
|6.366
|-
|154
|125 G. Sgr
|HIP 93234
|Inside the hull
|6.378
|-
|155
|151 G. Sgr
|HIP 94372
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|156
|C 1806-240
|C 1806-240
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|157
| -
|HIP 93371
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|158
|V4434 Sgr
|HIP 99920
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|159
|36 G. Sgr
|HIP 89010
|Inside the hull
|6.405
|-
|160
|V4405 Sgr
|HIP 92079
|Inside the hull
|6.42
|-
|161
|269 G. Sgr
|HIP 98785
|Inside the hull
|6.428
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 94130
|Inside the hull
|6.435
|-
|163
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|164
|[SC96] GC 625
|[SC96] GC 625
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|165
|115 G. Sgr
|HIP 92972
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 92866
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|167
|244 G. Sgr
|HIP 98012
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 96274
|Inside the hull
|6.475
|-
|169
|166 G. Sgr
|HIP 95149
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|170
|V4190 Sgr
|HIP 91132
|Inside the hull
|6.481
|-
|171
|M 55
|M 55
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 93209
|Inside the hull
|6.497
|-
|173
| -
|HIP 90576
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|174
|V* V4045 Sgr
|HIP 89178
|Constellation lines
|6.52
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 94124
|Constellation lines
|6.533
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 92329
|Constellation lines
|6.69
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 92301
|Inside the hull
|6.7
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 96932
|Constellation lines
|6.88
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 93149
|Constellation lines
|7.2
|}

==== Arabic star names in Sagittarius ====
[[File:Sgr RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
[[File:Arab LunarStations RL2025.png|thumb|Arabic lunar stations: mapped to the stars and with drawn images. ]]
Star names reflect the cultural adoption and transformations. Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> compiled the following list:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Arabic
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
|-
!Original
! valign="top" |Transliteration
! valign="top" |English
! valign="top" |historical author
! valign="top" |identification
|-
|
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
|-
| colspan="5" |'''''Τοξότης'' > ''al-Rāmī'', ‟the Archer”'','' (Ḥağğāğ, Isḥāq, Battānī, Ṣūfī, Bīrūnī)'''
'''''al-Qaws'', ‟the Bow” < Arabian zodiac (Ḥağğāğ, Isḥāq, Battānī, Ṣūfī, Bīrūnī)'''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Rukbat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Right] Knee of the Archer
| valign="top" |Uluġ Bēg
| valign="top" |''α Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜUrqub al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Left] Tendon of the l’Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''β Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Zuğg Saham al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Tip of the Arrow of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''γ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''[[Alnasl|al-Naṣl]]''
| valign="top" |the Tip [of the Arrow]
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Maqbiḍ [Qaws] al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Handle [of the Arc] of the A.
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''δ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Ibṭ al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Armpit of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''ζ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Kaᶜb al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Ankle of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''η Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜAyn al-Rāmī, ġamāmī''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer, cloud
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''[[Ainalrami|ᶜAyn al-Rāmī]]''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜIṣābat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Turban de l’Archer
| valign="top" |Ét. Laffitte
| valign="top" |''ρ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Mankib al-aysar''
| valign="top" |the Left Shoulder
| valign="top" |Bīrūnī
| valign="top" |''σ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Mankib al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the shoulder of the Archer
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Aṣl Ḏanab al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Beginning of the End of the A.
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ω Sgr''
|-
| colspan="5" |'''A05. Stations XX et XXI :''' '''''al-Nacā’im'' & ''al-Balda'', « the Ostriches » & « the Unhabitated Place »'''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''[[Al-Baldah|al-Balda]]''
| valign="top" |the [Unhabitated] Place
| valign="top" |Mālik
| valign="top" |St. XXI : ''π Sgr''
|-
| colspan="5" valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Qutayba, Farġānī, Mālik
| valign="top" |St. XX : ''γδεν +σφτζ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im al-Wārida''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming down to drink
| valign="top" |Farġānī
| valign="top" |''γδεη Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜām al-Wārid''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming down to drink
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming back from drinking
| valign="top" |Farġānī
| valign="top" |''σφτζ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜām al-Ṣādir''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming back from drinking
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''σφτζ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''min Naᶜā’im al-Ṣādira''
| valign="top" |From the O. coming back from drinking
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Waṣl''
| valign="top" |the Link
| valign="top" |Ḥanīfa
| valign="top" |''λ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Rāᶜī''
| valign="top" |the Shepherd
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Rāᶜī ’l-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Shepherd of the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Tīzīnī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Udḥī''
| valign="top" |''t''he Nest
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''ξ2οπdρ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Udḥī ’l-Naᶜām''
| valign="top" |the Nest of the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Ṣūfī
| valign="top" |''[[Corona Australis]]''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān''
| valign="top" |the Two Male Ostriches
| valign="top" |Qutayba,Ṣūfī
| valign="top" |''λμ Sgr (Sufi: ιλ Aql)''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān al-Ṣaġīrān''
| valign="top" |the Two Little Male Ostriches
| valign="top" |Fāris
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān al-Ṣiġār''
| valign="top" |the Little Male Ostriches
| valign="top" |Mammātī
| valign="top" |
|-
| colspan="5" valign="top" |Other Names
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Qilāda''
| valign="top" |the Necklace
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''ξ2οπdρυ'' ''Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Qalā’iṣ''
| valign="top" |the Young She Camels
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Qaws''L
| valign="top" |the Bow
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al- Udḥī''
| valign="top" |the Nest
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Nayyir al-Qilāda''
| valign="top" |the Bright One of the Necklace
| valign="top" |Tīzīnī
| valign="top" |''π Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Āḫar al-Qilādathe''
| valign="top" |the Last ne of the Young She C.
| valign="top" |Ast Oner
| valign="top" |''υ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Nayyir min al-Qalā’iṣ''
| valign="top" |the Bright One of the Young She C.
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |''π Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Aḫar al-Qalā’iṣ''
| valign="top" |the Last ne of the Young She C.
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |''υ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Miḥrāb''
| valign="top" |the Mihrab
| valign="top" |Ḏ. ''hay.''
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Saraṭān''
| valign="top" |the Crab
| valign="top" |Ḏ. ''hay.''
| valign="top" |
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===
<gallery>
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag in the zodiac sign of Sagittarius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Sagittaire-babylonien.jpg|alt=Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444|Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444
File:Kugel Sgr+CrA+Sco.JPG|Kugel Globe (1st c. BCE): Sgr, CrA and Sco
File:Sagittarius Hevelius.jpg|Sagittarius in Hevelius (1690)
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - La Sagittaire (Sagittarius).jpg|Sagittarius in Flamsteed (1776).
File:Johann Elert Bode - Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield.jpg|Bode (1805) Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield
File:1822 - Alexander Jamieson - Sagittarius, The Archer.jpg|Sgr in Jamieson (1822)
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Sagittarius and Corona Australis, Microscopium, and Telescopium.png|Sagittarius in Sidney Hall (1825) Urania's Mirror.
File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-069.png|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Sagittarius
File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-070.png|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Sagittarius
</gallery>

==Mythology==
Eratosthenes<ref name=":0" /> tells us that the satyr Krotos watched the Muses playing and then clapped his hands in rapturous delight. Others followed suit, and thus applause after a musical performance was invented. For this non-verbal sign of appreciation, he was transported to heaven.

This is a beautiful star legend, but it does not explain why this hybrid creature is holding a bow and arrow. The story demonstrates once again the Greeks' perplexity with images from a foreign (Babylonian) culture.

==Weblinks==

* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017067 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database – Sagittarius]

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Modern]] [[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sgr]]

Sagittarius

2026-07-09T05:27:14Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Arabic star names in Sagittarius */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Sagittarius IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|Sgr star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. Originally, it depicted the Mesopotamian god Pabilsaĝ ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]), a god of agriculture and war, later equated with Ninurta and depicted as a mixed creature of a human body attaced to horse body with wings and an additional scorpion tail. This complex image was simplified in Greek reception, and there drawn as a centaur.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Pabilsag, ancêtre mésopotamien du Sagittaire,.jpg|thumb|profile of the figure of Pabilsag from a 12th century BCE kudurru. è.c. (Roland Laffitte 2023)]]
[[File:Kugel cen-lup-ara+sgr-sco.JPG|thumb|depiction on the Kugel Globe (4th c. CE): two centaurs in Cen and Sgr with Lup+Ara in between (drawing by SMH 2024).]]

===Origin of Constellation<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>===
This figure came to Greek culture from Mesopotamia as a zodiac sign. Since MUL.APIN, it has been called Pabilsang ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]). This is a deity depicted as a hybrid creature: a male upper body sits on a horse's body, which has a scorpion's tail and wings. Pabilsang is equated with Ninurta, a god of agriculture and war. This explains why he holds a bow and arrow – either for hunting or for defence.

Such a hybrid creature was unknown to the Greeks. The most similar creature in Greek culture and mythology is a centaur, which at least combines horse and human (although it does not have a scorpion's tail and wings). However, Eratosthenes questions whether this is a centaur: He has illustrations in which the archer has only two legs – horse legs. For this reason, and because centaurs cannot use bows and arrows, Eratosthenes prefers the opinion that this is the satyr Krotos, the son of the nurse of the Muses. He is considered a cultural founder, having invented the bow and arrow and used it to hunt animals.

Eratosthenes' belief that Sagittarius has a ship with him also points to a Babylonian influence and an accidental equation of the two-legged and four-legged figures. The Babylonian constellation Ship ([[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]) refers to a river boat and must have been located near Sagittarius. Based on depictions of Babylonian river boats, the constellation [[Corona Australis]] is usually equated with the Babylonian ship. However, centaurs do not travel on ships, which is why, according to Eratosthenes, the ship is another argument against the centaur.

Eratosthenes' claim that Sagittarius is bipedal may seem surprising at first, as today he is depicted as a four-legged centaur in all common star charts.

The Almagest mentions three feet, a horse's body and a human torso, from which we can conclude that Ptolemy also thought of Sagittarius as a centaur. So how did Eratosthenes come to the conclusion that it could be a man with horse's legs?

On the zodiac of Dendera, a depiction in an Egyptian temple that was restored in the Ptolemaic period in the 1st century (i.e. only about 100 to 150 years after Eratosthenes), there are two Sagittarians: one with two legs and one with four legs. The four-legged one is in the part of the sky where the constellation Sagittarius is located. The two-legged archer stands next to the star [[Sirius]]. This is significant in that [[Sirius]] and the stars around it formed the two Babylonian constellations ‘Arrow’ ([[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA]]) and ‘Bow’ ([[PAN]]). The strong Babylonian influences are not surprising here, as there is evidence of a significant transfer of Babylonian mathematical astronomy to Greek astronomy in Egypt, especially in the 2nd century BCE.

==== Babylonian ====
see

* [[PA.BIL.SAG]]
<gallery>
File:Nabu-Kudurri-Usur.jpg|Pabilsag on Nabu kudurru
File:Kassites1.jpg|Pabilsag in Kassites
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
</gallery>

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratus =====
<blockquote>[300] After much suffering at sea even in the previous month, when the sun inflames the bow and the Drawer of the bow, you should put ashore in the evening and not continue to trust the night. A sign of that season and that month will be the rising of the Scorpion at the end of night. [305] The Archer actually draws his great bow near the sting; the rising Scorpion stands a little ahead of him, and he then rises shortly after. At that time the head of Cynosura runs very high up at the end of night, and just before dawn Orion sets entirely, and Cepheus from hand to waist. (Kidd 1997)</blockquote>

===== Eratosthenes =====
Pamias and Zucker (2013,<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref> 85-87)<blockquote>'''Var. 1 (Περὶ τοῦ Τοξότου)''': This is the figure holding the bow, whom most people regard as a centaur, though others dispute this, arguing that no centaur uses a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the satyrs. The Archer has two stars on his head, one on his right elbow, one on his hands, one shining on his stomach, two on his back, one on his front knee, one on his foot, one on his back knee, one on his hoof, two on the bow and one on the sheepskin. Fourteen.</blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2 (Τοξότου)''': This is the Archer whom most people regard as a Centaur, a view contested by others, who argue that he is not shown with four legs, but is standing and shooting a bow; yet no Centaur has ever used a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the Satyrs. This is why it seems implausible to the people in question that he is a Centaur, and more likely that he is Crotos (Clapping), the son of Euphemia (Renown), the nurse of the Muses, who lived and stayed on Helicon.</blockquote><blockquote>The Muses ensured that he discovered the use of the bow and could obtain his food from wild beasts, as Sositheus relates. He had become intimately acquainted with the Muses and attended their performances, and he approved of them by marking the beat with cheers.</blockquote><blockquote>Indeed, he would clap his hands to mark the off-beat of their singing; so, seeing him do this, the other men began to do the same. That is why the Muses, when they tasted the charm of fame, thanks to his support, asked Zeus to reveal to all the fervour of this figure, and thus he was placed amongst the constellations, in recognition of that hand gesture he had made, adopting the posture of the archer as his distinctive mark. His gesture was perpetuated amongst men. Furthermore, the presence of the Boat indicates that he will be visible to everyone: not only to men on land, but also to those at sea; hence the error of those who depict him as a Centaur.</blockquote><blockquote>The Archer has two stars on his head, two on the bow, two on the tip of the arrow, one on his right elbow, one on his hand, one shining on his belly, two on his back, one on his tail, one on the front knee, one on the hoof, and one on the back knee. Fifteen in all.</blockquote><blockquote>The seven stars of the Boat are located beneath his paw. They resemble hind legs, but the latter are not visible at all.</blockquote>

===== Hipparchus =====

====== Rising (Lib II Cap V §10) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of ...</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sgr 5 1/2
|Cap 18
|Vir 19 1/2
|Sco 8 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|at the tip of the arrow
|the bright one in the hind feet
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib III Cap IV §6) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sco 3
|Sgr 26 1/2
|Cap 20
|Psc 4 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the bright one in the front foot
|the northern one of those in the upper garment
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45°
|}

====== Stars Mentioned ======
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, first
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, last
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §2
|setting CrB, south, last
|Psc 13.5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §13
|setting Aql, south, first
|Ari 2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib III Cap I §9
|rising Ori, south, last
|Psc 13
|}

===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====
<blockquote>Many have called this sign the Centaurus; others deny the name, for the reason that no Centaurus makes use of arrows. The question is raised, too why he is formed with horse flanks but a Satyr's tail.

Some say that he is Crotus, son of Eupheme, nurse of the Muses. As Sositheus, writer of tragedies, says, he had his home on Mount Helicon and took his pleasure in the company of the Muses, sometimes even following the pursuit of hunting. He attained great fame for his diligence, for he was very swift in the woods, and clever in the arts. As a reward for his zeal the Muses asked Jove to represent him in some star group, and Jove did so. Since he wished to display all his skills in one body, he gave him horse flanks because he rode a great deal. He added arrows, since these would show both his keenness and his swiftness, and he gave him a Satyr's tail because the Muses took no less pleasure in Crotus than Liber did in the Satyrs. Before his feet are a few stars arranged in a circle, which some said were a wreath, thrown off as by one at play. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest Τοξότης. ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!Τοξότου ἀστερισμός.
!Constellation of Sagittarius
!
|-
|1
|ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀκύδος τοῦ βέλους
|The star on the point of the arrow
|gam Sgr
|-
|2
|ὁ ἐν τῇ λαβῇ τῆς ἀριστερᾶρ χειρός
|The star in the [bow-] grip held by the left hand
|del Sgr
|-
|3
|ὁ ἐν τῷ νοτίῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου
|The star in the southern portion of the bow
|eps Sgr
|-
|4
|τῶν ἐν τῷ βορείῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου ὁ νοτιώτερος
|The southernmost of the [2] stars in the northern portion of the bow
|lam Sgr
|-
|5
|ὁ βορειότερος αὐτῶν ἐπ’ ἄκρου τοῦ τόξου.
|The northernmost of these, on the tip of the bow
|mu Sgr
|-
|6
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἅμου.
|The star on the left shoulder
|sig Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ τούτου προηγούμενος κατὰ τοῦ βέλους
|The one in advance of this, just over the arrow
|phi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ νεφελοειδὴς καὶ διπλοῦς,
|The star on the eye, which is nebulous and double
|nu1 + nu2 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ γ’ ὁ ἠγούμενος.
|The most advanced of the 3 stars in the head
|xi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|omi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῶν τριῶ.
|The rearmost of the three
|pi Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ βορεύῳ ἐφαπτίδι γ’ ὁ κότιος.
|The southernmost of the 3 stars in the northern cloak attachment
|43 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|rho Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶη
|The northernmost of the three
|ups Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τοῦς τρισὶν ἀμαυρός
|The faint star to the rear of these three
|55 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς νοτίου ἐφαπτίδος β ὁ βορειότερος;
|The northernmost of the 2 stars on the southern cloak-attachment
|61 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶν
|The southernmost of them
|57 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ὥμου.
|The star on the right shoulder
|chi1 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ἀγκῶνος..
|The star on the right elbow
|51+52 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῷ νώτῳ ἡ ὁ κατὰ τοῦ μεταφρένου.
|The three stars in the back: the one just above the place between the shoulders
|psi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν καὶ κατὰ τῆς ὡμοπλάτης.
|The three stars in the back: the middle one, just above the shoulder-blade
|tau Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ λοιπὸς καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν μασχάλην.
|The three stars in the back: the other one, under the armpit
|zet Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ ἀριστεροῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front left hock
|bet1 + bet2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ γόνατος τοῦ αὐτοῦ ποδός
|The one on the knee of the same leg
|alf Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ δεξιοῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front right hock
|eta Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ μηροῦ
|The star on the left thigh
|kap1 + kap2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀπισθύου δεξιοῦ πήχεως.
|The star on the right hind lower leg
|iot Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ ἐκφύσει τῆς οὐρᾶς ὃ τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμερος
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the northern side
|omega Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the northern side
|60 Sgr
|-
|
|τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμενος.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the southern side
|59 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the southern side
|62 Sgr
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|ἀστέρες λα, ὧν β’ μεγέθους β, γ’ 3, δ’ θ, εη, σ’ β, νεφελοειδής
|{31 stars, 2 of the second magnitude, 9 of the third, 9 of the fourth, 8 of the fifth, 2 of the sixth, [1] nebulous}
|
|}
[[File:Toxotes Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Toxotes (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Kaus Australis
|HIP 90185
|Constellation lines
|1.81
|-
|2
|Nunki
|HIP 92855
|Constellation lines
|2.067
|-
|3
|Ascella
|HIP 93506
|Constellation lines
|2.59
|-
|4
|Kaus Media
|HIP 89931
|Constellation lines
|2.668
|-
|5
|Kaus Borealis
|HIP 90496
|Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|6
|Albaldah
|HIP 94141
|Constellation lines
|2.88
|-
|7
|Alnasl
|HIP 88635
|Constellation lines
|2.99
|-
|8
|η Sagittarii
|HIP 89642
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.11
|-
|9
|ϕ Sagittarii
|HIP 92041
|Constellation lines
|3.14
|-
|10
|τ Sagittarii
|HIP 93864
|Constellation lines
|3.31
|-
|11
|ξ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 93085
|Inside the hull
|3.51
|-
|12
|NAME SDG
|NAME SDG
|Inside the hull
|3.6
|-
|13
|ο Sagittarii
|HIP 93683
|Inside the hull
|3.77
|-
|14
|Polis
|HIP 89341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.85
|-
|15
|ρ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95168
|Constellation lines
|3.93
|-
|16
|Rukbat
|HIP 95347
|Constellation lines
|3.943
|-
|17
|Arkab Prior
|HIP 95241
|Inside the hull
|4.01
|-
|18
|Meridiana
|HIP 94114
|Inside the hull
|4.087
|-
|19
|β Coronae Australis
|HIP 94160
|Inside the hull
|4.095
|-
|20
|ι Sagittarii
|HIP 98032
|Constellation lines
|4.13
|-
|21
|γ 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 93825
|Inside the hull
|4.21
|-
|22
|Arkab Posterior
|HIP 95294
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.27
|-
|23
|θ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 98412
|Constellation lines
|4.37
|-
|24
|59 Sgr
|HIP 98162
|Constellation lines
|4.528
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 88839
|Inside the hull
|4.56
|-
|26
|δ Coronae Australis
|HIP 94005
|Inside the hull
|4.571
|-
|27
|62 Sgr
|HIP 98688
|Constellation lines
|4.58
|-
|28
|52 Sgr
|HIP 96465
|Constellation lines
|4.598
|-
|29
|υ Sagittarii
|HIP 95176
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 89678
|Inside the hull
|4.627
|-
|31
|γ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 88567
|Inside the hull
|4.69
|-
|32
|Terebellum
|HIP 98066
|Constellation lines
|4.7
|-
|33
|ζ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93542
|Inside the hull
|4.725
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 98761
|Constellation lines
|4.764
|-
|35
|Ainalrami
|HIP 92761
|Constellation lines
|4.845
|-
|36
|60 Sgr
|HIP 98353
|Constellation lines
|4.846
|-
|37
|ϵ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93174
|Inside the hull
|4.85
|-
|38
|ψ Sagittarii
|HIP 94643
|Constellation lines
|4.86
|-
|39
|21 Sgr
|HIP 90289
|Inside the hull
|4.86
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 91918
|Constellation lines
|4.87
|-
|41
|56 Sgr
|HIP 97290
|Inside the hull
|4.873
|-
|42
|43 Sgr
|HIP 94820
|Constellation lines
|4.878
|-
|43
|1 Sgr
|HIP 89153
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|44
|ν 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 92845
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 98842
|Constellation lines
|4.99
|-
|46
|61 Sgr
|HIP 98258
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.998
|-
|47
|χ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95477
|Constellation lines
|5.009
|-
|48
|55 Sgr
|HIP 96950
|Constellation lines
|5.045
|-
|49
|ξ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 93057
|Constellation lines
|5.054
|-
|50
|λ Coronae Australis
|HIP 91875
|Inside the hull
|5.111
|-
|51
|M 22
|M 22
|Inside the hull
|5.2
|-
|52
|29 Sgr
|HIP 92390
|Inside the hull
|5.21
|-
|53
|μ Coronae Australis
|HIP 92226
|Inside the hull
|5.217
|-
|54
|77 G. Sgr
|HIP 91014
|Inside the hull
|5.276
|-
|55
|54 Sgr
|HIP 96808
|Inside the hull
|5.296
|-
|56
|θ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 98421
|Inside the hull
|5.299
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 99461
|Inside the hull
|5.32
|-
|58
|V3961 Sgr
|HIP 97749
|Inside the hull
|5.33
|-
|59
|V4050 Sgr
|HIP 90074
|Inside the hull
|5.34
|-
|60
|PZ 6AB
|HIP 88060
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.36
|-
|61
|28 Sgr
|HIP 92111
|Inside the hull
|5.366
|-
|62
|V686 CrA
|HIP 92989
|Inside the hull
|5.38
|-
|63
|75 G. Sgr
|HIP 90763
|Inside the hull
|5.386
|-
|64
|χ 3 Sagittarii
|HIP 95503
|Inside the hull
|5.43
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 91989
|Inside the hull
|5.439
|-
|66
|24 Sgr
|HIP 91004
|Inside the hull
|5.461
|-
|67
|14 Sgr
|HIP 89369
|Inside the hull
|5.473
|-
|68
|134 G. Sgr
|HIP 93667
|Constellation lines
|5.482
|-
|69
|193 G. Sgr
|HIP 95865
|Constellation lines
|5.49
|-
|70
|V4024 Sgr
|HIP 93996
|Inside the hull
|5.49
|-
|71
|228 G. Sgr
|HIP 97260
|Inside the hull
|5.512
|-
|72
|60 G. Sgr
|HIP 90124
|Inside the hull
|5.518
|-
|73
|50 Sgr
|HIP 95564
|Inside the hull
|5.569
|-
|74
|18 Sgr
|HIP 90260
|Inside the hull
|5.574
|-
|75
|162 G. Sgr
|HIP 94986
|Constellation lines
|5.579
|-
|76
|165 G. Sgr
|HIP 95077
|Inside the hull
|5.579
|-
|77
|κ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 100469
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|78
|131 G. Sgr
|HIP 93498
|Constellation lines
|5.628
|-
|79
|κ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 100591
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.64
|-
|80
|51 Sgr
|HIP 96406
|Inside the hull
|5.64
|-
|81
|209 G. Sgr
|HIP 96496
|Inside the hull
|5.642
|-
|82
|186 G. Sgr
|HIP 95619
|Constellation lines
|5.644
|-
|83
|37 G. Sgr
|HIP 89020
|Constellation lines
|5.65
|-
|84
|262 G. Sgr
|HIP 98470
|Inside the hull
|5.66
|-
|85
|33 Sgr
|HIP 92747
|Inside the hull
|5.678
|-
|86
|189 G. Sgr
|HIP 95823
|Inside the hull
|5.701
|-
|87
|V701 CrA
|HIP 93552
|Inside the hull
|5.716
|-
|88
|152 G. Sgr
|HIP 94434
|Inside the hull
|5.765
|-
|89
|84 G. Sgr
|HIP 91405
|Inside the hull
|5.772
|-
|90
|94 G. Sgr
|HIP 91974
|Inside the hull
|5.811
|-
|91
|ρ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 95188
|Inside the hull
|5.845
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 94157
|Inside the hull
|5.855
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 91438
|Inside the hull
|5.86
|-
|94
|57 Sgr
|HIP 97783
|Constellation lines
|5.896
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 90485
|Inside the hull
|5.902
|-
|96
|V4089 Sgr
|HIP 96234
|Inside the hull
|5.91
|-
|97
|180 G. Sgr
|HIP 95456
|Constellation lines
|5.93
|-
|98
|116 G. Sgr
|HIP 92931
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|99
|83 G. Sgr
|HIP 91347
|Inside the hull
|5.931
|-
|100
|260 G. Sgr
|HIP 98461
|Inside the hull
|5.948
|-
|101
|218 G. Sgr
|HIP 96760
|Inside the hull
|5.957
|-
|102
|264 G. Sgr
|HIP 98575
|Inside the hull
|5.999
|-
|103
|132 G. Sgr
|HIP 93537
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|104
|179 G. Sgr
|HIP 95408
|Inside the hull
|6.011
|-
|105
|140 G. Sgr
|HIP 93925
|Inside the hull
|6.027
|-
|106
|RS Sgr
|HIP 89637
|Inside the hull
|6.03
|-
|107
|233 G. Sgr
|HIP 97515
|Inside the hull
|6.031
|-
|108
|121 G. Sgr
|HIP 93134
|Constellation lines
|6.08
|-
|109
|258 G. Sgr
|HIP 98485
|Inside the hull
|6.097
|-
|110
|108 G. Sgr
|HIP 92643
|Inside the hull
|6.098
|-
|111
|148 G. Sgr
|HIP 94144
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|112
|V4333 Sgr
|HIP 96440
|Inside the hull
|6.12
|-
|113
|197 G. Sgr
|HIP 95965
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|114
|224 G. Sgr
|HIP 97067
|Inside the hull
|6.131
|-
|115
|178 G. Sgr
|HIP 95396
|Inside the hull
|6.132
|-
|116
|123 G. Sgr
|HIP 93140
|Inside the hull
|6.141
|-
|117
|62 G. Sgr
|HIP 90290
|Inside the hull
|6.142
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 98077
|Inside the hull
|6.15
|-
|119
|58 G. Sgr
|HIP 90012
|Inside the hull
|6.154
|-
|120
|38 G. Sgr
|HIP 89086
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 93858
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|122
|49 G. Sgr
|HIP 89622
|Inside the hull
|6.168
|-
|123
|280 G. Sgr
|HIP 99570
|Inside the hull
|6.191
|-
|124
|26 Sgr
|HIP 91689
|Inside the hull
|6.205
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 93470
|Inside the hull
|6.209
|-
|126
|V4200 Sgr
|HIP 97944
|Inside the hull
|6.213
|-
|127
|128 G. Sgr
|HIP 93423
|Inside the hull
|6.215
|-
|128
|[SC96] GC 607
|[SC96] GC 607
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|129
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|130
|Gumala
|HIP 94645
|Inside the hull
|6.237
|-
|131
|70 Sgr
|HIP 89980
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 94730
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|133
|V4199 Sgr
|HIP 95159
|Inside the hull
|6.26
|-
|134
|150 G. Sgr
|HIP 94272
|Inside the hull
|6.272
|-
|135
|69 G. Sgr
|HIP 90510
|Inside the hull
|6.276
|-
|136
|254 G. Sgr
|HIP 98351
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 93074
|Inside the hull
|6.284
|-
|138
|109 G. Sgr
|HIP 92635
|Inside the hull
|6.29
|-
|139
|V4198 Sgr
|HIP 93887
|Inside the hull
|6.293
|-
|140
|64 G. Sgr
|HIP 90336
|Inside the hull
|6.296
|-
|141
|Cl Collinder 394
|Cl Collinder 394
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|142
|143 G. Sgr
|HIP 93993
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|143
|263 G. Sgr
|HIP 98579
|Inside the hull
|6.306
|-
|144
|90 G. Sgr
|HIP 91901
|Inside the hull
|6.308
|-
|145
|53 Sgr
|HIP 96729
|Inside the hull
|6.321
|-
|146
|96 G. Sgr
|HIP 92016
|Inside the hull
|6.331
|-
|147
|167 G. Sgr
|HIP 95211
|Inside the hull
|6.338
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 94243
|Inside the hull
|6.344
|-
|149
|V3879 Sgr
|HIP 91781
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|150
|127 G. Sgr
|HIP 93315
|Inside the hull
|6.356
|-
|151
|133 G. Sgr
|HIP 93543
|Inside the hull
|6.357
|-
|152
|48 G. Sgr
|HIP 89620
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|153
|80 G. Sgr
|HIP 91172
|Inside the hull
|6.366
|-
|154
|125 G. Sgr
|HIP 93234
|Inside the hull
|6.378
|-
|155
|151 G. Sgr
|HIP 94372
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|156
|C 1806-240
|C 1806-240
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|157
| -
|HIP 93371
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|158
|V4434 Sgr
|HIP 99920
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|159
|36 G. Sgr
|HIP 89010
|Inside the hull
|6.405
|-
|160
|V4405 Sgr
|HIP 92079
|Inside the hull
|6.42
|-
|161
|269 G. Sgr
|HIP 98785
|Inside the hull
|6.428
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 94130
|Inside the hull
|6.435
|-
|163
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|164
|[SC96] GC 625
|[SC96] GC 625
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|165
|115 G. Sgr
|HIP 92972
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 92866
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|167
|244 G. Sgr
|HIP 98012
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 96274
|Inside the hull
|6.475
|-
|169
|166 G. Sgr
|HIP 95149
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|170
|V4190 Sgr
|HIP 91132
|Inside the hull
|6.481
|-
|171
|M 55
|M 55
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 93209
|Inside the hull
|6.497
|-
|173
| -
|HIP 90576
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|174
|V* V4045 Sgr
|HIP 89178
|Constellation lines
|6.52
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 94124
|Constellation lines
|6.533
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 92329
|Constellation lines
|6.69
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 92301
|Inside the hull
|6.7
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 96932
|Constellation lines
|6.88
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 93149
|Constellation lines
|7.2
|}

==== Arabic star names in Sagittarius ====
[[File:Sgr RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
[[File:Arab LunarStations RL2025.png|thumb|Arabic lunar stations: mapped to the stars and with drawn images. ]]
Star names reflect the cultural adoption and transformations. Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> compiled the following list:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Arabic
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
|-
!Original
! valign="top" |Transliteration
! valign="top" |English
! valign="top" |historical author
! valign="top" |identification
|-
|
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
|-
| colspan="5" |'''''Τοξότης'' > ''al-Rāmī'', ‟the Archer”'','' (Ḥağğāğ, Isḥāq, Battānī, Ṣūfī, Bīrūnī)'''
'''''al-Qaws'', ‟the Bow” < Arabian zodiac (Ḥağğāğ, Isḥāq, Battānī, Ṣūfī, Bīrūnī)'''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Rukbat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Right] Knee of the Archer
| valign="top" |Uluġ Bēg
| valign="top" |''α Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜUrqub al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Left] Tendon of the l’Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''β Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Zuğg Saham al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Tip of the Arrow of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''γ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''[[Alnasl|al-Naṣl]]''
| valign="top" |the Tip [of the Arrow]
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Maqbiḍ [Qaws] al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Handle [of the Arc] of the A.
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''δ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Ibṭ al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Armpit of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''ζ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Kaᶜb al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Ankle of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''η Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜAyn al-Rāmī, ġamāmī''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer, cloud
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''[[Ainalrami|ᶜAyn al-Rāmī]]''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜIṣābat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Turban de l’Archer
| valign="top" |Ét. Laffitte
| valign="top" |''ρ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Mankib al-aysar''
| valign="top" |the Left Shoulder
| valign="top" |Bīrūnī
| valign="top" |''σ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Mankib al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the shoulder of the Archer
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Aṣl Ḏanab al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Beginning of the End of the A.
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ω Sgr''
|-
| colspan="5" |'''A05. Stations XX et XXI :''' '''''al-Nacā’im'' & ''al-Balda'', « the Ostriches » & « the Unhabitated Place »'''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''[[Al-Baldah|al-Balda]]''
| valign="top" |the [Unhabitated] Place
| valign="top" |Mālik
| valign="top" |St. XXI : ''π Sgr''
|-
| colspan="5" valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Qutayba, Farġānī, Mālik
| valign="top" |St. XX : ''γδεν +σφτζ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im al-Wārida''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming down to drink
| valign="top" |Farġānī
| valign="top" |''γδεη Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜām al-Wārid''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming down to drink
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming back from drinking
| valign="top" |Farġānī
| valign="top" |''σφτζ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜām al-Ṣādir''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming back from drinking
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''σφτζ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''min Naᶜā’im al-Ṣādira''
| valign="top" |From the O. coming back from drinking
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Waṣl''
| valign="top" |the Link
| valign="top" |Ḥanīfa
| valign="top" |''λ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Rāᶜī''
| valign="top" |the Shepherd
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Rāᶜī ’l-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Shepherd of the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Tīzīnī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Udḥī''
| valign="top" |''t''he Nest
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''ξ2οπdρ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Udḥī ’l-Naᶜām''
| valign="top" |the Nest of the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Ṣūfī
| valign="top" |''[[Corona Australis]]''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān''
| valign="top" |the Two Male Ostriches
| valign="top" |Qutayba,Ṣūfī
| valign="top" |''λμ Sgr (Sufi: ιλ Aql)''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān al-Ṣaġīrān''
| valign="top" |the Two Little Male Ostriches
| valign="top" |Fāris
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān al-Ṣiġār''
| valign="top" |the Little Male Ostriches
| valign="top" |Mammātī
| valign="top" |
|-
| colspan="5" valign="top" |Other Names
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Qilāda''
| valign="top" |the Necklace
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''ξ2οπdρυ'' ''Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Qalā’iṣ''
| valign="top" |the Young She Camels
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Qaws''L
| valign="top" |the Bow
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al- Udḥī''
| valign="top" |the Nest
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Nayyir al-Qilāda''
| valign="top" |the Bright One of the Necklace
| valign="top" |Tīzīnī
| valign="top" |''π Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Āḫar al-Qilādathe''
| valign="top" |the Last ne of the Young She C.
| valign="top" |Ast Oner
| valign="top" |''υ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Nayyir min al-Qalā’iṣ''
| valign="top" |the Bright One of the Young She C.
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |''π Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Aḫar al-Qalā’iṣ''
| valign="top" |the Last ne of the Young She C.
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |''υ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Miḥrāb''
| valign="top" |the Mihrab
| valign="top" |Ḏ. ''hay.''
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Saraṭān''
| valign="top" |the Crab
| valign="top" |Ḏ. ''hay.''
| valign="top" |
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===
<gallery>
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag in the zodiac sign of Sagittarius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Sagittaire-babylonien.jpg|alt=Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444|Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444
File:Kugel Sgr+CrA+Sco.JPG|Kugel Globe (1st c. BCE): Sgr, CrA and Sco
File:Sagittarius Hevelius.jpg|Sagittarius in Hevelius (1690)
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - La Sagittaire (Sagittarius).jpg|Sagittarius in Flamsteed (1776).
File:Johann Elert Bode - Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield.jpg|Bode (1805) Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield
File:1822 - Alexander Jamieson - Sagittarius, The Archer.jpg|Sgr in Jamieson (1822)
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Sagittarius and Corona Australis, Microscopium, and Telescopium.png|Sagittarius in Sidney Hall (1825) Urania's Mirror.
File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-069.png|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Sagittarius
File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-070.png|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Sagittarius
</gallery>

==Mythology==
Eratosthenes<ref name=":0" /> tells us that the satyr Krotos watched the Muses playing and then clapped his hands in rapturous delight. Others followed suit, and thus applause after a musical performance was invented. For this non-verbal sign of appreciation, he was transported to heaven.

This is a beautiful star legend, but it does not explain why this hybrid creature is holding a bow and arrow. The story demonstrates once again the Greeks' perplexity with images from a foreign (Babylonian) culture.

==Weblinks==

* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017067 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database – Sagittarius]

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Modern]] [[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sgr]]

Sagittarius

2026-07-09T05:26:22Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Arabic star names in Sagittarius */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Sagittarius IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|Sgr star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. Originally, it depicted the Mesopotamian god Pabilsaĝ ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]), a god of agriculture and war, later equated with Ninurta and depicted as a mixed creature of a human body attaced to horse body with wings and an additional scorpion tail. This complex image was simplified in Greek reception, and there drawn as a centaur.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Pabilsag, ancêtre mésopotamien du Sagittaire,.jpg|thumb|profile of the figure of Pabilsag from a 12th century BCE kudurru. è.c. (Roland Laffitte 2023)]]
[[File:Kugel cen-lup-ara+sgr-sco.JPG|thumb|depiction on the Kugel Globe (4th c. CE): two centaurs in Cen and Sgr with Lup+Ara in between (drawing by SMH 2024).]]

===Origin of Constellation<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>===
This figure came to Greek culture from Mesopotamia as a zodiac sign. Since MUL.APIN, it has been called Pabilsang ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]). This is a deity depicted as a hybrid creature: a male upper body sits on a horse's body, which has a scorpion's tail and wings. Pabilsang is equated with Ninurta, a god of agriculture and war. This explains why he holds a bow and arrow – either for hunting or for defence.

Such a hybrid creature was unknown to the Greeks. The most similar creature in Greek culture and mythology is a centaur, which at least combines horse and human (although it does not have a scorpion's tail and wings). However, Eratosthenes questions whether this is a centaur: He has illustrations in which the archer has only two legs – horse legs. For this reason, and because centaurs cannot use bows and arrows, Eratosthenes prefers the opinion that this is the satyr Krotos, the son of the nurse of the Muses. He is considered a cultural founder, having invented the bow and arrow and used it to hunt animals.

Eratosthenes' belief that Sagittarius has a ship with him also points to a Babylonian influence and an accidental equation of the two-legged and four-legged figures. The Babylonian constellation Ship ([[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]) refers to a river boat and must have been located near Sagittarius. Based on depictions of Babylonian river boats, the constellation [[Corona Australis]] is usually equated with the Babylonian ship. However, centaurs do not travel on ships, which is why, according to Eratosthenes, the ship is another argument against the centaur.

Eratosthenes' claim that Sagittarius is bipedal may seem surprising at first, as today he is depicted as a four-legged centaur in all common star charts.

The Almagest mentions three feet, a horse's body and a human torso, from which we can conclude that Ptolemy also thought of Sagittarius as a centaur. So how did Eratosthenes come to the conclusion that it could be a man with horse's legs?

On the zodiac of Dendera, a depiction in an Egyptian temple that was restored in the Ptolemaic period in the 1st century (i.e. only about 100 to 150 years after Eratosthenes), there are two Sagittarians: one with two legs and one with four legs. The four-legged one is in the part of the sky where the constellation Sagittarius is located. The two-legged archer stands next to the star [[Sirius]]. This is significant in that [[Sirius]] and the stars around it formed the two Babylonian constellations ‘Arrow’ ([[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA]]) and ‘Bow’ ([[PAN]]). The strong Babylonian influences are not surprising here, as there is evidence of a significant transfer of Babylonian mathematical astronomy to Greek astronomy in Egypt, especially in the 2nd century BCE.

==== Babylonian ====
see

* [[PA.BIL.SAG]]
<gallery>
File:Nabu-Kudurri-Usur.jpg|Pabilsag on Nabu kudurru
File:Kassites1.jpg|Pabilsag in Kassites
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
</gallery>

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratus =====
<blockquote>[300] After much suffering at sea even in the previous month, when the sun inflames the bow and the Drawer of the bow, you should put ashore in the evening and not continue to trust the night. A sign of that season and that month will be the rising of the Scorpion at the end of night. [305] The Archer actually draws his great bow near the sting; the rising Scorpion stands a little ahead of him, and he then rises shortly after. At that time the head of Cynosura runs very high up at the end of night, and just before dawn Orion sets entirely, and Cepheus from hand to waist. (Kidd 1997)</blockquote>

===== Eratosthenes =====
Pamias and Zucker (2013,<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref> 85-87)<blockquote>'''Var. 1 (Περὶ τοῦ Τοξότου)''': This is the figure holding the bow, whom most people regard as a centaur, though others dispute this, arguing that no centaur uses a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the satyrs. The Archer has two stars on his head, one on his right elbow, one on his hands, one shining on his stomach, two on his back, one on his front knee, one on his foot, one on his back knee, one on his hoof, two on the bow and one on the sheepskin. Fourteen.</blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2 (Τοξότου)''': This is the Archer whom most people regard as a Centaur, a view contested by others, who argue that he is not shown with four legs, but is standing and shooting a bow; yet no Centaur has ever used a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the Satyrs. This is why it seems implausible to the people in question that he is a Centaur, and more likely that he is Crotos (Clapping), the son of Euphemia (Renown), the nurse of the Muses, who lived and stayed on Helicon.</blockquote><blockquote>The Muses ensured that he discovered the use of the bow and could obtain his food from wild beasts, as Sositheus relates. He had become intimately acquainted with the Muses and attended their performances, and he approved of them by marking the beat with cheers.</blockquote><blockquote>Indeed, he would clap his hands to mark the off-beat of their singing; so, seeing him do this, the other men began to do the same. That is why the Muses, when they tasted the charm of fame, thanks to his support, asked Zeus to reveal to all the fervour of this figure, and thus he was placed amongst the constellations, in recognition of that hand gesture he had made, adopting the posture of the archer as his distinctive mark. His gesture was perpetuated amongst men. Furthermore, the presence of the Boat indicates that he will be visible to everyone: not only to men on land, but also to those at sea; hence the error of those who depict him as a Centaur.</blockquote><blockquote>The Archer has two stars on his head, two on the bow, two on the tip of the arrow, one on his right elbow, one on his hand, one shining on his belly, two on his back, one on his tail, one on the front knee, one on the hoof, and one on the back knee. Fifteen in all.</blockquote><blockquote>The seven stars of the Boat are located beneath his paw. They resemble hind legs, but the latter are not visible at all.</blockquote>

===== Hipparchus =====

====== Rising (Lib II Cap V §10) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of ...</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sgr 5 1/2
|Cap 18
|Vir 19 1/2
|Sco 8 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|at the tip of the arrow
|the bright one in the hind feet
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib III Cap IV §6) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sco 3
|Sgr 26 1/2
|Cap 20
|Psc 4 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the bright one in the front foot
|the northern one of those in the upper garment
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45°
|}

====== Stars Mentioned ======
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, first
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, last
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §2
|setting CrB, south, last
|Psc 13.5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §13
|setting Aql, south, first
|Ari 2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib III Cap I §9
|rising Ori, south, last
|Psc 13
|}

===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====
<blockquote>Many have called this sign the Centaurus; others deny the name, for the reason that no Centaurus makes use of arrows. The question is raised, too why he is formed with horse flanks but a Satyr's tail.

Some say that he is Crotus, son of Eupheme, nurse of the Muses. As Sositheus, writer of tragedies, says, he had his home on Mount Helicon and took his pleasure in the company of the Muses, sometimes even following the pursuit of hunting. He attained great fame for his diligence, for he was very swift in the woods, and clever in the arts. As a reward for his zeal the Muses asked Jove to represent him in some star group, and Jove did so. Since he wished to display all his skills in one body, he gave him horse flanks because he rode a great deal. He added arrows, since these would show both his keenness and his swiftness, and he gave him a Satyr's tail because the Muses took no less pleasure in Crotus than Liber did in the Satyrs. Before his feet are a few stars arranged in a circle, which some said were a wreath, thrown off as by one at play. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest Τοξότης. ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!Τοξότου ἀστερισμός.
!Constellation of Sagittarius
!
|-
|1
|ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀκύδος τοῦ βέλους
|The star on the point of the arrow
|gam Sgr
|-
|2
|ὁ ἐν τῇ λαβῇ τῆς ἀριστερᾶρ χειρός
|The star in the [bow-] grip held by the left hand
|del Sgr
|-
|3
|ὁ ἐν τῷ νοτίῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου
|The star in the southern portion of the bow
|eps Sgr
|-
|4
|τῶν ἐν τῷ βορείῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου ὁ νοτιώτερος
|The southernmost of the [2] stars in the northern portion of the bow
|lam Sgr
|-
|5
|ὁ βορειότερος αὐτῶν ἐπ’ ἄκρου τοῦ τόξου.
|The northernmost of these, on the tip of the bow
|mu Sgr
|-
|6
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἅμου.
|The star on the left shoulder
|sig Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ τούτου προηγούμενος κατὰ τοῦ βέλους
|The one in advance of this, just over the arrow
|phi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ νεφελοειδὴς καὶ διπλοῦς,
|The star on the eye, which is nebulous and double
|nu1 + nu2 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ γ’ ὁ ἠγούμενος.
|The most advanced of the 3 stars in the head
|xi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|omi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῶν τριῶ.
|The rearmost of the three
|pi Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ βορεύῳ ἐφαπτίδι γ’ ὁ κότιος.
|The southernmost of the 3 stars in the northern cloak attachment
|43 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|rho Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶη
|The northernmost of the three
|ups Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τοῦς τρισὶν ἀμαυρός
|The faint star to the rear of these three
|55 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς νοτίου ἐφαπτίδος β ὁ βορειότερος;
|The northernmost of the 2 stars on the southern cloak-attachment
|61 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶν
|The southernmost of them
|57 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ὥμου.
|The star on the right shoulder
|chi1 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ἀγκῶνος..
|The star on the right elbow
|51+52 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῷ νώτῳ ἡ ὁ κατὰ τοῦ μεταφρένου.
|The three stars in the back: the one just above the place between the shoulders
|psi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν καὶ κατὰ τῆς ὡμοπλάτης.
|The three stars in the back: the middle one, just above the shoulder-blade
|tau Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ λοιπὸς καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν μασχάλην.
|The three stars in the back: the other one, under the armpit
|zet Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ ἀριστεροῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front left hock
|bet1 + bet2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ γόνατος τοῦ αὐτοῦ ποδός
|The one on the knee of the same leg
|alf Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ δεξιοῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front right hock
|eta Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ μηροῦ
|The star on the left thigh
|kap1 + kap2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀπισθύου δεξιοῦ πήχεως.
|The star on the right hind lower leg
|iot Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ ἐκφύσει τῆς οὐρᾶς ὃ τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμερος
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the northern side
|omega Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the northern side
|60 Sgr
|-
|
|τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμενος.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the southern side
|59 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the southern side
|62 Sgr
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|ἀστέρες λα, ὧν β’ μεγέθους β, γ’ 3, δ’ θ, εη, σ’ β, νεφελοειδής
|{31 stars, 2 of the second magnitude, 9 of the third, 9 of the fourth, 8 of the fifth, 2 of the sixth, [1] nebulous}
|
|}
[[File:Toxotes Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Toxotes (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Kaus Australis
|HIP 90185
|Constellation lines
|1.81
|-
|2
|Nunki
|HIP 92855
|Constellation lines
|2.067
|-
|3
|Ascella
|HIP 93506
|Constellation lines
|2.59
|-
|4
|Kaus Media
|HIP 89931
|Constellation lines
|2.668
|-
|5
|Kaus Borealis
|HIP 90496
|Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|6
|Albaldah
|HIP 94141
|Constellation lines
|2.88
|-
|7
|Alnasl
|HIP 88635
|Constellation lines
|2.99
|-
|8
|η Sagittarii
|HIP 89642
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.11
|-
|9
|ϕ Sagittarii
|HIP 92041
|Constellation lines
|3.14
|-
|10
|τ Sagittarii
|HIP 93864
|Constellation lines
|3.31
|-
|11
|ξ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 93085
|Inside the hull
|3.51
|-
|12
|NAME SDG
|NAME SDG
|Inside the hull
|3.6
|-
|13
|ο Sagittarii
|HIP 93683
|Inside the hull
|3.77
|-
|14
|Polis
|HIP 89341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.85
|-
|15
|ρ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95168
|Constellation lines
|3.93
|-
|16
|Rukbat
|HIP 95347
|Constellation lines
|3.943
|-
|17
|Arkab Prior
|HIP 95241
|Inside the hull
|4.01
|-
|18
|Meridiana
|HIP 94114
|Inside the hull
|4.087
|-
|19
|β Coronae Australis
|HIP 94160
|Inside the hull
|4.095
|-
|20
|ι Sagittarii
|HIP 98032
|Constellation lines
|4.13
|-
|21
|γ 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 93825
|Inside the hull
|4.21
|-
|22
|Arkab Posterior
|HIP 95294
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.27
|-
|23
|θ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 98412
|Constellation lines
|4.37
|-
|24
|59 Sgr
|HIP 98162
|Constellation lines
|4.528
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 88839
|Inside the hull
|4.56
|-
|26
|δ Coronae Australis
|HIP 94005
|Inside the hull
|4.571
|-
|27
|62 Sgr
|HIP 98688
|Constellation lines
|4.58
|-
|28
|52 Sgr
|HIP 96465
|Constellation lines
|4.598
|-
|29
|υ Sagittarii
|HIP 95176
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 89678
|Inside the hull
|4.627
|-
|31
|γ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 88567
|Inside the hull
|4.69
|-
|32
|Terebellum
|HIP 98066
|Constellation lines
|4.7
|-
|33
|ζ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93542
|Inside the hull
|4.725
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 98761
|Constellation lines
|4.764
|-
|35
|Ainalrami
|HIP 92761
|Constellation lines
|4.845
|-
|36
|60 Sgr
|HIP 98353
|Constellation lines
|4.846
|-
|37
|ϵ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93174
|Inside the hull
|4.85
|-
|38
|ψ Sagittarii
|HIP 94643
|Constellation lines
|4.86
|-
|39
|21 Sgr
|HIP 90289
|Inside the hull
|4.86
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 91918
|Constellation lines
|4.87
|-
|41
|56 Sgr
|HIP 97290
|Inside the hull
|4.873
|-
|42
|43 Sgr
|HIP 94820
|Constellation lines
|4.878
|-
|43
|1 Sgr
|HIP 89153
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|44
|ν 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 92845
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 98842
|Constellation lines
|4.99
|-
|46
|61 Sgr
|HIP 98258
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.998
|-
|47
|χ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95477
|Constellation lines
|5.009
|-
|48
|55 Sgr
|HIP 96950
|Constellation lines
|5.045
|-
|49
|ξ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 93057
|Constellation lines
|5.054
|-
|50
|λ Coronae Australis
|HIP 91875
|Inside the hull
|5.111
|-
|51
|M 22
|M 22
|Inside the hull
|5.2
|-
|52
|29 Sgr
|HIP 92390
|Inside the hull
|5.21
|-
|53
|μ Coronae Australis
|HIP 92226
|Inside the hull
|5.217
|-
|54
|77 G. Sgr
|HIP 91014
|Inside the hull
|5.276
|-
|55
|54 Sgr
|HIP 96808
|Inside the hull
|5.296
|-
|56
|θ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 98421
|Inside the hull
|5.299
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 99461
|Inside the hull
|5.32
|-
|58
|V3961 Sgr
|HIP 97749
|Inside the hull
|5.33
|-
|59
|V4050 Sgr
|HIP 90074
|Inside the hull
|5.34
|-
|60
|PZ 6AB
|HIP 88060
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.36
|-
|61
|28 Sgr
|HIP 92111
|Inside the hull
|5.366
|-
|62
|V686 CrA
|HIP 92989
|Inside the hull
|5.38
|-
|63
|75 G. Sgr
|HIP 90763
|Inside the hull
|5.386
|-
|64
|χ 3 Sagittarii
|HIP 95503
|Inside the hull
|5.43
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 91989
|Inside the hull
|5.439
|-
|66
|24 Sgr
|HIP 91004
|Inside the hull
|5.461
|-
|67
|14 Sgr
|HIP 89369
|Inside the hull
|5.473
|-
|68
|134 G. Sgr
|HIP 93667
|Constellation lines
|5.482
|-
|69
|193 G. Sgr
|HIP 95865
|Constellation lines
|5.49
|-
|70
|V4024 Sgr
|HIP 93996
|Inside the hull
|5.49
|-
|71
|228 G. Sgr
|HIP 97260
|Inside the hull
|5.512
|-
|72
|60 G. Sgr
|HIP 90124
|Inside the hull
|5.518
|-
|73
|50 Sgr
|HIP 95564
|Inside the hull
|5.569
|-
|74
|18 Sgr
|HIP 90260
|Inside the hull
|5.574
|-
|75
|162 G. Sgr
|HIP 94986
|Constellation lines
|5.579
|-
|76
|165 G. Sgr
|HIP 95077
|Inside the hull
|5.579
|-
|77
|κ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 100469
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|78
|131 G. Sgr
|HIP 93498
|Constellation lines
|5.628
|-
|79
|κ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 100591
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.64
|-
|80
|51 Sgr
|HIP 96406
|Inside the hull
|5.64
|-
|81
|209 G. Sgr
|HIP 96496
|Inside the hull
|5.642
|-
|82
|186 G. Sgr
|HIP 95619
|Constellation lines
|5.644
|-
|83
|37 G. Sgr
|HIP 89020
|Constellation lines
|5.65
|-
|84
|262 G. Sgr
|HIP 98470
|Inside the hull
|5.66
|-
|85
|33 Sgr
|HIP 92747
|Inside the hull
|5.678
|-
|86
|189 G. Sgr
|HIP 95823
|Inside the hull
|5.701
|-
|87
|V701 CrA
|HIP 93552
|Inside the hull
|5.716
|-
|88
|152 G. Sgr
|HIP 94434
|Inside the hull
|5.765
|-
|89
|84 G. Sgr
|HIP 91405
|Inside the hull
|5.772
|-
|90
|94 G. Sgr
|HIP 91974
|Inside the hull
|5.811
|-
|91
|ρ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 95188
|Inside the hull
|5.845
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 94157
|Inside the hull
|5.855
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 91438
|Inside the hull
|5.86
|-
|94
|57 Sgr
|HIP 97783
|Constellation lines
|5.896
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 90485
|Inside the hull
|5.902
|-
|96
|V4089 Sgr
|HIP 96234
|Inside the hull
|5.91
|-
|97
|180 G. Sgr
|HIP 95456
|Constellation lines
|5.93
|-
|98
|116 G. Sgr
|HIP 92931
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|99
|83 G. Sgr
|HIP 91347
|Inside the hull
|5.931
|-
|100
|260 G. Sgr
|HIP 98461
|Inside the hull
|5.948
|-
|101
|218 G. Sgr
|HIP 96760
|Inside the hull
|5.957
|-
|102
|264 G. Sgr
|HIP 98575
|Inside the hull
|5.999
|-
|103
|132 G. Sgr
|HIP 93537
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|104
|179 G. Sgr
|HIP 95408
|Inside the hull
|6.011
|-
|105
|140 G. Sgr
|HIP 93925
|Inside the hull
|6.027
|-
|106
|RS Sgr
|HIP 89637
|Inside the hull
|6.03
|-
|107
|233 G. Sgr
|HIP 97515
|Inside the hull
|6.031
|-
|108
|121 G. Sgr
|HIP 93134
|Constellation lines
|6.08
|-
|109
|258 G. Sgr
|HIP 98485
|Inside the hull
|6.097
|-
|110
|108 G. Sgr
|HIP 92643
|Inside the hull
|6.098
|-
|111
|148 G. Sgr
|HIP 94144
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|112
|V4333 Sgr
|HIP 96440
|Inside the hull
|6.12
|-
|113
|197 G. Sgr
|HIP 95965
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|114
|224 G. Sgr
|HIP 97067
|Inside the hull
|6.131
|-
|115
|178 G. Sgr
|HIP 95396
|Inside the hull
|6.132
|-
|116
|123 G. Sgr
|HIP 93140
|Inside the hull
|6.141
|-
|117
|62 G. Sgr
|HIP 90290
|Inside the hull
|6.142
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 98077
|Inside the hull
|6.15
|-
|119
|58 G. Sgr
|HIP 90012
|Inside the hull
|6.154
|-
|120
|38 G. Sgr
|HIP 89086
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 93858
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|122
|49 G. Sgr
|HIP 89622
|Inside the hull
|6.168
|-
|123
|280 G. Sgr
|HIP 99570
|Inside the hull
|6.191
|-
|124
|26 Sgr
|HIP 91689
|Inside the hull
|6.205
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 93470
|Inside the hull
|6.209
|-
|126
|V4200 Sgr
|HIP 97944
|Inside the hull
|6.213
|-
|127
|128 G. Sgr
|HIP 93423
|Inside the hull
|6.215
|-
|128
|[SC96] GC 607
|[SC96] GC 607
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|129
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|130
|Gumala
|HIP 94645
|Inside the hull
|6.237
|-
|131
|70 Sgr
|HIP 89980
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 94730
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|133
|V4199 Sgr
|HIP 95159
|Inside the hull
|6.26
|-
|134
|150 G. Sgr
|HIP 94272
|Inside the hull
|6.272
|-
|135
|69 G. Sgr
|HIP 90510
|Inside the hull
|6.276
|-
|136
|254 G. Sgr
|HIP 98351
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 93074
|Inside the hull
|6.284
|-
|138
|109 G. Sgr
|HIP 92635
|Inside the hull
|6.29
|-
|139
|V4198 Sgr
|HIP 93887
|Inside the hull
|6.293
|-
|140
|64 G. Sgr
|HIP 90336
|Inside the hull
|6.296
|-
|141
|Cl Collinder 394
|Cl Collinder 394
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|142
|143 G. Sgr
|HIP 93993
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|143
|263 G. Sgr
|HIP 98579
|Inside the hull
|6.306
|-
|144
|90 G. Sgr
|HIP 91901
|Inside the hull
|6.308
|-
|145
|53 Sgr
|HIP 96729
|Inside the hull
|6.321
|-
|146
|96 G. Sgr
|HIP 92016
|Inside the hull
|6.331
|-
|147
|167 G. Sgr
|HIP 95211
|Inside the hull
|6.338
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 94243
|Inside the hull
|6.344
|-
|149
|V3879 Sgr
|HIP 91781
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|150
|127 G. Sgr
|HIP 93315
|Inside the hull
|6.356
|-
|151
|133 G. Sgr
|HIP 93543
|Inside the hull
|6.357
|-
|152
|48 G. Sgr
|HIP 89620
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|153
|80 G. Sgr
|HIP 91172
|Inside the hull
|6.366
|-
|154
|125 G. Sgr
|HIP 93234
|Inside the hull
|6.378
|-
|155
|151 G. Sgr
|HIP 94372
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|156
|C 1806-240
|C 1806-240
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|157
| -
|HIP 93371
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|158
|V4434 Sgr
|HIP 99920
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|159
|36 G. Sgr
|HIP 89010
|Inside the hull
|6.405
|-
|160
|V4405 Sgr
|HIP 92079
|Inside the hull
|6.42
|-
|161
|269 G. Sgr
|HIP 98785
|Inside the hull
|6.428
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 94130
|Inside the hull
|6.435
|-
|163
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|164
|[SC96] GC 625
|[SC96] GC 625
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|165
|115 G. Sgr
|HIP 92972
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 92866
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|167
|244 G. Sgr
|HIP 98012
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 96274
|Inside the hull
|6.475
|-
|169
|166 G. Sgr
|HIP 95149
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|170
|V4190 Sgr
|HIP 91132
|Inside the hull
|6.481
|-
|171
|M 55
|M 55
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 93209
|Inside the hull
|6.497
|-
|173
| -
|HIP 90576
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|174
|V* V4045 Sgr
|HIP 89178
|Constellation lines
|6.52
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 94124
|Constellation lines
|6.533
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 92329
|Constellation lines
|6.69
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 92301
|Inside the hull
|6.7
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 96932
|Constellation lines
|6.88
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 93149
|Constellation lines
|7.2
|}

==== Arabic star names in Sagittarius ====
[[File:Sgr RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
[[File:Arab LunarStations RL2025.png|thumb|Arabic lunar stations: mapped to the stars and with drawn images. ]]
Star names reflect the cultural adoption and transformations. Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> compiled the following list:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Arabic
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
|-
!Original
! valign="top" |Transliteration
! valign="top" |English
! valign="top" |historical author
! valign="top" |identification
|-
|
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
|-
| colspan="5" |'''''Τοξότης'' > ''al-Rāmī'', ‟the Archer”'','' (Ḥağğāğ, Isḥāq, Battānī, Ṣūfī, Bīrūnī)'''
'''''al-Qaws'', ‟the Bow” < Arabian zodiac (Ḥağğāğ, Isḥāq, Battānī, Ṣūfī, Bīrūnī)'''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Rukbat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Right] Knee of the Archer
| valign="top" |Uluġ Bēg
| valign="top" |''α Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜUrqub al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Left] Tendon of the l’Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''β Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Zuğg Saham al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Tip of the Arrow of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''γ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''[[Alnasl|al-Naṣl]]''
| valign="top" |the Tip [of the Arrow]
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Maqbiḍ [Qaws] al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Handle [of the Arc] of the A.
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''δ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Ibṭ al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Armpit of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''ζ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Kaᶜb al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Ankle of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''η Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜAyn al-Rāmī, ġamāmī''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer, cloud
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''[[Ainalrami|ᶜAyn al-Rāmī]]''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜIṣābat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Turban de l’Archer
| valign="top" |Ét. Laffitte
| valign="top" |''ρ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Mankib al-aysar''
| valign="top" |the left shoulder l’Épaule
| valign="top" |Bīrūnī
| valign="top" |''σ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Mankib al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the shoulder of the Archer
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Aṣl Ḏanab al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Beginning of the End of the A.
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ω Sgr''
|-
| colspan="5" |'''A05. Stations XX et XXI :''' '''''al-Nacā’im'' & ''al-Balda'', « the Ostriches » & « the Unhabitated Place »'''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''[[Al-Baldah|al-Balda]]''
| valign="top" |the [Unhabitated] Place
| valign="top" |Mālik
| valign="top" |St. XXI : ''π Sgr''
|-
| colspan="5" valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Qutayba, Farġānī, Mālik
| valign="top" |St. XX : ''γδεν +σφτζ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im al-Wārida''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming down to drink
| valign="top" |Farġānī
| valign="top" |''γδεη Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜām al-Wārid''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming down to drink
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming back from drinking
| valign="top" |Farġānī
| valign="top" |''σφτζ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜām al-Ṣādir''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming back from drinking
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''σφτζ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''min Naᶜā’im al-Ṣādira''
| valign="top" |From the O. coming back from drinking
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Waṣl''
| valign="top" |the Link
| valign="top" |Ḥanīfa
| valign="top" |''λ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Rāᶜī''
| valign="top" |the Shepherd
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Rāᶜī ’l-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Shepherd of the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Tīzīnī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Udḥī''
| valign="top" |''t''he Nest
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''ξ2οπdρ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Udḥī ’l-Naᶜām''
| valign="top" |the Nest of the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Ṣūfī
| valign="top" |''[[Corona Australis]]''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān''
| valign="top" |the Two Male Ostriches
| valign="top" |Qutayba,Ṣūfī
| valign="top" |''λμ Sgr (Sufi: ιλ Aql)''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān al-Ṣaġīrān''
| valign="top" |the Two Little Male Ostriches
| valign="top" |Fāris
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān al-Ṣiġār''
| valign="top" |the Little Male Ostriches
| valign="top" |Mammātī
| valign="top" |
|-
| colspan="5" valign="top" |Other Names
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Qilāda''
| valign="top" |the Necklace
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''ξ2οπdρυ'' ''Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Qalā’iṣ''
| valign="top" |the Young She Camels
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Qaws''L
| valign="top" |the Bow
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al- Udḥī''
| valign="top" |the Nest
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Nayyir al-Qilāda''
| valign="top" |the Bright One of the Necklace
| valign="top" |Tīzīnī
| valign="top" |''π Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Āḫar al-Qilādathe''
| valign="top" |the Last ne of the Young She C.
| valign="top" |Ast Oner
| valign="top" |''υ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Nayyir min al-Qalā’iṣ''
| valign="top" |the Bright One of the Young She C.
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |''π Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Aḫar al-Qalā’iṣ''
| valign="top" |the Last ne of the Young She C.
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |''υ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Miḥrāb''
| valign="top" |the Mihrab
| valign="top" |Ḏ. ''hay.''
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Saraṭān''
| valign="top" |the Crab
| valign="top" |Ḏ. ''hay.''
| valign="top" |
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===
<gallery>
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag in the zodiac sign of Sagittarius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Sagittaire-babylonien.jpg|alt=Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444|Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444
File:Kugel Sgr+CrA+Sco.JPG|Kugel Globe (1st c. BCE): Sgr, CrA and Sco
File:Sagittarius Hevelius.jpg|Sagittarius in Hevelius (1690)
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - La Sagittaire (Sagittarius).jpg|Sagittarius in Flamsteed (1776).
File:Johann Elert Bode - Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield.jpg|Bode (1805) Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield
File:1822 - Alexander Jamieson - Sagittarius, The Archer.jpg|Sgr in Jamieson (1822)
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Sagittarius and Corona Australis, Microscopium, and Telescopium.png|Sagittarius in Sidney Hall (1825) Urania's Mirror.
File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-069.png|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Sagittarius
File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-070.png|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Sagittarius
</gallery>

==Mythology==
Eratosthenes<ref name=":0" /> tells us that the satyr Krotos watched the Muses playing and then clapped his hands in rapturous delight. Others followed suit, and thus applause after a musical performance was invented. For this non-verbal sign of appreciation, he was transported to heaven.

This is a beautiful star legend, but it does not explain why this hybrid creature is holding a bow and arrow. The story demonstrates once again the Greeks' perplexity with images from a foreign (Babylonian) culture.

==Weblinks==

* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017067 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database – Sagittarius]

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Modern]] [[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sgr]]

Sagittarius

2026-07-09T05:20:12Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Arabic star names in Sagittarius */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Sagittarius IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|Sgr star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. Originally, it depicted the Mesopotamian god Pabilsaĝ ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]), a god of agriculture and war, later equated with Ninurta and depicted as a mixed creature of a human body attaced to horse body with wings and an additional scorpion tail. This complex image was simplified in Greek reception, and there drawn as a centaur.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Pabilsag, ancêtre mésopotamien du Sagittaire,.jpg|thumb|profile of the figure of Pabilsag from a 12th century BCE kudurru. è.c. (Roland Laffitte 2023)]]
[[File:Kugel cen-lup-ara+sgr-sco.JPG|thumb|depiction on the Kugel Globe (4th c. CE): two centaurs in Cen and Sgr with Lup+Ara in between (drawing by SMH 2024).]]

===Origin of Constellation<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>===
This figure came to Greek culture from Mesopotamia as a zodiac sign. Since MUL.APIN, it has been called Pabilsang ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]). This is a deity depicted as a hybrid creature: a male upper body sits on a horse's body, which has a scorpion's tail and wings. Pabilsang is equated with Ninurta, a god of agriculture and war. This explains why he holds a bow and arrow – either for hunting or for defence.

Such a hybrid creature was unknown to the Greeks. The most similar creature in Greek culture and mythology is a centaur, which at least combines horse and human (although it does not have a scorpion's tail and wings). However, Eratosthenes questions whether this is a centaur: He has illustrations in which the archer has only two legs – horse legs. For this reason, and because centaurs cannot use bows and arrows, Eratosthenes prefers the opinion that this is the satyr Krotos, the son of the nurse of the Muses. He is considered a cultural founder, having invented the bow and arrow and used it to hunt animals.

Eratosthenes' belief that Sagittarius has a ship with him also points to a Babylonian influence and an accidental equation of the two-legged and four-legged figures. The Babylonian constellation Ship ([[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]) refers to a river boat and must have been located near Sagittarius. Based on depictions of Babylonian river boats, the constellation [[Corona Australis]] is usually equated with the Babylonian ship. However, centaurs do not travel on ships, which is why, according to Eratosthenes, the ship is another argument against the centaur.

Eratosthenes' claim that Sagittarius is bipedal may seem surprising at first, as today he is depicted as a four-legged centaur in all common star charts.

The Almagest mentions three feet, a horse's body and a human torso, from which we can conclude that Ptolemy also thought of Sagittarius as a centaur. So how did Eratosthenes come to the conclusion that it could be a man with horse's legs?

On the zodiac of Dendera, a depiction in an Egyptian temple that was restored in the Ptolemaic period in the 1st century (i.e. only about 100 to 150 years after Eratosthenes), there are two Sagittarians: one with two legs and one with four legs. The four-legged one is in the part of the sky where the constellation Sagittarius is located. The two-legged archer stands next to the star [[Sirius]]. This is significant in that [[Sirius]] and the stars around it formed the two Babylonian constellations ‘Arrow’ ([[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA]]) and ‘Bow’ ([[PAN]]). The strong Babylonian influences are not surprising here, as there is evidence of a significant transfer of Babylonian mathematical astronomy to Greek astronomy in Egypt, especially in the 2nd century BCE.

==== Babylonian ====
see

* [[PA.BIL.SAG]]
<gallery>
File:Nabu-Kudurri-Usur.jpg|Pabilsag on Nabu kudurru
File:Kassites1.jpg|Pabilsag in Kassites
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
</gallery>

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratus =====
<blockquote>[300] After much suffering at sea even in the previous month, when the sun inflames the bow and the Drawer of the bow, you should put ashore in the evening and not continue to trust the night. A sign of that season and that month will be the rising of the Scorpion at the end of night. [305] The Archer actually draws his great bow near the sting; the rising Scorpion stands a little ahead of him, and he then rises shortly after. At that time the head of Cynosura runs very high up at the end of night, and just before dawn Orion sets entirely, and Cepheus from hand to waist. (Kidd 1997)</blockquote>

===== Eratosthenes =====
Pamias and Zucker (2013,<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref> 85-87)<blockquote>'''Var. 1 (Περὶ τοῦ Τοξότου)''': This is the figure holding the bow, whom most people regard as a centaur, though others dispute this, arguing that no centaur uses a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the satyrs. The Archer has two stars on his head, one on his right elbow, one on his hands, one shining on his stomach, two on his back, one on his front knee, one on his foot, one on his back knee, one on his hoof, two on the bow and one on the sheepskin. Fourteen.</blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2 (Τοξότου)''': This is the Archer whom most people regard as a Centaur, a view contested by others, who argue that he is not shown with four legs, but is standing and shooting a bow; yet no Centaur has ever used a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the Satyrs. This is why it seems implausible to the people in question that he is a Centaur, and more likely that he is Crotos (Clapping), the son of Euphemia (Renown), the nurse of the Muses, who lived and stayed on Helicon.</blockquote><blockquote>The Muses ensured that he discovered the use of the bow and could obtain his food from wild beasts, as Sositheus relates. He had become intimately acquainted with the Muses and attended their performances, and he approved of them by marking the beat with cheers.</blockquote><blockquote>Indeed, he would clap his hands to mark the off-beat of their singing; so, seeing him do this, the other men began to do the same. That is why the Muses, when they tasted the charm of fame, thanks to his support, asked Zeus to reveal to all the fervour of this figure, and thus he was placed amongst the constellations, in recognition of that hand gesture he had made, adopting the posture of the archer as his distinctive mark. His gesture was perpetuated amongst men. Furthermore, the presence of the Boat indicates that he will be visible to everyone: not only to men on land, but also to those at sea; hence the error of those who depict him as a Centaur.</blockquote><blockquote>The Archer has two stars on his head, two on the bow, two on the tip of the arrow, one on his right elbow, one on his hand, one shining on his belly, two on his back, one on his tail, one on the front knee, one on the hoof, and one on the back knee. Fifteen in all.</blockquote><blockquote>The seven stars of the Boat are located beneath his paw. They resemble hind legs, but the latter are not visible at all.</blockquote>

===== Hipparchus =====

====== Rising (Lib II Cap V §10) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of ...</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sgr 5 1/2
|Cap 18
|Vir 19 1/2
|Sco 8 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|at the tip of the arrow
|the bright one in the hind feet
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib III Cap IV §6) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sco 3
|Sgr 26 1/2
|Cap 20
|Psc 4 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the bright one in the front foot
|the northern one of those in the upper garment
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45°
|}

====== Stars Mentioned ======
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, first
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, last
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §2
|setting CrB, south, last
|Psc 13.5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §13
|setting Aql, south, first
|Ari 2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib III Cap I §9
|rising Ori, south, last
|Psc 13
|}

===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====
<blockquote>Many have called this sign the Centaurus; others deny the name, for the reason that no Centaurus makes use of arrows. The question is raised, too why he is formed with horse flanks but a Satyr's tail.

Some say that he is Crotus, son of Eupheme, nurse of the Muses. As Sositheus, writer of tragedies, says, he had his home on Mount Helicon and took his pleasure in the company of the Muses, sometimes even following the pursuit of hunting. He attained great fame for his diligence, for he was very swift in the woods, and clever in the arts. As a reward for his zeal the Muses asked Jove to represent him in some star group, and Jove did so. Since he wished to display all his skills in one body, he gave him horse flanks because he rode a great deal. He added arrows, since these would show both his keenness and his swiftness, and he gave him a Satyr's tail because the Muses took no less pleasure in Crotus than Liber did in the Satyrs. Before his feet are a few stars arranged in a circle, which some said were a wreath, thrown off as by one at play. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest Τοξότης. ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!Τοξότου ἀστερισμός.
!Constellation of Sagittarius
!
|-
|1
|ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀκύδος τοῦ βέλους
|The star on the point of the arrow
|gam Sgr
|-
|2
|ὁ ἐν τῇ λαβῇ τῆς ἀριστερᾶρ χειρός
|The star in the [bow-] grip held by the left hand
|del Sgr
|-
|3
|ὁ ἐν τῷ νοτίῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου
|The star in the southern portion of the bow
|eps Sgr
|-
|4
|τῶν ἐν τῷ βορείῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου ὁ νοτιώτερος
|The southernmost of the [2] stars in the northern portion of the bow
|lam Sgr
|-
|5
|ὁ βορειότερος αὐτῶν ἐπ’ ἄκρου τοῦ τόξου.
|The northernmost of these, on the tip of the bow
|mu Sgr
|-
|6
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἅμου.
|The star on the left shoulder
|sig Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ τούτου προηγούμενος κατὰ τοῦ βέλους
|The one in advance of this, just over the arrow
|phi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ νεφελοειδὴς καὶ διπλοῦς,
|The star on the eye, which is nebulous and double
|nu1 + nu2 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ γ’ ὁ ἠγούμενος.
|The most advanced of the 3 stars in the head
|xi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|omi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῶν τριῶ.
|The rearmost of the three
|pi Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ βορεύῳ ἐφαπτίδι γ’ ὁ κότιος.
|The southernmost of the 3 stars in the northern cloak attachment
|43 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|rho Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶη
|The northernmost of the three
|ups Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τοῦς τρισὶν ἀμαυρός
|The faint star to the rear of these three
|55 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς νοτίου ἐφαπτίδος β ὁ βορειότερος;
|The northernmost of the 2 stars on the southern cloak-attachment
|61 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶν
|The southernmost of them
|57 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ὥμου.
|The star on the right shoulder
|chi1 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ἀγκῶνος..
|The star on the right elbow
|51+52 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῷ νώτῳ ἡ ὁ κατὰ τοῦ μεταφρένου.
|The three stars in the back: the one just above the place between the shoulders
|psi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν καὶ κατὰ τῆς ὡμοπλάτης.
|The three stars in the back: the middle one, just above the shoulder-blade
|tau Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ λοιπὸς καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν μασχάλην.
|The three stars in the back: the other one, under the armpit
|zet Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ ἀριστεροῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front left hock
|bet1 + bet2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ γόνατος τοῦ αὐτοῦ ποδός
|The one on the knee of the same leg
|alf Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ δεξιοῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front right hock
|eta Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ μηροῦ
|The star on the left thigh
|kap1 + kap2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀπισθύου δεξιοῦ πήχεως.
|The star on the right hind lower leg
|iot Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ ἐκφύσει τῆς οὐρᾶς ὃ τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμερος
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the northern side
|omega Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the northern side
|60 Sgr
|-
|
|τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμενος.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the southern side
|59 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the southern side
|62 Sgr
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|ἀστέρες λα, ὧν β’ μεγέθους β, γ’ 3, δ’ θ, εη, σ’ β, νεφελοειδής
|{31 stars, 2 of the second magnitude, 9 of the third, 9 of the fourth, 8 of the fifth, 2 of the sixth, [1] nebulous}
|
|}
[[File:Toxotes Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Toxotes (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Kaus Australis
|HIP 90185
|Constellation lines
|1.81
|-
|2
|Nunki
|HIP 92855
|Constellation lines
|2.067
|-
|3
|Ascella
|HIP 93506
|Constellation lines
|2.59
|-
|4
|Kaus Media
|HIP 89931
|Constellation lines
|2.668
|-
|5
|Kaus Borealis
|HIP 90496
|Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|6
|Albaldah
|HIP 94141
|Constellation lines
|2.88
|-
|7
|Alnasl
|HIP 88635
|Constellation lines
|2.99
|-
|8
|η Sagittarii
|HIP 89642
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.11
|-
|9
|ϕ Sagittarii
|HIP 92041
|Constellation lines
|3.14
|-
|10
|τ Sagittarii
|HIP 93864
|Constellation lines
|3.31
|-
|11
|ξ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 93085
|Inside the hull
|3.51
|-
|12
|NAME SDG
|NAME SDG
|Inside the hull
|3.6
|-
|13
|ο Sagittarii
|HIP 93683
|Inside the hull
|3.77
|-
|14
|Polis
|HIP 89341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.85
|-
|15
|ρ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95168
|Constellation lines
|3.93
|-
|16
|Rukbat
|HIP 95347
|Constellation lines
|3.943
|-
|17
|Arkab Prior
|HIP 95241
|Inside the hull
|4.01
|-
|18
|Meridiana
|HIP 94114
|Inside the hull
|4.087
|-
|19
|β Coronae Australis
|HIP 94160
|Inside the hull
|4.095
|-
|20
|ι Sagittarii
|HIP 98032
|Constellation lines
|4.13
|-
|21
|γ 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 93825
|Inside the hull
|4.21
|-
|22
|Arkab Posterior
|HIP 95294
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.27
|-
|23
|θ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 98412
|Constellation lines
|4.37
|-
|24
|59 Sgr
|HIP 98162
|Constellation lines
|4.528
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 88839
|Inside the hull
|4.56
|-
|26
|δ Coronae Australis
|HIP 94005
|Inside the hull
|4.571
|-
|27
|62 Sgr
|HIP 98688
|Constellation lines
|4.58
|-
|28
|52 Sgr
|HIP 96465
|Constellation lines
|4.598
|-
|29
|υ Sagittarii
|HIP 95176
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 89678
|Inside the hull
|4.627
|-
|31
|γ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 88567
|Inside the hull
|4.69
|-
|32
|Terebellum
|HIP 98066
|Constellation lines
|4.7
|-
|33
|ζ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93542
|Inside the hull
|4.725
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 98761
|Constellation lines
|4.764
|-
|35
|Ainalrami
|HIP 92761
|Constellation lines
|4.845
|-
|36
|60 Sgr
|HIP 98353
|Constellation lines
|4.846
|-
|37
|ϵ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93174
|Inside the hull
|4.85
|-
|38
|ψ Sagittarii
|HIP 94643
|Constellation lines
|4.86
|-
|39
|21 Sgr
|HIP 90289
|Inside the hull
|4.86
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 91918
|Constellation lines
|4.87
|-
|41
|56 Sgr
|HIP 97290
|Inside the hull
|4.873
|-
|42
|43 Sgr
|HIP 94820
|Constellation lines
|4.878
|-
|43
|1 Sgr
|HIP 89153
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|44
|ν 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 92845
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 98842
|Constellation lines
|4.99
|-
|46
|61 Sgr
|HIP 98258
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.998
|-
|47
|χ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95477
|Constellation lines
|5.009
|-
|48
|55 Sgr
|HIP 96950
|Constellation lines
|5.045
|-
|49
|ξ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 93057
|Constellation lines
|5.054
|-
|50
|λ Coronae Australis
|HIP 91875
|Inside the hull
|5.111
|-
|51
|M 22
|M 22
|Inside the hull
|5.2
|-
|52
|29 Sgr
|HIP 92390
|Inside the hull
|5.21
|-
|53
|μ Coronae Australis
|HIP 92226
|Inside the hull
|5.217
|-
|54
|77 G. Sgr
|HIP 91014
|Inside the hull
|5.276
|-
|55
|54 Sgr
|HIP 96808
|Inside the hull
|5.296
|-
|56
|θ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 98421
|Inside the hull
|5.299
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 99461
|Inside the hull
|5.32
|-
|58
|V3961 Sgr
|HIP 97749
|Inside the hull
|5.33
|-
|59
|V4050 Sgr
|HIP 90074
|Inside the hull
|5.34
|-
|60
|PZ 6AB
|HIP 88060
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.36
|-
|61
|28 Sgr
|HIP 92111
|Inside the hull
|5.366
|-
|62
|V686 CrA
|HIP 92989
|Inside the hull
|5.38
|-
|63
|75 G. Sgr
|HIP 90763
|Inside the hull
|5.386
|-
|64
|χ 3 Sagittarii
|HIP 95503
|Inside the hull
|5.43
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 91989
|Inside the hull
|5.439
|-
|66
|24 Sgr
|HIP 91004
|Inside the hull
|5.461
|-
|67
|14 Sgr
|HIP 89369
|Inside the hull
|5.473
|-
|68
|134 G. Sgr
|HIP 93667
|Constellation lines
|5.482
|-
|69
|193 G. Sgr
|HIP 95865
|Constellation lines
|5.49
|-
|70
|V4024 Sgr
|HIP 93996
|Inside the hull
|5.49
|-
|71
|228 G. Sgr
|HIP 97260
|Inside the hull
|5.512
|-
|72
|60 G. Sgr
|HIP 90124
|Inside the hull
|5.518
|-
|73
|50 Sgr
|HIP 95564
|Inside the hull
|5.569
|-
|74
|18 Sgr
|HIP 90260
|Inside the hull
|5.574
|-
|75
|162 G. Sgr
|HIP 94986
|Constellation lines
|5.579
|-
|76
|165 G. Sgr
|HIP 95077
|Inside the hull
|5.579
|-
|77
|κ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 100469
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|78
|131 G. Sgr
|HIP 93498
|Constellation lines
|5.628
|-
|79
|κ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 100591
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.64
|-
|80
|51 Sgr
|HIP 96406
|Inside the hull
|5.64
|-
|81
|209 G. Sgr
|HIP 96496
|Inside the hull
|5.642
|-
|82
|186 G. Sgr
|HIP 95619
|Constellation lines
|5.644
|-
|83
|37 G. Sgr
|HIP 89020
|Constellation lines
|5.65
|-
|84
|262 G. Sgr
|HIP 98470
|Inside the hull
|5.66
|-
|85
|33 Sgr
|HIP 92747
|Inside the hull
|5.678
|-
|86
|189 G. Sgr
|HIP 95823
|Inside the hull
|5.701
|-
|87
|V701 CrA
|HIP 93552
|Inside the hull
|5.716
|-
|88
|152 G. Sgr
|HIP 94434
|Inside the hull
|5.765
|-
|89
|84 G. Sgr
|HIP 91405
|Inside the hull
|5.772
|-
|90
|94 G. Sgr
|HIP 91974
|Inside the hull
|5.811
|-
|91
|ρ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 95188
|Inside the hull
|5.845
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 94157
|Inside the hull
|5.855
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 91438
|Inside the hull
|5.86
|-
|94
|57 Sgr
|HIP 97783
|Constellation lines
|5.896
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 90485
|Inside the hull
|5.902
|-
|96
|V4089 Sgr
|HIP 96234
|Inside the hull
|5.91
|-
|97
|180 G. Sgr
|HIP 95456
|Constellation lines
|5.93
|-
|98
|116 G. Sgr
|HIP 92931
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|99
|83 G. Sgr
|HIP 91347
|Inside the hull
|5.931
|-
|100
|260 G. Sgr
|HIP 98461
|Inside the hull
|5.948
|-
|101
|218 G. Sgr
|HIP 96760
|Inside the hull
|5.957
|-
|102
|264 G. Sgr
|HIP 98575
|Inside the hull
|5.999
|-
|103
|132 G. Sgr
|HIP 93537
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|104
|179 G. Sgr
|HIP 95408
|Inside the hull
|6.011
|-
|105
|140 G. Sgr
|HIP 93925
|Inside the hull
|6.027
|-
|106
|RS Sgr
|HIP 89637
|Inside the hull
|6.03
|-
|107
|233 G. Sgr
|HIP 97515
|Inside the hull
|6.031
|-
|108
|121 G. Sgr
|HIP 93134
|Constellation lines
|6.08
|-
|109
|258 G. Sgr
|HIP 98485
|Inside the hull
|6.097
|-
|110
|108 G. Sgr
|HIP 92643
|Inside the hull
|6.098
|-
|111
|148 G. Sgr
|HIP 94144
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|112
|V4333 Sgr
|HIP 96440
|Inside the hull
|6.12
|-
|113
|197 G. Sgr
|HIP 95965
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|114
|224 G. Sgr
|HIP 97067
|Inside the hull
|6.131
|-
|115
|178 G. Sgr
|HIP 95396
|Inside the hull
|6.132
|-
|116
|123 G. Sgr
|HIP 93140
|Inside the hull
|6.141
|-
|117
|62 G. Sgr
|HIP 90290
|Inside the hull
|6.142
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 98077
|Inside the hull
|6.15
|-
|119
|58 G. Sgr
|HIP 90012
|Inside the hull
|6.154
|-
|120
|38 G. Sgr
|HIP 89086
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 93858
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|122
|49 G. Sgr
|HIP 89622
|Inside the hull
|6.168
|-
|123
|280 G. Sgr
|HIP 99570
|Inside the hull
|6.191
|-
|124
|26 Sgr
|HIP 91689
|Inside the hull
|6.205
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 93470
|Inside the hull
|6.209
|-
|126
|V4200 Sgr
|HIP 97944
|Inside the hull
|6.213
|-
|127
|128 G. Sgr
|HIP 93423
|Inside the hull
|6.215
|-
|128
|[SC96] GC 607
|[SC96] GC 607
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|129
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|130
|Gumala
|HIP 94645
|Inside the hull
|6.237
|-
|131
|70 Sgr
|HIP 89980
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 94730
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|133
|V4199 Sgr
|HIP 95159
|Inside the hull
|6.26
|-
|134
|150 G. Sgr
|HIP 94272
|Inside the hull
|6.272
|-
|135
|69 G. Sgr
|HIP 90510
|Inside the hull
|6.276
|-
|136
|254 G. Sgr
|HIP 98351
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 93074
|Inside the hull
|6.284
|-
|138
|109 G. Sgr
|HIP 92635
|Inside the hull
|6.29
|-
|139
|V4198 Sgr
|HIP 93887
|Inside the hull
|6.293
|-
|140
|64 G. Sgr
|HIP 90336
|Inside the hull
|6.296
|-
|141
|Cl Collinder 394
|Cl Collinder 394
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|142
|143 G. Sgr
|HIP 93993
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|143
|263 G. Sgr
|HIP 98579
|Inside the hull
|6.306
|-
|144
|90 G. Sgr
|HIP 91901
|Inside the hull
|6.308
|-
|145
|53 Sgr
|HIP 96729
|Inside the hull
|6.321
|-
|146
|96 G. Sgr
|HIP 92016
|Inside the hull
|6.331
|-
|147
|167 G. Sgr
|HIP 95211
|Inside the hull
|6.338
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 94243
|Inside the hull
|6.344
|-
|149
|V3879 Sgr
|HIP 91781
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|150
|127 G. Sgr
|HIP 93315
|Inside the hull
|6.356
|-
|151
|133 G. Sgr
|HIP 93543
|Inside the hull
|6.357
|-
|152
|48 G. Sgr
|HIP 89620
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|153
|80 G. Sgr
|HIP 91172
|Inside the hull
|6.366
|-
|154
|125 G. Sgr
|HIP 93234
|Inside the hull
|6.378
|-
|155
|151 G. Sgr
|HIP 94372
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|156
|C 1806-240
|C 1806-240
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|157
| -
|HIP 93371
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|158
|V4434 Sgr
|HIP 99920
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|159
|36 G. Sgr
|HIP 89010
|Inside the hull
|6.405
|-
|160
|V4405 Sgr
|HIP 92079
|Inside the hull
|6.42
|-
|161
|269 G. Sgr
|HIP 98785
|Inside the hull
|6.428
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 94130
|Inside the hull
|6.435
|-
|163
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|164
|[SC96] GC 625
|[SC96] GC 625
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|165
|115 G. Sgr
|HIP 92972
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 92866
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|167
|244 G. Sgr
|HIP 98012
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 96274
|Inside the hull
|6.475
|-
|169
|166 G. Sgr
|HIP 95149
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|170
|V4190 Sgr
|HIP 91132
|Inside the hull
|6.481
|-
|171
|M 55
|M 55
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 93209
|Inside the hull
|6.497
|-
|173
| -
|HIP 90576
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|174
|V* V4045 Sgr
|HIP 89178
|Constellation lines
|6.52
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 94124
|Constellation lines
|6.533
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 92329
|Constellation lines
|6.69
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 92301
|Inside the hull
|6.7
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 96932
|Constellation lines
|6.88
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 93149
|Constellation lines
|7.2
|}

==== Arabic star names in Sagittarius ====
[[File:Sgr RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
[[File:Arab LunarStations RL2025.png|thumb|Arabic lunar stations: mapped to the stars and with drawn images. ]]
Star names reflect the cultural adoption and transformations. Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> compiled the following list:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Arabic
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
|-
!Original
! valign="top" |Transliteration
! valign="top" |English
! valign="top" |historical author
! valign="top" |identification
|-
|
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
|-
| colspan="5" |'''''Τοξότης'' > ''al-Rāmī'', ‟the Archer”'','' (Ḥağğāğ, Isḥāq, Battānī, Ṣūfī, Bīrūnī)'''
'''''al-Qaws'', ‟the Bow” < Arabian zodiac (Ḥağğāğ, Isḥāq, Battānī, Ṣūfī, Bīrūnī)'''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Rukbat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Right] Knee of the Archer
| valign="top" |Uluġ Bēg
| valign="top" |''α Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜUrqub al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Left] Tendon of the l’Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''β Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Zuğg Saham al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Tip of the Arrow of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''γ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Naṣl''
| valign="top" |the Tip [of the Arrow]
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Maqbiḍ [Qaws] al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Handle [of the Arc] of the A.
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''δ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Ibṭ al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Armpit of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''ζ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Kaᶜb al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Ankle of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''η Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜAyn al-Rāmī, ġamāmī''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer, cloud
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜAyn al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜIṣābat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Turban de l’Archer
| valign="top" |Ét. Laffitte
| valign="top" |''ρ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Mankib al-aysar''
| valign="top" |the left shoulder l’Épaule
| valign="top" |Bīrūnī
| valign="top" |''σ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Mankib al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the shoulder of the Archer
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Aṣl Ḏanab al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Beginning of the End of the A.
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ω Sgr''
|-
| colspan="5" |'''A05. Stations XX et XXI :''' '''''al-Nacā’im'' & ''al-Balda'', « the Ostriches » & « the Unhabitated Place »'''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Ostrichess
| valign="top" |Mālik
| valign="top" |St. XX : ''γδεν +σφτζ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Balda''
| valign="top" |the [Unhabitated] Place
| valign="top" |Mālik
| valign="top" |St. XXI : ''π Sgr''
|-
| colspan="5" valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Farġānī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜām''
| valign="top" |''idem''
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im al-Wārida''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming down to drink
| valign="top" |Farġānī
| valign="top" |''γδεη Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜām al-Wārid''
| valign="top" |''Idem''
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming back from drinking
| valign="top" |Farġānī
| valign="top" |''σφτζ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜām al-Ṣādir''
| valign="top" |''idem''
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''σφτζ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''min Naᶜā’im al-Ṣādira''
| valign="top" |From the O. coming back from drinking
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Waṣl''
| valign="top" |the Link
| valign="top" |Ḥanīfa
| valign="top" |''λ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Rāᶜī''
| valign="top" |the Shepherd
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Rāᶜī ’l-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Shepherd of the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Tīzīnī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Udḥī''
| valign="top" |''t''he Nest
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''ξ2οπdρ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Udḥī ’l-Naᶜām''
| valign="top" |the Nest of the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Ṣūfī
| valign="top" |''[[Corona Australis]]''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān''
| valign="top" |the Two Male Ostriches
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''λμ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān''
| valign="top" |idem
| valign="top" |Ṣūfī
| valign="top" |''ιλ Aql''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān al-Ṣaġīrān''
| valign="top" |the Two Little Male Ostriches
| valign="top" |Fāris
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān al-Ṣiġār''
| valign="top" |the Little Male Ostriches
| valign="top" |Mammātī
| valign="top" |
|-
| colspan="5" valign="top" |Other Names
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Qilāda''
| valign="top" |the Necklace
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''ξ2οπdρυ'' ''Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Qalā’iṣ''
| valign="top" |the Young She Camels
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Qaws''L
| valign="top" |the Bow
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al- Udḥī''
| valign="top" |the Nest
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Nayyir al-Qilāda''
| valign="top" |the Bright One of the Necklace
| valign="top" |Tīzīnī
| valign="top" |''π Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Āḫar al-Qilādathe''
| valign="top" |the Last ne of the Young She C.
| valign="top" |Ast Oner
| valign="top" |''υ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Nayyir min al-Qalā’iṣ''
| valign="top" |the Bright One of the Young She C.
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |''π Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Aḫar al-Qalā’iṣ''
| valign="top" |the Last ne of the Young She C.
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |''υ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Miḥrāb''
| valign="top" |the Mihrab
| valign="top" |Ḏ. ''hay.''
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Saraṭān''
| valign="top" |the Crab
| valign="top" |Ḏ. ''hay.''
| valign="top" |
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===
<gallery>
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag in the zodiac sign of Sagittarius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Sagittaire-babylonien.jpg|alt=Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444|Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444
File:Kugel Sgr+CrA+Sco.JPG|Kugel Globe (1st c. BCE): Sgr, CrA and Sco
File:Sagittarius Hevelius.jpg|Sagittarius in Hevelius (1690)
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - La Sagittaire (Sagittarius).jpg|Sagittarius in Flamsteed (1776).
File:Johann Elert Bode - Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield.jpg|Bode (1805) Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield
File:1822 - Alexander Jamieson - Sagittarius, The Archer.jpg|Sgr in Jamieson (1822)
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Sagittarius and Corona Australis, Microscopium, and Telescopium.png|Sagittarius in Sidney Hall (1825) Urania's Mirror.
File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-069.png|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Sagittarius
File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-070.png|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Sagittarius
</gallery>

==Mythology==
Eratosthenes<ref name=":0" /> tells us that the satyr Krotos watched the Muses playing and then clapped his hands in rapturous delight. Others followed suit, and thus applause after a musical performance was invented. For this non-verbal sign of appreciation, he was transported to heaven.

This is a beautiful star legend, but it does not explain why this hybrid creature is holding a bow and arrow. The story demonstrates once again the Greeks' perplexity with images from a foreign (Babylonian) culture.

==Weblinks==

* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017067 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database – Sagittarius]

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Modern]] [[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sgr]]

File:Arab LunarStations RL2025.png

2026-07-09T05:19:38Z

Rolandlaffitte: Arabic lunar stations: mapped to the stars and with drawn images.

== Summary ==
Arabic lunar stations: mapped to the stars and with drawn images.
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

Sagittarius

2026-07-09T05:15:41Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Arabic star names in Sagittarius */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Sagittarius IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|Sgr star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. Originally, it depicted the Mesopotamian god Pabilsaĝ ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]), a god of agriculture and war, later equated with Ninurta and depicted as a mixed creature of a human body attaced to horse body with wings and an additional scorpion tail. This complex image was simplified in Greek reception, and there drawn as a centaur.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Pabilsag, ancêtre mésopotamien du Sagittaire,.jpg|thumb|profile of the figure of Pabilsag from a 12th century BCE kudurru. è.c. (Roland Laffitte 2023)]]
[[File:Kugel cen-lup-ara+sgr-sco.JPG|thumb|depiction on the Kugel Globe (4th c. CE): two centaurs in Cen and Sgr with Lup+Ara in between (drawing by SMH 2024).]]

===Origin of Constellation<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>===
This figure came to Greek culture from Mesopotamia as a zodiac sign. Since MUL.APIN, it has been called Pabilsang ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]). This is a deity depicted as a hybrid creature: a male upper body sits on a horse's body, which has a scorpion's tail and wings. Pabilsang is equated with Ninurta, a god of agriculture and war. This explains why he holds a bow and arrow – either for hunting or for defence.

Such a hybrid creature was unknown to the Greeks. The most similar creature in Greek culture and mythology is a centaur, which at least combines horse and human (although it does not have a scorpion's tail and wings). However, Eratosthenes questions whether this is a centaur: He has illustrations in which the archer has only two legs – horse legs. For this reason, and because centaurs cannot use bows and arrows, Eratosthenes prefers the opinion that this is the satyr Krotos, the son of the nurse of the Muses. He is considered a cultural founder, having invented the bow and arrow and used it to hunt animals.

Eratosthenes' belief that Sagittarius has a ship with him also points to a Babylonian influence and an accidental equation of the two-legged and four-legged figures. The Babylonian constellation Ship ([[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]) refers to a river boat and must have been located near Sagittarius. Based on depictions of Babylonian river boats, the constellation [[Corona Australis]] is usually equated with the Babylonian ship. However, centaurs do not travel on ships, which is why, according to Eratosthenes, the ship is another argument against the centaur.

Eratosthenes' claim that Sagittarius is bipedal may seem surprising at first, as today he is depicted as a four-legged centaur in all common star charts.

The Almagest mentions three feet, a horse's body and a human torso, from which we can conclude that Ptolemy also thought of Sagittarius as a centaur. So how did Eratosthenes come to the conclusion that it could be a man with horse's legs?

On the zodiac of Dendera, a depiction in an Egyptian temple that was restored in the Ptolemaic period in the 1st century (i.e. only about 100 to 150 years after Eratosthenes), there are two Sagittarians: one with two legs and one with four legs. The four-legged one is in the part of the sky where the constellation Sagittarius is located. The two-legged archer stands next to the star [[Sirius]]. This is significant in that [[Sirius]] and the stars around it formed the two Babylonian constellations ‘Arrow’ ([[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA]]) and ‘Bow’ ([[PAN]]). The strong Babylonian influences are not surprising here, as there is evidence of a significant transfer of Babylonian mathematical astronomy to Greek astronomy in Egypt, especially in the 2nd century BCE.

==== Babylonian ====
see

* [[PA.BIL.SAG]]
<gallery>
File:Nabu-Kudurri-Usur.jpg|Pabilsag on Nabu kudurru
File:Kassites1.jpg|Pabilsag in Kassites
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
</gallery>

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratus =====
<blockquote>[300] After much suffering at sea even in the previous month, when the sun inflames the bow and the Drawer of the bow, you should put ashore in the evening and not continue to trust the night. A sign of that season and that month will be the rising of the Scorpion at the end of night. [305] The Archer actually draws his great bow near the sting; the rising Scorpion stands a little ahead of him, and he then rises shortly after. At that time the head of Cynosura runs very high up at the end of night, and just before dawn Orion sets entirely, and Cepheus from hand to waist. (Kidd 1997)</blockquote>

===== Eratosthenes =====
Pamias and Zucker (2013,<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref> 85-87)<blockquote>'''Var. 1 (Περὶ τοῦ Τοξότου)''': This is the figure holding the bow, whom most people regard as a centaur, though others dispute this, arguing that no centaur uses a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the satyrs. The Archer has two stars on his head, one on his right elbow, one on his hands, one shining on his stomach, two on his back, one on his front knee, one on his foot, one on his back knee, one on his hoof, two on the bow and one on the sheepskin. Fourteen.</blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2 (Τοξότου)''': This is the Archer whom most people regard as a Centaur, a view contested by others, who argue that he is not shown with four legs, but is standing and shooting a bow; yet no Centaur has ever used a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the Satyrs. This is why it seems implausible to the people in question that he is a Centaur, and more likely that he is Crotos (Clapping), the son of Euphemia (Renown), the nurse of the Muses, who lived and stayed on Helicon.</blockquote><blockquote>The Muses ensured that he discovered the use of the bow and could obtain his food from wild beasts, as Sositheus relates. He had become intimately acquainted with the Muses and attended their performances, and he approved of them by marking the beat with cheers.</blockquote><blockquote>Indeed, he would clap his hands to mark the off-beat of their singing; so, seeing him do this, the other men began to do the same. That is why the Muses, when they tasted the charm of fame, thanks to his support, asked Zeus to reveal to all the fervour of this figure, and thus he was placed amongst the constellations, in recognition of that hand gesture he had made, adopting the posture of the archer as his distinctive mark. His gesture was perpetuated amongst men. Furthermore, the presence of the Boat indicates that he will be visible to everyone: not only to men on land, but also to those at sea; hence the error of those who depict him as a Centaur.</blockquote><blockquote>The Archer has two stars on his head, two on the bow, two on the tip of the arrow, one on his right elbow, one on his hand, one shining on his belly, two on his back, one on his tail, one on the front knee, one on the hoof, and one on the back knee. Fifteen in all.</blockquote><blockquote>The seven stars of the Boat are located beneath his paw. They resemble hind legs, but the latter are not visible at all.</blockquote>

===== Hipparchus =====

====== Rising (Lib II Cap V §10) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of ...</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sgr 5 1/2
|Cap 18
|Vir 19 1/2
|Sco 8 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|at the tip of the arrow
|the bright one in the hind feet
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib III Cap IV §6) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sco 3
|Sgr 26 1/2
|Cap 20
|Psc 4 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the bright one in the front foot
|the northern one of those in the upper garment
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45°
|}

====== Stars Mentioned ======
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, first
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, last
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §2
|setting CrB, south, last
|Psc 13.5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §13
|setting Aql, south, first
|Ari 2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib III Cap I §9
|rising Ori, south, last
|Psc 13
|}

===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====
<blockquote>Many have called this sign the Centaurus; others deny the name, for the reason that no Centaurus makes use of arrows. The question is raised, too why he is formed with horse flanks but a Satyr's tail.

Some say that he is Crotus, son of Eupheme, nurse of the Muses. As Sositheus, writer of tragedies, says, he had his home on Mount Helicon and took his pleasure in the company of the Muses, sometimes even following the pursuit of hunting. He attained great fame for his diligence, for he was very swift in the woods, and clever in the arts. As a reward for his zeal the Muses asked Jove to represent him in some star group, and Jove did so. Since he wished to display all his skills in one body, he gave him horse flanks because he rode a great deal. He added arrows, since these would show both his keenness and his swiftness, and he gave him a Satyr's tail because the Muses took no less pleasure in Crotus than Liber did in the Satyrs. Before his feet are a few stars arranged in a circle, which some said were a wreath, thrown off as by one at play. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest Τοξότης. ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!Τοξότου ἀστερισμός.
!Constellation of Sagittarius
!
|-
|1
|ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀκύδος τοῦ βέλους
|The star on the point of the arrow
|gam Sgr
|-
|2
|ὁ ἐν τῇ λαβῇ τῆς ἀριστερᾶρ χειρός
|The star in the [bow-] grip held by the left hand
|del Sgr
|-
|3
|ὁ ἐν τῷ νοτίῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου
|The star in the southern portion of the bow
|eps Sgr
|-
|4
|τῶν ἐν τῷ βορείῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου ὁ νοτιώτερος
|The southernmost of the [2] stars in the northern portion of the bow
|lam Sgr
|-
|5
|ὁ βορειότερος αὐτῶν ἐπ’ ἄκρου τοῦ τόξου.
|The northernmost of these, on the tip of the bow
|mu Sgr
|-
|6
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἅμου.
|The star on the left shoulder
|sig Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ τούτου προηγούμενος κατὰ τοῦ βέλους
|The one in advance of this, just over the arrow
|phi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ νεφελοειδὴς καὶ διπλοῦς,
|The star on the eye, which is nebulous and double
|nu1 + nu2 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ γ’ ὁ ἠγούμενος.
|The most advanced of the 3 stars in the head
|xi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|omi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῶν τριῶ.
|The rearmost of the three
|pi Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ βορεύῳ ἐφαπτίδι γ’ ὁ κότιος.
|The southernmost of the 3 stars in the northern cloak attachment
|43 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|rho Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶη
|The northernmost of the three
|ups Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τοῦς τρισὶν ἀμαυρός
|The faint star to the rear of these three
|55 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς νοτίου ἐφαπτίδος β ὁ βορειότερος;
|The northernmost of the 2 stars on the southern cloak-attachment
|61 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶν
|The southernmost of them
|57 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ὥμου.
|The star on the right shoulder
|chi1 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ἀγκῶνος..
|The star on the right elbow
|51+52 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῷ νώτῳ ἡ ὁ κατὰ τοῦ μεταφρένου.
|The three stars in the back: the one just above the place between the shoulders
|psi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν καὶ κατὰ τῆς ὡμοπλάτης.
|The three stars in the back: the middle one, just above the shoulder-blade
|tau Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ λοιπὸς καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν μασχάλην.
|The three stars in the back: the other one, under the armpit
|zet Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ ἀριστεροῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front left hock
|bet1 + bet2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ γόνατος τοῦ αὐτοῦ ποδός
|The one on the knee of the same leg
|alf Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ δεξιοῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front right hock
|eta Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ μηροῦ
|The star on the left thigh
|kap1 + kap2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀπισθύου δεξιοῦ πήχεως.
|The star on the right hind lower leg
|iot Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ ἐκφύσει τῆς οὐρᾶς ὃ τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμερος
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the northern side
|omega Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the northern side
|60 Sgr
|-
|
|τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμενος.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the southern side
|59 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the southern side
|62 Sgr
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|ἀστέρες λα, ὧν β’ μεγέθους β, γ’ 3, δ’ θ, εη, σ’ β, νεφελοειδής
|{31 stars, 2 of the second magnitude, 9 of the third, 9 of the fourth, 8 of the fifth, 2 of the sixth, [1] nebulous}
|
|}
[[File:Toxotes Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Toxotes (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Kaus Australis
|HIP 90185
|Constellation lines
|1.81
|-
|2
|Nunki
|HIP 92855
|Constellation lines
|2.067
|-
|3
|Ascella
|HIP 93506
|Constellation lines
|2.59
|-
|4
|Kaus Media
|HIP 89931
|Constellation lines
|2.668
|-
|5
|Kaus Borealis
|HIP 90496
|Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|6
|Albaldah
|HIP 94141
|Constellation lines
|2.88
|-
|7
|Alnasl
|HIP 88635
|Constellation lines
|2.99
|-
|8
|η Sagittarii
|HIP 89642
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.11
|-
|9
|ϕ Sagittarii
|HIP 92041
|Constellation lines
|3.14
|-
|10
|τ Sagittarii
|HIP 93864
|Constellation lines
|3.31
|-
|11
|ξ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 93085
|Inside the hull
|3.51
|-
|12
|NAME SDG
|NAME SDG
|Inside the hull
|3.6
|-
|13
|ο Sagittarii
|HIP 93683
|Inside the hull
|3.77
|-
|14
|Polis
|HIP 89341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.85
|-
|15
|ρ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95168
|Constellation lines
|3.93
|-
|16
|Rukbat
|HIP 95347
|Constellation lines
|3.943
|-
|17
|Arkab Prior
|HIP 95241
|Inside the hull
|4.01
|-
|18
|Meridiana
|HIP 94114
|Inside the hull
|4.087
|-
|19
|β Coronae Australis
|HIP 94160
|Inside the hull
|4.095
|-
|20
|ι Sagittarii
|HIP 98032
|Constellation lines
|4.13
|-
|21
|γ 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 93825
|Inside the hull
|4.21
|-
|22
|Arkab Posterior
|HIP 95294
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.27
|-
|23
|θ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 98412
|Constellation lines
|4.37
|-
|24
|59 Sgr
|HIP 98162
|Constellation lines
|4.528
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 88839
|Inside the hull
|4.56
|-
|26
|δ Coronae Australis
|HIP 94005
|Inside the hull
|4.571
|-
|27
|62 Sgr
|HIP 98688
|Constellation lines
|4.58
|-
|28
|52 Sgr
|HIP 96465
|Constellation lines
|4.598
|-
|29
|υ Sagittarii
|HIP 95176
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 89678
|Inside the hull
|4.627
|-
|31
|γ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 88567
|Inside the hull
|4.69
|-
|32
|Terebellum
|HIP 98066
|Constellation lines
|4.7
|-
|33
|ζ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93542
|Inside the hull
|4.725
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 98761
|Constellation lines
|4.764
|-
|35
|Ainalrami
|HIP 92761
|Constellation lines
|4.845
|-
|36
|60 Sgr
|HIP 98353
|Constellation lines
|4.846
|-
|37
|ϵ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93174
|Inside the hull
|4.85
|-
|38
|ψ Sagittarii
|HIP 94643
|Constellation lines
|4.86
|-
|39
|21 Sgr
|HIP 90289
|Inside the hull
|4.86
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 91918
|Constellation lines
|4.87
|-
|41
|56 Sgr
|HIP 97290
|Inside the hull
|4.873
|-
|42
|43 Sgr
|HIP 94820
|Constellation lines
|4.878
|-
|43
|1 Sgr
|HIP 89153
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|44
|ν 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 92845
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 98842
|Constellation lines
|4.99
|-
|46
|61 Sgr
|HIP 98258
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.998
|-
|47
|χ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95477
|Constellation lines
|5.009
|-
|48
|55 Sgr
|HIP 96950
|Constellation lines
|5.045
|-
|49
|ξ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 93057
|Constellation lines
|5.054
|-
|50
|λ Coronae Australis
|HIP 91875
|Inside the hull
|5.111
|-
|51
|M 22
|M 22
|Inside the hull
|5.2
|-
|52
|29 Sgr
|HIP 92390
|Inside the hull
|5.21
|-
|53
|μ Coronae Australis
|HIP 92226
|Inside the hull
|5.217
|-
|54
|77 G. Sgr
|HIP 91014
|Inside the hull
|5.276
|-
|55
|54 Sgr
|HIP 96808
|Inside the hull
|5.296
|-
|56
|θ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 98421
|Inside the hull
|5.299
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 99461
|Inside the hull
|5.32
|-
|58
|V3961 Sgr
|HIP 97749
|Inside the hull
|5.33
|-
|59
|V4050 Sgr
|HIP 90074
|Inside the hull
|5.34
|-
|60
|PZ 6AB
|HIP 88060
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.36
|-
|61
|28 Sgr
|HIP 92111
|Inside the hull
|5.366
|-
|62
|V686 CrA
|HIP 92989
|Inside the hull
|5.38
|-
|63
|75 G. Sgr
|HIP 90763
|Inside the hull
|5.386
|-
|64
|χ 3 Sagittarii
|HIP 95503
|Inside the hull
|5.43
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 91989
|Inside the hull
|5.439
|-
|66
|24 Sgr
|HIP 91004
|Inside the hull
|5.461
|-
|67
|14 Sgr
|HIP 89369
|Inside the hull
|5.473
|-
|68
|134 G. Sgr
|HIP 93667
|Constellation lines
|5.482
|-
|69
|193 G. Sgr
|HIP 95865
|Constellation lines
|5.49
|-
|70
|V4024 Sgr
|HIP 93996
|Inside the hull
|5.49
|-
|71
|228 G. Sgr
|HIP 97260
|Inside the hull
|5.512
|-
|72
|60 G. Sgr
|HIP 90124
|Inside the hull
|5.518
|-
|73
|50 Sgr
|HIP 95564
|Inside the hull
|5.569
|-
|74
|18 Sgr
|HIP 90260
|Inside the hull
|5.574
|-
|75
|162 G. Sgr
|HIP 94986
|Constellation lines
|5.579
|-
|76
|165 G. Sgr
|HIP 95077
|Inside the hull
|5.579
|-
|77
|κ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 100469
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|78
|131 G. Sgr
|HIP 93498
|Constellation lines
|5.628
|-
|79
|κ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 100591
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.64
|-
|80
|51 Sgr
|HIP 96406
|Inside the hull
|5.64
|-
|81
|209 G. Sgr
|HIP 96496
|Inside the hull
|5.642
|-
|82
|186 G. Sgr
|HIP 95619
|Constellation lines
|5.644
|-
|83
|37 G. Sgr
|HIP 89020
|Constellation lines
|5.65
|-
|84
|262 G. Sgr
|HIP 98470
|Inside the hull
|5.66
|-
|85
|33 Sgr
|HIP 92747
|Inside the hull
|5.678
|-
|86
|189 G. Sgr
|HIP 95823
|Inside the hull
|5.701
|-
|87
|V701 CrA
|HIP 93552
|Inside the hull
|5.716
|-
|88
|152 G. Sgr
|HIP 94434
|Inside the hull
|5.765
|-
|89
|84 G. Sgr
|HIP 91405
|Inside the hull
|5.772
|-
|90
|94 G. Sgr
|HIP 91974
|Inside the hull
|5.811
|-
|91
|ρ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 95188
|Inside the hull
|5.845
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 94157
|Inside the hull
|5.855
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 91438
|Inside the hull
|5.86
|-
|94
|57 Sgr
|HIP 97783
|Constellation lines
|5.896
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 90485
|Inside the hull
|5.902
|-
|96
|V4089 Sgr
|HIP 96234
|Inside the hull
|5.91
|-
|97
|180 G. Sgr
|HIP 95456
|Constellation lines
|5.93
|-
|98
|116 G. Sgr
|HIP 92931
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|99
|83 G. Sgr
|HIP 91347
|Inside the hull
|5.931
|-
|100
|260 G. Sgr
|HIP 98461
|Inside the hull
|5.948
|-
|101
|218 G. Sgr
|HIP 96760
|Inside the hull
|5.957
|-
|102
|264 G. Sgr
|HIP 98575
|Inside the hull
|5.999
|-
|103
|132 G. Sgr
|HIP 93537
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|104
|179 G. Sgr
|HIP 95408
|Inside the hull
|6.011
|-
|105
|140 G. Sgr
|HIP 93925
|Inside the hull
|6.027
|-
|106
|RS Sgr
|HIP 89637
|Inside the hull
|6.03
|-
|107
|233 G. Sgr
|HIP 97515
|Inside the hull
|6.031
|-
|108
|121 G. Sgr
|HIP 93134
|Constellation lines
|6.08
|-
|109
|258 G. Sgr
|HIP 98485
|Inside the hull
|6.097
|-
|110
|108 G. Sgr
|HIP 92643
|Inside the hull
|6.098
|-
|111
|148 G. Sgr
|HIP 94144
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|112
|V4333 Sgr
|HIP 96440
|Inside the hull
|6.12
|-
|113
|197 G. Sgr
|HIP 95965
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|114
|224 G. Sgr
|HIP 97067
|Inside the hull
|6.131
|-
|115
|178 G. Sgr
|HIP 95396
|Inside the hull
|6.132
|-
|116
|123 G. Sgr
|HIP 93140
|Inside the hull
|6.141
|-
|117
|62 G. Sgr
|HIP 90290
|Inside the hull
|6.142
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 98077
|Inside the hull
|6.15
|-
|119
|58 G. Sgr
|HIP 90012
|Inside the hull
|6.154
|-
|120
|38 G. Sgr
|HIP 89086
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 93858
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|122
|49 G. Sgr
|HIP 89622
|Inside the hull
|6.168
|-
|123
|280 G. Sgr
|HIP 99570
|Inside the hull
|6.191
|-
|124
|26 Sgr
|HIP 91689
|Inside the hull
|6.205
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 93470
|Inside the hull
|6.209
|-
|126
|V4200 Sgr
|HIP 97944
|Inside the hull
|6.213
|-
|127
|128 G. Sgr
|HIP 93423
|Inside the hull
|6.215
|-
|128
|[SC96] GC 607
|[SC96] GC 607
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|129
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|130
|Gumala
|HIP 94645
|Inside the hull
|6.237
|-
|131
|70 Sgr
|HIP 89980
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 94730
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|133
|V4199 Sgr
|HIP 95159
|Inside the hull
|6.26
|-
|134
|150 G. Sgr
|HIP 94272
|Inside the hull
|6.272
|-
|135
|69 G. Sgr
|HIP 90510
|Inside the hull
|6.276
|-
|136
|254 G. Sgr
|HIP 98351
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 93074
|Inside the hull
|6.284
|-
|138
|109 G. Sgr
|HIP 92635
|Inside the hull
|6.29
|-
|139
|V4198 Sgr
|HIP 93887
|Inside the hull
|6.293
|-
|140
|64 G. Sgr
|HIP 90336
|Inside the hull
|6.296
|-
|141
|Cl Collinder 394
|Cl Collinder 394
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|142
|143 G. Sgr
|HIP 93993
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|143
|263 G. Sgr
|HIP 98579
|Inside the hull
|6.306
|-
|144
|90 G. Sgr
|HIP 91901
|Inside the hull
|6.308
|-
|145
|53 Sgr
|HIP 96729
|Inside the hull
|6.321
|-
|146
|96 G. Sgr
|HIP 92016
|Inside the hull
|6.331
|-
|147
|167 G. Sgr
|HIP 95211
|Inside the hull
|6.338
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 94243
|Inside the hull
|6.344
|-
|149
|V3879 Sgr
|HIP 91781
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|150
|127 G. Sgr
|HIP 93315
|Inside the hull
|6.356
|-
|151
|133 G. Sgr
|HIP 93543
|Inside the hull
|6.357
|-
|152
|48 G. Sgr
|HIP 89620
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|153
|80 G. Sgr
|HIP 91172
|Inside the hull
|6.366
|-
|154
|125 G. Sgr
|HIP 93234
|Inside the hull
|6.378
|-
|155
|151 G. Sgr
|HIP 94372
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|156
|C 1806-240
|C 1806-240
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|157
| -
|HIP 93371
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|158
|V4434 Sgr
|HIP 99920
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|159
|36 G. Sgr
|HIP 89010
|Inside the hull
|6.405
|-
|160
|V4405 Sgr
|HIP 92079
|Inside the hull
|6.42
|-
|161
|269 G. Sgr
|HIP 98785
|Inside the hull
|6.428
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 94130
|Inside the hull
|6.435
|-
|163
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|164
|[SC96] GC 625
|[SC96] GC 625
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|165
|115 G. Sgr
|HIP 92972
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 92866
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|167
|244 G. Sgr
|HIP 98012
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 96274
|Inside the hull
|6.475
|-
|169
|166 G. Sgr
|HIP 95149
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|170
|V4190 Sgr
|HIP 91132
|Inside the hull
|6.481
|-
|171
|M 55
|M 55
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 93209
|Inside the hull
|6.497
|-
|173
| -
|HIP 90576
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|174
|V* V4045 Sgr
|HIP 89178
|Constellation lines
|6.52
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 94124
|Constellation lines
|6.533
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 92329
|Constellation lines
|6.69
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 92301
|Inside the hull
|6.7
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 96932
|Constellation lines
|6.88
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 93149
|Constellation lines
|7.2
|}

==== Arabic star names in Sagittarius ====
[[File:Sgr RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
Star names reflect the cultural adoption and transformations. Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> compiled the following list:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Arabic
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
|-
!Original
! valign="top" |Transliteration
! valign="top" |English
! valign="top" |historical author
! valign="top" |identification
|-
|
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
|-
| colspan="5" |'''''Τοξότης'' > ''al-Rāmī'', ‟the Archer”'','' (Ḥağğāğ, Isḥāq, Battānī, Ṣūfī, Bīrūnī)'''
'''''al-Qaws'', ‟the Bow” < Arabian zodiac (Ḥağğāğ, Isḥāq, Battānī, Ṣūfī, Bīrūnī)'''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Rukbat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Right] Knee of the Archer
| valign="top" |Uluġ Bēg
| valign="top" |''α Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜUrqub al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Left] Tendon of the l’Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''β Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Zuğg Saham al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Tip of the Arrow of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''γ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Naṣl''
| valign="top" |the Tip [of the Arrow]
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Maqbiḍ [Qaws] al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Handle [of the Arc] of the A.
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''δ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Ibṭ al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Armpit of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''ζ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Kaᶜb al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Ankle of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''η Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜAyn al-Rāmī, ġamāmī''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer, cloud
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜAyn al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜIṣābat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Turban de l’Archer
| valign="top" |Ét. Laffitte
| valign="top" |''ρ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Mankib al-aysar''
| valign="top" |the left shoulder l’Épaule
| valign="top" |Bīrūnī
| valign="top" |''σ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Mankib al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the shoulder of the Archer
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Aṣl Ḏanab al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Beginning of the End of the A.
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ω Sgr''
|-
| colspan="5" |'''A05. Stations XX et XXI :''' '''''al-Nacā’im'' & ''al-Balda'', « the Ostriches » & « the Unhabitated Place »'''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Ostrichess
| valign="top" |Mālik
| valign="top" |St. XX : ''γδεν +σφτζ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Balda''
| valign="top" |the [Unhabitated] Place
| valign="top" |Mālik
| valign="top" |St. XXI : ''π Sgr''
|-
| colspan="5" valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Farġānī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜām''
| valign="top" |''idem''
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im al-Wārida''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming down to drink
| valign="top" |Farġānī
| valign="top" |''γδεη Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜām al-Wārid''
| valign="top" |''Idem''
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Ostriches coming back from drinking
| valign="top" |Farġānī
| valign="top" |''σφτζ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Naᶜām al-Ṣādir''
| valign="top" |''idem''
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''σφτζ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''min Naᶜā’im al-Ṣādira''
| valign="top" |From the O. coming back from drinking
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Waṣl''
| valign="top" |the Link
| valign="top" |Ḥanīfa
| valign="top" |''λ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Rāᶜī''
| valign="top" |the Shepherd
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Rāᶜī ’l-Naᶜā’im''
| valign="top" |the Shepherd of the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Tīzīnī
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Udḥī''
| valign="top" |''t''he Nest
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''ξ2οπdρ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Udḥī ’l-Naᶜām''
| valign="top" |the Nest of the Ostriches
| valign="top" |Ṣūfī
| valign="top" |''[[Corona Australis]]''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān''
| valign="top" |the Two Male Ostriches
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''λμ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān''
| valign="top" |idem
| valign="top" |Ṣūfī
| valign="top" |''ιλ Aql''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān al-Ṣaġīrān''
| valign="top" |the Two Little Male Ostriches
| valign="top" |Fāris
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Ẓalīmān al-Ṣiġār''
| valign="top" |the Little Male Ostriches
| valign="top" |Mammātī
| valign="top" |
|-
| colspan="5" valign="top" |Other Names
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Qilāda''
| valign="top" |the Necklace
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |''ξ2οπdρυ'' ''Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Qalā’iṣ''
| valign="top" |the Young She Camels
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Qaws''L
| valign="top" |the Bow
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al- Udḥī''
| valign="top" |the Nest
| valign="top" |Qutayba
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Nayyir al-Qilāda''
| valign="top" |the Bright One of the Necklace
| valign="top" |Tīzīnī
| valign="top" |''π Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Āḫar al-Qilādathe''
| valign="top" |the Last ne of the Young She C.
| valign="top" |Ast Oner
| valign="top" |''υ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Nayyir min al-Qalā’iṣ''
| valign="top" |the Bright One of the Young She C.
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |''π Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''Aḫar al-Qalā’iṣ''
| valign="top" |the Last ne of the Young She C.
| valign="top" |Marrākusī
| valign="top" |''υ Sgr''
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Miḥrāb''
| valign="top" |the Mihrab
| valign="top" |Ḏ. ''hay.''
| valign="top" |
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |''al-Saraṭān''
| valign="top" |the Crab
| valign="top" |Ḏ. ''hay.''
| valign="top" |
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===
<gallery>
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag in the zodiac sign of Sagittarius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Sagittaire-babylonien.jpg|alt=Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444|Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444
File:Kugel Sgr+CrA+Sco.JPG|Kugel Globe (1st c. BCE): Sgr, CrA and Sco
File:Sagittarius Hevelius.jpg|Sagittarius in Hevelius (1690)
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - La Sagittaire (Sagittarius).jpg|Sagittarius in Flamsteed (1776).
File:Johann Elert Bode - Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield.jpg|Bode (1805) Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield
File:1822 - Alexander Jamieson - Sagittarius, The Archer.jpg|Sgr in Jamieson (1822)
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Sagittarius and Corona Australis, Microscopium, and Telescopium.png|Sagittarius in Sidney Hall (1825) Urania's Mirror.
File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-069.png|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Sagittarius
File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-070.png|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Sagittarius
</gallery>

==Mythology==
Eratosthenes<ref name=":0" /> tells us that the satyr Krotos watched the Muses playing and then clapped his hands in rapturous delight. Others followed suit, and thus applause after a musical performance was invented. For this non-verbal sign of appreciation, he was transported to heaven.

This is a beautiful star legend, but it does not explain why this hybrid creature is holding a bow and arrow. The story demonstrates once again the Greeks' perplexity with images from a foreign (Babylonian) culture.

==Weblinks==

* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017067 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database – Sagittarius]

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Modern]] [[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sgr]]

Sagittarius

2026-07-09T05:05:17Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Arabic star names in Sagittarius */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Sagittarius IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|Sgr star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. Originally, it depicted the Mesopotamian god Pabilsaĝ ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]), a god of agriculture and war, later equated with Ninurta and depicted as a mixed creature of a human body attaced to horse body with wings and an additional scorpion tail. This complex image was simplified in Greek reception, and there drawn as a centaur.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Pabilsag, ancêtre mésopotamien du Sagittaire,.jpg|thumb|profile of the figure of Pabilsag from a 12th century BCE kudurru. è.c. (Roland Laffitte 2023)]]
[[File:Kugel cen-lup-ara+sgr-sco.JPG|thumb|depiction on the Kugel Globe (4th c. CE): two centaurs in Cen and Sgr with Lup+Ara in between (drawing by SMH 2024).]]

===Origin of Constellation<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>===
This figure came to Greek culture from Mesopotamia as a zodiac sign. Since MUL.APIN, it has been called Pabilsang ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]). This is a deity depicted as a hybrid creature: a male upper body sits on a horse's body, which has a scorpion's tail and wings. Pabilsang is equated with Ninurta, a god of agriculture and war. This explains why he holds a bow and arrow – either for hunting or for defence.

Such a hybrid creature was unknown to the Greeks. The most similar creature in Greek culture and mythology is a centaur, which at least combines horse and human (although it does not have a scorpion's tail and wings). However, Eratosthenes questions whether this is a centaur: He has illustrations in which the archer has only two legs – horse legs. For this reason, and because centaurs cannot use bows and arrows, Eratosthenes prefers the opinion that this is the satyr Krotos, the son of the nurse of the Muses. He is considered a cultural founder, having invented the bow and arrow and used it to hunt animals.

Eratosthenes' belief that Sagittarius has a ship with him also points to a Babylonian influence and an accidental equation of the two-legged and four-legged figures. The Babylonian constellation Ship ([[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]) refers to a river boat and must have been located near Sagittarius. Based on depictions of Babylonian river boats, the constellation [[Corona Australis]] is usually equated with the Babylonian ship. However, centaurs do not travel on ships, which is why, according to Eratosthenes, the ship is another argument against the centaur.

Eratosthenes' claim that Sagittarius is bipedal may seem surprising at first, as today he is depicted as a four-legged centaur in all common star charts.

The Almagest mentions three feet, a horse's body and a human torso, from which we can conclude that Ptolemy also thought of Sagittarius as a centaur. So how did Eratosthenes come to the conclusion that it could be a man with horse's legs?

On the zodiac of Dendera, a depiction in an Egyptian temple that was restored in the Ptolemaic period in the 1st century (i.e. only about 100 to 150 years after Eratosthenes), there are two Sagittarians: one with two legs and one with four legs. The four-legged one is in the part of the sky where the constellation Sagittarius is located. The two-legged archer stands next to the star [[Sirius]]. This is significant in that [[Sirius]] and the stars around it formed the two Babylonian constellations ‘Arrow’ ([[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA]]) and ‘Bow’ ([[PAN]]). The strong Babylonian influences are not surprising here, as there is evidence of a significant transfer of Babylonian mathematical astronomy to Greek astronomy in Egypt, especially in the 2nd century BCE.

==== Babylonian ====
see

* [[PA.BIL.SAG]]
<gallery>
File:Nabu-Kudurri-Usur.jpg|Pabilsag on Nabu kudurru
File:Kassites1.jpg|Pabilsag in Kassites
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
</gallery>

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratus =====
<blockquote>[300] After much suffering at sea even in the previous month, when the sun inflames the bow and the Drawer of the bow, you should put ashore in the evening and not continue to trust the night. A sign of that season and that month will be the rising of the Scorpion at the end of night. [305] The Archer actually draws his great bow near the sting; the rising Scorpion stands a little ahead of him, and he then rises shortly after. At that time the head of Cynosura runs very high up at the end of night, and just before dawn Orion sets entirely, and Cepheus from hand to waist. (Kidd 1997)</blockquote>

===== Eratosthenes =====
Pamias and Zucker (2013,<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref> 85-87)<blockquote>'''Var. 1 (Περὶ τοῦ Τοξότου)''': This is the figure holding the bow, whom most people regard as a centaur, though others dispute this, arguing that no centaur uses a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the satyrs. The Archer has two stars on his head, one on his right elbow, one on his hands, one shining on his stomach, two on his back, one on his front knee, one on his foot, one on his back knee, one on his hoof, two on the bow and one on the sheepskin. Fourteen.</blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2 (Τοξότου)''': This is the Archer whom most people regard as a Centaur, a view contested by others, who argue that he is not shown with four legs, but is standing and shooting a bow; yet no Centaur has ever used a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the Satyrs. This is why it seems implausible to the people in question that he is a Centaur, and more likely that he is Crotos (Clapping), the son of Euphemia (Renown), the nurse of the Muses, who lived and stayed on Helicon.</blockquote><blockquote>The Muses ensured that he discovered the use of the bow and could obtain his food from wild beasts, as Sositheus relates. He had become intimately acquainted with the Muses and attended their performances, and he approved of them by marking the beat with cheers.</blockquote><blockquote>Indeed, he would clap his hands to mark the off-beat of their singing; so, seeing him do this, the other men began to do the same. That is why the Muses, when they tasted the charm of fame, thanks to his support, asked Zeus to reveal to all the fervour of this figure, and thus he was placed amongst the constellations, in recognition of that hand gesture he had made, adopting the posture of the archer as his distinctive mark. His gesture was perpetuated amongst men. Furthermore, the presence of the Boat indicates that he will be visible to everyone: not only to men on land, but also to those at sea; hence the error of those who depict him as a Centaur.</blockquote><blockquote>The Archer has two stars on his head, two on the bow, two on the tip of the arrow, one on his right elbow, one on his hand, one shining on his belly, two on his back, one on his tail, one on the front knee, one on the hoof, and one on the back knee. Fifteen in all.</blockquote><blockquote>The seven stars of the Boat are located beneath his paw. They resemble hind legs, but the latter are not visible at all.</blockquote>

===== Hipparchus =====

====== Rising (Lib II Cap V §10) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of ...</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sgr 5 1/2
|Cap 18
|Vir 19 1/2
|Sco 8 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|at the tip of the arrow
|the bright one in the hind feet
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib III Cap IV §6) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sco 3
|Sgr 26 1/2
|Cap 20
|Psc 4 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the bright one in the front foot
|the northern one of those in the upper garment
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45°
|}

====== Stars Mentioned ======
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, first
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, last
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §2
|setting CrB, south, last
|Psc 13.5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §13
|setting Aql, south, first
|Ari 2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib III Cap I §9
|rising Ori, south, last
|Psc 13
|}

===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====
<blockquote>Many have called this sign the Centaurus; others deny the name, for the reason that no Centaurus makes use of arrows. The question is raised, too why he is formed with horse flanks but a Satyr's tail.

Some say that he is Crotus, son of Eupheme, nurse of the Muses. As Sositheus, writer of tragedies, says, he had his home on Mount Helicon and took his pleasure in the company of the Muses, sometimes even following the pursuit of hunting. He attained great fame for his diligence, for he was very swift in the woods, and clever in the arts. As a reward for his zeal the Muses asked Jove to represent him in some star group, and Jove did so. Since he wished to display all his skills in one body, he gave him horse flanks because he rode a great deal. He added arrows, since these would show both his keenness and his swiftness, and he gave him a Satyr's tail because the Muses took no less pleasure in Crotus than Liber did in the Satyrs. Before his feet are a few stars arranged in a circle, which some said were a wreath, thrown off as by one at play. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest Τοξότης. ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!Τοξότου ἀστερισμός.
!Constellation of Sagittarius
!
|-
|1
|ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀκύδος τοῦ βέλους
|The star on the point of the arrow
|gam Sgr
|-
|2
|ὁ ἐν τῇ λαβῇ τῆς ἀριστερᾶρ χειρός
|The star in the [bow-] grip held by the left hand
|del Sgr
|-
|3
|ὁ ἐν τῷ νοτίῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου
|The star in the southern portion of the bow
|eps Sgr
|-
|4
|τῶν ἐν τῷ βορείῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου ὁ νοτιώτερος
|The southernmost of the [2] stars in the northern portion of the bow
|lam Sgr
|-
|5
|ὁ βορειότερος αὐτῶν ἐπ’ ἄκρου τοῦ τόξου.
|The northernmost of these, on the tip of the bow
|mu Sgr
|-
|6
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἅμου.
|The star on the left shoulder
|sig Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ τούτου προηγούμενος κατὰ τοῦ βέλους
|The one in advance of this, just over the arrow
|phi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ νεφελοειδὴς καὶ διπλοῦς,
|The star on the eye, which is nebulous and double
|nu1 + nu2 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ γ’ ὁ ἠγούμενος.
|The most advanced of the 3 stars in the head
|xi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|omi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῶν τριῶ.
|The rearmost of the three
|pi Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ βορεύῳ ἐφαπτίδι γ’ ὁ κότιος.
|The southernmost of the 3 stars in the northern cloak attachment
|43 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|rho Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶη
|The northernmost of the three
|ups Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τοῦς τρισὶν ἀμαυρός
|The faint star to the rear of these three
|55 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς νοτίου ἐφαπτίδος β ὁ βορειότερος;
|The northernmost of the 2 stars on the southern cloak-attachment
|61 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶν
|The southernmost of them
|57 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ὥμου.
|The star on the right shoulder
|chi1 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ἀγκῶνος..
|The star on the right elbow
|51+52 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῷ νώτῳ ἡ ὁ κατὰ τοῦ μεταφρένου.
|The three stars in the back: the one just above the place between the shoulders
|psi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν καὶ κατὰ τῆς ὡμοπλάτης.
|The three stars in the back: the middle one, just above the shoulder-blade
|tau Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ λοιπὸς καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν μασχάλην.
|The three stars in the back: the other one, under the armpit
|zet Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ ἀριστεροῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front left hock
|bet1 + bet2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ γόνατος τοῦ αὐτοῦ ποδός
|The one on the knee of the same leg
|alf Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ δεξιοῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front right hock
|eta Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ μηροῦ
|The star on the left thigh
|kap1 + kap2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀπισθύου δεξιοῦ πήχεως.
|The star on the right hind lower leg
|iot Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ ἐκφύσει τῆς οὐρᾶς ὃ τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμερος
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the northern side
|omega Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the northern side
|60 Sgr
|-
|
|τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμενος.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the southern side
|59 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the southern side
|62 Sgr
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|ἀστέρες λα, ὧν β’ μεγέθους β, γ’ 3, δ’ θ, εη, σ’ β, νεφελοειδής
|{31 stars, 2 of the second magnitude, 9 of the third, 9 of the fourth, 8 of the fifth, 2 of the sixth, [1] nebulous}
|
|}
[[File:Toxotes Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Toxotes (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Kaus Australis
|HIP 90185
|Constellation lines
|1.81
|-
|2
|Nunki
|HIP 92855
|Constellation lines
|2.067
|-
|3
|Ascella
|HIP 93506
|Constellation lines
|2.59
|-
|4
|Kaus Media
|HIP 89931
|Constellation lines
|2.668
|-
|5
|Kaus Borealis
|HIP 90496
|Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|6
|Albaldah
|HIP 94141
|Constellation lines
|2.88
|-
|7
|Alnasl
|HIP 88635
|Constellation lines
|2.99
|-
|8
|η Sagittarii
|HIP 89642
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.11
|-
|9
|ϕ Sagittarii
|HIP 92041
|Constellation lines
|3.14
|-
|10
|τ Sagittarii
|HIP 93864
|Constellation lines
|3.31
|-
|11
|ξ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 93085
|Inside the hull
|3.51
|-
|12
|NAME SDG
|NAME SDG
|Inside the hull
|3.6
|-
|13
|ο Sagittarii
|HIP 93683
|Inside the hull
|3.77
|-
|14
|Polis
|HIP 89341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.85
|-
|15
|ρ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95168
|Constellation lines
|3.93
|-
|16
|Rukbat
|HIP 95347
|Constellation lines
|3.943
|-
|17
|Arkab Prior
|HIP 95241
|Inside the hull
|4.01
|-
|18
|Meridiana
|HIP 94114
|Inside the hull
|4.087
|-
|19
|β Coronae Australis
|HIP 94160
|Inside the hull
|4.095
|-
|20
|ι Sagittarii
|HIP 98032
|Constellation lines
|4.13
|-
|21
|γ 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 93825
|Inside the hull
|4.21
|-
|22
|Arkab Posterior
|HIP 95294
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.27
|-
|23
|θ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 98412
|Constellation lines
|4.37
|-
|24
|59 Sgr
|HIP 98162
|Constellation lines
|4.528
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 88839
|Inside the hull
|4.56
|-
|26
|δ Coronae Australis
|HIP 94005
|Inside the hull
|4.571
|-
|27
|62 Sgr
|HIP 98688
|Constellation lines
|4.58
|-
|28
|52 Sgr
|HIP 96465
|Constellation lines
|4.598
|-
|29
|υ Sagittarii
|HIP 95176
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 89678
|Inside the hull
|4.627
|-
|31
|γ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 88567
|Inside the hull
|4.69
|-
|32
|Terebellum
|HIP 98066
|Constellation lines
|4.7
|-
|33
|ζ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93542
|Inside the hull
|4.725
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 98761
|Constellation lines
|4.764
|-
|35
|Ainalrami
|HIP 92761
|Constellation lines
|4.845
|-
|36
|60 Sgr
|HIP 98353
|Constellation lines
|4.846
|-
|37
|ϵ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93174
|Inside the hull
|4.85
|-
|38
|ψ Sagittarii
|HIP 94643
|Constellation lines
|4.86
|-
|39
|21 Sgr
|HIP 90289
|Inside the hull
|4.86
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 91918
|Constellation lines
|4.87
|-
|41
|56 Sgr
|HIP 97290
|Inside the hull
|4.873
|-
|42
|43 Sgr
|HIP 94820
|Constellation lines
|4.878
|-
|43
|1 Sgr
|HIP 89153
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|44
|ν 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 92845
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 98842
|Constellation lines
|4.99
|-
|46
|61 Sgr
|HIP 98258
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.998
|-
|47
|χ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95477
|Constellation lines
|5.009
|-
|48
|55 Sgr
|HIP 96950
|Constellation lines
|5.045
|-
|49
|ξ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 93057
|Constellation lines
|5.054
|-
|50
|λ Coronae Australis
|HIP 91875
|Inside the hull
|5.111
|-
|51
|M 22
|M 22
|Inside the hull
|5.2
|-
|52
|29 Sgr
|HIP 92390
|Inside the hull
|5.21
|-
|53
|μ Coronae Australis
|HIP 92226
|Inside the hull
|5.217
|-
|54
|77 G. Sgr
|HIP 91014
|Inside the hull
|5.276
|-
|55
|54 Sgr
|HIP 96808
|Inside the hull
|5.296
|-
|56
|θ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 98421
|Inside the hull
|5.299
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 99461
|Inside the hull
|5.32
|-
|58
|V3961 Sgr
|HIP 97749
|Inside the hull
|5.33
|-
|59
|V4050 Sgr
|HIP 90074
|Inside the hull
|5.34
|-
|60
|PZ 6AB
|HIP 88060
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.36
|-
|61
|28 Sgr
|HIP 92111
|Inside the hull
|5.366
|-
|62
|V686 CrA
|HIP 92989
|Inside the hull
|5.38
|-
|63
|75 G. Sgr
|HIP 90763
|Inside the hull
|5.386
|-
|64
|χ 3 Sagittarii
|HIP 95503
|Inside the hull
|5.43
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 91989
|Inside the hull
|5.439
|-
|66
|24 Sgr
|HIP 91004
|Inside the hull
|5.461
|-
|67
|14 Sgr
|HIP 89369
|Inside the hull
|5.473
|-
|68
|134 G. Sgr
|HIP 93667
|Constellation lines
|5.482
|-
|69
|193 G. Sgr
|HIP 95865
|Constellation lines
|5.49
|-
|70
|V4024 Sgr
|HIP 93996
|Inside the hull
|5.49
|-
|71
|228 G. Sgr
|HIP 97260
|Inside the hull
|5.512
|-
|72
|60 G. Sgr
|HIP 90124
|Inside the hull
|5.518
|-
|73
|50 Sgr
|HIP 95564
|Inside the hull
|5.569
|-
|74
|18 Sgr
|HIP 90260
|Inside the hull
|5.574
|-
|75
|162 G. Sgr
|HIP 94986
|Constellation lines
|5.579
|-
|76
|165 G. Sgr
|HIP 95077
|Inside the hull
|5.579
|-
|77
|κ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 100469
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|78
|131 G. Sgr
|HIP 93498
|Constellation lines
|5.628
|-
|79
|κ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 100591
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.64
|-
|80
|51 Sgr
|HIP 96406
|Inside the hull
|5.64
|-
|81
|209 G. Sgr
|HIP 96496
|Inside the hull
|5.642
|-
|82
|186 G. Sgr
|HIP 95619
|Constellation lines
|5.644
|-
|83
|37 G. Sgr
|HIP 89020
|Constellation lines
|5.65
|-
|84
|262 G. Sgr
|HIP 98470
|Inside the hull
|5.66
|-
|85
|33 Sgr
|HIP 92747
|Inside the hull
|5.678
|-
|86
|189 G. Sgr
|HIP 95823
|Inside the hull
|5.701
|-
|87
|V701 CrA
|HIP 93552
|Inside the hull
|5.716
|-
|88
|152 G. Sgr
|HIP 94434
|Inside the hull
|5.765
|-
|89
|84 G. Sgr
|HIP 91405
|Inside the hull
|5.772
|-
|90
|94 G. Sgr
|HIP 91974
|Inside the hull
|5.811
|-
|91
|ρ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 95188
|Inside the hull
|5.845
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 94157
|Inside the hull
|5.855
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 91438
|Inside the hull
|5.86
|-
|94
|57 Sgr
|HIP 97783
|Constellation lines
|5.896
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 90485
|Inside the hull
|5.902
|-
|96
|V4089 Sgr
|HIP 96234
|Inside the hull
|5.91
|-
|97
|180 G. Sgr
|HIP 95456
|Constellation lines
|5.93
|-
|98
|116 G. Sgr
|HIP 92931
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|99
|83 G. Sgr
|HIP 91347
|Inside the hull
|5.931
|-
|100
|260 G. Sgr
|HIP 98461
|Inside the hull
|5.948
|-
|101
|218 G. Sgr
|HIP 96760
|Inside the hull
|5.957
|-
|102
|264 G. Sgr
|HIP 98575
|Inside the hull
|5.999
|-
|103
|132 G. Sgr
|HIP 93537
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|104
|179 G. Sgr
|HIP 95408
|Inside the hull
|6.011
|-
|105
|140 G. Sgr
|HIP 93925
|Inside the hull
|6.027
|-
|106
|RS Sgr
|HIP 89637
|Inside the hull
|6.03
|-
|107
|233 G. Sgr
|HIP 97515
|Inside the hull
|6.031
|-
|108
|121 G. Sgr
|HIP 93134
|Constellation lines
|6.08
|-
|109
|258 G. Sgr
|HIP 98485
|Inside the hull
|6.097
|-
|110
|108 G. Sgr
|HIP 92643
|Inside the hull
|6.098
|-
|111
|148 G. Sgr
|HIP 94144
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|112
|V4333 Sgr
|HIP 96440
|Inside the hull
|6.12
|-
|113
|197 G. Sgr
|HIP 95965
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|114
|224 G. Sgr
|HIP 97067
|Inside the hull
|6.131
|-
|115
|178 G. Sgr
|HIP 95396
|Inside the hull
|6.132
|-
|116
|123 G. Sgr
|HIP 93140
|Inside the hull
|6.141
|-
|117
|62 G. Sgr
|HIP 90290
|Inside the hull
|6.142
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 98077
|Inside the hull
|6.15
|-
|119
|58 G. Sgr
|HIP 90012
|Inside the hull
|6.154
|-
|120
|38 G. Sgr
|HIP 89086
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 93858
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|122
|49 G. Sgr
|HIP 89622
|Inside the hull
|6.168
|-
|123
|280 G. Sgr
|HIP 99570
|Inside the hull
|6.191
|-
|124
|26 Sgr
|HIP 91689
|Inside the hull
|6.205
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 93470
|Inside the hull
|6.209
|-
|126
|V4200 Sgr
|HIP 97944
|Inside the hull
|6.213
|-
|127
|128 G. Sgr
|HIP 93423
|Inside the hull
|6.215
|-
|128
|[SC96] GC 607
|[SC96] GC 607
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|129
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|130
|Gumala
|HIP 94645
|Inside the hull
|6.237
|-
|131
|70 Sgr
|HIP 89980
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 94730
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|133
|V4199 Sgr
|HIP 95159
|Inside the hull
|6.26
|-
|134
|150 G. Sgr
|HIP 94272
|Inside the hull
|6.272
|-
|135
|69 G. Sgr
|HIP 90510
|Inside the hull
|6.276
|-
|136
|254 G. Sgr
|HIP 98351
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 93074
|Inside the hull
|6.284
|-
|138
|109 G. Sgr
|HIP 92635
|Inside the hull
|6.29
|-
|139
|V4198 Sgr
|HIP 93887
|Inside the hull
|6.293
|-
|140
|64 G. Sgr
|HIP 90336
|Inside the hull
|6.296
|-
|141
|Cl Collinder 394
|Cl Collinder 394
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|142
|143 G. Sgr
|HIP 93993
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|143
|263 G. Sgr
|HIP 98579
|Inside the hull
|6.306
|-
|144
|90 G. Sgr
|HIP 91901
|Inside the hull
|6.308
|-
|145
|53 Sgr
|HIP 96729
|Inside the hull
|6.321
|-
|146
|96 G. Sgr
|HIP 92016
|Inside the hull
|6.331
|-
|147
|167 G. Sgr
|HIP 95211
|Inside the hull
|6.338
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 94243
|Inside the hull
|6.344
|-
|149
|V3879 Sgr
|HIP 91781
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|150
|127 G. Sgr
|HIP 93315
|Inside the hull
|6.356
|-
|151
|133 G. Sgr
|HIP 93543
|Inside the hull
|6.357
|-
|152
|48 G. Sgr
|HIP 89620
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|153
|80 G. Sgr
|HIP 91172
|Inside the hull
|6.366
|-
|154
|125 G. Sgr
|HIP 93234
|Inside the hull
|6.378
|-
|155
|151 G. Sgr
|HIP 94372
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|156
|C 1806-240
|C 1806-240
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|157
| -
|HIP 93371
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|158
|V4434 Sgr
|HIP 99920
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|159
|36 G. Sgr
|HIP 89010
|Inside the hull
|6.405
|-
|160
|V4405 Sgr
|HIP 92079
|Inside the hull
|6.42
|-
|161
|269 G. Sgr
|HIP 98785
|Inside the hull
|6.428
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 94130
|Inside the hull
|6.435
|-
|163
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|164
|[SC96] GC 625
|[SC96] GC 625
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|165
|115 G. Sgr
|HIP 92972
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 92866
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|167
|244 G. Sgr
|HIP 98012
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 96274
|Inside the hull
|6.475
|-
|169
|166 G. Sgr
|HIP 95149
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|170
|V4190 Sgr
|HIP 91132
|Inside the hull
|6.481
|-
|171
|M 55
|M 55
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 93209
|Inside the hull
|6.497
|-
|173
| -
|HIP 90576
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|174
|V* V4045 Sgr
|HIP 89178
|Constellation lines
|6.52
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 94124
|Constellation lines
|6.533
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 92329
|Constellation lines
|6.69
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 92301
|Inside the hull
|6.7
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 96932
|Constellation lines
|6.88
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 93149
|Constellation lines
|7.2
|}

==== Arabic star names in Sagittarius ====
[[File:Sgr RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
Star names reflect the cultural adoption and transformations. Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> compiled the following list:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Arabic
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
|-
!Original
! valign="top" |Transliteration
! valign="top" |English
! valign="top" |historical author
! valign="top" |identification
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Rukbat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Right] Knee of the Archer
| valign="top" |Uluġ Bēg
| valign="top" |''α Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜUrqub al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Left] Tendon of the l’Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''β Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Zuğg Saham al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Tip of the Arrow of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''γ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Naṣl''
| valign="top" |the Tip [of the Arrow]
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Maqbiḍ [Qaws] al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Handle [of the Arc] of the A.
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''δ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Ibṭ al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Armpit of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''ζ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Kaᶜb al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Ankle of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''η Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜAyn al-Rāmī, ġamāmī''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer, cloud
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜAyn al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜIṣābat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Turban de l’Archer
| valign="top" |Ét. Laffitte
| valign="top" |''ρ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Mankib al-aysar''
| valign="top" |the left shoulder l’Épaule
| valign="top" |Bīrūnī
| valign="top" |''σ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Mankib al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the shoulder of the Archer
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Aṣl Ḏanab al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Beginning of the End of the A.
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ω Sgr''
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===
<gallery>
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag in the zodiac sign of Sagittarius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Sagittaire-babylonien.jpg|alt=Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444|Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444
File:Kugel Sgr+CrA+Sco.JPG|Kugel Globe (1st c. BCE): Sgr, CrA and Sco
File:Sagittarius Hevelius.jpg|Sagittarius in Hevelius (1690)
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - La Sagittaire (Sagittarius).jpg|Sagittarius in Flamsteed (1776).
File:Johann Elert Bode - Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield.jpg|Bode (1805) Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield
File:1822 - Alexander Jamieson - Sagittarius, The Archer.jpg|Sgr in Jamieson (1822)
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Sagittarius and Corona Australis, Microscopium, and Telescopium.png|Sagittarius in Sidney Hall (1825) Urania's Mirror.
File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-069.png|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Sagittarius
File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-070.png|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Sagittarius
</gallery>

==Mythology==
Eratosthenes<ref name=":0" /> tells us that the satyr Krotos watched the Muses playing and then clapped his hands in rapturous delight. Others followed suit, and thus applause after a musical performance was invented. For this non-verbal sign of appreciation, he was transported to heaven.

This is a beautiful star legend, but it does not explain why this hybrid creature is holding a bow and arrow. The story demonstrates once again the Greeks' perplexity with images from a foreign (Babylonian) culture.

==Weblinks==

* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017067 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database – Sagittarius]

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Modern]] [[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sgr]]

Capricornus

2026-07-09T05:03:45Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Capricornus IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|Cap star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]]
Capricornus, The Goat-Horned, is one of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. This hybrid creature, half fish, half goat, is a faithful companion of Ea, the Babylonian god of wisdom. It is certain that this constellation came from Babylon with the zodiac. There it was called the goat-fish and was a benign demon used in numerous cults, e.g. in the cult of medicine. It was therefore often depicted in images – not necessarily the constellation itself, but illustrations of the demon have been preserved in reliefs and sculptures.

==Etymology and History==
===Origin of Constellation===
The origin is Mesopotamian.<ref>Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>

The figure of the goatfish also reappears in art during the Roman period: a goatfish is depicted on the zodiac of Dendera in Egypt, which dates from the 1st century BCE, and in Ptolemy's star catalogue, the names of the stars suggest that he thought the same. Both sources date from the Greco-Roman period, which means that even the depiction in Dendera is no longer truly Egyptian, but rather an Egyptianisation of foreign – i.e. Greek and Babylonian – constellations. The figures depicted here in Egyptian style are a cultural mixture, although it is unclear whether the Babylonian influences came to Egypt directly from Babylon or via the Greek conquerors.

The figure of the goat fish has been used equally in Arabic and Latin medieval times since at least late antiquity, thus extending from Ptolemy to the last pictorial star charts in the 18th/19th century. In English, this figure is usually called ‘Capricorn’, although in Greek it actually means ‘the goat-horned’. The official name of the constellation in the IAU is also ‘Sea-Goat’, so the German form ‘Steinbock’ is simply a misnomer.

According to Eratosthenes, this refers to a deity that resembles Aigipan in appearance, because the depiction is inspired by him. Eratosthenes describes him as a figure with the lower body of an animal and horns on his head. However, the upper body is that of a man. On the Farnese Globe, whose model dates back to Hellenistic times, only the goat's head is depicted. The rest of the figure is missing due to architectural features that obscure the globe in this southernmost region of the sky. Since it is a goat's head and chest and not a human head with horns, the depiction here is probably also intended to be a goatfish and not an Aigipan.

==== Babylonian ====
The Babylonian Goat-Fish is a benevolent daemon, attested since the earliest sources in stone. <gallery>
File:Cap GoatFish seal Wallenfels1993.png|Capricornus on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Vir FURROW seal Wallenfels1993.png|Zodiac sign Virgo as Goat-Fish on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Tau+cap seal Wallenfels1993.png|Caapricorn with Taurus on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Fish-goat figurine-AO 10884-IMG 9965.JPG|Fish-Goat figurine AO 10884
</gallery>

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratus =====
<blockquote>Capricorn lies ahead and lower down, where the powerful sun turns back. [287] In that month I hope you will not be surged about by the sea through taking to open waters. Neither by day can you make much headway, for the days pass most swiftly then, [290] nor in your terror by night will the dawn come soon, however much you cry out. It is then that the dread southerlies strike, when the sun meets up with Capricorn; then the icy cold from Zeus is more cruel to the freezing sailor. But for that matter [295] the sea surges under the stem all the year long; and we, like diving shearwaters, often sit gazing round the ocean from our ships, turning our eyes towards the beaches; but the surf there is still far off, and only a little timber keeps death away. (Kidd 1997)</blockquote>
===== Eratosthenes =====
<blockquote> Pamias and Zucker (2013,<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref> 82-84)</blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 1 (Περὶ τοῦ Αἱγόκερω):''' This figure is similar to Epiphanes, from whom he is, in fact, derived. His lower limbs are those of a beast, and he has horns on his head. He owes the honour bestowed upon him to the fact that he was Zeus’s foster brother, according to Epimenides, the author of the Cretica, who recounts that he was with Zeus on Mount Ida when the latter led his offensive against the Titans. Once power had passed into Zeus’s hands, the latter placed him and his mother, the Goat, amongst the constellations. His fish-tail is an allusion to the fact that he discovered the conch in the sea.</blockquote><blockquote>There is a star on each horn, a bright one on the nostrils, two on the head, a bright one on the neck, two on the chest, one on the front leg, one at the tipof the leg, seven on the back, five on the belly, and two bright ones on the tail. Twenty-four in all.</blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2 (Αἱγόκερω):''' This figure bears a resemblance to Egipan, from whom he is, in fact, derived. His lower limbs are those of a beast, and he has horns on his head. He owes the honour bestowed upon him to the fact that he was Zeus’s foster brother, according to Epimenides, the author of the Cretica, who reports that he was with Zeus on Mount Ida when the latter launched his offensive against the Titans. It was he, apparently, who discovered the conch shell, with which he armed the allied gods, owing to the power of the sounds it produces—described as ‘panic-inducing’—which put the Titans to flight. Once power had passed into Zeus’s hands, he placed him and his mother, the Goat, amongst the constellations. His fish-like tail is an allusion to the fact that he discovered the conch in the sea.</blockquote><blockquote>Capricorn has one star on each horn, one shining star on each nostril, two on the head, one on the neck, two on the chest, one on the front leg, one at the tip of the leg, seven on the back, five on the belly, and two shining stars on the tail. Twenty-four in all.</blockquote>

===== Hipparchus =====

====== Rising (Lib III Cap III §7) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of ...</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sgr 28 1/2
|Cap 27
|Lib 18 1/2
|Sco 18
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the northern one of the bright in the horns
|the rear one of the bright in the tail
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |1 5/6 hours = 110 min = 27 1/2 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib III Cap IV §7) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Cap 2
|Cap 23 1/2
|Psc 10 1/2
|Ari 9
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the southern one of those in the knees
|the rear one of those in the tail
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |1 2/3 hours = 100 min = 25°
|}

====== Stars Mentioned ======
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, first
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, last
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §2
|setting CrB, south, last
|Psc 13.5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §13
|setting Aql, south, first
|Ari 2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib III Cap I §9
|rising Ori, south, last
|
|}<blockquote></blockquote>

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest Αἰγόκερως. ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!Αἰγόκερω ἀστερισμός.
!Constellation of Capricornus
!
|-
|1
|ὁ τῶν ἐν τῷ ἐπομένῳ κέρατι γ’ ὁ βόρειος.
|The northernmost of' the 3 stars in the rear horn
|alf1 + alf2 Cap
|-
|2
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|nu Cap
|-
|3
|ὁ νότιος τῶν τριῶη.
|The southernmost of the three
|bet Cap
|-
|4
|ὁ ἐπ’ ἄκρου τοῦ ἠγουμένου κέρατος
|The star on the tip of the advance horn
|xi1 + xi2 Cap
|-
|5
|τῶν ἐν τῷ ῥόγχει γ' ὁ φότιος.
|The southernmost of the 3 stars in the muzzle
|omi Cap
|-
|6
|τῶν λοιπῶν β’ ὁ ἠχούμενος.
|The more advanced of the other two
|pi Cap
|-
|
|ὁ ἑπόμενος αὐτῶν.
|The rearmost of these
|rho Cap
|-
|
|ὁ τῶν ἡ προηγούμενος ὑπὸ τὸν δεξιὸυ ὀφθαλμόν.
|The star in advance of the [above] 3, under the right eye
|sig Cap
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῷ τραχήλῳ β ὁ βορειότερος
|The northernmost of the 2 stars in the neck
|tau Cap
|-
|
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶν
|The southernmost of them
|ups Cap
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ κεκαμμένον γόνατος.
|The star on the left, doubled-up knee
|ome Cap
|-
|
|ὁ ὑπὸ τὸ δεξιὸν γονάτιοη.
|The star under the right knee
|psi Cap
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ὅμου.
|The star on the left shoulder
|24 Cap
|-
|
|τῶν ὑπὸ τὴν κοιλίαυ συνεχῶν β’ ὁ ἠγούμενος
|The more advanced of the 2 stars close together under the belly
|zet Cap
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος αὐτῶν.
|The rearmost of these
|36 Cap
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν μέσῳ τῷ σώματι γ’ ὁ ἐπόμενος
|Thc rearmost of the 3 stars in the middle of the body
|phi Cap
|-
|
|τῶν λοιπῶν καὶ ἠγουμένωυ β ὁ νοτιώτερος.
|The southernmost of the other, advance 2
|chi Cap
|-
|
|ὁ βορειότερος αὐτῶν.
|The northernmost of them
|eta Cap
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῷ νώτῳ β’ ὁ προηγούμευος.
|The more advanced of the 2 stars in thc back
|tet Cap
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος αὐτῶν
|The rearmost of them
|iot Cap
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ νοτίῳ ἀκάνθη β ὁ προηγούμενος.
|The more advanced of the 2 stars in thc southern spine
|eps Cap
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος αὐτῶν
|The reamost of them
|kap Cap
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῷ παρούρῳ ῇ ὁ προηγούμενος.
|The more advanced of the 2 stars in the section [of the body] next to the tail
|gam Cap
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος αὐτῶν
|Thc rearmost of them
|del Cap
|-
|
|τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ βορείου μέρους τῆς οὐρᾶς δ ὁ προηγούμενος.
|The most advanccd of the 4 stars on thc northern portion of the tail
|42 Cap
|-
|
|τῶν λοιπῶν γ’ ὁ τότιος
|The southernmost of the other 3
|mu Cap
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|Thc middle one of these
|lam Cap
|-
|
|ὁ βόρειος αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπ’ ἄκρου τοῦ οὐραίου,
|The northernmost of them, on the end of the tail-fin
|46 Cap
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|ἀστέρες κη, ὥν γ’ μεγέθους ὅ, δ’ ὅ, ε θ,ς ς.
|{28 stars, 4 of the third magnitude, 9 of the fourth, 9 of the fifth, 6 of the sixth}
|
|}

===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====
<blockquote>This sign resembles Aegipan, whom Jupiter wished to be put among the constellations because he was nourished with him, just as he put the goat nurse we have mentioned before. He, first, as Eratosthenes says, when Jupiter attacked the Titans, is said to have cast into the enemy the fear that is called panikos. The lower part of his body has fish formation, because he hurled shellfish against the enemy, too, instead of stones.

Egyptian priests and some poets say that once when many gods had assembled in Egypt, suddenly Typhon, an exceedingly fierce monster and deadly enemy of the gods, came to that place. Terrified by him, they changed their shapes into other forms: Mercury became an ibis, Apollo, the bird that is called Thracian, Diana, a cat. For this reason they say the Egyptians do not permit these creatures to be injured, because they are called representations of gods. At this same time, they say, Pan cast himself into the river, making the lower part of his body a fish, and the rest a goat, and thus escaped from Typhon. Jove, admiring his shrewdness, put his likeness among the constellations. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

===== Ovid, Fasti 1 =====
<blockquote>[651] When that is over, thou wilt quit Capricorn, O Phoebus, and wilt take thy course through the sign of the youth who carries water (Aquarius). (James George Frazer 1931)</blockquote>[[File:Aigokeros Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Aigokeros (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Deneb Algedi
|HIP 107556
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.83
|-
|2
|Dabih
|HIP 100345
|Constellation lines
|3.08
|-
|3
|Algedi
|HIP 100064
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.58
|-
|4
|Nashira
|HIP 106985
|Constellation lines
|3.67
|-
|5
|ζ Capricorni
|HIP 105881
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.74
|-
|6
|θ Capricorni
|HIP 104139
|Constellation lines
|4.07
|-
|7
|ω Capricorni
|HIP 102978
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.12
|-
|8
|ψ Capricorni
|HIP 102485
|Constellation lines
|4.122
|-
|9
|ι Capricorni
|HIP 105515
|Constellation lines
|4.27
|-
|10
|24 Cap
|HIP 104234
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.5
|-
|11
|36 Cap
|HIP 106039
|Inside the hull
|4.5
|-
|12
|ϵ Capricorni
|HIP 106723
|Constellation lines
|4.55
|-
|13
|κ Capricorni
|HIP 107188
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.726
|-
|14
|Alshat
|HIP 100310
|Constellation lines
|4.76
|-
|15
|η Capricorni
|HIP 104019
|Inside the hull
|4.84
|-
|16
|* rho Cap A
|HD 194943A
|Inside the hull
|4.93
|-
|17
|υ Capricorni
|HIP 101984
|Inside the hull
|5.1
|-
|18
|π Capricorni
|HIP 100881
|Inside the hull
|5.14
|-
|19
|ϕ Capricorni
|HIP 104963
|Inside the hull
|5.152
|-
|20
|σ Capricorni
|HIP 100195
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.265
|-
|21
|χ Capricorni
|HIP 104365
|Inside the hull
|5.316
|-
|22
|29 Cap
|HIP 104974
|Inside the hull
|5.317
|-
|23
|33 Cap
|HIP 105665
|Inside the hull
|5.366
|-
|24
|* 14 Cap A
|HIP 101923
|Inside the hull
|5.38
|-
|25
|30 Cap
|HIP 105143
|Inside the hull
|5.383
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 105576
|Inside the hull
|5.6
|-
|27
|37 Cap
|HIP 106559
|Inside the hull
|5.696
|-
|28
| -
|HIP 103389
|Inside the hull
|5.7
|-
|29
|35 Cap
|HIP 105928
|Inside the hull
|5.76
|-
|30
|19 Cap
|HIP 103226
|Inside the hull
|5.782
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 102026
|Inside the hull
|5.799
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 102772
|Inside the hull
|5.849
|-
|33
|ξ 2 Capricorni
|HIP 99572
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.85
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 103460
|Inside the hull
|5.869
|-
|35
|ο 1 Capricorni
|HIP 101123
|Constellation lines
|5.897
|-
|36
|17 Cap
|HIP 102487
|Inside the hull
|5.902
|-
|37
|DV Aqr
|HIP 103545
|Inside the hull
|5.963
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 104914
|Inside the hull
|6.037
|-
|39
|21 Cap
|HIP 103703
|Inside the hull
|6.05
|-
|40
|β2 Cap
|HIP 100325
|Inside the hull
|6.1
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 101221
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|42
| -
|HIP 101507
|Inside the hull
|6.116
|-
|43
| -
|HIP 104297
|Inside the hull
|6.17
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 101608
|Inside the hull
|6.177
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 102780
|Inside the hull
|6.193
|-
|46
|27 Cap
|HIP 104452
|Inside the hull
|6.242
|-
|47
|20 Cap
|HIP 103616
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 101997
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 105662
|Inside the hull
|6.373
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 101011
|Inside the hull
|6.41
|-
|51
| -
|HR 7989
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|52
|* rho Cap B
|HD 194943B
|Inside the hull
|6.88
|}

==== Arabic star names in Capricornus ====
[[File:Cap RL2025.png|thumb|Arabic star names in Capricornus (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025)]]
Star names reflect the cultural adoption and transformations. Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> compiled the following list:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Arabic
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
|-
!original
! valign="top" |Transliteration
! valign="top" |English
! valign="top" |historical author
! valign="top" |Identification
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Awwal min Ḏanab al-Ğady''
| valign="top" |the 1st One of the Tail of the Kid
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''γ Cap''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Aṣal Ḏanab al-Ğady''
| valign="top" |the Beginning of the Tail of the Kid
| valign="top" |Tīzīnī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Tālī min Ḏanab al-Ğady''
| valign="top" |the Following One of the Tail of the K.
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''δ Cap''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Ğanūbī Baṭn al-Ğady''
| valign="top" |The Southern One of the Belly of the K.
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |''ζ Cap''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Baṭn al-Ğady''
|
| valign="top" |Tīzīnī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Ẓahr al-Ğady''
| valign="top" |the Back of the Kid
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |''θ Cap''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Rukbat al-Ğady''
| valign="top" |the Knee of the Kid
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |''ω Cap''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Mankib al-aysar''
| valign="top" |the Left Shoulder
| valign="top" |Bīrūnī
| valign="top" |''A Cap''
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===
<gallery>
File:Melischipak kudurru sb22 mp3h9108.jpg|kudurru stone for king Melishikhu II (Susa, 1200 BCE), Louvre Sb22
File:Kudurru Cap excerpt.jpg|Goat-Fish detail on the ''kudurru'' stone for king Melishikhu II (Susa, 1200 BCE), Louvre Sb22
File:Cap GoatFish seal Wallenfels1993.png|Capricornus on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Tau+cap seal Wallenfels1993.png|Goat-Fish in zodiac sign Taurus on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Vir FURROW seal Wallenfels1993.png|zodiac sign Virgo as Goat-Fish on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:KHM - Gemma Augustea.jpg|Goat-Fish as astrological symbol in the Gemma Augustea for August of Rome, 1st century.
File:201209071749b Berlin Pergamonmuseum, Aureus, FO Pergamon, kaiserzeitlich, SIGNIS REGENTIS, Capricornus als persönliches Zeichen Augustus' 19-18 v.u.Z.jpg|Roman coin of Augustean reign (19 or 18 BCE), Berlin Pergamonmuseum
File:Aratea 50v.jpg|Cap in Leiden Aratea (~840 CE)
File:AL JADI CAPRICORNUS AL SUFI RL.png|Cap in Al-Sufi
File:Constellation- Capricornus, Sea Goat. (IA dr constellation-capricornus-sea-goat-12181033).jpg|Cap in Bayer's Uranometria (1603)
File:Johannes Hevelius - Capricornus.jpg|Cap in Hevelius (1690)
File:XVI. Capricornus... Coelum Stellatum.jpg|Capricornus in Bode (1801) with (now obsolete modern constellations.
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Capricornus - original.tif|Capricornus in Hall (1825)
File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-015.png|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Capricornus
File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-015.png|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Capricornus
File:RR5110-0045R Козерог.gif|Anniversary coin issued by the Bank of Russia — Capricorn, 2 rubles, C.E.2002 (H.E.12,002), reverse
</gallery>

==Mythology/ Religion==
'''Babylonian'''

In Mesopotamian religion, the goatfish was an attribute or representation of the god Ea. Already in Sumerian times, Ea was considered one of the highest gods and, in the Babylonian pantheon, the one who always helped humans when other gods wanted to punish them. Illnesses were also interpreted as punishment from the gods, and the goatfish was the benign demon associated with Ea who helped people recover.

'''Greek'''

It is unclear whether Aigipan is always equivalent to Pan. In any case, this deity is probably a foster brother of Zeus. Aigipan therefore supported the Olympian gods in their battle against the Titans. He is said to have found a shell, which is called ‘pan’ because of the sound it makes. When the Titans heard this sound, they fled.

==Weblinks==

* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017068 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database – Capricornus]

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]
[[Category:Cap]]
[[Category:European]]

Sagittarius

2026-07-09T04:58:32Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Arabic star names in Sagittarius */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Sagittarius IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|Sgr star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. Originally, it depicted the Mesopotamian god Pabilsaĝ ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]), a god of agriculture and war, later equated with Ninurta and depicted as a mixed creature of a human body attaced to horse body with wings and an additional scorpion tail. This complex image was simplified in Greek reception, and there drawn as a centaur.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Pabilsag, ancêtre mésopotamien du Sagittaire,.jpg|thumb|profile of the figure of Pabilsag from a 12th century BCE kudurru. è.c. (Roland Laffitte 2023)]]
[[File:Kugel cen-lup-ara+sgr-sco.JPG|thumb|depiction on the Kugel Globe (4th c. CE): two centaurs in Cen and Sgr with Lup+Ara in between (drawing by SMH 2024).]]

===Origin of Constellation<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>===
This figure came to Greek culture from Mesopotamia as a zodiac sign. Since MUL.APIN, it has been called Pabilsang ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]). This is a deity depicted as a hybrid creature: a male upper body sits on a horse's body, which has a scorpion's tail and wings. Pabilsang is equated with Ninurta, a god of agriculture and war. This explains why he holds a bow and arrow – either for hunting or for defence.

Such a hybrid creature was unknown to the Greeks. The most similar creature in Greek culture and mythology is a centaur, which at least combines horse and human (although it does not have a scorpion's tail and wings). However, Eratosthenes questions whether this is a centaur: He has illustrations in which the archer has only two legs – horse legs. For this reason, and because centaurs cannot use bows and arrows, Eratosthenes prefers the opinion that this is the satyr Krotos, the son of the nurse of the Muses. He is considered a cultural founder, having invented the bow and arrow and used it to hunt animals.

Eratosthenes' belief that Sagittarius has a ship with him also points to a Babylonian influence and an accidental equation of the two-legged and four-legged figures. The Babylonian constellation Ship ([[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]) refers to a river boat and must have been located near Sagittarius. Based on depictions of Babylonian river boats, the constellation [[Corona Australis]] is usually equated with the Babylonian ship. However, centaurs do not travel on ships, which is why, according to Eratosthenes, the ship is another argument against the centaur.

Eratosthenes' claim that Sagittarius is bipedal may seem surprising at first, as today he is depicted as a four-legged centaur in all common star charts.

The Almagest mentions three feet, a horse's body and a human torso, from which we can conclude that Ptolemy also thought of Sagittarius as a centaur. So how did Eratosthenes come to the conclusion that it could be a man with horse's legs?

On the zodiac of Dendera, a depiction in an Egyptian temple that was restored in the Ptolemaic period in the 1st century (i.e. only about 100 to 150 years after Eratosthenes), there are two Sagittarians: one with two legs and one with four legs. The four-legged one is in the part of the sky where the constellation Sagittarius is located. The two-legged archer stands next to the star [[Sirius]]. This is significant in that [[Sirius]] and the stars around it formed the two Babylonian constellations ‘Arrow’ ([[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA]]) and ‘Bow’ ([[PAN]]). The strong Babylonian influences are not surprising here, as there is evidence of a significant transfer of Babylonian mathematical astronomy to Greek astronomy in Egypt, especially in the 2nd century BCE.

==== Babylonian ====
see

* [[PA.BIL.SAG]]
<gallery>
File:Nabu-Kudurri-Usur.jpg|Pabilsag on Nabu kudurru
File:Kassites1.jpg|Pabilsag in Kassites
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
</gallery>

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratus =====
<blockquote>[300] After much suffering at sea even in the previous month, when the sun inflames the bow and the Drawer of the bow, you should put ashore in the evening and not continue to trust the night. A sign of that season and that month will be the rising of the Scorpion at the end of night. [305] The Archer actually draws his great bow near the sting; the rising Scorpion stands a little ahead of him, and he then rises shortly after. At that time the head of Cynosura runs very high up at the end of night, and just before dawn Orion sets entirely, and Cepheus from hand to waist. (Kidd 1997)</blockquote>

===== Eratosthenes =====
Pamias and Zucker (2013,<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref> 85-87)<blockquote>'''Var. 1 (Περὶ τοῦ Τοξότου)''': This is the figure holding the bow, whom most people regard as a centaur, though others dispute this, arguing that no centaur uses a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the satyrs. The Archer has two stars on his head, one on his right elbow, one on his hands, one shining on his stomach, two on his back, one on his front knee, one on his foot, one on his back knee, one on his hoof, two on the bow and one on the sheepskin. Fourteen.</blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2 (Τοξότου)''': This is the Archer whom most people regard as a Centaur, a view contested by others, who argue that he is not shown with four legs, but is standing and shooting a bow; yet no Centaur has ever used a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the Satyrs. This is why it seems implausible to the people in question that he is a Centaur, and more likely that he is Crotos (Clapping), the son of Euphemia (Renown), the nurse of the Muses, who lived and stayed on Helicon.</blockquote><blockquote>The Muses ensured that he discovered the use of the bow and could obtain his food from wild beasts, as Sositheus relates. He had become intimately acquainted with the Muses and attended their performances, and he approved of them by marking the beat with cheers.</blockquote><blockquote>Indeed, he would clap his hands to mark the off-beat of their singing; so, seeing him do this, the other men began to do the same. That is why the Muses, when they tasted the charm of fame, thanks to his support, asked Zeus to reveal to all the fervour of this figure, and thus he was placed amongst the constellations, in recognition of that hand gesture he had made, adopting the posture of the archer as his distinctive mark. His gesture was perpetuated amongst men. Furthermore, the presence of the Boat indicates that he will be visible to everyone: not only to men on land, but also to those at sea; hence the error of those who depict him as a Centaur.</blockquote><blockquote>The Archer has two stars on his head, two on the bow, two on the tip of the arrow, one on his right elbow, one on his hand, one shining on his belly, two on his back, one on his tail, one on the front knee, one on the hoof, and one on the back knee. Fifteen in all.</blockquote><blockquote>The seven stars of the Boat are located beneath his paw. They resemble hind legs, but the latter are not visible at all.</blockquote>

===== Hipparchus =====

====== Rising (Lib II Cap V §10) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of ...</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sgr 5 1/2
|Cap 18
|Vir 19 1/2
|Sco 8 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|at the tip of the arrow
|the bright one in the hind feet
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib III Cap IV §6) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sco 3
|Sgr 26 1/2
|Cap 20
|Psc 4 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the bright one in the front foot
|the northern one of those in the upper garment
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45°
|}

====== Stars Mentioned ======
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, first
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, last
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §2
|setting CrB, south, last
|Psc 13.5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §13
|setting Aql, south, first
|Ari 2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib III Cap I §9
|rising Ori, south, last
|Psc 13
|}

===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====
<blockquote>Many have called this sign the Centaurus; others deny the name, for the reason that no Centaurus makes use of arrows. The question is raised, too why he is formed with horse flanks but a Satyr's tail.

Some say that he is Crotus, son of Eupheme, nurse of the Muses. As Sositheus, writer of tragedies, says, he had his home on Mount Helicon and took his pleasure in the company of the Muses, sometimes even following the pursuit of hunting. He attained great fame for his diligence, for he was very swift in the woods, and clever in the arts. As a reward for his zeal the Muses asked Jove to represent him in some star group, and Jove did so. Since he wished to display all his skills in one body, he gave him horse flanks because he rode a great deal. He added arrows, since these would show both his keenness and his swiftness, and he gave him a Satyr's tail because the Muses took no less pleasure in Crotus than Liber did in the Satyrs. Before his feet are a few stars arranged in a circle, which some said were a wreath, thrown off as by one at play. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest Τοξότης. ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!Τοξότου ἀστερισμός.
!Constellation of Sagittarius
!
|-
|1
|ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀκύδος τοῦ βέλους
|The star on the point of the arrow
|gam Sgr
|-
|2
|ὁ ἐν τῇ λαβῇ τῆς ἀριστερᾶρ χειρός
|The star in the [bow-] grip held by the left hand
|del Sgr
|-
|3
|ὁ ἐν τῷ νοτίῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου
|The star in the southern portion of the bow
|eps Sgr
|-
|4
|τῶν ἐν τῷ βορείῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου ὁ νοτιώτερος
|The southernmost of the [2] stars in the northern portion of the bow
|lam Sgr
|-
|5
|ὁ βορειότερος αὐτῶν ἐπ’ ἄκρου τοῦ τόξου.
|The northernmost of these, on the tip of the bow
|mu Sgr
|-
|6
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἅμου.
|The star on the left shoulder
|sig Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ τούτου προηγούμενος κατὰ τοῦ βέλους
|The one in advance of this, just over the arrow
|phi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ νεφελοειδὴς καὶ διπλοῦς,
|The star on the eye, which is nebulous and double
|nu1 + nu2 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ γ’ ὁ ἠγούμενος.
|The most advanced of the 3 stars in the head
|xi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|omi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῶν τριῶ.
|The rearmost of the three
|pi Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ βορεύῳ ἐφαπτίδι γ’ ὁ κότιος.
|The southernmost of the 3 stars in the northern cloak attachment
|43 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|rho Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶη
|The northernmost of the three
|ups Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τοῦς τρισὶν ἀμαυρός
|The faint star to the rear of these three
|55 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς νοτίου ἐφαπτίδος β ὁ βορειότερος;
|The northernmost of the 2 stars on the southern cloak-attachment
|61 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶν
|The southernmost of them
|57 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ὥμου.
|The star on the right shoulder
|chi1 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ἀγκῶνος..
|The star on the right elbow
|51+52 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῷ νώτῳ ἡ ὁ κατὰ τοῦ μεταφρένου.
|The three stars in the back: the one just above the place between the shoulders
|psi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν καὶ κατὰ τῆς ὡμοπλάτης.
|The three stars in the back: the middle one, just above the shoulder-blade
|tau Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ λοιπὸς καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν μασχάλην.
|The three stars in the back: the other one, under the armpit
|zet Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ ἀριστεροῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front left hock
|bet1 + bet2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ γόνατος τοῦ αὐτοῦ ποδός
|The one on the knee of the same leg
|alf Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ δεξιοῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front right hock
|eta Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ μηροῦ
|The star on the left thigh
|kap1 + kap2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀπισθύου δεξιοῦ πήχεως.
|The star on the right hind lower leg
|iot Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ ἐκφύσει τῆς οὐρᾶς ὃ τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμερος
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the northern side
|omega Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the northern side
|60 Sgr
|-
|
|τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμενος.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the southern side
|59 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the southern side
|62 Sgr
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|ἀστέρες λα, ὧν β’ μεγέθους β, γ’ 3, δ’ θ, εη, σ’ β, νεφελοειδής
|{31 stars, 2 of the second magnitude, 9 of the third, 9 of the fourth, 8 of the fifth, 2 of the sixth, [1] nebulous}
|
|}
[[File:Toxotes Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Toxotes (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Kaus Australis
|HIP 90185
|Constellation lines
|1.81
|-
|2
|Nunki
|HIP 92855
|Constellation lines
|2.067
|-
|3
|Ascella
|HIP 93506
|Constellation lines
|2.59
|-
|4
|Kaus Media
|HIP 89931
|Constellation lines
|2.668
|-
|5
|Kaus Borealis
|HIP 90496
|Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|6
|Albaldah
|HIP 94141
|Constellation lines
|2.88
|-
|7
|Alnasl
|HIP 88635
|Constellation lines
|2.99
|-
|8
|η Sagittarii
|HIP 89642
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.11
|-
|9
|ϕ Sagittarii
|HIP 92041
|Constellation lines
|3.14
|-
|10
|τ Sagittarii
|HIP 93864
|Constellation lines
|3.31
|-
|11
|ξ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 93085
|Inside the hull
|3.51
|-
|12
|NAME SDG
|NAME SDG
|Inside the hull
|3.6
|-
|13
|ο Sagittarii
|HIP 93683
|Inside the hull
|3.77
|-
|14
|Polis
|HIP 89341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.85
|-
|15
|ρ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95168
|Constellation lines
|3.93
|-
|16
|Rukbat
|HIP 95347
|Constellation lines
|3.943
|-
|17
|Arkab Prior
|HIP 95241
|Inside the hull
|4.01
|-
|18
|Meridiana
|HIP 94114
|Inside the hull
|4.087
|-
|19
|β Coronae Australis
|HIP 94160
|Inside the hull
|4.095
|-
|20
|ι Sagittarii
|HIP 98032
|Constellation lines
|4.13
|-
|21
|γ 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 93825
|Inside the hull
|4.21
|-
|22
|Arkab Posterior
|HIP 95294
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.27
|-
|23
|θ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 98412
|Constellation lines
|4.37
|-
|24
|59 Sgr
|HIP 98162
|Constellation lines
|4.528
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 88839
|Inside the hull
|4.56
|-
|26
|δ Coronae Australis
|HIP 94005
|Inside the hull
|4.571
|-
|27
|62 Sgr
|HIP 98688
|Constellation lines
|4.58
|-
|28
|52 Sgr
|HIP 96465
|Constellation lines
|4.598
|-
|29
|υ Sagittarii
|HIP 95176
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 89678
|Inside the hull
|4.627
|-
|31
|γ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 88567
|Inside the hull
|4.69
|-
|32
|Terebellum
|HIP 98066
|Constellation lines
|4.7
|-
|33
|ζ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93542
|Inside the hull
|4.725
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 98761
|Constellation lines
|4.764
|-
|35
|Ainalrami
|HIP 92761
|Constellation lines
|4.845
|-
|36
|60 Sgr
|HIP 98353
|Constellation lines
|4.846
|-
|37
|ϵ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93174
|Inside the hull
|4.85
|-
|38
|ψ Sagittarii
|HIP 94643
|Constellation lines
|4.86
|-
|39
|21 Sgr
|HIP 90289
|Inside the hull
|4.86
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 91918
|Constellation lines
|4.87
|-
|41
|56 Sgr
|HIP 97290
|Inside the hull
|4.873
|-
|42
|43 Sgr
|HIP 94820
|Constellation lines
|4.878
|-
|43
|1 Sgr
|HIP 89153
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|44
|ν 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 92845
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 98842
|Constellation lines
|4.99
|-
|46
|61 Sgr
|HIP 98258
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.998
|-
|47
|χ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95477
|Constellation lines
|5.009
|-
|48
|55 Sgr
|HIP 96950
|Constellation lines
|5.045
|-
|49
|ξ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 93057
|Constellation lines
|5.054
|-
|50
|λ Coronae Australis
|HIP 91875
|Inside the hull
|5.111
|-
|51
|M 22
|M 22
|Inside the hull
|5.2
|-
|52
|29 Sgr
|HIP 92390
|Inside the hull
|5.21
|-
|53
|μ Coronae Australis
|HIP 92226
|Inside the hull
|5.217
|-
|54
|77 G. Sgr
|HIP 91014
|Inside the hull
|5.276
|-
|55
|54 Sgr
|HIP 96808
|Inside the hull
|5.296
|-
|56
|θ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 98421
|Inside the hull
|5.299
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 99461
|Inside the hull
|5.32
|-
|58
|V3961 Sgr
|HIP 97749
|Inside the hull
|5.33
|-
|59
|V4050 Sgr
|HIP 90074
|Inside the hull
|5.34
|-
|60
|PZ 6AB
|HIP 88060
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.36
|-
|61
|28 Sgr
|HIP 92111
|Inside the hull
|5.366
|-
|62
|V686 CrA
|HIP 92989
|Inside the hull
|5.38
|-
|63
|75 G. Sgr
|HIP 90763
|Inside the hull
|5.386
|-
|64
|χ 3 Sagittarii
|HIP 95503
|Inside the hull
|5.43
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 91989
|Inside the hull
|5.439
|-
|66
|24 Sgr
|HIP 91004
|Inside the hull
|5.461
|-
|67
|14 Sgr
|HIP 89369
|Inside the hull
|5.473
|-
|68
|134 G. Sgr
|HIP 93667
|Constellation lines
|5.482
|-
|69
|193 G. Sgr
|HIP 95865
|Constellation lines
|5.49
|-
|70
|V4024 Sgr
|HIP 93996
|Inside the hull
|5.49
|-
|71
|228 G. Sgr
|HIP 97260
|Inside the hull
|5.512
|-
|72
|60 G. Sgr
|HIP 90124
|Inside the hull
|5.518
|-
|73
|50 Sgr
|HIP 95564
|Inside the hull
|5.569
|-
|74
|18 Sgr
|HIP 90260
|Inside the hull
|5.574
|-
|75
|162 G. Sgr
|HIP 94986
|Constellation lines
|5.579
|-
|76
|165 G. Sgr
|HIP 95077
|Inside the hull
|5.579
|-
|77
|κ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 100469
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|78
|131 G. Sgr
|HIP 93498
|Constellation lines
|5.628
|-
|79
|κ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 100591
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.64
|-
|80
|51 Sgr
|HIP 96406
|Inside the hull
|5.64
|-
|81
|209 G. Sgr
|HIP 96496
|Inside the hull
|5.642
|-
|82
|186 G. Sgr
|HIP 95619
|Constellation lines
|5.644
|-
|83
|37 G. Sgr
|HIP 89020
|Constellation lines
|5.65
|-
|84
|262 G. Sgr
|HIP 98470
|Inside the hull
|5.66
|-
|85
|33 Sgr
|HIP 92747
|Inside the hull
|5.678
|-
|86
|189 G. Sgr
|HIP 95823
|Inside the hull
|5.701
|-
|87
|V701 CrA
|HIP 93552
|Inside the hull
|5.716
|-
|88
|152 G. Sgr
|HIP 94434
|Inside the hull
|5.765
|-
|89
|84 G. Sgr
|HIP 91405
|Inside the hull
|5.772
|-
|90
|94 G. Sgr
|HIP 91974
|Inside the hull
|5.811
|-
|91
|ρ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 95188
|Inside the hull
|5.845
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 94157
|Inside the hull
|5.855
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 91438
|Inside the hull
|5.86
|-
|94
|57 Sgr
|HIP 97783
|Constellation lines
|5.896
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 90485
|Inside the hull
|5.902
|-
|96
|V4089 Sgr
|HIP 96234
|Inside the hull
|5.91
|-
|97
|180 G. Sgr
|HIP 95456
|Constellation lines
|5.93
|-
|98
|116 G. Sgr
|HIP 92931
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|99
|83 G. Sgr
|HIP 91347
|Inside the hull
|5.931
|-
|100
|260 G. Sgr
|HIP 98461
|Inside the hull
|5.948
|-
|101
|218 G. Sgr
|HIP 96760
|Inside the hull
|5.957
|-
|102
|264 G. Sgr
|HIP 98575
|Inside the hull
|5.999
|-
|103
|132 G. Sgr
|HIP 93537
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|104
|179 G. Sgr
|HIP 95408
|Inside the hull
|6.011
|-
|105
|140 G. Sgr
|HIP 93925
|Inside the hull
|6.027
|-
|106
|RS Sgr
|HIP 89637
|Inside the hull
|6.03
|-
|107
|233 G. Sgr
|HIP 97515
|Inside the hull
|6.031
|-
|108
|121 G. Sgr
|HIP 93134
|Constellation lines
|6.08
|-
|109
|258 G. Sgr
|HIP 98485
|Inside the hull
|6.097
|-
|110
|108 G. Sgr
|HIP 92643
|Inside the hull
|6.098
|-
|111
|148 G. Sgr
|HIP 94144
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|112
|V4333 Sgr
|HIP 96440
|Inside the hull
|6.12
|-
|113
|197 G. Sgr
|HIP 95965
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|114
|224 G. Sgr
|HIP 97067
|Inside the hull
|6.131
|-
|115
|178 G. Sgr
|HIP 95396
|Inside the hull
|6.132
|-
|116
|123 G. Sgr
|HIP 93140
|Inside the hull
|6.141
|-
|117
|62 G. Sgr
|HIP 90290
|Inside the hull
|6.142
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 98077
|Inside the hull
|6.15
|-
|119
|58 G. Sgr
|HIP 90012
|Inside the hull
|6.154
|-
|120
|38 G. Sgr
|HIP 89086
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 93858
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|122
|49 G. Sgr
|HIP 89622
|Inside the hull
|6.168
|-
|123
|280 G. Sgr
|HIP 99570
|Inside the hull
|6.191
|-
|124
|26 Sgr
|HIP 91689
|Inside the hull
|6.205
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 93470
|Inside the hull
|6.209
|-
|126
|V4200 Sgr
|HIP 97944
|Inside the hull
|6.213
|-
|127
|128 G. Sgr
|HIP 93423
|Inside the hull
|6.215
|-
|128
|[SC96] GC 607
|[SC96] GC 607
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|129
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|130
|Gumala
|HIP 94645
|Inside the hull
|6.237
|-
|131
|70 Sgr
|HIP 89980
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 94730
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|133
|V4199 Sgr
|HIP 95159
|Inside the hull
|6.26
|-
|134
|150 G. Sgr
|HIP 94272
|Inside the hull
|6.272
|-
|135
|69 G. Sgr
|HIP 90510
|Inside the hull
|6.276
|-
|136
|254 G. Sgr
|HIP 98351
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 93074
|Inside the hull
|6.284
|-
|138
|109 G. Sgr
|HIP 92635
|Inside the hull
|6.29
|-
|139
|V4198 Sgr
|HIP 93887
|Inside the hull
|6.293
|-
|140
|64 G. Sgr
|HIP 90336
|Inside the hull
|6.296
|-
|141
|Cl Collinder 394
|Cl Collinder 394
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|142
|143 G. Sgr
|HIP 93993
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|143
|263 G. Sgr
|HIP 98579
|Inside the hull
|6.306
|-
|144
|90 G. Sgr
|HIP 91901
|Inside the hull
|6.308
|-
|145
|53 Sgr
|HIP 96729
|Inside the hull
|6.321
|-
|146
|96 G. Sgr
|HIP 92016
|Inside the hull
|6.331
|-
|147
|167 G. Sgr
|HIP 95211
|Inside the hull
|6.338
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 94243
|Inside the hull
|6.344
|-
|149
|V3879 Sgr
|HIP 91781
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|150
|127 G. Sgr
|HIP 93315
|Inside the hull
|6.356
|-
|151
|133 G. Sgr
|HIP 93543
|Inside the hull
|6.357
|-
|152
|48 G. Sgr
|HIP 89620
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|153
|80 G. Sgr
|HIP 91172
|Inside the hull
|6.366
|-
|154
|125 G. Sgr
|HIP 93234
|Inside the hull
|6.378
|-
|155
|151 G. Sgr
|HIP 94372
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|156
|C 1806-240
|C 1806-240
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|157
| -
|HIP 93371
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|158
|V4434 Sgr
|HIP 99920
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|159
|36 G. Sgr
|HIP 89010
|Inside the hull
|6.405
|-
|160
|V4405 Sgr
|HIP 92079
|Inside the hull
|6.42
|-
|161
|269 G. Sgr
|HIP 98785
|Inside the hull
|6.428
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 94130
|Inside the hull
|6.435
|-
|163
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|164
|[SC96] GC 625
|[SC96] GC 625
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|165
|115 G. Sgr
|HIP 92972
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 92866
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|167
|244 G. Sgr
|HIP 98012
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 96274
|Inside the hull
|6.475
|-
|169
|166 G. Sgr
|HIP 95149
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|170
|V4190 Sgr
|HIP 91132
|Inside the hull
|6.481
|-
|171
|M 55
|M 55
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 93209
|Inside the hull
|6.497
|-
|173
| -
|HIP 90576
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|174
|V* V4045 Sgr
|HIP 89178
|Constellation lines
|6.52
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 94124
|Constellation lines
|6.533
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 92329
|Constellation lines
|6.69
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 92301
|Inside the hull
|6.7
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 96932
|Constellation lines
|6.88
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 93149
|Constellation lines
|7.2
|}

==== Arabic star names in Sagittarius ====
Star names reflect the cultural adoption and transformations. Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> compiled the following list:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Arabic
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
|-
!Original
! valign="top" |Transliteration
! valign="top" |English
! valign="top" |historical author
! valign="top" |identification
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Rukbat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Right] Knee of the Archer
| valign="top" |Uluġ Bēg
| valign="top" |''α Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜUrqub al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Left] Tendon of the l’Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''β Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Zuğg Saham al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Tip of the Arrow of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''γ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Naṣl''
| valign="top" |the Tip [of the Arrow]
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Maqbiḍ [Qaws] al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Handle [of the Arc] of the A.
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''δ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Ibṭ al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Armpit of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''ζ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Kaᶜb al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Ankle of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''η Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜAyn al-Rāmī, ġamāmī''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer, cloud
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜAyn al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜIṣābat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Turban de l’Archer
| valign="top" |Ét. Laffitte
| valign="top" |''ρ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Mankib al-aysar''
| valign="top" |the left shoulder l’Épaule
| valign="top" |Bīrūnī
| valign="top" |''σ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Mankib al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the shoulder of the Archer
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Aṣl Ḏanab al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Beginning of the End of the A.
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ω Sgr''
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===
<gallery>
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag in the zodiac sign of Sagittarius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Sagittaire-babylonien.jpg|alt=Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444|Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444
File:Kugel Sgr+CrA+Sco.JPG|Kugel Globe (1st c. BCE): Sgr, CrA and Sco
File:Sagittarius Hevelius.jpg|Sagittarius in Hevelius (1690)
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - La Sagittaire (Sagittarius).jpg|Sagittarius in Flamsteed (1776).
File:Johann Elert Bode - Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield.jpg|Bode (1805) Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield
File:1822 - Alexander Jamieson - Sagittarius, The Archer.jpg|Sgr in Jamieson (1822)
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Sagittarius and Corona Australis, Microscopium, and Telescopium.png|Sagittarius in Sidney Hall (1825) Urania's Mirror.
File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-069.png|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Sagittarius
File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-070.png|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Sagittarius
</gallery>

==Mythology==
Eratosthenes<ref name=":0" /> tells us that the satyr Krotos watched the Muses playing and then clapped his hands in rapturous delight. Others followed suit, and thus applause after a musical performance was invented. For this non-verbal sign of appreciation, he was transported to heaven.

This is a beautiful star legend, but it does not explain why this hybrid creature is holding a bow and arrow. The story demonstrates once again the Greeks' perplexity with images from a foreign (Babylonian) culture.

==Weblinks==

* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017067 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database – Sagittarius]

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Modern]] [[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sgr]]

Sagittarius

2026-07-09T04:57:20Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Sagittarius IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|Sgr star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. Originally, it depicted the Mesopotamian god Pabilsaĝ ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]), a god of agriculture and war, later equated with Ninurta and depicted as a mixed creature of a human body attaced to horse body with wings and an additional scorpion tail. This complex image was simplified in Greek reception, and there drawn as a centaur.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Pabilsag, ancêtre mésopotamien du Sagittaire,.jpg|thumb|profile of the figure of Pabilsag from a 12th century BCE kudurru. è.c. (Roland Laffitte 2023)]]
[[File:Kugel cen-lup-ara+sgr-sco.JPG|thumb|depiction on the Kugel Globe (4th c. CE): two centaurs in Cen and Sgr with Lup+Ara in between (drawing by SMH 2024).]]

===Origin of Constellation<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>===
This figure came to Greek culture from Mesopotamia as a zodiac sign. Since MUL.APIN, it has been called Pabilsang ([[PA.BIL.SAG]]). This is a deity depicted as a hybrid creature: a male upper body sits on a horse's body, which has a scorpion's tail and wings. Pabilsang is equated with Ninurta, a god of agriculture and war. This explains why he holds a bow and arrow – either for hunting or for defence.

Such a hybrid creature was unknown to the Greeks. The most similar creature in Greek culture and mythology is a centaur, which at least combines horse and human (although it does not have a scorpion's tail and wings). However, Eratosthenes questions whether this is a centaur: He has illustrations in which the archer has only two legs – horse legs. For this reason, and because centaurs cannot use bows and arrows, Eratosthenes prefers the opinion that this is the satyr Krotos, the son of the nurse of the Muses. He is considered a cultural founder, having invented the bow and arrow and used it to hunt animals.

Eratosthenes' belief that Sagittarius has a ship with him also points to a Babylonian influence and an accidental equation of the two-legged and four-legged figures. The Babylonian constellation Ship ([[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]) refers to a river boat and must have been located near Sagittarius. Based on depictions of Babylonian river boats, the constellation [[Corona Australis]] is usually equated with the Babylonian ship. However, centaurs do not travel on ships, which is why, according to Eratosthenes, the ship is another argument against the centaur.

Eratosthenes' claim that Sagittarius is bipedal may seem surprising at first, as today he is depicted as a four-legged centaur in all common star charts.

The Almagest mentions three feet, a horse's body and a human torso, from which we can conclude that Ptolemy also thought of Sagittarius as a centaur. So how did Eratosthenes come to the conclusion that it could be a man with horse's legs?

On the zodiac of Dendera, a depiction in an Egyptian temple that was restored in the Ptolemaic period in the 1st century (i.e. only about 100 to 150 years after Eratosthenes), there are two Sagittarians: one with two legs and one with four legs. The four-legged one is in the part of the sky where the constellation Sagittarius is located. The two-legged archer stands next to the star [[Sirius]]. This is significant in that [[Sirius]] and the stars around it formed the two Babylonian constellations ‘Arrow’ ([[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA]]) and ‘Bow’ ([[PAN]]). The strong Babylonian influences are not surprising here, as there is evidence of a significant transfer of Babylonian mathematical astronomy to Greek astronomy in Egypt, especially in the 2nd century BCE.

==== Babylonian ====
see

* [[PA.BIL.SAG]]
<gallery>
File:Nabu-Kudurri-Usur.jpg|Pabilsag on Nabu kudurru
File:Kassites1.jpg|Pabilsag in Kassites
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
</gallery>

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratus =====
<blockquote>[300] After much suffering at sea even in the previous month, when the sun inflames the bow and the Drawer of the bow, you should put ashore in the evening and not continue to trust the night. A sign of that season and that month will be the rising of the Scorpion at the end of night. [305] The Archer actually draws his great bow near the sting; the rising Scorpion stands a little ahead of him, and he then rises shortly after. At that time the head of Cynosura runs very high up at the end of night, and just before dawn Orion sets entirely, and Cepheus from hand to waist. (Kidd 1997)</blockquote>

===== Eratosthenes =====
Pamias and Zucker (2013,<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref> 85-87)<blockquote>'''Var. 1 (Περὶ τοῦ Τοξότου)''': This is the figure holding the bow, whom most people regard as a centaur, though others dispute this, arguing that no centaur uses a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the satyrs. The Archer has two stars on his head, one on his right elbow, one on his hands, one shining on his stomach, two on his back, one on his front knee, one on his foot, one on his back knee, one on his hoof, two on the bow and one on the sheepskin. Fourteen.</blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2 (Τοξότου)''': This is the Archer whom most people regard as a Centaur, a view contested by others, who argue that he is not shown with four legs, but is standing and shooting a bow; yet no Centaur has ever used a bow; he is indeed a man, but with horse’s legs and a tail like that of the Satyrs. This is why it seems implausible to the people in question that he is a Centaur, and more likely that he is Crotos (Clapping), the son of Euphemia (Renown), the nurse of the Muses, who lived and stayed on Helicon.</blockquote><blockquote>The Muses ensured that he discovered the use of the bow and could obtain his food from wild beasts, as Sositheus relates. He had become intimately acquainted with the Muses and attended their performances, and he approved of them by marking the beat with cheers.</blockquote><blockquote>Indeed, he would clap his hands to mark the off-beat of their singing; so, seeing him do this, the other men began to do the same. That is why the Muses, when they tasted the charm of fame, thanks to his support, asked Zeus to reveal to all the fervour of this figure, and thus he was placed amongst the constellations, in recognition of that hand gesture he had made, adopting the posture of the archer as his distinctive mark. His gesture was perpetuated amongst men. Furthermore, the presence of the Boat indicates that he will be visible to everyone: not only to men on land, but also to those at sea; hence the error of those who depict him as a Centaur.</blockquote><blockquote>The Archer has two stars on his head, two on the bow, two on the tip of the arrow, one on his right elbow, one on his hand, one shining on his belly, two on his back, one on his tail, one on the front knee, one on the hoof, and one on the back knee. Fifteen in all.</blockquote><blockquote>The seven stars of the Boat are located beneath his paw. They resemble hind legs, but the latter are not visible at all.</blockquote>

===== Hipparchus =====

====== Rising (Lib II Cap V §10) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of ...</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sgr 5 1/2
|Cap 18
|Vir 19 1/2
|Sco 8 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|at the tip of the arrow
|the bright one in the hind feet
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib III Cap IV §6) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Sco 3
|Sgr 26 1/2
|Cap 20
|Psc 4 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the bright one in the front foot
|the northern one of those in the upper garment
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 hours = 180 min = 45°
|}

====== Stars Mentioned ======
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, first
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap V §10
|rising, east, last
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §2
|setting CrB, south, last
|Psc 13.5
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib II Cap VI §13
|setting Aql, south, first
|Ari 2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lib III Cap I §9
|rising Ori, south, last
|Psc 13
|}

===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====
<blockquote>Many have called this sign the Centaurus; others deny the name, for the reason that no Centaurus makes use of arrows. The question is raised, too why he is formed with horse flanks but a Satyr's tail.

Some say that he is Crotus, son of Eupheme, nurse of the Muses. As Sositheus, writer of tragedies, says, he had his home on Mount Helicon and took his pleasure in the company of the Muses, sometimes even following the pursuit of hunting. He attained great fame for his diligence, for he was very swift in the woods, and clever in the arts. As a reward for his zeal the Muses asked Jove to represent him in some star group, and Jove did so. Since he wished to display all his skills in one body, he gave him horse flanks because he rode a great deal. He added arrows, since these would show both his keenness and his swiftness, and he gave him a Satyr's tail because the Muses took no less pleasure in Crotus than Liber did in the Satyrs. Before his feet are a few stars arranged in a circle, which some said were a wreath, thrown off as by one at play. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest Τοξότης. ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!Τοξότου ἀστερισμός.
!Constellation of Sagittarius
!
|-
|1
|ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀκύδος τοῦ βέλους
|The star on the point of the arrow
|gam Sgr
|-
|2
|ὁ ἐν τῇ λαβῇ τῆς ἀριστερᾶρ χειρός
|The star in the [bow-] grip held by the left hand
|del Sgr
|-
|3
|ὁ ἐν τῷ νοτίῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου
|The star in the southern portion of the bow
|eps Sgr
|-
|4
|τῶν ἐν τῷ βορείῳ μέρει τοῦ τόξου ὁ νοτιώτερος
|The southernmost of the [2] stars in the northern portion of the bow
|lam Sgr
|-
|5
|ὁ βορειότερος αὐτῶν ἐπ’ ἄκρου τοῦ τόξου.
|The northernmost of these, on the tip of the bow
|mu Sgr
|-
|6
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἅμου.
|The star on the left shoulder
|sig Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ τούτου προηγούμενος κατὰ τοῦ βέλους
|The one in advance of this, just over the arrow
|phi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ νεφελοειδὴς καὶ διπλοῦς,
|The star on the eye, which is nebulous and double
|nu1 + nu2 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ γ’ ὁ ἠγούμενος.
|The most advanced of the 3 stars in the head
|xi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|omi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῶν τριῶ.
|The rearmost of the three
|pi Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ βορεύῳ ἐφαπτίδι γ’ ὁ κότιος.
|The southernmost of the 3 stars in the northern cloak attachment
|43 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|rho Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶη
|The northernmost of the three
|ups Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τοῦς τρισὶν ἀμαυρός
|The faint star to the rear of these three
|55 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς νοτίου ἐφαπτίδος β ὁ βορειότερος;
|The northernmost of the 2 stars on the southern cloak-attachment
|61 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ νοτιώτερος αὐτῶν
|The southernmost of them
|57 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ὥμου.
|The star on the right shoulder
|chi1 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ἀγκῶνος..
|The star on the right elbow
|51+52 Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῷ νώτῳ ἡ ὁ κατὰ τοῦ μεταφρένου.
|The three stars in the back: the one just above the place between the shoulders
|psi Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν καὶ κατὰ τῆς ὡμοπλάτης.
|The three stars in the back: the middle one, just above the shoulder-blade
|tau Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ λοιπὸς καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν μασχάλην.
|The three stars in the back: the other one, under the armpit
|zet Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ ἀριστεροῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front left hock
|bet1 + bet2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ γόνατος τοῦ αὐτοῦ ποδός
|The one on the knee of the same leg
|alf Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμπροσθίου καὶ δεξιοῦ σφυροῦ
|The star on the front right hock
|eta Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ μηροῦ
|The star on the left thigh
|kap1 + kap2 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀπισθύου δεξιοῦ πήχεως.
|The star on the right hind lower leg
|iot Sgr
|-
|
|τῶν ἐν τῇ ἐκφύσει τῆς οὐρᾶς ὃ τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμερος
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the northern side
|omega Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the northern side
|60 Sgr
|-
|
|τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμενος.
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the advance star on the southern side
|59 Sgr
|-
|
|ὁ ἐπόμενος τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς
|The four stars [forming a quadrilateral] in the place where the tail joins [the body]: the rear star on the southern side
|62 Sgr
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|ἀστέρες λα, ὧν β’ μεγέθους β, γ’ 3, δ’ θ, εη, σ’ β, νεφελοειδής
|{31 stars, 2 of the second magnitude, 9 of the third, 9 of the fourth, 8 of the fifth, 2 of the sixth, [1] nebulous}
|
|}
[[File:Toxotes Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Toxotes (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Kaus Australis
|HIP 90185
|Constellation lines
|1.81
|-
|2
|Nunki
|HIP 92855
|Constellation lines
|2.067
|-
|3
|Ascella
|HIP 93506
|Constellation lines
|2.59
|-
|4
|Kaus Media
|HIP 89931
|Constellation lines
|2.668
|-
|5
|Kaus Borealis
|HIP 90496
|Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|6
|Albaldah
|HIP 94141
|Constellation lines
|2.88
|-
|7
|Alnasl
|HIP 88635
|Constellation lines
|2.99
|-
|8
|η Sagittarii
|HIP 89642
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.11
|-
|9
|ϕ Sagittarii
|HIP 92041
|Constellation lines
|3.14
|-
|10
|τ Sagittarii
|HIP 93864
|Constellation lines
|3.31
|-
|11
|ξ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 93085
|Inside the hull
|3.51
|-
|12
|NAME SDG
|NAME SDG
|Inside the hull
|3.6
|-
|13
|ο Sagittarii
|HIP 93683
|Inside the hull
|3.77
|-
|14
|Polis
|HIP 89341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.85
|-
|15
|ρ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95168
|Constellation lines
|3.93
|-
|16
|Rukbat
|HIP 95347
|Constellation lines
|3.943
|-
|17
|Arkab Prior
|HIP 95241
|Inside the hull
|4.01
|-
|18
|Meridiana
|HIP 94114
|Inside the hull
|4.087
|-
|19
|β Coronae Australis
|HIP 94160
|Inside the hull
|4.095
|-
|20
|ι Sagittarii
|HIP 98032
|Constellation lines
|4.13
|-
|21
|γ 1 Coronae Australis
|HIP 93825
|Inside the hull
|4.21
|-
|22
|Arkab Posterior
|HIP 95294
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.27
|-
|23
|θ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 98412
|Constellation lines
|4.37
|-
|24
|59 Sgr
|HIP 98162
|Constellation lines
|4.528
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 88839
|Inside the hull
|4.56
|-
|26
|δ Coronae Australis
|HIP 94005
|Inside the hull
|4.571
|-
|27
|62 Sgr
|HIP 98688
|Constellation lines
|4.58
|-
|28
|52 Sgr
|HIP 96465
|Constellation lines
|4.598
|-
|29
|υ Sagittarii
|HIP 95176
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 89678
|Inside the hull
|4.627
|-
|31
|γ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 88567
|Inside the hull
|4.69
|-
|32
|Terebellum
|HIP 98066
|Constellation lines
|4.7
|-
|33
|ζ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93542
|Inside the hull
|4.725
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 98761
|Constellation lines
|4.764
|-
|35
|Ainalrami
|HIP 92761
|Constellation lines
|4.845
|-
|36
|60 Sgr
|HIP 98353
|Constellation lines
|4.846
|-
|37
|ϵ Coronae Australis
|HIP 93174
|Inside the hull
|4.85
|-
|38
|ψ Sagittarii
|HIP 94643
|Constellation lines
|4.86
|-
|39
|21 Sgr
|HIP 90289
|Inside the hull
|4.86
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 91918
|Constellation lines
|4.87
|-
|41
|56 Sgr
|HIP 97290
|Inside the hull
|4.873
|-
|42
|43 Sgr
|HIP 94820
|Constellation lines
|4.878
|-
|43
|1 Sgr
|HIP 89153
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|44
|ν 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 92845
|Inside the hull
|4.98
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 98842
|Constellation lines
|4.99
|-
|46
|61 Sgr
|HIP 98258
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.998
|-
|47
|χ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 95477
|Constellation lines
|5.009
|-
|48
|55 Sgr
|HIP 96950
|Constellation lines
|5.045
|-
|49
|ξ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 93057
|Constellation lines
|5.054
|-
|50
|λ Coronae Australis
|HIP 91875
|Inside the hull
|5.111
|-
|51
|M 22
|M 22
|Inside the hull
|5.2
|-
|52
|29 Sgr
|HIP 92390
|Inside the hull
|5.21
|-
|53
|μ Coronae Australis
|HIP 92226
|Inside the hull
|5.217
|-
|54
|77 G. Sgr
|HIP 91014
|Inside the hull
|5.276
|-
|55
|54 Sgr
|HIP 96808
|Inside the hull
|5.296
|-
|56
|θ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 98421
|Inside the hull
|5.299
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 99461
|Inside the hull
|5.32
|-
|58
|V3961 Sgr
|HIP 97749
|Inside the hull
|5.33
|-
|59
|V4050 Sgr
|HIP 90074
|Inside the hull
|5.34
|-
|60
|PZ 6AB
|HIP 88060
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.36
|-
|61
|28 Sgr
|HIP 92111
|Inside the hull
|5.366
|-
|62
|V686 CrA
|HIP 92989
|Inside the hull
|5.38
|-
|63
|75 G. Sgr
|HIP 90763
|Inside the hull
|5.386
|-
|64
|χ 3 Sagittarii
|HIP 95503
|Inside the hull
|5.43
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 91989
|Inside the hull
|5.439
|-
|66
|24 Sgr
|HIP 91004
|Inside the hull
|5.461
|-
|67
|14 Sgr
|HIP 89369
|Inside the hull
|5.473
|-
|68
|134 G. Sgr
|HIP 93667
|Constellation lines
|5.482
|-
|69
|193 G. Sgr
|HIP 95865
|Constellation lines
|5.49
|-
|70
|V4024 Sgr
|HIP 93996
|Inside the hull
|5.49
|-
|71
|228 G. Sgr
|HIP 97260
|Inside the hull
|5.512
|-
|72
|60 G. Sgr
|HIP 90124
|Inside the hull
|5.518
|-
|73
|50 Sgr
|HIP 95564
|Inside the hull
|5.569
|-
|74
|18 Sgr
|HIP 90260
|Inside the hull
|5.574
|-
|75
|162 G. Sgr
|HIP 94986
|Constellation lines
|5.579
|-
|76
|165 G. Sgr
|HIP 95077
|Inside the hull
|5.579
|-
|77
|κ 1 Sagittarii
|HIP 100469
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|78
|131 G. Sgr
|HIP 93498
|Constellation lines
|5.628
|-
|79
|κ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 100591
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.64
|-
|80
|51 Sgr
|HIP 96406
|Inside the hull
|5.64
|-
|81
|209 G. Sgr
|HIP 96496
|Inside the hull
|5.642
|-
|82
|186 G. Sgr
|HIP 95619
|Constellation lines
|5.644
|-
|83
|37 G. Sgr
|HIP 89020
|Constellation lines
|5.65
|-
|84
|262 G. Sgr
|HIP 98470
|Inside the hull
|5.66
|-
|85
|33 Sgr
|HIP 92747
|Inside the hull
|5.678
|-
|86
|189 G. Sgr
|HIP 95823
|Inside the hull
|5.701
|-
|87
|V701 CrA
|HIP 93552
|Inside the hull
|5.716
|-
|88
|152 G. Sgr
|HIP 94434
|Inside the hull
|5.765
|-
|89
|84 G. Sgr
|HIP 91405
|Inside the hull
|5.772
|-
|90
|94 G. Sgr
|HIP 91974
|Inside the hull
|5.811
|-
|91
|ρ 2 Sagittarii
|HIP 95188
|Inside the hull
|5.845
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 94157
|Inside the hull
|5.855
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 91438
|Inside the hull
|5.86
|-
|94
|57 Sgr
|HIP 97783
|Constellation lines
|5.896
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 90485
|Inside the hull
|5.902
|-
|96
|V4089 Sgr
|HIP 96234
|Inside the hull
|5.91
|-
|97
|180 G. Sgr
|HIP 95456
|Constellation lines
|5.93
|-
|98
|116 G. Sgr
|HIP 92931
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|99
|83 G. Sgr
|HIP 91347
|Inside the hull
|5.931
|-
|100
|260 G. Sgr
|HIP 98461
|Inside the hull
|5.948
|-
|101
|218 G. Sgr
|HIP 96760
|Inside the hull
|5.957
|-
|102
|264 G. Sgr
|HIP 98575
|Inside the hull
|5.999
|-
|103
|132 G. Sgr
|HIP 93537
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|104
|179 G. Sgr
|HIP 95408
|Inside the hull
|6.011
|-
|105
|140 G. Sgr
|HIP 93925
|Inside the hull
|6.027
|-
|106
|RS Sgr
|HIP 89637
|Inside the hull
|6.03
|-
|107
|233 G. Sgr
|HIP 97515
|Inside the hull
|6.031
|-
|108
|121 G. Sgr
|HIP 93134
|Constellation lines
|6.08
|-
|109
|258 G. Sgr
|HIP 98485
|Inside the hull
|6.097
|-
|110
|108 G. Sgr
|HIP 92643
|Inside the hull
|6.098
|-
|111
|148 G. Sgr
|HIP 94144
|Inside the hull
|6.11
|-
|112
|V4333 Sgr
|HIP 96440
|Inside the hull
|6.12
|-
|113
|197 G. Sgr
|HIP 95965
|Inside the hull
|6.13
|-
|114
|224 G. Sgr
|HIP 97067
|Inside the hull
|6.131
|-
|115
|178 G. Sgr
|HIP 95396
|Inside the hull
|6.132
|-
|116
|123 G. Sgr
|HIP 93140
|Inside the hull
|6.141
|-
|117
|62 G. Sgr
|HIP 90290
|Inside the hull
|6.142
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 98077
|Inside the hull
|6.15
|-
|119
|58 G. Sgr
|HIP 90012
|Inside the hull
|6.154
|-
|120
|38 G. Sgr
|HIP 89086
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|121
| -
|HIP 93858
|Inside the hull
|6.16
|-
|122
|49 G. Sgr
|HIP 89622
|Inside the hull
|6.168
|-
|123
|280 G. Sgr
|HIP 99570
|Inside the hull
|6.191
|-
|124
|26 Sgr
|HIP 91689
|Inside the hull
|6.205
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 93470
|Inside the hull
|6.209
|-
|126
|V4200 Sgr
|HIP 97944
|Inside the hull
|6.213
|-
|127
|128 G. Sgr
|HIP 93423
|Inside the hull
|6.215
|-
|128
|[SC96] GC 607
|[SC96] GC 607
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|129
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|[SC96] Mis 1381
|Inside the hull
|6.22
|-
|130
|Gumala
|HIP 94645
|Inside the hull
|6.237
|-
|131
|70 Sgr
|HIP 89980
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 94730
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|133
|V4199 Sgr
|HIP 95159
|Inside the hull
|6.26
|-
|134
|150 G. Sgr
|HIP 94272
|Inside the hull
|6.272
|-
|135
|69 G. Sgr
|HIP 90510
|Inside the hull
|6.276
|-
|136
|254 G. Sgr
|HIP 98351
|Inside the hull
|6.28
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 93074
|Inside the hull
|6.284
|-
|138
|109 G. Sgr
|HIP 92635
|Inside the hull
|6.29
|-
|139
|V4198 Sgr
|HIP 93887
|Inside the hull
|6.293
|-
|140
|64 G. Sgr
|HIP 90336
|Inside the hull
|6.296
|-
|141
|Cl Collinder 394
|Cl Collinder 394
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|142
|143 G. Sgr
|HIP 93993
|Inside the hull
|6.3
|-
|143
|263 G. Sgr
|HIP 98579
|Inside the hull
|6.306
|-
|144
|90 G. Sgr
|HIP 91901
|Inside the hull
|6.308
|-
|145
|53 Sgr
|HIP 96729
|Inside the hull
|6.321
|-
|146
|96 G. Sgr
|HIP 92016
|Inside the hull
|6.331
|-
|147
|167 G. Sgr
|HIP 95211
|Inside the hull
|6.338
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 94243
|Inside the hull
|6.344
|-
|149
|V3879 Sgr
|HIP 91781
|Inside the hull
|6.35
|-
|150
|127 G. Sgr
|HIP 93315
|Inside the hull
|6.356
|-
|151
|133 G. Sgr
|HIP 93543
|Inside the hull
|6.357
|-
|152
|48 G. Sgr
|HIP 89620
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|153
|80 G. Sgr
|HIP 91172
|Inside the hull
|6.366
|-
|154
|125 G. Sgr
|HIP 93234
|Inside the hull
|6.378
|-
|155
|151 G. Sgr
|HIP 94372
|Inside the hull
|6.39
|-
|156
|C 1806-240
|C 1806-240
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|157
| -
|HIP 93371
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|158
|V4434 Sgr
|HIP 99920
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|159
|36 G. Sgr
|HIP 89010
|Inside the hull
|6.405
|-
|160
|V4405 Sgr
|HIP 92079
|Inside the hull
|6.42
|-
|161
|269 G. Sgr
|HIP 98785
|Inside the hull
|6.428
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 94130
|Inside the hull
|6.435
|-
|163
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|[SC96] Mis 1401
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|164
|[SC96] GC 625
|[SC96] GC 625
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|165
|115 G. Sgr
|HIP 92972
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 92866
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|167
|244 G. Sgr
|HIP 98012
|Inside the hull
|6.47
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 96274
|Inside the hull
|6.475
|-
|169
|166 G. Sgr
|HIP 95149
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|170
|V4190 Sgr
|HIP 91132
|Inside the hull
|6.481
|-
|171
|M 55
|M 55
|Inside the hull
|6.49
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 93209
|Inside the hull
|6.497
|-
|173
| -
|HIP 90576
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|174
|V* V4045 Sgr
|HIP 89178
|Constellation lines
|6.52
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 94124
|Constellation lines
|6.533
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 92329
|Constellation lines
|6.69
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 92301
|Inside the hull
|6.7
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 96932
|Constellation lines
|6.88
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 93149
|Constellation lines
|7.2
|}

==== Arabic star names in Sagittarius ====
Star names reflect the cultural adoption and transformations. Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> compiled the following list:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Arabic
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
! valign="top" |
|-
!Original
! valign="top" |Transliteration
! valign="top" |English
! valign="top" |historical author
! valign="top" |identification
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Rukbat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Right] Knee of the Archer
| valign="top" |Uluġ Bēg
| valign="top" |''α Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜUrqub al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the [Left] Tendon of the l’Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''β Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Zuğg Saham al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Tip of the Arrow of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''γ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Naṣl''
| valign="top" |the Tip [of the Arrow]
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Maqbiḍ [Qaws] al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Handle [of the Arc] of the A.
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''δ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Ibṭ al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Armpit of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''ζ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Kaᶜb al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Ankle of the Archer
| valign="top" |Marrākušī
| valign="top" |''η Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜAyn al-Rāmī, ġamāmī''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer, cloud
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜAyn al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Eye of the Archer
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ν1ν2 Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''ᶜIṣābat al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Turban de l’Archer
| valign="top" |Ét. Laffitte
| valign="top" |''ρ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''al-Mankib al-aysar''
| valign="top" |the l’Épaule gauche
| valign="top" |Bīrūnī
| valign="top" |''σ Sgr''
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Mankib al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the l’Épaule de l’Archer
| valign="top" |Miṣrī
| valign="top" |
|-
|
| valign="top" |''Aṣl Ḏanab al-Rāmī''
| valign="top" |the Beginning of the End of the A.
| valign="top" |Battānī
| valign="top" |''ω Sgr''
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===
<gallery>
File:Sgr Pabilsag seal Wallenfels1993.png|Pabilsag in the zodiac sign of Sagittarius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Sagittaire-babylonien.jpg|alt=Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444|Babylonian "Sagittarius", Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines, Daremberg et Saglio, article Zodiaque, vol. V 2. Source : Wikisource, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_grecques_et_romaines_-_Daremberg_-_V_2.djvu/444
File:Kugel Sgr+CrA+Sco.JPG|Kugel Globe (1st c. BCE): Sgr, CrA and Sco
File:Sagittarius Hevelius.jpg|Sagittarius in Hevelius (1690)
File:1776 - John Flamsteed - La Sagittaire (Sagittarius).jpg|Sagittarius in Flamsteed (1776).
File:Johann Elert Bode - Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield.jpg|Bode (1805) Sagittarius and Sobieski's Shield
File:1822 - Alexander Jamieson - Sagittarius, The Archer.jpg|Sgr in Jamieson (1822)
File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Sagittarius and Corona Australis, Microscopium, and Telescopium.png|Sagittarius in Sidney Hall (1825) Urania's Mirror.
File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-069.png|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Sagittarius
File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-070.png|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Sagittarius
</gallery>

==Mythology==
Eratosthenes<ref name=":0" /> tells us that the satyr Krotos watched the Muses playing and then clapped his hands in rapturous delight. Others followed suit, and thus applause after a musical performance was invented. For this non-verbal sign of appreciation, he was transported to heaven.

This is a beautiful star legend, but it does not explain why this hybrid creature is holding a bow and arrow. The story demonstrates once again the Greeks' perplexity with images from a foreign (Babylonian) culture.

==Weblinks==

* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017067 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database – Sagittarius]

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Modern]] [[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]]
[[Category:European]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sgr]]

Alshat

2026-07-08T20:46:25Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Alshat}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Alshat is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 100310 (ν Cap, HR 7773) in constellation Cap.

==Etymology and History==

The Arabic term سعد الذابح, Saʿd al-Dhābiḥ, The Lucky Asterism of the Slaughterer (22 lunar station), consists of the 3 stars: α1, β and ν Cap. As α and β already have proper names, the corrupted form "shat" (for sad) was used to name ν Cap.
[[File:Cap RL2025.png|thumb|Arabic star names in Capricornus (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025)]]
Roland Laffitte (2025):<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref><blockquote>Emprunté au milieu du XXe siècle et aujourd’hui approuvé par l’UAI, cette appellation correspond à ''al-Šāt'', « la Brebis », que la tradition arabe préislamique a voulu voir comme l’animal égorgé par le Sacrificateur, probablement dans une cérémonie d’''istisqā’'', c’est-à-dire d’invocation de la pluie (voir ''β Cap''). Arabe: ''al-Šāt'', c/ al-Ṣūfī comme une des étoiles de la XXIIe station, soit ''αβ'' ; al-Qazwīnī p/ ''ν Cap'', ''‘Al Shat’'', Allen. ''Al Shat'', Jurdak, Rhoads, ''Alshat'', Hoffleit, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI.</blockquote>in English<blockquote>Borrowed in the mid-20th century and now recognised by the UAI, this name corresponds to al-Šāt, ‘the Ewe’, which pre-Islamic Arab tradition regarded as the animal slaughtered by the Sacrificer, probably during an istisqā’ ceremony, that is, a ritual to invoke rain (see β Cap). Arabic: al-Šāt, c/ al-Ṣūfī as one of the stars of the 22nd constellation, i.e. αβ; al-Qazwīnī p/ ν Cap, ‘Al Shat’, Allen. Al Shat, Jurdak, Rhoads, Alshat, Hoffleit, etc., Simbad, UAI.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/06/30.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* --

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Cap]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]] [[Category:Modern]]

Deneb Algedi

2026-07-08T20:44:36Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Deneb Algedi}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Deneb Algedi is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 107556 (δ Cap, HR 8322) in constellation Cap.

==Etymology and History==

"Tail of the Goat" in Arabic.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/02/01.
[[File:Cap RL2025.png|thumb|Arabic star names in Capricornus (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025)]]
Roland Laffitte (2025):<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> <blockquote>Emprunté dès l’an mil pour l’étoile la plus brillante de la constellation, ce qui lui vaut sans doute de figurer sur l’astrolabe, il vient de ''Ḏanab al-Ğady'', « la Queue du Chevreau » (voir ''Fig. 40a''), avant qu’au début du XIXe siècle ce nom ne soit également attribué à ''γ Cap''. C’est en tout cas aujourd’hui le nom proposé par l’UAI. Ar. : 1. ''Ḏanab al-Ğady'', al-Ṣūfī. Lat. ''Denebaliedi'', Llobet, puis ''Deneb Algedi'' p/ ''γ Cap'', Stöffler, Bayer. 2. Uluġ Bēg > ''‘Danab AlGjedi’'', Hyde, ''Deneb Algedi'', Allen, puis Rumrill, Rhoads, Hoffleit, etc., UAI. 2. ''Ḏanab al-Ğady'', Uluġ Bēg > ''‘Dsanab el-Dscheddi’'', Lach, d’où ''Deneb el dscheddi'', Bode, repris p/ Allen. ''Scheddi'', Widmann-Schütte, ''Welcher Stern ist das ? (''1949), ''Scheddi'', Nit. 01. </blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM : '''''Nashira''''' [''Post.'']. ['''سعد'''] '''ناشرة''' ''Sacd Nāšira'', « la Propice de Nashira ». Introduit par Pïazzi p/ le couple ''γδ Cap'', cette étoile étant pour lui ''Nashira Posterior'', voir ''γ Cap''. Mais cette appellation s’est progressivement effacée p/ ''γ Cap'' au profit de ''Deneb Algedi'', ainsi que le consacre Allen. NB : on trouve ‘''al-Muḥibbain’'', accus. de المحبّان, ''al-Muḥibbān,'' « les Deux amis » (cas sujet / nominatif), p/ ''γδ Cep'', M. A. Sédillot, ''Mém''B►, 225, là où, à partir d’al-Qazwīnī, Ideler donne ''‘El-muhhibbain’'' (cas objet / accusatif) Allen ‘''Al-Muḥibbain’'', repris p/ Nit. 02.</blockquote>in English: <blockquote>Coined as early as the year 1000 to refer to the brightest star in the constellation – which is no doubt why it appears on the astrolabe – the name derives from Ḏanab al-Ğady, ‘the Tail of the Kid’ (see Fig. 40a), before this name was also applied to γ Cap in the early 19th century. In any case, this is the name currently proposed by the IAU. Arabic: 1. Ḏanab al-Ğady, al-Ṣūfī. Latin: Denebaliedi, Llobet, then Deneb Algedi for γ Cap, Stöffler, Bayer. 2. Uluġ Bēg > ‘Danab AlGjedi’, Hyde, Deneb Algedi, Allen, then Rumrill, Rhoads, Hoffleit, etc., UAI. 2. Ḏanab al-Ğady, Uluġ Bēg > ‘Dsanab el-Dscheddi’, Lach, hence Deneb el dscheddi, Bode, adopted by Allen. Scheddi, Widmann-Schütte, Welcher Stern ist das? (1949), Scheddi, Nit. 01.</blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Nashira [Posterior]. [سعد] ناشرة Sacd Nāšira, ‘the Auspicious One of Nashira’. Introduced by Pïazzi for the pair γδ Cap, this star being, for him, Nashira Posterior; see γ Cap. However, this name gradually fell out of use for γ Cap in favour of Deneb Algedi, as established by Allen. NB: ‘al-Muḥibbain’ is found, the accusative of المحبّان, al-Muḥibbān, ‘the Two Friends’ (subject / nominative case), for γδ Cep, M. A. Sédillot, MémB►, 225, whereas, following al-Qazwīnī, Ideler gives ‘El-muhhibbain’ (object / accusative case) and Allen ‘Al-Muḥibbain’, as cited in Nit. 02.</blockquote>

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
*

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Cap]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]][[Category:Modern]]

Nashira

2026-07-08T20:41:47Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Nashira}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Nashira is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 106985 (γ Cap, HR 8278) in constellation Cap.

==Etymology and History==

Applied in recent times from the ind-A name sa<d nashira, for γ and δ Cap. Its meaning is unknown. As originally applied, γ was "Nashira Prima" and δ was "Nashira Posterior".
[[File:Cap RL2025.png|thumb|Arabic star names in Capricornus (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025)]]

Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref><blockquote>Piazzi a donné ce nom au ''γδ Cap'', qui est, dans le ciel arabe traditionnel, ''Sacd Nāšira'', « la Propice de Nashira », sachant que ''Nāšira'' est un nom d’homme signifiant « celui qui revivifie, ressuscite », est, au départ, un nom théophore (voir ''Fig. 40b''). Ce nom est spécialisé par l’UAI pour la première étoile de ce couple. Ar. : Ibn Qutayba. Après al-Tīzīnī, ‘''Prima de Sa’d Nâshira’'' p/ ''γ Cap'', et ‘''Sequens de Sa’d Nâshira’'' p/ ''δ Cap'', Hyde > ''Nashira Anterior'', Piazzi, voir Allen. ''Nashira'' p/ ''γ Cap'', Rumrill, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI. Notons : 1. qu’''al-Nāšir'' est le nom de ''γ Vel'' (voir cette étoile). 2. que c’est un nom de personne dans les inscriptions dédanites, liḥyānites et safaïtiques, voir ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 41. Le verbe ''našara'' s’emploie pour « reverdir » lorsqu’il s’agit d’un végétal qui reverdit après avoir été bien arrosé par la pluie, et pour « revivre, ressusciter », sachant qu’il peut être mis en rapport avec ''arḍ nāšira'', qui se dit d’une « terre qui a bonne pâture » grâce à la pluie qui l’arrose.</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM : '''''Deneb algedi''''' ''[Prima]''. Ar. ذنب الجدي ''Ḏanab al-Ğady'', « la Queue du Chevreau ». C’est le premier nom, partagé avec ''δ Cap'' par lequel fut connu cette étoile, ''Tabl. Alpons''. Voir ''δ Cap'', n. 6. Fr. ''Deneb Algedi'', ''Algedi'', d’Alembert & Lalande, ''Algédi'' dans les dictionnaires du XIXe s., not. Devic, puis Allen. Comme ce nom, au départ appliqué au couple ''γδ Cap'', s’est progressivement effacé au cours du XIXe siècle au profit de ''Nashira'', introduit par Piazzi, en même temps que les qualificatifs ''Anterior'' p/ ''γ Cap'' et ''Posterior'' p/ ''δ Cap'', devenaient obsolètes. </blockquote>in English: <blockquote>Piazzi gave this name to γδ Cap, which, in the traditional Arabic sky, is Sacd Nāšira, ‘the Auspicious One of Nashira’, bearing in mind that Nāšira is a male name meaning ‘he who revives, resurrects’, and was originally a theophoric name (see Fig. 40b). This name has been reserved by the UAI for the first star of this pair. Arabic: Ibn Qutayba. Following al-Tīzīnī, ‘Prima of Sa’d Nāshira’ for γ Cap, and ‘Sequens of Sa’d Nāshira’ for δ Cap; Hyde > Nashira Anterior, Piazzi; see Allen. Nashira for γ Cap, Rumrill, etc., Simbad, UAI. Note: 1. that al-Nāšir is the name of γ Vel (see that star). 2. that it is a personal name in Dadanite, Liḥyānite and Safaitic inscriptions; see *The Sky of the Arabs*, 41. The verb našara is used to mean ‘to turn green again’ when referring to a plant that regains its greenness after being well watered by rain, and to mean ‘to come back to life, to be resurrected’, bearing in mind that it can be linked to arḍ nāšira, which refers to ‘land with good pasture’ thanks to the rain that waters it.</blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Deneb Algedi [Prima]. Arabic: ذنب الجدي Ḏanab al-Ğady, ‘the Tail of the Kid’. This is the first name, shared with δ Cap, by which this star was known, Tabl. Alpons. See δ Cap, n. 6. Fr. Deneb Algedi, Algedi, d’Alembert & Lalande, Algédi in 19th-century dictionaries, notably Devic, then Allen. As this name, originally applied to the pair γδ Cap, gradually fell out of use during the 19th century in favour of Nashira—introduced by Piazzi—at the same time as the designations ‘Anterior’ for γ Cap and ‘Posterior’ for δ Cap became obsolete.</blockquote>Translated with DeepL.com (free version)

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/08/21.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Cap]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]

Nashira

2026-07-08T20:41:14Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Nashira}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Nashira is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 106985 (γ Cap, HR 8278) in constellation Cap.

==Etymology and History==

Applied in recent times from the ind-A name sa<d nashira, for γ and δ Cap. Its meaning is unknown. As originally applied, γ was "Nashira Prima" and δ was "Nashira Posterior".

Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref><blockquote>Piazzi a donné ce nom au ''γδ Cap'', qui est, dans le ciel arabe traditionnel, ''Sacd Nāšira'', « la Propice de Nashira », sachant que ''Nāšira'' est un nom d’homme signifiant « celui qui revivifie, ressuscite », est, au départ, un nom théophore (voir ''Fig. 40b''). Ce nom est spécialisé par l’UAI pour la première étoile de ce couple. Ar. : Ibn Qutayba. Après al-Tīzīnī, ‘''Prima de Sa’d Nâshira’'' p/ ''γ Cap'', et ‘''Sequens de Sa’d Nâshira’'' p/ ''δ Cap'', Hyde > ''Nashira Anterior'', Piazzi, voir Allen. ''Nashira'' p/ ''γ Cap'', Rumrill, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI. Notons : 1. qu’''al-Nāšir'' est le nom de ''γ Vel'' (voir cette étoile). 2. que c’est un nom de personne dans les inscriptions dédanites, liḥyānites et safaïtiques, voir ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 41. Le verbe ''našara'' s’emploie pour « reverdir » lorsqu’il s’agit d’un végétal qui reverdit après avoir été bien arrosé par la pluie, et pour « revivre, ressusciter », sachant qu’il peut être mis en rapport avec ''arḍ nāšira'', qui se dit d’une « terre qui a bonne pâture » grâce à la pluie qui l’arrose.</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM : '''''Deneb algedi''''' ''[Prima]''. Ar. ذنب الجدي ''Ḏanab al-Ğady'', « la Queue du Chevreau ». C’est le premier nom, partagé avec ''δ Cap'' par lequel fut connu cette étoile, ''Tabl. Alpons''. Voir ''δ Cap'', n. 6. Fr. ''Deneb Algedi'', ''Algedi'', d’Alembert & Lalande, ''Algédi'' dans les dictionnaires du XIXe s., not. Devic, puis Allen. Comme ce nom, au départ appliqué au couple ''γδ Cap'', s’est progressivement effacé au cours du XIXe siècle au profit de ''Nashira'', introduit par Piazzi, en même temps que les qualificatifs ''Anterior'' p/ ''γ Cap'' et ''Posterior'' p/ ''δ Cap'', devenaient obsolètes. </blockquote>in English: <blockquote>Piazzi gave this name to γδ Cap, which, in the traditional Arabic sky, is Sacd Nāšira, ‘the Auspicious One of Nashira’, bearing in mind that Nāšira is a male name meaning ‘he who revives, resurrects’, and was originally a theophoric name (see Fig. 40b). This name has been reserved by the UAI for the first star of this pair. Arabic: Ibn Qutayba. Following al-Tīzīnī, ‘Prima of Sa’d Nāshira’ for γ Cap, and ‘Sequens of Sa’d Nāshira’ for δ Cap; Hyde > Nashira Anterior, Piazzi; see Allen. Nashira for γ Cap, Rumrill, etc., Simbad, UAI. Note: 1. that al-Nāšir is the name of γ Vel (see that star). 2. that it is a personal name in Dadanite, Liḥyānite and Safaitic inscriptions; see *The Sky of the Arabs*, 41. The verb našara is used to mean ‘to turn green again’ when referring to a plant that regains its greenness after being well watered by rain, and to mean ‘to come back to life, to be resurrected’, bearing in mind that it can be linked to arḍ nāšira, which refers to ‘land with good pasture’ thanks to the rain that waters it.</blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Deneb Algedi [Prima]. Arabic: ذنب الجدي Ḏanab al-Ğady, ‘the Tail of the Kid’. This is the first name, shared with δ Cap, by which this star was known, Tabl. Alpons. See δ Cap, n. 6. Fr. Deneb Algedi, Algedi, d’Alembert & Lalande, Algédi in 19th-century dictionaries, notably Devic, then Allen. As this name, originally applied to the pair γδ Cap, gradually fell out of use during the 19th century in favour of Nashira—introduced by Piazzi—at the same time as the designations ‘Anterior’ for γ Cap and ‘Posterior’ for δ Cap became obsolete.</blockquote>Translated with DeepL.com (free version)

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/08/21.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Cap]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]

Dabih

2026-07-08T20:38:58Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Etymology and History */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Dabih}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Dabih is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 100345 (β1 Cap, HR 7776) in constellation Cap.

==Etymology and History==

Applied in recent times from the ind-A lunar mansion name sa'd aldhabih, for α and β Cap. Possible meanings for the name are "the Lucky (Stars) of the Slaughterer," or, "Sa'd, the Slaughtering One" (this last using Sa'd as an unspecified proper name). However the exact historical connections are unknown.
[[File:Cap RL2025.png|thumb|Arabic star names in Capricornus (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025)]]

Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref><blockquote>Emprunté par Piazzi sous les formes ''Dabih Major'' pour ''β1 Cap'' et ''Dabih Minor'' pour ''β2 Cap''[1], et aujourd’hui spécialisé par l’UAI pour la première étoile de ce couple, ce nom est le second terme de l’appellation arabe ''Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ'', « la Propice du Sacrificateur », qui s’applique, dans le ciel arabe, au couple ''αβ Cap'' et constitue la XXe station lunaire, sachant qu’''al-Ḏābiḥ'' était peut-être une épithète divine liée à l’''istisqā’'', soit une cérémonie d’imploration de la pluie devenue, dans le cadre islamique, une demande faite à Dieu / Allāh.</blockquote><blockquote>En Arabe: ''Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ'' p/ le couple ''αβ Cap'', Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba. Lat. ''Fortuna decollantis'', ''Cal. Cordoue'', ''Scaldebo'', Alchandre. Pour l’étoile, ''‘Sa’d AlDâbih’'', Hyde, ''Dabih Major'' p/ ''β1 Cap'', et ''Dabih Minor'' p/ ''β2 Cap'', Allen, puis Rhoads, Hoffleit, etc., ''Dabih Major'' et ''Dabih'' p/ ''β Cap'', ''Simbad'', ''Dabih Minor'' p/ ''β2'', ''Simbad'', ''Dabih'' p/ ''β1'', UAI. </blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM : '''''Sadalzabih'''''. Ar. :سعد الذابح '' Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ'' p/ ''αβ Cap'', Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayaba, lat. ''Scaldebo'' p/ la station, Alchandre. Puis ''Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ'' p/ les étoiles, Uluġ Bēg, al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Sa’d AlDâbih’'', Hyde, ''‘Al Sa’d Al Dhābiḥ’'', Allen, fr. ''Sadalzabih'', Ambélain, 1936.</blockquote>English: <blockquote>Adopted by Piazzi as ‘Dabih Major’ for β1 Cap and ‘Dabih Minor’ for β2 Cap[1], and now officially designated by the IAU for the first star of this pair, this name is the second term of the Arabic designation ‘Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ’, ‘the Propitious One of the Sacrificer’, which, in the Arab sky, applies to the pair αβ Cap and constitutes the 20th lunar station, bearing in mind that al-Ḏābiḥ was perhaps a divine epithet linked to istisqā’, that is, a ceremony to implore rain which, within the Islamic context, became a supplication made to God / Allāh.</blockquote><blockquote>In Arabic: Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ for the pair αβ Cap, Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba. Latin: Fortuna decollantis, Cal. Córdoba, Scaldebo, Alchandre. For the star, ‘Sa’d Al-Dâbih’, Hyde, Dabih Major for β1 Cap, and Dabih Minor for β2 Cap, Allen, then Rhoads, Hoffleit, etc.; Dabih Major and Dabih for β Cap, Simbad; Dabih Minor for β2, Simbad; Dabih for β1, UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Sadalzabih. Arabic: سعد الذابح Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ for αβ Cap, Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayaba; Latin: Scaldebo for the station, Alchandre. Then Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ for the stars, Uluġ Bēg, al-Tīzīnī > ‘Sa’d AlDâbih’, Hyde, ‘Al Sa’d Al Dhābiḥ’, Allen, French: Sadalzabih, Ambélain, 1936.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/08/21.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Cap]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Modern]]

File:Cap RL2025.png

2026-07-08T20:38:31Z

Rolandlaffitte: Arabic star names in Capricornus (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025)

== Summary ==
Arabic star names in Capricornus (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025)
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

Dabih

2026-07-08T20:37:09Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Dabih}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Dabih is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 100345 (β1 Cap, HR 7776) in constellation Cap.

==Etymology and History==

Applied in recent times from the ind-A lunar mansion name sa'd aldhabih, for α and β Cap. Possible meanings for the name are "the Lucky (Stars) of the Slaughterer," or, "Sa'd, the Slaughtering One" (this last using Sa'd as an unspecified proper name). However the exact historical connections are unknown.

Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref><blockquote>Emprunté par Piazzi sous les formes ''Dabih Major'' pour ''β1 Cap'' et ''Dabih Minor'' pour ''β2 Cap''[1], et aujourd’hui spécialisé par l’UAI pour la première étoile de ce couple, ce nom est le second terme de l’appellation arabe ''Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ'', « la Propice du Sacrificateur », qui s’applique, dans le ciel arabe, au couple ''αβ Cap'' et constitue la XXe station lunaire, sachant qu’''al-Ḏābiḥ'' était peut-être une épithète divine liée à l’''istisqā’'', soit une cérémonie d’imploration de la pluie devenue, dans le cadre islamique, une demande faite à Dieu / Allāh.</blockquote><blockquote>En Arabe: ''Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ'' p/ le couple ''αβ Cap'', Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba. Lat. ''Fortuna decollantis'', ''Cal. Cordoue'', ''Scaldebo'', Alchandre. Pour l’étoile, ''‘Sa’d AlDâbih’'', Hyde, ''Dabih Major'' p/ ''β1 Cap'', et ''Dabih Minor'' p/ ''β2 Cap'', Allen, puis Rhoads, Hoffleit, etc., ''Dabih Major'' et ''Dabih'' p/ ''β Cap'', ''Simbad'', ''Dabih Minor'' p/ ''β2'', ''Simbad'', ''Dabih'' p/ ''β1'', UAI. </blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM : '''''Sadalzabih'''''. Ar. :سعد الذابح '' Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ'' p/ ''αβ Cap'', Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayaba, lat. ''Scaldebo'' p/ la station, Alchandre. Puis ''Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ'' p/ les étoiles, Uluġ Bēg, al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Sa’d AlDâbih’'', Hyde, ''‘Al Sa’d Al Dhābiḥ’'', Allen, fr. ''Sadalzabih'', Ambélain, 1936.</blockquote>English: <blockquote>Adopted by Piazzi as ‘Dabih Major’ for β1 Cap and ‘Dabih Minor’ for β2 Cap[1], and now officially designated by the IAU for the first star of this pair, this name is the second term of the Arabic designation ‘Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ’, ‘the Propitious One of the Sacrificer’, which, in the Arab sky, applies to the pair αβ Cap and constitutes the 20th lunar station, bearing in mind that al-Ḏābiḥ was perhaps a divine epithet linked to istisqā’, that is, a ceremony to implore rain which, within the Islamic context, became a supplication made to God / Allāh.</blockquote><blockquote>In Arabic: Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ for the pair αβ Cap, Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba. Latin: Fortuna decollantis, Cal. Córdoba, Scaldebo, Alchandre. For the star, ‘Sa’d Al-Dâbih’, Hyde, Dabih Major for β1 Cap, and Dabih Minor for β2 Cap, Allen, then Rhoads, Hoffleit, etc.; Dabih Major and Dabih for β Cap, Simbad; Dabih Minor for β2, Simbad; Dabih for β1, UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Sadalzabih. Arabic: سعد الذابح Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ for αβ Cap, Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayaba; Latin: Scaldebo for the station, Alchandre. Then Sacd al-Ḏābiḥ for the stars, Uluġ Bēg, al-Tīzīnī > ‘Sa’d AlDâbih’, Hyde, ‘Al Sa’d Al Dhābiḥ’, Allen, French: Sadalzabih, Ambélain, 1936.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/08/21.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Cap]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Arkab Prior

2026-07-08T19:57:57Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Arkab Prior}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Arkab Prior ('''عرقوب الرامي)''' is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 95241 (β1 Sgr, HR 7337) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Applied in recent times from an abbreviation of its sci-A name 'urqub al-rami, "the Archer's Achilles Tendon".

Roland Laffitte (2025):<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref><blockquote>Figurant sur l’astrolabe, ce nom fut introduit au Moyen Âge comme transcription de cUrqūb al-Rāmī, « le Talon du Sagittaire » dans le ciel gréco-arabe. Revivifié sous une forme raccourcie au début du XIXe siècle, ce nom est aujourd’hui approuvé par l’UAI pour ces deux étoiles . Ar. : ''cUrqūb al-Rāmī'', al-Ṣūfī, lat. ''orcob arrami'', Yeḥūda b. Mošè, ''arthob arami'', ''Tabl. Tolédanes.'' Plus tard ''cUrqūb al-Rāmī'', Uluġ Bēg > lat. ''‘Urkûb AlRâmi’'', Hyde, et ''‘Urkab er-Râmih’'', Lach > ''Arkab er râmih'', Bode ; ''Urkub'', Piazzi, ''Arkab'' et ''Urkub'', Allen, ''Arkab'', Rumrill. Fr. ''Urkub'', Coulier, ''Arcob'', Benhamouda, ''Arkab'', IGN. ''Arkab Prior'' et ''Posterior'', Rhoads, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI.</blockquote>

English: <blockquote>This name, which appears on the astrolabe, was introduced in the Middle Ages as a transcription of cUrqūb al-Rāmī, “the Heel of Sagittarius,” in the Greco-Arabic sky. Revived in a shortened form in the early 19th century, this name is now approved by the IAU for these two stars. Ar.: cUrqūb al-Rāmī, al-Ṣūfī, Lat. orcob arrami, Yeḥūda b. Mošè, arthob arami, Tabl. Tolédanes. Later cUrqūb al-Rāmī, Uluġ Bēg > Lat. ‘Urkûb AlRâmi’, Hyde, and ‘Urkab er-Râmih’, Lach > Arkab er râmih, Bode; Urkub, Piazzi, Arkab and Urkub, Allen, Arkab, Rumrill. Fr. Urkub, Coulier, Arcob, Benhamouda, Arkab, IGN. Arkab Prior and Posterior, Rhoads, etc., Simbad, UAI.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/10/05.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Arkab Posterior

2026-07-08T19:57:31Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Arkab Posterior}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Arkab Posterior (عرقوب الرامي) is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 95294 (β2 Sgr, HR 7343) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Applied in recent times from an abbreviation of its sci-A name 'urqub al-rami, "the Archer's Achilles Tendon".

Roland Laffitte (2025):<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref><blockquote>Figurant sur l’astrolabe, ce nom fut introduit au Moyen Âge comme transcription de cUrqūb al-Rāmī, « le Talon du Sagittaire » dans le ciel gréco-arabe. Revivifié sous une forme raccourcie au début du XIXe siècle, ce nom est aujourd’hui approuvé par l’UAI pour ces deux étoiles . Ar. : ''cUrqūb al-Rāmī'', al-Ṣūfī, lat. ''orcob arrami'', Yeḥūda b. Mošè, ''arthob arami'', ''Tabl. Tolédanes.'' Plus tard ''cUrqūb al-Rāmī'', Uluġ Bēg > lat. ''‘Urkûb AlRâmi’'', Hyde, et ''‘Urkab er-Râmih’'', Lach > ''Arkab er râmih'', Bode ; ''Urkub'', Piazzi, ''Arkab'' et ''Urkub'', Allen, ''Arkab'', Rumrill. Fr. ''Urkub'', Coulier, ''Arcob'', Benhamouda, ''Arkab'', IGN. ''Arkab Prior'' et ''Posterior'', Rhoads, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI.</blockquote>

English:<blockquote>This name, which appears on the astrolabe, was introduced in the Middle Ages as a transcription of cUrqūb al-Rāmī, “the Heel of Sagittarius,” in the Greco-Arabic sky. Revived in a shortened form in the early 19th century, this name is now approved by the IAU for these two stars. Ar.: cUrqūb al-Rāmī, al-Ṣūfī, Lat. orcob arrami, Yeḥūda b. Mošè, arthob arami, Tabl. Tolédanes. Later cUrqūb al-Rāmī, Uluġ Bēg > Lat. ‘Urkûb AlRâmi’, Hyde, and ‘Urkab er-Râmih’, Lach > Arkab er râmih, Bode; Urkub, Piazzi, Arkab and Urkub, Allen, Arkab, Rumrill. Fr. Urkub, Coulier, Arcob, Benhamouda, Arkab, IGN. Arkab Prior and Posterior, Rhoads, etc., Simbad, UAI.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/10/05.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]] [[Category:Modern]]

Polis

2026-07-08T19:57:03Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Polis}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Polis ( '''البلدة)''' is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Coptic. It is the name of HIP 89341 (μ Sgr, HR 6812) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

The term in Coptic means "a foal". It was originally used for stars in the bow of the Archer but was moved over time.

Roland Laffitte (2025):<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> <blockquote>Introduit récemment, ce nom n’est pas, contraiment aux appa-rences, le grec ''πόλις'' ''polis'', mais le copte ''πολιc'' ''polis'', adaption de l’arabe ''al-Balda'', désignant la XXIe station lunaire. Il est aujourd’hui validé par l’UAI. Ar. : Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba. « ''πολιc'' [par erreur] civitas, Arabicè ''Elbaldeh'' », Athanasius Kircher, ''Lingua aegypta, rtestituta'', 567, relevé p/ Allen, repris par ''Simbad'', UAI. </blockquote>English<blockquote>Although it may not seem so at first glance, this recently introduced name is not the Greek πόλις (polis), but the Coptic πολιc (polis), an adaptation of the Arabic al-Balda, referring to the 21st lunar station. It has now been validated by the IAU. Arabic: Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba. “πολιc [erroneously] civitas, Arabicè Elbaldeh,” Athanasius Kircher, *Lingua aegypta, rtestituta*, 567, noted by Allen, cited by Simbad, IAU.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/09/05.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Greswell (1852)

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Coptic]] [[Category:Egyptian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]

Kaus Australis

2026-07-08T19:56:38Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kaus Australis}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Kaus Australis ('''القوس''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 90185 (ε Sgr, HR 6879) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Sgr RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
Arbitrarily applied in recent times, together with the Latin distinctions of "middle", "southern", and "northern" (for λ Sgr), from the ind-A (and later sci-A) constellation name al-qaus, "the Bow". For the ind-Arabs, al-qaus was marked by the curved line of stars ξ2, o, π, d, ρ and υ Sgr (corresponding to what in other cultures was Sagittarius among the zodiacal signs). The sci-Arabs used the indigenous name for the Greeks' Archer, alternatively translated as al-rami.

Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref><blockquote>Ce nom, donné par Piazzi pour le groupe ''δελ Sgr'' dans le cadre de la figure grecque reprise par les astronomes arabes de l’époque clas-sique (voir ''δ Sgr''), est aujourd’hui approuvé par l’UAI. </blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM '': '''Alwarida''' Tertia.'' Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [''al-Nacā’im''] ''al-Wārida'' p/ le groupe ''γδεη Sgr'' (voir l’étoile à ''η Sgr'' p/ les explications). Quant à ''ε Sgr'', nous avons, ''via'' M. A. Sédillot, ''Alwarida'' ''tertia'', ''puis'' Benhamouda, et, par le truchement d’al-Aḫsāsī et de Knobel ''‘Thalath al Warida – Tertia τῶν Al Warida’''. </blockquote>English<blockquote>This name, given by Piazzi to the δελ Sgr group based on the Greek constellation adopted by Arab astronomers of the classical period (see δ Sgr), is now approved by the IAU. </blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Alwarida Tertia. Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [al-Nacā’im] al-Wārida for the γδεη Sgr group (see the star at η Sgr for explanations). As for ε Sgr, we have, via M. A. Sédillot, Alwarida tertia, then Benhamouda, and, through al-Aḫsāsī and Knobel, ‘Thalath al Warida – Tertia τῶν Al Warida’. </blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/07/20.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]][[Category:Modern]]

Kaus Borealis

2026-07-08T19:56:10Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kaus Borealis}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Kaus Borealis ('''القوس''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 90496 (λ Sgr, HR 6913) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Sgr RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).

Arbitrarily applied in recent times, together with the Latin distinctions of "middle", "southern", and "northern" (for λ Sgr), from the ind-A (and later sci-A) constellation name al-qaus, "the Bow". For the ind-Arabs, al-qaus was marked by the curved line of stars ξ2, o, π, d, ρ and υ Sgr (corresponding to what in other cultures was Sagittarius among the zodiacal signs). The sci-Arabs used the indigenous name for the Greeks' Archer, alternatively translated as al-rami.

Roland Laffitte (2025):<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> <blockquote>Ce nom, donné par Piazzi pour le groupe ''δελ Sgr'' dans le cadre de la figure grecque reprise par les astronomes arabes de l’époque classique (voir ''δ'' et ''ε Sgr''), est aujourd’hui retenu par Simbad et l’UAI. </blockquote>English: <blockquote>This name, given by Piazzi to the δελ Sgr group based on the Greek constellation adopted by Arab astronomers of the classical period (see δ and ε Sgr), is now used by Simbad and the IAU.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/07/20.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]][[Category:Modern]]

Kaus Media

2026-07-08T19:55:44Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kaus Media}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Kaus Media ('''القوس''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 89931 (δ Sgr, HR 6859) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Arbitrarily applied in recent times, together with the Latin distinctions of "middle", "southern", and "northern" (for λ Sgr), from the ind-A (and later sci-A) constellation name al-qaus, "the Bow". For the ind-Arabs, al-qaus was marked by the curved line of stars ξ2, o, π, d, ρ and υ Sgr (corresponding to what in other cultures was Sagittarius among the zodiacal signs). The sci-Arabs used the indigenous name for the Greeks' Archer, alternatively translated as al-rami.
[[File:Sgr_RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]

Roland Laffitte (2025):<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> <blockquote>Piazzi introduisit ce nom pour les étoiles du ''Τόξος'' / ''Toksos'', l’« Arc » des astronomes grecs, constitué par le groupe ''δελ Sgr''. Il le fit comme pour les deux autres étoiles du groupe, dont les noms sont retenus par l’UAI. Il le fit à partir de la description de l’Arc dans la figure grecque, alors que les Anciens Arabes nommaient spécifiquement ''al-Qaws'', « l’Arc », le groupe ''ξοπdρυ Sgr'', situé dans le ''Turban'' de ''Sagittarius'', autrement nommé ''al-Qilāda'', « le Collier ». Ar. ''al-Qaws'', Ibn Qutayba, al-Ṣūfī p/ ''ξοπdρυ Sgr''. Ar. ''al-Qaws'', p/ la constellation, d’où lat. ''‘Kaus’'', Hyde, puis ''Kaus Australis'' & ''Borealis'', Piazzi > fr. ''Kaus'', Francœur p/ ''δελ'' ''Sgr'', ''Kaus Media'', ''Australe'' & ''Boréale'', BdL., Rumrill, Rhoads, etc., UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM '': '''Alwarida''' Secunda''. Ar Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [''al-Nacā’im''] ''al-Wārida'' p/ le groupe ''γδεη Sgr'' ; se reporter à ''η Sgr'' pour les explications. P/ ''δ Sgr'', nous avons, ''via'' M. A. Sédillot, ''Alwarida'' ''Secunda'', Benhamouda, et ''via'' al-Aḫsāsī et Knobel, voir Allen, ''‘Thanih al Warida - Secunda τῶν Al Warida’''. </blockquote>English<blockquote>Piazzi introduced this name for the stars of Τόξος / Toksos, the “Bow” of the Greek astronomers, consisting of the δελ Sgr group. He did so in the same way as for the other two stars in the group, whose names are recognized by the IAU. He based this on the description of the Bow in Greek astronomy, whereas the ancient Arabs specifically referred to the group ξοπdρυ Sgr—located in the Turban of Sagittarius, also known as al-Qilāda, “the Necklace”—as al-Qaws, “the Bow.” Arabic al-Qaws, Ibn Qutayba, al-Ṣūfī for ξοπdρυ Sgr. Arabic al-Qaws, for the constellation, hence Latin ‘Kaus’, Hyde, then Kaus Australis & Borealis, Piazzi > French Kaus, Francœur for δελ Sgr, Kaus Media, Australe & Boréale, BdL., Rumrill, Rhoads, etc., UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Alwarida Secunda. Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [al-Nacā’im] al-Wārida for the γδεη group in Sgr; see η Sgr for explanations. For δ Sgr, we have, via M. A. Sédillot, Alwarida Secunda, Benhamouda, and via al-Aḫsāsī and Knobel, see Allen, “Thanih al Warida - Secunda τῶν Al Warida.”</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/07/20.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Alnasl

2026-07-08T19:55:00Z

Rolandlaffitte: added reference

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Alnasl}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

Alnasl ('''النصل''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 88635 (γ2 Sgr, HR 6746) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Applied in recent times from its late Arabic name al-nasl, "the Point", in turn an abbreviation of the Arabic Almagest's nasl al-sahm, "the Point of the Arrow".
[[File:Sgr_RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]

Roland Laffitte (2025):<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> <blockquote>Introduit au début du XXe siècle, et aujourd’hui retenu par l’UAI, c’est ''al-Naṣl'', « la Pointe [de la Flèche] ». Ar. ''al-Naṣl'', al-Tīzīnī > ''‘El-nasl’'', Ideler, ''‘Al Naṣl''’, Allen. ''Alnasl'', BdL (1908), Rhoads, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI. Var. ''Al Nasl'', Hoffleit, Nit. 01.</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRES NOMS '':'' '''1. ''Zujj al Nushshaba'''''. Ar''.''النشّابة زجّ ''Zuğğ al-Nuššāba'', « le Fer de la Flèche », plus précisément la flèche de bois utilisée par les Persans. Lat. ''‘Zugj AlNushaba’'', Hyde, ce qui donne ''Zudsch el-nûschaba'' c/ Bode, d’où ‘''Zujj al Nushshāba’'', Allen. Puis Hoffleit, Nit. 01. '''2. ''Nushaba'''''. C’est de la même transcription que précédemment que Piazzi a tiré ce nom raccourci, puis fr. : Coulier. Hoffleit, Nit. 01. '''3. ''Alwarida''''' ''Prima''. Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [''al-Nacā’im''] ''al-Wārida'' p/ le groupe ''γδεη Sgr'' ; se reporter à ''η Sgr'' pour les explications. Pour ce qui est plus particulièrement de ''γ Sgr'', nous avons ''Awwal al-Wārida'', al-Tīzīnī, ''‘Prima τῶν AlWârida’'', Hyde > ''El Waridah'', Bode ; ''El Keridab'' de façon fautive p/ Smith > Rumrill. Fr. : ''γ Sgr'' est ''Alwarida'' ''Prima'' c/ Benhamouda via M. A. Sédillot ; d’un autre côté ''‘Aoul al-Warida – ‘Prima τῶν Al Warida’'', Knobel < al-Aḫsāsī. 4'''. ''Alwazl'''''. C’est l’ar. الوصل ''al-Waṣl'', « la Liaison », Abū Ḥanifa ''ap.'' al-Marzūqī, qui désigne l’espace vide situé après ''al-Nacā’im'', mais faussement indiqué p/ ''λ Sgr'' par Assemani, comme le relève Ideler, mais ''‘Al Wasl’'', Allen, ''Alwazl'', Hoffleit, Nit. 01. </blockquote>English:<blockquote>Introduced in the early 20th century and now recognized by the IAU, it is al-Naṣl, “the Tip [of the Arrow].” Ar. al-Naṣl, al-Tīzīnī > ‘El-nasl’, Ideler, ‘Al Naṣl’, Allen. Alnasl, BdL (1908), Rhoads, etc., Simbad, IAU. Var. Al Nasl, Hoffleit, Nit. 01.</blockquote><blockquote>OTHER NAMES: 1. Zujj al Nushshaba. Arabic: النشّابة زجّ Zuğğ al-Nuššāba, “the Arrowhead,” more specifically the wooden arrow used by the Persians. Latin: ‘Zugj AlNushaba’, Hyde, which becomes Zudsch el-nûschaba according to Bode, hence ‘Zujj al Nushshāba’, Allen. Then Hoffleit, Nit. 01. 2. Nushaba. It is from the same transcription as above that Piazzi derived this shortened name, then Fr.: Coulier. Hoffleit, Nit. 01. 3. Alwarida Prima. Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [al-Nacā’im] al-Wārida via the γδεη Sgr group; see η Sgr for explanations. Specifically regarding γ Sgr, we have Awwal al-Wārida, al-Tīzīnī, “Prima τῶν AlWârida,” Hyde > El Waridah, Bode; El Keridab (erroneously) according to Smith > Rumrill. Fr.: γ Sgr is Alwarida Prima according to Benhamouda via M. A. Sédillot; on the other hand, ‘Aoul al-Warida – ‘Prima τῶν Al Warida’, Knobel < al-Aḫsāsī. 4. Alwazl. This is the Arabic الوصل al-Waṣl, “the Connection,” Abū Ḥanifa according to al-Marzūqī, which refers to the empty space following al-Nacā’im, but incorrectly indicated as λ Sgr by Assemani, as noted by Ideler; however, ‘Al Wasl’ is used by Allen, Alwazl by Hoffleit, and Nit. 01.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/08/21.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]

Ascella

2026-07-08T19:54:16Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Ascella}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Ascella (إبط) is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Latin. It is the name of HIP 93506 (ζ Sgr, HR 7194) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Ascella is a Latin word meaning "armpit". Although it appeared in the 1515 Almagest, the name does not appear to have come into common usage until the 20th century after appearing as Ascella in Richard Hinckley Allen's "Star Names Their Lore and Meaning" (1899).
[[File:Sgr_RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]

Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref><blockquote>Calque de l’arabe ''ibṭ'' employé dans l’''Almageste'' pour décrire la situation de cette étoile, il a vite été employé comme nom, et il est aujourd’hui approuvé par l’UAI. Gr. ''μασχάλη'' / ''maskhalē'', « aisselle », Ptolémée > ''ibṭ'', « idem », al-Ḥağğāğ > ‘''ascella’'', « idem », Gérard de Crémone ; ‘''axela’'', Bayer, d’où ''Ascella'', Allen, puis Rumrill, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM : '''''Alsadira''''' ''Tertia.'' Ar. الصادرة [النعايم] [''al-Nacā’im''] ''al-Ṣādira'' p/ le goupe ''ζστφ'' ''Sgr'' ; pour les explications, se reporter à ''φ Sgr''. Quant à ''ζ Sgr'', nous avons, ''via'' M. A. Sédillot, ''Aldadira'' ''Tertia'', Benhamouda, mais abs. c/ Knobel. ''Thalith al Sadira'', ''Wiki.''</blockquote>English:<blockquote>A loanword from the Arabic ibṭ, used in the *Almagest* to describe the position of this star, it was quickly adopted as a name and is now approved by the IAU. Gr. μασχάλη / maskhalē, “armpit,” Ptolemy > ibṭ, “same,” al-Ḥağğāğ > ‘ascella’, “same,” Gerard of Cremona; ‘axela’, Bayer, hence Ascella, Allen, then Rumrill, etc., Simbad, IAU.</blockquote><blockquote>OTHER NAME: Alsadira Tertia. Arabic: الصادرة [النعايم] [al-Nacā’im] al-Ṣādira for the group ζστφ Sgr; for explanations, see φ Sgr. As for ζ Sgr, we have, via M. A. Sédillot, Aldadira Tertia, Benhamouda, but absent in Knobel. Thalith al Sadira, Wiki.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/09/12.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Ptolemaeus. (1515). Almagestū Cl[audii] Ptolemei Pheludiensis Alexandrini Astronomo[rum] principis : opus ingens ac nobile omnes celorū motus continens ... Liechtenstein, Petrus. p.84.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Latin]] [[Category:European]][[Category:Modern]]

Rukbat

2026-07-08T19:53:38Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Rukbat}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Rukbat ( '''ركبة الرامي''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 95347 (α Sgr, HR 7348) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Applied in recent times from an abbreviation of its sci-A name rukbat al-rami, "the Archer's Knee".
[[File:Rukbat RL2025.png|thumb|''al-Nacā’im'', « les Autruches », et ''al-Ṣurādān,'' « les Deux Sourads », ''les'' (RL)for Rukbat (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]

[[File:Sgr_RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
Roland Laffitte (2025):<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref><blockquote>Introduit sous cette forme moderne au XXe siècle, ce nom, aujourd’hui proposé par l’UAI, est le premier terme du nom arabe ''Rukbat al-Rāmī'', « le Genou du Sagittaire », dans le ciel que les astronomes arabes ont hérité des Grecs. Ar. ''Rukbat al-Rāmī'', al-Ṣūfī sur l’image, ms. St-Pétersbourg, ‘''Rucba AlRâmî'', Hyde, Allen > ''Rukbat'', Rumrill, fr. : Benhamouda, Rhoads, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI. </blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM '':'' '''1. ''Rukbat al Rami.''''' Ar. ركبة ''Rukbat al-Rāmī'', « le Genou du Sagittaire ». Lat. très tôt : ''Racbat aram'', ''Tabl. Toléd.'', puis ‘''Ruchbah er-Râmih’'', Lach > ''Ruchbah er-Râmih'', Bode, puis Bloxam & Hall, Burritt ; ''Rukbah ur Rami'', Hoffleit, ''Rukbat al Rami'', Nit. 01. '''2. ''Alrami'''''<nowiki/>''.'' C’est الرامي ''al-Rāmī'', le nom de la constellation, ''‘AlRâmî’'', Hyde, ou alors le 2nd terme de ''Rukbat al-Rāmī'', d’où ''Al Rami'', Piazzi, ''Alrami'', Littrow, fr. : Tempesti (1983). Hoffleit, Nit. 01.</blockquote>English<blockquote>Introduced in this modern form in the 20th century, this name—now proposed by the IAU—is the first part of the Arabic name Rukbat al-Rāmī, “the Knee of Sagittarius,” in the sky that Arab astronomers inherited from the Greeks. Arabic: Rukbat al-Rāmī; al-Ṣūfī pictured; manuscript in St. Petersburg; ‘Rucba AlRâmî’; Hyde, Allen > Rukbat; Rumrill; French: Benhamouda, Rhoads, etc.; Simbad; IAU.</blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: 1. Rukbat al-Rami. Arabic: ركبة Rukbat al-Rāmī, “the Knee of Sagittarius.” Very early Latin: Racbat aram, Toledo Table, then ‘Ruchbah er-Râmih’, Lach > Ruchbah er-Râmih, Bode, then Bloxam & Hall, Burritt; Rukbah ur Rami, Hoffleit, Rukbat al Rami, Nit. 01. 2. Alrami. This is الرامي al-Rāmī, the name of the constellation, ‘AlRâmî’, Hyde, or the second term of Rukbat al-Rāmī, hence Al Rami, Piazzi, Alrami, Littrow, French: Tempesti (1983). Hoffleit, Nit. 01.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/07/20.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]

Albaldah

2026-07-08T19:52:49Z

Rolandlaffitte:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Albaldah ('''البلدة''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 94141 (π Sgr, HR 7264) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Rukbat RL2025.png|thumb|Albaldah (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]
The name of the 21st Arabic lunar station, البلدة, Al-Baldah (The empty area), designates a starless region between ζ Sgr and α Cap; the star π Sgr is at its northern edge and was wrongly attributed with this name by Allen (1899, 359).
Roland Laffitte (2025):<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> <blockquote>Introduit au début du XXe siècle, et aujourd’hui approuvé par l’UAI, c’est l’arabe ''al-Balda'', soit « le Lieu [vide] », situé au-dessous de la ''Tête du Sagittaire'', nom de la XXIe station lunaire avant d’être affecté à ''π Sgr''. Ar. : Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba, lat. ''’Abelda’'' et ''‘Albelda’'', Alchandre. Bien plus tard, not. al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Al Beldah’'', Hyde, ''‘El-Belda’'', Ideler, ''‘Al Balda’''. Fr. ''Albaldah'', BdL (1908).)''.'' Ar. : Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba, not. Al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Al Baldah’'', Allen > fr. ''Albaldah'', BdL (1908), Nit. 02, mais ''Al Baldah'', Rhoads, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM : '''''Nayyir al-Balda'''''. Ar. نيّرالبلدة ''Nayyir al-Balda'', « la Brillante du Lieu [vide] », al-Aḫsāsī, > ''‘Nir al Beldat''’ c/ Knobel. Aussi : ''Alnair'', Allen > Staal < ''Nayyir al-Balda'', « la Brillante du Lieu [vide] », al-Aḫsāsī, ''‘Nir al Beldat''’, Knobel, qui devient ''‘Al Nā’ir’'' c/ Allen > ''Al Nair'', Staal, Nit. 02, ''Nir el Beldat'', ''Wiki.''</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRES NOMS : '''''Alsadira''''' ''Secunda''. Ar. الصادرة [النعايم]. Cette étoile fait partie du groupe ''ζστφ'' ''Sgr''; pour les explications, se reporter à ''φ Sgr'' . Pour ''ς Sgr'', nous avons, ''via'' M. A. Sédillot, ''Aldadira'' ''Secunda'', BdL (1908), ''via'' Knobel, ''‘Thani al Sadirah – Secunda τῶν Al Sadirah’'' (p/ ''ϕ Sgr''). Auj. ''Awal al Sadira'', ''Sadira'', ''Wiki''. NB. : ''Alnam'', soit l’ar. ''al-Nacām'', « les Autruches », p/ ''μ Sgr'', Rhoads, sans suite. NB : on trouve ''Nam al Sadira III'' et ''IV'' p/ χ1 et χ''2 Sgr'' c/ Rhoads. Var. ''Al Sadira'' Schweiger-Lerchenfeld p/ ''σ Sgr'', ''Sadira'', Rumrill, Hoffleit. Nit. 01. </blockquote>

English:<blockquote>Introduced in the early 20th century and now approved by the UAI, this is the Arabic term al-Balda, meaning “the [empty] Place,” located below the Head of Sagittarius; it was the name of the 21st lunar station before being assigned to π Sgr. Ar.: Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba; Lat. ’Abelda’ and ‘Albelda’, Alchandre. Much later, notably al-Tīzīnī > ‘Al Beldah’, Hyde, ‘El-Belda’, Ideler, ‘Al Balda’. Fr. Albaldah, BdL (1908).). Arabic: Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba, notably Al-Tīzīnī > ‘Al Baldah’, Allen > French Albaldah, BdL (1908), Nit. 02, but Al Baldah, Rhoads, etc., Simbad, UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Nayyir al-Balda. Arabic: نيّرالبلدة Nayyir al-Balda, “the Bright One of the [Empty] Place,” al-Aḫsāsī, > ‘Nir al Beldat’ according to Knobel. Also: Alnair, Allen > Staal < Nayyir al-Balda, “the Bright One of the [Empty] Place,” al-Aḫsāsī, ‘Nir al Beldat’, Knobel, which becomes ‘Al Nā’ir’ c/ Allen > Al Nair, Staal, Nit. 02, Nir el Beldat, Wiki.</blockquote><blockquote>OTHER NAMES: Alsadira Secunda. Ar. الصادرة [النعايم]. This star is part of the ζστφ Sgr group; for explanations, see φ Sgr. For ς Sgr, we have, via M. A. Sédillot, Aldadira Secunda, BdL (1908), via Knobel, ‘Thani al Sadirah – Secunda τῶν Al Sadirah’ (for ϕ Sgr). Currently: Awal al Sadira, Sadira, Wiki. NB: Alnam, i.e., the Arabic al-Nacām, “the Ostriches,” for μ Sgr, Rhoads, no further details. NB: Nam al Sadira III and IV are found for χ1 and χ2 Sgr according to Rhoads. Var. Al Sadira Schweiger-Lerchenfeld for σ Sgr, Sadira, Rumrill, Hoffleit. Nit. 01.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/09/05.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* --

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]] [[Category:Modern]]

Ainalrami

2026-07-08T19:52:19Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Etymology and History */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Ainalrami profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Ainalrami - profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
Ainalrami ('''عين الرامي''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 92761 (ν1 Sgr, HR 7116) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Ainalrami stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Ainalrami - stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
[[File:Sgr_RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
Arabic عين الرامي ʽain al-rāmī (simplified Ainalrami) means The Eye of the Archer. It originates from Arabic Almagest translations.

Roland Laffitte (2025):<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''</ref> <blockquote>Apparu récemment, soit au début du XXe siècle, et à présent retenu par l’UAI, ce nom est l’arabe ''cAyn al-Rāmī'', « l’Œil du Sagittaire », donné de façon tardive dans le cadre du ciel gréco-arabe. Ar. ''cAyn al-Rāmī'', Uluġ Bēg > lat. ''‘Aïn AlRâmi’'', Hyde, ''Ain er-Râmî'', Bode ''via'' Lach, puis Allen. Fr. ''Aïn'', Benhamouda. Var. ''Ain al Rami I'' et ''II'' p/ ''ν1'' et ''ν2 Sgr,'' Rhoads, Hoffleit p/ ''ν Sgr, Simbad'' et UAI p/ ''γ1 Sgr'', seul ; ''Ain al Rami'', not. ''Wiki/en''.</blockquote>

English: <blockquote>This name, which appeared recently—at the beginning of the 20th century—and is now recognized by the UAI, is the Arabic cAyn al-Rāmī, “the Eye of Sagittarius,” a designation applied belatedly within the Greco-Arabic celestial system. Ar. cAyn al-Rāmī, Uluġ Bēg > Lat. ‘Aïn AlRâmi’, Hyde, Ain er-Râmî, Bode via Lach, then Allen. Fr. Aïn, Benhamouda. Var. Ain al Rami I and II for ν1 and ν2 in Sagittarius, Rhoads, Hoffleit for ν in Sagittarius, Simbad and UAI for γ1 in Sagittarius, alone; Ain al Rami, notably on Wiki/en.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/09/05.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* --

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]

References

2026-07-08T19:51:52Z

Rolandlaffitte: /* Arabic */

__FORCETOC__

In many cases, there is a very limited corpus of literature dealing with the identifications of constellations. In these cases, we give a list here (below); in case of huge amount of literature, we create an extra page and link it here.

==Dictionaries and Tools==

=== [[Historical Maps]] ===

=== Interactive digitals Maps and Globes ===

* [[Kugel Globe]] (high resolution), probably Indian from "Greek Period" in art, with Chinese influence
* Chinese [http://www.chinesehsc.org/chinese_astronomy.shtml Suzhou Map] (13th century with older data)
* [https://digicult2.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/digicult_derivate_00115090/Sternkarte2.tif 1395 Korean Map] (Uni Jena)
* [https://homepage.univie.ac.at/georg.zotti/virtual_globes/modelviewer.html?obj=globes/1279_al-Urdi/1279_al-Urdi.obj 1279 al-Urdi's Celestial Globe]
* [https://homepage.univie.ac.at/georg.zotti/virtual_globes/modelviewer.html?obj=globes/1626_Greuter_Sky/1626_Greuter_Sky.obj 1626 Nicolai&Greuter's Celestial Globe]
* [https://homepage.univie.ac.at/georg.zotti/virtual_globes/modelviewer.html?obj=globes/1688_Coronelli_Sky/1688_Coronelli_Sky.obj 1688 Coronelli's Celestial Globe]
* [https://homepage.univie.ac.at/georg.zotti/virtual_globes/modelviewer.html?obj=globes/1792_Cassini_Sky/1792_Cassini_Sky_optLayout.obj 1792 Cassini's Celestial Globe]

=== Standard References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Barentine (2016)
|Barentine, John C. (2016). The Lost Constellations - A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore, Springer
|-
|Blume, Haffner, Metzger (2012/16)
|Blume, Dieter; Haffner, Mechthild and Metzger, Wolfgang, ''Der gemalte Himmel zwischen Wissenschaft und Phantasie.'' (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012/ 2016)

* Vol. 1 (2012). ''800-1200'' ''Sternbilder des Mittelalters.''
* Vol. 2 (2016). ''Sternbilder des Mittelalters und der Renaissance.''
|-
|Delporte (1930)
|Delporte, Eugène, ''Délimitation scientifique des constellations (tables et cartes)'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930) [[https://historiadelaastronomia.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/delporte.pdf online link]] -- published on behalf of the International Research Council of the International Astronomical Union.
|-
|Dekker (2013)
|Dekker, Elly, ''Illustrating the Phaenomena: Celestial Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press) ISBN 978-0-19-960969-7.
|-
|Gössmann (1950)||Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].
|-
|Hoffmann (2021)
|Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021
|-
|Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (2022)
|Hoffmann, Susanne M and Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021;'' Nuncius Hamburgensis 57, (Ahrensburg: tredition & Berlin:OpenScienceTechnology, 2022)
|-
|Kanas (2012, 2019)
|Kanas, Nick (2012, 2019). Star Maps. History, Artistry, and Cartography, Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 1461409179, 9781461409175 https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-13613-0.
|-
|Kurtik (2007)
|Куртик, Г.Е., ''Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies]'' (St. Petersburg: Aletejja, 2007) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/kurtik_zvezdnoe_nebo_drevnei_mesopotamii_2007.pdf online link]].
|-
|Ridpath (1988, 2018)
|Ridpath, Ian, ''Star Tales'' (Cambridge: Lutterworth Press, 1988) ISBN 0-7188-2695-7 [[https://archive.org/details/startales0000ridp_w3y6 Internet Archive link]] -- a revised and expanded edition was published in 2018 [ISBN 978-07188-9478-8] -- online version on [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/contents.html Ridpath's website].
|-
|Warner (1979)
|Warner, Deborah Jean, ''The Sky Explored: Celestial Cartography 1500-1800'' (New York / Amsterdam: Alan R. Liss, Inc. / Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Ltd., 1979) ISBN 90-221-2003-1.
|-
|Zotti et al. (2020).||Zotti, Georg; Hoffmann, Susanne M.; Wolf, Alexander; Chéreau, Fabien & Chéreau, Guillaume, "The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research", ''Journal of Skyscape Archaeology'', '''6(2)''' (2020), 221--258 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1558/jsa.17822</nowiki>.
|}

=== Contemporary Star Name Literature ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Allen (1899).||Allen, Richard Hinckley (1899). Star Names - Their Lore and Meaning. Dover Publications, Inc., New York
|-
|Hoffmann et al. WGSN (2025a)
|Susanne M. Hoffmann, Doris Vickers, Eric Mamajek, Danielle Adams, Khalid AlAjaji, Juan Antonio Belmote Avilés, Cheung Sze-leung, Daniel Cunnama, Jörg Matthias Determann, Beatriz García, Steven Gullberg, Duane Hamacher, Roland Laffitte, Alejandro M. López, Javier Mejuto, Thierry Montmerle, Ian Ridpath, Clive Ruggles, Yunli Shi, B.S. Shylaja, Xiaochun Sun, Hitoshi Yamaoka, Boshun Yang (2025): The IAU-Working Group on Star Names (WGSN): '''A Review of Recent Activities''', ''Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage'', 28(1), 280–286.
|-
|Hoffmann et al. WGSN (2025b)
|Susanne M. Hoffmann,* Khalid AlAjaji, B.S. Shylaja, Yang Boshun, Danielle Adams, Eric Mamajek, Ian Ridpath, Paul Baki, Juan Antonio Belmonte Avilés, Sze-Leung Cheung, Daniel Cunnama, Jörg Matthias Determann, M. Sadegh Faghanpour, Steven Gullberg, Duane Hamacher, Roland Laffitte, Alejandro M. López, Javier Mejuto, Thierry Montmerle, Clive Ruggles, Shi Yunli, Doris Vickers, Sun Xiaochun, and Hitoshi Yamaoka (2025). The IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN): '''Research Finds in 2025'''. ''Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage'', 28(4), 1026–1038 (2025).
|-
|Kunitzsch and Smart (2006)
|Kunitzsch, Paul and Tim Smart (2006). A Dictionary of Modern Star Names. A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations., Sky and Telescope, Sky Publishing, Cambridge MA (USA).
|-
|Rhoads (1971)
|Rhoads, Jack W. (1971). A Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars. NASA JPL CIT, Technical Memorandum 33-507, Pasadena, 15 November 1971
|}

== Library ==

=== Arabic ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|Adams (2018)
|Adams, Danielle, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018
|-
|Adams (online)
|[http://onesky.arizona.edu/ Two Deserts - One Sky,] Univ. of Arizona
|-
|AlAjaji, Khalid (2021)
|al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. ''Kitāb al-kawākib.'' Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition 2021 (PDF)
|-
|Hafez (2010)
|Ihsan Hafez (2010). Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi and his book of the fixed stars: a journey of re-discovery, [https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/28854/ PhD Thesis], James Cook University (Australia) Publisher Website: https://doi.org/10.25903/6xsf-aa64
|-
|Kunitzsch (1961)
|Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz
|-
|Laffitte (2012)
|Roland Laffitte (2012), ''Le ciel des Arabes,'' Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner
|-
|Laffitte (2025)
|Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots (online: [https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ ''URANOS.FR'']'')''
|-
|Laffitte (online)
|Laffitte: URANOS.FR https://uranos.fr/
|-
|al-Marzuqi (2002)
|Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah (Times and Places), (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon)., الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ.
|-
|ibn Qutayba (1956)
|Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya
|-
|as-Sufi (1981)
|al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.
|}

=== [[References (Babylonian)|Babylonian]] ===
The dictionary of Babylonian celestial names had been compiled by G. Kurtik (2007) based on Gössmann (1950). Kurtik's version is much improved and enriched, however it has been reworked by himself until his death in April 2023 and further reworked and translated to English by the research group led by Wayne Horowitz and Susanne M. Hoffmann.

As we present them here, the references for the Babylonian Sky Culture are so rich that they need to go to [[References (Babylonian)|another website]].

=== Balinese ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Maas (1929)
|Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in ''Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928'', 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.
|-
|Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum) (2021)
|Tim Kajian Palelintangan, ''Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan'' (Denpasar: Museum Bali, 2021), pp 1-149.
|-
|Rapini & Mayun (1979)
|Rapini, Nyoman & Mayun, Ida Bagus, ''Palalintangan Kalender Astronomi Bali Koleksi Museum Bali'' (Denpasar: Proyek Pengembangan Permuseuman Bali, 1979), pp 1-69.
|-
|Wikarman & Sutarya (2023)
|Wikarman, I Nyoman Singgin & Sutarya, I Gede, ''Wariga'' (Denpasar: Yayasan Wikarman, 2023).
|-
|Ardhana (2006)
|Ardhan, I.B. Suparta, ''Pokok-Pokok Wariga'' (Surabaya: PARAMITA, 2006).
|-
|Sanjaya (2016)
|Sanjaya, Putu, ''Hari Suci & Wariga Dewasa'' (Surabaya: PARAMITA, 2016).
|-
|Suhardana (2005)
|Suhardana, K.M., ''Babad Nyuhaya'' (Surabaya: PARAMITA, 2005)
|-
|Adiputra (2003)
|Adiputra, Gede Rudia, ''Pengetahuan Dasar Agama Hindu'' (Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya Mitra, 2003)
|-
|Wikarman & Sutarya (2005)
|Wikarman, I Nyoman Singgin & Sutarya, I Gede, ''Hari Raya Hindu Bali-India'' (Surabaya: PARAMITA, 2005).
|}

=== [[References (Chinese)|Chinese]] ===
The rich literature is compiled at the separate page linked above; here are the main sources:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Ho (1962)
|Peng-Yoke Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', '''5''' (1962), 127-225 [[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962VA......5..127H/abstract ADS link]].
|-
|Pan Nai (2009)
|Pān Nài [潘鼐], ''Zhōngguó Héngxīng Guāncè Shǐ [中国恒星观测史]'' (Shanghai: Xuélín Chūbǎnshè, 2009) [[https://archive.org/download/Ancient-Chinese-Astronomy/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E8%A7%82%E6%B5%8B%E5%8F%B22009_%E6%BD%98%E9%BC%9012259369.pdf Internet Archive link]] -- revised edition of a work first published in 1989.
|-
|Pan Nai & Wang De-chang (1981)
|Pān Nài [潘鼐] & Wang De-chang, “The Huang-You Star List of the Song Dynasty: A Chinese Star List of the Early Medieval Period”, ''Chinese Astronomy & Astrophysics'', '''5''' (1981), 441-448 [[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981ChA%26A...5..441P/abstract ADS link]] -– first published in Chinese in ''Acta Astronomica Sinica'', '''22''' (1981), 107-119.
|-
| Pankenier (2013)
|Pankenier, David W., ''Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: Conforming Earth to Heaven'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013) ISBN 978-1-107-00672-0 -- the appendix [pp. 444-511] contains an English translation of Sīmǎ Qiān [司馬遷]'s "Treatise of the Celestial Offices" [chapter 27 of the ''Shǐjì [史記]''] with the earliest comprehensive description of the Chinese constellations.
|-
| Rufus & Hsing-chih T'ien (1945)
|Rufus, Will Carl & Hsing-chih T'ien, ''The Soochow Astronomical Chart'' (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1945) [[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001475761 HathTtrust link]].
|-
|Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker (1997)
|Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker, Jacob, ''The Chinese Sky during the Han: Constellating Stars and Society'' (Leiden [etc.]: Brill, 1997 [= ''Sinica Leidensia'', vol. XXXVIII]) ISBN 90-04-10737-1.
|-
|Boshun Yang (2023)
|杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD Dissertation, University of Science and Technology of China (Hefei)
|}

=== [[References (Greco-Roman)|Greco-Roman]]===
The dictionary of Greco-Roman celestial names is compiled by members of the IAU WGSN.

The [[References (Greco-Roman)|original sources are compiled in a separate pag]]<nowiki/>e.

=== India ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Shylaja & Pai (2019)
|Shylaja & Pai (2019). Āpa and Apāṃvatsa – enigmatic stars catalogued in Sūryasiddhānta, J. Astrophys. Astr 40:48 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-019-9614-1
|-
|Sarma, S R, 2022
|Catalogue of Indian Astronomical Instruments (online)
|-
|
|https://srsarma.in/catalogue.php
|}

=== Indonesian Archipelago ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Maaß (1920/21)
|Alfred Maaß, "Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiïschen Archipel", ''Zeitschrift für Ethnologie'', '''52/53''' (1920/21), 38-63 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23031518 JSTOR link]].
|-
|Maaß (1924 & 1926)
|Alfred Maaß, "Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiïschen Archipel", ''Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', '''64''' (1924), 1-172 & 347-460 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1924_64.pdf KITLV link]] with a "Nachtrag" in ''ibid.'', '''66''' (1926), 618-670 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1926_66.pdf KITVL link]].
|-
|Maaß (1932)
|Alfred Maaß, "Altjavanische Tierkreisbecher", ''Zeitschrift für Ethnologie'', '''64''' (1932), 105-112 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25839369 JSTOR link]].
|-
|Maaß (1933)
|Alfred Maaß, "Die Sterne im Glauben der Indonesier", ''Zeitschrift für Ethnologie'', '''65''' (1933), 264-303 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25839449 JSTOR link]].
|-
|Oudemans (1881)
|Jean Abraham Chrétien Oudemans, "Mededeeling betreffende de sterrenbeelden, wier hoogte boven den horizon, op een bepaald oogenblik van den nacht, door de Javanen ten behoeve van den landbouw geraadpleegd wordt", ''Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen'', Afdeeling Natuurkunde, Tweede Reeks, '''16''' (1881), 177-194 [[https://books.google.com/books?id=1jk-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA177 Google Books link]] -- also published as a separatum [[https://books.google.com/books?id=_iCC20ooLsgC Google Books link]].
|-
|Pannekoek (1919)
|Antonie Pannekoek, "Een merkwaardig Javaansch sterrenbeeld", ''Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', '''69''' (1929), 51-57 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1929_69.pdf KITVL link]].
|-
|Schadee (1914)
|Schadee, Merie C., "De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo", ''Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië'', '''69''' (1914), 130-139 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20769751 JSTOR link]].
|}

=== [[References (Lokono)|Lokono]] ===
The sources are compiled in separate pages.

=== Norse ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Citation Form
!Bibliography
|-
|Beckman & Kålund (eds.) (1914–1916)
|Beckman, N. & Kålund, K. (eds.) (1914–1916) Alfræði íslenzk II: Rímtöl. Copenhagen: Hið íslenzka bókmenntafélag.
|-
|Holmberg (2022)
|Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).
|-
|Jonsson (1994)
|Jonsson, B. (1994) Star Myths of the Vikings: A New Concept of Norse Mythology. Swan River, Manitoba: The Author.
|-
|Krause (2010)
|Krause, A. (2010) Reclam’s Lexicon of Germanic Mythology and Heroic Legend. Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam jun.
|-
|Lorenz (1984)
|Lorenz, G. (1984) Gylfaginning. Text, translation and commentary. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. (Texte zur Forschung, 48).
|-
|Persson (2017)
|Persson, J.R. (2017) Norse Constellations. ResearchGate. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15662.92483.
|-
|Sigurðsson (2022)
|Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.
|-
|Sturluson (2017)
|Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam.
|-
|Bjarnadóttir (2014)
|Bjarnadóttir, Kristín (2014). Calendars and currency - Embedded in Icelandic culture, nature, society and language. in: Evekyne Barbin, Uffe Thomas Jankvist, Tinne Hoff Kjeldsen (eds.) History and Epistemology in Mathematics Education, (ESU 7), At: Copenhagen, Volume online. printed in Aarhus DK, 605-627
|}

=== [[References (Samoan)|Samoan]] ===
The sources are compiled in separate pages.

=== [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|Early Modern]] ===
Secondary literature (modern authors who write about specific cases of identifications or constellation history) is [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|collected on a separate page]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Lodewijcksz (1598)
|Lodewijcksz, Willem, ''D'eerste boeck. Historie van Indien, waer inne verhaelt is de avontueren die de Hollandtsche schepen bejeghent zijn ...: Daer by ghevoecht ... de conterfeytsels der inwoonderen'' (Amsterdam: Cornelis Claesz, 1598) [[https://books.google.com/books?id=SzNmAAAAcAAJ online link]] , [https://xing.fmi.uni-jena.de/mediawiki/images/4/42/Lodewijcksz_-The_Description_of_a_Voyage_made_by_certaine_Ships_of_Holland_into_the_East_Indies_%281598%29.pdf PDF].

Several partial or complete journals describing the events of the "[[wikipedia:First_Dutch_Expedition_to_the_East_Indies|Eerste Schipvaart]]" have been preserved - the journal of Willem Lodewijcksz, published in Amsterdam in April 1598, is generally considered to be the most important one.

Reprinted with copious notes in the first volume of:

*Rouffaer, Gerret Pieter & Ijzerman, Jan Willem (eds.), ''De Eerste Schipvaart der Nederlanders naar Oost-Indië onder Cornelis de Houtman, 1595-1597 : Journalen, documenten en andere bescheiden, uitgegeven en toegelicht'' (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1915--1929 [= ''Werken uitgegeven door de Linschoten-Vereeniging'', vols. VII, XXV & XXXII]), 3 vols. [[https://archive.org/details/deeersteschipvaa01rouf/ Internet Archive link 1]] / [https://archive.org/details/deeersteschipvaa02rouf/ link 2]] / [https://archive.org/details/deeersteschipvaa03rouf/ link 3]].

Some of the other journals were already published in October 1597 by the Middelburg publisher Berent Langenes who issued revised and expanded editions in December 1597 and early 1598:

*Langenes, Barent (ed.), ''Iournael Vande Reyse der Hollandtsche Schepen ghedaen in Oost Indien, haer Coersen, Streckinghen ende vreemde avonturen die haer bejegent zijn'' (Middelburg: Barent Langenes, 1597) [[https://books.google.com/books?id=S-JjAAAAcAAJ online link of the 1598 edition]].

Contemporary translations, mainly based on the 1597/98 edition of Langenes, were published in English, German, Latin and French:

*German: Hulsius, Levinus (transl.), ''Kurtze Warhafftige Beschreibung der newen Reyse oder Schiffahrt, so die Hollendischen Schiff, in denn Orientalischen Indien; verricht : Welche Anno 1595. in Martio, Alda außgefahrn und erst im Augusto deß verlauffenen 1597 Jahrs, widerkommen seind. Darinne der gantz succes der Reyse, was sich täglich verlauffen und zugetragen, erzält wird'' (Nürnberg: Christoff Lochner, 1598) [[https://archive.org/details/kurtzewarhafftig00hout/ Internet Archive link]].

*English: Phillip, William (transl.), ''The Description of a voyage made by certaine Ships of Holland into the East Indies : With their adventures and successe : Together with the description of the Countries, Townes, and inhabitants of the same : Who set forth on the second of April 1595. and returned on the 14. of August, 1597'' (London: John Wolfe, 1598) [[:File:Lodewijcksz -The Description of a Voyage made by certaine Ships of Holland into the East Indies (1598).pdf |(pdf)]].

*Latin:

*French:
|-
|de Houtman (1603)
|De Houtman, Frederick, ''Spraeck ende woord-boeck inde Maleysche ende Madagaskarsche Talen, met vele Arabische ende Turcsche woorden ... : Noch zijn hier byghevoecht de declinatien van vele vaste sterren, staende omtrent den Zuyd-pool, voor desen tijdt noyt ghesien'' (Amsterdam: Jan Evertsz. Cloppenburgh, 1603) [[https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055 online link]] (in Dutch).

Translations are available in:
*French (Marre 1881): Marre, Aristide, “Catalogue des étoiles circumpolaires australes observées dans l'Ile de Sumatra”, ''Bulletin sciences mathématiques et astronomiques'', '''1''' (1881), 336–352 [[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1881BSMA....5..336H/abstract ADS link]].
*English (Knobel 1917): Knobel, Edward Ball, “On Frederick de Houtman's catalogue of southern stars, and the origin of the southern constellations”, ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''77''' (1917), 414–432 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.5.414 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..414K/abstract ADS link]] with errata in ''ibid.'', '''77''' (1917), 580 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.8.580 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..580K/abstract ADS link]].
*Spanish (Selga 1918/19): Selga, Miguel, "Un catálogo antiguo de estrellas australes", ''Revista de la Sociedad Astronómica de España y América'', '''8''' (1918), 84-90 & '''9''' (1919), 11, 44-46 & 62-63 [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/selga_1918-1919.pdf online link]].
|}

__DISAMBIG__

[[Category: References]]
[[Category:Service]]

Ainalrami

2026-07-07T11:30:02Z

Rolandlaffitte:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Ainalrami profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Ainalrami - profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
Ainalrami ('''عين الرامي''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 92761 (ν1 Sgr, HR 7116) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Ainalrami stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Ainalrami - stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
[[File:Sgr_RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
Arabic عين الرامي ʽain al-rāmī (simplified Ainalrami) means The Eye of the Archer. It originates from Arabic Almagest translations.

Roland Laffitte (2025): <blockquote>Apparu récemment, soit au début du XXe siècle, et à présent retenu par l’UAI, ce nom est l’arabe ''cAyn al-Rāmī'', « l’Œil du Sagittaire », donné de façon tardive dans le cadre du ciel gréco-arabe. Ar. ''cAyn al-Rāmī'', Uluġ Bēg > lat. ''‘Aïn AlRâmi’'', Hyde, ''Ain er-Râmî'', Bode ''via'' Lach, puis Allen. Fr. ''Aïn'', Benhamouda. Var. ''Ain al Rami I'' et ''II'' p/ ''ν1'' et ''ν2 Sgr,'' Rhoads, Hoffleit p/ ''ν Sgr, Simbad'' et UAI p/ ''γ1 Sgr'', seul ; ''Ain al Rami'', not. ''Wiki/en''.</blockquote>

English: <blockquote>This name, which appeared recently—at the beginning of the 20th century—and is now recognized by the UAI, is the Arabic cAyn al-Rāmī, “the Eye of Sagittarius,” a designation applied belatedly within the Greco-Arabic celestial system. Ar. cAyn al-Rāmī, Uluġ Bēg > Lat. ‘Aïn AlRâmi’, Hyde, Ain er-Râmî, Bode via Lach, then Allen. Fr. Aïn, Benhamouda. Var. Ain al Rami I and II for ν1 and ν2 in Sagittarius, Rhoads, Hoffleit for ν in Sagittarius, Simbad and UAI for γ1 in Sagittarius, alone; Ain al Rami, notably on Wiki/en.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/09/05.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* --

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]

Albaldah

2026-07-07T11:29:44Z

Rolandlaffitte:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Albaldah ('''البلدة''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 94141 (π Sgr, HR 7264) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Rukbat RL2025.png|thumb|Albaldah (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]
The name of the 21st Arabic lunar station, البلدة, Al-Baldah (The empty area), designates a starless region between ζ Sgr and α Cap; the star π Sgr is at its northern edge and was wrongly attributed with this name by Allen (1899, 359).
Roland Laffitte (2025): <blockquote>Introduit au début du XXe siècle, et aujourd’hui approuvé par l’UAI, c’est l’arabe ''al-Balda'', soit « le Lieu [vide] », situé au-dessous de la ''Tête du Sagittaire'', nom de la XXIe station lunaire avant d’être affecté à ''π Sgr''. Ar. : Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba, lat. ''’Abelda’'' et ''‘Albelda’'', Alchandre. Bien plus tard, not. al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Al Beldah’'', Hyde, ''‘El-Belda’'', Ideler, ''‘Al Balda’''. Fr. ''Albaldah'', BdL (1908).)''.'' Ar. : Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba, not. Al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Al Baldah’'', Allen > fr. ''Albaldah'', BdL (1908), Nit. 02, mais ''Al Baldah'', Rhoads, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM : '''''Nayyir al-Balda'''''. Ar. نيّرالبلدة ''Nayyir al-Balda'', « la Brillante du Lieu [vide] », al-Aḫsāsī, > ''‘Nir al Beldat''’ c/ Knobel. Aussi : ''Alnair'', Allen > Staal < ''Nayyir al-Balda'', « la Brillante du Lieu [vide] », al-Aḫsāsī, ''‘Nir al Beldat''’, Knobel, qui devient ''‘Al Nā’ir’'' c/ Allen > ''Al Nair'', Staal, Nit. 02, ''Nir el Beldat'', ''Wiki.''</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRES NOMS : '''''Alsadira''''' ''Secunda''. Ar. الصادرة [النعايم]. Cette étoile fait partie du groupe ''ζστφ'' ''Sgr''; pour les explications, se reporter à ''φ Sgr'' . Pour ''ς Sgr'', nous avons, ''via'' M. A. Sédillot, ''Aldadira'' ''Secunda'', BdL (1908), ''via'' Knobel, ''‘Thani al Sadirah – Secunda τῶν Al Sadirah’'' (p/ ''ϕ Sgr''). Auj. ''Awal al Sadira'', ''Sadira'', ''Wiki''. NB. : ''Alnam'', soit l’ar. ''al-Nacām'', « les Autruches », p/ ''μ Sgr'', Rhoads, sans suite. NB : on trouve ''Nam al Sadira III'' et ''IV'' p/ χ1 et χ''2 Sgr'' c/ Rhoads. Var. ''Al Sadira'' Schweiger-Lerchenfeld p/ ''σ Sgr'', ''Sadira'', Rumrill, Hoffleit. Nit. 01. </blockquote>

English:<blockquote>Introduced in the early 20th century and now approved by the UAI, this is the Arabic term al-Balda, meaning “the [empty] Place,” located below the Head of Sagittarius; it was the name of the 21st lunar station before being assigned to π Sgr. Ar.: Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba; Lat. ’Abelda’ and ‘Albelda’, Alchandre. Much later, notably al-Tīzīnī > ‘Al Beldah’, Hyde, ‘El-Belda’, Ideler, ‘Al Balda’. Fr. Albaldah, BdL (1908).). Arabic: Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba, notably Al-Tīzīnī > ‘Al Baldah’, Allen > French Albaldah, BdL (1908), Nit. 02, but Al Baldah, Rhoads, etc., Simbad, UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Nayyir al-Balda. Arabic: نيّرالبلدة Nayyir al-Balda, “the Bright One of the [Empty] Place,” al-Aḫsāsī, > ‘Nir al Beldat’ according to Knobel. Also: Alnair, Allen > Staal < Nayyir al-Balda, “the Bright One of the [Empty] Place,” al-Aḫsāsī, ‘Nir al Beldat’, Knobel, which becomes ‘Al Nā’ir’ c/ Allen > Al Nair, Staal, Nit. 02, Nir el Beldat, Wiki.</blockquote><blockquote>OTHER NAMES: Alsadira Secunda. Ar. الصادرة [النعايم]. This star is part of the ζστφ Sgr group; for explanations, see φ Sgr. For ς Sgr, we have, via M. A. Sédillot, Aldadira Secunda, BdL (1908), via Knobel, ‘Thani al Sadirah – Secunda τῶν Al Sadirah’ (for ϕ Sgr). Currently: Awal al Sadira, Sadira, Wiki. NB: Alnam, i.e., the Arabic al-Nacām, “the Ostriches,” for μ Sgr, Rhoads, no further details. NB: Nam al Sadira III and IV are found for χ1 and χ2 Sgr according to Rhoads. Var. Al Sadira Schweiger-Lerchenfeld for σ Sgr, Sadira, Rumrill, Hoffleit. Nit. 01.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/09/05.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* --

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]] [[Category:Modern]]

Rukbat

2026-07-07T11:28:08Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Rukbat}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Rukbat ( '''ركبة الرامي''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 95347 (α Sgr, HR 7348) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Applied in recent times from an abbreviation of its sci-A name rukbat al-rami, "the Archer's Knee".
[[File:Rukbat RL2025.png|thumb|''al-Nacā’im'', « les Autruches », et ''al-Ṣurādān,'' « les Deux Sourads », ''les'' (RL)for Rukbat (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]

[[File:Sgr_RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
Roland Laffitte (2025):<blockquote>Introduit sous cette forme moderne au XXe siècle, ce nom, aujourd’hui proposé par l’UAI, est le premier terme du nom arabe ''Rukbat al-Rāmī'', « le Genou du Sagittaire », dans le ciel que les astronomes arabes ont hérité des Grecs. Ar. ''Rukbat al-Rāmī'', al-Ṣūfī sur l’image, ms. St-Pétersbourg, ‘''Rucba AlRâmî'', Hyde, Allen > ''Rukbat'', Rumrill, fr. : Benhamouda, Rhoads, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI. </blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM '':'' '''1. ''Rukbat al Rami.''''' Ar. ركبة ''Rukbat al-Rāmī'', « le Genou du Sagittaire ». Lat. très tôt : ''Racbat aram'', ''Tabl. Toléd.'', puis ‘''Ruchbah er-Râmih’'', Lach > ''Ruchbah er-Râmih'', Bode, puis Bloxam & Hall, Burritt ; ''Rukbah ur Rami'', Hoffleit, ''Rukbat al Rami'', Nit. 01. '''2. ''Alrami'''''<nowiki/>''.'' C’est الرامي ''al-Rāmī'', le nom de la constellation, ''‘AlRâmî’'', Hyde, ou alors le 2nd terme de ''Rukbat al-Rāmī'', d’où ''Al Rami'', Piazzi, ''Alrami'', Littrow, fr. : Tempesti (1983). Hoffleit, Nit. 01.</blockquote>English<blockquote>Introduced in this modern form in the 20th century, this name—now proposed by the IAU—is the first part of the Arabic name Rukbat al-Rāmī, “the Knee of Sagittarius,” in the sky that Arab astronomers inherited from the Greeks. Arabic: Rukbat al-Rāmī; al-Ṣūfī pictured; manuscript in St. Petersburg; ‘Rucba AlRâmî’; Hyde, Allen > Rukbat; Rumrill; French: Benhamouda, Rhoads, etc.; Simbad; IAU.</blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: 1. Rukbat al-Rami. Arabic: ركبة Rukbat al-Rāmī, “the Knee of Sagittarius.” Very early Latin: Racbat aram, Toledo Table, then ‘Ruchbah er-Râmih’, Lach > Ruchbah er-Râmih, Bode, then Bloxam & Hall, Burritt; Rukbah ur Rami, Hoffleit, Rukbat al Rami, Nit. 01. 2. Alrami. This is الرامي al-Rāmī, the name of the constellation, ‘AlRâmî’, Hyde, or the second term of Rukbat al-Rāmī, hence Al Rami, Piazzi, Alrami, Littrow, French: Tempesti (1983). Hoffleit, Nit. 01.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/07/20.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]

Ascella

2026-07-07T11:27:49Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Ascella}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Ascella (إبط) is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Latin. It is the name of HIP 93506 (ζ Sgr, HR 7194) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Ascella is a Latin word meaning "armpit". Although it appeared in the 1515 Almagest, the name does not appear to have come into common usage until the 20th century after appearing as Ascella in Richard Hinckley Allen's "Star Names Their Lore and Meaning" (1899).
[[File:Sgr_RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]

Roland Laffitte (2025)<blockquote>Calque de l’arabe ''ibṭ'' employé dans l’''Almageste'' pour décrire la situation de cette étoile, il a vite été employé comme nom, et il est aujourd’hui approuvé par l’UAI. Gr. ''μασχάλη'' / ''maskhalē'', « aisselle », Ptolémée > ''ibṭ'', « idem », al-Ḥağğāğ > ‘''ascella’'', « idem », Gérard de Crémone ; ‘''axela’'', Bayer, d’où ''Ascella'', Allen, puis Rumrill, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM : '''''Alsadira''''' ''Tertia.'' Ar. الصادرة [النعايم] [''al-Nacā’im''] ''al-Ṣādira'' p/ le goupe ''ζστφ'' ''Sgr'' ; pour les explications, se reporter à ''φ Sgr''. Quant à ''ζ Sgr'', nous avons, ''via'' M. A. Sédillot, ''Aldadira'' ''Tertia'', Benhamouda, mais abs. c/ Knobel. ''Thalith al Sadira'', ''Wiki.''</blockquote>English:<blockquote>A loanword from the Arabic ibṭ, used in the *Almagest* to describe the position of this star, it was quickly adopted as a name and is now approved by the IAU. Gr. μασχάλη / maskhalē, “armpit,” Ptolemy > ibṭ, “same,” al-Ḥağğāğ > ‘ascella’, “same,” Gerard of Cremona; ‘axela’, Bayer, hence Ascella, Allen, then Rumrill, etc., Simbad, IAU.</blockquote><blockquote>OTHER NAME: Alsadira Tertia. Arabic: الصادرة [النعايم] [al-Nacā’im] al-Ṣādira for the group ζστφ Sgr; for explanations, see φ Sgr. As for ζ Sgr, we have, via M. A. Sédillot, Aldadira Tertia, Benhamouda, but absent in Knobel. Thalith al Sadira, Wiki.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/09/12.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Ptolemaeus. (1515). Almagestū Cl[audii] Ptolemei Pheludiensis Alexandrini Astronomo[rum] principis : opus ingens ac nobile omnes celorū motus continens ... Liechtenstein, Petrus. p.84.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Latin]] [[Category:European]][[Category:Modern]]

Alnasl

2026-07-07T11:27:36Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Alnasl}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

Alnasl ('''النصل''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 88635 (γ2 Sgr, HR 6746) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Applied in recent times from its late Arabic name al-nasl, "the Point", in turn an abbreviation of the Arabic Almagest's nasl al-sahm, "the Point of the Arrow".
[[File:Sgr_RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]

Roland Laffitte (2025): <blockquote>Introduit au début du XXe siècle, et aujourd’hui retenu par l’UAI, c’est ''al-Naṣl'', « la Pointe [de la Flèche] ». Ar. ''al-Naṣl'', al-Tīzīnī > ''‘El-nasl’'', Ideler, ''‘Al Naṣl''’, Allen. ''Alnasl'', BdL (1908), Rhoads, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI. Var. ''Al Nasl'', Hoffleit, Nit. 01.</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRES NOMS '':'' '''1. ''Zujj al Nushshaba'''''. Ar''.''النشّابة زجّ ''Zuğğ al-Nuššāba'', « le Fer de la Flèche », plus précisément la flèche de bois utilisée par les Persans. Lat. ''‘Zugj AlNushaba’'', Hyde, ce qui donne ''Zudsch el-nûschaba'' c/ Bode, d’où ‘''Zujj al Nushshāba’'', Allen. Puis Hoffleit, Nit. 01. '''2. ''Nushaba'''''. C’est de la même transcription que précédemment que Piazzi a tiré ce nom raccourci, puis fr. : Coulier. Hoffleit, Nit. 01. '''3. ''Alwarida''''' ''Prima''. Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [''al-Nacā’im''] ''al-Wārida'' p/ le groupe ''γδεη Sgr'' ; se reporter à ''η Sgr'' pour les explications. Pour ce qui est plus particulièrement de ''γ Sgr'', nous avons ''Awwal al-Wārida'', al-Tīzīnī, ''‘Prima τῶν AlWârida’'', Hyde > ''El Waridah'', Bode ; ''El Keridab'' de façon fautive p/ Smith > Rumrill. Fr. : ''γ Sgr'' est ''Alwarida'' ''Prima'' c/ Benhamouda via M. A. Sédillot ; d’un autre côté ''‘Aoul al-Warida – ‘Prima τῶν Al Warida’'', Knobel < al-Aḫsāsī. 4'''. ''Alwazl'''''. C’est l’ar. الوصل ''al-Waṣl'', « la Liaison », Abū Ḥanifa ''ap.'' al-Marzūqī, qui désigne l’espace vide situé après ''al-Nacā’im'', mais faussement indiqué p/ ''λ Sgr'' par Assemani, comme le relève Ideler, mais ''‘Al Wasl’'', Allen, ''Alwazl'', Hoffleit, Nit. 01. </blockquote>English:<blockquote>Introduced in the early 20th century and now recognized by the IAU, it is al-Naṣl, “the Tip [of the Arrow].” Ar. al-Naṣl, al-Tīzīnī > ‘El-nasl’, Ideler, ‘Al Naṣl’, Allen. Alnasl, BdL (1908), Rhoads, etc., Simbad, IAU. Var. Al Nasl, Hoffleit, Nit. 01.</blockquote><blockquote>OTHER NAMES: 1. Zujj al Nushshaba. Arabic: النشّابة زجّ Zuğğ al-Nuššāba, “the Arrowhead,” more specifically the wooden arrow used by the Persians. Latin: ‘Zugj AlNushaba’, Hyde, which becomes Zudsch el-nûschaba according to Bode, hence ‘Zujj al Nushshāba’, Allen. Then Hoffleit, Nit. 01. 2. Nushaba. It is from the same transcription as above that Piazzi derived this shortened name, then Fr.: Coulier. Hoffleit, Nit. 01. 3. Alwarida Prima. Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [al-Nacā’im] al-Wārida via the γδεη Sgr group; see η Sgr for explanations. Specifically regarding γ Sgr, we have Awwal al-Wārida, al-Tīzīnī, “Prima τῶν AlWârida,” Hyde > El Waridah, Bode; El Keridab (erroneously) according to Smith > Rumrill. Fr.: γ Sgr is Alwarida Prima according to Benhamouda via M. A. Sédillot; on the other hand, ‘Aoul al-Warida – ‘Prima τῶν Al Warida’, Knobel < al-Aḫsāsī. 4. Alwazl. This is the Arabic الوصل al-Waṣl, “the Connection,” Abū Ḥanifa according to al-Marzūqī, which refers to the empty space following al-Nacā’im, but incorrectly indicated as λ Sgr by Assemani, as noted by Ideler; however, ‘Al Wasl’ is used by Allen, Alwazl by Hoffleit, and Nit. 01.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/08/21.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]

Kaus Media

2026-07-07T11:27:16Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kaus Media}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Kaus Media ('''القوس''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 89931 (δ Sgr, HR 6859) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Arbitrarily applied in recent times, together with the Latin distinctions of "middle", "southern", and "northern" (for λ Sgr), from the ind-A (and later sci-A) constellation name al-qaus, "the Bow". For the ind-Arabs, al-qaus was marked by the curved line of stars ξ2, o, π, d, ρ and υ Sgr (corresponding to what in other cultures was Sagittarius among the zodiacal signs). The sci-Arabs used the indigenous name for the Greeks' Archer, alternatively translated as al-rami.
[[File:Sgr_RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]

Roland Laffitte (2025): <blockquote>Piazzi introduisit ce nom pour les étoiles du ''Τόξος'' / ''Toksos'', l’« Arc » des astronomes grecs, constitué par le groupe ''δελ Sgr''. Il le fit comme pour les deux autres étoiles du groupe, dont les noms sont retenus par l’UAI. Il le fit à partir de la description de l’Arc dans la figure grecque, alors que les Anciens Arabes nommaient spécifiquement ''al-Qaws'', « l’Arc », le groupe ''ξοπdρυ Sgr'', situé dans le ''Turban'' de ''Sagittarius'', autrement nommé ''al-Qilāda'', « le Collier ». Ar. ''al-Qaws'', Ibn Qutayba, al-Ṣūfī p/ ''ξοπdρυ Sgr''. Ar. ''al-Qaws'', p/ la constellation, d’où lat. ''‘Kaus’'', Hyde, puis ''Kaus Australis'' & ''Borealis'', Piazzi > fr. ''Kaus'', Francœur p/ ''δελ'' ''Sgr'', ''Kaus Media'', ''Australe'' & ''Boréale'', BdL., Rumrill, Rhoads, etc., UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM '': '''Alwarida''' Secunda''. Ar Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [''al-Nacā’im''] ''al-Wārida'' p/ le groupe ''γδεη Sgr'' ; se reporter à ''η Sgr'' pour les explications. P/ ''δ Sgr'', nous avons, ''via'' M. A. Sédillot, ''Alwarida'' ''Secunda'', Benhamouda, et ''via'' al-Aḫsāsī et Knobel, voir Allen, ''‘Thanih al Warida - Secunda τῶν Al Warida’''. </blockquote>English<blockquote>Piazzi introduced this name for the stars of Τόξος / Toksos, the “Bow” of the Greek astronomers, consisting of the δελ Sgr group. He did so in the same way as for the other two stars in the group, whose names are recognized by the IAU. He based this on the description of the Bow in Greek astronomy, whereas the ancient Arabs specifically referred to the group ξοπdρυ Sgr—located in the Turban of Sagittarius, also known as al-Qilāda, “the Necklace”—as al-Qaws, “the Bow.” Arabic al-Qaws, Ibn Qutayba, al-Ṣūfī for ξοπdρυ Sgr. Arabic al-Qaws, for the constellation, hence Latin ‘Kaus’, Hyde, then Kaus Australis & Borealis, Piazzi > French Kaus, Francœur for δελ Sgr, Kaus Media, Australe & Boréale, BdL., Rumrill, Rhoads, etc., UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Alwarida Secunda. Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [al-Nacā’im] al-Wārida for the γδεη group in Sgr; see η Sgr for explanations. For δ Sgr, we have, via M. A. Sédillot, Alwarida Secunda, Benhamouda, and via al-Aḫsāsī and Knobel, see Allen, “Thanih al Warida - Secunda τῶν Al Warida.”</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/07/20.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Kaus Borealis

2026-07-07T11:26:48Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kaus Borealis}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Kaus Borealis ('''القوس''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 90496 (λ Sgr, HR 6913) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Sgr RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).

Arbitrarily applied in recent times, together with the Latin distinctions of "middle", "southern", and "northern" (for λ Sgr), from the ind-A (and later sci-A) constellation name al-qaus, "the Bow". For the ind-Arabs, al-qaus was marked by the curved line of stars ξ2, o, π, d, ρ and υ Sgr (corresponding to what in other cultures was Sagittarius among the zodiacal signs). The sci-Arabs used the indigenous name for the Greeks' Archer, alternatively translated as al-rami.

Roland Laffitte (2025): <blockquote>Ce nom, donné par Piazzi pour le groupe ''δελ Sgr'' dans le cadre de la figure grecque reprise par les astronomes arabes de l’époque classique (voir ''δ'' et ''ε Sgr''), est aujourd’hui retenu par Simbad et l’UAI. </blockquote>English: <blockquote>This name, given by Piazzi to the δελ Sgr group based on the Greek constellation adopted by Arab astronomers of the classical period (see δ and ε Sgr), is now used by Simbad and the IAU.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/07/20.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]][[Category:Modern]]

Kaus Australis

2026-07-07T11:26:13Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kaus Australis}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Kaus Australis ('''القوس''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 90185 (ε Sgr, HR 6879) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Sgr RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]
Arbitrarily applied in recent times, together with the Latin distinctions of "middle", "southern", and "northern" (for λ Sgr), from the ind-A (and later sci-A) constellation name al-qaus, "the Bow". For the ind-Arabs, al-qaus was marked by the curved line of stars ξ2, o, π, d, ρ and υ Sgr (corresponding to what in other cultures was Sagittarius among the zodiacal signs). The sci-Arabs used the indigenous name for the Greeks' Archer, alternatively translated as al-rami.

Roland Laffitte (2025)<blockquote>Ce nom, donné par Piazzi pour le groupe ''δελ Sgr'' dans le cadre de la figure grecque reprise par les astronomes arabes de l’époque clas-sique (voir ''δ Sgr''), est aujourd’hui approuvé par l’UAI. </blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM '': '''Alwarida''' Tertia.'' Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [''al-Nacā’im''] ''al-Wārida'' p/ le groupe ''γδεη Sgr'' (voir l’étoile à ''η Sgr'' p/ les explications). Quant à ''ε Sgr'', nous avons, ''via'' M. A. Sédillot, ''Alwarida'' ''tertia'', ''puis'' Benhamouda, et, par le truchement d’al-Aḫsāsī et de Knobel ''‘Thalath al Warida – Tertia τῶν Al Warida’''. </blockquote>English<blockquote>This name, given by Piazzi to the δελ Sgr group based on the Greek constellation adopted by Arab astronomers of the classical period (see δ Sgr), is now approved by the IAU. </blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Alwarida Tertia. Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [al-Nacā’im] al-Wārida for the γδεη Sgr group (see the star at η Sgr for explanations). As for ε Sgr, we have, via M. A. Sédillot, Alwarida tertia, then Benhamouda, and, through al-Aḫsāsī and Knobel, ‘Thalath al Warida – Tertia τῶν Al Warida’. </blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/07/20.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]][[Category:Modern]]

Albaldah

2026-07-07T11:25:50Z

Rolandlaffitte:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Albaldah ('''البلدة''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 94141 (π Sgr, HR 7264) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

The name of the 21st Arabic lunar station, البلدة, Al-Baldah (The empty area), designates a starless region between ζ Sgr and α Cap; the star π Sgr is at its northern edge and was wrongly attributed with this name by Allen (1899, 359).
[[File:Sgr RL2025.png|thumb|Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).]]

Roland Laffitte (2025): <blockquote>Introduit au début du XXe siècle, et aujourd’hui approuvé par l’UAI, c’est l’arabe ''al-Balda'', soit « le Lieu [vide] », situé au-dessous de la ''Tête du Sagittaire'', nom de la XXIe station lunaire avant d’être affecté à ''π Sgr''. Ar. : Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba, lat. ''’Abelda’'' et ''‘Albelda’'', Alchandre. Bien plus tard, not. al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Al Beldah’'', Hyde, ''‘El-Belda’'', Ideler, ''‘Al Balda’''. Fr. ''Albaldah'', BdL (1908).)''.'' Ar. : Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba, not. Al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Al Baldah’'', Allen > fr. ''Albaldah'', BdL (1908), Nit. 02, mais ''Al Baldah'', Rhoads, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM : '''''Nayyir al-Balda'''''. Ar. نيّرالبلدة ''Nayyir al-Balda'', « la Brillante du Lieu [vide] », al-Aḫsāsī, > ''‘Nir al Beldat''’ c/ Knobel. Aussi : ''Alnair'', Allen > Staal < ''Nayyir al-Balda'', « la Brillante du Lieu [vide] », al-Aḫsāsī, ''‘Nir al Beldat''’, Knobel, qui devient ''‘Al Nā’ir’'' c/ Allen > ''Al Nair'', Staal, Nit. 02, ''Nir el Beldat'', ''Wiki.''</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRES NOMS : '''''Alsadira''''' ''Secunda''. Ar. الصادرة [النعايم]. Cette étoile fait partie du groupe ''ζστφ'' ''Sgr''; pour les explications, se reporter à ''φ Sgr'' . Pour ''ς Sgr'', nous avons, ''via'' M. A. Sédillot, ''Aldadira'' ''Secunda'', BdL (1908), ''via'' Knobel, ''‘Thani al Sadirah – Secunda τῶν Al Sadirah’'' (p/ ''ϕ Sgr''). Auj. ''Awal al Sadira'', ''Sadira'', ''Wiki''. NB. : ''Alnam'', soit l’ar. ''al-Nacām'', « les Autruches », p/ ''μ Sgr'', Rhoads, sans suite. NB : on trouve ''Nam al Sadira III'' et ''IV'' p/ χ1 et χ''2 Sgr'' c/ Rhoads. Var. ''Al Sadira'' Schweiger-Lerchenfeld p/ ''σ Sgr'', ''Sadira'', Rumrill, Hoffleit. Nit. 01. </blockquote>

English:<blockquote>Introduced in the early 20th century and now approved by the UAI, this is the Arabic term al-Balda, meaning “the [empty] Place,” located below the Head of Sagittarius; it was the name of the 21st lunar station before being assigned to π Sgr. Ar.: Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba; Lat. ’Abelda’ and ‘Albelda’, Alchandre. Much later, notably al-Tīzīnī > ‘Al Beldah’, Hyde, ‘El-Belda’, Ideler, ‘Al Balda’. Fr. Albaldah, BdL (1908).). Arabic: Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba, notably Al-Tīzīnī > ‘Al Baldah’, Allen > French Albaldah, BdL (1908), Nit. 02, but Al Baldah, Rhoads, etc., Simbad, UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Nayyir al-Balda. Arabic: نيّرالبلدة Nayyir al-Balda, “the Bright One of the [Empty] Place,” al-Aḫsāsī, > ‘Nir al Beldat’ according to Knobel. Also: Alnair, Allen > Staal < Nayyir al-Balda, “the Bright One of the [Empty] Place,” al-Aḫsāsī, ‘Nir al Beldat’, Knobel, which becomes ‘Al Nā’ir’ c/ Allen > Al Nair, Staal, Nit. 02, Nir el Beldat, Wiki.</blockquote><blockquote>OTHER NAMES: Alsadira Secunda. Ar. الصادرة [النعايم]. This star is part of the ζστφ Sgr group; for explanations, see φ Sgr. For ς Sgr, we have, via M. A. Sédillot, Aldadira Secunda, BdL (1908), via Knobel, ‘Thani al Sadirah – Secunda τῶν Al Sadirah’ (for ϕ Sgr). Currently: Awal al Sadira, Sadira, Wiki. NB: Alnam, i.e., the Arabic al-Nacām, “the Ostriches,” for μ Sgr, Rhoads, no further details. NB: Nam al Sadira III and IV are found for χ1 and χ2 Sgr according to Rhoads. Var. Al Sadira Schweiger-Lerchenfeld for σ Sgr, Sadira, Rumrill, Hoffleit. Nit. 01.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/09/05.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* --

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]] [[Category:Modern]]

File:Sgr RL2025.png

2026-07-07T11:25:35Z

Rolandlaffitte:

Sagittarius with Arabic star names (CC BY Laffitte 2025).

Albaldah

2026-07-07T11:17:21Z

Rolandlaffitte:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Albaldah ('''البلدة''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 94141 (π Sgr, HR 7264) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

The name of the 21st Arabic lunar station, البلدة, Al-Baldah (The empty area), designates a starless region between ζ Sgr and α Cap; the star π Sgr is at its northern edge and was wrongly attributed with this name by Allen (1899, 359).

Roland Laffitte (2025): <blockquote>Introduit au début du XXe siècle, et aujourd’hui approuvé par l’UAI, c’est l’arabe ''al-Balda'', soit « le Lieu [vide] », situé au-dessous de la ''Tête du Sagittaire'', nom de la XXIe station lunaire avant d’être affecté à ''π Sgr''. Ar. : Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba, lat. ''’Abelda’'' et ''‘Albelda’'', Alchandre. Bien plus tard, not. al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Al Beldah’'', Hyde, ''‘El-Belda’'', Ideler, ''‘Al Balda’''. Fr. ''Albaldah'', BdL (1908).)''.'' Ar. : Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba, not. Al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Al Baldah’'', Allen > fr. ''Albaldah'', BdL (1908), Nit. 02, mais ''Al Baldah'', Rhoads, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM : '''''Nayyir al-Balda'''''. Ar. نيّرالبلدة ''Nayyir al-Balda'', « la Brillante du Lieu [vide] », al-Aḫsāsī, > ''‘Nir al Beldat''’ c/ Knobel. Aussi : ''Alnair'', Allen > Staal < ''Nayyir al-Balda'', « la Brillante du Lieu [vide] », al-Aḫsāsī, ''‘Nir al Beldat''’, Knobel, qui devient ''‘Al Nā’ir’'' c/ Allen > ''Al Nair'', Staal, Nit. 02, ''Nir el Beldat'', ''Wiki.''</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRES NOMS : '''''Alsadira''''' ''Secunda''. Ar. الصادرة [النعايم]. Cette étoile fait partie du groupe ''ζστφ'' ''Sgr''; pour les explications, se reporter à ''φ Sgr'' . Pour ''ς Sgr'', nous avons, ''via'' M. A. Sédillot, ''Aldadira'' ''Secunda'', BdL (1908), ''via'' Knobel, ''‘Thani al Sadirah – Secunda τῶν Al Sadirah’'' (p/ ''ϕ Sgr''). Auj. ''Awal al Sadira'', ''Sadira'', ''Wiki''. NB. : ''Alnam'', soit l’ar. ''al-Nacām'', « les Autruches », p/ ''μ Sgr'', Rhoads, sans suite. NB : on trouve ''Nam al Sadira III'' et ''IV'' p/ χ1 et χ''2 Sgr'' c/ Rhoads. Var. ''Al Sadira'' Schweiger-Lerchenfeld p/ ''σ Sgr'', ''Sadira'', Rumrill, Hoffleit. Nit. 01. </blockquote>

English:<blockquote>Introduced in the early 20th century and now approved by the UAI, this is the Arabic term al-Balda, meaning “the [empty] Place,” located below the Head of Sagittarius; it was the name of the 21st lunar station before being assigned to π Sgr. Ar.: Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba; Lat. ’Abelda’ and ‘Albelda’, Alchandre. Much later, notably al-Tīzīnī > ‘Al Beldah’, Hyde, ‘El-Belda’, Ideler, ‘Al Balda’. Fr. Albaldah, BdL (1908).). Arabic: Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba, notably Al-Tīzīnī > ‘Al Baldah’, Allen > French Albaldah, BdL (1908), Nit. 02, but Al Baldah, Rhoads, etc., Simbad, UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Nayyir al-Balda. Arabic: نيّرالبلدة Nayyir al-Balda, “the Bright One of the [Empty] Place,” al-Aḫsāsī, > ‘Nir al Beldat’ according to Knobel. Also: Alnair, Allen > Staal < Nayyir al-Balda, “the Bright One of the [Empty] Place,” al-Aḫsāsī, ‘Nir al Beldat’, Knobel, which becomes ‘Al Nā’ir’ c/ Allen > Al Nair, Staal, Nit. 02, Nir el Beldat, Wiki.</blockquote><blockquote>OTHER NAMES: Alsadira Secunda. Ar. الصادرة [النعايم]. This star is part of the ζστφ Sgr group; for explanations, see φ Sgr. For ς Sgr, we have, via M. A. Sédillot, Aldadira Secunda, BdL (1908), via Knobel, ‘Thani al Sadirah – Secunda τῶν Al Sadirah’ (for ϕ Sgr). Currently: Awal al Sadira, Sadira, Wiki. NB: Alnam, i.e., the Arabic al-Nacām, “the Ostriches,” for μ Sgr, Rhoads, no further details. NB: Nam al Sadira III and IV are found for χ1 and χ2 Sgr according to Rhoads. Var. Al Sadira Schweiger-Lerchenfeld for σ Sgr, Sadira, Rumrill, Hoffleit. Nit. 01.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/09/05.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* --

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]] [[Category:Modern]]

Ainalrami

2026-07-07T11:14:02Z

Rolandlaffitte:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Ainalrami profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Ainalrami - profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
Ainalrami ('''عين الرامي''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 92761 (ν1 Sgr, HR 7116) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Ainalrami stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Ainalrami - stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
Arabic عين الرامي ʽain al-rāmī (simplified Ainalrami) means The Eye of the Archer. It originates from Arabic Almagest translations.

Roland Laffitte (2025): <blockquote>Apparu récemment, soit au début du XXe siècle, et à présent retenu par l’UAI, ce nom est l’arabe ''cAyn al-Rāmī'', « l’Œil du Sagittaire », donné de façon tardive dans le cadre du ciel gréco-arabe. Ar. ''cAyn al-Rāmī'', Uluġ Bēg > lat. ''‘Aïn AlRâmi’'', Hyde, ''Ain er-Râmî'', Bode ''via'' Lach, puis Allen. Fr. ''Aïn'', Benhamouda. Var. ''Ain al Rami I'' et ''II'' p/ ''ν1'' et ''ν2 Sgr,'' Rhoads, Hoffleit p/ ''ν Sgr, Simbad'' et UAI p/ ''γ1 Sgr'', seul ; ''Ain al Rami'', not. ''Wiki/en''.</blockquote>

English: <blockquote>This name, which appeared recently—at the beginning of the 20th century—and is now recognized by the UAI, is the Arabic cAyn al-Rāmī, “the Eye of Sagittarius,” a designation applied belatedly within the Greco-Arabic celestial system. Ar. cAyn al-Rāmī, Uluġ Bēg > Lat. ‘Aïn AlRâmi’, Hyde, Ain er-Râmî, Bode via Lach, then Allen. Fr. Aïn, Benhamouda. Var. Ain al Rami I and II for ν1 and ν2 in Sagittarius, Rhoads, Hoffleit for ν in Sagittarius, Simbad and UAI for γ1 in Sagittarius, alone; Ain al Rami, notably on Wiki/en.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/09/05.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* --

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]

Ascella

2026-07-07T11:11:51Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Ascella}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Ascella (إبط) is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Latin. It is the name of HIP 93506 (ζ Sgr, HR 7194) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Ascella is a Latin word meaning "armpit". Although it appeared in the 1515 Almagest, the name does not appear to have come into common usage until the 20th century after appearing as Ascella in Richard Hinckley Allen's "Star Names Their Lore and Meaning" (1899).

Roland Laffitte (2025)<blockquote>Calque de l’arabe ''ibṭ'' employé dans l’''Almageste'' pour décrire la situation de cette étoile, il a vite été employé comme nom, et il est aujourd’hui approuvé par l’UAI. Gr. ''μασχάλη'' / ''maskhalē'', « aisselle », Ptolémée > ''ibṭ'', « idem », al-Ḥağğāğ > ‘''ascella’'', « idem », Gérard de Crémone ; ‘''axela’'', Bayer, d’où ''Ascella'', Allen, puis Rumrill, etc., ''Simbad'', UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM : '''''Alsadira''''' ''Tertia.'' Ar. الصادرة [النعايم] [''al-Nacā’im''] ''al-Ṣādira'' p/ le goupe ''ζστφ'' ''Sgr'' ; pour les explications, se reporter à ''φ Sgr''. Quant à ''ζ Sgr'', nous avons, ''via'' M. A. Sédillot, ''Aldadira'' ''Tertia'', Benhamouda, mais abs. c/ Knobel. ''Thalith al Sadira'', ''Wiki.''</blockquote>English:<blockquote>A loanword from the Arabic ibṭ, used in the *Almagest* to describe the position of this star, it was quickly adopted as a name and is now approved by the IAU. Gr. μασχάλη / maskhalē, “armpit,” Ptolemy > ibṭ, “same,” al-Ḥağğāğ > ‘ascella’, “same,” Gerard of Cremona; ‘axela’, Bayer, hence Ascella, Allen, then Rumrill, etc., Simbad, IAU.</blockquote><blockquote>OTHER NAME: Alsadira Tertia. Arabic: الصادرة [النعايم] [al-Nacā’im] al-Ṣādira for the group ζστφ Sgr; for explanations, see φ Sgr. As for ζ Sgr, we have, via M. A. Sédillot, Aldadira Tertia, Benhamouda, but absent in Knobel. Thalith al Sadira, Wiki.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/09/12.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Ptolemaeus. (1515). Almagestū Cl[audii] Ptolemei Pheludiensis Alexandrini Astronomo[rum] principis : opus ingens ac nobile omnes celorū motus continens ... Liechtenstein, Petrus. p.84.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Latin]] [[Category:European]][[Category:Modern]]

Polis

2026-07-07T11:09:48Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Polis}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Polis ( '''البلدة)''' is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Coptic. It is the name of HIP 89341 (μ Sgr, HR 6812) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

The term in Coptic means "a foal". It was originally used for stars in the bow of the Archer but was moved over time.

Roland Laffitte (2025): <blockquote>Introduit récemment, ce nom n’est pas, contraiment aux appa-rences, le grec ''πόλις'' ''polis'', mais le copte ''πολιc'' ''polis'', adaption de l’arabe ''al-Balda'', désignant la XXIe station lunaire. Il est aujourd’hui validé par l’UAI. Ar. : Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba. « ''πολιc'' [par erreur] civitas, Arabicè ''Elbaldeh'' », Athanasius Kircher, ''Lingua aegypta, rtestituta'', 567, relevé p/ Allen, repris par ''Simbad'', UAI. </blockquote>English<blockquote>Although it may not seem so at first glance, this recently introduced name is not the Greek πόλις (polis), but the Coptic πολιc (polis), an adaptation of the Arabic al-Balda, referring to the 21st lunar station. It has now been validated by the IAU. Arabic: Mālik b. Anas, Ibn Qutayba. “πολιc [erroneously] civitas, Arabicè Elbaldeh,” Athanasius Kircher, *Lingua aegypta, rtestituta*, 567, noted by Allen, cited by Simbad, IAU.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/09/05.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Greswell (1852)

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Coptic]] [[Category:Egyptian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]

Kaus Borealis

2026-07-07T11:08:38Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kaus Borealis}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Kaus Borealis ('''القوس''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 90496 (λ Sgr, HR 6913) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Arbitrarily applied in recent times, together with the Latin distinctions of "middle", "southern", and "northern" (for λ Sgr), from the ind-A (and later sci-A) constellation name al-qaus, "the Bow". For the ind-Arabs, al-qaus was marked by the curved line of stars ξ2, o, π, d, ρ and υ Sgr (corresponding to what in other cultures was Sagittarius among the zodiacal signs). The sci-Arabs used the indigenous name for the Greeks' Archer, alternatively translated as al-rami.

Roland Laffitte (2025): <blockquote>Ce nom, donné par Piazzi pour le groupe ''δελ Sgr'' dans le cadre de la figure grecque reprise par les astronomes arabes de l’époque classique (voir ''δ'' et ''ε Sgr''), est aujourd’hui retenu par Simbad et l’UAI. </blockquote>English: <blockquote>This name, given by Piazzi to the δελ Sgr group based on the Greek constellation adopted by Arab astronomers of the classical period (see δ and ε Sgr), is now used by Simbad and the IAU.</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/07/20.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]][[Category:Modern]]

Kaus Australis

2026-07-07T11:03:49Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kaus Australis}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Kaus Australis ('''القوس''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 90185 (ε Sgr, HR 6879) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Arbitrarily applied in recent times, together with the Latin distinctions of "middle", "southern", and "northern" (for λ Sgr), from the ind-A (and later sci-A) constellation name al-qaus, "the Bow". For the ind-Arabs, al-qaus was marked by the curved line of stars ξ2, o, π, d, ρ and υ Sgr (corresponding to what in other cultures was Sagittarius among the zodiacal signs). The sci-Arabs used the indigenous name for the Greeks' Archer, alternatively translated as al-rami.

Roland Laffitte (2025)<blockquote>Ce nom, donné par Piazzi pour le groupe ''δελ Sgr'' dans le cadre de la figure grecque reprise par les astronomes arabes de l’époque clas-sique (voir ''δ Sgr''), est aujourd’hui approuvé par l’UAI. </blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM '': '''Alwarida''' Tertia.'' Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [''al-Nacā’im''] ''al-Wārida'' p/ le groupe ''γδεη Sgr'' (voir l’étoile à ''η Sgr'' p/ les explications). Quant à ''ε Sgr'', nous avons, ''via'' M. A. Sédillot, ''Alwarida'' ''tertia'', ''puis'' Benhamouda, et, par le truchement d’al-Aḫsāsī et de Knobel ''‘Thalath al Warida – Tertia τῶν Al Warida’''. </blockquote>English<blockquote>This name, given by Piazzi to the δελ Sgr group based on the Greek constellation adopted by Arab astronomers of the classical period (see δ Sgr), is now approved by the IAU. </blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Alwarida Tertia. Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [al-Nacā’im] al-Wārida for the γδεη Sgr group (see the star at η Sgr for explanations). As for ε Sgr, we have, via M. A. Sédillot, Alwarida tertia, then Benhamouda, and, through al-Aḫsāsī and Knobel, ‘Thalath al Warida – Tertia τῶν Al Warida’. </blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/07/20.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]][[Category:Modern]]

Kaus Borealis

2026-07-07T11:02:41Z

Rolandlaffitte:

Kaus Media

2026-07-07T11:02:18Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kaus Media}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Kaus Media ('''القوس''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 89931 (δ Sgr, HR 6859) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Arbitrarily applied in recent times, together with the Latin distinctions of "middle", "southern", and "northern" (for λ Sgr), from the ind-A (and later sci-A) constellation name al-qaus, "the Bow". For the ind-Arabs, al-qaus was marked by the curved line of stars ξ2, o, π, d, ρ and υ Sgr (corresponding to what in other cultures was Sagittarius among the zodiacal signs). The sci-Arabs used the indigenous name for the Greeks' Archer, alternatively translated as al-rami.

Roland Laffitte (2025): <blockquote>Piazzi introduisit ce nom pour les étoiles du ''Τόξος'' / ''Toksos'', l’« Arc » des astronomes grecs, constitué par le groupe ''δελ Sgr''. Il le fit comme pour les deux autres étoiles du groupe, dont les noms sont retenus par l’UAI. Il le fit à partir de la description de l’Arc dans la figure grecque, alors que les Anciens Arabes nommaient spécifiquement ''al-Qaws'', « l’Arc », le groupe ''ξοπdρυ Sgr'', situé dans le ''Turban'' de ''Sagittarius'', autrement nommé ''al-Qilāda'', « le Collier ». Ar. ''al-Qaws'', Ibn Qutayba, al-Ṣūfī p/ ''ξοπdρυ Sgr''. Ar. ''al-Qaws'', p/ la constellation, d’où lat. ''‘Kaus’'', Hyde, puis ''Kaus Australis'' & ''Borealis'', Piazzi > fr. ''Kaus'', Francœur p/ ''δελ'' ''Sgr'', ''Kaus Media'', ''Australe'' & ''Boréale'', BdL., Rumrill, Rhoads, etc., UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM '': '''Alwarida''' Secunda''. Ar Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [''al-Nacā’im''] ''al-Wārida'' p/ le groupe ''γδεη Sgr'' ; se reporter à ''η Sgr'' pour les explications. P/ ''δ Sgr'', nous avons, ''via'' M. A. Sédillot, ''Alwarida'' ''Secunda'', Benhamouda, et ''via'' al-Aḫsāsī et Knobel, voir Allen, ''‘Thanih al Warida - Secunda τῶν Al Warida’''. </blockquote>English<blockquote>Piazzi introduced this name for the stars of Τόξος / Toksos, the “Bow” of the Greek astronomers, consisting of the δελ Sgr group. He did so in the same way as for the other two stars in the group, whose names are recognized by the IAU. He based this on the description of the Bow in Greek astronomy, whereas the ancient Arabs specifically referred to the group ξοπdρυ Sgr—located in the Turban of Sagittarius, also known as al-Qilāda, “the Necklace”—as al-Qaws, “the Bow.” Arabic al-Qaws, Ibn Qutayba, al-Ṣūfī for ξοπdρυ Sgr. Arabic al-Qaws, for the constellation, hence Latin ‘Kaus’, Hyde, then Kaus Australis & Borealis, Piazzi > French Kaus, Francœur for δελ Sgr, Kaus Media, Australe & Boréale, BdL., Rumrill, Rhoads, etc., UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Alwarida Secunda. Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [al-Nacā’im] al-Wārida for the γδεη group in Sgr; see η Sgr for explanations. For δ Sgr, we have, via M. A. Sédillot, Alwarida Secunda, Benhamouda, and via al-Aḫsāsī and Knobel, see Allen, “Thanih al Warida - Secunda τῶν Al Warida.”</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/07/20.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Modern]]

Kaus Media

2026-07-07T11:01:35Z

Rolandlaffitte:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Kaus Media}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Kaus Media is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 89931 (δ Sgr, HR 6859) in constellation Sgr.

==Etymology and History==

Arbitrarily applied in recent times, together with the Latin distinctions of "middle", "southern", and "northern" (for λ Sgr), from the ind-A (and later sci-A) constellation name al-qaus, "the Bow". For the ind-Arabs, al-qaus was marked by the curved line of stars ξ2, o, π, d, ρ and υ Sgr (corresponding to what in other cultures was Sagittarius among the zodiacal signs). The sci-Arabs used the indigenous name for the Greeks' Archer, alternatively translated as al-rami.

Roland Laffitte (2025): <blockquote>Piazzi introduisit ce nom pour les étoiles du ''Τόξος'' / ''Toksos'', l’« Arc » des astronomes grecs, constitué par le groupe ''δελ Sgr''. Il le fit comme pour les deux autres étoiles du groupe, dont les noms sont retenus par l’UAI. Il le fit à partir de la description de l’Arc dans la figure grecque, alors que les Anciens Arabes nommaient spécifiquement ''al-Qaws'', « l’Arc », le groupe ''ξοπdρυ Sgr'', situé dans le ''Turban'' de ''Sagittarius'', autrement nommé ''al-Qilāda'', « le Collier ». Ar. ''al-Qaws'', Ibn Qutayba, al-Ṣūfī p/ ''ξοπdρυ Sgr''. Ar. ''al-Qaws'', p/ la constellation, d’où lat. ''‘Kaus’'', Hyde, puis ''Kaus Australis'' & ''Borealis'', Piazzi > fr. ''Kaus'', Francœur p/ ''δελ'' ''Sgr'', ''Kaus Media'', ''Australe'' & ''Boréale'', BdL., Rumrill, Rhoads, etc., UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>AUTRE NOM '': '''Alwarida''' Secunda''. Ar Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [''al-Nacā’im''] ''al-Wārida'' p/ le groupe ''γδεη Sgr'' ; se reporter à ''η Sgr'' pour les explications. P/ ''δ Sgr'', nous avons, ''via'' M. A. Sédillot, ''Alwarida'' ''Secunda'', Benhamouda, et ''via'' al-Aḫsāsī et Knobel, voir Allen, ''‘Thanih al Warida - Secunda τῶν Al Warida’''. </blockquote>English<blockquote>Piazzi introduced this name for the stars of Τόξος / Toksos, the “Bow” of the Greek astronomers, consisting of the δελ Sgr group. He did so in the same way as for the other two stars in the group, whose names are recognized by the IAU. He based this on the description of the Bow in Greek astronomy, whereas the ancient Arabs specifically referred to the group ξοπdρυ Sgr—located in the Turban of Sagittarius, also known as al-Qilāda, “the Necklace”—as al-Qaws, “the Bow.” Arabic al-Qaws, Ibn Qutayba, al-Ṣūfī for ξοπdρυ Sgr. Arabic al-Qaws, for the constellation, hence Latin ‘Kaus’, Hyde, then Kaus Australis & Borealis, Piazzi > French Kaus, Francœur for δελ Sgr, Kaus Media, Australe & Boréale, BdL., Rumrill, Rhoads, etc., UAI.</blockquote><blockquote>ALTERNATIVE NAME: Alwarida Secunda. Ar. الواردة [النعايم] [al-Nacā’im] al-Wārida for the γδεη group in Sgr; see η Sgr for explanations. For δ Sgr, we have, via M. A. Sédillot, Alwarida Secunda, Benhamouda, and via al-Aḫsāsī and Knobel, see Allen, “Thanih al Warida - Secunda τῶν Al Warida.”</blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/07/20.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sgr]] [[Category:Arabic]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Modern]]