All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

DILI

2026-05-28T03:46:59Z

Sushoff: /* Identification (DILI). */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Sumerian (mul)DILI (𒀯𒀸) equaling Akkadian mul''Ēdu'' (𒀯𒂊𒁺), the "single/separate one", is a general term referring to single-star asterisms, typically one-star features of constellations or constellation parts. Examples include MUL DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu'', the single star of its (the Lion's) tail (β [[Leo]]<nowiki/>nis) and the single star in the knee of ‘the Goat’ (μ [[Hercules|Her]]). Kurtik (2007) has two entries, (d07) DILI and (d08) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' (the single star in Leo) that we merge here.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Variant readings:

* mulDIL, mulAŠ = ''ēdu'' "single, unique, separate (star)";
* mul''Ēdu'' (𒀯𒂊𒁺) is the Akkadian for Sumerian mu[[DILI|l]][[DILI]] (𒀯𒀸)
The Akkadian equivalent to mul/múlDILI, "separate, single, (unique) star"; in the names of ''ziqpu'' stars VI, XXIV.

Var. designations:

* 1) = ''ziqpu'' VI, a group of stars in Hercules [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 108; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1495a],
* 2) in the title of ''ziqpu'' XXIV, see (Kurtik d08) DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2.
Special Case (Kurtik, d08):
*"the single star on its (Leo's) tail" = ''ziqpu'' XXIV (β Leonis) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 162, IV 3].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL ''ša2'' ''taš''!''-ka-a-ti'' | EN mulDILI
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the triplets star to the single star",
** b)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI. MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the single star to the Lady of Life" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13-16; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:13-16; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:4-5]
** c)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2 | EN MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the 2 stars of its hips to the single star of its tail",
** d)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the single star on its tail to the Branch" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17-20; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 17-20; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16436:
** (a)
*** MUL2 ''e-du'' // 1 ''ša''2-''niš'' 2 // 10 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
*** "Individual star // 1 or 2 (stars) // 10600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:23].
** (b)
*** MUL2 DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 // 1 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3
*** "A single star on its tail // 1 (star) // 7200 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:15].
* (3) VAT 16437:
** 10 UŠ ''a-na e''-DIL ''ša''2 K[UN]
** "10° to the single (star) on the tail." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 225:18].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a)
*** TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ''ša ra-pal-t''[''i-šu''2] / ˹EN˺ [''is-ḫu''-]''n-na-at'' KUN-''šu'' ½ D[ANNA]
*** "From the 2 st[ars] on its hi[ps], to the talon of its tail ½ m[ile] (=150)",
** b)
*** [TA ''i'']''s-ḫu-un-na-at'' KUN-[''šu''] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA]
*** "[From the ta]lon of [its] tail to ŠU.PA 1 mi[le] (300)." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:16-19].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** (a)
*** 10 UŠ ''ana'' MUL ''e-du''
*** "10° to the Single Star" (rev. 6) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:6]; for a parallel, see BM 61677 [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 180:3'].
** (b)
*** [10 U]Š DANNA ''ana e''-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 MUL KUN-''šu''2
*** "[10°] to the single star on its tail" (rev. 23),
** (c)
*** ''e''!-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
*** "single (star) on its tail," the diagram shows 1 point (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:23, 176-178].
|
|-
| '''GU text.'''
* (J) ''ēdu''(AŠ) ''ša''2 kun mulur.a [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
* (S)
** [mul] ''e''-˹''du''˺ [''ša''2] ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3
** "single star on the knee of the Goat" (= ''ziqpu'' VI: μ Her) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:30], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
* β Leonis ([[Denebola]])
* ... Lyrae
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* [...] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | ''e-du ana ziq-pi'' 30 [...]
* "[...] — the stars of Antašurra. The single (star) culminates. 30 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 13, ii 12'].
|
|-
|'''C<s>ulminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.</s>'''
* <s>(1) LBAT 1502. [...] ''u'' DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ''ša''2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-''šu''2 ''ana ziq-pi'' ˹10˺ [...] "[...] and the Rooster — the Antagub star. One (star) on its tail culminates. 10 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 4', ii 3']. [[I don't see the ii 3' having the 2 - Fincke 2025 now has 1501 col. i -separate from 1502 ii-iii</s>
|☢[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg|alt=star char|thumb|UR.GU.LA drawing by Robert Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016), adapted to the star chart by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)]]
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* A 3427:
** múlDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 (in determining the rising times of the twelfth sections of the zodiacal sign of Scorpius and Sagittarius) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238-239: 1, 12-13, 15, 19].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* AO 6483:
** [...] múl''e-du'' E3-''a'' uku2-''in''
** "(If a child is born, when) [...] a single star appears: he will be poor" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
* W 23313/3:
** [DIŠ K]I MUL ''e-du ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 U3.TU DUMU.MUNUSmeš [...]
** "[If] he is born when the single star on its tail (culminates): daughters [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:7'].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Identification '''('''DILI). ====
''Ziqpu'' VI = μ Herculis,

''ziqpu'' XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86].

See. also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]], V 2

==== Previous Identification (DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2). ====
''Ziqpu'' XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 86].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d07 & d08)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, d7) DILI ===
!
|-
|вар. чтения: mulDIL, mulAŠ; = ēdu «единственная, отдельная (звезда)»; 1) = ziqpu VI, группа звезд в Геркулесе (Hercules) [Gössmann 1950, 108; AHw, 1495a], 2) в названии ziqpu XXIV, см. d08DILI ša2 KUN-šu2.
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL ša2 taš!-ka-a-ti | EN mulDILI «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От звезды из Тройни до Отдельной звезды», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Госпожи жизни» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13–16; TU, 21:13–16; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:4–5]. (2) VAT 16436: MUL2 e-du // 1 ša2-niš 2 // 10 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда // 1 или 2 (звезды) // 10600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:23]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana MUL e-du «100 до Отдельной звезды» (rev. 6) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:6]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid. 180:3']. GU-текст. (S) [mul] e-˹du˺ [ša2] kin-ṣi muluz3 «Отдельная звезда на колене Козы» (= ziqpu VI: μ Her) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30], см. также u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | e-du ana ziq-pi 30 […] «[…] — звезды Анташурра. Отдельная (звезда) кульминирует. 30 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 13, ii 12']. Поздняя астрология. AO 6483: […] múle-du e3-a uku2-in «(Если ребенок родился, когда) […] Отдельная звезда появляется: он будет беден» [TU, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu VI = μ Herculis, ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 60; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86].

См. также u31UZ3, V 2.
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, d8) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' ===
!
|-
|«Отдельная звезда на его (Льва) хвосте»; = ziqpu XXIV (β Leonis) [Gössmann 1950, 162, IV 3].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) АО 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 | EN MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на его хвосте до Отдельной звезды на его бедре», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 | EN mulA.EDIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды на его хвосте до Ветви» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17–20; TU, 21 r. 17–20; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na e-DIL ša2 K[UN] «100 до отдельной (звезды) на хвосте» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:18]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 // 1 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте // 1 (звезда) // 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:15]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ša ra-pal-t[i-šu2] / ˹EN˺ [is-ḫu-u]n-na-at KUN-šu ½ D[ANNA] «От 2 зв[езд] на его бед[ре], до кисти его хвоста ½ м[или] (=150)», b) [TA i]s-ḫu-un-na-at KUN-[šu] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA] «[От к]исти [его] хвоста до ŠU.PA 1 ми[ля] (300)» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:16–19]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 U]Š DANNA ana e-˹du˺ ša2 MUL KUN-šu2 «[100] до Отдельной звезды на его хвосте» (rev. 23), b) e!-˹du˺ ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная (звезда) на его хвосте», на диаграмме изображена 1 точка (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:23, 176–178]. GU-текст. (J) ēdu(AŠ) ša2 kun mulur.a [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], см. u17UR.A. Кульминации ziqpu-звезд. (1) LBAT 1502. […] u DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ša2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-šu2 ana ziq-pi ˹10˺ […] «[…] и Петух — звезда Антагуб. Одна (звезда) на его хвосте кульминирует. 10 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 4', ii 3']. Aнафора. A 3427: múlDILI ša2 KUN-šu2 (при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Скорпион и Стрелец) [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239: 1, 12–13, 15, 19]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL e-du ša2 KUN-šu2 U3.TU DUMU´MUNUSmeš […] «[Если] он, когда Отдельная звезда на его хвосте (кульминирует), родился: дочери […]» [SpTU V, 265:7'].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 58; Hunger-Pingree 1999 86].
|
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, e07) Edu ===
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul/múlDILI «Отдельная (единственная) звезда»; в названиях ziqpu-звезд VI, XXIV, см. d07DILI, d08DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 .
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Leo]]

DILI

2026-05-28T03:46:28Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Sumerian (mul)DILI (𒀯𒀸) equaling Akkadian mul''Ēdu'' (𒀯𒂊𒁺), the "single/separate one", is a general term referring to single-star asterisms, typically one-star features of constellations or constellation parts. Examples include MUL DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu'', the single star of its (the Lion's) tail (β [[Leo]]<nowiki/>nis) and the single star in the knee of ‘the Goat’ (μ [[Hercules|Her]]). Kurtik (2007) has two entries, (d07) DILI and (d08) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' (the single star in Leo) that we merge here.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Variant readings:

* mulDIL, mulAŠ = ''ēdu'' "single, unique, separate (star)";
* mul''Ēdu'' (𒀯𒂊𒁺) is the Akkadian for Sumerian mu[[DILI|l]][[DILI]] (𒀯𒀸)
The Akkadian equivalent to mul/múlDILI, "separate, single, (unique) star"; in the names of ''ziqpu'' stars VI, XXIV.

Var. designations:

* 1) = ''ziqpu'' VI, a group of stars in Hercules [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 108; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1495a],
* 2) in the title of ''ziqpu'' XXIV, see (Kurtik d08) DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2.
Special Case (Kurtik, d08):
*"the single star on its (Leo's) tail" = ''ziqpu'' XXIV (β Leonis) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 162, IV 3].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL ''ša2'' ''taš''!''-ka-a-ti'' | EN mulDILI
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the triplets star to the single star",
** b)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI. MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the single star to the Lady of Life" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13-16; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:13-16; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:4-5]
** c)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2 | EN MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the 2 stars of its hips to the single star of its tail",
** d)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the single star on its tail to the Branch" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17-20; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 17-20; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16436:
** (a)
*** MUL2 ''e-du'' // 1 ''ša''2-''niš'' 2 // 10 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
*** "Individual star // 1 or 2 (stars) // 10600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:23].
** (b)
*** MUL2 DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 // 1 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3
*** "A single star on its tail // 1 (star) // 7200 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:15].
* (3) VAT 16437:
** 10 UŠ ''a-na e''-DIL ''ša''2 K[UN]
** "10° to the single (star) on the tail." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 225:18].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a)
*** TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ''ša ra-pal-t''[''i-šu''2] / ˹EN˺ [''is-ḫu''-]''n-na-at'' KUN-''šu'' ½ D[ANNA]
*** "From the 2 st[ars] on its hi[ps], to the talon of its tail ½ m[ile] (=150)",
** b)
*** [TA ''i'']''s-ḫu-un-na-at'' KUN-[''šu''] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA]
*** "[From the ta]lon of [its] tail to ŠU.PA 1 mi[le] (300)." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:16-19].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** (a)
*** 10 UŠ ''ana'' MUL ''e-du''
*** "10° to the Single Star" (rev. 6) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:6]; for a parallel, see BM 61677 [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 180:3'].
** (b)
*** [10 U]Š DANNA ''ana e''-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 MUL KUN-''šu''2
*** "[10°] to the single star on its tail" (rev. 23),
** (c)
*** ''e''!-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
*** "single (star) on its tail," the diagram shows 1 point (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:23, 176-178].
|
|-
| '''GU text.'''
* (J) ''ēdu''(AŠ) ''ša''2 kun mulur.a [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
* (S)
** [mul] ''e''-˹''du''˺ [''ša''2] ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3
** "single star on the knee of the Goat" (= ''ziqpu'' VI: μ Her) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:30], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
* β Leonis ([[Denebola]])
* ... Lyrae
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* [...] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | ''e-du ana ziq-pi'' 30 [...]
* "[...] — the stars of Antašurra. The single (star) culminates. 30 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 13, ii 12'].
|
|-
|'''C<s>ulminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.</s>'''
* <s>(1) LBAT 1502. [...] ''u'' DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ''ša''2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-''šu''2 ''ana ziq-pi'' ˹10˺ [...] "[...] and the Rooster — the Antagub star. One (star) on its tail culminates. 10 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 4', ii 3']. [[I don't see the ii 3' having the 2 - Fincke 2025 now has 1501 col. i -separate from 1502 ii-iii</s>
|☢[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg|alt=star char|thumb|UR.GU.LA drawing by Robert Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016), adapted to the star chart by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)]]
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* A 3427:
** múlDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 (in determining the rising times of the twelfth sections of the zodiacal sign of Scorpius and Sagittarius) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238-239: 1, 12-13, 15, 19].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* AO 6483:
** [...] múl''e-du'' E3-''a'' uku2-''in''
** "(If a child is born, when) [...] a single star appears: he will be poor" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
* W 23313/3:
** [DIŠ K]I MUL ''e-du ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 U3.TU DUMU.MUNUSmeš [...]
** "[If] he is born when the single star on its tail (culminates): daughters [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:7'].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Identification '''('''DILI). ====
''Ziqpu'' VI = μ Herculis, ''ziqpu'' XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86].

See. also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]], V 2

==== Previous Identification (DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2). ====
''Ziqpu'' XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 86].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d07 & d08)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, d7) DILI ===
!
|-
|вар. чтения: mulDIL, mulAŠ; = ēdu «единственная, отдельная (звезда)»; 1) = ziqpu VI, группа звезд в Геркулесе (Hercules) [Gössmann 1950, 108; AHw, 1495a], 2) в названии ziqpu XXIV, см. d08DILI ša2 KUN-šu2.
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL ša2 taš!-ka-a-ti | EN mulDILI «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От звезды из Тройни до Отдельной звезды», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Госпожи жизни» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13–16; TU, 21:13–16; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:4–5]. (2) VAT 16436: MUL2 e-du // 1 ša2-niš 2 // 10 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда // 1 или 2 (звезды) // 10600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:23]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana MUL e-du «100 до Отдельной звезды» (rev. 6) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:6]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid. 180:3']. GU-текст. (S) [mul] e-˹du˺ [ša2] kin-ṣi muluz3 «Отдельная звезда на колене Козы» (= ziqpu VI: μ Her) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30], см. также u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | e-du ana ziq-pi 30 […] «[…] — звезды Анташурра. Отдельная (звезда) кульминирует. 30 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 13, ii 12']. Поздняя астрология. AO 6483: […] múle-du e3-a uku2-in «(Если ребенок родился, когда) […] Отдельная звезда появляется: он будет беден» [TU, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu VI = μ Herculis, ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 60; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86].

См. также u31UZ3, V 2.
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, d8) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' ===
!
|-
|«Отдельная звезда на его (Льва) хвосте»; = ziqpu XXIV (β Leonis) [Gössmann 1950, 162, IV 3].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) АО 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 | EN MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на его хвосте до Отдельной звезды на его бедре», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 | EN mulA.EDIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды на его хвосте до Ветви» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17–20; TU, 21 r. 17–20; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na e-DIL ša2 K[UN] «100 до отдельной (звезды) на хвосте» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:18]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 // 1 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте // 1 (звезда) // 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:15]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ša ra-pal-t[i-šu2] / ˹EN˺ [is-ḫu-u]n-na-at KUN-šu ½ D[ANNA] «От 2 зв[езд] на его бед[ре], до кисти его хвоста ½ м[или] (=150)», b) [TA i]s-ḫu-un-na-at KUN-[šu] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA] «[От к]исти [его] хвоста до ŠU.PA 1 ми[ля] (300)» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:16–19]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 U]Š DANNA ana e-˹du˺ ša2 MUL KUN-šu2 «[100] до Отдельной звезды на его хвосте» (rev. 23), b) e!-˹du˺ ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная (звезда) на его хвосте», на диаграмме изображена 1 точка (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:23, 176–178]. GU-текст. (J) ēdu(AŠ) ša2 kun mulur.a [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], см. u17UR.A. Кульминации ziqpu-звезд. (1) LBAT 1502. […] u DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ša2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-šu2 ana ziq-pi ˹10˺ […] «[…] и Петух — звезда Антагуб. Одна (звезда) на его хвосте кульминирует. 10 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 4', ii 3']. Aнафора. A 3427: múlDILI ša2 KUN-šu2 (при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Скорпион и Стрелец) [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239: 1, 12–13, 15, 19]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL e-du ša2 KUN-šu2 U3.TU DUMU´MUNUSmeš […] «[Если] он, когда Отдельная звезда на его хвосте (кульминирует), родился: дочери […]» [SpTU V, 265:7'].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 58; Hunger-Pingree 1999 86].
|
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, e07) Edu ===
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul/múlDILI «Отдельная (единственная) звезда»; в названиях ziqpu-звезд VI, XXIV, см. d07DILI, d08DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 .
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Leo]]

Ēdu

2026-05-28T03:44:08Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ēdu''}}
#REDIRECT [[DILI]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Ēdu

2026-05-28T03:42:44Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ēdu''}}

#REDIRECT [[DILI]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

DILI

2026-05-28T03:40:37Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Sumerian (mul)DILI (𒀯𒀸) equaling Akkadian mul''Ēdu'' (𒀯𒂊𒁺), the "single/separate one", is a general term referring to single-star asterisms, typically one-star features of constellations or constellation parts. Examples include MUL DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu'', the single star of its (the Lion's) tail (β [[Leo]]<nowiki/>nis) and the single star in the knee of ‘the Goat’ (μ [[Hercules|Her]]). Kurtik (2007) has two entries, (d07) [[DILI]] and (d08) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' (the single star in Leo) that we merge here.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Variant readings:

* mulDIL, mulAŠ = ''ēdu'' "single, unique, separate (star)";
* mul''Ēdu'' (𒀯𒂊𒁺) is the Akkadian for Sumerian mu[[DILI|l]][[DILI]] (𒀯𒀸)
The Akkadian equivalent to mul/múlDILI, "separate, single, (unique) star"; in the names of ''ziqpu'' stars VI, XXIV.

Var. designations:

* 1) = ''ziqpu'' VI, a group of stars in Hercules [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 108; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1495a],
* 2) in the title of ''ziqpu'' XXIV, see (Kurtik d08) DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2.
Special Case (Kurtik, d08):
*"the single star on its (Leo's) tail" = ''ziqpu'' XXIV (β Leonis) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 162, IV 3].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL ''ša2'' ''taš''!''-ka-a-ti'' | EN mulDILI
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the triplets star to the single star",
** b)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI. MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the single star to the Lady of Life" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13-16; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:13-16; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:4-5]
** c)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2 | EN MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the 2 stars of its hips to the single star of its tail",
** d)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the single star on its tail to the Branch" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17-20; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 17-20; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16436:
** (a)
*** MUL2 ''e-du'' // 1 ''ša''2-''niš'' 2 // 10 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
*** "Individual star // 1 or 2 (stars) // 10600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:23].
** (b)
*** MUL2 DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 // 1 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3
*** "A single star on its tail // 1 (star) // 7200 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:15].
* (3) VAT 16437:
** 10 UŠ ''a-na e''-DIL ''ša''2 K[UN]
** "10° to the single (star) on the tail." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 225:18].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a)
*** TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ''ša ra-pal-t''[''i-šu''2] / ˹EN˺ [''is-ḫu''-]''n-na-at'' KUN-''šu'' ½ D[ANNA]
*** "From the 2 st[ars] on its hi[ps], to the talon of its tail ½ m[ile] (=150)",
** b)
*** [TA ''i'']''s-ḫu-un-na-at'' KUN-[''šu''] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA]
*** "[From the ta]lon of [its] tail to ŠU.PA 1 mi[le] (300)." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:16-19].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** (a)
*** 10 UŠ ''ana'' MUL ''e-du''
*** "10° to the Single Star" (rev. 6) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:6]; for a parallel, see BM 61677 [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 180:3'].
** (b)
*** [10 U]Š DANNA ''ana e''-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 MUL KUN-''šu''2
*** "[10°] to the single star on its tail" (rev. 23),
** (c)
*** ''e''!-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
*** "single (star) on its tail," the diagram shows 1 point (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:23, 176-178].
|Example
|-
| '''GU text.'''
* (J) ''ēdu''(AŠ) ''ša''2 kun mulur.a [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
* (S)
** [mul] ''e''-˹''du''˺ [''ša''2] ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3
** "single star on the knee of the Goat" (= ''ziqpu'' VI: μ Her) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:30], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* [...] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | ''e-du ana ziq-pi'' 30 [...]
* "[...] — the stars of Antašurra. The single (star) culminates. 30 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 13, ii 12'].
|
|-
|'''C<s>ulminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.</s>'''
* <s>(1) LBAT 1502. [...] ''u'' DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ''ša''2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-''šu''2 ''ana ziq-pi'' ˹10˺ [...] "[...] and the Rooster — the Antagub star. One (star) on its tail culminates. 10 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 4', ii 3']. [[I don't see the ii 3' having the 2 - Fincke 2025 now has 1501 col. i -separate from 1502 ii-iii</s>
|[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg|alt=star char|thumb|UR.GU.LA drawing by Robert Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016), adapted to the star chart by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)]]
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* A 3427:
** múlDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 (in determining the rising times of the twelfth sections of the zodiacal sign of Scorpius and Sagittarius) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238-239: 1, 12-13, 15, 19].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* AO 6483:
** [...] múl''e-du'' E3-''a'' uku2-''in''
** "(If a child is born, when) [...] a single star appears: he will be poor" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
* W 23313/3:
** [DIŠ K]I MUL ''e-du ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 U3.TU DUMU.MUNUSmeš [...]
** "[If] he is born when the single star on its tail (culminates): daughters [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:7'].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Identification '''('''DILI). ====
''Ziqpu'' VI = μ Herculis, ''ziqpu'' XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86].

See. also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]], V 2

==== Previous Identification (DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2). ====
''Ziqpu'' XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 86].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d07 & d08)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, d7) DILI ===
!
|-
|вар. чтения: mulDIL, mulAŠ; = ēdu «единственная, отдельная (звезда)»; 1) = ziqpu VI, группа звезд в Геркулесе (Hercules) [Gössmann 1950, 108; AHw, 1495a], 2) в названии ziqpu XXIV, см. d08DILI ša2 KUN-šu2.
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL ša2 taš!-ka-a-ti | EN mulDILI «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От звезды из Тройни до Отдельной звезды», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Госпожи жизни» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13–16; TU, 21:13–16; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:4–5]. (2) VAT 16436: MUL2 e-du // 1 ša2-niš 2 // 10 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда // 1 или 2 (звезды) // 10600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:23]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana MUL e-du «100 до Отдельной звезды» (rev. 6) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:6]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid. 180:3']. GU-текст. (S) [mul] e-˹du˺ [ša2] kin-ṣi muluz3 «Отдельная звезда на колене Козы» (= ziqpu VI: μ Her) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30], см. также u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | e-du ana ziq-pi 30 […] «[…] — звезды Анташурра. Отдельная (звезда) кульминирует. 30 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 13, ii 12']. Поздняя астрология. AO 6483: […] múle-du e3-a uku2-in «(Если ребенок родился, когда) […] Отдельная звезда появляется: он будет беден» [TU, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu VI = μ Herculis, ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 60; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86].

См. также u31UZ3, V 2.
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, d8) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' ===
!
|-
|«Отдельная звезда на его (Льва) хвосте»; = ziqpu XXIV (β Leonis) [Gössmann 1950, 162, IV 3].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) АО 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 | EN MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на его хвосте до Отдельной звезды на его бедре», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 | EN mulA.EDIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды на его хвосте до Ветви» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17–20; TU, 21 r. 17–20; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na e-DIL ša2 K[UN] «100 до отдельной (звезды) на хвосте» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:18]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 // 1 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте // 1 (звезда) // 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:15]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ša ra-pal-t[i-šu2] / ˹EN˺ [is-ḫu-u]n-na-at KUN-šu ½ D[ANNA] «От 2 зв[езд] на его бед[ре], до кисти его хвоста ½ м[или] (=150)», b) [TA i]s-ḫu-un-na-at KUN-[šu] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA] «[От к]исти [его] хвоста до ŠU.PA 1 ми[ля] (300)» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:16–19]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 U]Š DANNA ana e-˹du˺ ša2 MUL KUN-šu2 «[100] до Отдельной звезды на его хвосте» (rev. 23), b) e!-˹du˺ ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная (звезда) на его хвосте», на диаграмме изображена 1 точка (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:23, 176–178]. GU-текст. (J) ēdu(AŠ) ša2 kun mulur.a [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], см. u17UR.A. Кульминации ziqpu-звезд. (1) LBAT 1502. […] u DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ša2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-šu2 ana ziq-pi ˹10˺ […] «[…] и Петух — звезда Антагуб. Одна (звезда) на его хвосте кульминирует. 10 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 4', ii 3']. Aнафора. A 3427: múlDILI ša2 KUN-šu2 (при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Скорпион и Стрелец) [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239: 1, 12–13, 15, 19]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL e-du ša2 KUN-šu2 U3.TU DUMU´MUNUSmeš […] «[Если] он, когда Отдельная звезда на его хвосте (кульминирует), родился: дочери […]» [SpTU V, 265:7'].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 58; Hunger-Pingree 1999 86].
|
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, e07) Edu ===
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul/múlDILI «Отдельная (единственная) звезда»; в названиях ziqpu-звезд VI, XXIV, см. d07DILI, d08DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 .
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Leo]]

Ēdu

2026-05-28T03:38:56Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ēdu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

, Sumerian dili being a writing for the number one, here as a numeral adjective, 'single, solitary, unique.'. It is used in reference to single stars in multi-star asterisms. For example, (Kurtik d07) [[DILI]], (Kurtik d08) [[DILI|DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]]., 'the single star in its ([[UR.GU.LA]]'s) tail' (GU-text, J).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e07)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul/múlDILI «Отдельная (единственная) звезда»; в названиях ziqpu-звезд VI, XXIV, см. d07DILI, d08DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 .||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

DILI

2026-05-28T03:38:36Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Sumerian (mul)DILI (𒀯𒀸) equaling Akkadian mul''Ēdu'' (𒀯𒂊𒁺), the "single/separate one", is a general term referring to single-star asterisms, typically one-star features of constellations or constellation parts. Examples include MUL DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu'', the single star of its (the Lion's) tail (β [[Leo]]<nowiki/>nis) and the single star in the knee of ‘the Goat’ (μ [[Hercules|Her]]). Kurtik (2007) has two entries, (d07) [[DILI]] and (d08) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' (the single star in Leo) that we merge here.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Variant readings:

* mulDIL, mulAŠ = ''ēdu'' "single, unique, separate (star)";
* mul''Ēdu'' (𒀯𒂊𒁺) is the Akkadian for Sumerian mu[[DILI|l]][[DILI]] (𒀯𒀸)
The Akkadian equivalent to mul/múlDILI, "separate, single, (unique) star"; in the names of ''ziqpu'' stars VI, XXIV.

Var. designations:

* 1) = ''ziqpu'' VI, a group of stars in Hercules [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 108; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1495a],
* 2) in the title of ''ziqpu'' XXIV, see (Kurtik d08) DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2.
Special Case (Kurtik, d08):
*"the single star on its (Leo's) tail" = ''ziqpu'' XXIV (β Leonis) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 162, IV 3].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL ''ša2'' ''taš''!''-ka-a-ti'' | EN mulDILI
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the triplets star to the single star",
** b)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI. MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the single star to the Lady of Life" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13-16; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:13-16; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:4-5]
** c)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2 | EN MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the 2 stars of its hips to the single star of its tail",
** d)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the single star on its tail to the Branch" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17-20; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 17-20; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16436:
** (a)
*** MUL2 ''e-du'' // 1 ''ša''2-''niš'' 2 // 10 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
*** "Individual star // 1 or 2 (stars) // 10600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:23].
** (b)
*** MUL2 DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 // 1 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3
*** "A single star on its tail // 1 (star) // 7200 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:15].
* (3) VAT 16437:
** 10 UŠ ''a-na e''-DIL ''ša''2 K[UN]
** "10° to the single (star) on the tail." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 225:18].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a)
*** TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ''ša ra-pal-t''[''i-šu''2] / ˹EN˺ [''is-ḫu''-]''n-na-at'' KUN-''šu'' ½ D[ANNA]
*** "From the 2 st[ars] on its hi[ps], to the talon of its tail ½ m[ile] (=150)",
** b)
*** [TA ''i'']''s-ḫu-un-na-at'' KUN-[''šu''] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA]
*** "[From the ta]lon of [its] tail to ŠU.PA 1 mi[le] (300)." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:16-19].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** (a)
*** 10 UŠ ''ana'' MUL ''e-du''
*** "10° to the Single Star" (rev. 6) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:6]; for a parallel, see BM 61677 [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 180:3'].
** (b)
*** [10 U]Š DANNA ''ana e''-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 MUL KUN-''šu''2
*** "[10°] to the single star on its tail" (rev. 23),
** (c)
*** ''e''!-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
*** "single (star) on its tail," the diagram shows 1 point (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:23, 176-178].
|Example
|-
| '''GU text.'''
* (J) ''ēdu''(AŠ) ''ša''2 kun mulur.a [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
* (S)
** [mul] ''e''-˹''du''˺ [''ša''2] ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3
** "single star on the knee of the Goat" (= ''ziqpu'' VI: μ Her) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:30], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* [...] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | ''e-du ana ziq-pi'' 30 [...]
* "[...] — the stars of Antašurra. The single (star) culminates. 30 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 13, ii 12'].
|
|-
|'''C<s>ulminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.</s>'''
* <s>(1) LBAT 1502. [...] ''u'' DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ''ša''2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-''šu''2 ''ana ziq-pi'' ˹10˺ [...] "[...] and the Rooster — the Antagub star. One (star) on its tail culminates. 10 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 4', ii 3']. [[I don't see the ii 3' having the 2 - Fincke 2025 now has 1501 col. i -separate from 1502 ii-iii</s>
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* A 3427:
** múlDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 (in determining the rising times of the twelfth sections of the zodiacal sign of Scorpius and Sagittarius) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238-239: 1, 12-13, 15, 19].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* AO 6483:
** [...] múl''e-du'' E3-''a'' uku2-''in''
** "(If a child is born, when) [...] a single star appears: he will be poor" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
* W 23313/3:
** [DIŠ K]I MUL ''e-du ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 U3.TU DUMU.MUNUSmeš [...]
** "[If] he is born when the single star on its tail (culminates): daughters [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:7'].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Identification '''('''DILI). ====
''Ziqpu'' VI = μ Herculis, ''ziqpu'' XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86].

See. also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]], V 2

==== Previous Identification (DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2). ====
''Ziqpu'' XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 86].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d07 & d08)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, d7) DILI ===
!
|-
|вар. чтения: mulDIL, mulAŠ; = ēdu «единственная, отдельная (звезда)»; 1) = ziqpu VI, группа звезд в Геркулесе (Hercules) [Gössmann 1950, 108; AHw, 1495a], 2) в названии ziqpu XXIV, см. d08DILI ša2 KUN-šu2.
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL ša2 taš!-ka-a-ti | EN mulDILI «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От звезды из Тройни до Отдельной звезды», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Госпожи жизни» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13–16; TU, 21:13–16; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:4–5]. (2) VAT 16436: MUL2 e-du // 1 ša2-niš 2 // 10 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда // 1 или 2 (звезды) // 10600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:23]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana MUL e-du «100 до Отдельной звезды» (rev. 6) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:6]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid. 180:3']. GU-текст. (S) [mul] e-˹du˺ [ša2] kin-ṣi muluz3 «Отдельная звезда на колене Козы» (= ziqpu VI: μ Her) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30], см. также u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | e-du ana ziq-pi 30 […] «[…] — звезды Анташурра. Отдельная (звезда) кульминирует. 30 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 13, ii 12']. Поздняя астрология. AO 6483: […] múle-du e3-a uku2-in «(Если ребенок родился, когда) […] Отдельная звезда появляется: он будет беден» [TU, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu VI = μ Herculis, ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 60; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86].

См. также u31UZ3, V 2.
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, d8) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' ===
!
|-
|«Отдельная звезда на его (Льва) хвосте»; = ziqpu XXIV (β Leonis) [Gössmann 1950, 162, IV 3].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) АО 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 | EN MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на его хвосте до Отдельной звезды на его бедре», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 | EN mulA.EDIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды на его хвосте до Ветви» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17–20; TU, 21 r. 17–20; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na e-DIL ša2 K[UN] «100 до отдельной (звезды) на хвосте» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:18]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 // 1 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте // 1 (звезда) // 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:15]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ša ra-pal-t[i-šu2] / ˹EN˺ [is-ḫu-u]n-na-at KUN-šu ½ D[ANNA] «От 2 зв[езд] на его бед[ре], до кисти его хвоста ½ м[или] (=150)», b) [TA i]s-ḫu-un-na-at KUN-[šu] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA] «[От к]исти [его] хвоста до ŠU.PA 1 ми[ля] (300)» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:16–19]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 U]Š DANNA ana e-˹du˺ ša2 MUL KUN-šu2 «[100] до Отдельной звезды на его хвосте» (rev. 23), b) e!-˹du˺ ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная (звезда) на его хвосте», на диаграмме изображена 1 точка (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:23, 176–178]. GU-текст. (J) ēdu(AŠ) ša2 kun mulur.a [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], см. u17UR.A. Кульминации ziqpu-звезд. (1) LBAT 1502. […] u DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ša2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-šu2 ana ziq-pi ˹10˺ […] «[…] и Петух — звезда Антагуб. Одна (звезда) на его хвосте кульминирует. 10 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 4', ii 3']. Aнафора. A 3427: múlDILI ša2 KUN-šu2 (при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Скорпион и Стрелец) [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239: 1, 12–13, 15, 19]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL e-du ša2 KUN-šu2 U3.TU DUMU´MUNUSmeš […] «[Если] он, когда Отдельная звезда на его хвосте (кульминирует), родился: дочери […]» [SpTU V, 265:7'].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 58; Hunger-Pingree 1999 86].
|
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, e07) Edu ===
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul/múlDILI «Отдельная (единственная) звезда»; в названиях ziqpu-звезд VI, XXIV, см. d07DILI, d08DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 .
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Leo]]

EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA

2026-05-28T03:25:11Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mul (d)EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA (𒀯𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾) is identified in a scribal comment in the astronomical report SAA 8 254 as a name for Jupiter. <nowiki>[[Add OECt 87 FROM GSL material]]</nowiki>]

==Visibility & Appearance==

Jupiter is the second brightest planet after Venus, but its light is more yellowish than Venus and its motion is slower which is why Jupiter was considered more majestic and identified with the heads of pantheons, and hence Marduk in Mesopotamia.
{{Template:Jupiter}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= Sumerian "Lord of the heavenly stations" (Akk. ''bēl manzaz šamê''). As the name of Jupiter in the astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 120], most likely with reference to Marduk's star ''Nēberu'' as Jupiter and its role in keeping all the stars of heaven aligned in their positions. See discussion sub (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]].''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, (p.), D.T.51 rev. 8].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
* [DIŠ mu]lEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA ''i-ba-᾽i-il'' / A.KAL.ME ''u'' A.AN.ME [GAL2.ME] / MUL.EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA: MUL.SAG.ME.[GAR]
** "(If) Engišgalanna becomes bright: [there will be] floods and rains. Engišgalanna = Jupiter." [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 254:7-9].
|Jupiter
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* Astrological predictions: DIŠ mul4 dEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA KUR4-''ma'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL "If Jupiter is bright: rain and flood (II iii 33) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>: 104].
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Владыка небесных стоянок»; название Юпитера в астрологических текстах [G. 120].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, (стр.), D.T.51 rev. 8]. «Рапорты». [DIŠ mu]lEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA i-ba-᾽i-il / A.KAL.ME u A.AN.ME [GAL2.ME] / MUL.EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA : MUL.SAG.ME.[GAR] «(Если) Энгишгальанна сверкает: [будут] наводнения и дожди. Энгишгальанна = Юпитер» [ARAK, 254:7–9]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: DIŠ mul4 dEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA KUR4-ma A.AN u A.KAL «Если Юпитер имеет большой блеск: дождь и наводнение» (II iii 33) [MA, 112].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

Category:Sct

2026-05-25T13:49:50Z

Sushoff: Created page with "Sct is the standardized abbreviation for the area of the IAU-constellation Scutum, The Shield. Category:Constellation"

Sct is the standardized abbreviation for the area of the IAU-constellation [[Scutum]], The Shield.
[[Category:Constellation]]

Coma Berenices

2026-05-23T06:23:37Z

Sushoff: /* Aratos */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Coma Berenices (com).tif|thumb|Coma Berenices, modern boundaries, IAU and Sky & Telescope.]]
[[File:Melotte-111.jpg|alt=photograph Melotte 111|thumb|Photograph of the Coma star cluster. This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects. Open cluster Melotte 111, or Coma Star Cluster. http://sternwarte-kempten.de/]]
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Coma Berenices (πλόκαμος)}}
One of the 88 [[wikipedia:International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] constellations. The ancient "Greek" constellation originates from Egypt. It has been invented by Konon, the royal astronomer of king [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-III-Euergetes Ptolemy III] and it was named after the king's wife, Queen [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berenice-II Berenice II] Euergetis as reported by Eratosthenes. However, the asterism always used to have names in other cultures. In this area of the sky close the pole of the ecliptic, there are not many bright stars, but a clearly recognizable star cluster of triangular shape (the visual appearance is an isosceles triangle).

==Etymology and History==
<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>This figure has only been regarded as a constellation since Tycho Brahe included it in his catalogue in 1602, but the figure itself is ancient. It is treated as an association of faint stars in the constellation Leo; in the ''Almagest'', for example, it is described as a ‘nebulous mass’ representing a ‘curl’.

The ''Almagest'' does not define whose curly hair is being represented here. It is not mentioned in Aratos, but the figure appears in Eratosthenes. Interestingly, he mentions it twice and somewhat confusedly: In one of the two surviving text versions of Eratosthenes on the lion, there is a supplement to the list of stars in which he speaks of a triangle of stars next to the lion's tail and calls it the ‘curl of Berenice’. However, the fact that he also mentions a curl in the constellation of the Northern Crown – the curl of Ariadne – causes more confusion. Philologists therefore speculate whether, after Berenice II was removed by her son for political reasons, it was not appropriate for a time to speak of the "Lock of Berenice". There are astronomical reasons against this, but if the curl was – at least temporarily – assigned to Ariadne, this was not permanent, as the cult of Berenice subsequently became more important.

===Origin of Constellation===
Berenice was the name of several queens of Egypt.<ref name=":0" /> According to Eratosthenes, this refers to Berenice II Euergetis, the wife of the Greek ruler Ptolemy III. The royal couple were already revered for their charity during their lifetime: they were regarded as a pair of gods in Egypt and worshipped in Crete and Athens. The constellation is said to have been invented by Konon of Samos in 241 BCE. While Eratosthenes worked as a librarian and teacher of princes in Alexandria, Konon was the king's astronomer.

In Mesopotamia, the panicle of the date palm of the goddess Erua was in this place - neither a tuft of hair nor a curl of a queen.

==== Babylonian ====

* [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]'s date palm branch/leaf/spadix
* [[Sissinnu]] Erua

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratos =====
not mentioned

===== Eratosthenes =====
<blockquote>'''Var. 1:''' not mentioned </blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2:''' Above Leo, we can also see seven faint stars, forming a triangle near the tail. They are known as “the Hair of Berenice the Benefactor”.</blockquote>Pamias and Zucker (2013)<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref>

===== Hipparchus =====
not mentioned

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!
!asterism of the The Lock/ The Ivy Leaf in [[Leo]]
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|33
|τῆς μεταξὺ τῶν ἄκρων τοῦ Λέουτος καὶ τῆς Ἄρκτου κεφελοειδοῦς σοστροφῆς καλουμένου Πλοκάμου τὸ βορειότατον
|The northernmost part of the nebulous mass between the edges of Leo and Ursa [Major], called Coma [Berenices]
|15 Com
|-
|34
|τῶν νοτίων τοῦ Πλοκάμου ἐξοχῶν ἡ προηγουμένη
|The most advanced of the southern outrunners of Coma
|7 Com
|-
|35
|ἡ ἐπομένη αὐτῶν ἐν σχήματι φύλλου κισσίνου
|The rearmost of them, shaped like an ivy leaf
|23 Com
|-
|
|
|
|
|}
[[File:Plokamos Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Plokamos (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|γ Comae Berenices
|HIP 60742
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.34
|-
|2
|Phyllon Kissinou
|HIP 61394
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.773
|-
|3
|12 Com A
|HIP 60351
|Constellation lines
|4.81
|-
|4
|7 Com
|HIP 59847
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.86
|-
|5
|14 Com
|HIP 60697
|Constellation lines
|4.95
|-
|6
|16 Com
|HIP 60746
|Inside the hull
|4.959
|-
|7
|13 Com
|HIP 60514
|Inside the hull
|5.18
|-
|8
|17 Com
|HIP 60904
|Inside the hull
|5.236
|-
|9
|21 Com
|HIP 61071
|Inside the hull
|5.436
|-
|10
|18 Com
|HIP 60941
|Constellation lines
|5.468
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 60170
|Inside the hull
|5.51
|-
|12
|4 Com
|HIP 59468
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.62
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 59923
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.7
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59364
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.987
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 60599
|Inside the hull
|6.02
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 60168
|Inside the hull
|6.1
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 60327
|Constellation lines
|6.162
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 60098
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|19
|FM Com
|HIP 60066
|Inside the hull
|6.433
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 59489
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|6.457
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===

==Mythology==
'''Greek'''<ref name=":0" />

The contemporary poet Kallimachos described why Konon invented the constellation, and the Roman poet Catullus translated it into Latin around 200 years later.

Berenice was a princess from Cyrene who married the king of Egypt in 246 BCE. The same year, he went to war against the Seleucids in the Third Syrian War. Eratosthenes, who also came from Cyrene but was now working in Athens, was brought in as tutor to the princes when their son Ptolemy IV Philopator was born in 245 BCE. However, Berenice prayed that her husband would return from the war in one piece and vowed to sacrifice her head of hair (or a lock of it) as soon as this happened.

On the king's return, she cut her hair and brought it to the temple of Arsinoë. Disturbance ensued when it disappeared the following day. Konon showed the excited crowd, which had gathered suspiciously, that the gods had moved the hair of the benevolent queen to the sky.

Nowadays, the constellation is often used for romantic narratives: As a constellation symbolising conjugal love and fidelity, it can be wonderfully used in planetariums and other contexts.

== Names of the Star Cluster in other cultures ==

# Aldafirah (Arabic - translation from Greek)
# [[Awarhakoya]] (Locono People, South America)
# [[Fatana-lua]] (..., Tonga/ Polynesia)
# Hulbatalasad (Arabic Indigenous)
# [[Itua ni Bure]] (..., Gilbert Is./ Micronesia)
# [[Kinallaúb|Kinallaub]] (Kankanaey People, Philippines)
# [[Langwei]] (Chinese)
# [[Phyllon Kissinou|Phyllonkissinou]] (Ancient Greek)
# Plokamos (Ancient Greek)
# [[Sissinnu]] (Akkadian/Babylonian)
# [[Te Yiku-o-te-kiole]] (Pukapuka, Cook Islands/ Polynesia)
Images from different cultures<gallery>
File:Spirit of the Awarra Palm.jpg|Spirit of the Awarra Palm: constellation of the Lokono People in South America. Screenshot from Stellarium (2024), sky culture produced by Konrad Rybka.
File:Eruas asterism.jpg|Sissinu: the branch/ frond/ spadix of the date palm in Babylonian astronomy
File:Papke Erua.jpg|Babylonian Goddess Erua with a frond and a spadix of a date palm (drawn in a map by Papke 1987).
File:IvyLeaf stellarium 2024.jpg|Asterism of the Ivy Leaf as described in Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' (Stellarium 2024)
File:TheTassel stellarium2024 Arabic.jpeg|The Tassel (Arabic Indigenous constellation) of the Lion, screenshot from Stellarium (by Khalid al-Ajaji)
File:Langwei Reconstructed-.jpg|Chinese constellation Langwei (reconstructed by Boshun Yang)
</gallery>

==Weblinks==
* Ridpath, Ian, “[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/comaberenices.html Star Tales: online edition]”.

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]] [[Category:Com]]

Coma Berenices

2026-05-23T06:23:18Z

Sushoff: /* Hipparchus */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Coma Berenices (com).tif|thumb|Coma Berenices, modern boundaries, IAU and Sky & Telescope.]]
[[File:Melotte-111.jpg|alt=photograph Melotte 111|thumb|Photograph of the Coma star cluster. This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects. Open cluster Melotte 111, or Coma Star Cluster. http://sternwarte-kempten.de/]]
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Coma Berenices (πλόκαμος)}}
One of the 88 [[wikipedia:International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] constellations. The ancient "Greek" constellation originates from Egypt. It has been invented by Konon, the royal astronomer of king [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-III-Euergetes Ptolemy III] and it was named after the king's wife, Queen [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berenice-II Berenice II] Euergetis as reported by Eratosthenes. However, the asterism always used to have names in other cultures. In this area of the sky close the pole of the ecliptic, there are not many bright stars, but a clearly recognizable star cluster of triangular shape (the visual appearance is an isosceles triangle).

==Etymology and History==
<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>This figure has only been regarded as a constellation since Tycho Brahe included it in his catalogue in 1602, but the figure itself is ancient. It is treated as an association of faint stars in the constellation Leo; in the ''Almagest'', for example, it is described as a ‘nebulous mass’ representing a ‘curl’.

The ''Almagest'' does not define whose curly hair is being represented here. It is not mentioned in Aratos, but the figure appears in Eratosthenes. Interestingly, he mentions it twice and somewhat confusedly: In one of the two surviving text versions of Eratosthenes on the lion, there is a supplement to the list of stars in which he speaks of a triangle of stars next to the lion's tail and calls it the ‘curl of Berenice’. However, the fact that he also mentions a curl in the constellation of the Northern Crown – the curl of Ariadne – causes more confusion. Philologists therefore speculate whether, after Berenice II was removed by her son for political reasons, it was not appropriate for a time to speak of the "Lock of Berenice". There are astronomical reasons against this, but if the curl was – at least temporarily – assigned to Ariadne, this was not permanent, as the cult of Berenice subsequently became more important.

===Origin of Constellation===
Berenice was the name of several queens of Egypt.<ref name=":0" /> According to Eratosthenes, this refers to Berenice II Euergetis, the wife of the Greek ruler Ptolemy III. The royal couple were already revered for their charity during their lifetime: they were regarded as a pair of gods in Egypt and worshipped in Crete and Athens. The constellation is said to have been invented by Konon of Samos in 241 BCE. While Eratosthenes worked as a librarian and teacher of princes in Alexandria, Konon was the king's astronomer.

In Mesopotamia, the panicle of the date palm of the goddess Erua was in this place - neither a tuft of hair nor a curl of a queen.

==== Babylonian ====

* [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]'s date palm branch/leaf/spadix
* [[Sissinnu]] Erua

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratos =====

===== Eratosthenes =====
<blockquote>'''Var. 1:''' not mentioned </blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2:''' Above Leo, we can also see seven faint stars, forming a triangle near the tail. They are known as “the Hair of Berenice the Benefactor”.</blockquote>Pamias and Zucker (2013)<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref>

===== Hipparchus =====
not mentioned

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!
!asterism of the The Lock/ The Ivy Leaf in [[Leo]]
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|33
|τῆς μεταξὺ τῶν ἄκρων τοῦ Λέουτος καὶ τῆς Ἄρκτου κεφελοειδοῦς σοστροφῆς καλουμένου Πλοκάμου τὸ βορειότατον
|The northernmost part of the nebulous mass between the edges of Leo and Ursa [Major], called Coma [Berenices]
|15 Com
|-
|34
|τῶν νοτίων τοῦ Πλοκάμου ἐξοχῶν ἡ προηγουμένη
|The most advanced of the southern outrunners of Coma
|7 Com
|-
|35
|ἡ ἐπομένη αὐτῶν ἐν σχήματι φύλλου κισσίνου
|The rearmost of them, shaped like an ivy leaf
|23 Com
|-
|
|
|
|
|}
[[File:Plokamos Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Plokamos (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|γ Comae Berenices
|HIP 60742
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.34
|-
|2
|Phyllon Kissinou
|HIP 61394
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.773
|-
|3
|12 Com A
|HIP 60351
|Constellation lines
|4.81
|-
|4
|7 Com
|HIP 59847
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.86
|-
|5
|14 Com
|HIP 60697
|Constellation lines
|4.95
|-
|6
|16 Com
|HIP 60746
|Inside the hull
|4.959
|-
|7
|13 Com
|HIP 60514
|Inside the hull
|5.18
|-
|8
|17 Com
|HIP 60904
|Inside the hull
|5.236
|-
|9
|21 Com
|HIP 61071
|Inside the hull
|5.436
|-
|10
|18 Com
|HIP 60941
|Constellation lines
|5.468
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 60170
|Inside the hull
|5.51
|-
|12
|4 Com
|HIP 59468
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.62
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 59923
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.7
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59364
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.987
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 60599
|Inside the hull
|6.02
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 60168
|Inside the hull
|6.1
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 60327
|Constellation lines
|6.162
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 60098
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|19
|FM Com
|HIP 60066
|Inside the hull
|6.433
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 59489
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|6.457
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===

==Mythology==
'''Greek'''<ref name=":0" />

The contemporary poet Kallimachos described why Konon invented the constellation, and the Roman poet Catullus translated it into Latin around 200 years later.

Berenice was a princess from Cyrene who married the king of Egypt in 246 BCE. The same year, he went to war against the Seleucids in the Third Syrian War. Eratosthenes, who also came from Cyrene but was now working in Athens, was brought in as tutor to the princes when their son Ptolemy IV Philopator was born in 245 BCE. However, Berenice prayed that her husband would return from the war in one piece and vowed to sacrifice her head of hair (or a lock of it) as soon as this happened.

On the king's return, she cut her hair and brought it to the temple of Arsinoë. Disturbance ensued when it disappeared the following day. Konon showed the excited crowd, which had gathered suspiciously, that the gods had moved the hair of the benevolent queen to the sky.

Nowadays, the constellation is often used for romantic narratives: As a constellation symbolising conjugal love and fidelity, it can be wonderfully used in planetariums and other contexts.

== Names of the Star Cluster in other cultures ==

# Aldafirah (Arabic - translation from Greek)
# [[Awarhakoya]] (Locono People, South America)
# [[Fatana-lua]] (..., Tonga/ Polynesia)
# Hulbatalasad (Arabic Indigenous)
# [[Itua ni Bure]] (..., Gilbert Is./ Micronesia)
# [[Kinallaúb|Kinallaub]] (Kankanaey People, Philippines)
# [[Langwei]] (Chinese)
# [[Phyllon Kissinou|Phyllonkissinou]] (Ancient Greek)
# Plokamos (Ancient Greek)
# [[Sissinnu]] (Akkadian/Babylonian)
# [[Te Yiku-o-te-kiole]] (Pukapuka, Cook Islands/ Polynesia)
Images from different cultures<gallery>
File:Spirit of the Awarra Palm.jpg|Spirit of the Awarra Palm: constellation of the Lokono People in South America. Screenshot from Stellarium (2024), sky culture produced by Konrad Rybka.
File:Eruas asterism.jpg|Sissinu: the branch/ frond/ spadix of the date palm in Babylonian astronomy
File:Papke Erua.jpg|Babylonian Goddess Erua with a frond and a spadix of a date palm (drawn in a map by Papke 1987).
File:IvyLeaf stellarium 2024.jpg|Asterism of the Ivy Leaf as described in Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' (Stellarium 2024)
File:TheTassel stellarium2024 Arabic.jpeg|The Tassel (Arabic Indigenous constellation) of the Lion, screenshot from Stellarium (by Khalid al-Ajaji)
File:Langwei Reconstructed-.jpg|Chinese constellation Langwei (reconstructed by Boshun Yang)
</gallery>

==Weblinks==
* Ridpath, Ian, “[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/comaberenices.html Star Tales: online edition]”.

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]] [[Category:Com]]

Coma Berenices

2026-05-23T06:22:25Z

Sushoff: /* Eratosthenes */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Coma Berenices (com).tif|thumb|Coma Berenices, modern boundaries, IAU and Sky & Telescope.]]
[[File:Melotte-111.jpg|alt=photograph Melotte 111|thumb|Photograph of the Coma star cluster. This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects. Open cluster Melotte 111, or Coma Star Cluster. http://sternwarte-kempten.de/]]
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Coma Berenices (πλόκαμος)}}
One of the 88 [[wikipedia:International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] constellations. The ancient "Greek" constellation originates from Egypt. It has been invented by Konon, the royal astronomer of king [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-III-Euergetes Ptolemy III] and it was named after the king's wife, Queen [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berenice-II Berenice II] Euergetis as reported by Eratosthenes. However, the asterism always used to have names in other cultures. In this area of the sky close the pole of the ecliptic, there are not many bright stars, but a clearly recognizable star cluster of triangular shape (the visual appearance is an isosceles triangle).

==Etymology and History==
<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>This figure has only been regarded as a constellation since Tycho Brahe included it in his catalogue in 1602, but the figure itself is ancient. It is treated as an association of faint stars in the constellation Leo; in the ''Almagest'', for example, it is described as a ‘nebulous mass’ representing a ‘curl’.

The ''Almagest'' does not define whose curly hair is being represented here. It is not mentioned in Aratos, but the figure appears in Eratosthenes. Interestingly, he mentions it twice and somewhat confusedly: In one of the two surviving text versions of Eratosthenes on the lion, there is a supplement to the list of stars in which he speaks of a triangle of stars next to the lion's tail and calls it the ‘curl of Berenice’. However, the fact that he also mentions a curl in the constellation of the Northern Crown – the curl of Ariadne – causes more confusion. Philologists therefore speculate whether, after Berenice II was removed by her son for political reasons, it was not appropriate for a time to speak of the "Lock of Berenice". There are astronomical reasons against this, but if the curl was – at least temporarily – assigned to Ariadne, this was not permanent, as the cult of Berenice subsequently became more important.

===Origin of Constellation===
Berenice was the name of several queens of Egypt.<ref name=":0" /> According to Eratosthenes, this refers to Berenice II Euergetis, the wife of the Greek ruler Ptolemy III. The royal couple were already revered for their charity during their lifetime: they were regarded as a pair of gods in Egypt and worshipped in Crete and Athens. The constellation is said to have been invented by Konon of Samos in 241 BCE. While Eratosthenes worked as a librarian and teacher of princes in Alexandria, Konon was the king's astronomer.

In Mesopotamia, the panicle of the date palm of the goddess Erua was in this place - neither a tuft of hair nor a curl of a queen.

==== Babylonian ====

* [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]'s date palm branch/leaf/spadix
* [[Sissinnu]] Erua

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratos =====

===== Eratosthenes =====
<blockquote>'''Var. 1:''' not mentioned </blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2:''' Above Leo, we can also see seven faint stars, forming a triangle near the tail. They are known as “the Hair of Berenice the Benefactor”.</blockquote>Pamias and Zucker (2013)<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref>

===== Hipparchus =====

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!
!asterism of the The Lock/ The Ivy Leaf in [[Leo]]
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|33
|τῆς μεταξὺ τῶν ἄκρων τοῦ Λέουτος καὶ τῆς Ἄρκτου κεφελοειδοῦς σοστροφῆς καλουμένου Πλοκάμου τὸ βορειότατον
|The northernmost part of the nebulous mass between the edges of Leo and Ursa [Major], called Coma [Berenices]
|15 Com
|-
|34
|τῶν νοτίων τοῦ Πλοκάμου ἐξοχῶν ἡ προηγουμένη
|The most advanced of the southern outrunners of Coma
|7 Com
|-
|35
|ἡ ἐπομένη αὐτῶν ἐν σχήματι φύλλου κισσίνου
|The rearmost of them, shaped like an ivy leaf
|23 Com
|-
|
|
|
|
|}
[[File:Plokamos Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Plokamos (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|γ Comae Berenices
|HIP 60742
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.34
|-
|2
|Phyllon Kissinou
|HIP 61394
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.773
|-
|3
|12 Com A
|HIP 60351
|Constellation lines
|4.81
|-
|4
|7 Com
|HIP 59847
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.86
|-
|5
|14 Com
|HIP 60697
|Constellation lines
|4.95
|-
|6
|16 Com
|HIP 60746
|Inside the hull
|4.959
|-
|7
|13 Com
|HIP 60514
|Inside the hull
|5.18
|-
|8
|17 Com
|HIP 60904
|Inside the hull
|5.236
|-
|9
|21 Com
|HIP 61071
|Inside the hull
|5.436
|-
|10
|18 Com
|HIP 60941
|Constellation lines
|5.468
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 60170
|Inside the hull
|5.51
|-
|12
|4 Com
|HIP 59468
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.62
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 59923
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.7
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59364
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.987
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 60599
|Inside the hull
|6.02
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 60168
|Inside the hull
|6.1
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 60327
|Constellation lines
|6.162
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 60098
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|19
|FM Com
|HIP 60066
|Inside the hull
|6.433
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 59489
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|6.457
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===

==Mythology==
'''Greek'''<ref name=":0" />

The contemporary poet Kallimachos described why Konon invented the constellation, and the Roman poet Catullus translated it into Latin around 200 years later.

Berenice was a princess from Cyrene who married the king of Egypt in 246 BCE. The same year, he went to war against the Seleucids in the Third Syrian War. Eratosthenes, who also came from Cyrene but was now working in Athens, was brought in as tutor to the princes when their son Ptolemy IV Philopator was born in 245 BCE. However, Berenice prayed that her husband would return from the war in one piece and vowed to sacrifice her head of hair (or a lock of it) as soon as this happened.

On the king's return, she cut her hair and brought it to the temple of Arsinoë. Disturbance ensued when it disappeared the following day. Konon showed the excited crowd, which had gathered suspiciously, that the gods had moved the hair of the benevolent queen to the sky.

Nowadays, the constellation is often used for romantic narratives: As a constellation symbolising conjugal love and fidelity, it can be wonderfully used in planetariums and other contexts.

== Names of the Star Cluster in other cultures ==

# Aldafirah (Arabic - translation from Greek)
# [[Awarhakoya]] (Locono People, South America)
# [[Fatana-lua]] (..., Tonga/ Polynesia)
# Hulbatalasad (Arabic Indigenous)
# [[Itua ni Bure]] (..., Gilbert Is./ Micronesia)
# [[Kinallaúb|Kinallaub]] (Kankanaey People, Philippines)
# [[Langwei]] (Chinese)
# [[Phyllon Kissinou|Phyllonkissinou]] (Ancient Greek)
# Plokamos (Ancient Greek)
# [[Sissinnu]] (Akkadian/Babylonian)
# [[Te Yiku-o-te-kiole]] (Pukapuka, Cook Islands/ Polynesia)
Images from different cultures<gallery>
File:Spirit of the Awarra Palm.jpg|Spirit of the Awarra Palm: constellation of the Lokono People in South America. Screenshot from Stellarium (2024), sky culture produced by Konrad Rybka.
File:Eruas asterism.jpg|Sissinu: the branch/ frond/ spadix of the date palm in Babylonian astronomy
File:Papke Erua.jpg|Babylonian Goddess Erua with a frond and a spadix of a date palm (drawn in a map by Papke 1987).
File:IvyLeaf stellarium 2024.jpg|Asterism of the Ivy Leaf as described in Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' (Stellarium 2024)
File:TheTassel stellarium2024 Arabic.jpeg|The Tassel (Arabic Indigenous constellation) of the Lion, screenshot from Stellarium (by Khalid al-Ajaji)
File:Langwei Reconstructed-.jpg|Chinese constellation Langwei (reconstructed by Boshun Yang)
</gallery>

==Weblinks==
* Ridpath, Ian, “[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/comaberenices.html Star Tales: online edition]”.

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]] [[Category:Com]]

Coma Berenices

2026-05-23T06:22:02Z

Sushoff: /* Eratosthenes */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Coma Berenices (com).tif|thumb|Coma Berenices, modern boundaries, IAU and Sky & Telescope.]]
[[File:Melotte-111.jpg|alt=photograph Melotte 111|thumb|Photograph of the Coma star cluster. This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects. Open cluster Melotte 111, or Coma Star Cluster. http://sternwarte-kempten.de/]]
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Coma Berenices (πλόκαμος)}}
One of the 88 [[wikipedia:International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] constellations. The ancient "Greek" constellation originates from Egypt. It has been invented by Konon, the royal astronomer of king [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-III-Euergetes Ptolemy III] and it was named after the king's wife, Queen [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berenice-II Berenice II] Euergetis as reported by Eratosthenes. However, the asterism always used to have names in other cultures. In this area of the sky close the pole of the ecliptic, there are not many bright stars, but a clearly recognizable star cluster of triangular shape (the visual appearance is an isosceles triangle).

==Etymology and History==
<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>This figure has only been regarded as a constellation since Tycho Brahe included it in his catalogue in 1602, but the figure itself is ancient. It is treated as an association of faint stars in the constellation Leo; in the ''Almagest'', for example, it is described as a ‘nebulous mass’ representing a ‘curl’.

The ''Almagest'' does not define whose curly hair is being represented here. It is not mentioned in Aratos, but the figure appears in Eratosthenes. Interestingly, he mentions it twice and somewhat confusedly: In one of the two surviving text versions of Eratosthenes on the lion, there is a supplement to the list of stars in which he speaks of a triangle of stars next to the lion's tail and calls it the ‘curl of Berenice’. However, the fact that he also mentions a curl in the constellation of the Northern Crown – the curl of Ariadne – causes more confusion. Philologists therefore speculate whether, after Berenice II was removed by her son for political reasons, it was not appropriate for a time to speak of the "Lock of Berenice". There are astronomical reasons against this, but if the curl was – at least temporarily – assigned to Ariadne, this was not permanent, as the cult of Berenice subsequently became more important.

===Origin of Constellation===
Berenice was the name of several queens of Egypt.<ref name=":0" /> According to Eratosthenes, this refers to Berenice II Euergetis, the wife of the Greek ruler Ptolemy III. The royal couple were already revered for their charity during their lifetime: they were regarded as a pair of gods in Egypt and worshipped in Crete and Athens. The constellation is said to have been invented by Konon of Samos in 241 BCE. While Eratosthenes worked as a librarian and teacher of princes in Alexandria, Konon was the king's astronomer.

In Mesopotamia, the panicle of the date palm of the goddess Erua was in this place - neither a tuft of hair nor a curl of a queen.

==== Babylonian ====

* [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]'s date palm branch/leaf/spadix
* [[Sissinnu]] Erua

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratos =====

===== Eratosthenes =====
<blockquote>'''Var. 1:''' not mentioned

'''Var. 2:''' Above Leo, we can also see seven faint stars, forming a triangle near the tail. They are known as “the Hair of Berenice the Benefactor”. </blockquote>Pamias and Zucker (2013)<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref>

===== Hipparchus =====

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!
!asterism of the The Lock/ The Ivy Leaf in [[Leo]]
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|33
|τῆς μεταξὺ τῶν ἄκρων τοῦ Λέουτος καὶ τῆς Ἄρκτου κεφελοειδοῦς σοστροφῆς καλουμένου Πλοκάμου τὸ βορειότατον
|The northernmost part of the nebulous mass between the edges of Leo and Ursa [Major], called Coma [Berenices]
|15 Com
|-
|34
|τῶν νοτίων τοῦ Πλοκάμου ἐξοχῶν ἡ προηγουμένη
|The most advanced of the southern outrunners of Coma
|7 Com
|-
|35
|ἡ ἐπομένη αὐτῶν ἐν σχήματι φύλλου κισσίνου
|The rearmost of them, shaped like an ivy leaf
|23 Com
|-
|
|
|
|
|}
[[File:Plokamos Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Plokamos (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|γ Comae Berenices
|HIP 60742
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.34
|-
|2
|Phyllon Kissinou
|HIP 61394
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.773
|-
|3
|12 Com A
|HIP 60351
|Constellation lines
|4.81
|-
|4
|7 Com
|HIP 59847
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.86
|-
|5
|14 Com
|HIP 60697
|Constellation lines
|4.95
|-
|6
|16 Com
|HIP 60746
|Inside the hull
|4.959
|-
|7
|13 Com
|HIP 60514
|Inside the hull
|5.18
|-
|8
|17 Com
|HIP 60904
|Inside the hull
|5.236
|-
|9
|21 Com
|HIP 61071
|Inside the hull
|5.436
|-
|10
|18 Com
|HIP 60941
|Constellation lines
|5.468
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 60170
|Inside the hull
|5.51
|-
|12
|4 Com
|HIP 59468
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.62
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 59923
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.7
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59364
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.987
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 60599
|Inside the hull
|6.02
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 60168
|Inside the hull
|6.1
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 60327
|Constellation lines
|6.162
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 60098
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|19
|FM Com
|HIP 60066
|Inside the hull
|6.433
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 59489
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|6.457
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===

==Mythology==
'''Greek'''<ref name=":0" />

The contemporary poet Kallimachos described why Konon invented the constellation, and the Roman poet Catullus translated it into Latin around 200 years later.

Berenice was a princess from Cyrene who married the king of Egypt in 246 BCE. The same year, he went to war against the Seleucids in the Third Syrian War. Eratosthenes, who also came from Cyrene but was now working in Athens, was brought in as tutor to the princes when their son Ptolemy IV Philopator was born in 245 BCE. However, Berenice prayed that her husband would return from the war in one piece and vowed to sacrifice her head of hair (or a lock of it) as soon as this happened.

On the king's return, she cut her hair and brought it to the temple of Arsinoë. Disturbance ensued when it disappeared the following day. Konon showed the excited crowd, which had gathered suspiciously, that the gods had moved the hair of the benevolent queen to the sky.

Nowadays, the constellation is often used for romantic narratives: As a constellation symbolising conjugal love and fidelity, it can be wonderfully used in planetariums and other contexts.

== Names of the Star Cluster in other cultures ==

# Aldafirah (Arabic - translation from Greek)
# [[Awarhakoya]] (Locono People, South America)
# [[Fatana-lua]] (..., Tonga/ Polynesia)
# Hulbatalasad (Arabic Indigenous)
# [[Itua ni Bure]] (..., Gilbert Is./ Micronesia)
# [[Kinallaúb|Kinallaub]] (Kankanaey People, Philippines)
# [[Langwei]] (Chinese)
# [[Phyllon Kissinou|Phyllonkissinou]] (Ancient Greek)
# Plokamos (Ancient Greek)
# [[Sissinnu]] (Akkadian/Babylonian)
# [[Te Yiku-o-te-kiole]] (Pukapuka, Cook Islands/ Polynesia)
Images from different cultures<gallery>
File:Spirit of the Awarra Palm.jpg|Spirit of the Awarra Palm: constellation of the Lokono People in South America. Screenshot from Stellarium (2024), sky culture produced by Konrad Rybka.
File:Eruas asterism.jpg|Sissinu: the branch/ frond/ spadix of the date palm in Babylonian astronomy
File:Papke Erua.jpg|Babylonian Goddess Erua with a frond and a spadix of a date palm (drawn in a map by Papke 1987).
File:IvyLeaf stellarium 2024.jpg|Asterism of the Ivy Leaf as described in Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' (Stellarium 2024)
File:TheTassel stellarium2024 Arabic.jpeg|The Tassel (Arabic Indigenous constellation) of the Lion, screenshot from Stellarium (by Khalid al-Ajaji)
File:Langwei Reconstructed-.jpg|Chinese constellation Langwei (reconstructed by Boshun Yang)
</gallery>

==Weblinks==
* Ridpath, Ian, “[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/comaberenices.html Star Tales: online edition]”.

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]] [[Category:Com]]

References (Greco-Roman)

2026-05-23T06:21:32Z

Sushoff:

=== References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|Grasshoff (1990)
|Grasshoff, G. (1990). The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York.
|
|-
|Graßhoff and Hoffmann (2024)
|Graßhoff, G., & Hoffmann, S. M. (2024). An astronomical analysis of the data in the pseudo-Hipparchus palimpsest in the Codex Climaci Rescriptus. ''Journal for the History of Astronomy'', ''55''(3), 332-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/00218286241256345
|
|-
|Hoffmann (2017)
|Hoffmann, Susanne M (2017). Hipparchs Himmelsglobus – Ein Bindeglied in der babylonisch-griechischen Astrometrie?, Springer Research, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017, http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821
|
|-
|Pamìas und Zucker (2013)
|Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris
|
|}

===Sources===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Almagest||
*Claudii Ptolemaei Syntaxis Mathematica, ed. Heiberg, J.L., Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig 1898
*Ptolemäus: Handbuch der Astronomie, dt. Übersetzung von Manitius, K., Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig 1912/1963
*Ptolemy’s Almagest, Engl. translation by Toomer, G.J., Princeton Uni. Press, 1998, Orig.: London, 1984
|-
|Aratus||
*Arat, Phainomena, Engl. translation by Kidd, Douglas, Cambridge Univ. Press 1997

*Arat, Phainomena, dt. Übers. Manfred Erren, Artemis und Winkler, Düsseldorf 2009
|-
|Eratosthenes||
*Eratosthenes: Sternsagen, übersetzt von Pamìas, Jordi und Geus, Klaus, Verlag Utopica, Oberhaid 2007
*Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, translated by Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud, Les Belles Lettres, Paris 2013
*Eratosthenes and Hyginus with Aratus’ Phaenomena, translated by Hard, Robin, Oxford World’s Classics, Oxford, 2015
|-
|Hipparchus||
* edition: Heiberg (18xx)
* German translation: Manitius (1894)
* English translation: MacFarlane & Mills (unpublished)
|}

[[Category:References]]
[[Category:Service]]

Coma Berenices

2026-05-23T06:19:21Z

Sushoff: /* Eratosthenes */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Coma Berenices (com).tif|thumb|Coma Berenices, modern boundaries, IAU and Sky & Telescope.]]
[[File:Melotte-111.jpg|alt=photograph Melotte 111|thumb|Photograph of the Coma star cluster. This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects. Open cluster Melotte 111, or Coma Star Cluster. http://sternwarte-kempten.de/]]
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Coma Berenices (πλόκαμος)}}
One of the 88 [[wikipedia:International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] constellations. The ancient "Greek" constellation originates from Egypt. It has been invented by Konon, the royal astronomer of king [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-III-Euergetes Ptolemy III] and it was named after the king's wife, Queen [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berenice-II Berenice II] Euergetis as reported by Eratosthenes. However, the asterism always used to have names in other cultures. In this area of the sky close the pole of the ecliptic, there are not many bright stars, but a clearly recognizable star cluster of triangular shape (the visual appearance is an isosceles triangle).

==Etymology and History==
<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>This figure has only been regarded as a constellation since Tycho Brahe included it in his catalogue in 1602, but the figure itself is ancient. It is treated as an association of faint stars in the constellation Leo; in the ''Almagest'', for example, it is described as a ‘nebulous mass’ representing a ‘curl’.

The ''Almagest'' does not define whose curly hair is being represented here. It is not mentioned in Aratos, but the figure appears in Eratosthenes. Interestingly, he mentions it twice and somewhat confusedly: In one of the two surviving text versions of Eratosthenes on the lion, there is a supplement to the list of stars in which he speaks of a triangle of stars next to the lion's tail and calls it the ‘curl of Berenice’. However, the fact that he also mentions a curl in the constellation of the Northern Crown – the curl of Ariadne – causes more confusion. Philologists therefore speculate whether, after Berenice II was removed by her son for political reasons, it was not appropriate for a time to speak of the "Lock of Berenice". There are astronomical reasons against this, but if the curl was – at least temporarily – assigned to Ariadne, this was not permanent, as the cult of Berenice subsequently became more important.

===Origin of Constellation===
Berenice was the name of several queens of Egypt.<ref name=":0" /> According to Eratosthenes, this refers to Berenice II Euergetis, the wife of the Greek ruler Ptolemy III. The royal couple were already revered for their charity during their lifetime: they were regarded as a pair of gods in Egypt and worshipped in Crete and Athens. The constellation is said to have been invented by Konon of Samos in 241 BCE. While Eratosthenes worked as a librarian and teacher of princes in Alexandria, Konon was the king's astronomer.

In Mesopotamia, the panicle of the date palm of the goddess Erua was in this place - neither a tuft of hair nor a curl of a queen.

==== Babylonian ====

* [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]'s date palm branch/leaf/spadix
* [[Sissinnu]] Erua

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratos =====

===== Eratosthenes =====
<blockquote>'''Var. 1:''' not mentioned

'''Var. 2:''' Above Leo, we can also see seven faint stars, forming a triangle near the tail. They are known as “the Hair of Berenice the Benefactor”. </blockquote>

===== Hipparchus =====

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!
!asterism of the The Lock/ The Ivy Leaf in [[Leo]]
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|33
|τῆς μεταξὺ τῶν ἄκρων τοῦ Λέουτος καὶ τῆς Ἄρκτου κεφελοειδοῦς σοστροφῆς καλουμένου Πλοκάμου τὸ βορειότατον
|The northernmost part of the nebulous mass between the edges of Leo and Ursa [Major], called Coma [Berenices]
|15 Com
|-
|34
|τῶν νοτίων τοῦ Πλοκάμου ἐξοχῶν ἡ προηγουμένη
|The most advanced of the southern outrunners of Coma
|7 Com
|-
|35
|ἡ ἐπομένη αὐτῶν ἐν σχήματι φύλλου κισσίνου
|The rearmost of them, shaped like an ivy leaf
|23 Com
|-
|
|
|
|
|}
[[File:Plokamos Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Plokamos (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|γ Comae Berenices
|HIP 60742
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.34
|-
|2
|Phyllon Kissinou
|HIP 61394
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.773
|-
|3
|12 Com A
|HIP 60351
|Constellation lines
|4.81
|-
|4
|7 Com
|HIP 59847
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.86
|-
|5
|14 Com
|HIP 60697
|Constellation lines
|4.95
|-
|6
|16 Com
|HIP 60746
|Inside the hull
|4.959
|-
|7
|13 Com
|HIP 60514
|Inside the hull
|5.18
|-
|8
|17 Com
|HIP 60904
|Inside the hull
|5.236
|-
|9
|21 Com
|HIP 61071
|Inside the hull
|5.436
|-
|10
|18 Com
|HIP 60941
|Constellation lines
|5.468
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 60170
|Inside the hull
|5.51
|-
|12
|4 Com
|HIP 59468
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.62
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 59923
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.7
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59364
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.987
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 60599
|Inside the hull
|6.02
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 60168
|Inside the hull
|6.1
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 60327
|Constellation lines
|6.162
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 60098
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|19
|FM Com
|HIP 60066
|Inside the hull
|6.433
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 59489
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|6.457
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===

==Mythology==
'''Greek'''<ref name=":0" />

The contemporary poet Kallimachos described why Konon invented the constellation, and the Roman poet Catullus translated it into Latin around 200 years later.

Berenice was a princess from Cyrene who married the king of Egypt in 246 BCE. The same year, he went to war against the Seleucids in the Third Syrian War. Eratosthenes, who also came from Cyrene but was now working in Athens, was brought in as tutor to the princes when their son Ptolemy IV Philopator was born in 245 BCE. However, Berenice prayed that her husband would return from the war in one piece and vowed to sacrifice her head of hair (or a lock of it) as soon as this happened.

On the king's return, she cut her hair and brought it to the temple of Arsinoë. Disturbance ensued when it disappeared the following day. Konon showed the excited crowd, which had gathered suspiciously, that the gods had moved the hair of the benevolent queen to the sky.

Nowadays, the constellation is often used for romantic narratives: As a constellation symbolising conjugal love and fidelity, it can be wonderfully used in planetariums and other contexts.

== Names of the Star Cluster in other cultures ==

# Aldafirah (Arabic - translation from Greek)
# [[Awarhakoya]] (Locono People, South America)
# [[Fatana-lua]] (..., Tonga/ Polynesia)
# Hulbatalasad (Arabic Indigenous)
# [[Itua ni Bure]] (..., Gilbert Is./ Micronesia)
# [[Kinallaúb|Kinallaub]] (Kankanaey People, Philippines)
# [[Langwei]] (Chinese)
# [[Phyllon Kissinou|Phyllonkissinou]] (Ancient Greek)
# Plokamos (Ancient Greek)
# [[Sissinnu]] (Akkadian/Babylonian)
# [[Te Yiku-o-te-kiole]] (Pukapuka, Cook Islands/ Polynesia)
Images from different cultures<gallery>
File:Spirit of the Awarra Palm.jpg|Spirit of the Awarra Palm: constellation of the Lokono People in South America. Screenshot from Stellarium (2024), sky culture produced by Konrad Rybka.
File:Eruas asterism.jpg|Sissinu: the branch/ frond/ spadix of the date palm in Babylonian astronomy
File:Papke Erua.jpg|Babylonian Goddess Erua with a frond and a spadix of a date palm (drawn in a map by Papke 1987).
File:IvyLeaf stellarium 2024.jpg|Asterism of the Ivy Leaf as described in Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' (Stellarium 2024)
File:TheTassel stellarium2024 Arabic.jpeg|The Tassel (Arabic Indigenous constellation) of the Lion, screenshot from Stellarium (by Khalid al-Ajaji)
File:Langwei Reconstructed-.jpg|Chinese constellation Langwei (reconstructed by Boshun Yang)
</gallery>

==Weblinks==
* Ridpath, Ian, “[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/comaberenices.html Star Tales: online edition]”.

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]] [[Category:Com]]

Phyllon Kissinou

2026-05-23T06:09:51Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Phyllon Kissinou (φύλλοv κισσίνου)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:IvyLeaf stellarium 2024.jpg|alt=Ptolemy's "Ivy Leaf" as shape of the "nebulous mass" (star cluster) of Coma Berenices, in Stellarium |thumb|Ptolemy's "Ivy Leaf" as shape of the "nebulous mass" (star cluster) of Coma Berenices, in Stellarium ]]Phyllon Kissinou is a name for an asterism in the Almagest star catalogue (137 BCE), basically the open star cluster Melotte 111. The term originates from the phrase "φύλλοv κισσίνου (phyllon kissinou, an ivy leaf)" in Ptolemy's Almagest which was the reason to use the full Greek term as a star name. Contemporary modern astronomers have used the star name "Kissin" for some stars in [[Coma Berenices]]; therefore, it has been suggested to the IAU to make the star name official.

== Etymology & History ==
The Almagest star catalogue is a dataset provided for globe makers.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Essay: On Ptolemy’s stellar magnitudes, 426-429. in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition/ OpenScienceTechnology, Hamburg/ Berlin</ref> For small or faint star clusters, Ptolemy typically does not provide lists of coordinates per star but only mentions one or a few points of the cluster and then gives the instruction to connect them as a fuzzy (nebulous) area.<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022-2025). ''The Rhetoric on Clouds in the Ancient Star Catalogue'' . Rhetoric & Science Vol. II, Centre for the Study of the Ancient World (CSAW), Ionian University</ref> In the case of [[Coma Berenices]], he describes the shape of the star cluster as an ivy leaf (φύλλοv κισσίνου, phyllon kissinou). After introducing the "nebulous mass" mathematically described by three pairs of coordinates, he states, "the rearmost of them [in the nebulous mass between the edges of Leo and Ursa Major, called Coma Berenices], shaped like an ivy leaf". This means his ivy leaf is described with three stars, among which 23 Com is the last in his register. Allen (1899) identifies "21 or 23 Com", and Rhoads (1971) has "Kissin" for 21 Com, but Ptolemy's coordinates fit 23 Com much better (cf. Toomer<ref name=":0" /> 1984, Grasshoff<ref>Grasshoff, Gerd (1990). The History of Ptolemy’s Star Catalogue, Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, 14, Springer, New York</ref> 1990 and all research based upon them).

=== Modern Usage of the Name ===
The name "Kissin" derived from "phyllon kissinou" has been used for different stars:

* Rhoads (1971) has "Kissin" for 21 Com, cites the Bright Star Catalog.
* Allen (1899): Hyde cited some ancient codices as applying to Fl. 21, toward the south, the title Kissīn, a species of Ivy, ''Convolvulus'' (bindweed), or perhaps the climbing Dog-rose. This appeared with Ulug Beg, evidently from Ptolemy's κίσσινος, but Ideler said that it was intended to mark c, g, and h, and Baily, that it was for Fl. 21 or 23.

=== Ptolemy's original text: ===

Stars around Leo outside the constellation:<ref name=":0">Toomer, G.J. (1984). Ptolemy's Almagest, Parlux; Revised ed. edition (19 Oct. 1998)</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! numbers !! Ptolemy's text translated !! identification
|-
| 1 || The more advanced of the 2 over the back || (41 LMi)
|-
| 2 || The rearmost of them || (54 Leo)
|-
| 3 || The northernmost of the 3 under the flank || (χ Leo)
|-
| 4 ||The middle one of these || (59 Leo)
|-
| 5 || The southernmost of them || (58 Leo)
|-
| 6 || The northernmost '''part of the nebulous mass''' between the edges of Leo and Ursa [Major], called Coma [Berenices] || (15 Com)
|-
| 7 || The most advanced of the southern outrunners of Coma || (7 Com)
|-
| 8 || The rearmost of them, '''shaped like an ivy leaf''' || (23 Com)
|}

His problem is that his catalogue only allows point coordinates but a "nebulous mass" is not described by a point. Hence, he states that there is an extended nebula with the shape of an ivy leaf, which should be drawn by the globe maker so that it contains the three stars listed. Toomer (1984) identifies these stars as 15 (c), 7 (h) and 23 (k) Com. Although only the last one has the term "ivy leaf" in its description, this term refers to an area that encompasses all three (and possibly even more, fainter) stars.

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
In 2023, the name Kissin has been proposed for inclusion in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names due to its occurance in the contemporary literature. Based on ongoing research on the ancient star catalogue, it was proposed using Ptolemy's term "Phyllon kissinou" (the ivy leaf) to name two stars in [[Coma Berenices|Coma]]. Discussing these suggestions in 2024, the WGSN decided to name only one star with this Greek term and leave more stars unnamed for later naming with other indigenous designations of this cluster.

Following the philologists and historians, the star 23 Com is named Phyllon Kissinou.

The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2024/05/16.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/
* Ian Ridpath [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/comaberenices.html Star Tales Coma Berenices]

== References ==

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek]]
[[Category:Modern]] [[Category:Single star-asterism]]
[[Category:Star Name]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Com]]

Phyllon Kissinou

2026-05-23T06:08:52Z

Sushoff: /* IAU Working Group on Star Names */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Phyllon Kissinou (φύλλοv κισσίνου)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:IvyLeaf stellarium 2024.jpg|alt=Ptolemy's "Ivy Leaf" as shape of the "nebulous mass" (star cluster) of Coma Berenices, in Stellarium |thumb|Ptolemy's "Ivy Leaf" as shape of the "nebulous mass" (star cluster) of Coma Berenices, in Stellarium ]]Phyllon Kissinou is a name for an asterism in the Almagest star catalogue (137 BCE), basically the open star cluster Melotte 111. The term originates from the phrase "φύλλοv κισσίνου (phyllon kissinou, an ivy leaf)" in Ptolemy's Almagest which was the reason to use the full Greek term as a star name. Contemporary modern astronomers have used the star name "Kissin" for some stars in [[Coma Berenices]]; therefore, it has been suggested to the IAU to make the star name official.

== Etymology & History ==
The Almagest star catalogue is a dataset provided for globe makers.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Essay: On Ptolemy’s stellar magnitudes, 426-429. in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition/ OpenScienceTechnology, Hamburg/ Berlin</ref> For small or faint star clusters, Ptolemy typically does not provide lists of coordinates per star but only mentions one or a few points of the cluster and then gives the instruction to connect them as a fuzzy (nebulous) area.<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2023). ''The Rhetoric on Clouds in the Ancient Star Catalogue'' . Rhetoric & Science Vol. II, Centre for the Study of the Ancient World (CSAW), Ionian University</ref> In the case of [[Coma Berenices]], he describes the shape of the star cluster as an ivy leaf (φύλλοv κισσίνου, phyllon kissinou). After introducing the "nebulous mass" mathematically described by three pairs of coordinates, he states, "the rearmost of them [in the nebulous mass between the edges of Leo and Ursa Major, called Coma Berenices], shaped like an ivy leaf". This means his ivy leaf is described with three stars, among which 23 Com is the last in his register. Allen (1899) identifies "21 or 23 Com", and Rhoads (1971) has "Kissin" for 21 Com, but Ptolemy's coordinates fit 23 Com much better (cf. Toomer<ref name=":0" /> 1984, Grasshoff<ref>Grasshoff, Gerd (1990). The History of Ptolemy’s Star Catalogue, Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, 14, Springer, New York</ref> 1990 and all research based upon them).

=== Modern Usage of the Name ===
The name "Kissin" derived from "phyllon kissinou" has been used for different stars:

* Rhoads (1971) has "Kissin" for 21 Com, cites the Bright Star Catalog.
* Allen (1899): Hyde cited some ancient codices as applying to Fl. 21, toward the south, the title Kissīn, a species of Ivy, ''Convolvulus'' (bindweed), or perhaps the climbing Dog-rose. This appeared with Ulug Beg, evidently from Ptolemy's κίσσινος, but Ideler said that it was intended to mark c, g, and h, and Baily, that it was for Fl. 21 or 23.

=== Ptolemy's original text: ===

Stars around Leo outside the constellation:<ref name=":0">Toomer, G.J. (1984). Ptolemy's Almagest, Parlux; Revised ed. edition (19 Oct. 1998)</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! numbers !! Ptolemy's text translated !! identification
|-
| 1 || The more advanced of the 2 over the back || (41 LMi)
|-
| 2 || The rearmost of them || (54 Leo)
|-
| 3 || The northernmost of the 3 under the flank || (χ Leo)
|-
| 4 ||The middle one of these || (59 Leo)
|-
| 5 || The southernmost of them || (58 Leo)
|-
| 6 || The northernmost '''part of the nebulous mass''' between the edges of Leo and Ursa [Major], called Coma [Berenices] || (15 Com)
|-
| 7 || The most advanced of the southern outrunners of Coma || (7 Com)
|-
| 8 || The rearmost of them, '''shaped like an ivy leaf''' || (23 Com)
|}

His problem is that his catalogue only allows point coordinates but a "nebulous mass" is not described by a point. Hence, he states that there is an extended nebula with the shape of an ivy leaf, which should be drawn by the globe maker so that it contains the three stars listed. Toomer (1984) identifies these stars as 15 (c), 7 (h) and 23 (k) Com. Although only the last one has the term "ivy leaf" in its description, this term refers to an area that encompasses all three (and possibly even more, fainter) stars.

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
In 2023, the name Kissin has been proposed for inclusion in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names due to its occurance in the contemporary literature. Based on ongoing research on the ancient star catalogue, it was proposed using Ptolemy's term "Phyllon kissinou" (the ivy leaf) to name two stars in [[Coma Berenices|Coma]]. Discussing these suggestions in 2024, the WGSN decided to name only one star with this Greek term and leave more stars unnamed for later naming with other indigenous designations of this cluster.

Following the philologists and historians, the star 23 Com is named Phyllon Kissinou.

The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2024/05/16.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/
* Ian Ridpath [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/comaberenices.html Star Tales Coma Berenices]

== References ==

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek]]
[[Category:Modern]] [[Category:Single star-asterism]]
[[Category:Star Name]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Com]]

GAŠAN.TIN

2026-05-23T05:26:49Z

Sushoff: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAŠAN.TIN, mul''bēlet balāṭi''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / dGAŠAN.TIN (𒀯𒃽𒁷) = mul''bēlet balāṭi'', 'The Lady of Life,' a name for stars in [[Lyra]] east of [[Vega]], the fifth brightest star in the sky (also over Ancient Mesopotamia). The name 'Lady of Life' is a name for a constellation in Lyra.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

* = mul''bēlet balāṭi'' "Lady of life";
* = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Vega) [Gössmann 1950,<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81:3, 240:9].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN
*** "1⅔ mins weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the Separate star to the Lady of Life,"
** b)
*** 3⅓ MA. NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ''ku-ma-ri ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
*** "3⅓ mins weight, ⅔ miles on earth, 36000 miles in the sky / From the Lady of Life to the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth". [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15-18; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:15-18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see. [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:6-7].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul[GAŠAN TIN]
** "10° to [the Lady of Life]." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 224-225:2].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3
** "Lady of Life // 3 (stars) // 3600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:24].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere:
** 10 UŠ ''ana'' mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺
** "10° to the Lady of Life". [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:7]; for a parallel see BM 61677: 10 UŠ ''a-na be-l''[''e-et ba-la-ṭi''...] [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 180:4′].
* '''(5) LBAT 1502.'''
** [...] ''u'' múl''P''[''a-bi'']''l-sag'' MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | d''be-let'' TIN ''ana ziq-pi'' [...]
** "[...] and P[abi]lsag is the star Antagub. The Lady of Life culminates [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 14, ii 13].
|
|-
|'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (T)
** mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 "Staff(?) of the Goat" (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31]; according to [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60],
mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 is η Lyr, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

* MAŠ2 d[...itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN "The lamb is [...]; tebet; the Lady of Life". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:18; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].

See also U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin [...] [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 75].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''bēlet balāṭi'' — an epithet of Damkina [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 57-58] who seems to have been identified with the star Vega. Its appearances were observed regularly in the Neo-Assyrian period: [...] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (glossary: li-si) / mul''be-let'' TI.LA / ''an-nu-ti'' / ''pa-ni-u''2''-ti'' / ''ša ina pa-ni-ti'' / ''in-na-me-ru-ni'' "[...] (stars) Sirius, Antares, Vega — those are the first ones that already became visible" [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81: 1'-6', e. 7']. In connection with the lunar eclipse in front of Vega, in addition to other luminaries, there was the ritual of the "lending of the hands" (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 240: 9]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>: 177-178].

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= α Lyrae (Vega) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (according to VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 89].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulbēlet balāṭi «Владычица жизни»; = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68].
I. Источники.

«Письма». См. [SAA 10, 81:3, 240:9]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Владычицы Жизни», b) 3⅓ MA.NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Владычицы Жизни до плеча Демона с Разинутою Пастью» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15–18; TU, 21:15–18; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:6–7]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na mul[GAŠAN TIN] «100 до [Владычицы Жизни]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:2]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Владычица Жизни // 3 (звезды) // 3600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:24]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺ «100 до Владычицы жизни» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:7]; параллель см. в BM 61677: 10 UŠ a-na be-l[e-et ba-la-ṭi…] [ibid., 180:4′]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. GU-текст. (Т) mulzubi ša2 muluz3 «Посох(?) Козы» (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:31]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], mulzubi ša2 muluz3 — η Lyr, см. u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] u múlP[a-bi]l-sag MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | dbe-let TIN ana ziq-pi [...] «[…] и П[аби]лсаг — звезда Антагуб. Владычица Жизни кульминирует […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 14, ii 13]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: MAŠ2 d[…itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN «Ягненок — […]; тебету; Владычица жизни» [SpTU IV, 159:18; Reiner 1995, 78]. См. также U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin […] [Sachs 1952, 75].

II. Божество.

dbēlet balāṭi ― эпитет Дамкины [Tallqvist 1938, 57–58], которая, по-видимому, отождествлялась со звездой Вега. Ее появления наблюдали регулярно в новоассирийский период: […] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (глосса: li-si) / mulbe-let TI.LA / an-nu-ti / pa-ni-u2-ti / ša ina pa-ni-ti / in-na-me-ru-ni «[...] (звезды) Сириус, Антарес, Вега ― те, что первыми стали уже видны» [SAA 10, 81: 1'–6', e. 7']. В связи с лунным затмением перед Вегой наряду с другими светилами совершали ритуал «Воздевания рук» (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10, 240:9]; см. также [LAS 2, 177–178].

III. Отождествление.

= α Lyrae (Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68; Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (в соответствии с VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 89].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

GAŠAN.TIN

2026-05-23T05:26:23Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAŠAN.TIN, mul''bēlet balāṭi''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / dGAŠAN.TIN (𒀯𒃽𒁷) = mul''bēlet balāṭi'', 'The Lady of Life,' a name for stars in [[Lyra]] east of [[Vega]], the fifth brightest star in the sky (also over Ancient Mesopotamia). The name 'Lady of Life' is a name for a constellation in Lyra.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

* = mul''bēlet balāṭi'' "Lady of life";
* = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Vega) [Gössmann 1950,<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81:3, 240:9].
|Example
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN
*** "1⅔ mins weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the Separate star to the Lady of Life,"
** b)
*** 3⅓ MA. NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ''ku-ma-ri ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
*** "3⅓ mins weight, ⅔ miles on earth, 36000 miles in the sky / From the Lady of Life to the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth". [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15-18; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:15-18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see. [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:6-7].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul[GAŠAN TIN]
** "10° to [the Lady of Life]." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 224-225:2].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3
** "Lady of Life // 3 (stars) // 3600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:24].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere:
** 10 UŠ ''ana'' mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺
** "10° to the Lady of Life". [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:7]; for a parallel see BM 61677: 10 UŠ ''a-na be-l''[''e-et ba-la-ṭi''...] [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 180:4′].
* '''(5) LBAT 1502.'''
** [...] ''u'' múl''P''[''a-bi'']''l-sag'' MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | d''be-let'' TIN ''ana ziq-pi'' [...]
** "[...] and P[abi]lsag is the star Antagub. The Lady of Life culminates [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 14, ii 13].
|
|-
|'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (T)
** mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 "Staff(?) of the Goat" (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31]; according to [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60],
mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 is η Lyr, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

* MAŠ2 d[...itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN "The lamb is [...]; tebet; the Lady of Life". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:18; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].

See also U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin [...] [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 75].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''bēlet balāṭi'' — an epithet of Damkina [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 57-58] who seems to have been identified with the star Vega. Its appearances were observed regularly in the Neo-Assyrian period: [...] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (glossary: li-si) / mul''be-let'' TI.LA / ''an-nu-ti'' / ''pa-ni-u''2''-ti'' / ''ša ina pa-ni-ti'' / ''in-na-me-ru-ni'' "[...] (stars) Sirius, Antares, Vega — those are the first ones that already became visible" [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81: 1'-6', e. 7']. In connection with the lunar eclipse in front of Vega, in addition to other luminaries, there was the ritual of the "lending of the hands" (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 240: 9]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>: 177-178].

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= α Lyrae (Vega) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (according to VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 89].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulbēlet balāṭi «Владычица жизни»; = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68].
I. Источники.

«Письма». См. [SAA 10, 81:3, 240:9]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Владычицы Жизни», b) 3⅓ MA.NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Владычицы Жизни до плеча Демона с Разинутою Пастью» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15–18; TU, 21:15–18; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:6–7]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na mul[GAŠAN TIN] «100 до [Владычицы Жизни]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:2]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Владычица Жизни // 3 (звезды) // 3600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:24]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺ «100 до Владычицы жизни» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:7]; параллель см. в BM 61677: 10 UŠ a-na be-l[e-et ba-la-ṭi…] [ibid., 180:4′]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. GU-текст. (Т) mulzubi ša2 muluz3 «Посох(?) Козы» (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:31]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], mulzubi ša2 muluz3 — η Lyr, см. u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] u múlP[a-bi]l-sag MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | dbe-let TIN ana ziq-pi [...] «[…] и П[аби]лсаг — звезда Антагуб. Владычица Жизни кульминирует […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 14, ii 13]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: MAŠ2 d[…itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN «Ягненок — […]; тебету; Владычица жизни» [SpTU IV, 159:18; Reiner 1995, 78]. См. также U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin […] [Sachs 1952, 75].

II. Божество.

dbēlet balāṭi ― эпитет Дамкины [Tallqvist 1938, 57–58], которая, по-видимому, отождествлялась со звездой Вега. Ее появления наблюдали регулярно в новоассирийский период: […] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (глосса: li-si) / mulbe-let TI.LA / an-nu-ti / pa-ni-u2-ti / ša ina pa-ni-ti / in-na-me-ru-ni «[...] (звезды) Сириус, Антарес, Вега ― те, что первыми стали уже видны» [SAA 10, 81: 1'–6', e. 7']. В связи с лунным затмением перед Вегой наряду с другими светилами совершали ритуал «Воздевания рук» (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10, 240:9]; см. также [LAS 2, 177–178].

III. Отождествление.

= α Lyrae (Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68; Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (в соответствии с VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 89].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

GAŠAN.TIN

2026-05-23T05:24:57Z

Sushoff: /* Additional */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAŠAN.TIN, mul''bēlet balāṭi''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / dGAŠAN.TIN (𒀯𒃽𒁷) = mul''bēlet balāṭi'', 'The Lady of Life,' a name for stars in [[Lyra]] east of [[Vega]], the fifth brightest star in the sky (also over Ancient Mesopotamia). The name 'Lady of Life' is a name for a constellation in Lyra.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

* = mul''bēlet balāṭi'' "Lady of life";
* = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Vega) [Gössmann 1950,<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81:3, 240:9].
|Example
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN
*** "1⅔ mins weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the Separate star to the Lady of Life,"
** b)
*** 3⅓ MA. NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ''ku-ma-ri ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
*** "3⅓ mins weight, ⅔ miles on earth, 36000 miles in the sky / From the Lady of Life to the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth". [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15-18; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:15-18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see. [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:6-7].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul[GAŠAN TIN]
** "10° to [the Lady of Life]." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 224-225:2].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3
** "Lady of Life // 3 (stars) // 3600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:24].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere:
** 10 UŠ ''ana'' mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺
** "10° to the Lady of Life". [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:7]; for a parallel see BM 61677: 10 UŠ ''a-na be-l''[''e-et ba-la-ṭi''...] [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 180:4′].
* '''(5) LBAT 1502.'''
** [...] ''u'' múl''P''[''a-bi'']''l-sag'' MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | d''be-let'' TIN ''ana ziq-pi'' [...]
** "[...] and P[abi]lsag is the star Antagub. The Lady of Life culminates [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 14, ii 13].
|
|-
|'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (T)
** mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 "Staff(?) of the Goat" (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31]; according to [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60],
mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 is η Lyr, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

* MAŠ2 d[...itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN "The lamb is [...]; tebet; the Lady of Life". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:18; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].

See also U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin [...] [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 75].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''bēlet balāṭi'' — an epithet of Damkina [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 57-58] who seems to have been identified with the star Vega. Its appearances were observed regularly in the Neo-Assyrian period: [...] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (glossary: li-si) / mul''be-let'' TI.LA / ''an-nu-ti'' / ''pa-ni-u''2''-ti'' / ''ša ina pa-ni-ti'' / ''in-na-me-ru-ni'' "[...] (stars) Sirius, Antares, Vega — those are the first ones that already became visible" [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81: 1'-6', e. 7']. In connection with the lunar eclipse in front of Vega, in addition to other luminaries, there was the ritual of the "lending of the hands" (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 240: 9]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>: 177-178].

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= α Lyrae (Vega) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (according to VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 89].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulbēlet balāṭi «Владычица жизни»; = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68].
I. Источники.

«Письма». См. [SAA 10, 81:3, 240:9]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Владычицы Жизни», b) 3⅓ MA.NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Владычицы Жизни до плеча Демона с Разинутою Пастью» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15–18; TU, 21:15–18; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:6–7]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na mul[GAŠAN TIN] «100 до [Владычицы Жизни]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:2]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Владычица Жизни // 3 (звезды) // 3600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:24]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺ «100 до Владычицы жизни» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:7]; параллель см. в BM 61677: 10 UŠ a-na be-l[e-et ba-la-ṭi…] [ibid., 180:4′]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. GU-текст. (Т) mulzubi ša2 muluz3 «Посох(?) Козы» (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:31]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], mulzubi ša2 muluz3 — η Lyr, см. u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] u múlP[a-bi]l-sag MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | dbe-let TIN ana ziq-pi [...] «[…] и П[аби]лсаг — звезда Антагуб. Владычица Жизни кульминирует […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 14, ii 13]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: MAŠ2 d[…itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN «Ягненок — […]; тебету; Владычица жизни» [SpTU IV, 159:18; Reiner 1995, 78]. См. также U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin […] [Sachs 1952, 75].

II. Божество.

dbēlet balāṭi ― эпитет Дамкины [Tallqvist 1938, 57–58], которая, по-видимому, отождествлялась со звездой Вега. Ее появления наблюдали регулярно в новоассирийский период: […] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (глосса: li-si) / mulbe-let TI.LA / an-nu-ti / pa-ni-u2-ti / ša ina pa-ni-ti / in-na-me-ru-ni «[...] (звезды) Сириус, Антарес, Вега ― те, что первыми стали уже видны» [SAA 10, 81: 1'–6', e. 7']. В связи с лунным затмением перед Вегой наряду с другими светилами совершали ритуал «Воздевания рук» (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10, 240:9]; см. также [LAS 2, 177–178].

III. Отождествление.

= α Lyrae (Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68; Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (в соответствии с VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 89].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

GAŠAN.TIN

2026-05-23T05:24:03Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAŠAN.TIN, mul''bēlet balāṭi''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / dGAŠAN.TIN (𒀯𒃽𒁷) = mul''bēlet balāṭi'', 'The Lady of Life,' a name for stars in [[Lyra]] east of [[Vega]], the fifth brightest star in the sky (also over Ancient Mesopotamia). The name 'Lady of Life' is a name for a constellation in Lyra.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

* = mul''bēlet balāṭi'' "Lady of life";
* = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Vega) [Gössmann 1950,<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81:3, 240:9].
|Example
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN
*** "1⅔ mins weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the Separate star to the Lady of Life,"
** b)
*** 3⅓ MA. NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ''ku-ma-ri ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
*** "3⅓ mins weight, ⅔ miles on earth, 36000 miles in the sky / From the Lady of Life to the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth". [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15-18; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:15-18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see. [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:6-7].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul[GAŠAN TIN]
** "10° to [the Lady of Life]." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 224-225:2].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3
** "Lady of Life // 3 (stars) // 3600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:24].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere:
** 10 UŠ ''ana'' mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺
** "10° to the Lady of Life". [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:7]; for a parallel see BM 61677: 10 UŠ ''a-na be-l''[''e-et ba-la-ṭi''...] [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 180:4′].
* '''(5) LBAT 1502.'''
** [...] ''u'' múl''P''[''a-bi'']''l-sag'' MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | d''be-let'' TIN ''ana ziq-pi'' [...]
** "[...] and P[abi]lsag is the star Antagub. The Lady of Life culminates [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 14, ii 13].
|
|-
|'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (T)
** mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 "Staff(?) of the Goat" (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31]; according to [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60],
mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 is η Lyr, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

* MAŠ2 d[...itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN "The lamb is [...]; tebet; the Lady of Life". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:18; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].

See also U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin [...] [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 75].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''bēlet balāṭi'' — an epithet of Damkina [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 57-58] who seems to have been identified with the star Vega. Its appearances were observed regularly in the Neo-Assyrian period: [...] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (glossary: li-si) / mul''be-let'' TI.LA / ''an-nu-ti'' / ''pa-ni-u''2''-ti'' / ''ša ina pa-ni-ti'' / ''in-na-me-ru-ni'' "[...] (stars) Sirius, Antares, Vega — those are the first ones that already became visible" [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81: 1'-6', e. 7']. In connection with the lunar eclipse in front of Vega, in addition to other luminaries, there was the ritual of the "lending of the hands" (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 240: 9]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>: 177-178].

==== Identification. ====
= α Lyrae (Vega) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (according to VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 89].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulbēlet balāṭi «Владычица жизни»; = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68].
I. Источники.

«Письма». См. [SAA 10, 81:3, 240:9]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Владычицы Жизни», b) 3⅓ MA.NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Владычицы Жизни до плеча Демона с Разинутою Пастью» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15–18; TU, 21:15–18; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:6–7]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na mul[GAŠAN TIN] «100 до [Владычицы Жизни]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:2]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Владычица Жизни // 3 (звезды) // 3600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:24]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺ «100 до Владычицы жизни» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:7]; параллель см. в BM 61677: 10 UŠ a-na be-l[e-et ba-la-ṭi…] [ibid., 180:4′]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. GU-текст. (Т) mulzubi ša2 muluz3 «Посох(?) Козы» (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:31]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], mulzubi ša2 muluz3 — η Lyr, см. u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] u múlP[a-bi]l-sag MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | dbe-let TIN ana ziq-pi [...] «[…] и П[аби]лсаг — звезда Антагуб. Владычица Жизни кульминирует […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 14, ii 13]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: MAŠ2 d[…itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN «Ягненок — […]; тебету; Владычица жизни» [SpTU IV, 159:18; Reiner 1995, 78]. См. также U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin […] [Sachs 1952, 75].

II. Божество.

dbēlet balāṭi ― эпитет Дамкины [Tallqvist 1938, 57–58], которая, по-видимому, отождествлялась со звездой Вега. Ее появления наблюдали регулярно в новоассирийский период: […] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (глосса: li-si) / mulbe-let TI.LA / an-nu-ti / pa-ni-u2-ti / ša ina pa-ni-ti / in-na-me-ru-ni «[...] (звезды) Сириус, Антарес, Вега ― те, что первыми стали уже видны» [SAA 10, 81: 1'–6', e. 7']. В связи с лунным затмением перед Вегой наряду с другими светилами совершали ритуал «Воздевания рук» (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10, 240:9]; см. также [LAS 2, 177–178].

III. Отождествление.

= α Lyrae (Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68; Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (в соответствии с VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 89].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

GAŠAN.TIN

2026-05-22T18:00:36Z

Sushoff: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAŠAN.TIN, mul''bēlet balāṭi''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / dGAŠAN.TIN (𒀯𒃽𒁷) = mul''bēlet balāṭi'', 'The Lady of Life,' a name for the bright star [[Vega]] in [[Lyra]], the fifth brightest star in the sky (also over Ancient Mesopotamia). The name 'Lady of Life' serves only as a name for this star or as a single-star asterism and not as a name for the constellation Lyra.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

* = mul''bēlet balāṭi'' "Lady of life";
* = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Vega) [Gössmann 1950,<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81:3, 240:9].
|Example
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN
*** "1⅔ mins weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the Separate star to the Lady of Life,"
** b)
*** 3⅓ MA. NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ''ku-ma-ri ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
*** "3⅓ mins weight, ⅔ miles on earth, 36000 miles in the sky / From the Lady of Life to the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth". [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15-18; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:15-18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see. [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:6-7].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul[GAŠAN TIN]
** "10° to [the Lady of Life]." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 224-225:2].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3
** "Lady of Life // 3 (stars) // 3600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:24].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere:
** 10 UŠ ''ana'' mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺
** "10° to the Lady of Life". [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:7]; for a parallel see BM 61677: 10 UŠ ''a-na be-l''[''e-et ba-la-ṭi''...] [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 180:4′].
* '''(5) LBAT 1502.'''
** [...] ''u'' múl''P''[''a-bi'']''l-sag'' MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | d''be-let'' TIN ''ana ziq-pi'' [...]
** "[...] and P[abi]lsag is the star Antagub. The Lady of Life culminates [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 14, ii 13].
|
|-
|'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (T)
** mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 "Staff(?) of the Goat" (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31]; according to [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60],
mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 is η Lyr, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

* MAŠ2 d[...itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN "The lamb is [...]; tebet; the Lady of Life". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:18; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].

See also U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin [...] [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 75].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''bēlet balāṭi'' — an epithet of Damkina [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 57-58] who seems to have been identified with the star Vega. Its appearances were observed regularly in the Neo-Assyrian period: [...] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (glossary: li-si) / mul''be-let'' TI.LA / ''an-nu-ti'' / ''pa-ni-u''2''-ti'' / ''ša ina pa-ni-ti'' / ''in-na-me-ru-ni'' "[...] (stars) Sirius, Antares, Vega — those are the first ones that already became visible" [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81: 1'-6', e. 7']. In connection with the lunar eclipse in front of Vega, in addition to other luminaries, there was the ritual of the "lending of the hands" (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 240: 9]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>: 177-178].

==== Identification. ====
= α Lyrae (Vega) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (according to VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 89].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulbēlet balāṭi «Владычица жизни»; = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68].
I. Источники.

«Письма». См. [SAA 10, 81:3, 240:9]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Владычицы Жизни», b) 3⅓ MA.NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Владычицы Жизни до плеча Демона с Разинутою Пастью» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15–18; TU, 21:15–18; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:6–7]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na mul[GAŠAN TIN] «100 до [Владычицы Жизни]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:2]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Владычица Жизни // 3 (звезды) // 3600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:24]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺ «100 до Владычицы жизни» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:7]; параллель см. в BM 61677: 10 UŠ a-na be-l[e-et ba-la-ṭi…] [ibid., 180:4′]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. GU-текст. (Т) mulzubi ša2 muluz3 «Посох(?) Козы» (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:31]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], mulzubi ša2 muluz3 — η Lyr, см. u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] u múlP[a-bi]l-sag MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | dbe-let TIN ana ziq-pi [...] «[…] и П[аби]лсаг — звезда Антагуб. Владычица Жизни кульминирует […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 14, ii 13]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: MAŠ2 d[…itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN «Ягненок — […]; тебету; Владычица жизни» [SpTU IV, 159:18; Reiner 1995, 78]. См. также U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin […] [Sachs 1952, 75].

II. Божество.

dbēlet balāṭi ― эпитет Дамкины [Tallqvist 1938, 57–58], которая, по-видимому, отождествлялась со звездой Вега. Ее появления наблюдали регулярно в новоассирийский период: […] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (глосса: li-si) / mulbe-let TI.LA / an-nu-ti / pa-ni-u2-ti / ša ina pa-ni-ti / in-na-me-ru-ni «[...] (звезды) Сириус, Антарес, Вега ― те, что первыми стали уже видны» [SAA 10, 81: 1'–6', e. 7']. В связи с лунным затмением перед Вегой наряду с другими светилами совершали ритуал «Воздевания рук» (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10, 240:9]; см. также [LAS 2, 177–178].

III. Отождествление.

= α Lyrae (Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68; Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (в соответствии с VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 89].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

Ziqpu

2026-05-22T15:40:20Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ziqpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,<ref name=":0" /> with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1''°''RA'','' and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? Horowitz 1988<ref name=":1" />, also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. designations:'''
* 1) ''ziqpu'', a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;
* 2) MUL.MEŠ ''ziqpu'', specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 84-90; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 127ff].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 67%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 290].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!orig.
!transl.
|-
|MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' /
|"Ziqpu-stars, which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer of the sky – the observer watches the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky. (In the sky is)
|-
|
# mulŠU.PA
# MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A
# mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš
# mulUR.KU /
# mulUZ3
# mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
# mul''lu-lim''
# mulŠU.GI
# mulGAM3 /
# mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL
# mulAL.LUL
# mulUR.GU.LA
# mul''E''4-''ru''6
# ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' /
|
# the Shupa,
# the Constellation of Dignity,
# the Standing Gods,
# the Dog,
# the Goat,
# the Demon with the Gaping Mouth,
# the Stag,
# the Old Man,
# the Crook,
# the Great Twins,
# the Crab,
# the Lion,
# Erua,
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru''
|They all are ziqpu-stars that stand in the path of Enlil and in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer, who, in the dark night, observes the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky "
|}
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 57-60].
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
|-
|
|-
|
# in [[Bootes]] (perhaps the complete constellation, perhaps only [[Arcturus]]),
# [[Corona Borealis]],
# the Standing Gods (uncertain because of change over time: see [[DINGIR.GUB.BA]]),
# a part of [[Hercules]],
# [[Lyra]],
# covers areas of [[Cepheus]]+[[Cygnus]] and touches [[Andromeda]],
# the Stag (in the region of [[Cassiopeia]]/ [[Andromeda]]),
# [[Perseus]],
# [[Auriga]],
# [[Gemini]],
# [[Cancer]],
# [[Leo]],
# [[Coma Berenices]],
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|
|}
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2" />, 57-60].
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 134:8, 149 r. 4].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
AO 6478:
* ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 ''sar-ḫi u''3 [''šu''2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru'']
* "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:2-4; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:2-4; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; MCG<ref name=":1">''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 183].

Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!orig.
!transl.
!
|-
|
# mulŠUDUN
# [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
# [[GAM-ti|mulGAM-''ti'']]
# [[Maš-a-ti|MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'']]
# MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti
# [[DILI|MUL DILI]]
# [[GAŠAN.TIN|mulGAŠAN.TIN]]
# ''[[Kumāru|ku-ma-ri]] ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A
# [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
# [[Kinṣu|mulkin-ṣi]]
# [[Asidu|mul''a-si-di'']]
# 4 ša2 [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
# [[Ummulūtu|mul''um-mu-lu-ti'']]
# [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]]
# [[Naṣrapu|mul''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]
# [[GAM3|mulGAM3]]
# [[KIŠIB|MUL KIŠIB]] GAM3
# [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]]
# [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]] EGIR-''i''
# [[AL.LUL|mulAL.LUL]]
# [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA]]
# [[4 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
# [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2]]
# [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]]
# [[A.EDIN|mulA.EDIN]]
# [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
# "Yoke"
# The rear portion of the harness"
# "Circle"
# "Stars from the Pair"
# "Stars from the Triple"
# "Single Star"
# "Lady of Life"
# "Shoulder of the UD.KA.DU8.A daemon"
# "The bright star on its breast
# "Knee, shin?"
# "Heel (of the Panther)"
# "4 stars of the Stag"
# "dusky stars"
# "Bright star in the Old Man"
# XV. [[Naṣrapu|mul''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]
# Crook
# "Hand on the Crook"
# "(Frontal) Twin"
# "Rear Twin"
# "Crab"
# "2 stars on the head of the Lion"
# "4 stars on its breast"
# "2 stars on its tail"
# "A separate star on its tail"
# "A branch"
# "A harness"
|
# (Kurtik sh18).
# (Kurtik sh21).
# (Kurtik g05).
# (Kurtik m14).
# (Kurtik t01).
# (Kurtik d07).
# (Kurtik g09).
# (Kurtik k25).
# (Kurtik n20)
# (Kurtik k18).
# (Kurtik a47).
# (Kurtik L09).
# (Kurtik u14).
# (Kurtik n21).
# (Kurtik n08).
# (Kurtik g06).
# (Kurtik k21).
# (Kurtik m16).
# (Kurtik m16).
# (Kurtik a18).
# (Kurtik s06).
# (Kurtik g03).
# (Kurtik g23).
# (Kurtik d08).
# (Kurtik a02).
# (Kurtik sh20).
|}
Circle of ziqpu stars.

* [PA]P? 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d[''En-lil''2] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
|
# γ, β, δ Bootes
# ζ, ο, ξ Bootes
# [[Corona Borealis]]
# π, ρ Her
# ο, μ, ξ Her
# α Lyr ([[Vega]])
# in the area of θ,η Lyr (the ident. with η Lyr is also proposed by Koch 1992; Pingree prefers α Lyr ... but the latter doesn't fit here, as the solitary star is α Lyr which also fits the number of UŠ from the previous star ... and the numbers of UŠ between 6. and 8. does not fit with the sky anyway (30 UŠ given, divided 2:1 with this asterism in between, so that η Lyr fits best)
# δ Cyg (...)
# β Cyg ([[Deneb]])
# α Lac ([[Stellio]])
# λ And ([[Udkadua]])
# ... Cas (π, ο, ξ, ν)
# h+χ Per
# α Per ([[Mirfak]])
# μ, λ, b, c, d Per
# α, β, ε, η, ζ Aur ([[Capella]]+)
# θ, υ Aur ([[Mahasim]]+)
# α Gem ([[Castor]])
# β Gem ([[Pollux]])
# [[Cancer]], M44
# ε, μ Leonis (Zosma, Chertan)
# α Leo+ ([[Regulus]])
# δ, θ Leo
# β Leo ([[Denebola]])
# γ Com (...), Coma Berenices star cluster
# η, τ, υ Boo ([[Muphrid]]+)
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].
* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'':
** mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''...
** "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the Faithful Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2];
** ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).

In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].
|
|}
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) ziqpu — стандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций звезд и планет, употреблявшийся со времени Саргонидов; 2) MUL.MEŠ ziqpu — специально выбранные группы звезд, образовывавшие на небе замкнутый пояс, последовательные кульминации которых позволяли фиксировать ночью моменты и временные интервалы между наблюдениями с высокой степенью точности [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 84–90; CAD Z, 127ff].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, 290]. MUL.APIN. Список ziqpu-звезд: MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' / mulŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš mulUR.KU / mulUZ3 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mul''lu-lim'' mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' / PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru'' «Ziqpu-звезды, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине неба напротив груди наблюдателя неба, и при помощи которых ночью восход и заход звезд в их серединах он наблюдает. (Это) Шупа, Звезда Достоинство, Стоящие Боги, Пес, Коза, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Олень, Старик, Посох, Большие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Эруа, Звезда Изобилия. Все они — ziqpu-звезды на пути Энлиля, которые стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и при помощи которых ночью восходы и заходы звезд в их серединах ты наблюдаешь» (I iv 1–9) [Hunger & Steele 2019, 57–60]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 134:8, 149 r. 4]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. AO 6478: ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 sar-''ḫi u''3 [šu2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru''] «(Расстояния) между (группами) кульминирующих звезд, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине [неба] напротив груди того, кто наблюдает небо, и при помощи которых восход и [заход] звезд в их серединах ночью [он наблюдает]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:2–4; TU, 21:2–4; HBA, 132; MCG, 183].

Номера и названия ziqpu-звезд, согласно [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88–89; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]:

I. mulŠUDUN «Ярмо» (sh18).

II. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti «Задняя часть упряжи» (sh21).

III. mulGAM-ti «Посох» (g05).

IV. MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «Звезды из Пары» (m14).

V. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti «Звезды из Тройни» (t01).

VI. MUL DILI «Отдельная звезда» (d07).

VII. mulGAŠAN TIN «Владычица жизни» (g09).

VIII. ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A «Плечо Пантеры» (k25).

IX. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Яркая звезда на ее груди (n20)

X. mulkin-ṣi «Колено, голень?»(k18).

XI. mula-si-di «Пятка (Пантеры)» (a47).

XII. 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM «4 звезды Оленя» (L09).

XIII. mulum-mu-lu-ti «Тусклые звезды» (u14).

XIV. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Яркая звезда в Старике» (n21).

XV. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu (n08).

XVI. mulGAM3 «Посох» (g06).

XVII. MUL KIŠIB GAM3 «Рука на Посохе» (k21).

XVIII. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «(Передний) Близнец» (m16).

XIX. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i «Задний Близнец» (m16).

XX. mulAL.LUL «Краб» (a18).

XXI. 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «2 звезды на голове Льва» (s06).

XXII. MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «4 звезды на его груди» (g03).

XXIII. MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «2 звезды на его хвосте» (g23).

XXIV. MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте» (d 08).

XXV. mulA.EDIN «Ветвь» (a02).

XXVI. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «Упряжь»(sh20).

Круг ziqpu-звезд. [PA]P? 12 DANNA kip-pat zi-[iq-pi] / bi-rit MUL.MEŠ ša KASKAL šu-ut d[En-lil2] «[Все]го? 12 “миль” круга (звезд, которые) куль[минируют], из числа звезд на пути [Энлиля]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92, BM 38694+:20–21]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд и лунным затмениям [SpTU III, 102]. (2) Предсказания izbu: mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ana e-la-nu… «(Когда созвездия) Наемник, Небесный Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану кульминируют (букв. наверху)… [Biggs 1968, 53:2]; elānu — здесь, по-видимому, нестандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций (?).

В аналогичном смысле в тексте W.22281a при обозначении кульминаций употребляется šitqulu, букв. «взаимно уравновешиваться», «быть равными друг другу» (?) [SpTU I, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99; AHw, 1252a].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Ziqpu

2026-05-22T15:12:07Z

Sushoff: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[3] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ziqpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,<ref name=":0" /> with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1''°''RA'','' and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? Horowitz 1988<ref name=":1" />, also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) ''ziqpu'', a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;
* 2) MUL.MEŠ ''ziqpu'', specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 84-90; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 127ff].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 67%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 290].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' /
|"Ziqpu-stars, which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer of the sky – the observer watches the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky. (In the sky is)
|-
|
# mulŠU.PA
# MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A
# mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš
# mulUR.KU /
# mulUZ3
# mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
# mul''lu-lim''
# mulŠU.GI
# mulGAM3 /
# mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL
# mulAL.LUL
# mulUR.GU.LA
# mul''E''4-''ru''6
# ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' /
|
# the Shupa,
# the Constellation of Dignity,
# the Standing Gods,
# the Dog,
# the Goat,
# the Demon with the Gaping Mouth,
# the Stag,
# the Old Man,
# the Crook,
# the Great Twins,
# the Crab,
# the Lion,
# Erua,
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru''
|They all are ziqpu-stars that stand in the path of Enlil and in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer, who, in the dark night, observes the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky "
|}
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 57-60].
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
|-
|
|-
|
# in [[Bootes]] (perhaps the complete constellation, perhaps only [[Arcturus]]),
# [[Corona Borealis]],
# the Standing Gods (uncertain because of change over time: see [[DINGIR.GUB.BA]]),
# a part of [[Hercules]],
# [[Lyra]],
# covers areas of [[Cepheus]]+[[Cygnus]] and touches [[Andromeda]],
# the Stag (in the region of [[Cassiopeia]]/ [[Andromeda]]),
# [[Perseus]],
# [[Auriga]],
# [[Gemini]],
# [[Cancer]],
# [[Leo]],
# [[Coma Berenices]],
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|
|}
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2" />, 57-60].
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 134:8, 149 r. 4].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
AO 6478:
* ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 ''sar-ḫi u''3 [''šu''2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru'']
* "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:2-4; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:2-4; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; MCG<ref name=":1">''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 183].

Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|
# mulŠUDUN
# [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
# [[GAM-ti|mulGAM-''ti'']]
# [[Maš-a-ti|MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'']]
# MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti
# [[DILI|MUL DILI]]
# [[GAŠAN.TIN|mulGAŠAN.TIN]]
# ''[[Kumāru|ku-ma-ri]] ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A
# [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
# [[Kinṣu|mulkin-ṣi]]
# [[Asidu|mul''a-si-di'']]
# 4 ša2 [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
# [[Ummulūtu|mul''um-mu-lu-ti'']]
# [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]]
# [[Naṣrapu|mul''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]
# [[GAM3|mulGAM3]]
# [[KIŠIB|MUL KIŠIB]] GAM3
# [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]]
# [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]] EGIR-''i''
# [[AL.LUL|mulAL.LUL]]
# [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA]]
# [[4 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
# [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2]]
# [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]]
# [[A.EDIN|mulA.EDIN]]
# [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
# "Yoke"
# The rear portion of the harness"
# "Circle"
# "Stars from the Pair"
# "Stars from the Triple"
# "Single Star"
# "Lady of Life"
# "Shoulder of the UD.KA.DU8.A daemon"
# "The bright star on its breast
# "Knee, shin?"
# "Heel (of the Panther)"
# "4 stars of the Stag"
# "dusky stars"
# "Bright star in the Old Man"
# XV. [[Naṣrapu|mul''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]
# Crook
# "Hand on the Crook"
# "(Frontal) Twin"
# "Rear Twin"
# "Crab"
# "2 stars on the head of the Lion"
# "4 stars on its breast"
# "2 stars on its tail"
# "A separate star on its tail"
# "A branch"
# "A harness"
|
# (Kurtik sh18).
# (Kurtik sh21).
# (Kurtik g05).
# (Kurtik m14).
# (Kurtik t01).
# (Kurtik d07).
# (Kurtik g09).
# (Kurtik k25).
# (Kurtik n20)
# (Kurtik k18).
# (Kurtik a47).
# (Kurtik L09).
# (Kurtik u14).
# (Kurtik n21).
# (Kurtik n08).
# (Kurtik g06).
# (Kurtik k21).
# (Kurtik m16).
# (Kurtik m16).
# (Kurtik a18).
# (Kurtik s06).
# (Kurtik g03).
# (Kurtik g23).
# (Kurtik d08).
# (Kurtik a02).
# (Kurtik sh20).
|}
Circle of ziqpu stars.

* [PA]P? 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d[''En-lil''2] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
|
# γ, β, δ Bootes
# ζ, ο, ξ Bootes
# [[Corona Borealis]]
# π, ρ Her
# ο, μ, ξ Her
# α Lyr ([[Vega]])
# in the area of θ,η Lyr (the ident. with η Lyr is also proposed by Koch 1992; Pingree prefers α Lyr ... but the latter doesn't fit here, as the solitary star is α Lyr which also fits the number of UŠ from the previous star ... and the numbers of UŠ between 6. and 8. does not fit with the sky anyway (30 UŠ given, divided 2:1 with this asterism in between, so that η Lyr fits best)
# δ Cyg (...)
# β Cyg ([[Deneb]])
# α Lac ([[Stellio]])
# λ And ([[Udkadua]])
# ... Cas (π, ο, ξ, ν)
# h+χ Per
# α Per ([[Mirfak]])
# μ, λ, b, c, d Per
# α, β, ε, η, ζ Aur ([[Capella]]+)
# θ, υ Aur ([[Mahasim]]+)
# α Gem ([[Castor]])
# β Gem ([[Pollux]])
# [[Cancer]], M44
# ε, μ Leonis (Zosma, Chertan)
# α Leo+ ([[Regulus]])
# δ, θ Leo
# β Leo ([[Denebola]])
# γ Com (...), Coma Berenices star cluster
# η, τ, υ Boo ([[Muphrid]]+)
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].
* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'': mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''... "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the Faithful Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2]; ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).

In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].
|
|}
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) ziqpu — стандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций звезд и планет, употреблявшийся со времени Саргонидов; 2) MUL.MEŠ ziqpu — специально выбранные группы звезд, образовывавшие на небе замкнутый пояс, последовательные кульминации которых позволяли фиксировать ночью моменты и временные интервалы между наблюдениями с высокой степенью точности [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 84–90; CAD Z, 127ff].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, 290]. MUL.APIN. Список ziqpu-звезд: MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' / mulŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš mulUR.KU / mulUZ3 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mul''lu-lim'' mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' / PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru'' «Ziqpu-звезды, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине неба напротив груди наблюдателя неба, и при помощи которых ночью восход и заход звезд в их серединах он наблюдает. (Это) Шупа, Звезда Достоинство, Стоящие Боги, Пес, Коза, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Олень, Старик, Посох, Большие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Эруа, Звезда Изобилия. Все они — ziqpu-звезды на пути Энлиля, которые стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и при помощи которых ночью восходы и заходы звезд в их серединах ты наблюдаешь» (I iv 1–9) [Hunger & Steele 2019, 57–60]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 134:8, 149 r. 4]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. AO 6478: ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 sar-''ḫi u''3 [šu2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru''] «(Расстояния) между (группами) кульминирующих звезд, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине [неба] напротив груди того, кто наблюдает небо, и при помощи которых восход и [заход] звезд в их серединах ночью [он наблюдает]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:2–4; TU, 21:2–4; HBA, 132; MCG, 183].

Номера и названия ziqpu-звезд, согласно [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88–89; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]:

I. mulŠUDUN «Ярмо» (sh18).

II. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti «Задняя часть упряжи» (sh21).

III. mulGAM-ti «Посох» (g05).

IV. MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «Звезды из Пары» (m14).

V. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti «Звезды из Тройни» (t01).

VI. MUL DILI «Отдельная звезда» (d07).

VII. mulGAŠAN TIN «Владычица жизни» (g09).

VIII. ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A «Плечо Пантеры» (k25).

IX. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Яркая звезда на ее груди (n20)

X. mulkin-ṣi «Колено, голень?»(k18).

XI. mula-si-di «Пятка (Пантеры)» (a47).

XII. 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM «4 звезды Оленя» (L09).

XIII. mulum-mu-lu-ti «Тусклые звезды» (u14).

XIV. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Яркая звезда в Старике» (n21).

XV. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu (n08).

XVI. mulGAM3 «Посох» (g06).

XVII. MUL KIŠIB GAM3 «Рука на Посохе» (k21).

XVIII. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «(Передний) Близнец» (m16).

XIX. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i «Задний Близнец» (m16).

XX. mulAL.LUL «Краб» (a18).

XXI. 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «2 звезды на голове Льва» (s06).

XXII. MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «4 звезды на его груди» (g03).

XXIII. MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «2 звезды на его хвосте» (g23).

XXIV. MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте» (d 08).

XXV. mulA.EDIN «Ветвь» (a02).

XXVI. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «Упряжь»(sh20).

Круг ziqpu-звезд. [PA]P? 12 DANNA kip-pat zi-[iq-pi] / bi-rit MUL.MEŠ ša KASKAL šu-ut d[En-lil2] «[Все]го? 12 “миль” круга (звезд, которые) куль[минируют], из числа звезд на пути [Энлиля]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92, BM 38694+:20–21]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд и лунным затмениям [SpTU III, 102]. (2) Предсказания izbu: mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ana e-la-nu… «(Когда созвездия) Наемник, Небесный Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану кульминируют (букв. наверху)… [Biggs 1968, 53:2]; elānu — здесь, по-видимому, нестандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций (?).

В аналогичном смысле в тексте W.22281a при обозначении кульминаций употребляется šitqulu, букв. «взаимно уравновешиваться», «быть равными друг другу» (?) [SpTU I, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99; AHw, 1252a].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Ziqpu

2026-05-22T14:54:02Z

Sushoff: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[3] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ziqpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,<ref name=":0" /> with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1''°''RA'','' and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? Horowitz 1988<ref name=":1" />, also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) ''ziqpu'', a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;
* 2) MUL.MEŠ ''ziqpu'', specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 84-90; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 127ff].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 67%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 290].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' /
|"Ziqpu-stars, which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer of the sky – the observer watches the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky. (In the sky is)
|-
|
# mulŠU.PA
# MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A
# mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš
# mulUR.KU /
# mulUZ3
# mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
# mul''lu-lim''
# mulŠU.GI
# mulGAM3 /
# mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL
# mulAL.LUL
# mulUR.GU.LA
# mul''E''4-''ru''6
# ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' /
|
# the Shupa,
# the Constellation of Dignity,
# the Standing Gods,
# the Dog,
# the Goat,
# the Demon with the Gaping Mouth,
# the Stag,
# the Old Man,
# the Crook,
# the Great Twins,
# the Crab,
# the Lion,
# Erua,
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru''
|They all are ziqpu-stars that stand in the path of Enlil and in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer, who, in the dark night, observes the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky "
|}
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 57-60].
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
|-
|
|-
|
# in [[Bootes]] (perhaps the complete constellation, perhaps only [[Arcturus]]),
# [[Corona Borealis]],
# the Standing Gods (uncertain because of change over time: see [[DINGIR.GUB.BA]]),
# a part of [[Hercules]],
# [[Lyra]],
# covers areas of [[Cepheus]]+[[Cygnus]] and touches [[Andromeda]],
# the Stag (in the region of [[Cassiopeia]]/ [[Andromeda]]),
# [[Perseus]],
# [[Auriga]],
# [[Gemini]],
# [[Cancer]],
# [[Leo]],
# [[Coma Berenices]],
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|
|}
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2" />, 57-60].
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 134:8, 149 r. 4].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
AO 6478:
* ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 ''sar-ḫi u''3 [''šu''2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru'']
* "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:2-4; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:2-4; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; MCG<ref name=":1">''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 183].

Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|
# mulŠUDUN
# [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
# [[GAM-ti|mulGAM-''ti'']]
# [[Maš-a-ti|MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'']]
# MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti
# [[DILI|MUL DILI]]
# [[GAŠAN.TIN|mulGAŠAN.TIN]]
# ''[[Kumāru|ku-ma-ri]] ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A
# [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
# [[Kinṣu|mulkin-ṣi]]
# [[Asidu|mul''a-si-di'']]
# 4 ša2 [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
# [[Ummulūtu|mul''um-mu-lu-ti'']]
# [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]]
# [[Naṣrapu|mul''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]
# [[GAM3|mulGAM3]]
# [[KIŠIB|MUL KIŠIB]] GAM3
# [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]]
# [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]] EGIR-''i''
# [[AL.LUL|mulAL.LUL]]
# [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA]]
# [[4 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
# [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2]]
# [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]]
# [[A.EDIN|mulA.EDIN]]
# [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
# "Yoke"
# The rear portion of the harness"
# "Circle"
# "Stars from the Pair"
# "Stars from the Triple"
# "Single Star"
# "Lady of Life"
# "Shoulder of the UD.KA.DU8.A daemon"
# "The bright star on its breast
# "Knee, shin?"
# "Heel (of the Panther)"
# "4 stars of the Stag"
# "dusky stars"
# "Bright star in the Old Man"
# XV. [[Naṣrapu|mul''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]
# Crook
# "Hand on the Crook"
# "(Frontal) Twin"
# "Rear Twin"
# "Crab"
# "2 stars on the head of the Lion"
# "4 stars on its breast"
# "2 stars on its tail"
# "A separate star on its tail"
# "A branch"
# "A harness"
|
# (Kurtik sh18).
# (Kurtik sh21).
# (Kurtik g05).
# (Kurtik m14).
# (Kurtik t01).
# (Kurtik d07).
# (Kurtik g09).
# (Kurtik k25).
# (Kurtik n20)
# (Kurtik k18).
# (Kurtik a47).
# (Kurtik L09).
# (Kurtik u14).
# (Kurtik n21).
# (Kurtik n08).
# (Kurtik g06).
# (Kurtik k21).
# (Kurtik m16).
# (Kurtik m16).
# (Kurtik a18).
# (Kurtik s06).
# (Kurtik g03).
# (Kurtik g23).
# (Kurtik d08).
# (Kurtik a02).
# (Kurtik sh20).
|}
Circle of ziqpu stars.

* [PA]P? 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d[''En-lil''2] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
|
# γ, β, δ Bootes
# ζ, ο, ξ Bootes
# [[Corona Borealis]]
# π, ρ Her
# ο, μ, ξ Her
# α Lyr ([[Vega]])
# in the area of θ,η Lyr
# δ Cyg (...)
# β Cyg ([[Deneb]])
# α Lac ([[Stellio]])
# λ And ([[Udkadua]])
# ... Cas
# M31?
# α Per ([[Mirfak]])
# μ, λ, b, c, d Per
# α, β, ε, η, ζ Aur ([[Capella]]+)
# θ,υ Aur ([[Mahasim]]+)
# α Gem ([[Castor]])
# β Gem ([[Pollux]])
# [[Cancer]]
# ε, μ Leonis (Zosma, Chertan)
# α Leo+ ([[Regulus]])
# δ, θ Leo
# β Leo ([[Denebola]])
# γ Com (...), Coma Berenices star cluster
# η, τ, υ Boo ([[Muphrid]]+)
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].
* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'': mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''... "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the Faithful Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2]; ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).

In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].
|
|}
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) ziqpu — стандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций звезд и планет, употреблявшийся со времени Саргонидов; 2) MUL.MEŠ ziqpu — специально выбранные группы звезд, образовывавшие на небе замкнутый пояс, последовательные кульминации которых позволяли фиксировать ночью моменты и временные интервалы между наблюдениями с высокой степенью точности [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 84–90; CAD Z, 127ff].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, 290]. MUL.APIN. Список ziqpu-звезд: MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' / mulŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš mulUR.KU / mulUZ3 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mul''lu-lim'' mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' / PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru'' «Ziqpu-звезды, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине неба напротив груди наблюдателя неба, и при помощи которых ночью восход и заход звезд в их серединах он наблюдает. (Это) Шупа, Звезда Достоинство, Стоящие Боги, Пес, Коза, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Олень, Старик, Посох, Большие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Эруа, Звезда Изобилия. Все они — ziqpu-звезды на пути Энлиля, которые стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и при помощи которых ночью восходы и заходы звезд в их серединах ты наблюдаешь» (I iv 1–9) [Hunger & Steele 2019, 57–60]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 134:8, 149 r. 4]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. AO 6478: ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 sar-''ḫi u''3 [šu2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru''] «(Расстояния) между (группами) кульминирующих звезд, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине [неба] напротив груди того, кто наблюдает небо, и при помощи которых восход и [заход] звезд в их серединах ночью [он наблюдает]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:2–4; TU, 21:2–4; HBA, 132; MCG, 183].

Номера и названия ziqpu-звезд, согласно [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88–89; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]:

I. mulŠUDUN «Ярмо» (sh18).

II. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti «Задняя часть упряжи» (sh21).

III. mulGAM-ti «Посох» (g05).

IV. MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «Звезды из Пары» (m14).

V. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti «Звезды из Тройни» (t01).

VI. MUL DILI «Отдельная звезда» (d07).

VII. mulGAŠAN TIN «Владычица жизни» (g09).

VIII. ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A «Плечо Пантеры» (k25).

IX. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Яркая звезда на ее груди (n20)

X. mulkin-ṣi «Колено, голень?»(k18).

XI. mula-si-di «Пятка (Пантеры)» (a47).

XII. 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM «4 звезды Оленя» (L09).

XIII. mulum-mu-lu-ti «Тусклые звезды» (u14).

XIV. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Яркая звезда в Старике» (n21).

XV. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu (n08).

XVI. mulGAM3 «Посох» (g06).

XVII. MUL KIŠIB GAM3 «Рука на Посохе» (k21).

XVIII. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «(Передний) Близнец» (m16).

XIX. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i «Задний Близнец» (m16).

XX. mulAL.LUL «Краб» (a18).

XXI. 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «2 звезды на голове Льва» (s06).

XXII. MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «4 звезды на его груди» (g03).

XXIII. MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «2 звезды на его хвосте» (g23).

XXIV. MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте» (d 08).

XXV. mulA.EDIN «Ветвь» (a02).

XXVI. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «Упряжь»(sh20).

Круг ziqpu-звезд. [PA]P? 12 DANNA kip-pat zi-[iq-pi] / bi-rit MUL.MEŠ ša KASKAL šu-ut d[En-lil2] «[Все]го? 12 “миль” круга (звезд, которые) куль[минируют], из числа звезд на пути [Энлиля]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92, BM 38694+:20–21]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд и лунным затмениям [SpTU III, 102]. (2) Предсказания izbu: mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ana e-la-nu… «(Когда созвездия) Наемник, Небесный Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану кульминируют (букв. наверху)… [Biggs 1968, 53:2]; elānu — здесь, по-видимому, нестандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций (?).

В аналогичном смысле в тексте W.22281a при обозначении кульминаций употребляется šitqulu, букв. «взаимно уравновешиваться», «быть равными друг другу» (?) [SpTU I, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99; AHw, 1252a].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Ziqpu

2026-05-22T14:24:45Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ziqpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,<ref name=":0" /> with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1''°''RA'','' and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? Horowitz 1988<ref name=":1" />, also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) ''ziqpu'', a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;
* 2) MUL.MEŠ ''ziqpu'', specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 84-90; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 127ff].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 67%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 290].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' /
|"Ziqpu-stars, which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer of the sky – the observer watches the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky. (In the sky is)
|-
|
# mulŠU.PA
# MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A
# mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš
# mulUR.KU /
# mulUZ3
# mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
# mul''lu-lim''
# mulŠU.GI
# mulGAM3 /
# mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL
# mulAL.LUL
# mulUR.GU.LA
# mul''E''4-''ru''6
# ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' /
|
# the Shupa,
# the Constellation of Dignity,
# the Standing Gods,
# the Dog,
# the Goat,
# the Demon with the Gaping Mouth,
# the Stag,
# the Old Man,
# the Staff,
# the Great Twins,
# the Crab,
# the Lion,
# Erua,
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru''
|They all are ziqpu-stars that stand in the path of Enlil and in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer, who, in the dark night, observes the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky "
|}
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 57-60].
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
|-
|
|-
|
# in [[Bootes]] (perhaps the complete constellation, perhaps only [[Arcturus]]),
# [[Corona Borealis]],
# the Standing Gods (uncertain because of change over time: see [[DINGIR.GUB.BA]]),
# a part of [[Hercules]],
# [[Lyra]],
# covers areas of [[Cepheus]]+[[Cygnus]] and touches [[Andromeda]],
# the Stag (in the region of [[Cassiopeia]]/ [[Andromeda]]),
# [[Perseus]],
# [[Auriga]],
# [[Gemini]],
# [[Cancer]],
# [[Leo]],
# [[Coma Berenices]],
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|
|}
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2" />, 57-60].
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 134:8, 149 r. 4].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
AO 6478:
* ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 ''sar-ḫi u''3 [''šu''2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru'']
* "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:2-4; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:2-4; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; MCG<ref name=":1">''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 183].

Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|
# mulŠUDUN
# [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
# [[GAM-ti|mulGAM-''ti'']]
# [[Maš-a-ti|MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'']]
# MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti
# [[DILI|MUL DILI]]
# [[GAŠAN.TIN|mulGAŠAN.TIN]]
# ''[[Kumāru|ku-ma-ri]] ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A
# [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
# [[Kinṣu|mulkin-ṣi]]
# [[Asidu|mul''a-si-di'']]
# 4 ša2 [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
# [[Ummulūtu|mul''um-mu-lu-ti'']]
# [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]]
# [[Naṣrapu|mul''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]
# [[GAM3|mulGAM3]]
# [[KIŠIB|MUL KIŠIB]] GAM3
# [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]]
# [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]] EGIR-''i''
# [[AL.LUL|mulAL.LUL]]
# [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA]]
# [[4 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
# [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2]]
# [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]]
# [[A.EDIN|mulA.EDIN]]
# [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
# "Yoke"
# The rear portion of the harness"
# "Circle"
# "Stars from the Pair"
# "Stars from the Triple"
# "Single Star"
# "Lady of Life"
# "Shoulder of the UD.KA.DU8.A daemon"
# "The bright star on its breast
# "Knee, shin?"
# "Heel (of the Panther)"
# "4 stars of the Stag"
# "dusky stars"
# "Bright star in the Old Man"
# XV. [[Naṣrapu|mul''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]
# Crook
# "Hand on the Crook"
# "(Frontal) Twin"
# "Rear Twin"
# "Crab"
# "2 stars on the head of the Lion"
# "4 stars on its breast"
# "2 stars on its tail"
# "A separate star on its tail"
# "A branch"
# "A harness"
|
# (Kurtik sh18).
# (Kurtik sh21).
# (Kurtik g05).
# (Kurtik m14).
# (Kurtik t01).
# (Kurtik d07).
# (Kurtik g09).
# (Kurtik k25).
# (Kurtik n20)
# (Kurtik k18).
# (Kurtik a47).
# (Kurtik L09).
# (Kurtik u14).
# (Kurtik n21).
# (Kurtik n08).
# (Kurtik g06).
# (Kurtik k21).
# (Kurtik m16).
# (Kurtik m16).
# (Kurtik a18).
# (Kurtik s06).
# (Kurtik g03).
# (Kurtik g23).
# (Kurtik d08).
# (Kurtik a02).
# (Kurtik sh20).
|}
Circle of ziqpu stars.

* [PA]P? 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d[''En-lil''2] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
|
# in Bootes?
# ...
# [[Corona Borealis]]
# ?
# ?
# ?
# ?
# .δ.. cyg
# β Cyg ([[Deneb]])
# α Lac ?... cyg/cep/and
# λ And ([[Udkadua]])
# ... Cas
# M31?
# α Per ([[Mirfak]])
# ...
# α, β, ε, η, ζ Aur ([[Capella]]+)
# θ,υ Aur ([[Mahasim]]+)
# α Gem ([[Castor]])
# β Gem ([[Pollux]])
# [[Cancer]]
# ε, μ Leonis (Zosma, Chertan)
# α Leo+ ([[Regulus]])
# δ, θ Leo
# β Leo ([[Denebola]])
# γ Com (...), Coma Berenices star cluster
# η, τ, υ Boo ([[Muphrid]]+)
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].
* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'': mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''... "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the Faithful Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2]; ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).

In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].
|
|}
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) ziqpu — стандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций звезд и планет, употреблявшийся со времени Саргонидов; 2) MUL.MEŠ ziqpu — специально выбранные группы звезд, образовывавшие на небе замкнутый пояс, последовательные кульминации которых позволяли фиксировать ночью моменты и временные интервалы между наблюдениями с высокой степенью точности [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 84–90; CAD Z, 127ff].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, 290]. MUL.APIN. Список ziqpu-звезд: MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' / mulŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš mulUR.KU / mulUZ3 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mul''lu-lim'' mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' / PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru'' «Ziqpu-звезды, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине неба напротив груди наблюдателя неба, и при помощи которых ночью восход и заход звезд в их серединах он наблюдает. (Это) Шупа, Звезда Достоинство, Стоящие Боги, Пес, Коза, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Олень, Старик, Посох, Большие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Эруа, Звезда Изобилия. Все они — ziqpu-звезды на пути Энлиля, которые стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и при помощи которых ночью восходы и заходы звезд в их серединах ты наблюдаешь» (I iv 1–9) [Hunger & Steele 2019, 57–60]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 134:8, 149 r. 4]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. AO 6478: ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 sar-''ḫi u''3 [šu2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru''] «(Расстояния) между (группами) кульминирующих звезд, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине [неба] напротив груди того, кто наблюдает небо, и при помощи которых восход и [заход] звезд в их серединах ночью [он наблюдает]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:2–4; TU, 21:2–4; HBA, 132; MCG, 183].

Номера и названия ziqpu-звезд, согласно [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88–89; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]:

I. mulŠUDUN «Ярмо» (sh18).

II. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti «Задняя часть упряжи» (sh21).

III. mulGAM-ti «Посох» (g05).

IV. MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «Звезды из Пары» (m14).

V. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti «Звезды из Тройни» (t01).

VI. MUL DILI «Отдельная звезда» (d07).

VII. mulGAŠAN TIN «Владычица жизни» (g09).

VIII. ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A «Плечо Пантеры» (k25).

IX. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Яркая звезда на ее груди (n20)

X. mulkin-ṣi «Колено, голень?»(k18).

XI. mula-si-di «Пятка (Пантеры)» (a47).

XII. 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM «4 звезды Оленя» (L09).

XIII. mulum-mu-lu-ti «Тусклые звезды» (u14).

XIV. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Яркая звезда в Старике» (n21).

XV. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu (n08).

XVI. mulGAM3 «Посох» (g06).

XVII. MUL KIŠIB GAM3 «Рука на Посохе» (k21).

XVIII. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «(Передний) Близнец» (m16).

XIX. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i «Задний Близнец» (m16).

XX. mulAL.LUL «Краб» (a18).

XXI. 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «2 звезды на голове Льва» (s06).

XXII. MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «4 звезды на его груди» (g03).

XXIII. MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «2 звезды на его хвосте» (g23).

XXIV. MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте» (d 08).

XXV. mulA.EDIN «Ветвь» (a02).

XXVI. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «Упряжь»(sh20).

Круг ziqpu-звезд. [PA]P? 12 DANNA kip-pat zi-[iq-pi] / bi-rit MUL.MEŠ ša KASKAL šu-ut d[En-lil2] «[Все]го? 12 “миль” круга (звезд, которые) куль[минируют], из числа звезд на пути [Энлиля]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92, BM 38694+:20–21]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд и лунным затмениям [SpTU III, 102]. (2) Предсказания izbu: mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ana e-la-nu… «(Когда созвездия) Наемник, Небесный Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану кульминируют (букв. наверху)… [Biggs 1968, 53:2]; elānu — здесь, по-видимому, нестандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций (?).

В аналогичном смысле в тексте W.22281a при обозначении кульминаций употребляется šitqulu, букв. «взаимно уравновешиваться», «быть равными друг другу» (?) [SpTU I, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99; AHw, 1252a].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Ziqpu

2026-05-22T13:00:57Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ziqpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,<ref name=":0" /> with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1''°''RA'','' and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? Horowitz 1988<ref name=":1" />, also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) ''ziqpu'', a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;
* 2) MUL.MEŠ ''ziqpu'', specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 84-90; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 127ff].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 67%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 290].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' /
|"Ziqpu-stars, which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer of the sky – the observer watches the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky. (In the sky is)
|-
|
# mulŠU.PA
# MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A
# mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš
# mulUR.KU /
# mulUZ3
# mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
# mul''lu-lim''
# mulŠU.GI
# mulGAM3 /
# mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL
# mulAL.LUL
# mulUR.GU.LA
# mul''E''4-''ru''6
# ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' /
|
# the Shupa,
# the Constellation of Dignity,
# the Standing Gods,
# the Dog,
# the Goat,
# the Demon with the Gaping Mouth,
# the Stag,
# the Old Man,
# the Staff,
# the Great Twins,
# the Crab,
# the Lion,
# Erua,
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru''
|They all are ziqpu-stars that stand in the path of Enlil and in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer, who, in the dark night, observes the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky "
|}
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 57-60].
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
|-
|
|-
|
# in [[Bootes]] (perhaps the complete constellation, perhaps only [[Arcturus]]),
# [[Corona Borealis]],
# the Standing Gods (uncertain because of change over time: see [[DINGIR.GUB.BA]]),
# a part of [[Hercules]],
# [[Lyra]],
# covers areas of [[Cepheus]]+[[Cygnus]] and touches [[Andromeda]],
# the Stag (in the region of [[Cassiopeia]]/ [[Andromeda]]),
# [[Perseus]],
# [[Auriga]],
# [[Gemini]],
# [[Cancer]],
# [[Leo]],
# [[Coma Berenices]],
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|
|}
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2" />, 57-60].
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 134:8, 149 r. 4].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
AO 6478:
* ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 ''sar-ḫi u''3 [''šu''2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru'']
* "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:2-4; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:2-4; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; MCG<ref name=":1">''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 183].

Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|
# mulŠUDUN
# [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
# [[GAM-ti|mulGAM-''ti'']]
# [[Maš-a-ti|MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'']]
# MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti
# [[DILI|MUL DILI]]
# [[GAŠAN.TIN|mulGAŠAN.TIN]]
# ''[[Kumāru|ku-ma-ri]] ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A
# [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
# [[Kinṣu|mulkin-ṣi]]
# [[Asidu|mul''a-si-di'']]
# 4 ša2 [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
# [[Ummulūtu|mul''um-mu-lu-ti'']]
# [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]]
# [[Naṣrapu|mul''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]
# [[GAM3|mulGAM3]]
# [[KIŠIB|MUL KIŠIB]] GAM3
# [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]]
# [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]] EGIR-''i''
# [[AL.LUL|mulAL.LUL]]
# [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA]]
# [[4 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
# [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2]]
# [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]]
# [[A.EDIN|mulA.EDIN]]
# [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
# "Yoke"
# The rear portion of the harness"
# "Staff"
# "Stars from the Pair"
# "Stars from the Triple"
# "Separate Star"
# "Lord of Life"
# "Shoulder of the UD.KA.DU8.A daemon"
# "The bright star on its breast
# "Knee, shin?"
# "Heel (of the Panther)"
# "4 stars of the Stag"
# "dim stars"
# "Bright star in the Old Man"
# XV. [[Naṣrapu|mul''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]
# "Staff"
# "Hand on the Staff"
# "(Frontal) Twin"
# "Rear Twin"
# "Crab"
# "2 stars on the head of the Lion"
# "4 stars on its breast"
# "2 stars on its tail"
# "A separate star on its tail"
# "A branch"
# "A harness"
|
# (Kurtik sh18).
# (Kurtik sh21).
# (Kurtik g05).
# (Kurtik m14).
# (Kurtik t01).
# (Kurtik d07).
# (Kurtik g09).
# (Kurtik k25).
# (Kurtik n20)
# (Kurtik k18).
# (Kurtik a47).
# (Kurtik L09).
# (Kurtik u14).
# (Kurtik n21).
# (Kurtik n08).
# (Kurtik g06).
# (Kurtik k21).
# (Kurtik m16).
# (Kurtik m16).
# (Kurtik a18).
# (Kurtik s06).
# (Kurtik g03).
# (Kurtik g23).
# (Kurtik d08).
# (Kurtik a02).
# (Kurtik sh20).
|
|}
Circle of ziqpu stars.

* [PA]P? 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d[''En-lil''2] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].
* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'': mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''... "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the Faithful Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2]; ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).

In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].
|
|}
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) ziqpu — стандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций звезд и планет, употреблявшийся со времени Саргонидов; 2) MUL.MEŠ ziqpu — специально выбранные группы звезд, образовывавшие на небе замкнутый пояс, последовательные кульминации которых позволяли фиксировать ночью моменты и временные интервалы между наблюдениями с высокой степенью точности [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 84–90; CAD Z, 127ff].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, 290]. MUL.APIN. Список ziqpu-звезд: MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' / mulŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš mulUR.KU / mulUZ3 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mul''lu-lim'' mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' / PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru'' «Ziqpu-звезды, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине неба напротив груди наблюдателя неба, и при помощи которых ночью восход и заход звезд в их серединах он наблюдает. (Это) Шупа, Звезда Достоинство, Стоящие Боги, Пес, Коза, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Олень, Старик, Посох, Большие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Эруа, Звезда Изобилия. Все они — ziqpu-звезды на пути Энлиля, которые стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и при помощи которых ночью восходы и заходы звезд в их серединах ты наблюдаешь» (I iv 1–9) [Hunger & Steele 2019, 57–60]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 134:8, 149 r. 4]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. AO 6478: ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 sar-''ḫi u''3 [šu2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru''] «(Расстояния) между (группами) кульминирующих звезд, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине [неба] напротив груди того, кто наблюдает небо, и при помощи которых восход и [заход] звезд в их серединах ночью [он наблюдает]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:2–4; TU, 21:2–4; HBA, 132; MCG, 183].

Номера и названия ziqpu-звезд, согласно [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88–89; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]:

I. mulŠUDUN «Ярмо» (sh18).

II. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti «Задняя часть упряжи» (sh21).

III. mulGAM-ti «Посох» (g05).

IV. MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «Звезды из Пары» (m14).

V. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti «Звезды из Тройни» (t01).

VI. MUL DILI «Отдельная звезда» (d07).

VII. mulGAŠAN TIN «Владычица жизни» (g09).

VIII. ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A «Плечо Пантеры» (k25).

IX. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Яркая звезда на ее груди (n20)

X. mulkin-ṣi «Колено, голень?»(k18).

XI. mula-si-di «Пятка (Пантеры)» (a47).

XII. 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM «4 звезды Оленя» (L09).

XIII. mulum-mu-lu-ti «Тусклые звезды» (u14).

XIV. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Яркая звезда в Старике» (n21).

XV. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu (n08).

XVI. mulGAM3 «Посох» (g06).

XVII. MUL KIŠIB GAM3 «Рука на Посохе» (k21).

XVIII. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «(Передний) Близнец» (m16).

XIX. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i «Задний Близнец» (m16).

XX. mulAL.LUL «Краб» (a18).

XXI. 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «2 звезды на голове Льва» (s06).

XXII. MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «4 звезды на его груди» (g03).

XXIII. MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «2 звезды на его хвосте» (g23).

XXIV. MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте» (d 08).

XXV. mulA.EDIN «Ветвь» (a02).

XXVI. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «Упряжь»(sh20).

Круг ziqpu-звезд. [PA]P? 12 DANNA kip-pat zi-[iq-pi] / bi-rit MUL.MEŠ ša KASKAL šu-ut d[En-lil2] «[Все]го? 12 “миль” круга (звезд, которые) куль[минируют], из числа звезд на пути [Энлиля]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92, BM 38694+:20–21]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд и лунным затмениям [SpTU III, 102]. (2) Предсказания izbu: mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ana e-la-nu… «(Когда созвездия) Наемник, Небесный Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану кульминируют (букв. наверху)… [Biggs 1968, 53:2]; elānu — здесь, по-видимому, нестандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций (?).

В аналогичном смысле в тексте W.22281a при обозначении кульминаций употребляется šitqulu, букв. «взаимно уравновешиваться», «быть равными друг другу» (?) [SpTU I, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99; AHw, 1252a].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Bhujanga

2026-05-22T11:47:34Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Nauka.jpg|thumb|Bhujaga on the celestial globe H001 in Jaipur, India]]
Bhujanga (...), Serpent, is an Indian star name, found in the catalogue of stars (Ref)<ref>Venketeswara R Pai and Shylaja, B S, Observational records of stars in Indian texts – III (Gemini) R.

<nowiki>https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/117/08/1383.pdf</nowiki></ref>. Since this is a southern star, it is not often cited by other classical texts from North India.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
The word means a serpent. Sometimes it is also written as Bhujaga. It is usually referred to a large-sized king cobra variety.
=== Origin of Constellation ===
The star name is engraved as Bhujaga on the celestial globe H001 in Jaipur, India, as detailed in the online catalogue of Indian astronomical instruments. (Ref). The constellation is named Nauka (ship) which is a translation of the Greek [[Argo]] (Navis in Latin, "nautikos" from "naos" meaning "ship" in Greek); it is written as ''naukamuthih'' (image of the ship) on the Indian globe.

The coordinates of the star are written as<blockquote>व्यंगांशाद्बिः ५|५० द्विमितिः भुजङ्गो | </blockquote><blockquote>याम्यः सपादाब्धिरसैः ६४ |१५ विभागैः ||</blockquote>which translates as <blockquote>1/6th of a degree subtracted from six degrees [5|50] becomes one of the coordinates and the other coordinate of the star Bhujanga, which is along the south with second order brightness, is sixty four degrees along with quarter of a degree [64|15 S] </blockquote>This agrees with Gamma Velorum (γ Vel).

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
Bhujanga is a name found in many epics and puranas. However, which particular one is used in naming this star is not very clear.

== IAU WGSN Star Name Discussion ==

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indian]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:South Asian]]

Indian Names (All Terms)

2026-05-22T11:43:59Z

Sushoff: /* Dictionary of Asterisms (Stars and Constellations) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
<div style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;">
<youtube align=right>https://youtu.be/7k4SG-sw8lo</youtube>
</div>
[[File:India (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Map of India, part of South Asia (UN region)]]
[[File:Nakshatras in Temple draw+lbl 4ase.jpg|thumb|Display of all 28th nakshatra in a doorway in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. (SMH 2025).]]

The Indian subcontinent hosts a rich and old traditional astronomy in many different flavours. It grew and was inspired by exchange with neighbouring cultures such as Chinese and Mesopotamian.

=== Solar System Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Traditional Terms
!Transliteration
!English
!commentary
|-
|
|Bhānu, Sūrya and many more
|Sun
|There are many more names
|-
|
|Candra, Indu, Sudhaṁśu and many more
|Moon
|There are many more names
|-
|
|Budha
| Mercury
|
|-
|
|<big>ś</big>ukra
|Venus
|Very bright
|-
|
|Kuja, Angāraka
|Mars
|Ku = earth, Kuja = son of earth
Angāra = red hot charcoal
|-
|
|Guru, Bṛhaspati
|Jupiter
|wise person, Teacher / advisor for Gods
|-
|
|<big>ś</big>ani
|Saturn
|slow moving
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rahu]]
|ascending node
|
|-
|
|[[Ketu]]
|descending node
|
|}

=== Dictionary of Asterisms (Stars and Constellations) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Naks. Number
!Sanscrit
! colspan="2" |Transliteration
!English Description/ Translation
!Commentary
|-
!
!
!with diacritics
!without ...
!
!
|-
|28
|अभिजित
|[[Abhijit]]
|Abhijit
|Victorius
|Nakshatra in [[Lyra]]
|-
|
|
|
|Adhah Paschimaga
|the one below and west
|possibly Indian Indigenous: bet UMa
|-
|
|
|
|Aditerbha
|
|[[Punarvasu]]
|-
|
|
|
|Agasthya
|
|Canopus
|-
|
|
|
|Agni
|
|[[Krittika]]
|-
|
|
|
|Agnidaiva
|
|[[Krittika]]
|-
|
|
|Āgrahāyaṇī
|Agrahayani
|
|[[Mrigashira]]
|-
|
|
|
|Ahirbudhnya
|
|[[Uttara Bhadrapada]]
|-
|
|
|
|Ahya
|
|[[Ashlesha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Aindra
|
|[[Jyeshtha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Ajaikapada
|
|[[Purva Bhadrapada]]
|-
|
|
|
|Ajanghri
|
|[[Purva Bhadrapada]]
|-
|
|
|
|Anila
|
|[[Svati]]
|-
|17
|अनुराधा
|[[Anuradha]]
|Anuradha
|"following rādhā"
|Nakshatra in [[Scorpius|Sco]]
|-
|
|
|
|Anyomuni
|another sage
|possibly Indian Indigenous: bet UMa
|-
|
|
|[[Apa|Āpa]]
|Apa
|
|ζ Vir (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
|-
|
|
|[[Apamvatsa|Apāṃvatsa]]
|Apamvatsa
|
|74 Vir (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
|-
|
|
|Āptapān
|Aptapan
|??
|α Cas (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
|-
|
|
|
|Apya
|
|[[Purva Ashadha]]
|-
|6
|आर्द्रा
|[[Ardra]]
|Ardra
|wetness,
|Nakshatra ([[Betelgeuse]])
|-
|
|
|
|Arya
|
|[[Uttara Phalguni]]
|-
|
|
|
|Aryamrksha
|
|[[Uttara Phalguni]]
|-
|9
|आश्लेषः
|[[Ashlesha|Āshleshā]]
|Ashlesha
|"the embrace"
|Nakshatra
|-
|
|
|Aśvanābha
|Ashvanabha
|Belly of the horse (from Arabic)
|α And (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
|-
|1
|अश्विनी
|[[Ashvini|Aśvini]]
|Ashvini
|Twin physician of the Gods
|Nakshatra in [[Aries]]
|-
|
|
|
|Bhagya
|
|[[Purva Phalguni]]
|-
|
|
|
|Bhagybha
|
|[[Purva Phalguni]]
|-
|2
|भरणी
|[[Bharani]]
|Bharani
|the bearer, a container
|Nakshatra in [[Aries]]
|-
|
|
|
|Bhujaga shirsha
|
|Sarpa shirsha
|-
|
|
|[[Bhujanga]]
|Bhujanga
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: gam Vel
|-
|
|
|
|Brahmabha
|
|[[Rohini]]
|-
|
|
|
|Brahmahridaya
|
|a Aur all texts or b Aur ??
|-
|
|
|Brāhmī
|Brahmi
|
|[[Rohini]]
|-
|
|
|
|Brahmya
|
|[[Rohini]]
|-
|14
|चित्रा
|[[Chitra|Citrā]]
|Chitra
|"the bright one"
|Nakshatra ([[Spica]])
|-
|
|
|
|Dasra
|
|[[Ashvini|Aśvini]]
|-
|23
|श्रविष्ठा/
धनिष्ठा
|[[Dhanishta|Dhaniṣṭhā]]
|Dhanishta
|"most famous",
also Shravishthā "swiftest"
|Nakshatra in [[Delphinus|Del]]
|-
|
|
|
|Dhanukoti
|part of Dhanu
|from Arabic: alf Ori
|-
|
|
|
|Dvidaivata
|
|[[Vishakha]]
|-
|
|
|Dvitiyabhādra
|Dvitiyabhadra
|
|[[Uttara Bhadrapada]]
|-
|
|
|
|Haribha
|
|[[Shravana]]
|-
|13
|हस्त
|[[Hasta]]
|Hasta
|"the hand"
|Nakshatra in [[Corvus]]
|-
|
|
|
|Hayaamsha
|Body part of horse (from Arabic)
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|-
|
|
|
|Hutabhuk
|
|[[Krittika]]
|-
|
|
|
|Hutabhuk
|Fire, Agni
|β Tau (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|इल्वल
|[[Ilvala|Ilvala (इल्वल)]]
|Ilvala
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: ζ, ε, δ Ori (Belt of Orion)
|-
|
|
|
|Jaladaivata
|
|[[Purva Ashadha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Jalarksha
|
|[[Purva Ashadha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Jantupuchcha
|
|from Arabic: bet Cet
|-
|18
|ज्येष्ठा
|[[Jyeshtha|Jyeṣṭha]]
|Jyeshtha
|"the eldest, most excellent"
|Nakshatra in [[Scorpius|Sco]]
|-
|
|
|
|Kakaskandha
|shoulder of crow
|from Arabic: eps Crv
|-
|
|
|
|Kakayukta
|related to crow
|from Arabic: alf Cyg
|-
|
|
|
|Kakudapuchha
|
|kakayukta
|-
|
|
|
|Kalaja
|
|kakayukta
|-
|
|
|
|Kapala
|human skull
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Phe
|-
|
|
|
|Kara
|
|[[Hasta]]
|-
|
|
|
|Kartitakara
|??
|β Cas (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|3
|कृत्तिका
|[[Krittika|Kṛttika]]
|Krittika
|personified as the nurses of Kārttikeya, a son of Shiva
|Nakshatra ([[Pleiades]])
|-
|
|
|
|Lubdhaka
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf CMa
|-
|
|
|
|Lubdhaka Bandhu
|
|Yamyavasu
|-
|10
|मघा
|[[Magha|Maghā]]
|Magha
|"the bountiful"?
|Nakshatra in [[Leo]]
|-
|
|
|
|Mahendrasuri
|
|Malayendu
|-
|
|
|
|Maitra
|
|[[Anuradha]]
|-
|
|
|Malayendu, Ardralubdhaka, ShaNmukha, Sadaasya
|Malayendu
|
|from Arabic, possibly Indian: tet Cet
|-
|
|
|Mānuṣaśīrṣa
|Manusasirsa, Manusha shirsha
|Head of a person (from Arabic)
|β Per (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Manushahsta
|
|Nrihasta
|-
|
|
|
|Manushyaparshava
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Per
|-
|
|
|
|Marici
|name of a sage
|possibly Indian Indigenous: eta UMa
|-
|
|
|[[Matrcakra]]
|Matricakra
|[[Corona Borealis]]
|
|-
|
|
|
|Matsyamukha
|
|from Arabic: alf PsA
|-
|
|
|
|Matsyapuchha
|the tail of a fish
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Gru
|-
|
|
|
|Matsyodara
|Belly of the fish (from Arabic)
|β And (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Mithunadakshina, Mithunapadadakshina
|left side of Gemini
|from Arabic: bet Ori
|-
|
|
|
|Mithunapada
|foot of Gemini
|from Arabic: zet Tau
|-
|
|
|
|Mithunavamaskanda
|right side of Gemini
|from Arabic: kap, nu Ori
|-
|5
|मृगशिर
|[[Mrigashira]]
|Mrigashira
|"the deer's head".
|Nakshatra in [[Orion|Ori]]
|-
|19
|मूल
|[[Mula|Mūlā]]
|Mula
|"the root"
|Nakshatra in [[Scorpius|Sco]]
|-
|
|
|
|Muneendra
|great sage
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf UMa
|-
|
|
|
|Muni
|sage
|possibly Indian Indigenous: eta UMa
|-
|
|
|
|Nadyantaka
|End of the river (from Arabic)
|γ Phe (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Nakrapuchha
|tail of the crocodile
|possibly Indian Indigenous: sig Aqr
|-
|
|
|
|Nirtibha
|
|Mula
|-
|
|
|
|Nrihasta
|man's hand
|from Arabic: tet Aur
|-
|
|
|
|Nripada
|foot of a man
|from Arabic: bet Cen
|-
|
|
|Nṛpārśva
|Nrparsva, Nruparshva
|Side of a person/ part of the face of a man (from Arabic)
|α Per (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Nuramsa
|man's shoulder
|from Arabic: bet Aur
|-
|
|
|
|Paitra
|
|Magha
|-
|
|
|
|Phanibha
|
|Ashlesha
|-
|
|
|Pīṭhamūla
|Pithhamula, Peethamulam
|Base of the seat or chair
|γ Cas (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Pourshna
|
|Revati
|-
|
|
|
|Pragbhadra
|
|Purva Bhadrapada
|-
|
|
|
|Prajapathi
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: d Aur
|-
|7
|पुनर्वसु (dual)
|[[Punarvasu]]
|Punarvasu
|"the twinrestorers of goods",
yamakau "the two chariots"?
|Nakshatra in [[Gemini|Gem]]
|-
|
|
|
|Purato Muneendra
|next sage
|possibly Indian Indigenous: gam UMa
|-
|20
|पूर्व आषाढा
|[[Purva Ashadha|Purvaṣādha]]
|Purva Ashadha
|"first of the invincible"
|Nakshatra in [[Sagittarius|Sgr]]
|-
|25
|पूर्व भाद्रपदा/
पूर्व प्रोष्ठपदा
|[[Purva Bhadrapada|Purvābhādra]]
|Purva Bhadrapada
|"the first of the blessed feet"?
|Nakshatra in [[Pegasus|Peg]]
|-
|11
|पूर्व फाल्गुनी
|[[Purva Phalguni|Pūrva Phalgunī]]
|Purva Phalguni
|"first reddish one"?
|Nakshatra in [[Leo]]
|-
|8
|पुष्य
|[[Pushya]]
|Pushya
|"the nourisher"
|Nakshatra in [[Cancer|Cnc]]
|-
|
|
|
|Ravibha
|
|[[Hasta]]
|-
|27
|रेवती
|[[Revati]]
|Revati
|"prosperous"?
|Nakshatra in [[Pisces|Psc]]
|-
|4
|रोहिणी
|[[Rohini]]
|Rohini
|"the red one"
|Nakshatra ([[Hyades]])
|-
|
|
|
|Roudra
|
|[[Ardra]]
|-
|
|
|[[Shakata|Śakata]]
|Shakata
|Hyades
|
|-
|
|
|Śakra
|
|
|[[Jyeshtha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Samudra pakshi
|
|from Arabic: i Cet
|-
|
|
|
|Sarpa
|
|[[Ashlesha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Sarpa shirsha
|head of serpent
|from Arabic: alf Ser
|-
|
|
|
|Sarpayukta
|one with serpent
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Ara
|-
|
|
|
|Sauroktarudra
|Rudra cited in Soura – may be suryasiddhanta
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Ori
|-
|
|
|
|[[Shakthibha]]
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: eta Boo
|-
|24
|शतभिष/
शततारका
|[[Shatabhisha|Śatabhiṣa]]
|Shatabhisha/
Satabhisa
|a hundred physicians"
|Nakshatra in [[Aquarius|Aqr]]
|-
|
|
|
|Shishumaara
|dolphin or fish
|possibly Indian Indigenous: tet Oph
|-
|
|
|
|Shivabha
|
|[[Ardra]]
|-
|22
|श्रवण
|[[Shravana|Śravana]]
|Shravana
|Listening
|Nakshatra in [[Aquila]]
|-
|
|
|
|Sidhya
|
|[[Pushya]]
|-
|
|
|
|Simha PrishTha
|backside of lion
|from Arabic: del Leo
|-
|
|
|
|Simhaguhyam
|male organ of lion
|from Arabic: iot Leo
|-
|
|
|
|Simhasaka
|part of lion
|from Arabic: gam Leo
|-
|
|
|
|Skanda
|(6 headed karitikeya)
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Aur
|-
|
|
|
|Somya
|
|[[Mrigashira]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Śraviṣṭhā
|Shravishtha
|
|[[Dhanishta]]
|-
|
|
|Śṛti
|Shirti
|
|[[Shravana]]
|-
|
|
|Supīṭha
|Supithha, Supeetha
|Auspicious seat / chair
|δ Cas (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|15
|स्वाति
|[[Svati]]
|Svati
|"Su-Ati - Goodness
|Nakshatra in [[Bootes]]
|-
|
|
|
|Tatpurato Muneendra
|the sage after that
|possibly Indian Indigenous: eps UMa
|-
|
|
|Tiṣya
|Tishya
|
|Pushya
|-
|
|
|
|Torana
|decorative motif on the main door
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Ser
|-
|
|
|
|Toya
|
|Purva Ashadha
|-
|
|
|[[Trivikrama]]
|Trivikrama
|three steps /one who put three steps
|possibly Indian Indigenous: ξν, μλ, ικ UMa
|-
|
|
|
|Tulaikasikha
|First star of Tula (Libra)
|an asterism in [[Libra]], perhaps [[Vishakha]] (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Tulanyasikha
|Another star of Tula
|an asterism in [[Libra]] (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|[[Turaganga]]
|Turaganga
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|Turanga
|
|from Arabic: nu Cet
|-
|
|
|
|Turangaasa
|Body part of horse (from Arabic)
|(Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Tvarshtra
|
|[[Chitra]]
|-
|
|
|
|Upāntya
|
|[[Uttara Bhadrapada]]
|-
|
|
|
|Urdhva Paschimaga
|the one above and to the west
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf UMa
|-
|21
|उत्तर आषाढा
|[[Uttara Ashadha|Uttara Āṣāḍhā]]
|Uttara Ashadha
|"Latter invincible"
|Nakshatra in [[Sagittarius|Sgr]]
|-
|26
|उत्तर भाद्रपदा/
उत्तर प्रोष्ठपदा
|[[Uttara Bhadrapada|Uttara Bhādrapada]]
|Uttara Bhadrapada
(U. Bhadra)
|"the second of the blessed feet"?
|Nakshatra in [[Pegasus|Peg]]+[[Andromeda|And]]
|-
|12
|उत्तर फाल्गुनी
|[[Uttara Phalguni|Uttara Phalgunī]]
|Uttara Phalguni
|"second reddish one"?
|Nakshatra in [[Leo]]
|-
|
|
|
|Vaisnava
|
|[[Shravana]]
|-
|
|
|
|Vaiśvadeva
|
|[[Uttara Ashadha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Vajibahu
|
|from Arabic: tet Cet
|-
|
|
|
|Varunarksha
|
|[[Shatabhisha|Satabhisa]]
|-
|
|
|
|Vāsava
|
|[[Dhanishta]]
|-
|
|
|
|VasishTha
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: zet UMa
|-
|
|
|
|Vasubha
|
|[[Dhanishta]]
|-
|
|
|
|Vatsa
|calf of a cow
|possibly Indian Indigenous: bet Tau
|-
|
|
|
|Vayasa
|
|from Arabic: bet Cyg
|-
|
|
|
|Vidibha
|
|[[Abhijit]]
|-
|
|
|
|Viśākhā
|
|[[Vishakha]]
|-
|16
|विशाखा
|[[Vishakha]]
|Vishakha
|"forked, having many branches"
|Nakshatra in [[Libra]]
|-
|
|
|
|Yama
|May be same as Nadyantaka, South
|α Eri (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Yamyavasu, Lubdhaka Bandhu
|southern vasu
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf CMi
|-
|
|
|
|Yugala
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: tet Oph
|-
|
|
|
|Yugasamkaravya
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: gam Ori
|-
|
|युग्म
|
|[[Yugma]]
|"double" for the middle steps in [[Trivikrama]]
|possibly Indian Indigenous: lam, mu UMa (rarely also for gam+bet Dra)
|-
|
|युग्मक
|
|[[Yugmaka]]
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: iot+kap UMa
|}

References: Shylaja and Venketeswara Pai, 2018

[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:South Asian]]
[[Category:Indian]]
[[Category:Service]]

Bhujanga

2026-05-22T11:36:44Z

Sushoff: /* Concordance, Etymology, History */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Nauka.jpg|thumb|Bhujaga on the celestial globe H001 in Jaipur, India]]
Bhujanga (...), Serpent, is an Indian star name, found in the catalogue of stars (Ref). Since this is a southern star, it is not often cited by other classical texts from North India.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
The word means a serpent. Sometimes it is also written as Bhujaga. It is usually referred to a large-sized king cobra variety.
=== Origin of Constellation ===
The star name is engraved as Bhujaga on the celestial globe H001 in Jaipur, India, as detailed in the online catalogue of Indian astronomical instruments. (Ref). The constellation is named Nauka (ship) which is a translation of the Greek [[Argo]] (Navis in Latin, "nautikos" from "naos" meaning "ship" in Greek); it is written as ''naukamuthih'' (image of the ship) on the Indian globe.

The coordinates of the star are written as<blockquote>व्यंगांशाद्बिः ५|५० द्विमितिः भुजङ्गो | </blockquote><blockquote>याम्यः सपादाब्धिरसैः ६४ |१५ विभागैः ||</blockquote>which translates as <blockquote>1/6th of a degree subtracted from six degrees [5|50] becomes one of the coordinates and the other coordinate of the star Bhujanga, which is along the south with second order brightness, is sixty four degrees along with quarter of a degree [64|15 S] </blockquote>This agrees with Gamma Velorum (γ Vel).

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
Bhujanga is a name found in many epics and puranas. However, which particular one is used in naming this star is not very clear.

== IAU WGSN Star Name Discussion ==

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indian]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:South Asian]]

Bhujanga

2026-05-22T11:32:25Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Nauka.jpg|thumb|Bhujaga on the celestial globe H001 in Jaipur, India]]
Bhujanga (...), Serpent, is an Indian star name, found in the catalogue of stars (Ref). Since this is a southern star, it is not often cited by other classical texts from North India.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
The word means a serpent. Sometimes it is also written as Bhujaga. It is usually referred to a large-sized king cobra variety.
=== Origin of Constellation ===
The star name is engraved as Bhujaga on the celestial globe H001 in Jaipur, India, as detailed in the online catalogue of Indian astronomical instruments. (Ref). The constellation is named Nauka (ship) which is a translation of the Greek [[Argo]] called "Nautica" in Latin; it is written as ''naukamuthih'' (image of the ship) on the Indian globe.

The coordinates of the star are written as<blockquote>व्यंगांशाद्बिः ५|५० द्विमितिः भुजङ्गो | </blockquote><blockquote>याम्यः सपादाब्धिरसैः ६४ |१५ विभागैः ||</blockquote>which translates as <blockquote>1/6th of a degree subtracted from six degrees [5|50] becomes one of the coordinates and the other coordinate of the star Bhujanga, which is along the south with second order brightness, is sixty four degrees along with quarter of a degree [64|15 S] </blockquote>This agrees with Gamma Velorum (γ Vel).

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
Bhujanga is a name found in many epics and puranas. However, which particular one is used in naming this star is not very clear.

== IAU WGSN Star Name Discussion ==

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indian]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:South Asian]]

Bhujanga

2026-05-22T11:27:24Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Nauka.jpg|thumb|Bhujaga on the celestial globe H001 in Jaipur, India]]
Bhujanga is an Indian name, found in the catalogue of stars (Ref). Since this is a southern star it is not often cited by other classical texts from North India. The coordinates are written as <blockquote>व्यंगांशाद्बिः ५|५० द्विमितिः भुजङ्गो | </blockquote><blockquote>याम्यः सपादाब्धिरसैः ६४ |१५ विभागैः ||</blockquote>which translates as <blockquote>1/6th of a degree subtracted from six degrees [5|50] becomes one of the coordinates and the other coordinate of the star Bhujanga, which is along the south with second order brightness, is sixty four degrees along with quarter of a degree [64|15 S] </blockquote>This agrees with Gamma Velorum.

It is engraved as Bhujaga on the celestial globe H001 in Jaipur, India, as detailed in the online catalogue of Indian astronomical instruments. (Ref). The constellation is named Nauka (ship); it is written as naukamuthih (image of the ship)

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
The word means a serpent. Sometimes it is written as Bhujaga also. It is usually referred to a large sized king cobra variety.
=== Origin of Constellation ===

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
Bhujanga is a name found in many epics and puranas. However, which particular one is used in naming this star is not very clear.

== IAU WGSN Star Name Discussion ==

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indian]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:South Asian]]

File:Globe matrichakra.jpg

2026-05-22T11:25:18Z

Sushoff:

The globe from the online catalog of Prof S R Sarma

== Licensing ==
{{CC0}}

File:C022 vima.jpg

2026-05-22T11:25:10Z

Sushoff:

The marker for matrmandala as vi ma on the astrolabe
== Licensing ==
{{CC0}}

File:Nauka.jpg

2026-05-22T11:23:59Z

Sushoff:

The celestial globe from the online catalogue shows the image of the ship

== Licensing ==
{{CC0}}

Bhujanga

2026-05-22T11:22:34Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Nauka.jpg|thumb|Bhujaga on the celestial globe H001 in Jaipur, India]]
Bhujanga is an Indian name, found in the catalogue of stars (Ref). Since this is a southern star it is not often cited by other classical texts from North India. The coordinates are written as <blockquote>व्यंगांशाद्बिः ५|५० द्विमितिः भुजङ्गो | </blockquote><blockquote>याम्यः सपादाब्धिरसैः ६४ |१५ विभागैः ||</blockquote>which translates as

1/6th of a degree subtracted from six degrees [5|50] becomes one of the coordinates and the other coordinate of the star Bhujanga, which is along the south with second order brightness, is sixty four degrees along with quarter of a degree [64|15 S]

This agrees with Gamma Velorum.

It is engraved as Bhujaga on the celestial globe H001 in Jaipur, India, as detailed in the online catalogue of Indian astronomical instruments. (Ref). The constellation is named Nauka (ship); it is written as naukamuthih (image of the ship)

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
The word means a serpent. Sometimes it is written as Bhujaga also. It is usually referred to a large sized king cobra variety.
=== Origin of Constellation ===

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
Bhujanga is a name found in many epics and puranas. However, which particular one is used in naming this star is not very clear.

== IAU WGSN Star Name Discussion ==

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indian]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:South Asian]]

Bhujanga

2026-05-22T11:21:23Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Bhujanga is an Indian name, found in the catalogue of stars (Ref). Since this is a southern star it is not often cited by other classical texts from North India. The coordinates are written as

व्यंगांशाद्बिः ५|५० द्विमितिः भुजङ्गो |
[[File:Nauka.jpg|thumb]]
याम्यः सपादाब्धिरसैः ६४ |१५ विभागैः ||

which translates as

1/6th of a degree subtracted from six degrees [5|50] becomes one of the coordinates and the other coordinate of the star Bhujanga, which is along the south with second order brightness, is sixty four degrees along with quarter of a degree [64|15 S]

This agrees with Gamma Velorum.

It is engraved as Bhujaga on the celestial globe H001 in Jaipur, India, as detailed in the online catalogue of Indian astronomical instruments. (Ref). The constellation is named Nauka (ship); it is written as naukamuthih (image of the ship)

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
The word means a serpent. Sometimes it is written as Bhujaga also. It is usually referred to a large sized king cobra variety.
=== Origin of Constellation ===

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
Bhujanga is a name found in many epics and puranas. However, which particular one is used in naming this star is not very clear.

== IAU WGSN Star Name Discussion ==

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indian]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:South Asian]]

Pattern:BabDict

2026-05-22T09:34:00Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

{| class="wikitable"

! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Identifications
|-
| Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example
|}

=== additional ===

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]][[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Pattern:BabDict

2026-05-22T09:33:38Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----

an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

{| class="wikitable"

! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Identifications
|-
| Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example
|}

=== additional ===

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]][[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Pattern:Oceanic

2026-05-22T09:30:12Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

... is an Asian-Pacific name, used by the ... people on the ... Islands. ...

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
What does the term mean, does it always have the same meaning - was it changed over time.

=== Origin of Constellation ===

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology ==
mnemonic tales and cultural significance

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Oceania]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]

Bhujanga

2026-05-22T09:26:45Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
... is an Indian name, used by the Indian ... tradition. ...

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
What does the term mean, does it always have the same meaning - was it changed over time.

=== Origin of Constellation ===

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
mnemonic tales and cultural significance

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indian]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:South Asian]]

Bhujanga

2026-05-22T09:24:55Z

Sushoff: Created page with "{{DISPLAYTITLE:}} Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}} ---- ... is an Indian name, used by the Indian ... tradition. ... ==Concordance, Etymology, History== What does the term mean, does it always have the same meaning - was it changed over time. === Origin of Constellation === === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation === == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology == mnemonic tales and cultural significance == Weblinks == * {{NAMESPACE}} == References == * References..."

Kleeia

2026-05-22T07:23:32Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Kleeia, κλεεια is a Greek name, used recently but based on Hesiod.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
Name Variants

* κλεεια = kleeia (Greek)
* cleeia (Latinised)

=== Origin of Constellation ===
"Kleeia" is the name of one of the mythological [[Hyades]] (Ὑας Ὑαδες). The Latinized name from Aratus<ref>Falkner (2011) "The Mythology of the Night Sky": [https://books.google.com/books?id=tyj8UUE968wC&pg=PA36&dq=Cleeia+Hyades+star&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjG-7rvgv3xAhVE6J4KHR-RBJQQ6AEwAHoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=Cleeia%20Hyades%20star&f=false online]</ref><ref>Bagnall (2012) "The Star Atlas Companion": [https://books.google.com/books?id=KcIg02TKW6QC&pg=PA422&dq=Cleeia+Hyades+star&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjG-7rvgv3xAhVE6J4KHR-RBJQQ6AEwAnoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=Cleeia%20Hyades%20star&f=false online]</ref> (E. Poste, 1880;<ref>Poste, E. (1880), "The Skies and Weather-Forecasts of Aratus", Oriel College Oxford, [https://books.google.com/books?id=74MCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq="Cleeia" online] </ref>) is often stated as "Cleeia", but the Greek name from Hesiod was κλεεια ("Kleeia"), see Theoi<ref>Theoi [http://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NymphaiHyades.html Website] </ref>. The reference to Aratus seems to be wrong, as the text of the Phaenomena does not contain the word.<ref>Aratus, Phaenomena. [https://www.theoi.com/Text/AratusPhaenomena.html Online at THEOI]</ref>

Variants in Greek mythology on the Hyades concern both the names of the sisters and their parents:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!parents
!sisters
|-
|
* ATLAS & PLEIONE ''(Hyginus Fabulae 192)''
* ATLAS & AITHRA ''(Musaeus Frag, Hyginus Astronomica 2.21, Ovid Fasti 5.164)''
* HYAS & BOIOTIA ''(Hyginus Astronomica 2.21)''
|
* PHAISYLE, KORONIS, KLEEIA, PHAIO, EUDORE ''(Hesiod Astronomy 2)''
* PHAESYLA, KORONIS, AMBROSIA, POLYXO, EUDORA ''(Hyginus Fabulae 192)''
* AMBROSIA, EUDORA, AESYLE ''(Eustathius on Homer's Iliad 1156)''
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|}

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
mnemonic tales and cultural significance

== IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) ==
The name was proposed to WGSN in 2023. Neither Cleeia nor Kleeia appears among asteroid names. In recent years, the name "Cleeia" has been attached particularly to delta^3 Tau, but it is unclear when this attachment occured.

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Ancient Greek]]
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]][[Category:Star Name]]

GIGIR

2026-05-22T06:40:37Z

Sushoff: /* Deity. */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:TauAll+year2 stellarium vat7851.jpg|thumb|division of the Taurus sign in ancient Mesopotamia: above in the Astronomical Diaries (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>, middle mapped to Stellarium, on VAT 7851<ref name=":7" /> (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann, WGSN 2026). ]]
mul gišGIGIR (𒀯𒄑𒇀) = (mul)''Narkabtu'' "The Chariot", is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Taurus]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 89; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 353ff.]; in astral-mythological contexts it is the chariot of the god [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]. The term was also used in the astronomical diaries and related texts before 300 BCE to designate the eastern half of the zodiac sign of Taurus [Steele 2018<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref>, Hoffmann and Hunger 2024<ref name=":0" />]. Note the double determinative, GIŠ for wooden objects and MUL for asterisms, indicating that the asterism is a stellar version of the wooden chariot.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIGIR, ''narkabtu''}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

* mulLAGABxBAD, the compound elements for the sign GIGIR.
* = ''narkabtu''; the syllabic entry is found mostly in lexical texts.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian monolingual lists of stars:
** mul gišgigir [MSL XI<ref name=":4">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:398],
** ˹mulgigir˺ [MSL XI<ref name=":4" />, 134, col. ix 7],
** mul gišgigir [MSL XI<ref name=":4" />, 143, col. x 18].
* (2) Urra XXII series:
** Urra XXII: 290', mul gišgigir = d''En''-[''me-šar''2]-''ra'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:290ʹ].
** [''nar-kab-tu''] [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13],
* (3) Ea I 48a:
** gi-girLAGABxBAD ''ša''2 mulLAGABxBAD d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "the chariot (constellation) in regard to the Chariot-asterism, the god Enmešarra" [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 197; CAD<ref name=":3" /> N/1, 353b]. See also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
| '''"Enki and the World Order."'''
See (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2 = [[IKU|mulIKU]] (mul gišgigir as a star name in Sumerian literature).
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: in the list of astral gods mul gišGIGIR [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:16].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
Astrological predictions,

* If U.RI.RI approaches the Chariot: horses will die.

see (Kurtik u02) [[U.RI.RI]] [MUL.APIN<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> II iii 23].
|The translation of U.RI.RI is uncertain (could be Mercury or a comet). If it is a planet, the identification of GIGIR with an asterism in Taurus is likely.
|-
|'''"Letters"'''
Report on the observation of Jupiter:

* ''šap-la'' mul gišGIGIR ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' dEN.LIL2 ''iz-za-az''
* "below the Chariot in the way (of the stars) of Enlil it stands" [SAA 10<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 363 r. 9-10, 11; LAS 2<ref name=":5">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref> 289-291].
|
|-
|'''The Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
* (1) The constellation was used to record the positions of the planets, e.g.:
** AN ''ina'' GIGIR "Mars in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-380 rev. 1′],
** MUL2.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR "Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I<ref name=":6">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, No.-372 D obv. 3′],
** GU4.UD ''ar''2 GIGIR ŠU2, AN ''ina'' G[IGIR SU2...] "Last appearance of Mercury behind the Chariot, [last appearance of] Mars in the Chariot..." [AD I<ref name=":6" />, No.-366 Col. i 19′],
** MUL2.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR ŠU2 "The last appearance of Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I<ref name=":6" />, No.-324 A obv.12],
** GENNA ''ina'' GIGIR SU2 "The last appearance of Saturn in the Chariot" [AD I<ref name=":6" />, No.-266 A obv. 6′], etc.
* (2) There are two "normal stars" in the constellation.
** (a) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).
** (b) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 ULU2 "Southern Chariot reins" (ζ Tauri).
|[[File:GIGIR-GUAN div-350BCE Screenshot.png|thumb|It is uncertain where exactly the Chariot constellation was seen, but from the ADRT, the division of the second sign is proven as shown here: the orange (left) part is the Chariot (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann, based on Hoffmann and Hunger 2024<ref name=":0" />).]]
|-
|'''Microzodiac'''
VAT 7851 shows a drawn figure of seven asterisks from which the middle bottom one features some additional rays and the two left ones are a bit more distant from the cluster of the rest. The group is labelled "[[MUL.MUL]]" which is usually the term for the [[Pleiades]] star cluster, but at that (late) time was used in the ADRT for the 30°-section of the Taurus sign. Hence, it is possible that this figure on the claytablet actually features the Wagon (GIGIR) imagined in the Hyades plus Beta and Zeta Tauri (spanning almost the entire sign).
|[[File:GIGIR taurus.jpg|thumb|The figure on the top left of [[Taurus#/media/File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg|VAT 7851]] could perhaps represent GIGIR, see Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":7">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>.]]
|}
See also: mul gišGIGIR ''='' d[[Dilbat|Dili-bat]] (Venus) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ]

===Additional===
[[File:Chariot SaudiRockArt.jpg|thumb|Chariot rock art Saudi Arabia ([https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GbSOxkIXIAAjyUP.jpg see here])]]

==== Deity. ====
Enmesharra, see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]].

==== Symbol. ====
Chariot with the body of Enmesharra (?), see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]].

==== Previous Identification(s). ====
= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1" />, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα "Chariot," mentioned in the "Barbarian sphere" of the Greek astrologer Tevkra ("Babylonian") (1st century AD?) [ibid.<ref name=":1" />; Boll 1903<ref>''Boll F.'' Sphaera. Leipzig 1903.</ref>, 108ff.; Bezold-Kopff-Boll 1913<ref>''Bezold C., Kopff A., Boll F.'' Zenit- und Aequatorialgestirne am babylonischen Fixsternhimmel // Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philos.-hist. Kl., 11. Abhandlung. Heidelberg, 1913.</ref>, 15:62].

= Hyades [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73a].

= β + ζ Tauri [LAS 2<ref name=":5" />, 291].

= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 11-12].

= north of Taurus [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).

(2) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 ULU2 "Southern Chariot reins" (ζ Tauri).

Stars (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) The Moon "rides" on the Chariot; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 12.

In astrological texts the asterism is mentioned more often as d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' (cf. e11).

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g15)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulLAGAB´BAD; = narkabtu «Колесница»; созвездие, включавшее звезды северной части Тельца (Taurus) и южной части Персея (Perseus) [Gössmann 1950, 89; BPO 2, 12; CAD N/1, 353ff.].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерские одноязычные списки звезд: mul gišgigir [MSL XI, 108:398], ˹mulgigir˺ [MSL XI, 134, col. ix 7], mul gišgigir [MSL XI, 143, col. x 18]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: [nar-kab-tu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13], mul gišgigir = dEn-[me-šar2]-ra [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:290ʹ]. (3) Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD ša2 mulLAGAB´BAD dEn-me-šar2-ra «Колесница (созвездия) “Колесница Энмешарры”» [MSL XIV, 197; CAD N/1, 353b]. См. также sh16ŠU.GI. «Энки и устройство мира». См. a48AŠ.GAN2. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: в списке астральных богов mul gišGIGIR [Oppenheim 1959, 283:16]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания, см. u02U.RI.RI [MA, 110]. «Письма» Сообщение о наблюдении Юпитера: šap-la mul gišGIGIR ina KASKAL šu-ut dEN.LIL2 iz-za-az «ниже Колесницы на пути (звезд) Энлиля он стоит» [SAA 10, 363 r. 9–10, 11; LAS 2 289–291]. «Дневники наблюдений». (1) Созвездие использовалось для фиксации положений планет, например: AN ina GIGIR «Марс в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-380 rev. 1′], MUL2.BABBAR ina GIGIR «Юпитер в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-372 D obv. 3′], GU4.UD ar2 GIGIR ŠU2, AN ina G[IGIR SU2…] «Последнее появление Меркурия позади Колесницы, [последнее появление] Марса в Ко[леснице…]» [AD I, No.-366 Col. i 19′], MUL2.BABBAR ina GIGIR ŠU2 «Последнее появление Юпитера в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-324 A obv.12], GENNA ina GIGIR SU2 «Последнее появление Сатурна в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-266 A obv. 6′] и др. (2) В созвездии две «нормальных звезды» (см. ниже).

См. также: mul gišGIGIR = dDili-pat2 [SpTU I, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ].

II. Божество.

Энмешарра, см. e11dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA.

III. Символ.

Колесница c телом Энмешарры (?), см. e11dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA.

IV. Отождествление.

= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα «Колесница», упоминается в «Варварской сфере» греческого астролога Тевкра («Вавилонянина») (I в.н.э.?) [ibid.; Boll 1903, 108ff.; Bezold–Kopff–Boll 1913, 15:62].

= Hyades [Weidner 1957–59, 73a].

= β + ζ Tauri [LAS 2, 291].

= ζ, ο+ Persei, возможно, с некоторыми звездами на севере Тельца [BPO 2, 11–12].

= северная часть Тельца [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) ŠUR GIGIR ša2 SI «Северная вожжа Колесницы» (β Tauri).

(2) ŠUR GIGIR ša2 ULU2 «Южная вожжа Колесницы» (ζ Tauri).

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Луна “едет” на Колеснице; см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 12.

В астрологических текстах созвездие упоминается чаще как dEn-me-šar2-ra (см. e11).
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, n07)
|
|-
|
=== (mul)''Narkabtu'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul gišGIGIR «Колесница»; cозвездие в северной части Тельца (Taurus) и южной части Персея (Perseus); силлабическая запись встречается в основном в лексических текстах. См. g15GIGIR и e11dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Tau]]
[[Category:Hyades]]

File:Chariot SaudiRockArt.jpg

2026-05-22T06:38:30Z

Sushoff: a chariot engraved in Saudi Rock Art

== Summary ==
a chariot engraved in Saudi Rock Art
== Licensing ==
{{CC0}}

Pattern:Oceanic

2026-05-21T19:55:31Z

Sushoff:

Hawaiian and Pacific (All Terms)

2026-05-21T19:52:28Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

the culture(s) , ...

Most of the content of this page is based on Clive Ruggles's edited book '''Nā Inoa Hōkū''' (3rd edition).

== Sky ==

=== Milky Way ===

...
== Solar System Names ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Traditional Signs
!Old Norse
!English
!Commentary
|-
|
|
|Sun
|
|-
|
|
|Moon
|
|-
|
|
|Mercury
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|-
|
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| rowspan="2" |Venus
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|-
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|
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|-
|
|
|Mars
|
|-
|
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|Jupiter
|
|-
|
|
|Saturn
|
|}

notes

== Here is an overview on Norse asterism names ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Original Language !! Transaltion / Etymological Meaning, when possible !! Commentary
|-
|Marshallese
|[[Arin-majlep]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bake-eo]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Elieli]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Fatana-lua]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Holoea]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Itua ni Bure]]
|
|
|-
|
|Laya
|
|
|-
|
|[[Leepwal]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Kautoki]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Pipit]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Ponga-Ponga|Ponga-ponga]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Raiti ni Bure]]
|
|
|-
|
|Sangkap-sangkap
|
|
|-
|
|[[Te Yiku-o-te-kiole]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Tiaki]]
|
|
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Oceania]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Service]]

Hawaiian and Pacific (All Terms)

2026-05-21T19:50:05Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

the culture

== Sky ==

=== Milky Way ===

...
== Solar System Names ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Traditional Signs
!Old Norse
!English
!Commentary
|-
|
|
|Sun
|
|-
|
|
|Moon
|
|-
|
|
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
| rowspan="2" |Venus
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|Jupiter
|
|-
|
|
|Saturn
|
|}

notes

== Here is an overview on Norse asterism names ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Original Language !! Transaltion / Etymological Meaning, when possible !! Commentary
|-
|Marshallese
|[[Arin-majlep]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bake-eo]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Elieli]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Fatana-lua]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Holoea]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Itua ni Bure]]
|
|
|-
|
|Laya
|
|
|-
|
|[[Leepwal]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Kautoki]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Pipit]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Ponga-Ponga|Ponga-ponga]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Raiti ni Bure]]
|
|
|-
|
|Sangkap-sangkap
|
|
|-
|
|[[Te Yiku-o-te-kiole]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Tiaki]]
|
|
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Oceania]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Service]]

Kautoki

2026-05-21T19:49:26Z

Sushoff: Created page with "{{DISPLAYTITLE:}} Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}} ---- ... is an Asian-Pacific name, used by the ... people on the ... Islands. ... ==Concordance, Etymology, History== What does the term mean, does it always have the same meaning - was it changed over time. === Origin of Constellation === === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation === == Mythology == mnemonic tales and cultural significance == Weblinks == * {{NAMESPACE}} == References == * References (..."

Ponga-Ponga

2026-05-21T19:49:09Z