All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

https://ase.exopla.net/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Sushoff All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en] 2026-04-13T02:22:20Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.45.1 https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Hyades&diff=41041 Hyades 2026-04-12T18:17:31Z

<p>Sushoff: /* Name Variants: */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]<br /> [[File:Plej+hyad smh2025 4gif.gif|thumb|Hyades and Pleiades as observed in central Europe (photo and animation SMH)]]<br /> The Hyades (Ὑας, Ὑαδες) are a significant pattern of stars in the sky that has been recognized as an asterism or constellation by almost all cultures. They form part of the modern constellation of [[Taurus]]. <br /> <br /> ==Etymology and History==<br /> <br /> ==== Name Variants: ====<br /> * Suculae (Latin)<br /> * Rainy Ones (''hyô, hyetos'')<br /> * Regengestirn (German)<br /> * ‘jaws of Taurus’ ([[Is le10|''is-lê'']])<br /> * [[AGA A-nim]], the Crown of the sky god Anu<br /> <br /> ===Origin of Constellation===<br /> [[File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg|thumb|Taurus sign with drawings of Pleiades (Bristle), Hyades (Chariot), Bull, and the Moon during a total lunar eclipse in the Moon's hypsoma; drawing by Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 45-53</ref>.]]<br /> [[File:Hyaden+plejaden_smh2025_isle.JPG|thumb|Hyades (photograph) and The Jaw of the Bull from a claytablet (CC BY SMH 2024).]]<br /> The V-shaped Hyades appear more scattered in the sky; in Mesopotamia they were regarded as [[AGA A-nim]], the Crown of the sky god Anu, or the ‘Jaw of The Bull’ ([[Is le10|''is-lê'']]) and are interpreted in Greek as its face. The bright star [[Aldebaran]], which physically does not belong to the star cluster but is (coincidentally) seen standing in the foreground in the same direction in the sky, had no proper name - neither in Mesopotamia nor in mathematical Greek astronomy. Only in his astrological work Tetrabiblos does Ptolemy give a name for the star: the torch. The modern name, Aldebaran, is Arabic and alludes to its position in the sky. The Pleiades rise first, followed by Aldebaran and the Hyades. Ad-Dabaran means ‘the following one’.<br /> <br /> The star cluster seems to be also part of Late Babylonian constellation of The Chariot, GIGIR.<ref name=":0" /><br /> <br /> ===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===<br /> ==Mythology==<br /> In Greek mythology, both the names of the sisters and their parents vary.<ref>Hyades in [https://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NymphaiHyades.html THEOI online] </ref> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !parents<br /> !sisters<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> * ATLAS & PLEIONE ''(Hyginus Fabulae 192)''<br /> * ATLAS & AITHRA ''(Musaeus Frag, Hyginus Astronomica 2.21, Ovid Fasti 5.164)''<br /> * HYAS & BOIOTIA ''(Hyginus Astronomica 2.21)''<br /> |<br /> * PHAISYLE, KORONIS, KLEEIA, PHAIO, EUDORE ''(Hesiod Astronomy 2)''<br /> * PHAESYLA, KORONIS, AMBROSIA, POLYXO, EUDORA ''(Hyginus Fabulae 192)''<br /> * AMBROSIA, EUDORA, AESYLE ''(Eustathius on Homer's Iliad 1156)''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Weblinks==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *[[References]] (general)<br /> *[[References (Babylonian)]]<br /> *[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]<br /> *[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:European]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Modern]]<br /> [[Category:Star Cluster]]<br /> [[Category:Tau]]<br /> [[Category:Hyades]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Hyades&diff=41040 Hyades 2026-04-12T18:15:46Z

<p>Sushoff: /* Origin of Constellation */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]<br /> [[File:Plej+hyad smh2025 4gif.gif|thumb|Hyades and Pleiades as observed in central Europe (photo and animation SMH)]]<br /> The Hyades (Ὑας, Ὑαδες) are a significant pattern of stars in the sky that has been recognized as an asterism or constellation by almost all cultures. They form part of the modern constellation of [[Taurus]]. <br /> <br /> ==Etymology and History==<br /> <br /> ==== Name Variants: ====<br /> * Suculae (Latin)<br /> * Rainy Ones (''hyô, hyetos'')<br /> * Regengestirn (German)<br /> <br /> ===Origin of Constellation===<br /> [[File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg|thumb|Taurus sign with drawings of Pleiades (Bristle), Hyades (Chariot), Bull, and the Moon during a total lunar eclipse in the Moon's hypsoma; drawing by Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 45-53</ref>.]]<br /> [[File:Hyaden+plejaden_smh2025_isle.JPG|thumb|Hyades (photograph) and The Jaw of the Bull from a claytablet (CC BY SMH 2024).]]<br /> The V-shaped Hyades appear more scattered in the sky; in Mesopotamia they were regarded as the ‘jaws of Taurus’ ([[Is le10|''is-lê'']]) or [[AGA A-nim]], the Crown of the sky god Anu, and are interpreted in Greek as its face. The bright star [[Aldebaran]], which physically does not belong to the star cluster but is (coincidentally) seen standing in the foreground in the same direction in the sky, had no proper name - neither in Mesopotamia nor in mathematical Greek astronomy. Only in his astrological work Tetrabiblos does Ptolemy give a name for the star: the torch. The modern name, Aldebaran, is Arabic and alludes to its position in the sky. The Pleiades rise first, followed by Aldebaran and the Hyades. Ad-Dabaran means ‘the following one’.<br /> <br /> The star cluster seems to be also part of Late Babylonian constellation of The Chariot, GIGIR.<ref name=":0" /><br /> <br /> ===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===<br /> ==Mythology==<br /> In Greek mythology, both the names of the sisters and their parents vary.<ref>Hyades in [https://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NymphaiHyades.html THEOI online] </ref> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !parents<br /> !sisters<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> * ATLAS & PLEIONE ''(Hyginus Fabulae 192)''<br /> * ATLAS & AITHRA ''(Musaeus Frag, Hyginus Astronomica 2.21, Ovid Fasti 5.164)''<br /> * HYAS & BOIOTIA ''(Hyginus Astronomica 2.21)''<br /> |<br /> * PHAISYLE, KORONIS, KLEEIA, PHAIO, EUDORE ''(Hesiod Astronomy 2)''<br /> * PHAESYLA, KORONIS, AMBROSIA, POLYXO, EUDORA ''(Hyginus Fabulae 192)''<br /> * AMBROSIA, EUDORA, AESYLE ''(Eustathius on Homer's Iliad 1156)''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Weblinks==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *[[References]] (general)<br /> *[[References (Babylonian)]]<br /> *[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]<br /> *[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:European]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Modern]]<br /> [[Category:Star Cluster]]<br /> [[Category:Tau]]<br /> [[Category:Hyades]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Hyades&diff=41039 Hyades 2026-04-12T18:14:43Z

<p>Sushoff: /* Etymology and History */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]<br /> [[File:Plej+hyad smh2025 4gif.gif|thumb|Hyades and Pleiades as observed in central Europe (photo and animation SMH)]]<br /> The Hyades (Ὑας, Ὑαδες) are a significant pattern of stars in the sky that has been recognized as an asterism or constellation by almost all cultures. They form part of the modern constellation of [[Taurus]]. <br /> <br /> ==Etymology and History==<br /> <br /> ==== Name Variants: ====<br /> * Suculae (Latin)<br /> * Rainy Ones (''hyô, hyetos'')<br /> * Regengestirn (German)<br /> <br /> ===Origin of Constellation===<br /> [[File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg|thumb|Taurus sign with drawings of Pleiades (Bristle), Hyades (Chariot), Bull, and the Moon during a total lunar eclipse in the Moon's hypsoma; drawing by Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 45-53</ref>.]]<br /> [[File:Hyaden+plejaden_smh2025_isle.JPG|thumb|Hyades (photograph) and The Jaw of the Bull from a claytablet (CC BY SMH 2024).]]<br /> The V-shaped Hyades appear more scattered in the sky; in Mesopotamia they were regarded as the ‘jaws of Taurus’ ([[Is le10|''is-lê'']]) and are interpreted in Greek as its face. The bright star [[Aldebaran]], which physically does not belong to the star cluster but is (coincidentally) seen standing in the foreground in the same direction in the sky, had no proper name - neither in Mesopotamia nor in mathematical Greek astronomy. Only in his astrological work Tetrabiblos does Ptolemy give a name for the star: the torch. The modern name, Aldebaran, is Arabic and alludes to its position in the sky. The Pleiades rise first, followed by Aldebaran and the Hyades. Ad-Dabaran means ‘the following one’.<br /> <br /> The star cluster seems to be also part of Late Babylonian constellation of The Chariot, GIGIR.<ref name=":0" /><br /> <br /> ===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===<br /> ==Mythology==<br /> In Greek mythology, both the names of the sisters and their parents vary.<ref>Hyades in [https://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NymphaiHyades.html THEOI online] </ref> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !parents<br /> !sisters<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> * ATLAS & PLEIONE ''(Hyginus Fabulae 192)''<br /> * ATLAS & AITHRA ''(Musaeus Frag, Hyginus Astronomica 2.21, Ovid Fasti 5.164)''<br /> * HYAS & BOIOTIA ''(Hyginus Astronomica 2.21)''<br /> |<br /> * PHAISYLE, KORONIS, KLEEIA, PHAIO, EUDORE ''(Hesiod Astronomy 2)''<br /> * PHAESYLA, KORONIS, AMBROSIA, POLYXO, EUDORA ''(Hyginus Fabulae 192)''<br /> * AMBROSIA, EUDORA, AESYLE ''(Eustathius on Homer's Iliad 1156)''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Weblinks==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *[[References]] (general)<br /> *[[References (Babylonian)]]<br /> *[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]<br /> *[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:European]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Modern]]<br /> [[Category:Star Cluster]]<br /> [[Category:Tau]]<br /> [[Category:Hyades]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Hyades&diff=41038 Hyades 2026-04-12T17:06:11Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]<br /> [[File:Plej+hyad smh2025 4gif.gif|thumb|Hyades and Pleiades as observed in central Europe (photo and animation SMH)]]<br /> The Hyades (Ὑας, Ὑαδες) are a significant pattern of stars in the sky that has been recognized as an asterism or constellation by almost all cultures. They form part of the modern constellation of [[Taurus]]. <br /> <br /> ==Etymology and History==<br /> <br /> ==== Name Variants: ====<br /> * Suculae (Latin)<br /> * Rainy Ones (''hyô, hyetos'')<br /> * Regengestirn (German)<br /> <br /> ===Origin of Constellation===<br /> [[File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg|thumb|Taurus sign with drawings of Pleiades (Bristle), Hyades (Chariot), Bull, and the Moon during a total lunar eclipse in the Moon's hypsoma; drawing by Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 45-53</ref>.]]<br /> The V-shaped Hyades appear more scattered in the sky; in Mesopotamia they were regarded as the ‘jaws of Taurus’ ([[Is le10|''is-lê'']]) and are interpreted in Greek as its face. The bright star [[Aldebaran]], which physically does not belong to the star cluster but is (coincidentally) seen standing in the foreground in the same direction in the sky, had no proper name - neither in Mesopotamia nor in mathematical Greek astronomy. Only in his astrological work Tetrabiblos does Ptolemy give a name for the star: the torch. The modern name, Aldebaran, is Arabic and alludes to its position in the sky. The Pleiades rise first, followed by Aldebaran and the Hyades. Ad-Dabaran means ‘the following one’.<br /> <br /> The star cluster seems to be also part of Late Babylonian constellation of The Chariot, GIGIR.<ref name=":0" /><br /> <br /> ===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===<br /> ==Mythology==<br /> In Greek mythology, both the names of the sisters and their parents vary.<ref>Hyades in [https://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NymphaiHyades.html THEOI online] </ref> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !parents<br /> !sisters<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> * ATLAS & PLEIONE ''(Hyginus Fabulae 192)''<br /> * ATLAS & AITHRA ''(Musaeus Frag, Hyginus Astronomica 2.21, Ovid Fasti 5.164)''<br /> * HYAS & BOIOTIA ''(Hyginus Astronomica 2.21)''<br /> |<br /> * PHAISYLE, KORONIS, KLEEIA, PHAIO, EUDORE ''(Hesiod Astronomy 2)''<br /> * PHAESYLA, KORONIS, AMBROSIA, POLYXO, EUDORA ''(Hyginus Fabulae 192)''<br /> * AMBROSIA, EUDORA, AESYLE ''(Eustathius on Homer's Iliad 1156)''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Weblinks==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *[[References]] (general)<br /> *[[References (Babylonian)]]<br /> *[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]<br /> *[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:European]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Modern]]<br /> [[Category:Star Cluster]]<br /> [[Category:Tau]]<br /> [[Category:Hyades]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Hyades&diff=41037 Hyades 2026-04-12T17:00:47Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]<br /> [[File:Plej+hyad smh2025 4gif.gif|thumb|Hyades and Pleiades as observed in central Europe (photo and animation SMH)]]<br /> The Hyades (Ὑας, Ὑαδες) are a significant pattern of stars in the sky that has been recognized as an asterism or constellation by almost all cultures. They form part of the modern constellation of [[Taurus]]. <br /> <br /> ==Etymology and History==<br /> <br /> ==== Name Variants: ====<br /> * Suculae (Latin)<br /> * Rainy Ones (''hyô, hyetos'')<br /> * Regengestirn (German)<br /> <br /> ===Origin of Constellation===<br /> [[File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg|thumb|Taurus sign with drawings of Pleiades (Bristle), Hyades (Chariot), Bull, and the Moon during a total lunar eclipse in the Moon's hypsoma; drawing by Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 45-53</ref>.]]<br /> The V-shaped Hyades appear more scattered in the sky; in Mesopotamia they were regarded as the ‘jaws of Taurus’ ([[Is le10|''is-lê'']]) and are interpreted in Greek as its face. The bright star Aldebaran, which physically does not belong to the star cluster but is (coincidentally) seen standing in the foreground in the same direction in the sky, had no proper name - neither in Mesopotamia nor in mathematical Greek astronomy. Only in his astrological work Tetrabiblos does Ptolemy give a name for the star: the torch. The modern name, Aldebaran, is Arabic and alludes to its position in the sky. The Pleiades rise first, followed by Aldebaran and the Hyades. Ad-Dabaran means ‘the following one’.<br /> <br /> ===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===<br /> ==Mythology==<br /> ==Weblinks==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *[[References]] (general)<br /> *[[References (Babylonian)]]<br /> *[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]<br /> *[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Almagest]] [[Category:European]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Modern]]<br /> [[Category:Star Cluster]]<br /> [[Category:Tau]]<br /> [[Category:Hyades]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Kleeia&diff=41036 Kleeia 2026-04-12T16:59:12Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> Kleeia, κλεεια is a Greek name, used recently but based on Hesiod. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> Name Variants <br /> <br /> * κλεεια = kleeia (Greek)<br /> * cleeia (Latinised)<br /> <br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> "Kleeia" is the name of one of the mythological [[Hyades]] (Ὑας Ὑαδες). The Latinized name from Aratus<ref>Falkner (2011) "The Mythology of the Night Sky": [https://books.google.com/books?id=tyj8UUE968wC&pg=PA36&dq=Cleeia+Hyades+star&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjG-7rvgv3xAhVE6J4KHR-RBJQQ6AEwAHoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=Cleeia%20Hyades%20star&f=false online]</ref><ref>Bagnall (2012) "The Star Atlas Companion": [https://books.google.com/books?id=KcIg02TKW6QC&pg=PA422&dq=Cleeia+Hyades+star&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjG-7rvgv3xAhVE6J4KHR-RBJQQ6AEwAnoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=Cleeia%20Hyades%20star&f=false online]</ref> (E. Poste, 1880;<ref>Poste, E. (1880), "The Skies and Weather-Forecasts of Aratus", Oriel College Oxford, [https://books.google.com/books?id=74MCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=&#x22;Cleeia&#x22; online] </ref>) is often stated as "Cleeia", but the Greek name from Hesiod was κλεεια ("Kleeia"), see Theoi<ref>Theoi [http://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NymphaiHyades.html Website] </ref>. The reference to Aratus seems to be wrong, as the text of the Phaenomena does not contain the word.<ref>Aratus, Phaenomena. [https://www.theoi.com/Text/AratusPhaenomena.html Online at THEOI]</ref> <br /> <br /> Variants in Greek mythology on the Hyades concern both the names of the sisters and their parents: <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+<br /> !parents<br /> !sisters<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> * ATLAS & PLEIONE ''(Hyginus Fabulae 192)''<br /> * ATLAS & AITHRA ''(Musaeus Frag, Hyginus Astronomica 2.21, Ovid Fasti 5.164)''<br /> * HYAS & BOIOTIA ''(Hyginus Astronomica 2.21)''<br /> |<br /> * PHAISYLE, KORONIS, KLEEIA, PHAIO, EUDORE ''(Hesiod Astronomy 2)''<br /> * PHAESYLA, KORONIS, AMBROSIA, POLYXO, EUDORA ''(Hyginus Fabulae 192)''<br /> * AMBROSIA, EUDORA, AESYLE ''(Eustathius on Homer's Iliad 1156)''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> mnemonic tales and cultural significance<br /> <br /> == IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) ==<br /> The name was proposed to WGSN in 2023. Neither Cleeia nor Kleeia appears among asteroid names. In recent years, the name "Cleeia" has been attached particularly to delta^3 Tau, but it is unclear when this attachment occured. <br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]][[Category:Star Name]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Kleeia&diff=41035 Kleeia 2026-04-12T16:55:02Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> Kleeia, κλεεια is a Greek name, used recently but based on Hesiod... . <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> Name Variants <br /> <br /> * κλεεια = kleeia (Greek)<br /> * cleeia (Latinised)<br /> <br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> "Kleeia" is the name of one of the mythological [[Hyades]] (Ὑας Ὑαδες). The Latinized name from Aratus<ref>Falkner (2011) "The Mythology of the Night Sky": [https://books.google.com/books?id=tyj8UUE968wC&pg=PA36&dq=Cleeia+Hyades+star&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjG-7rvgv3xAhVE6J4KHR-RBJQQ6AEwAHoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=Cleeia%20Hyades%20star&f=false online]</ref><ref>Bagnall (2012) "The Star Atlas Companion": [https://books.google.com/books?id=KcIg02TKW6QC&pg=PA422&dq=Cleeia+Hyades+star&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjG-7rvgv3xAhVE6J4KHR-RBJQQ6AEwAnoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=Cleeia%20Hyades%20star&f=false online]</ref> (E. Poste, 1880;<ref>Poste, E. (1880), "The Skies and Weather-Forecasts of Aratus", Oriel College Oxford, [https://books.google.com/books?id=74MCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=&#x22;Cleeia&#x22; online] </ref>) is often stated as "Cleeia", but the Greek name from Hesiod was κλεεια ("Kleeia"), see Theoi<ref>Theoi [http://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NymphaiHyades.html Website] </ref>. The reference to Aratus seems to be wrong, as the text of the Phaenomena does not contain the word.<ref>Aratus, Phaenomena. [https://www.theoi.com/Text/AratusPhaenomena.html Online at THEOI]</ref> <br /> <br /> Variants in Greek mythology on the Hyades concern both the names of the sisters and their parents: <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+<br /> !parents<br /> !sisters<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> * ATLAS & PLEIONE ''(Hyginus Fabulae 192)''<br /> * ATLAS & AITHRA ''(Musaeus Frag, Hyginus Astronomica 2.21, Ovid Fasti 5.164)''<br /> * HYAS & BOIOTIA ''(Hyginus Astronomica 2.21)''<br /> |<br /> * PHAISYLE, KORONIS, KLEEIA, PHAIO, EUDORE ''(Hesiod Astronomy 2)''<br /> * PHAESYLA, KORONIS, AMBROSIA, POLYXO, EUDORA ''(Hyginus Fabulae 192)''<br /> * AMBROSIA, EUDORA, AESYLE ''(Eustathius on Homer's Iliad 1156)''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> mnemonic tales and cultural significance<br /> <br /> == IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) ==<br /> The name was proposed to WGSN in 2023. Neither Cleeia nor Kleeia appears among asteroid names. In recent years, the name "Cleeia" has been attached particularly to delta^3 Tau, but it is unclear when this attachment occured. <br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]][[Category:Star Name]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=ERU_(Goddess)&diff=41034 ERU (Goddess) 2026-04-12T15:28:04Z

<p>Sushoff: /* Sources & Identification(s) */</p> <hr /> <div>{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}} <br /> {{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]<sup>d</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> <sup>mul / d</sup>A.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI <sup>d</sup>''E-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>''-''[''a''] ''3-šu<sub>2</sub> tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]]. <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==<br /> Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''[[sissinnu]]''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings: <br /> <br /> * <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>3</sub>, <br /> * <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>4</sub>; <br /> * <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub>; <br /> * = <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, <br /> * <sup>mul</sup>''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".<br /> Interpretation: <br /> *1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.<br /> *2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].<br /> <br /> ==== Sources & Identification(s) ====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+<br /> |-<br /> !Sources!!Identifications<br /> |-<br /> |'''EAE.'''<br /> See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |"'''Reports."''' <br /> * See. [SAA 8***, 350a].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes) Horowitz 2014: 246''' <br /> CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and parallels.<br /> <br /> * CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12), <br /> * Nv. 10: 5'-8': <br /> ** '''[''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>gan ki.min <sup>m</sup>]<sup>ul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> // 4 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En''-''l''[''il''<sub>2</sub>] / [<sup>mul</sup>ab.]sin<sub>2</sub> // 3 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-ni''[''m''] / [<sup>mul</sup>lugal] u <sup>mul</sup>šu.pa // 2''' '''⸢'''''šu'' '''⸣''-ut''''' '''<sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a / [GIŠ?/KU? . . . ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>AN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> ''ik''- ⸢''šu-du'' ⸣'',''''' <br /> ** "[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [King] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument?]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, ????? [Fincke 2025: 67, see previously Horowitz 2014: 223, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 64-65, 69. Parallels Fincke 2025: 70: 11', 72: 5'.<br /> * Nv. 10: 31'-32': <br /> ** '''⸢''' '''<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>''' '''⸣''' '''// <sup>mul</sup>ab.sin<sub>2</sub>''' '''/ u <sup>d</sup> ⸣ lugal] MUL.AN.TA.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.UR.RA,''' <br /> ** '''Erua Barley Stalk, and King, the Antašurra-stars. [Fincke 2025: 68, see previously Horowitz 2014: 216-217, Donbaz and Koch 1995: ??.'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref><br /> *(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): <br /> **''sis-sin-nu'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' <br /> **"Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).<br /> <br /> *(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, between <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA and <sup>mul</sup>''He''<sub>2</sub>-''gal''<sub>2</sub>''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).<br /> <br /> *(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: <br /> **''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>APIN UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> KUR''-ḫa''<br /> **"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].<br /> |a piece of a date palm <br /> [[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]<br /> |-<br /> |'''ADD Uranology Text Here = J??'''<br /> '''ABC Section 6 = pp. 22, 25'''<br /> '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46. - moved to GSL category''' <br /> * <s><sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''<sub>4</sub> (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</s><br /> * <s>“Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].</s><br /> * <s>BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.</s><br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''<br /> *(1) AO 6478: <br /> **(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA <sup>mul</sup>DILI ''ša<sub>2</sub>'' KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> | EN <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",<br /> **(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN<sub>2</sub> MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN | EN <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].<br /> <br /> *(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' <sup>d</sup>''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].<br /> <br /> *(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ<sub>3</sub> "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].<br /> <br /> *(4) Sippar Planisphere:<br /> **a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>''e''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),<br /> **b) <sup>mul</sup>''e''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.''' <br /> (1) LBAT 1502. <br /> <br /> *(a) [...MUL<sub>2</sub> [...MUL<sub>2</sub>AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",<br /> <br /> *(b) [...MU]L<sub>2</sub>.NUN<sup>ki</sup> MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub> ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''<br /> А 3427: <br /> <br /> * A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955*** 238:21-25].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Great Star List and Miscellenia'''<br /> * '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''<br /> ** <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''<sub>4</sub> (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see Thureau-Dangin 1921<ref>F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139</ref>; Linssen 2004<ref>Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</ref>.<br /> ** “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1" /> 52:46].<br /> * Nv 10: <br /> ** 5', rev. 31' '''Jan add entry???''' (Fincke 2025***: 66-68), LBAT 1502:<br /> ** 11' ... 18: '''Jan add entry??''' (Fincke 2025***: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025***: 70-71), LBAT 1508: 5 (Fincke 2025***: 72).<br /> **<br /> * BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.<br /> * The list of the "6 palace women". <br /> ** <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.[da] / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da.an.na / <sup>mul</sup>U<sub>8</sub> <sup>d</sup>''A-a'' / <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>bal.teš<sub>2</sub>.a / 6 <sup>d</sup>mi<sub>2</sub>.ša<sub>3</sub>.é.gal.meš <br /> ** "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].<br /> 81-7-27, 22 (ACh 2. Suppl. 118) (Rochberg-Halton AfO Beih. 22, 175, 207-208, 223 (transliteration - without translation): EAE 20 manuscript f [§ IX]: imgidda<br /> <br /> * K. 6507: 7': 7’ [MU]L.''sis-sin-ni'' <sup>d</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>4</sub> <sup>d</sup>x [ . . .<br /> <br /> |'''WAYNE messed that up'''<br /> |-<br /> |'''GU-text.''' <br /> *(K), <br /> *(L) ''<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub>'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),<br /> *see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN<sub>2</sub>]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Late astrology.'''<br /> *(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.<br /> **''ki-i'' <sup>múl</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)<sup>zu</sup>-''ma'' <sup>d</sup>Sîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI<sub>6</sub>) [''u<sub>2</sub>-ša]r-ru-[u<sub>2</sub>''] / E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> KI<sup>didli</sup> <sup>d</sup>PA ''u'' <sup>d</sup>LUGAL / ''a-di-i <sup>d</sup>Šamaš''(UTU) KI<sup>didli</sup> ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad<sub>2</sub>'') ''pi-šer<sub>3</sub>-ša<sub>2</sub> attalû''(AN.GI<sub>6</sub>) ''ul u<sub>2</sub>-šar-ra-a'' <br /> **"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].<br /> *(2) W 23313/3: <br /> **DIŠ KI <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN U<sub>3</sub>.TU DUMU<sup>meš</sup> TU[K<sup>?</sup>...] <br /> **"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].<br /> *(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]]. <br /> **See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], <sup>d</sup>GAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4]. <br /> |<br /> |}<br /> [[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]<br /> <br /> ==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br /> |+<br /> ! id<br /> ! Label<br /> ! HIP<br /> ! description<br /> ! Vmag<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | γ Comae Berenices<br /> | HIP 60742<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> | 4.34<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | 11 Com<br /> | HIP 60202<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> | 4.74<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | [[Phyllon Kissinou]]<br /> | HIP 61394<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> | 4.773<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | 12 Com A<br /> | HIP 60351<br /> | Constellation lines<br /> | 4.81<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | 7 Com<br /> | HIP 59847<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> | 4.86<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | 14 Com<br /> | HIP 60697<br /> | Constellation lines<br /> | 4.95<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | 16 Com<br /> | HIP 60746<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> | 4.959<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> | 24 Com A<br /> | HIP 61418<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> | 5.02<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> | 13 Com<br /> | HIP 60514<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> | 5.18<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> | 17 Com<br /> | HIP 60904<br /> | Constellation lines<br /> | 5.236<br /> |-<br /> | 11<br /> | 21 Com<br /> | HIP 61071<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> | 5.436<br /> |-<br /> | 12<br /> | 18 Com<br /> | HIP 60941<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> | 5.468<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> | 5 Com<br /> | HIP 59501<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> | 5.55<br /> |-<br /> | 14<br /> | 20 Com<br /> | HIP 60957<br /> | Constellation lines<br /> | 5.679<br /> |-<br /> | 15<br /> | -<br /> | HIP 60599<br /> | Constellation lines<br /> | 6.02<br /> |-<br /> | 16<br /> | -<br /> | HIP 60327<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> | 6.162<br /> |-<br /> | 17<br /> | 8 Com<br /> | HIP 60087<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> | 6.22<br /> |-<br /> | 18<br /> | -<br /> | HIP 61415<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> | 6.276<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Additional ===<br /> <br /> ==== Deity. ====<br /> ''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist*** 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat<sub>2</sub> ri-ḫu-tu<sub>2</sub>'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a]. <br /> <br /> ''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), with whom Erua was identified with. <br /> <br /> ===== Prayers and Rituals. =====<br /> (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU<sub>3</sub>.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GI[D<sub>2</sub>.D]A 3''-šu<sub>2</sub> ana'' IGI <sup>d</sup>''E-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>''-[a] 3-šu<sub>2</sub> tel-liḫ'' ZID<sub>2</sub>.MAD.GA<sub>2</sub> ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. Cf. K. 6507: 7' above.<br /> <br /> (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.<br /> <br /> ==== Symbol. ====<br /> <blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub> ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu<sub>2</sub> e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu<sub>2</sub> na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu<sub>2</sub> / ina'' UGU KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR. GU.LA [LA<sub>2</sub>-''a]t<sub>2</sub> ina'' ŠU GUB<sub>3</sub>''-ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927*** 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>[E<sub>4</sub>-r]u<sub>6</sub> "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018***: 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠU<sup>II</sup> 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019***, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it. <br /> <br /> ==== Astrology. ====<br /> <br /> ===== Identifications and predictions: =====<br /> *(1) = Venus; <br /> **(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' <sup>d</sup>IM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8***, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8***, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];<br /> **(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN<sub>2</sub>]] VI,7; <sup>mul</sup>A. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];<br /> **(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1. <br /> <br /> *(2) = Saturn; <br /> **DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU<sub>2</sub>''-ti'' <sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ <sup>d</sup>''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma'' <br /> ***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920*** 115, Anm. 2];<br /> **DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN <sup>mul</sup>UG<sub>5</sub>.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i<sub>3</sub> NIM sig<sub>5</sub>: <sup>mul</sup>udu.idim.sag.uš <sup>mul</sup>''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]'' <br /> ***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].<br /> <br /> *(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Dictionaries== <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+<br /> |-<br /> !Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)<br /> |-<br /> |вар. чтения: <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>3</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>4</sub>; <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub>; = <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example<br /> |-<br /> |I. Источники.<br /> ''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.<br /> <br /> (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, между <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA и <sup>mul</sup>''De''<sub>2</sub>-''gal''<sub>2</sub>-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>APIN UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''<sub>4</sub> "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA <sup>mul</sup>DILI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> | EN <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 10<sup>0</sup> на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN<sub>2</sub> MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN | EN <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 25<sup>0</sup> на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup> <sup>d</sup>''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "10<sup>0</sup> до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ<sub>3</sub> "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>''e''<sub>4</sub>-P''ru''<sub>6</sub>R "[10<sup>0</sup>] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) <sup>mul</sup>''e''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL<sub>2</sub> […MUL<sub>2</sub>AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''<sub>4</sub>''-ru''<sub>6</sub> ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L<sub>2</sub>.NUN<sup>ki</sup> MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (15<sup>0</sup>) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.[da] / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da.an.na / <sup>mul</sup>U<sub>8</sub> <sup>d</sup>''A-a'' / <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>bal.teš<sub>2</sub>.a / 6 <sup>d</sup>mi<sub>2</sub>.ša<sub>3</sub>.<e<sub>2</sub>>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>gan ki.min <sup>m</sup>]<sup>ul</sup>P''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>R // 4 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-l''[''il''<sub>2</sub>] / [<sup>mul</sup>ab.]sin<sub>2</sub> // 3 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>Pšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-P''a''R / [GIŠ … <sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>AN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN<sub>2</sub>, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)<sup>zu</sup>-''ma'' <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI<sub>6</sub>) [''u''<sub>2</sub>''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''<sub>2</sub>] / E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> KI<sup>didli</sup> <sup>d</sup>PA ''u'' <sup>d</sup>LUGAL / ''a-di-i'' <sup>d</sup>''Šamaš''(UTU) KI<sup>didli</sup> ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''<sub>2</sub>) ''pi-šer''<sub>3</sub>-''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''attalû''(AN.GI<sub>6</sub>) ''ul u''<sub>2</sub>-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN U<sub>3</sub>.TU DUMU<sup>meš</sup> TU[K<sup>?</sup>…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], <sup>d</sup>GAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].<br /> <br /> II. Божество.<br /> <br /> Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''<sub>2</sub> ''ri-Cu-tu''<sub>2</sub> , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU<sub>3</sub>.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GI[D<sub>2</sub>.D]A 3''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' IGI <sup>d</sup>''E-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>-[''a''] 3''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''til-liC'' ZID<sub>2</sub>.MAD.GA<sub>2</sub> ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.'' <br /> <br /> <br /> III. Символ.<br /> <br /> Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''<sub>2</sub> / ''ina'' UGU KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA [LA<sub>2</sub>-''a'']''t''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ŠU GUB<sub>3</sub>''-ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>[''E''<sub>4</sub>-''r'']''u''<sub>6</sub> "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠU<sup>II</sup> 15-''ša<sub>7</sub>''<sup>?</sup> "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью. <br /> <br /> IV. Отождествление:<br /> <br /> Как созвездие:<br /> <br /> = западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];<br /> <br /> = 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];<br /> <br /> = Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];<br /> <br /> = γ<sup>+</sup> Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.<br /> <br /> Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:<br /> <br /> = γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019***, 142; Pingree-Walker*** 320; Koch 1992*** 58].<br /> <br /> Согласно VAT 16436:16, <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].<br /> <br /> V. Астрология.<br /> <br /> Отождествления и предсказания:<br /> <br /> (1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' <sup>d</sup>IM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера<sup>?</sup>) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> VI,7; <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.<br /> <br /> (2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU<sub>2</sub>-''ti'' <sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ <sup>d</sup>''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ <sup>ul</sup>A.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) <sup>ul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i<sub>3</sub> sig<sub>5</sub> : <sup>ul</sup>udu.idim.sag.uš <sup>ul</sup>''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].<br /> <br /> (3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.<br /> |Example<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References== <br /> *[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:4workWayne]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mesopotamian]] <br /> [[Category:Constellation]] <br /> [[Category:West Asian]] <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Sumerian]]<br /> [[Category:Cuneiform]]<br /> [[Category:Deity]]<br /> [[Category:Com]]<br /> [[Category:ComaStarCluster]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=ERU_(Goddess)&diff=41033 ERU (Goddess) 2026-04-12T15:26:47Z

<p>Sushoff: /* Sources & Identification(s) */</p> <hr /> <div>{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}} <br /> {{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]<sup>d</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> <sup>mul / d</sup>A.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI <sup>d</sup>''E-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>''-''[''a''] ''3-šu<sub>2</sub> tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]]. <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==<br /> Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''[[sissinnu]]''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings: <br /> <br /> * <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>3</sub>, <br /> * <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>4</sub>; <br /> * <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub>; <br /> * = <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, <br /> * <sup>mul</sup>''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".<br /> Interpretation: <br /> *1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.<br /> *2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].<br /> <br /> ==== Sources & Identification(s) ====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+<br /> |-<br /> !Sources!!Identifications<br /> |-<br /> |'''EAE.'''<br /> See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |"'''Reports."''' <br /> * See. [SAA 8***, 350a].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes) Horowitz 2014: 246''' <br /> CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and parallels.<br /> <br /> * CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12), <br /> * Nv. 10: 5'-8': <br /> ** '''[''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>gan ki.min <sup>m</sup>]<sup>ul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> // 4 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En''-''l''[''il''<sub>2</sub>] / [<sup>mul</sup>ab.]sin<sub>2</sub> // 3 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-ni''[''m''] / [<sup>mul</sup>lugal] u <sup>mul</sup>šu.pa // 2''' '''⸢'''''šu'' '''⸣''-ut''''' '''<sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a / [GIŠ?/KU? . . . ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>AN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> ''ik''- ⸢''šu-du'' ⸣'',''''' <br /> ** "[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [King] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument?]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, ????? [Fincke 2025: 67, see previously Horowitz 2014: 223, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 64-65, 69. Parallels Fincke 2025: 70: 11', 72: 5'.<br /> * Nv. 10: 31'-32': <br /> ** '''⸢''' '''<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>''' '''⸣''' '''// <sup>mul</sup>ab.sin<sub>2</sub>''' '''/ u <sup>d</sup> ⸣ lugal] MUL.AN.TA.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.UR.RA,''' <br /> ** '''Erua Barley Stalk, and King, the Antašurra-stars. [Fincke 2025: 68, see previously Horowitz 2014: 216-217, Donbaz and Koch 1995: ??.'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref><br /> *(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).<br /> <br /> *(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, between <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA and <sup>mul</sup>''He''<sub>2</sub>-''gal''<sub>2</sub>''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).<br /> <br /> *(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: <br /> **''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>APIN UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> KUR''-ḫa''<br /> **"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].<br /> |a piece of a date palm <br /> [[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]<br /> |-<br /> |'''ADD Uranology Text Here = J??'''<br /> '''ABC Section 6 = pp. 22, 25'''<br /> '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46. - moved to GSL category''' <br /> * <s><sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''<sub>4</sub> (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</s><br /> * <s>“Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].</s><br /> * <s>BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.</s><br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''<br /> *(1) AO 6478: <br /> **(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA <sup>mul</sup>DILI ''ša<sub>2</sub>'' KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> | EN <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",<br /> **(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN<sub>2</sub> MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN | EN <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].<br /> <br /> *(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' <sup>d</sup>''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].<br /> <br /> *(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ<sub>3</sub> "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].<br /> <br /> *(4) Sippar Planisphere:<br /> **a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>''e''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),<br /> **b) <sup>mul</sup>''e''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.''' <br /> (1) LBAT 1502. <br /> <br /> *(a) [...MUL<sub>2</sub> [...MUL<sub>2</sub>AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",<br /> <br /> *(b) [...MU]L<sub>2</sub>.NUN<sup>ki</sup> MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub> ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''<br /> А 3427: <br /> <br /> * A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955*** 238:21-25].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Great Star List and Miscellenia'''<br /> * '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''<br /> ** <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''<sub>4</sub> (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see Thureau-Dangin 1921<ref>F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139</ref>; Linssen 2004<ref>Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</ref>.<br /> ** “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1" /> 52:46].<br /> * Nv 10: <br /> ** 5', rev. 31' '''Jan add entry???''' (Fincke 2025***: 66-68), LBAT 1502:<br /> ** 11' ... 18: '''Jan add entry??''' (Fincke 2025***: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025***: 70-71), LBAT 1508: 5 (Fincke 2025***: 72).<br /> **<br /> * BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.<br /> * The list of the "6 palace women". <br /> ** <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.[da] / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da.an.na / <sup>mul</sup>U<sub>8</sub> <sup>d</sup>''A-a'' / <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>bal.teš<sub>2</sub>.a / 6 <sup>d</sup>mi<sub>2</sub>.ša<sub>3</sub>.é.gal.meš <br /> ** "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].<br /> 81-7-27, 22 (ACh 2. Suppl. 118) (Rochberg-Halton AfO Beih. 22, 175, 207-208, 223 (transliteration - without translation): EAE 20 manuscript f [§ IX]: imgidda<br /> <br /> * K. 6507: 7': 7’ [MU]L.''sis-sin-ni'' <sup>d</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>4</sub> <sup>d</sup>x [ . . .<br /> <br /> |'''WAYNE messed that up'''<br /> |-<br /> |'''GU-text.''' <br /> *(K), <br /> *(L) ''<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub>'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),<br /> *see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN<sub>2</sub>]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Late astrology.'''<br /> *(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.<br /> **''ki-i'' <sup>múl</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)<sup>zu</sup>-''ma'' <sup>d</sup>Sîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI<sub>6</sub>) [''u<sub>2</sub>-ša]r-ru-[u<sub>2</sub>''] / E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> KI<sup>didli</sup> <sup>d</sup>PA ''u'' <sup>d</sup>LUGAL / ''a-di-i <sup>d</sup>Šamaš''(UTU) KI<sup>didli</sup> ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad<sub>2</sub>'') ''pi-šer<sub>3</sub>-ša<sub>2</sub> attalû''(AN.GI<sub>6</sub>) ''ul u<sub>2</sub>-šar-ra-a'' <br /> **"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].<br /> *(2) W 23313/3: <br /> **DIŠ KI <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN U<sub>3</sub>.TU DUMU<sup>meš</sup> TU[K<sup>?</sup>...] <br /> **"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].<br /> *(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]]. <br /> **See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], <sup>d</sup>GAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4]. <br /> |<br /> |}<br /> [[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]<br /> <br /> ==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br /> |+<br /> ! id<br /> ! Label<br /> ! HIP<br /> ! description<br /> ! Vmag<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | γ Comae Berenices<br /> | HIP 60742<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> | 4.34<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | 11 Com<br /> | HIP 60202<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> | 4.74<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | [[Phyllon Kissinou]]<br /> | HIP 61394<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> | 4.773<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | 12 Com A<br /> | HIP 60351<br /> | Constellation lines<br /> | 4.81<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | 7 Com<br /> | HIP 59847<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> | 4.86<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | 14 Com<br /> | HIP 60697<br /> | Constellation lines<br /> | 4.95<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | 16 Com<br /> | HIP 60746<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> | 4.959<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> | 24 Com A<br /> | HIP 61418<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> | 5.02<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> | 13 Com<br /> | HIP 60514<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> | 5.18<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> | 17 Com<br /> | HIP 60904<br /> | Constellation lines<br /> | 5.236<br /> |-<br /> | 11<br /> | 21 Com<br /> | HIP 61071<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> | 5.436<br /> |-<br /> | 12<br /> | 18 Com<br /> | HIP 60941<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> | 5.468<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> | 5 Com<br /> | HIP 59501<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> | 5.55<br /> |-<br /> | 14<br /> | 20 Com<br /> | HIP 60957<br /> | Constellation lines<br /> | 5.679<br /> |-<br /> | 15<br /> | -<br /> | HIP 60599<br /> | Constellation lines<br /> | 6.02<br /> |-<br /> | 16<br /> | -<br /> | HIP 60327<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> | 6.162<br /> |-<br /> | 17<br /> | 8 Com<br /> | HIP 60087<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> | 6.22<br /> |-<br /> | 18<br /> | -<br /> | HIP 61415<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> | 6.276<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Additional ===<br /> <br /> ==== Deity. ====<br /> ''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist*** 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat<sub>2</sub> ri-ḫu-tu<sub>2</sub>'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a]. <br /> <br /> ''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), with whom Erua was identified with. <br /> <br /> ===== Prayers and Rituals. =====<br /> (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU<sub>3</sub>.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GI[D<sub>2</sub>.D]A 3''-šu<sub>2</sub> ana'' IGI <sup>d</sup>''E-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>''-[a] 3-šu<sub>2</sub> tel-liḫ'' ZID<sub>2</sub>.MAD.GA<sub>2</sub> ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. Cf. K. 6507: 7' above.<br /> <br /> (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.<br /> <br /> ==== Symbol. ====<br /> <blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub> ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu<sub>2</sub> e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu<sub>2</sub> na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu<sub>2</sub> / ina'' UGU KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR. GU.LA [LA<sub>2</sub>-''a]t<sub>2</sub> ina'' ŠU GUB<sub>3</sub>''-ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927*** 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>[E<sub>4</sub>-r]u<sub>6</sub> "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018***: 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠU<sup>II</sup> 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019***, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it. <br /> <br /> ==== Astrology. ====<br /> <br /> ===== Identifications and predictions: =====<br /> *(1) = Venus; <br /> **(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' <sup>d</sup>IM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8***, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8***, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];<br /> **(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN<sub>2</sub>]] VI,7; <sup>mul</sup>A. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];<br /> **(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1. <br /> <br /> *(2) = Saturn; <br /> **DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU<sub>2</sub>''-ti'' <sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ <sup>d</sup>''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma'' <br /> ***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920*** 115, Anm. 2];<br /> **DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN <sup>mul</sup>UG<sub>5</sub>.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i<sub>3</sub> NIM sig<sub>5</sub>: <sup>mul</sup>udu.idim.sag.uš <sup>mul</sup>''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]'' <br /> ***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].<br /> <br /> *(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.<br /> <br /> ==Historical Dictionaries== <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+<br /> |-<br /> !Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)<br /> |-<br /> |вар. чтения: <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>3</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>4</sub>; <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub>; = <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example<br /> |-<br /> |I. Источники.<br /> ''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.<br /> <br /> (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, между <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA и <sup>mul</sup>''De''<sub>2</sub>-''gal''<sub>2</sub>-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>APIN UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''<sub>4</sub> "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA <sup>mul</sup>DILI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> | EN <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 10<sup>0</sup> на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN<sub>2</sub> MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN | EN <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 25<sup>0</sup> на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup> <sup>d</sup>''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "10<sup>0</sup> до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ<sub>3</sub> "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>''e''<sub>4</sub>-P''ru''<sub>6</sub>R "[10<sup>0</sup>] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) <sup>mul</sup>''e''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL<sub>2</sub> […MUL<sub>2</sub>AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''<sub>4</sub>''-ru''<sub>6</sub> ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L<sub>2</sub>.NUN<sup>ki</sup> MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (15<sup>0</sup>) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.[da] / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da.an.na / <sup>mul</sup>U<sub>8</sub> <sup>d</sup>''A-a'' / <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>bal.teš<sub>2</sub>.a / 6 <sup>d</sup>mi<sub>2</sub>.ša<sub>3</sub>.<e<sub>2</sub>>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>gan ki.min <sup>m</sup>]<sup>ul</sup>P''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>R // 4 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-l''[''il''<sub>2</sub>] / [<sup>mul</sup>ab.]sin<sub>2</sub> // 3 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>Pšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-P''a''R / [GIŠ … <sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>AN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN<sub>2</sub>, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)<sup>zu</sup>-''ma'' <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI<sub>6</sub>) [''u''<sub>2</sub>''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''<sub>2</sub>] / E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> KI<sup>didli</sup> <sup>d</sup>PA ''u'' <sup>d</sup>LUGAL / ''a-di-i'' <sup>d</sup>''Šamaš''(UTU) KI<sup>didli</sup> ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''<sub>2</sub>) ''pi-šer''<sub>3</sub>-''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''attalû''(AN.GI<sub>6</sub>) ''ul u''<sub>2</sub>-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN U<sub>3</sub>.TU DUMU<sup>meš</sup> TU[K<sup>?</sup>…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], <sup>d</sup>GAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].<br /> <br /> II. Божество.<br /> <br /> Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''<sub>2</sub> ''ri-Cu-tu''<sub>2</sub> , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU<sub>3</sub>.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GI[D<sub>2</sub>.D]A 3''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' IGI <sup>d</sup>''E-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>-[''a''] 3''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''til-liC'' ZID<sub>2</sub>.MAD.GA<sub>2</sub> ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.'' <br /> <br /> <br /> III. Символ.<br /> <br /> Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''<sub>2</sub> / ''ina'' UGU KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA [LA<sub>2</sub>-''a'']''t''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ŠU GUB<sub>3</sub>''-ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>[''E''<sub>4</sub>-''r'']''u''<sub>6</sub> "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠU<sup>II</sup> 15-''ša<sub>7</sub>''<sup>?</sup> "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью. <br /> <br /> IV. Отождествление:<br /> <br /> Как созвездие:<br /> <br /> = западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];<br /> <br /> = 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];<br /> <br /> = Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];<br /> <br /> = γ<sup>+</sup> Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.<br /> <br /> Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:<br /> <br /> = γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019***, 142; Pingree-Walker*** 320; Koch 1992*** 58].<br /> <br /> Согласно VAT 16436:16, <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].<br /> <br /> V. Астрология.<br /> <br /> Отождествления и предсказания:<br /> <br /> (1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' <sup>d</sup>IM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера<sup>?</sup>) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> VI,7; <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.<br /> <br /> (2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU<sub>2</sub>-''ti'' <sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ <sup>d</sup>''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ <sup>ul</sup>A.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) <sup>ul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i<sub>3</sub> sig<sub>5</sub> : <sup>ul</sup>udu.idim.sag.uš <sup>ul</sup>''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].<br /> <br /> (3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.<br /> |Example<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References== <br /> *[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:4workWayne]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mesopotamian]] <br /> [[Category:Constellation]] <br /> [[Category:West Asian]] <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Sumerian]]<br /> [[Category:Cuneiform]]<br /> [[Category:Deity]]<br /> [[Category:Com]]<br /> [[Category:ComaStarCluster]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Edit_Instructions&diff=41032 Edit Instructions 2026-04-12T15:19:06Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>This encyclopaedia was set up and maintained by '''Susanne M Hoffmann (ed.)'''. Concept, idea, framework by Susanne M Hoffmann based on necessities that emerged from several projects of research and development such as:<br /> <br /> * the wish to store and continuously update/ maintain her own research finds in the history of astronomy, e.g. <br /> ** ancient Greek star catalogues (Hipparchus, Aratus, Eratosthenes)<br /> ** ancient Babylonian star & constellation catalogues ([[README]]) <br /> ** her research method to connect mathematical astronomical data with cultural data and the absence of a storage system for the latter<br /> ** inspired by the philological project of an astronomical dictionary entitled "Planetarium Babylonicum" by Felix Gössmann (1950).<br /> * Stellarium software development and the increasing amout of sky culture data <br /> * the need of the IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)<br /> <br /> Hence, the ASE is the intellectual property of Susanne M Hoffmann (ed.) and all authors: like proceedings volumes in the age of books. <br /> <br /> For any question: please contact Susanne M Hoffmann.<br /> <br /> == Authors ==<br /> The content, however, is of course not only generated by one person alone. The content is contributed by selected scholars with whom the editor collaborates, foremost the Working Group on Star Names of the IAU. The author information is always given pagewise (currently: at the bottom). Like in research papers: authors are all people who contributed anything: the student who edited the references, the postdoc who made the maps and images, as well as the professor who wrote or edited the main text. <br /> <br /> '''You have to accept that your contribution is reworked by others''', as this is the core idea of an encyclopaedia: <br /> <br /> * We want to be up to date: when a new paper appears, its new finds will be included. <br /> * PLEASE DON'T DELETE other authors's contribution! This is not an amateur project, so please treat your colleagues with '''RESPECT'''. In case of doubt: ask the colleague and/or the editor! <br /> * Please edit other scholars pages with respect: remember, your edit will make you co-author, so if you would only change a comma, consider reaching out to the colleague instead. However, if you rework the entire page to improve the English, the style or whatever, then go ahead: your work will be acknowledged by co-authorship. This is rather common in all disciplines of research.<br /> * Never edit citations! A citation - no matter if it is from a website-book (like http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/contents.html) or a book on paper: citations are statements of other authors, so please treat them with the usual '''citation rules'''. <br /> * We '''only include published work''' to be sure that the original will be available and is reviewed (at least by editors, ideally in a peer-reviewing process).<br /> * However, our researchers sometimes find new things while writing the ASE: so, in some cases, you will read things here in slightly different ways then in publications. Yet, if the newly generated knowledge is a bigger issue, the author would first get it published in a book or paper before including the information here. <br /> * This encyclopaedia is created in the framework of the IAU - so it will be considered authoritative (as our naming of stars is). Although the ASE is a working tool for the IAU WGSN, we are especially cautious: we do ''not'' offer preliminary "working tables", ''not'' any minutes of internal discussions (only arguments for or against other options of naming like spelling variants, name variants, other stars), but '''''only compiled information'''''. While preparing a star name discussion, a lemma/ page might be incomplete (as a matter of fact). <br /> <br /> [[Contributions|List of Contributors]] <br /> <br /> == Sky Cultures ==<br /> <br /> === Overview Page ===<br /> Each culture has an overview page on which is a list of words in tabular layout: <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+<br /> !word in original language <br /> (with native characters)<br /> !word in (English akademic)<br /> Romanisation<br /> !transliteration:<br /> simplified<br /> !translation<br /> (English)<br /> !Commentary<br /> |-<br /> |This column may contain Sanskrit, Arabic or whatever non-Latin letters, or CKJ-signs or anything that exists in Unicode.<br /> |This spelling<br /> <br /> * may consist diacritics<br /> * has a hyperlink to the lemma page.<br /> |for many languages, there is version of spelling without diacritics, e.g. Chinese "Běi Dǒu" becomes "Beidou" or Arabic al-Ḫāṭib may become al-Khatib. <br /> |we need a simple (one word, ideally) tranlation that gives at least a glance of the meaning. Details are spelled out on the lemma page. For instances, if the term is the name of an ancient deity, it would be sufficient to state here "Deity" and perhaps the realm (if simple enough). <br /> |this column is for basic dictionary instructions, e.g. <br /> <br /> * "see other lemma" with the other lemma hyperlinked<br /> * or "obsolete spelling of ..." with hyperlink to the other term<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Side Menu ===<br /> In the upper left side menu, we create a list of cultures. <br /> <br /> The traditional written cultures from Eurasia are called "Planetarium ..." in acknowledgement of Gössmann's work. <br /> <br /> However, it does not make sense to translate all Indigenous cultures's names to Latin (which is an extinct language). So, we started to use the Stellarium terminology, e.g. for "Balinese Sky Culture" and other. <br /> <br /> In the future, this menu will get too long and will be replaced with a geographical map (we already have test versions of it, but it is still under development). Please ask Susanne M Hoffmann for more information. <br /> [[File:ASE pageschema.jpg|thumb|ASE page schema (two slightly different versions)]]<br /> <br /> === Lemma Pages ===<br /> The lemma pages follow a strict schema, as the ASE is meant to contain information on astronomical data, philology and the history of transfer and transformation of words and images, namely change of vocubulary (etymology) and change of the position/ star/ asterism to which they are applied. <br /> <br /> Please make sure that you include images of <br /> <br /> * the '''oldest depiction of the''' star '''name/''' constellation name that you know: this might be detail of a map where it is depicted, a star catalogue where the name is mentioned, or any other source <br /> * any depiction of the real object that it designates: e.g. if it designates a giraffe, then find an adequate photograph of the animal or take one in the next zoo, if it normally designates a historical instrument or a deity, then people from other cultures would probably not know what you are talking about with any historical depiction (museums, temple walls, etc.) <br /> <br /> Edit '''[[Help]]''' (page)<br /> <br /> ==== Format of the Page ====<br /> All pages have a standardized layout. <br /> <br /> We are currently designing an input form to help authors not to forget any information. Yet, we are still in the test phase. <br /> <br /> For the time being, we work with so-called "[[Patterns]]". <br /> <br /> ==== Editing ====<br /> Most users would want to edit in the mode of WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get). Then, the editor looks like this: <br /> [[File:ASE editor marked.gif|center|frameless|1001x1001px|Menu of the Visual Editor.]]<br /> You can switch to "Edit source" on the right to edit in source code mode. In most cases this will be unnecessary. <br /> <br /> In the upper menu, you have all functions that you typically need: <br /> <br /> * a drop down menu for the editing ("Paragraph" or "Headline" or "Block quote") <br /> * bold, italic, underlined ... and so on, <br /> * hyperlink: ∞<br /> * "Cite" <br /> * list formating (bullet point list or numbered list, increase/decrease indent) <br /> * "Insert" for images, tables etc. <br /> * and special characters.<br /> <gallery><br /> File:ASE editor basicForm.png|ASE Editor - the button for dropdown menu of text type<br /> File:ASE editor markedTextFormat.jpg|ASE Editor - the button for "text formatting" marked<br /> File:ASE editor markedLink.jpg|ASE Editor - the button for "hyperlink" marked<br /> File:ASE citation-menu markd.png|ASE Editor - the button and menu for citation marked<br /> File:ASE editor markedList.jpg|ASE Editor - the button for "insert a list" marked<br /> File:ASE editor image+media.png|ASE Editor - insert menu marked<br /> File:ASE editor markedSpecChar.jpg|ASE Editor - the button for "special character" marked<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ===== Special Character =====<br /> Note that the "Special Characters" menu has a scroll down menu: <br /> [[File:ASE editor specialChar.png|center|frameless|900x900px|ASE editor: special characters. ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Use the scroll bar on the left to select your wished character set. <br /> <br /> ===== Very Special Characters - not in the menu =====<br /> Some characters are so special that they are not in the menu, in particular those for professional editing in various language studies. <br /> <br /> * Cuneiform, hieroglyphs and other signs can be copied from other places and (in most cases) will be displayed - but perhaps not in the font that you like most. We are still working on the font issues, in particular the multiple timelayers of cuneiform evolution that are not yet displayed properly. <br /> * upper half brackets used for incomplete text, have the codepoints (U+2E22, ⸢) and (U+2E23, ⸣). Here is how this should look like: ⸢'''text''' '''in upper half brackets'''⸣<br /> <br /> ==== Citation ====<br /> Note that currently only the "Basic" function works. The other options are displayed but do not work yet: blame Susanne M Hoffmann. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Image Uploads and Inclusion ====<br /> [[File:UPLOAD find+full menus.png|thumb|find UPLOAD FILE in sidemenu]]<br /> In the editor menu, there is the pretty obvious option to include an image. This opens a file browser where you can also upload images. However, then you need to remember to set the licence for your uploaded image manually. As we are humans and tend to forget formalities, it is highly recommend to use this menu only to insert files that are already uploaded. <br /> <br /> For new uploads of files, please scroll to the "UPLOAD FILE" menu at the left sidemenu. <br /> <br /> I personally always have it open in another tab. <br /> <br /> ==== File Uploads ====<br /> Other file uploads (video, PDF of historical documents) can also be done with the same upload menu. <br /> <br /> Please make sure that you have the right to share it under a Creative Commons (CC) licence. <gallery><br /> File:UPLOAD find+full menus.png|upload menu: licence selector<br /> File:UPLOAD menu licence.png|upload menu: licence selector<br /> File:UPLOAD button.png|full upload menu<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> === Categories ===<br /> [[File:ASE pillarCategories.png|thumb|All entries must have at least four categories from these areas.]]<br /> When you are done with editing a specific page, please make sure that the "Categories" are set and that they are set properly. <br /> <br /> This is highly important for links to other software projects, specifically Stellarium, but also for our Encyclopaedia (so that it appears in the correct selections when automatically generated). <br /> <br /> # Switch to "Edit source" mode (see above) <br /> # scroll down to the very bottom of the page <br /> # add categories manually with the command <nowiki>[[ Category: ...]]</nowiki> <br /> # The [[Special:Categories|list of valid categories]] can be found here. <br /> <br /> Please make sure you set at least five categories: <br /> <br /> # for the geographical region according to the [[:File:United Nations geographical subregions.png|UN-schema]]<br /> # for the language<br /> # for the culture<br /> # for the object type (always "Asterism" but also ""Star name" or "Constellation" or "IAU-Star name"?) <br /> # for the IAU-constellation(s) of its position in three letter-abbreviation (e.g. "Cam" or "Oct") <br /> <br /> == our "Digital Library" Pages ([[References]]) ==<br /> In addition to the references that are given on specific lemma pages, we also maintain lists of frequently cited literature. Originally, these pages came into being to make it easier for the authors and editor for copy & pasting the references to the lemma page. However, they also provide a huge advantage when we write papers/ books. <br /> <br /> Furthermore, in this digital format, we can provide much more material - e.g. the full historical map or digital 3D-globe from which a detail is presented on a lemma page. <br /> <br /> Therefore, we like to also continue the library sub-project, as it provides additional value to researchers: very much like in the age of books when you have lists of references chapterwise and additionally at the end of the book one much longer compilation.<br /> <br /> [[Category:Service]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Darlugal&diff=41031 Darlugal 2026-04-12T14:52:02Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{distinguish|DAR.LUGAL}}<br /> <br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]<br /> Darlugal is a modern IAU-star name for the star ζ Lep (HR 1998, HIP 27288) in [[Lepus]], derived from Sumerian [[DAR.LUGAL]] = Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu'', The Rooster, which is the Mesopotamian constellation that covers this area. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> <br /> === Etymology/ Philology ===<br /> The Sumerian term consists of a noun-adjective pair: the noun DAR (a bird) and LUGAL (king, adj. royal), i.e. the royal dar-bird - this being a loan-word into Sumerian and Akkadian, which both preserved the sound of the name the foreign bird being introduced into the Ancient Near East, as well as providing a nice Sumerian explanation of the bird-name. <br /> <br /> The Sumerian term is written syllabically as an Akkadian loan-word ''tarlugallu/'' ''tarnugallu'' (from the Sumerian)''.'' The identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is ''taḫtatâ ana tutu'' - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.” <br /> <br /> === Astronomical Identification ===<br /> Astrometrical evidence for the identification of [[DAR.LUGAL]] with the area of Lepus is suggested in MUL.APIN (from before 1000 BCE) and confirmed in the so-called GU-text from the middle of the first millennium BCE (~500 BCE). It is an astrometrical text that sorts asterisms by lines of right ascension. <br /> <br /> === Cultural Importance of Chicken ===<br /> [[File:DistribChicken Peters2015 Screenshot.png|thumb|Successive distribution of domesticated chicken in Eurasia and Northern Africa (Peters et al. 2015, fig. 1).]]<br /> <br /> Archaeological evidence suggests that chickens were domesticated in Southeast Asia, modern-day Thailand in particular, around 7500(±3300y) BCE, which is derived from genome sequencing initiative for domestic chicken: "domestic chickens were derived initially from the wild RJF subspecies G. g. spadiceus that are currently indigenous in southwestern China, Thailand and Myanmar."<ref>Ming-Shan et al. (2020). 863 genomes reveal the origin and domestication of chicken;30(8):693–701. doi: 10.1038/s41422-020-0349-y; <br /> <br /> [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395088/ online]</ref> <br /> <br /> By the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE, it became culturally present in West Asia (e.g. India, Persia, Mesopotamia, Egypt).<ref>Perry-Gal L., Erlich A., Gilboa A., Bar-Oz G., Earliest economic exploitation of chicken outside East Asia: Evidence from the Hellenistic Southern Levant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 9849–9854 (2015).</ref> They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on. Chickens appear in the archaeological and iconographic record in Mesopotamia during Iron Age I (∼1150 to 965 BCE; Peters et al. 2022<ref name=":0">Peters et al. (2022). The biocultural origins and dispersal of domestic chickens, 119(24):e2121978119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2121978119<br /> <br /> [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9214543/ online]</ref>).<blockquote>"On the Indian subcontinent, which also constitutes a part of the natural dispersal range of the jungle fowl, chicken remains were recorded at a few second millennium B.C.E. sites, and it is commonly assumed that domestication occurred there independently.<ref>West B, Zhou B-X. Did chickens go North? New evidence for domestication. J Archaeol Sci. 1988;15:515–533.</ref><ref>Potts A. Chicken. Reaktion Books; London: 2012.</ref><ref>Badam GL. 1984. Holocene faunal material from India with special reference to domesticated animals in Animals and Archaeology: Early Herders and Their Flocks. BAR International Series 202, eds Clutton-Brock J, Grigson C (Archaeopress, Oxford, UK), pp 339–353.</ref><ref>Pawankar SJ, Thomas PK. Fauna and subsistence pattern in the Chalcolithic culture of Western India, with special reference to Inamgaon: Postpalaeolithic Europe II, Asia, Africa. Anthropozoologica. 1997 25-26:737–746.</ref><ref>Fuller DQ. Agricultural origins and frontiers in South Asia: A working synthesis. J World Prehist. 2006;20(1):1–86. </ref>"<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>"Historical and iconographic records demonstrate an acquaintance with the chicken from the mid-second millennium B.C.E. in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Levant.<ref>Eggler J. 2010 Iconography of deities and demons: Electronic pre-publication: Rooster. Available at: [https://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/ www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/].</ref> All these sources relate to chickens (almost exclusively cocks) as an exotic bird, used ''inter alia'' for cockfighting and displayed as exotica in royal zoos."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century BCE). Domesticated roosters therefore date to the same period as the oldest known astronomical compendium, MUL.APIN, written in cuneiform.<br /> <br /> ==Mythology/ Religion==<br /> <br /> ==IAU Working Group on Star Names==<br /> The name '''Darlugal''' was adopted for the naked eye star Zeta Leporis (HR 1998, HD 38678, HIP 27288, GJ 217.1, GJ 9190, see [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=zet+Lep SIMBAD]) by the IAU WGSN on 22 March 2026 and added to the IAU Catalog of Star Names. The name honours the indigenous Sumerian constellation Darlugal. <br /> <br /> The star '''Darlugal''' (Zeta Leporis) is a relatively nearby (21.6 parsecs), fast-rotating, young (~300 million year-old) A-type star. The star is famous for hosting a dusty debris disks first detected with the IRAS infrared observatory in the 1980s. The dust disk appears to be replenished by collisions of asteroids, as the survival timescales for micron-sized dust grains are only thousands of years. This star was notable as it was one of the only two field stars (including Beta Pictoris) for which excess emission was detected by IRAS at 12 microns, implying the existent of relatively warm (~320 Kelvin) dust (Chen & Jura 2001<ref>Chen and Jura (2001). A Possible Massive Asteroid Belt around ζ Leporis, The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 560, Issue 2, pp. L171-L174. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...560L.171C/abstract online]</ref>). The star and its dust disk was later resolved using the large ground-based Keck telescope at 18 microns, demonstrating that the infrared excess was coming from dust grains orbiting at a few AU (Moerchen et al. 2007<ref>Moerchen et al. (2007). Mid-Infrared Resolution of a 3 AU Radius Debris Disk around ζ Leporis, The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 655, Issue 2, pp. L109-L112 [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...655L.109M/abstract online]</ref>). <br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * <br /> <br /> == Reference ==<br /> * [[References|References (general)]]<br /> * [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]] <br /> * Ian Ridpath's website ([http://ianridpath.com/startales Star Tales] ) <br /> <br /> [[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]<br /> [[Category:Star Name‏‎]]<br /> [[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]<br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:East Asian]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Revati&diff=41030 Revati 2026-04-12T09:22:32Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Revati (रेवती)}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:Revati nakshatras in Temple draw+lbl 4ase.jpg|thumb|Revati, 27th nakshatra, ... ]]<br /> [[File:27 Revati stellarium2.gif|thumb|Revati's shape in temples matches a characteristic star pattern north of its determinative star. Here mapped to Stellarium (SMH for WGSN 2025).]]<br /> <br /> Revati (रेवती), Prosperous, is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Indian. It is the name of HIP 5737 (ζ Psc, HR 361) in the constellation Psc. Goddess Revati is a significant figure in Hindu mythology, best known as the consort of Balarama (elder brother of Krishna) and daughter of King Kakudmi. Renowned for her immense stature, she is often considered an incarnation of the goddess Jyotsna or a form of Lakshmi (goddess of opulence). Her story famously explores themes of time dilation.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology and History==<br /> '''Name Variants'''<br /> <br /> * Revati <br /> * Pourshna<br /> <br /> Revatī is a Hindu mother goddess, in Sanskrit written रेवती. It is also the name of the 27th nakshatra and specifically its ''yogatara'' (main star) ζ Psc. The Sun passing this star designates the beginning of a new (solar) year.<br /> <br /> ===Identification and Main Star ===<br /> Revati's shape in temple illustrations shows sa jar with 29 stars inside, one above and one below. It matches a characteristic oval star pattern north of its determinative star (ζ Psc) in the [[Pisces]]/[[Andromeda]] area. The star above the jar would then mark the position of the Andromeda Galaxy. <br /> <br /> ====Stars within the Constellation Area====<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br /> |+<br /> |-<br /> !id<br /> !Label<br /> !IAU design.<br /> !description<br /> !Vmag<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |Alpherg<br /> |HIP 7097<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> | 3.62<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |Torcular<br /> |HIP 8198<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |4.26<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |Revati<br /> |HIP 5737<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |5.19<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |π Piscium<br /> |HIP 7535<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> |5.535<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |ζ Piscium B<br /> |HIP 5743<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> |6.1<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |118 G. Psc<br /> |HIP 6868<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> |6.214<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |101 Psc<br /> |HIP 7436<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> |6.219<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> | -<br /> |HD 9496A<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> |6.33<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |121 G. Psc<br /> |HIP 7243<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> | 6.33<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |124 G. Psc<br /> |HIP 7819<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> | 6.345<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |CY Psc<br /> |HIP 7505<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> |6.42<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |* 96 Psc<br /> | HIP 6915<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |6.54<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> |* 104 Psc<br /> |HIP 7710<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |6.75<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 7456<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |7.51<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> | -<br /> | HIP 8327<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |8.77<br /> |}<br /> === Transfer and Transformation ===<br /> <gallery><br /> File:Revati nakshatras in Temple draw+lbl 4ase.jpg|Revati 10th century<br /> File:Nakshatra temple magDraw lbl.jpg|Display of all 28th nakshatras in silver arch with candles in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. (SMH 2025).<br /> File:Nakshatras in Temple draw+lbl 4ase.jpg|Display of all 28th nakshatras in a door frame in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. (SMH 2025).<br /> File:Tibet nakshatra 26.png|Revati, Tibetean<br /> File:奎宿（仏像図彙）.png|Revati, Chinese<br /> File:Revati Hindu Lady.jpg|Revati Hindu<br /> File:Balarama with Consort LACMA AC1999.127.33.jpg<br /> File:Lord Revati-Baldevji Jetalpur.jpg|Lord Revati<br /> File:27 Revati draw.png|Revati as reconstructed by Jones (1720)<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ==Mythology/ Religion==<br /> <br /> ==IAU Working Group on Star Names==<br /> [[File:ZetPsc Stellarium Capture.JPG|thumb|zeta Piscium in Stellarium with the nearby X-ray source RX J0113.7+0734]]<br /> [[File:Revati profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.png|thumb|Revati profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]<br /> The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/06/30. <br /> <br /> ζ Psc is a double or multiple star. Clearly resolved are the components A (with V=5.19 mag), B (with V=6.10 mag), and the X-ray source RX J0113.7+0734 (which is linked to them in [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=CCDM+J01137%2B0735AB&NbIdent=query_hlinks&Coord=01+13+46.2%2B07+34+46&children=2&submit=children&hlinksdisplay=h_all SIMBAD] but is actually 52" east of the A-component, 29" east of B). Revati is the name of the component ζ Psc A. This system ζ Psc has the two numbers 5737 and 5743 in the Hipparcos-catalog<ref>Fabricius et al. (2002). [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A%26A...384..180F/abstract The Tycho double star catalogue]</ref> and both of these HIP-numbers are given twice, so that it looks like a quadruple. Yet, in both pairs of stars the all physical entities (spectral class, fluxes in all wavebands) are identical in all (two to six) digits. So, this star is likely only double with the A-type star HIP 5737 as the brighter component. <gallery><br /> File:Revati profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.png|Revati profile card for zeta Psc (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).<br /> File:Revati stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Revati stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ==Weblinks==<br /> *Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/<br /> <br /> ==Reference==<br /> * [[References|References (general)]]<br /> *Saha&Lahiri (1955)<br /> <br /> [[Category:Asterism]]<br /> [[Category:Star Name]]<br /> [[Category:IAU-Star Name]] <br /> [[Category:Psc]] <br /> [[Category:Indian]]<br /> [[Category:Zodiac]]<br /> <br /> <references /></div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Revati&diff=41029 Revati 2026-04-12T09:21:53Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Revati (रेवती)}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:Revati nakshatras in Temple draw+lbl 4ase.jpg|thumb|Revati, 27th nakshatra, ... ]]<br /> [[File:27 Revati stellarium2.gif|thumb|Revati's shape in temples matches a characteristic star pattern north of its determinative star. Here mapped to Stellarium (SMH for WGSN 2025).]]<br /> <br /> Revati (रेवती), Prosperous, is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Indian. It is the name of HIP 5737 (ζ Psc, HR 361) in the constellation Psc. Revati is a significant figure in Hindu mythology, best known as the consort of Balarama (elder brother of Krishna) and daughter of King Kakudmi. Renowned for her immense stature, she is often considered an incarnation of the goddess Jyotsna or a form of Lakshmi (goddess of opulence). Her story famously explores themes of time dilation.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology and History==<br /> '''Name Variants'''<br /> <br /> * Revati <br /> * Pourshna<br /> <br /> Revatī is a Hindu mother goddess, in Sanskrit written रेवती. It is also the name of the 27th nakshatra and specifically its ''yogatara'' (main star) ζ Psc. The Sun passing this star designates the beginning of a new (solar) year.<br /> <br /> ===Identification and Main Star ===<br /> Revati's shape in temple illustrations shows sa jar with 29 stars inside, one above and one below. It matches a characteristic oval star pattern north of its determinative star (ζ Psc) in the [[Pisces]]/[[Andromeda]] area. The star above the jar would then mark the position of the Andromeda Galaxy. <br /> <br /> ====Stars within the Constellation Area====<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br /> |+<br /> |-<br /> !id<br /> !Label<br /> !IAU design.<br /> !description<br /> !Vmag<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |Alpherg<br /> |HIP 7097<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> | 3.62<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |Torcular<br /> |HIP 8198<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |4.26<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |Revati<br /> |HIP 5737<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |5.19<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |π Piscium<br /> |HIP 7535<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> |5.535<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |ζ Piscium B<br /> |HIP 5743<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> |6.1<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |118 G. Psc<br /> |HIP 6868<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> |6.214<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |101 Psc<br /> |HIP 7436<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> |6.219<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> | -<br /> |HD 9496A<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> |6.33<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |121 G. Psc<br /> |HIP 7243<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> | 6.33<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |124 G. Psc<br /> |HIP 7819<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> | 6.345<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |CY Psc<br /> |HIP 7505<br /> |Inside the hull<br /> |6.42<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |* 96 Psc<br /> | HIP 6915<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |6.54<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> |* 104 Psc<br /> |HIP 7710<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |6.75<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 7456<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |7.51<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> | -<br /> | HIP 8327<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |8.77<br /> |}<br /> === Transfer and Transformation ===<br /> <gallery><br /> File:Revati nakshatras in Temple draw+lbl 4ase.jpg|Revati 10th century<br /> File:Nakshatra temple magDraw lbl.jpg|Display of all 28th nakshatras in silver arch with candles in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. (SMH 2025).<br /> File:Nakshatras in Temple draw+lbl 4ase.jpg|Display of all 28th nakshatras in a door frame in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. (SMH 2025).<br /> File:Tibet nakshatra 26.png|Revati, Tibetean<br /> File:奎宿（仏像図彙）.png|Revati, Chinese<br /> File:Revati Hindu Lady.jpg|Revati Hindu<br /> File:Balarama with Consort LACMA AC1999.127.33.jpg<br /> File:Lord Revati-Baldevji Jetalpur.jpg|Lord Revati<br /> File:27 Revati draw.png|Revati as reconstructed by Jones (1720)<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ==Mythology/ Religion==<br /> <br /> ==IAU Working Group on Star Names==<br /> [[File:ZetPsc Stellarium Capture.JPG|thumb|zeta Piscium in Stellarium with the nearby X-ray source RX J0113.7+0734]]<br /> [[File:Revati profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.png|thumb|Revati profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]<br /> The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/06/30. <br /> <br /> ζ Psc is a double or multiple star. Clearly resolved are the components A (with V=5.19 mag), B (with V=6.10 mag), and the X-ray source RX J0113.7+0734 (which is linked to them in [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=CCDM+J01137%2B0735AB&NbIdent=query_hlinks&Coord=01+13+46.2%2B07+34+46&children=2&submit=children&hlinksdisplay=h_all SIMBAD] but is actually 52" east of the A-component, 29" east of B). Revati is the name of the component ζ Psc A. This system ζ Psc has the two numbers 5737 and 5743 in the Hipparcos-catalog<ref>Fabricius et al. (2002). [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A%26A...384..180F/abstract The Tycho double star catalogue]</ref> and both of these HIP-numbers are given twice, so that it looks like a quadruple. Yet, in both pairs of stars the all physical entities (spectral class, fluxes in all wavebands) are identical in all (two to six) digits. So, this star is likely only double with the A-type star HIP 5737 as the brighter component. <gallery><br /> File:Revati profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.png|Revati profile card for zeta Psc (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).<br /> File:Revati stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Revati stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ==Weblinks==<br /> *Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/<br /> <br /> ==Reference==<br /> * [[References|References (general)]]<br /> *Saha&Lahiri (1955)<br /> <br /> [[Category:Asterism]]<br /> [[Category:Star Name]]<br /> [[Category:IAU-Star Name]] <br /> [[Category:Psc]] <br /> [[Category:Indian]]<br /> [[Category:Zodiac]]<br /> <br /> <references /></div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=GA%C5%A0AN.TIN&diff=41013 GAŠAN.TIN 2026-04-10T13:09:32Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul / d</sup>GAŠAN.TIN, <sup>mul</sup>''bēlet balāṭi''}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> <sup>mul / d</sup>GAŠAN.TIN (𒀯𒃽𒁷) = <sup>mul</sup>''bēlet balāṭi'', 'The Lady of Life,' a name for the bright star [[Vega]], the fifth brightest star in the sky (also over Ancient Mesopotamia), located in [[Lyra]]. The name 'Lady of Life' serves only as a name for this star or as a single-star asterism and not as a constellation name. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==<br /> = <sup>mul</sup>''bēlet balāṭi'' "Lady of life"; = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Vega) [Gössmann 1950,<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68].<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |-<br /> !Sources!!Identifications<br /> |-<br /> |'''"Letters."''' <br /> See. [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81:3, 240:9].<br /> |Example<br /> |-<br /> |'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''<br /> * (1) AO 6478: <br /> ** a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA <sup>mul</sup>DILI | EN <sup>mul</sup>GAŠAN.TIN "1⅔ mins weight, 100 on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the Separate star to the Lady of Life," <br /> ** b) 3⅓ MA. NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN | TA <sup>mul</sup>GAŠAN.TIN | EN ''ku-ma-ri ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A "3⅓ mins weight, 200 on earth, 36000 miles in the sky / From the Lady of Life to the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth". [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15-18; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:15-18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see. [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:6-7]. <br /> * (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup>[GAŠAN TIN] "100 to [the Lady of Life]." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 224-225:2]. <br /> * (3) VAT 16436: <sup>múl</sup>GAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ<sub>3</sub> "Lord of Life // 3 (stars) // 3600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:24]. <br /> * (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>˹GAŠAN TIN˺ "100 to the Lord of Life". [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:7]; for a parallel see BM 61677: 10 UŠ ''a-na be-l''[''e-et ba-la-ṭi''...] [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 180:4′].<br /> * '''(5) LBAT 1502.'''<br /> ** [...] ''u'' <sup>múl</sup>''P''[''a-bi'']''l-sag'' MUL<sub>2</sub> AN.TA.GUB | <sup>d</sup>''be-let'' TIN ''ana ziq-pi'' [...]<br /> ** "[...] and P[abi]lsag is the star Antagub. The Lady of Life culminates [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 14, ii 13].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.''' <br /> See. [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 247-251].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''GU-text.'''<br /> * (T) <sup>mul</sup>zubi ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> "Staff(?) of the Goat" (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31]; according to [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60], <sup>mul</sup>zubi ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> is η Lyr, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ<sub>3</sub>]]. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.''' <br /> Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars: <br /> <br /> * MAŠ<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>[...<sup>iti</sup>A]B <sup>[mu]l</sup>GAŠAN.TIN "The lamb is [...]; tebet; the Lady of Life". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:18; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78]. <br /> <br /> See also U.197 obv. 6ʹ: <sup>múl</sup>gašan.tin [...] [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 75].<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> ===Additional===<br /> <br /> ==== Deity. ====<br /> <sup>d</sup>''bēlet balāṭi'' — an epithet of Damkina [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 57-58] who seems to have been identified with the star Vega. Its appearances were observed regularly in the Neo-Assyrian period: [...] <sup>mul</sup>GAG.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> / <sup>mul</sup>LI<sub>9</sub>.SI<sub>4</sub> (glossary: li-si) / <sup>mul</sup>''be-let'' TI.LA / ''an-nu-ti'' / ''pa-ni-u''<sub>2</sub>''-ti'' / ''ša ina pa-ni-ti'' / ''in-na-me-ru-ni'' "[...] (stars) Sirius, Antares, Vega — those are the first ones that already became visible" [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81: 1'-6', e. 7']. In connection with the lunar eclipse in front of Vega, in addition to other luminaries, there was the ritual of the "lending of the hands" (ŠU.IL<sub>2</sub>.LA<sub>2</sub>.KAM) [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 240: 9]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>: 177-178].<br /> <br /> ==== Identification. ====<br /> = α Lyrae (Vega) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86];<br /> <br /> = η Lyrae [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60];<br /> <br /> = α, ε, ζ Lyrae (according to VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 89].<br /> <br /> ==Historical Dictionaries==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |-<br /> ! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g09)<br /> ! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)<br /> |-<br /> |= <sup>mul</sup>bēlet balāṭi «Владычица жизни»; = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68].<br /> I. Источники.<br /> <br /> «Письма». См. [SAA 10, 81:3, 240:9]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA <sup>mul</sup>DILI | EN <sup>mul</sup>GAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Владычицы Жизни», b) 3⅓ MA.NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN | TA <sup>mul</sup>GAŠAN.TIN | EN ku-ma-ri ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Владычицы Жизни до плеча Демона с Разинутою Пастью» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15–18; TU, 21:15–18; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:6–7]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na <sup>mul</sup>[GAŠAN TIN] «100 до [Владычицы Жизни]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:2]. (3) VAT 16436: <sup>múl</sup>GAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ<sub>3</sub> «Владычица Жизни // 3 (звезды) // 3600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:24]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana <sup>mul</sup>˹GAŠAN TIN˺ «100 до Владычицы жизни» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:7]; параллель см. в BM 61677: 10 UŠ a-na be-l[e-et ba-la-ṭi…] [ibid., 180:4′]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. GU-текст. (Т) <sup>mul</sup>zubi ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> «Посох(?) Козы» (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:31]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], <sup>mul</sup>zubi ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> — η Lyr, см. u31UZ<sub>3</sub>. LBAT 1502. […] u <sup>múl</sup>P[a-bi]l-sag MUL<sub>2</sub> AN.TA.GUB | <sup>d</sup>be-let TIN ana ziq-pi [...] «[…] и П[аби]лсаг — звезда Антагуб. Владычица Жизни кульминирует […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 14, ii 13]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: MAŠ<sub>2</sub> d[…<sup>iti</sup>A]B <sup>[mu]l</sup>GAŠAN.TIN «Ягненок — […]; тебету; Владычица жизни» [SpTU IV, 159:18; Reiner 1995, 78]. См. также U.197 obv. 6ʹ: <sup>múl</sup>gašan.tin […] [Sachs 1952, 75].<br /> <br /> II. Божество.<br /> <br /> <sup>d</sup>bēlet balāṭi ― эпитет Дамкины [Tallqvist 1938, 57–58], которая, по-видимому, отождествлялась со звездой Вега. Ее появления наблюдали регулярно в новоассирийский период: […] <sup>mul</sup>GAG.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> / <sup>mul</sup>LI<sub>9</sub>.SI<sub>4</sub> (глосса: li-si) / <sup>mul</sup>be-let TI.LA / an-nu-ti / pa-ni-u<sub>2</sub>-ti / ša ina pa-ni-ti / in-na-me-ru-ni «[...] (звезды) Сириус, Антарес, Вега ― те, что первыми стали уже видны» [SAA 10, 81: 1'–6', e. 7']. В связи с лунным затмением перед Вегой наряду с другими светилами совершали ритуал «Воздевания рук» (ŠU.IL<sub>2</sub>.LA<sub>2</sub>.KAM) [SAA 10, 240:9]; см. также [LAS 2, 177–178].<br /> <br /> III. Отождествление.<br /> <br /> = α Lyrae (Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68; Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86];<br /> <br /> = η Lyrae [Koch 1992, 60];<br /> <br /> = α, ε, ζ Lyrae (в соответствии с VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 89].<br /> |Example<br /> |}<br /> ==References==<br /> *[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mesopotamian]] <br /> [[Category:Sumerian]] <br /> [[Category:West Asian]] <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Cuneiform]]<br /> [[Category:Lyr]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Bibbu&diff=41012 Bibbu 2026-04-10T11:18:40Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> <br /> [[File:Jupiter-mars-plejaden 2024-07-08 IMG 2438 engl.gif|alt=photograph|thumb|Jupiter and Mars at dawn (SMH 2024). ]]<br /> <sup>mul / d</sup>''Bibbu'' (𒀯𒁉𒅁𒁍) is the ancient Akkadian generic term term for the seven 'ancient planets' known to Mesopotamian astronomers. The Akkadian term is typically equated with Sumerian UDU.IDIM, 'wild sheep,' as opposed to the fixed-stars which were compared with domesticated farm animals (see Horowitz 2010 and Rochberg 2010). For varying sequences in lists of the 7 ''bibbu:'' Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Sun and Moon, see Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 57-58.<br /> {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bibbu''}}<br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==<br /> Equated with Sumerian UDU.BAD (now read <sup>mul / d</sup>udu-til but also <sup>mul / d</sup>udu-idim).<br /> <br /> "Wild sheep"ː a designation of the planets as a special category of luminaries, and especially of Mercury, Saturn and Mars, found mainly in lexical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 55; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 217-218].<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |-<br /> !Sources!!Identifications<br /> |-<br /> |'''Lexical texts.'''<br /> * (1) Series Aa II/6 ii 36: <sup>mu-lu</sup>MUL = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Star = wild sheep". [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 291]. <br /> * (2) Series Urra XXII: <br /> ** (a) <sup>mul</sup>udu.idim = ''bi-i-bu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:174], <br /> ** (b) [<sup>mul</sup>UDU.BA]D = ''bi-ib-bi'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], <sup>mul</sup>udu.til = ''bi-ib-bi'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 106:280′]; for a parallel see [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 132:14; 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105 iv 5; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 Rs. V 24?]. <br /> * (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: <sup>mul</sup>UDU.BAD = ''bi-ib-bi'' = <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD "Wild sheep = Mercury" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:42]; parallel [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 iii 11]. <br /> * (4) Series Antagal G 308 (in the list of planets between Saturn and Mars): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.GU<sub>4</sub>.UD "Wild Sheep = Mercury" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308]. <br /> * (5) [''bi'']''-ib-bu'' = <sup>d</sup>''zi-b''[''a-ni-tum''] "Wild Sheep = Libra (= Mercury or Saturn?) [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 41, K.11283:3]. <br /> * (6) Series Erimḫuš: <sup>d</sup>NIN.GIR<sub>3</sub>.BANDA<sub>3</sub> = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Saturn? = Wild Sheep." [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 18, 48 ii 26].<br /> |Example<br /> |-<br /> |'''EAE.''' <br /> In astrological texts the word ''bibbu'', written syllabically, is not often used, cf. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; Verderame 2002, 246]. <br /> <br /> See also: <sup>d</sup>''bi-ib-bu'' = <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM in astrological commentaries [AfO 14<ref>''Meier G. von.'' Die zweite Tafel der Serie ''bīt mēseri'' // AfO. 1942. Bd. 14, Heft 3/4. S. 139-142.</ref>, Taf. VII i 24; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 137, Vg:24′], <sup>(mul)</sup>UDU.IDIM = <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM ''bi-ib-bu'' [LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 30:5]. <br /> |-<br /> |'''Reports''' <br /> See [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 503:4].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Šumma Izbu.''' <br /> Izbu Comm. 206: ''bi-ib-bu'' = Nergal, quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218]. <br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Additional===<br /> <br /> ==== Deity. ====<br /> The name <sup>mul / d</sup>UDU.IDIM/TIL occurs in the earliest Sumerian lists of stars [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:400]. Its Akkadian equivalent ''bibbu'' appears for the first time in texts of the second half of the 2nd millennium BC (Series Urra XXII, a copy from Emar) sometimes with the determinative d. Initially, the term apparently referred only to the three planets Mercury, Saturn and Mars, then was extended to the 7 luminaries (including the Moon and the Sun), whose position changes relative to the fixed stars. The planets were already worshipped as deities, apparently, in the Old Babylonian period, and possibly earlier. It is unknown, however, when exactly in Mesopotamia all the five planets, observable with the naked eye, were identified. The evidence from the Old Babylonian period concerns only Venus, Jupiter and Mars.<br /> <br /> ==== Identification. ====<br /> (1) = Planet; meaning reliably attested in lexical and astrological texts, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].<br /> <br /> (2) = Mercury; see above, also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU<sub>4</sub>.UD]].<br /> <br /> (3) = Saturn; see above, and also (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]].<br /> <br /> (4) = Mars; see above, also (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.<br /> <br /> (5) = meteor, comet; cf. [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218], see, however, [Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 171].<br /> <br /> ==== Astrology. ====<br /> (1) A Planet and the Goat: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''bi-ib-bu ana'' <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> [TE] ... "If a planet comes close to the Goat (= Venus?): the country of Akkad will fall apart, the king of Akkad will die" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:106].<br /> <br /> (2) A planet and the Jaw of the Bull see (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is le''<sub>10</sub>]], VI 2.<br /> <br /> (3) Mercury as a planetː DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''bi''-˹''ib-bu''˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''nin-urta'' MU.NE ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub>.A ''lu ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A IGI.LA<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' ... "If a planet, (read) ''bi-ib-bu'', whose name is Ninurta, appears at sunrise or at sunset..." [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:99ff.]<br /> ==Historical Dictionaries==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |-<br /> ! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b10)<br /> ! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)<br /> |-<br /> |аккадская параллель к <sup>mul / d</sup>UDU.IDIM/TIL «Дикая овца»; обозначение планет как особой категории светил, и, в особенности, Меркурия, Сатурна и Марса, встречающееся главным образом в лексических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 55; AHw, 124; CAD B, 217–218].<br /> I. Источники.<br /> <br /> Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Аа II/6 ii 36: <sup>mu-lu</sup>MUL = bi-ib-bu «Звезда = дикая овца» [MSL XIV, 291]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: a) <sup>mul</sup>udu.idim = bi-i-bu [Emar VI/4, 151:174], b) [<sup>mul</sup>UDU.BA]D = bi-ib-bi [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], <sup>mul</sup>udu.til = bi-ib-bi [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:280′]; параллель см. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:14; 1981, 105 iv 5; SpTU III, 114 Rs. V 24?]. (3) Cерия Ḫg. B VI: <sup>mul</sup>UDU.BAD = bi-ib-bi = <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [MSL XI, 40:42]; параллель [SpTU III, 116 iii 11]. (4) Серия Antagal (G 308) (в списке планет между Сатурном и Марсом): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.GU<sub>4</sub>.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [CT 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308]. (5) [bi]-ib-bu = <sup>d</sup>zi-b[a-ni-tum] «Дикая овца = Весы (= Меркурий или Сатурн?) [CT 26, 41, K.11283:3]. (6) Серия Erimḫuš: <sup>d</sup>NIN.GIR<sub>3</sub>.BANDA<sub>3</sub> = bi-ib-bu «Сатурн? = Дикая овца» [CT 18, 48 ii 26]. ЕАЕ. В астрологических текстах слово bibbu, записанное силлабически, употребляется не часто, cм. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; Verderame 2002, 246]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 503:4]. Šumma Izbu. Comm. 206: bi-ib-bu = Nergal, цит. по [CAD B, 218]. Cм. также: <sup>d</sup>bi-ib-bu = <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM в астрологическом комментарии [AfO 14, Taf. VII i 24; Verderame 2002, 137, Vg:24′], <sup>(mul)</sup>UDU.IDIM = <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIMbi-ib-bu [LKU, 30:5].<br /> <br /> II. Божество.<br /> <br /> Название <sup>mul / d</sup>UDU.IDIM/TIL встречается в самых ранних шумерских списках звезд [MSL XI, 108:400]. Его аккадский эквивалент bibbu появляется впервые в текстах второй половины II тыс. до н.э. (серии Urra XXII, копия из Эмара) иногда с детерминативом d. Первоначально термин относился, по-видимому, только к трем планетам ― Меркурию, Сатурну и Марсу, затем был распространен на 7 светил (включая Луну и Солнце), положение которых меняется относительно неподвижных звезд. Планеты почитались как божества уже, по-видимому, в старовавилонский период, а возможно, и раньше. Неизвестно, однако, когда именно в Месопотамии были выделены все пять планет, наблюдаемые невооруженным глазом. Относящиеся к старовавилонскому периоду свидетельства касаются только Венеры, Юпитера и Марса.<br /> <br /> III. Отождествление.<br /> <br /> (1) = Планета; значение надежно засвидетельствовано в лексических и астрологических текстах, см. u07UDU.IDIM.<br /> <br /> (2) = Меркурий; см. выше, а также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD.<br /> <br /> (3) = Сатурн; см. выше, а также u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ.<br /> <br /> (4) = Марс; см. выше, а также ts02Ṣalbatānu.<br /> <br /> (5) = метеор, комета; см. [AHw, 124; CAD B, 218], см., однако, [Chadwick 1993, 171].<br /> <br /> IV. Астрология.<br /> <br /> (1) Планета и Коза; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>bi-ib-bu ana <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> [TE] … «Если планета к Козе (= Венера?) приближается: страна Аккада распадется, царь Аккада умрет» [TU, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957, 252:106].<br /> <br /> (2) Планета и Челюсть Быка; см. i15Is lê, VI 2.<br /> <br /> (3) Меркурий как планета; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM bi-˹ib-bu˺ ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>nin-urta MU.NE ina <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub>.A lu ina <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A IGI.LA<sub>2</sub>-ma … «Если планета, (читай) bi-ib-bu, чье имя Нинурта, при восходе Солнца или при заходе Солнца появляется…» [TU, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957, 252:99ff.].<br /> |Example<br /> |}<br /> ==References==<br /> *[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mesopotamian]] <br /> [[Category:Akkadian]] <br /> [[Category:West Asian]] <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Cuneiform]]<br /> [[Category:Planet]]<br /> [[Category:Solar System]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Al-Simakan&diff=41005 Al-Simakan 2026-04-10T10:06:22Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Simākān ()}}<br /> <br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}} <br /> ----<br /> [[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]<br /> [[File:Rumh of Simakan RL map+draw.png|thumb|Arabian constellation al-Simakan, The Two Supporters, with Lances, Arms and Throne (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]<br /> ''al-Simākān'', the 2 Simaks = Two Supporters, is an Arabian constellation of two men, one in arms, one disarmed.<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref><ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref><ref>al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.</ref> The constellation is located in [[Bootes]].<br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> [[File:EtaBoo Ideler1809.jpeg|thumb|on eta Bootis in Ideler (1809)<ref>Ludwig Ideler (1809). "Untersuchungen Über Den Ursprung Und Die Bedeutung Der Sternnamen: Ein Beytrag Zur Geschichte Des Gerstirnten Himmels", reprint: Legare Street Press</ref>.]] <br /> Adams (2018),<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref> pp. xx-xx. <br /> ...<br /> <br /> per Khalid AlAjaji <br /> <br /> Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>) gives the image as '''« les 2 Simaks = les 2 Soutiens »''' which consists of several named stars: <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Simākān''<br /> | valign="top" |the 2 Simaks = the 2 Supporters<br /> | valign="top" |''α Boo +α Vir''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Simāk al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |The Disarmed Simak / Azimech<br /> | valign="top" |''α Vir''<br /> | valign="top" |Hağğāğ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |Alaazel = the Disarmed/<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Yaḥya<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Aḥyam''<br /> | valign="top" |The Cunning One ( ?)<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ét. Tibbetts.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Uḥaymir''<br /> | valign="top" |The Little Red One<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ét. Tibbetts.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Muqaddam al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |Alaazel’s Anterior<br /> | valign="top" |''θ Vir''<br /> | valign="top" |Miṣrī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Aᶜlām al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |The Announcement/ Harbinger of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''η UMa''<br /> | valign="top" |Miṣrī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''ᶜArš al-Simāk al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |the Throne of the Disarmed Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''βγδε Crv''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Armed Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''α Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Lancer<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="6" valign="top" |Adjacent Star Names of al-Simākān<br /> |-<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rumḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |la Lance<br /> | valign="top" |''η Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mirzam al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Predecessor of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Marzūqī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |The Isolated One of Alramech<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Tīzīnī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Rāyat al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Standard of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''ε Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Tābiᶜ al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Follower of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-ᶜAḍaba''<br /> | valign="top" |the Belt<br /> | valign="top" |''ρσ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" |''τυ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Discussion===<br /> <br /> ==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * <br /> <br /> == Reference ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Arabic]]<br /> [[Category:Constellation]]<br /> [[Category:Star Name]]<br /> [[Category:Asterism]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Al-Simakan&diff=41004 Al-Simakan 2026-04-10T10:05:49Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Simākān ()}}<br /> <br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}} <br /> ----<br /> [[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]<br /> [[File:Rumh of Simakan RL map+draw.png|thumb|Arabian constellation al-Simakan, The Two Supporters, with Lances, Arms and Throne (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]<br /> ''al-Simākān'', the 2 Simaks = Two Supporters, is an Arabian constellation of two men, one in arms, one disarmed.<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref><ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref><ref>al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.</ref> The constellation is located in [[Bootes]].<br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> [[File:EtaBoo Ideler1809.jpeg|thumb|on eta Bootis in Ideler (1809).]] <br /> Adams (2018),<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref> pp. xx-xx. <br /> ...<br /> <br /> per Khalid AlAjaji <br /> <br /> Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>) gives the image as '''« les 2 Simaks = les 2 Soutiens »''' which consists of several named stars: <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Simākān''<br /> | valign="top" |the 2 Simaks = the 2 Supporters<br /> | valign="top" |''α Boo +α Vir''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Simāk al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |The Disarmed Simak / Azimech<br /> | valign="top" |''α Vir''<br /> | valign="top" |Hağğāğ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |Alaazel = the Disarmed/<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Yaḥya<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Aḥyam''<br /> | valign="top" |The Cunning One ( ?)<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ét. Tibbetts.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Uḥaymir''<br /> | valign="top" |The Little Red One<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ét. Tibbetts.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Muqaddam al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |Alaazel’s Anterior<br /> | valign="top" |''θ Vir''<br /> | valign="top" |Miṣrī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Aᶜlām al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |The Announcement/ Harbinger of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''η UMa''<br /> | valign="top" |Miṣrī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''ᶜArš al-Simāk al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |the Throne of the Disarmed Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''βγδε Crv''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Armed Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''α Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Lancer<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="6" valign="top" |Adjacent Star Names of al-Simākān<br /> |-<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rumḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |la Lance<br /> | valign="top" |''η Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mirzam al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Predecessor of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Marzūqī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |The Isolated One of Alramech<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Tīzīnī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Rāyat al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Standard of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''ε Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Tābiᶜ al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Follower of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-ᶜAḍaba''<br /> | valign="top" |the Belt<br /> | valign="top" |''ρσ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" |''τυ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Discussion===<br /> <br /> ==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * <br /> <br /> == Reference ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Arabic]]<br /> [[Category:Constellation]]<br /> [[Category:Star Name]]<br /> [[Category:Asterism]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Muphrid&diff=41003 Muphrid 2026-04-10T10:05:08Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Muphrid}}<br /> Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> Muphrid ( '''المفرد''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 67927 (η Boo, HR 5235) in constellation [[Bootes]].<br /> <br /> ==Etymology and History==<br /> [[File:EtaBoo Ideler1809.jpeg|thumb|on eta Bootis in Ideler (1809).]] <br /> Ideler (1809)<ref>Ludwig Ideler (1809). "Untersuchungen Über Den Ursprung Und Die Bedeutung Der Sternnamen: Ein Beytrag Zur Geschichte Des Gerstirnten Himmels", reprint: Legare Street Press</ref> writes that he doesn't understand why the star is named as such. He states that the term is translated "isolated" but that it is unclear whether the isolation refers to a location separate from the Bootes figure or something else ("Mufrid heißt abgesondert, isolirt. Was es in dieser Zusammensetzung sagen soll, ist mir nicht ganz klar.").<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Kunitzsch and Smart (2006):<ref>Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.</ref><blockquote>The formation of this name begins with the ancient Arabic name for α Boo: al-simak al-ramih, "the Lance-bearing simak" (the meaning of simak is uncertain). It seems that later Arabic poets expanded upon this name by making mention of some separate "lance" (al-rumh) that accompanied the star α Boo. Subsequent Arabs attempted to identify this fictitious lance with actual stars, sometimes saying it was η Boo with nearby stars, sometimes saying it was "η Boo alone" (where "alone", in Arabic, is written mufradan). From these discussions came, with a slight copying mistake in the Arabic, the erroneous Arabic name mufrad al-ramih, roughly translating as "the Isolated Single One of the Lance-Bearer". With a wrong vocalization and with abbreviation, this erroneous name, as "Muphrid", was applied in recent times.</blockquote><br /> [[File:Rumh of Simakan RL map+draw.png|thumb|Arabian constellation al-Simak with Lances and Armes (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]<br /> Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots</ref> writes: <blockquote>'''''Muphrid''''' ''(η Boo: 2.68) /'' '''المفرد''' '''.''' Borrowed two centuries ago and now adopted by the IAU, this name corresponds to the late Arabic phrase ''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ'', ‘the isolated [star] of Alramech’, which is explained by its position near the main star of the constellation (see ''supra'', ''Fig. 53b''). Arabic: ''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ'', Uluġ Bēg, ''‘Muphrid AlRâmih’'', Hyde > ''Miphrid'', Bode and Piazzi > French: ''Moufride'', Coulier, ''Muphrid'', Francœur. ''Muphrid'' & var., Allen, Rumrill, Hoffleit, but ''Muphrid'' alone, Rhoads, etc., Simbad, IAU.</blockquote> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! valign="top" |Name <br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rumḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |la Lance<br /> | valign="top" |''η Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mirzam al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Predecessor of Simak<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Marzūqī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |The Isolated One of Alramech<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Tīzīnī<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Rāyat al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Standard of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''ε Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Tābiᶜ al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Follower of Simak<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-ᶜAḍaba''<br /> | valign="top" |the Belt<br /> | valign="top" |''ρσ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" |''τυ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Mythology==<br /> <br /> ==IAU Working Group on Star Names==<br /> The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/09/12. <br /> <br /> ==Weblinks==<br /> * Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/<br /> <br /> ==Reference==<br /> *[[References|References (general)]]<br /> *<br /> <br /> [[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Boo]] [[Category:Arabic]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Al-Rum%E1%B8%A5&diff=41000 Al-Rumḥ 2026-04-10T09:42:49Z

<p>Sushoff: /* Discussion */</p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Al-Rumḥ (الرُمْح)}}<br /> <br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]<br /> Al-Rumḥ (الرُّمْح) is an asterism in the Arabian constellation [[Al-Simakan|al-Simākān]] in [[Bootes]].<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref><ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref><ref>al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.</ref><br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> '''Headword (Arabic):''' الرُّمْح<br /> <br /> '''Transliteration:''' al-Rumḥ<br /> <br /> '''IPA:''' ar.rumħ<br /> <br /> === Historical ===<br /> [[File:EtaBoo Ideler1809.jpeg|thumb|on eta Bootis in Ideler (1809).]] <br /> Ideler (1809)<ref>Ludwig Ideler (1809). "Untersuchungen Über Den Ursprung Und Die Bedeutung Der Sternnamen: Ein Beytrag Zur Geschichte Des Gerstirnten Himmels", reprint: Legare Street Press</ref> translates "Rumh el-râmih, Lanze des Lanzenträgers" (the lance of the lance-carrier) and mentions that some sources add "Sâk el-auwâ", the shinbone of Bootes. He also points out a mistake in Ulugh Beg's identification with stars in Hercules. <br /> <br /> === Modern Authors ===<br /> Adams (2018),<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref> pp. xx-xx. <br /> <br /> ==== Khalid AlAjaji ====<br /> <blockquote><br /> [[File:Al-Rumh.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]</blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== ''Al-Rumḥ'' (The Spear) =====<br /> <blockquote><br /> In classical Arabic astronomy, '''''al-Rumḥ''''' (الرمح, "the lance" or "the spear") refers to an asterism associated with the star '''Arcturus''' (α Boötis). Historical interpretations of its composition and nomenclature vary between the philological ''Anwāʾ'' tradition and the astronomical tradition.</blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== Overview and Etymology =====<br /> <blockquote><br /> The presence of this asterism is the defining factor in the naming of Arcturus as '''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' (السماك الرامح, "The Uplifted One Armed with a Spear"). This designation serves to distinguish it from the star Spica (α Virginis), known as '''al-Simāk al-A‘zal''' (السماك الأعزل, "The Unarmed Uplifted One"), so named because it lacks an associated weaponized asterism. <br /> <br /> The term ''Simāk'' (from the root ''s-m-k'', "to elevate") refers to the high meridian altitude these stars reach in the northern sky.</blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== Historical Traditions =====<br /> <br /> ====== The ''Anwāʾ'' Tradition: ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' ======<br /> <blockquote><br /> Philologists and ''Anwāʾ'' authors, such as Ibn Qutaybah and al-Marzūqī, identified the "weapon" of the Lancer primarily as a single star, which they termed '''Rāyat al-Simāk''' ("The Banner of the Simāk").<br /> <br /> '''Ibn Qutaybah''' accounts for the naming of the "Lancer" by identifying a small star situated near Arcturus:<br /> <blockquote>"It was named 'The Lancer' because of a small star positioned near it called ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' (The Banner of the Simāk). Thus, it became 'The Lancer' by virtue of [the banner], while the other became 'The Unarmed' (''al-A‘zal'') because there is nothing before it." <ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, p. 62.</ref></blockquote><br /> <br /> '''Al-Marzūqī''' provides a more specific spatial orientation, placing this star in relation to the constellation Corona Borealis ''al-Fakkah'':<br /> <blockquote>"When ''al-Fakkah'' reaches the meridian, or nears it... you will see ''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ'' (Arcturus) positioned before it. You will also see ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' [ε Boötis] behind it, situated between [Arcturus] and ''al-Fakkah''. This is a star set apart from it, joined by another nearby star that resembles a streamer (''‘adhabah'') on a lance. For this reason, it is called 'The Lancer' (''al-Rāmiḥ'') and 'The Possessor of the Weapon' (''Dhū al-Silāḥ''), while the other Simāk is called 'The Unarmed' (''al-A‘zal'')." <ref>Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030). 2002. ''Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah'' (Times and Places). Critical edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi. Beirut: World of Books, vol. 2, p. 343.</ref></blockquote></blockquote><br /> <br /> ====== Al-Ṣūfī’s Synthesis: ''Al-Rumḥ'' and ''Al-Silāḥ'' (The Weapon) ======<br /> <blockquote><br /> In his astronomical book ''Kitāb al-Kawākib'', |al-Ṣūfī provides a more detailed celestial map, describing ''al-Rumḥ'' as a complex configuration of stars marking the head and the foot of the lance. He distinguishes the "Lancer" (Arcturus) from its armament (''al-Silāḥ''):<br /> <br /> <blockquote>[[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]"As for the single [star] outside the figure [of Boötes], it is the bright red one located between its thighs... it is this which is called '''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' [α Boo]. The Arabs... called it ''Rāmiḥ'' (The Lancer) because they likened the sixteenth star on its thigh [ε Boo] and the twentieth star on its left leg [η Boo] to a '''lance''' (''rumḥ'') belonging to it. They likened the two close stars on the waist—the seventeenth and eighteenth [σ and ρ Boo]—to a '''streamer''' (''‘adhabah'') for the end of the lance where the sixteenth star is located; and they likened the twenty-first and twenty-second stars [τ and υ Boo] to a streamer for the end where the twentieth star is located." <ref name=":0">Ibn al-Ṣūfī, Abū ʿali al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. 2021. ''Urjuzat al-kawākib'' (The Poem of the Stars). Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition. [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr (online)], p 232.</ref></blockquote><br /> Al-Ṣūfī also identifies a broader group of faint stars not described by Ptolemy:<br /> <blockquote>"The stars surrounding the Simāk among these stars [ζ, ο, ξ, and π Boo] are called by the Arabs al-Silāḥ (The Weapon). Sometimes the twentieth star on the left leg [η Boo] is specifically called al-Rumḥ (The Lance) on its own, while the two stars with it are called al-Silāḥ." <ref name=":0" /></blockquote></blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== Summary of Star Identifications =====<br /> <blockquote><br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! Classical Arabic Name !! Modern Designation !! Role in the Asterism<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' || α Boötis ([[Arcturus]]) || The Lancer<br /> |-<br /> | '''Rāyat al-Simāk''' || ε Boötis ([[Izar]]) || The Banner / Head of the Spear<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Rumḥ''' (per al-Ṣūfī) || ε and η Boötis ([[Muphrid]]) || The shaft and points of the Spear<br /> |-<br /> | '''‘Adhabah''' || σ, ρ and τ, υ Boötis || The streamers or pennants<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Silāḥ''' || ζ, ο, ξ, and π Boötis || The "Weapon" or equipment<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> </blockquote><br /> <br /> ==== Roland Laffitte ====<br /> [[File:Rumh of Simakan RL map+draw.png|thumb|Arabian constellation al-Simak with Lances and Armes (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]<br /> Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>) treats Al-Rumh as an alternative name for [[Muphrid]] (η Boo) in the constellation [[Al-Simakan|al-Simākān]], The Two Supporters, one armed, one disarmed: <br /> <br /> * '''''Rumh''.''' Ar. الرمح ''al-Rumḥ'', ‘the Spear’, al-Ṣūfī > Lat. ''Alromh'', Yehūda b. Mošè, ''Lancea'', Apian. Later, ''al-Rumḥ'', al-Qazwīnī, not transcribed by Ideler, who gives ''Rumḥ'' ''al-Rāmiḥ'' according to al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Rumh el-râmih’''. Hence ''Ruma'' c/ Buttmann, ‘''Al-Rumḥ’'' p/ Allen, Nit. 02. ''Rumh al Ramih, Wiki''/en<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="6" valign="top" |Adjacent Star Names of al-Simākān<br /> |-<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rumḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |la Lance<br /> | valign="top" |''η Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mirzam al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Predecessor of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Marzūqī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |The Isolated One of Alramech<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Tīzīnī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Rāyat al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Standard of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''ε Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Tābiᶜ al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Follower of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-ᶜAḍaba''<br /> | valign="top" |the Belt<br /> | valign="top" |''ρσ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" |''τυ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Discussion ===<br /> Obviously, modern authors give different names and identifications. <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+<br /> !Classical Arabic Name<br /> !Translation<br /> !Ident.<br /> Adams<br /> !Ident. <br /> AlAjaji<br /> !Ident.<br /> Laffitte<br /> |-<br /> |'''Al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ'''<br /> |The Lancer<br /> |<br /> |α Boötis ([[Arcturus]])<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Al-Rumḥ''' (per al-Ṣūfī)<br /> |The shaft and points of the Spear<br /> |<br /> |ε and η Boötis ([[Muphrid]])<br /> | valign="top" |''η Boo''<br /> |-<br /> |'''‘Adhabah'''<br /> |The streamers or pennants<br /> |<br /> |σ, ρ and τ, υ Boötis<br /> | valign="top" |''ρ, σ Boo''<br /> |-<br /> |'''Al-Silāḥ'''<br /> |The "Weapon" or equipment<br /> |<br /> |ζ, ο, ξ, and π Boötis<br /> | valign="top" |''τ, υ Boo''<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |''Mirzam al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Predecessor of Simak<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |The Isolated One of Alramech<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Rāyat al-Simāk'''<br /> |The Banner / Head of the Spear<br /> |<br /> |ε Boötis ([[Izar]])<br /> | valign="top" |''ε Boo''<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |''Tābiᶜ al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Follower of Simak<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | valign="top" | -<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br /> The name "Alrumh" (or similar) was suggested to WGSN in 2026, as there is a Chinese asterism of The Lance in the same area of the sky (but not exactly the same stars). The idea was to give the name "The Lance" in two different languages to two stars in the area pointing to a random coincidence of similar names in the sky. The Lance is a longish object, covering an area - and it is held by a person (whose constellation covers an even larger area). The two stars identified with the al-Rumh (eps, eta Boo) are both named but perhaps a dimmer star in that area (in between the two?) could be used to resemble the historical constellation?<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * <br /> <br /> == Reference ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Arabic]]<br /> [[Category:Constellation]]<br /> [[Category:Star Name]]<br /> [[Category:Asterism]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Al-Rum%E1%B8%A5&diff=40999 Al-Rumḥ 2026-04-10T09:42:18Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Al-Rumḥ (الرُمْح)}}<br /> <br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]<br /> Al-Rumḥ (الرُّمْح) is an asterism in the Arabian constellation [[Al-Simakan|al-Simākān]] in [[Bootes]].<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref><ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref><ref>al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.</ref><br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> '''Headword (Arabic):''' الرُّمْح<br /> <br /> '''Transliteration:''' al-Rumḥ<br /> <br /> '''IPA:''' ar.rumħ<br /> <br /> === Historical ===<br /> [[File:EtaBoo Ideler1809.jpeg|thumb|on eta Bootis in Ideler (1809).]] <br /> Ideler (1809)<ref>Ludwig Ideler (1809). "Untersuchungen Über Den Ursprung Und Die Bedeutung Der Sternnamen: Ein Beytrag Zur Geschichte Des Gerstirnten Himmels", reprint: Legare Street Press</ref> translates "Rumh el-râmih, Lanze des Lanzenträgers" (the lance of the lance-carrier) and mentions that some sources add "Sâk el-auwâ", the shinbone of Bootes. He also points out a mistake in Ulugh Beg's identification with stars in Hercules. <br /> <br /> === Modern Authors ===<br /> Adams (2018),<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref> pp. xx-xx. <br /> <br /> ==== Khalid AlAjaji ====<br /> <blockquote><br /> [[File:Al-Rumh.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]</blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== ''Al-Rumḥ'' (The Spear) =====<br /> <blockquote><br /> In classical Arabic astronomy, '''''al-Rumḥ''''' (الرمح, "the lance" or "the spear") refers to an asterism associated with the star '''Arcturus''' (α Boötis). Historical interpretations of its composition and nomenclature vary between the philological ''Anwāʾ'' tradition and the astronomical tradition.</blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== Overview and Etymology =====<br /> <blockquote><br /> The presence of this asterism is the defining factor in the naming of Arcturus as '''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' (السماك الرامح, "The Uplifted One Armed with a Spear"). This designation serves to distinguish it from the star Spica (α Virginis), known as '''al-Simāk al-A‘zal''' (السماك الأعزل, "The Unarmed Uplifted One"), so named because it lacks an associated weaponized asterism. <br /> <br /> The term ''Simāk'' (from the root ''s-m-k'', "to elevate") refers to the high meridian altitude these stars reach in the northern sky.</blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== Historical Traditions =====<br /> <br /> ====== The ''Anwāʾ'' Tradition: ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' ======<br /> <blockquote><br /> Philologists and ''Anwāʾ'' authors, such as Ibn Qutaybah and al-Marzūqī, identified the "weapon" of the Lancer primarily as a single star, which they termed '''Rāyat al-Simāk''' ("The Banner of the Simāk").<br /> <br /> '''Ibn Qutaybah''' accounts for the naming of the "Lancer" by identifying a small star situated near Arcturus:<br /> <blockquote>"It was named 'The Lancer' because of a small star positioned near it called ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' (The Banner of the Simāk). Thus, it became 'The Lancer' by virtue of [the banner], while the other became 'The Unarmed' (''al-A‘zal'') because there is nothing before it." <ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, p. 62.</ref></blockquote><br /> <br /> '''Al-Marzūqī''' provides a more specific spatial orientation, placing this star in relation to the constellation Corona Borealis ''al-Fakkah'':<br /> <blockquote>"When ''al-Fakkah'' reaches the meridian, or nears it... you will see ''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ'' (Arcturus) positioned before it. You will also see ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' [ε Boötis] behind it, situated between [Arcturus] and ''al-Fakkah''. This is a star set apart from it, joined by another nearby star that resembles a streamer (''‘adhabah'') on a lance. For this reason, it is called 'The Lancer' (''al-Rāmiḥ'') and 'The Possessor of the Weapon' (''Dhū al-Silāḥ''), while the other Simāk is called 'The Unarmed' (''al-A‘zal'')." <ref>Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030). 2002. ''Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah'' (Times and Places). Critical edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi. Beirut: World of Books, vol. 2, p. 343.</ref></blockquote></blockquote><br /> <br /> ====== Al-Ṣūfī’s Synthesis: ''Al-Rumḥ'' and ''Al-Silāḥ'' (The Weapon) ======<br /> <blockquote><br /> In his astronomical book ''Kitāb al-Kawākib'', |al-Ṣūfī provides a more detailed celestial map, describing ''al-Rumḥ'' as a complex configuration of stars marking the head and the foot of the lance. He distinguishes the "Lancer" (Arcturus) from its armament (''al-Silāḥ''):<br /> <br /> <blockquote>[[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]"As for the single [star] outside the figure [of Boötes], it is the bright red one located between its thighs... it is this which is called '''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' [α Boo]. The Arabs... called it ''Rāmiḥ'' (The Lancer) because they likened the sixteenth star on its thigh [ε Boo] and the twentieth star on its left leg [η Boo] to a '''lance''' (''rumḥ'') belonging to it. They likened the two close stars on the waist—the seventeenth and eighteenth [σ and ρ Boo]—to a '''streamer''' (''‘adhabah'') for the end of the lance where the sixteenth star is located; and they likened the twenty-first and twenty-second stars [τ and υ Boo] to a streamer for the end where the twentieth star is located." <ref name=":0">Ibn al-Ṣūfī, Abū ʿali al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. 2021. ''Urjuzat al-kawākib'' (The Poem of the Stars). Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition. [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr (online)], p 232.</ref></blockquote><br /> Al-Ṣūfī also identifies a broader group of faint stars not described by Ptolemy:<br /> <blockquote>"The stars surrounding the Simāk among these stars [ζ, ο, ξ, and π Boo] are called by the Arabs al-Silāḥ (The Weapon). Sometimes the twentieth star on the left leg [η Boo] is specifically called al-Rumḥ (The Lance) on its own, while the two stars with it are called al-Silāḥ." <ref name=":0" /></blockquote></blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== Summary of Star Identifications =====<br /> <blockquote><br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! Classical Arabic Name !! Modern Designation !! Role in the Asterism<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' || α Boötis ([[Arcturus]]) || The Lancer<br /> |-<br /> | '''Rāyat al-Simāk''' || ε Boötis ([[Izar]]) || The Banner / Head of the Spear<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Rumḥ''' (per al-Ṣūfī) || ε and η Boötis ([[Muphrid]]) || The shaft and points of the Spear<br /> |-<br /> | '''‘Adhabah''' || σ, ρ and τ, υ Boötis || The streamers or pennants<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Silāḥ''' || ζ, ο, ξ, and π Boötis || The "Weapon" or equipment<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> </blockquote><br /> <br /> ==== Roland Laffitte ====<br /> [[File:Rumh of Simakan RL map+draw.png|thumb|Arabian constellation al-Simak with Lances and Armes (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]<br /> Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>) treats Al-Rumh as an alternative name for [[Muphrid]] (η Boo) in the constellation [[Al-Simakan|al-Simākān]], The Two Supporters, one armed, one disarmed: <br /> <br /> * '''''Rumh''.''' Ar. الرمح ''al-Rumḥ'', ‘the Spear’, al-Ṣūfī > Lat. ''Alromh'', Yehūda b. Mošè, ''Lancea'', Apian. Later, ''al-Rumḥ'', al-Qazwīnī, not transcribed by Ideler, who gives ''Rumḥ'' ''al-Rāmiḥ'' according to al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Rumh el-râmih’''. Hence ''Ruma'' c/ Buttmann, ‘''Al-Rumḥ’'' p/ Allen, Nit. 02. ''Rumh al Ramih, Wiki''/en<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="6" valign="top" |Adjacent Star Names of al-Simākān<br /> |-<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rumḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |la Lance<br /> | valign="top" |''η Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mirzam al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Predecessor of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Marzūqī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |The Isolated One of Alramech<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Tīzīnī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Rāyat al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Standard of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''ε Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Tābiᶜ al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Follower of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-ᶜAḍaba''<br /> | valign="top" |the Belt<br /> | valign="top" |''ρσ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" |''τυ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Discussion ===<br /> Obviously, modern authors give different names and identifications. <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+<br /> !Classical Arabic Name<br /> !Translation<br /> !Ident.<br /> Adams<br /> !Ident. <br /> AlAjaji<br /> !Ident.<br /> Laffitte<br /> |-<br /> |'''Al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ'''<br /> |The Lancer<br /> |<br /> |α Boötis ([[Arcturus]])<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Al-Rumḥ''' (per al-Ṣūfī)<br /> |The shaft and points of the Spear<br /> |<br /> |ε and η Boötis ([[Muphrid]])<br /> | valign="top" |''η Boo''<br /> |-<br /> |'''‘Adhabah'''<br /> |The streamers or pennants<br /> |<br /> |σ, ρ and τ, υ Boötis<br /> | valign="top" |''ρσ Boo''<br /> |-<br /> |'''Al-Silāḥ'''<br /> |The "Weapon" or equipment<br /> |<br /> |ζ, ο, ξ, and π Boötis<br /> | valign="top" |''τυ Boo''<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |''Mirzam al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Predecessor of Simak<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |The Isolated One of Alramech<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Rāyat al-Simāk'''<br /> |The Banner / Head of the Spear<br /> |<br /> |ε Boötis ([[Izar]])<br /> | valign="top" |''ε Boo''<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |''Tābiᶜ al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Follower of Simak<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | valign="top" | -<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br /> The name "Alrumh" (or similar) was suggested to WGSN in 2026, as there is a Chinese asterism of The Lance in the same area of the sky (but not exactly the same stars). The idea was to give the name "The Lance" in two different languages to two stars in the area pointing to a random coincidence of similar names in the sky. The Lance is a longish object, covering an area - and it is held by a person (whose constellation covers an even larger area). The two stars identified with the al-Rumh (eps, eta Boo) are both named but perhaps a dimmer star in that area (in between the two?) could be used to resemble the historical constellation?<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * <br /> <br /> == Reference ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Arabic]]<br /> [[Category:Constellation]]<br /> [[Category:Star Name]]<br /> [[Category:Asterism]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Al-Rum%E1%B8%A5&diff=40998 Al-Rumḥ 2026-04-10T09:32:52Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Al-Rumḥ (الرُمْح)}}<br /> <br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]<br /> Al-Rumḥ (الرُّمْح) is an asterism in the Arabian constellation [[Al-Simakan|al-Simākān]] in [[Bootes]].<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref><ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref><ref>al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.</ref><br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> '''Headword (Arabic):''' الرُّمْح<br /> <br /> '''Transliteration:''' al-Rumḥ<br /> <br /> '''IPA:''' ar.rumħ<br /> <br /> === Historical ===<br /> [[File:EtaBoo Ideler1809.jpeg|thumb|on eta Bootis in Ideler (1809).]] <br /> Ideler (1809)<ref>Ludwig Ideler (1809). "Untersuchungen Über Den Ursprung Und Die Bedeutung Der Sternnamen: Ein Beytrag Zur Geschichte Des Gerstirnten Himmels", reprint: Legare Street Press</ref> translates "Rumh el-râmih, Lanze des Lanzenträgers" (the lance of the lance-carrier) and mentions that some sources add "Sâk el-auwâ", the shinbone of Bootes. He also points out a mistake in Ulugh Beg's identification with stars in Hercules. <br /> <br /> === Modern Authors ===<br /> Adams (2018),<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref> pp. xx-xx. <br /> <br /> ==== Khalid AlAjaji ====<br /> <blockquote><br /> [[File:Al-Rumh.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]</blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== ''Al-Rumḥ'' (The Spear) =====<br /> <blockquote><br /> In classical Arabic astronomy, '''''al-Rumḥ''''' (الرمح, "the lance" or "the spear") refers to an asterism associated with the star '''Arcturus''' (α Boötis). Historical interpretations of its composition and nomenclature vary between the philological ''Anwāʾ'' tradition and the astronomical tradition.</blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== Overview and Etymology =====<br /> <blockquote><br /> The presence of this asterism is the defining factor in the naming of Arcturus as '''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' (السماك الرامح, "The Uplifted One Armed with a Spear"). This designation serves to distinguish it from the star Spica (α Virginis), known as '''al-Simāk al-A‘zal''' (السماك الأعزل, "The Unarmed Uplifted One"), so named because it lacks an associated weaponized asterism. <br /> <br /> The term ''Simāk'' (from the root ''s-m-k'', "to elevate") refers to the high meridian altitude these stars reach in the northern sky.</blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== Historical Traditions =====<br /> <br /> ====== The ''Anwāʾ'' Tradition: ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' ======<br /> <blockquote><br /> Philologists and ''Anwāʾ'' authors, such as Ibn Qutaybah and al-Marzūqī, identified the "weapon" of the Lancer primarily as a single star, which they termed '''Rāyat al-Simāk''' ("The Banner of the Simāk").<br /> <br /> '''Ibn Qutaybah''' accounts for the naming of the "Lancer" by identifying a small star situated near Arcturus:<br /> <blockquote>"It was named 'The Lancer' because of a small star positioned near it called ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' (The Banner of the Simāk). Thus, it became 'The Lancer' by virtue of [the banner], while the other became 'The Unarmed' (''al-A‘zal'') because there is nothing before it." <ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, p. 62.</ref></blockquote><br /> <br /> '''Al-Marzūqī''' provides a more specific spatial orientation, placing this star in relation to the constellation Corona Borealis ''al-Fakkah'':<br /> <blockquote>"When ''al-Fakkah'' reaches the meridian, or nears it... you will see ''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ'' (Arcturus) positioned before it. You will also see ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' [ε Boötis] behind it, situated between [Arcturus] and ''al-Fakkah''. This is a star set apart from it, joined by another nearby star that resembles a streamer (''‘adhabah'') on a lance. For this reason, it is called 'The Lancer' (''al-Rāmiḥ'') and 'The Possessor of the Weapon' (''Dhū al-Silāḥ''), while the other Simāk is called 'The Unarmed' (''al-A‘zal'')." <ref>Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030). 2002. ''Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah'' (Times and Places). Critical edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi. Beirut: World of Books, vol. 2, p. 343.</ref></blockquote></blockquote><br /> <br /> ====== Al-Ṣūfī’s Synthesis: ''Al-Rumḥ'' and ''Al-Silāḥ'' (The Weapon) ======<br /> <blockquote><br /> In his astronomical book ''Kitāb al-Kawākib'', |al-Ṣūfī provides a more detailed celestial map, describing ''al-Rumḥ'' as a complex configuration of stars marking the head and the foot of the lance. He distinguishes the "Lancer" (Arcturus) from its armament (''al-Silāḥ''):<br /> <br /> <blockquote>[[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]"As for the single [star] outside the figure [of Boötes], it is the bright red one located between its thighs... it is this which is called '''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' [α Boo]. The Arabs... called it ''Rāmiḥ'' (The Lancer) because they likened the sixteenth star on its thigh [ε Boo] and the twentieth star on its left leg [η Boo] to a '''lance''' (''rumḥ'') belonging to it. They likened the two close stars on the waist—the seventeenth and eighteenth [σ and ρ Boo]—to a '''streamer''' (''‘adhabah'') for the end of the lance where the sixteenth star is located; and they likened the twenty-first and twenty-second stars [τ and υ Boo] to a streamer for the end where the twentieth star is located." <ref name=":0">Ibn al-Ṣūfī, Abū ʿali al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. 2021. ''Urjuzat al-kawākib'' (The Poem of the Stars). Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition. [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr (online)], p 232.</ref></blockquote><br /> Al-Ṣūfī also identifies a broader group of faint stars not described by Ptolemy:<br /> <blockquote>"The stars surrounding the Simāk among these stars [ζ, ο, ξ, and π Boo] are called by the Arabs al-Silāḥ (The Weapon). Sometimes the twentieth star on the left leg [η Boo] is specifically called al-Rumḥ (The Lance) on its own, while the two stars with it are called al-Silāḥ." <ref name=":0" /></blockquote></blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== Summary of Star Identifications =====<br /> <blockquote><br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! Classical Arabic Name !! Modern Designation !! Role in the Asterism<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' || α Boötis ([[Arcturus]]) || The Lancer<br /> |-<br /> | '''Rāyat al-Simāk''' || ε Boötis ([[Izar]]) || The Banner / Head of the Spear<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Rumḥ''' (per al-Ṣūfī) || ε and η Boötis ([[Muphrid]]) || The shaft and points of the Spear<br /> |-<br /> | '''‘Adhabah''' || σ, ρ and τ, υ Boötis || The streamers or pennants<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Silāḥ''' || ζ, ο, ξ, and π Boötis || The "Weapon" or equipment<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> </blockquote><br /> <br /> ==== Roland Laffitte ====<br /> [[File:Rumh of Simakan RL map+draw.png|thumb|Arabian constellation al-Simak with Lances and Armes (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]<br /> Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>) treats Al-Rumh as an alternative name for [[Muphrid]] (η Boo) in the constellation [[Al-Simakan|al-Simākān]], The Two Supporters, one armed, one disarmed: <br /> <br /> * '''''Rumh''.''' Ar. الرمح ''al-Rumḥ'', ‘the Spear’, al-Ṣūfī > Lat. ''Alromh'', Yehūda b. Mošè, ''Lancea'', Apian. Later, ''al-Rumḥ'', al-Qazwīnī, not transcribed by Ideler, who gives ''Rumḥ'' ''al-Rāmiḥ'' according to al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Rumh el-râmih’''. Hence ''Ruma'' c/ Buttmann, ‘''Al-Rumḥ’'' p/ Allen, Nit. 02. ''Rumh al Ramih, Wiki''/en<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="6" valign="top" |Adjacent Star Names of al-Simākān<br /> |-<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rumḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |la Lance<br /> | valign="top" |''η Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mirzam al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Predecessor of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Marzūqī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |The Isolated One of Alramech<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Tīzīnī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Rāyat al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Standard of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''ε Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Tābiᶜ al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Follower of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-ᶜAḍaba''<br /> | valign="top" |the Belt<br /> | valign="top" |''ρσ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" |''τυ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Discussion ===<br /> <br /> ==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br /> The name "Alrumh" (or similar) was suggested to WGSN in 2026, as there is a Chinese asterism of The Lance in the same area of the sky (but not exactly the same stars). The idea was to give the name "The Lance" in two different languages to two stars in the area pointing to a random coincidence of similar names in the sky. The Lance is a longish object, covering an area - and it is held by a person (whose constellation covers an even larger area). The two stars identified with the al-Rumh (eps, eta Boo) are both named but perhaps a dimmer star in that area (in between the two?) could be used to resemble the historical constellation?<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * <br /> <br /> == Reference ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Arabic]]<br /> [[Category:Constellation]]<br /> [[Category:Star Name]]<br /> [[Category:Asterism]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Al-Rum%E1%B8%A5&diff=40997 Al-Rumḥ 2026-04-10T09:32:07Z

<p>Sushoff: /* Concordance, Etymology, History */</p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Al-Rumḥ (الرُمْح)}}<br /> <br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]<br /> Al-Rumḥ (الرُّمْح) is an asterism in the Arabian constellation [[Al-Simakan|al-Simākān]] in [[Bootes]].<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref><ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref><ref>al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.</ref><br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> '''Headword (Arabic):''' الرُّمْح<br /> <br /> '''Transliteration:''' al-Rumḥ<br /> <br /> '''IPA:''' ar.rumħ<br /> <br /> === Historical ===<br /> [[File:EtaBoo Ideler1809.jpeg|thumb|on eta Bootis in Ideler (1809).]] <br /> Ideler (1809)<ref>Ludwig Ideler (1809). "Untersuchungen Über Den Ursprung Und Die Bedeutung Der Sternnamen: Ein Beytrag Zur Geschichte Des Gerstirnten Himmels", reprint: Legare Street Press</ref> translates "Rumh el-râmih, Lanze des Lanzenträgers" (the lance of the lance-carrier) and mentions that some sources add "Sâk el-auwâ", the shinbone of Bootes. He also points out a mistake in Ulugh Beg's identification with stars in Hercules. <br /> <br /> === Modern Authors ===<br /> Adams (2018),<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref> pp. xx-xx. <br /> <br /> ==== Khalid AlAjaji ====<br /> <blockquote><br /> [[File:Al-Rumh.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]</blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== ''Al-Rumḥ'' (The Spear) =====<br /> <blockquote><br /> In classical Arabic astronomy, '''''al-Rumḥ''''' (الرمح, "the lance" or "the spear") refers to an asterism associated with the star '''Arcturus''' (α Boötis). Historical interpretations of its composition and nomenclature vary between the philological ''Anwāʾ'' tradition and the astronomical tradition.</blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== Overview and Etymology =====<br /> <blockquote><br /> The presence of this asterism is the defining factor in the naming of Arcturus as '''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' (السماك الرامح, "The Uplifted One Armed with a Spear"). This designation serves to distinguish it from the star Spica (α Virginis), known as '''al-Simāk al-A‘zal''' (السماك الأعزل, "The Unarmed Uplifted One"), so named because it lacks an associated weaponized asterism. <br /> <br /> The term ''Simāk'' (from the root ''s-m-k'', "to elevate") refers to the high meridian altitude these stars reach in the northern sky.</blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== Historical Traditions =====<br /> <br /> ====== The ''Anwāʾ'' Tradition: ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' ======<br /> <blockquote><br /> Philologists and ''Anwāʾ'' authors, such as Ibn Qutaybah and al-Marzūqī, identified the "weapon" of the Lancer primarily as a single star, which they termed '''Rāyat al-Simāk''' ("The Banner of the Simāk").<br /> <br /> '''Ibn Qutaybah''' accounts for the naming of the "Lancer" by identifying a small star situated near Arcturus:<br /> <blockquote>"It was named 'The Lancer' because of a small star positioned near it called ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' (The Banner of the Simāk). Thus, it became 'The Lancer' by virtue of [the banner], while the other became 'The Unarmed' (''al-A‘zal'') because there is nothing before it." <ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, p. 62.</ref></blockquote><br /> <br /> '''Al-Marzūqī''' provides a more specific spatial orientation, placing this star in relation to the constellation Corona Borealis ''al-Fakkah'':<br /> <blockquote>"When ''al-Fakkah'' reaches the meridian, or nears it... you will see ''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ'' (Arcturus) positioned before it. You will also see ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' [ε Boötis] behind it, situated between [Arcturus] and ''al-Fakkah''. This is a star set apart from it, joined by another nearby star that resembles a streamer (''‘adhabah'') on a lance. For this reason, it is called 'The Lancer' (''al-Rāmiḥ'') and 'The Possessor of the Weapon' (''Dhū al-Silāḥ''), while the other Simāk is called 'The Unarmed' (''al-A‘zal'')." <ref>Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030). 2002. ''Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah'' (Times and Places). Critical edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi. Beirut: World of Books, vol. 2, p. 343.</ref></blockquote></blockquote><br /> <br /> ====== Al-Ṣūfī’s Synthesis: ''Al-Rumḥ'' and ''Al-Silāḥ'' (The Weapon) ======<br /> <blockquote><br /> In his astronomical book ''Kitāb al-Kawākib'', |al-Ṣūfī provides a more detailed celestial map, describing ''al-Rumḥ'' as a complex configuration of stars marking the head and the foot of the lance. He distinguishes the "Lancer" (Arcturus) from its armament (''al-Silāḥ''):<br /> <br /> <blockquote>[[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]"As for the single [star] outside the figure [of Boötes], it is the bright red one located between its thighs... it is this which is called '''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' [α Boo]. The Arabs... called it ''Rāmiḥ'' (The Lancer) because they likened the sixteenth star on its thigh [ε Boo] and the twentieth star on its left leg [η Boo] to a '''lance''' (''rumḥ'') belonging to it. They likened the two close stars on the waist—the seventeenth and eighteenth [σ and ρ Boo]—to a '''streamer''' (''‘adhabah'') for the end of the lance where the sixteenth star is located; and they likened the twenty-first and twenty-second stars [τ and υ Boo] to a streamer for the end where the twentieth star is located." <ref name=":0">Ibn al-Ṣūfī, Abū ʿali al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. 2021. ''Urjuzat al-kawākib'' (The Poem of the Stars). Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition. [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr (online)], p 232.</ref></blockquote><br /> Al-Ṣūfī also identifies a broader group of faint stars not described by Ptolemy:<br /> <blockquote>"The stars surrounding the Simāk among these stars [ζ, ο, ξ, and π Boo] are called by the Arabs al-Silāḥ (The Weapon). Sometimes the twentieth star on the left leg [η Boo] is specifically called al-Rumḥ (The Lance) on its own, while the two stars with it are called al-Silāḥ." <ref name=":0" /></blockquote></blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== Summary of Star Identifications =====<br /> <blockquote><br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! Classical Arabic Name !! Modern Designation !! Role in the Asterism<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' || α Boötis ([[Arcturus]]) || The Lancer<br /> |-<br /> | '''Rāyat al-Simāk''' || ε Boötis ([[Izar]]) || The Banner / Head of the Spear<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Rumḥ''' (per al-Ṣūfī) || ε and η Boötis ([[Muphrid]]) || The shaft and points of the Spear<br /> |-<br /> | '''‘Adhabah''' || σ, ρ and τ, υ Boötis || The streamers or pennants<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Silāḥ''' || ζ, ο, ξ, and π Boötis || The "Weapon" or equipment<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> </blockquote><br /> <br /> === Roland Laffitte ===<br /> [[File:Rumh of Simakan RL map+draw.png|thumb|Arabian constellation al-Simak with Lances and Armes (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]<br /> Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>) treats Al-Rumh as an alternative name for [[Muphrid]] (η Boo) in the constellation [[Al-Simakan|al-Simākān]], The Two Supporters, one armed, one disarmed: <br /> <br /> * '''''Rumh''.''' Ar. الرمح ''al-Rumḥ'', ‘the Spear’, al-Ṣūfī > Lat. ''Alromh'', Yehūda b. Mošè, ''Lancea'', Apian. Later, ''al-Rumḥ'', al-Qazwīnī, not transcribed by Ideler, who gives ''Rumḥ'' ''al-Rāmiḥ'' according to al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Rumh el-râmih’''. Hence ''Ruma'' c/ Buttmann, ‘''Al-Rumḥ’'' p/ Allen, Nit. 02. ''Rumh al Ramih, Wiki''/en<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="6" valign="top" |Adjacent Star Names of al-Simākān<br /> |-<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rumḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |la Lance<br /> | valign="top" |''η Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mirzam al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Predecessor of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Marzūqī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |The Isolated One of Alramech<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Tīzīnī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Rāyat al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Standard of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''ε Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Tābiᶜ al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Follower of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-ᶜAḍaba''<br /> | valign="top" |the Belt<br /> | valign="top" |''ρσ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" |''τυ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Discussion ===<br /> <br /> ==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br /> The name "Alrumh" (or similar) was suggested to WGSN in 2026, as there is a Chinese asterism of The Lance in the same area of the sky (but not exactly the same stars). The idea was to give the name "The Lance" in two different languages to two stars in the area pointing to a random coincidence of similar names in the sky. The Lance is a longish object, covering an area - and it is held by a person (whose constellation covers an even larger area). The two stars identified with the al-Rumh (eps, eta Boo) are both named but perhaps a dimmer star in that area (in between the two?) could be used to resemble the historical constellation?<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * <br /> <br /> == Reference ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Arabic]]<br /> [[Category:Constellation]]<br /> [[Category:Star Name]]<br /> [[Category:Asterism]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=File:EtaBoo_Ideler1809.jpeg&diff=40996 File:EtaBoo Ideler1809.jpeg 2026-04-10T09:30:57Z

<p>Sushoff: on eta Bootis in Ideler (1809).</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> on eta Bootis in Ideler (1809). <br /> == Licensing ==<br /> {{PD-old}}</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Al-Rum%E1%B8%A5&diff=40995 Al-Rumḥ 2026-04-10T09:30:13Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Al-Rumḥ (الرُمْح)}}<br /> <br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]<br /> Al-Rumḥ (الرُّمْح) is an asterism in the Arabian constellation [[Al-Simakan|al-Simākān]] in [[Bootes]].<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref><ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref><ref>al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.</ref><br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> '''Headword (Arabic):''' الرُّمْح<br /> <br /> '''Transliteration:''' al-Rumḥ<br /> <br /> '''IPA:''' ar.rumħ<br /> <br /> === Historical ===<br /> Ideler (1809)<ref>Ludwig Ideler (1809). "Untersuchungen Über Den Ursprung Und Die Bedeutung Der Sternnamen: Ein Beytrag Zur Geschichte Des Gerstirnten Himmels", reprint: Legare Street Press</ref> translates "Rumh el-râmih, Lanze des Lanzenträgers" (the lance of the lance-carrier) and mentions that some sources add "Sâk el-auwâ", the shinbone of Bootes. He also points out a mistake in Ulugh Beg's identification with stars in Hercules. <br /> <br /> === Modern Authors ===<br /> Adams (2018),<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref> pp. xx-xx. <br /> <br /> ==== Khalid AlAjaji ====<br /> <blockquote><br /> [[File:Al-Rumh.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]</blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== ''Al-Rumḥ'' (The Spear) =====<br /> <blockquote><br /> In classical Arabic astronomy, '''''al-Rumḥ''''' (الرمح, "the lance" or "the spear") refers to an asterism associated with the star '''Arcturus''' (α Boötis). Historical interpretations of its composition and nomenclature vary between the philological ''Anwāʾ'' tradition and the astronomical tradition.</blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== Overview and Etymology =====<br /> <blockquote><br /> The presence of this asterism is the defining factor in the naming of Arcturus as '''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' (السماك الرامح, "The Uplifted One Armed with a Spear"). This designation serves to distinguish it from the star Spica (α Virginis), known as '''al-Simāk al-A‘zal''' (السماك الأعزل, "The Unarmed Uplifted One"), so named because it lacks an associated weaponized asterism. <br /> <br /> The term ''Simāk'' (from the root ''s-m-k'', "to elevate") refers to the high meridian altitude these stars reach in the northern sky.</blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== Historical Traditions =====<br /> <br /> ====== The ''Anwāʾ'' Tradition: ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' ======<br /> <blockquote><br /> Philologists and ''Anwāʾ'' authors, such as Ibn Qutaybah and al-Marzūqī, identified the "weapon" of the Lancer primarily as a single star, which they termed '''Rāyat al-Simāk''' ("The Banner of the Simāk").<br /> <br /> '''Ibn Qutaybah''' accounts for the naming of the "Lancer" by identifying a small star situated near Arcturus:<br /> <blockquote>"It was named 'The Lancer' because of a small star positioned near it called ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' (The Banner of the Simāk). Thus, it became 'The Lancer' by virtue of [the banner], while the other became 'The Unarmed' (''al-A‘zal'') because there is nothing before it." <ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, p. 62.</ref></blockquote><br /> <br /> '''Al-Marzūqī''' provides a more specific spatial orientation, placing this star in relation to the constellation Corona Borealis ''al-Fakkah'':<br /> <blockquote>"When ''al-Fakkah'' reaches the meridian, or nears it... you will see ''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ'' (Arcturus) positioned before it. You will also see ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' [ε Boötis] behind it, situated between [Arcturus] and ''al-Fakkah''. This is a star set apart from it, joined by another nearby star that resembles a streamer (''‘adhabah'') on a lance. For this reason, it is called 'The Lancer' (''al-Rāmiḥ'') and 'The Possessor of the Weapon' (''Dhū al-Silāḥ''), while the other Simāk is called 'The Unarmed' (''al-A‘zal'')." <ref>Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030). 2002. ''Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah'' (Times and Places). Critical edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi. Beirut: World of Books, vol. 2, p. 343.</ref></blockquote></blockquote><br /> <br /> ====== Al-Ṣūfī’s Synthesis: ''Al-Rumḥ'' and ''Al-Silāḥ'' (The Weapon) ======<br /> <blockquote><br /> In his astronomical book ''Kitāb al-Kawākib'', |al-Ṣūfī provides a more detailed celestial map, describing ''al-Rumḥ'' as a complex configuration of stars marking the head and the foot of the lance. He distinguishes the "Lancer" (Arcturus) from its armament (''al-Silāḥ''):<br /> <br /> <blockquote>[[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]"As for the single [star] outside the figure [of Boötes], it is the bright red one located between its thighs... it is this which is called '''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' [α Boo]. The Arabs... called it ''Rāmiḥ'' (The Lancer) because they likened the sixteenth star on its thigh [ε Boo] and the twentieth star on its left leg [η Boo] to a '''lance''' (''rumḥ'') belonging to it. They likened the two close stars on the waist—the seventeenth and eighteenth [σ and ρ Boo]—to a '''streamer''' (''‘adhabah'') for the end of the lance where the sixteenth star is located; and they likened the twenty-first and twenty-second stars [τ and υ Boo] to a streamer for the end where the twentieth star is located." <ref name=":0">Ibn al-Ṣūfī, Abū ʿali al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. 2021. ''Urjuzat al-kawākib'' (The Poem of the Stars). Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition. [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr (online)], p 232.</ref></blockquote><br /> Al-Ṣūfī also identifies a broader group of faint stars not described by Ptolemy:<br /> <blockquote>"The stars surrounding the Simāk among these stars [ζ, ο, ξ, and π Boo] are called by the Arabs al-Silāḥ (The Weapon). Sometimes the twentieth star on the left leg [η Boo] is specifically called al-Rumḥ (The Lance) on its own, while the two stars with it are called al-Silāḥ." <ref name=":0" /></blockquote></blockquote><br /> <br /> ===== Summary of Star Identifications =====<br /> <blockquote><br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! Classical Arabic Name !! Modern Designation !! Role in the Asterism<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' || α Boötis ([[Arcturus]]) || The Lancer<br /> |-<br /> | '''Rāyat al-Simāk''' || ε Boötis ([[Izar]]) || The Banner / Head of the Spear<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Rumḥ''' (per al-Ṣūfī) || ε and η Boötis ([[Muphrid]]) || The shaft and points of the Spear<br /> |-<br /> | '''‘Adhabah''' || σ, ρ and τ, υ Boötis || The streamers or pennants<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Silāḥ''' || ζ, ο, ξ, and π Boötis || The "Weapon" or equipment<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> </blockquote><br /> <br /> === Roland Laffitte ===<br /> [[File:Rumh of Simakan RL map+draw.png|thumb|Arabian constellation al-Simak with Lances and Armes (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]<br /> Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>) treats Al-Rumh as an alternative name for [[Muphrid]] (η Boo) in the constellation [[Al-Simakan|al-Simākān]], The Two Supporters, one armed, one disarmed: <br /> <br /> * '''''Rumh''.''' Ar. الرمح ''al-Rumḥ'', ‘the Spear’, al-Ṣūfī > Lat. ''Alromh'', Yehūda b. Mošè, ''Lancea'', Apian. Later, ''al-Rumḥ'', al-Qazwīnī, not transcribed by Ideler, who gives ''Rumḥ'' ''al-Rāmiḥ'' according to al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Rumh el-râmih’''. Hence ''Ruma'' c/ Buttmann, ‘''Al-Rumḥ’'' p/ Allen, Nit. 02. ''Rumh al Ramih, Wiki''/en<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="6" valign="top" |Adjacent Star Names of al-Simākān<br /> |-<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rumḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |la Lance<br /> | valign="top" |''η Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mirzam al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Predecessor of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Marzūqī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |The Isolated One of Alramech<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Tīzīnī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Rāyat al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Standard of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''ε Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Tābiᶜ al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Follower of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-ᶜAḍaba''<br /> | valign="top" |the Belt<br /> | valign="top" |''ρσ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" |''τυ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Discussion ===<br /> <br /> ==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br /> The name "Alrumh" (or similar) was suggested to WGSN in 2026, as there is a Chinese asterism of The Lance in the same area of the sky (but not exactly the same stars). The idea was to give the name "The Lance" in two different languages to two stars in the area pointing to a random coincidence of similar names in the sky. The Lance is a longish object, covering an area - and it is held by a person (whose constellation covers an even larger area). The two stars identified with the al-Rumh (eps, eta Boo) are both named but perhaps a dimmer star in that area (in between the two?) could be used to resemble the historical constellation?<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * <br /> <br /> == Reference ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Arabic]]<br /> [[Category:Constellation]]<br /> [[Category:Star Name]]<br /> [[Category:Asterism]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Al-Rum%E1%B8%A5&diff=40994 Al-Rumḥ 2026-04-10T09:22:32Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Al-Rumḥ (الرُمْح)}}<br /> <br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]<br /> Al-Rumḥ (الرُّمْح) is an asterism in the Arabian constellation [[Al-Simakan|al-Simākān]] in [[Bootes]].<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref><ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref><ref>al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.</ref><br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> '''Headword (Arabic):''' الرُّمْح<br /> <br /> '''Transliteration:''' al-Rumḥ<br /> <br /> '''IPA:''' ar.rumħ<br /> <br /> Adams (2018),<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref> pp. xx-xx. <br /> <br /> === Khalid AlAjaji ===<br /> <blockquote><br /> [[File:Al-Rumh.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]<br /> ==== ''Al-Rumḥ'' (The Spear) ====<br /> In classical Arabic astronomy, '''''al-Rumḥ''''' (الرمح, "the lance" or "the spear") refers to an asterism associated with the star '''Arcturus''' (α Boötis). Historical interpretations of its composition and nomenclature vary between the philological ''Anwāʾ'' tradition and the astronomical tradition.<br /> ==== Overview and Etymology ====<br /> The presence of this asterism is the defining factor in the naming of Arcturus as '''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' (السماك الرامح, "The Uplifted One Armed with a Spear"). This designation serves to distinguish it from the star Spica (α Virginis), known as '''al-Simāk al-A‘zal''' (السماك الأعزل, "The Unarmed Uplifted One"), so named because it lacks an associated weaponized asterism. <br /> <br /> The term ''Simāk'' (from the root ''s-m-k'', "to elevate") refers to the high meridian altitude these stars reach in the northern sky.</blockquote><blockquote><br /> ==== Historical Traditions ====<br /> </blockquote><blockquote><br /> ===== The ''Anwāʾ'' Tradition: ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' =====<br /> </blockquote><blockquote><br /> Philologists and ''Anwāʾ'' authors, such as Ibn Qutaybah and al-Marzūqī, identified the "weapon" of the Lancer primarily as a single star, which they termed '''Rāyat al-Simāk''' ("The Banner of the Simāk").<br /> <br /> '''Ibn Qutaybah''' accounts for the naming of the "Lancer" by identifying a small star situated near Arcturus:<br /> <blockquote>"It was named 'The Lancer' because of a small star positioned near it called ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' (The Banner of the Simāk). Thus, it became 'The Lancer' by virtue of [the banner], while the other became 'The Unarmed' (''al-A‘zal'') because there is nothing before it." <ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, p. 62.</ref></blockquote><br /> <br /> '''Al-Marzūqī''' provides a more specific spatial orientation, placing this star in relation to the constellation Corona Borealis ''al-Fakkah'':<br /> <blockquote>"When ''al-Fakkah'' reaches the meridian, or nears it... you will see ''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ'' (Arcturus) positioned before it. You will also see ''Rāyat al-Simāk'' [ε Boötis] behind it, situated between [Arcturus] and ''al-Fakkah''. This is a star set apart from it, joined by another nearby star that resembles a streamer (''‘adhabah'') on a lance. For this reason, it is called 'The Lancer' (''al-Rāmiḥ'') and 'The Possessor of the Weapon' (''Dhū al-Silāḥ''), while the other Simāk is called 'The Unarmed' (''al-A‘zal'')." <ref>Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030). 2002. ''Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah'' (Times and Places). Critical edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi. Beirut: World of Books, vol. 2, p. 343.</ref></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><br /> ===== Al-Ṣūfī’s Synthesis: ''Al-Rumḥ'' and ''Al-Silāḥ'' (The Weapon) =====<br /> </blockquote><blockquote><br /> In his astronomical book ''Kitāb al-Kawākib'', |al-Ṣūfī provides a more detailed celestial map, describing ''al-Rumḥ'' as a complex configuration of stars marking the head and the foot of the lance. He distinguishes the "Lancer" (Arcturus) from its armament (''al-Silāḥ''):<br /> <br /> <blockquote>[[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]"As for the single [star] outside the figure [of Boötes], it is the bright red one located between its thighs... it is this which is called '''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' [α Boo]. The Arabs... called it ''Rāmiḥ'' (The Lancer) because they likened the sixteenth star on its thigh [ε Boo] and the twentieth star on its left leg [η Boo] to a '''lance''' (''rumḥ'') belonging to it. They likened the two close stars on the waist—the seventeenth and eighteenth [σ and ρ Boo]—to a '''streamer''' (''‘adhabah'') for the end of the lance where the sixteenth star is located; and they likened the twenty-first and twenty-second stars [τ and υ Boo] to a streamer for the end where the twentieth star is located." <ref name=":0">Ibn al-Ṣūfī, Abū ʿali al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. 2021. ''Urjuzat al-kawākib'' (The Poem of the Stars). Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition. [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr (online)], p 232.</ref></blockquote><br /> Al-Ṣūfī also identifies a broader group of faint stars not described by Ptolemy:<br /> <blockquote>"The stars surrounding the Simāk among these stars [ζ, ο, ξ, and π Boo] are called by the Arabs al-Silāḥ (The Weapon). Sometimes the twentieth star on the left leg [η Boo] is specifically called al-Rumḥ (The Lance) on its own, while the two stars with it are called al-Silāḥ." <ref name=":0" /></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><br /> ==== Summary of Star Identifications ====<br /> </blockquote><blockquote><br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! Classical Arabic Name !! Modern Designation !! Role in the Asterism<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''' || α Boötis ([[Arcturus]]) || The Lancer<br /> |-<br /> | '''Rāyat al-Simāk''' || ε Boötis ([[Izar]]) || The Banner / Head of the Spear<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Rumḥ''' (per al-Ṣūfī) || ε and η Boötis ([[Muphrid]]) || The shaft and points of the Spear<br /> |-<br /> | '''‘Adhabah''' || σ, ρ and τ, υ Boötis || The streamers or pennants<br /> |-<br /> | '''Al-Silāḥ''' || ζ, ο, ξ, and π Boötis || The "Weapon" or equipment<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> </blockquote><br /> <br /> === Roland Laffitte ===<br /> [[File:Rumh of Simakan RL map+draw.png|thumb|Arabian constellation al-Simak with Lances and Armes (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]<br /> Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>) treats Al-Rumh as an alternative name for [[Muphrid]] (η Boo) in the constellation [[Al-Simakan|al-Simākān]], The Two Supporters, one armed, one disarmed: <br /> <br /> * '''''Rumh''.''' Ar. الرمح ''al-Rumḥ'', ‘the Spear’, al-Ṣūfī > Lat. ''Alromh'', Yehūda b. Mošè, ''Lancea'', Apian. Later, ''al-Rumḥ'', al-Qazwīnī, not transcribed by Ideler, who gives ''Rumḥ'' ''al-Rāmiḥ'' according to al-Tīzīnī > ''‘Rumh el-râmih’''. Hence ''Ruma'' c/ Buttmann, ‘''Al-Rumḥ’'' p/ Allen, Nit. 02. ''Rumh al Ramih, Wiki''/en<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="6" valign="top" |Adjacent Star Names of al-Simākān<br /> |-<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rumḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |la Lance<br /> | valign="top" |''η Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mirzam al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Predecessor of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Marzūqī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |The Isolated One of Alramech<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Tīzīnī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Rāyat al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Standard of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''ε Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Tābiᶜ al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Follower of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-ᶜAḍaba''<br /> | valign="top" |the Belt<br /> | valign="top" |''ρσ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" |''τυ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Discussion ===<br /> <br /> ==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br /> The name "Alrumh" (or similar) was suggested to WGSN in 2026, as there is a Chinese asterism of The Lance in the same area of the sky (but not exactly the same stars). The idea was to give the name "The Lance" in two different languages to two stars in the area pointing to a random coincidence of similar names in the sky. The Lance is a longish object, covering an area - and it is held by a person (whose constellation covers an even larger area). The two stars identified with the al-Rumh (eps, eta Boo) are both named but perhaps a dimmer star in that area (in between the two?) could be used to resemble the historical constellation?<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * <br /> <br /> == Reference ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Arabic]]<br /> [[Category:Constellation]]<br /> [[Category:Star Name]]<br /> [[Category:Asterism]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Al-Simakan&diff=40993 Al-Simakan 2026-04-10T09:20:24Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Simākān ()}}<br /> <br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}} <br /> ----<br /> [[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]<br /> [[File:Rumh of Simakan RL map+draw.png|thumb|Arabian constellation al-Simakan, The Two Supporters, with Lances, Arms and Throne (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]<br /> ''al-Simākān'', the 2 Simaks = Two Supporters, is an Arabian constellation of two men, one in arms, one disarmed.<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref><ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref><ref>al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.</ref> The constellation is located in [[Bootes]].<br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> <br /> Adams (2018),<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref> pp. xx-xx. <br /> ...<br /> <br /> per Khalid AlAjaji <br /> <br /> Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>) gives the image as '''« les 2 Simaks = les 2 Soutiens »''' which consists of several named stars: <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Simākān''<br /> | valign="top" |the 2 Simaks = the 2 Supporters<br /> | valign="top" |''α Boo +α Vir''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Simāk al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |The Disarmed Simak / Azimech<br /> | valign="top" |''α Vir''<br /> | valign="top" |Hağğāğ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |Alaazel = the Disarmed/<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Yaḥya<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Aḥyam''<br /> | valign="top" |The Cunning One ( ?)<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ét. Tibbetts.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Uḥaymir''<br /> | valign="top" |The Little Red One<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ét. Tibbetts.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Muqaddam al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |Alaazel’s Anterior<br /> | valign="top" |''θ Vir''<br /> | valign="top" |Miṣrī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Aᶜlām al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |The Announcement/ Harbinger of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''η UMa''<br /> | valign="top" |Miṣrī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''ᶜArš al-Simāk al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |the Throne of the Disarmed Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''βγδε Crv''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Armed Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''α Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Lancer<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="6" valign="top" |Adjacent Star Names of al-Simākān<br /> |-<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rumḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |la Lance<br /> | valign="top" |''η Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mirzam al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Predecessor of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Marzūqī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |The Isolated One of Alramech<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Tīzīnī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Rāyat al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Standard of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''ε Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Tābiᶜ al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Follower of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-ᶜAḍaba''<br /> | valign="top" |the Belt<br /> | valign="top" |''ρσ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" |''τυ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Discussion===<br /> <br /> ==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * <br /> <br /> == Reference ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Arabic]]<br /> [[Category:Constellation]]<br /> [[Category:Star Name]]<br /> [[Category:Asterism]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Al-Simakan&diff=40992 Al-Simakan 2026-04-10T09:19:24Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Simākān ()}}<br /> <br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}} <br /> ----<br /> [[File:Al-Rumḥ figure.png|thumb|320x320px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation including the figure as described by al-Ṣūfī. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]<br /> [[File:Rumh of Simakan RL map+draw.png|thumb|Arabian constellation al-Simakan, The Two Supporters, with Lances, Arms and Throne (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]<br /> ''al-Simākān'', the 2 Simaks = Two Supporters, is an Arabian constellation of two men, one in arms, one disarmed.<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref><ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref><ref>al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.</ref><br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> <br /> Adams (2018),<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref> pp. xx-xx. <br /> ...<br /> <br /> per Khalid AlAjaji <br /> <br /> Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>) gives the image as '''« les 2 Simaks = les 2 Soutiens »''' which consists of several named stars: <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Simākān''<br /> | valign="top" |the 2 Simaks = the 2 Supporters<br /> | valign="top" |''α Boo +α Vir''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Simāk al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |The Disarmed Simak / Azimech<br /> | valign="top" |''α Vir''<br /> | valign="top" |Hağğāğ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |Alaazel = the Disarmed/<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Yaḥya<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Aḥyam''<br /> | valign="top" |The Cunning One ( ?)<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ét. Tibbetts.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Uḥaymir''<br /> | valign="top" |The Little Red One<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ét. Tibbetts.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Muqaddam al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |Alaazel’s Anterior<br /> | valign="top" |''θ Vir''<br /> | valign="top" |Miṣrī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Aᶜlām al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |The Announcement/ Harbinger of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''η UMa''<br /> | valign="top" |Miṣrī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''ᶜArš al-Simāk al-Aᶜzal''<br /> | valign="top" |the Throne of the Disarmed Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''βγδε Crv''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Armed Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''α Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Lancer<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="6" valign="top" |Adjacent Star Names of al-Simākān<br /> |-<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rumḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |la Lance<br /> | valign="top" |''η Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mirzam al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Predecessor of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Marzūqī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |The Isolated One of Alramech<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Tīzīnī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Rāyat al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Standard of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''ε Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Tābiᶜ al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Follower of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-ᶜAḍaba''<br /> | valign="top" |the Belt<br /> | valign="top" |''ρσ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" |''τυ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Discussion===<br /> <br /> ==IAU Working Group Star Names==<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * <br /> <br /> == Reference ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Arabic]]<br /> [[Category:Constellation]]<br /> [[Category:Star Name]]<br /> [[Category:Asterism]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40989 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T18:47:06Z

<p>Sushoff: /* Religion/ Tales/ Mythology */</p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg|thumb|Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 '''Rímtǫl glosses''' edited by Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).]]<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the Wolf Staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates back to the 11th century CE and is an Old Norse calendar of 52 weeks (364 days). The Wolf Staff is a large constellation, parallel to the Milky Way from Cas to Aur, in the constellations [[Andromeda]] to [[Taurus]] with the Wolf's Jaw in the [[Hyades]] star cluster. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons (''misseri''): the summer and the winter half-year with six months each. <br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown, probably in the 13th century, but the calendar of a year with 52 weeks per seven days (named after Norse gods) was adopted in 930 CE and the Christian Faith in 1000 CE.<ref name=":0">Kristín Bjarnadóttir (2014). Calendars and currency - Embedded in Icelandic culture, nature, society and language. in: Evekyne Barbin, Uffe Thomas Jankvist, Tinne Hoff Kjeldsen (eds.) History and Epistemology in Mathematics Education, (ESU 7), At: Copenhagen, [https://conferences.au.dk/fileadmin/conferences/ESU-7/ESU7_e-version-red.pdf Volume online.] printed in Aarhus DK, 605-627</ref> For the new settlements it became clear quickly that the lunar months were not observable in summer and that observations of the solar cycle soon revealed errors. The pagan calendar that counted weeks was adjusted to the Christian one in the 12th century and in use until the 19th century. <br /> <br /> As a consequence of the brightness of summers, constellations can only be observed in winter. The official calendar for Iceland does not record darkness in Reykjavík at 64°N from May 19 until July 23.<ref name=":0" /> <br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri. [https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/4962/alfraedi2.pdf?sequence=1 PDF online].</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring [The Milky Way] where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the '''Hyades''', a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or '''wolf’s mouth'''. </blockquote>So, the Wolf Staff is a bigger constellation in the Milky Way stretching from Andromeda to Taurus while the Wolf's Mouth (or Jaw) is in the [[Hyades]]. <br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> [[File:Rökstenen 1.JPG|thumb|Rökstenen, rune stone near Ödeshög in south Sweden (CC BY Bengt Olof ÅRADSSON)]]<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> * [https://valkyrja.com/norsecalendar.html Valkyria.com Norse Calendar] <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40988 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T18:39:44Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg|thumb|Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 '''Rímtǫl glosses''' edited by Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).]]<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the Wolf Staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates back to the 11th century CE and is an Old Norse calendar of 52 weeks (364 days). The Wolf Staff is a large constellation, parallel to the Milky Way from Cas to Aur, in the constellations [[Andromeda]] to [[Taurus]] with the Wolf's Jaw in the [[Hyades]] star cluster. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons (''misseri''): the summer and the winter half-year with six months each. <br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown, probably in the 13th century, but the calendar of a year with 52 weeks per seven days (named after Norse gods) was adopted in 930 CE and the Christian Faith in 1000 CE.<ref name=":0">Kristín Bjarnadóttir (2014). Calendars and currency - Embedded in Icelandic culture, nature, society and language. in: Evekyne Barbin, Uffe Thomas Jankvist, Tinne Hoff Kjeldsen (eds.) History and Epistemology in Mathematics Education, (ESU 7), At: Copenhagen, [https://conferences.au.dk/fileadmin/conferences/ESU-7/ESU7_e-version-red.pdf Volume online.] printed in Aarhus DK, 605-627</ref> For the new settlements it became clear quickly that the lunar months were not observable in summer and that observations of the solar cycle soon revealed errors. The pagan calendar that counted weeks was adjusted to the Christian one in the 12th century and in use until the 19th century. <br /> <br /> As a consequence of the brightness of summers, constellations can only be observed in winter. The official calendar for Iceland does not record darkness in Reykjavík at 64°N from May 19 until July 23.<ref name=":0" /> <br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri. [https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/4962/alfraedi2.pdf?sequence=1 PDF online].</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring [The Milky Way] where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the '''Hyades''', a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or '''wolf’s mouth'''. </blockquote>So, the Wolf Staff is a bigger constellation in the Milky Way stretching from Andromeda to Taurus while the Wolf's Mouth (or Jaw) is in the [[Hyades]]. <br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> * [https://valkyrja.com/norsecalendar.html Valkyria.com Norse Calendar] <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40987 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T18:29:55Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg|thumb|Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 '''Rímtǫl glosses''' edited by Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).]]<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the Wolf Staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates back to the 11th century CE and is an Old Norse calendar of 52 weeks (364 days). The Wolf Staff is a large constellation, parallel to the Milky Way from Cas to Aur, in the constellations [[Andromeda]] to [[Taurus]] with the Wolf's Jaw in the [[Hyades]] star cluster. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons (''misseri''): the summer and the winter half-year with six months each. <br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown, probably in the 13th century, but the calendar of a year with 52 weeks per seven days (named after Norse gods) was adopted in 930 CE and the Christian Faith in 1000 CE.<ref name=":0">Kristín Bjarnadóttir (2014). Calendars and currency - Embedded in Icelandic culture, nature, society and language. in: Evekyne Barbin, Uffe Thomas Jankvist, Tinne Hoff Kjeldsen (eds.) History and Epistemology in Mathematics Education, (ESU 7), At: Copenhagen, [https://conferences.au.dk/fileadmin/conferences/ESU-7/ESU7_e-version-red.pdf Volume online.] printed in Aarhus DK, 605-627</ref> For the new settlements it became clear quickly that the lunar months were not observable in summer and that observations of the solar cycle soon revealed errors. The pagan calendar that counted weeks was adjusted to the Christian one in the 12th century and in use until the 19th century. <br /> <br /> As a consequence of the brightness of summers, constellations can only be observed in winter. The official calendar for Iceland does not record darkness in Reykjavík at 64°N from May 19 until July 23.<ref name=":0" /> <br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri. [https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/4962/alfraedi2.pdf?sequence=1 PDF online].</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring [The Milky Way] where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the '''Hyades''', a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or '''wolf’s mouth'''. </blockquote>So, the Wolf Staff is a bigger constellation in the Milky Way stretching from Andromeda to Taurus while the Wolf's Mouth (or Jaw) is in the [[Hyades]]. <br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40986 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T18:27:58Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg|thumb|Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 '''Rímtǫl glosses''' edited by Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).]]<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the Wolf Staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates back to the 11th century CE and is an Old Norse calendar of 52 weeks (364 days). The Wolf Staff is a large constellation, parallel to the Milky Way from Cas to Aur, in the constellations [[Andromeda]] to [[Taurus]] with the Wolf's Jaw in the [[Hyades]] star cluster. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons (''misseri''): the summer and the winter half-year with six months each. <br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown, probably in the 13th century, but the calendar of a year with 52 weeks per seven days (named after Norse gods) was adopted in 930 CE and the Christian Faith in 1000 CE.<ref name=":0">Kristín Bjarnadóttir (2014). Calendars and currency - Embedded in Icelandic culture, nature, society and language. in: Evekyne Barbin, Uffe Thomas Jankvist, Tinne Hoff Kjeldsen (eds.) History and Epistemology in Mathematics Education, (ESU 7), At: Copenhagen, [https://conferences.au.dk/fileadmin/conferences/ESU-7/ESU7_e-version-red.pdf Volume online.] printed in Aarhus DK</ref> For the new settlements it became clear quickly that the lunar months were not observable in summer and that observations of the solar cycle soon revealed errors. The pagan calendar that counted weeks was adjusted to the Christian one in the 12th century and in use until the 19th century. <br /> <br /> As a consequence of the brightness of summers, constellations can only be observed in winter. The official calendar for Iceland does not record darkness in Reykjavík at 64°N from May 19 until July 23.<ref name=":0" /> <br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri. [https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/4962/alfraedi2.pdf?sequence=1 PDF online].</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring [The Milky Way] where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the '''Hyades''', a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or '''wolf’s mouth'''. </blockquote>So, the Wolf Staff is a bigger constellation in the Milky Way stretching from Andromeda to Taurus while the Wolf's Mouth (or Jaw) is in the [[Hyades]]. <br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40985 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T18:26:56Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg|thumb|Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 '''Rímtǫl glosses''' edited by Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).]]<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the Wolf Staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates back to the 11th century CE and is an Old Norse calendar of 52 weeks (364 days). The Wolf Staff is a large constellation, parallel to the Milky Way from Cas to Aur, in the constellations [[Andromeda]] to [[Taurus]] with the Wolf's Jaw in the [[Hyades]] star cluster. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons (''misseri''): the summer and the winter half-year with six months each. The official calendar for Iceland does not record darkness in Reykjavík at 64°N from May 19 until July 23.<ref name=":0">Kristín Bjarnadóttir (2014). Calendars and currency - Embedded in Icelandic culture, nature, society and language. in: Evekyne Barbin, Uffe Thomas Jankvist, Tinne Hoff Kjeldsen (eds.) History and Epistemology in Mathematics Education, (ESU 7), At: Copenhagen, [https://conferences.au.dk/fileadmin/conferences/ESU-7/ESU7_e-version-red.pdf Volume online.] printed in Aarhus DK</ref><br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown, probably in the 13th century, but the calendar of a year with 52 weeks per seven days (named after Norse gods) was adopted in 930 CE and the Christian Faith in 1000 CE.<ref name=":0" /> For the new settlements it became clear quickly that the lunar months were not observable in summer and that observations of the solar cycle soon revealed errors. The pagan calendar that counted weeks was adjusted to the Christian one in the 12th century and in use until the 19th century. <br /> <br /> As a consequence of the brightness of summers, constellations can only be observed in winter. <br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri. [https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/4962/alfraedi2.pdf?sequence=1 PDF online].</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring [The Milky Way] where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the '''Hyades''', a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or '''wolf’s mouth'''. </blockquote>So, the Wolf Staff is a bigger constellation in the Milky Way stretching from Andromeda to Taurus while the Wolf's Mouth (or Jaw) is in the [[Hyades]]. <br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40984 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T18:24:51Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg|thumb|Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 '''Rímtǫl glosses''' edited by Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).]]<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the Wolf Staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates back to the 11th century CE and is an Old Norse calendar of 52 weeks (364 days). The Wolf Staff is a large constellation, parallel to the Milky Way from Cas to Aur, in the constellations [[Andromeda]] to [[Taurus]] with the Wolf's Jaw in the [[Hyades]] star cluster. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons (''misseri''): the summer and the winter half-year with six months each. The official calendar for Iceland does not record darkness in Reykjavík at 64°N from May 19 until July 23.<ref name=":0">Kristín Bjarnadóttir (2014). Calendars and currency - Embedded in Icelandic culture, nature, society and language. in: Evekyne Barbin, Uffe Thomas Jankvist, Tinne Hoff Kjeldsen (eds.) History and Epistemology in Mathematics Education, (ESU 7), At: Copenhagen, [https://conferences.au.dk/fileadmin/conferences/ESU-7/ESU7_e-version-red.pdf Volume online.] printed in Aarhus DK</ref><br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown, probably in the 13th century, but the calendar of a year with 52 weeks per seven days (named after Norse gods) was adopted in 930 CE and the Christian Faith in 1000 CE.<ref name=":0" /> For the new settlements it became clear quickly that the lunar months were not observable in summer and that observations of the solar cycle soon revealed errors. The calendar was adjusted to the Christian one in the 12th century and in use until the 19th century. <br /> <br /> As a consequence of the brightness of summers, constellations can only be observed in winter. <br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri. [https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/4962/alfraedi2.pdf?sequence=1 PDF online].</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring [The Milky Way] where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the '''Hyades''', a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or '''wolf’s mouth'''. </blockquote>So, the Wolf Staff is a bigger constellation in the Milky Way stretching from Andromeda to Taurus while the Wolf's Mouth (or Jaw) is in the [[Hyades]]. <br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40983 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T16:00:47Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg|thumb|Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 '''Rímtǫl glosses''' edited by Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).]]<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the Wolf Staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates before 1600 CE and is an Old Norse calendar with 52 weeks (364 days). The Wolf Staff is a large constellation, parallel to the Milky Way from Cas to Aur, in the constellations [[Andromeda]] to [[Taurus]] with the Wolf's Jaw in the [[Hyades]] star cluster. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons: the summer and the winter half-year with six months each.<br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown.<br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri. [https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/4962/alfraedi2.pdf?sequence=1 PDF online].</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring [The Milky Way] where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the '''Hyades''', a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or '''wolf’s mouth'''. </blockquote>So, the Wolf Staff is a bigger constellation in the Milky Way stretching from Andromeda to Taurus while the Wolf's Mouth (or Jaw) is in the [[Hyades]]. <br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40982 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T15:59:50Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg|thumb|Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 '''Rímtǫl glosses''' edited by Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).]]<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the Wolf Staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates before 1600 CE and is an Old Norse calendar with 52 weeks (364 days). The Wolf Staff is a large constellation, parallel to the Milky Way from Cas to Aur, in the constellations [[Andromeda]] to [[Taurus]] with the Wolf's Jaw in the [[Hyades]] star cluster. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons: the summer and the winter half-year with six months each.<br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown.<br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri.</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring [The Milky Way] where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the '''Hyades''', a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or '''wolf’s mouth'''. </blockquote>So, the Wolf Staff is a bigger constellation in the Milky Way stretching from Andromeda to Taurus while the Wolf's Mouth (or Jaw) is in the [[Hyades]]. <br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40981 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T15:58:18Z

<p>Sushoff: /* Identification */</p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg|thumb|Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 '''Rímtǫl glosses''' edited by Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).]]<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the wolf staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates before 1600 CE and is an Old Norse calendar with 52 weeks (364 days). The Wolf Staff is a large constellation, parallel to the Milky Way from Cas to Aur, in the constellations [[Andromeda]] to [[Taurus]] with the Wolf's Jaw in the [[Hyades]] star cluster. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons: the summer and the winter half-year with six months each.<br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown.<br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri.</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring [The Milky Way] where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the '''Hyades''', a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or '''wolf’s mouth'''. </blockquote>So, the Wolf Staff is a bigger constellation in the Milky Way stretching from Andromeda to Taurus while the Wolf's Mouth (or Jaw) is in the [[Hyades]]. <br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40980 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T15:57:06Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg|thumb|Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 '''Rímtǫl glosses''' edited by Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).]]<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the wolf staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates before 1600 CE and is an Old Norse calendar with 52 weeks (364 days). The Wolf Staff is a large constellation, parallel to the Milky Way from Cas to Aur, in the constellations [[Andromeda]] to [[Taurus]] with the Wolf's Jaw in the [[Hyades]] star cluster. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons: the summer and the winter half-year with six months each.<br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown.<br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri.</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the '''Hyades''', a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or '''wolf’s mouth'''. </blockquote>So, the Wolf Staff is a bigger constellation in the Milky Way stretching from Andromeda to Taurus while the Wolf's Mouth (or Jaw) is in the [[Hyades]]. <br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40979 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T15:56:39Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg|thumb|Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 '''Rímtǫl glosses''' edited by Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).]]<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the wolf staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates before 1600 CE and is an Old Norse calendar with 52 weeks (364 days). The Wolf Staff is a large constellation, parallel to the Milky Way from Cas to Aur, in the constellations [[Andromeda]] to [[Taurus]] with the Wolf's Jaw in the Hyades star cluster. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons: the summer and the winter half-year with six months each.<br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown.<br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri.</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the '''Hyades''', a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or '''wolf’s mouth'''. </blockquote>So, the Wolf Staff is a bigger constellation in the Milky Way stretching from Andromeda to Taurus while the Wolf's Mouth (or Jaw) is in the Hyades. <br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40978 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T15:54:58Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg|thumb|Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 '''Rímtǫl glosses''' edited by Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).]]<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the wolf staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates before 1600 CE and is an Old Norse calendar with 52 weeks (364 days). <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons: the summer and the winter half-year with six months each.<br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown.<br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri.</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the '''Hyades''', a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or '''wolf’s mouth'''. </blockquote>So, the Wolf Staff is a bigger constellation in the Milky Way stretching from Andromeda to Taurus while the Wolf's Mouth (or Jaw) is in the Hyades. <br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=File:UlfsKeptr_in_alfraedi2_rimtoelGlosse_Beckman%2BKalund1914-16.jpg&diff=40977 File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg 2026-04-09T15:54:09Z

<p>Sushoff: Sushoff uploaded a new version of File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).<br /> == Licensing ==<br /> {{cc-by-4.0}}</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40976 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T15:52:54Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg|thumb|Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).]]<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the wolf staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates before 1600 CE and is an Old Norse calendar with 52 weeks (364 days). <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons: the summer and the winter half-year with six months each.<br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown.<br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri.</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the '''Hyades''', a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or '''wolf’s mouth'''. </blockquote>So, the Wolf Staff is a bigger constellation in the Milky Way stretching from Andromeda to Taurus while the Wolf's Mouth (or Jaw) is in the Hyades. <br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40975 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T15:51:40Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the wolf staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates before 1600 CE and is an Old Norse calendar with 52 weeks (364 days). <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons: the summer and the winter half-year with six months each.<br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown.<br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri.</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the '''Hyades''', a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or '''wolf’s mouth'''. </blockquote>So, the Wolf Staff is a bigger constellation in the Milky Way stretching from Andromeda to Taurus while the Wolf's Mouth (or Jaw) is in the Hyades. <br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=File:UlfsKeptr_in_alfraedi2_rimtoelGlosse_Beckman%2BKalund1914-16.jpg&diff=40974 File:UlfsKeptr in alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund1914-16.jpg 2026-04-09T15:49:44Z

<p>Sushoff: Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Ulfs Keptr in Alfraedi2 rimtoelGlosse Beckman+Kalund (1914-16).<br /> == Licensing ==<br /> {{cc-by-4.0}}</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40973 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T15:35:35Z

<p>Sushoff: /* Identification */</p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the wolf staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates before 1600 CE and is an Old Norse calendar with 52 weeks (364 days). <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons: the summer and the winter half-year with six months each.<br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown.<br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri.</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the '''Hyades''', a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or '''wolf’s mouth'''. </blockquote><br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40972 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T15:33:35Z

<p>Sushoff: /* Concordance, Etymology, History */</p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the wolf staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates before 1600 CE and is an Old Norse calendar with 52 weeks (364 days). <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> '''Rímtǫl glosses''' (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons: the summer and the winter half-year with six months each.<br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a '''medieval Icelandic''' '''compilation''' focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown.<br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri.</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the Hyades, a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or wolf’s mouth. </blockquote><br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Ulfs_Keptr&diff=40971 Ulfs Keptr 2026-04-09T15:31:50Z

<p>Sushoff: /* Concordance, Etymology, History */</p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Úlfs Keptr}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> Úlfs Keptr, the wolf staff containing the jaw of the wolf, is a Norse constellation mentioned in the Rímtǫl glosses, which dates before 1600 CE and is an Old Norse calendar with 52 weeks (364 days). <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History==<br /> === Origin of Constellation ===<br /> [[File:Hyades WolfJaw Norse.png|thumb|Hyades as the Wolf's Jaw, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium. ]]<br /> Rímtǫl glosses (from rím-tal, calendar/ computation; rendering in runic inscriptions: ᚱᛁᛘ-ᛏᛅᛚ; from Old Norse hrím, from Proto-Germanic *hrīmą. Cognate with Danish rim, Swedish rim; also related to English rime, German Reim, Dutch rijm). The Old Norse calendar divided the year into two seasons: the summer and the winter half-year with six months each.<br /> <br /> The text is from Iceland which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Rímtǫl I is one of the oldest components of Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), a medieval Icelandic compilation focused on time-reckoning and computus. The exact dates of the three Rímtǫl are unknown.<br /> <br /> === Identification ===<br /> It is identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022,<ref>Sigurðsson, G. (2022) ‘How Gylfi’s Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky’, Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, 74, pp. 231–246. DOI: 10.7146/rt.v74i.132105.</ref> p. 241). This suggestion goes back to a suggestion by Beckman and Kalund (1914-'16)<ref>N. Beckman & Kr. Kålund (eds., 1914–1916). Rímbegla (Alfræði íslenzk), STUAGNL 41. Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri.</ref> who write in Icelandic: <blockquote>Ulfs keptr ''synes ha en annan betydelse i 1812''·= Gislason, Prøver s. 477: Andromeda dottvr (läs dottir) Sephei, kona Scersei (läs Persei), sitr i miolk hring par sem ver kollvm vlfs kiopt. ''I hyaderna bilda några stjärnor av fjärde storleken en grupp, som kan anses i någon mån likna ett hund- eller varggap''. </blockquote><blockquote>Ulf’s staff appears to have a different meaning in 1812·= Gislason, Prover p. 477: Andromeda, daughter of Sephei, wife of Scersei (read Persei), sits in a milky ring where the wolf’s staff is visible. In the Hyades, a few fourth-magnitude stars form a group that can be considered to resemble, to some extent, a dog’s or wolf’s mouth. </blockquote><br /> <br /> === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===<br /> nothing known<br /> <br /> == Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==<br /> Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017,<ref>Sturluson, S. (2017) The Edda of Snorri Sturluson. Translated by K. Simrock. Bibliographically updated edition. Stuttgart: Reclam. </ref> p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022,<ref>Holmberg, P. (2022) ‘Watching Star Wars with Viking Age Subtitles: An analysis of cohesion and coherence in the Rök runestone inscription’, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 137, pp. 231–246. (Publication date: 2 May 2025).</ref> p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> * {{NAMESPACE}} <br /> * Norse Constellations by Digitalis Solutions<ref>Digitalis Solutions ([https://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html websit]e) on Norse</ref> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * [[References]] (general)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:European]] [[Category:Norse]] <br /> [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=DAR.LUGAL&diff=40970 DAR.LUGAL 2026-04-09T14:50:01Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{distinguish|Darlugal}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> [[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]<br /> <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> (𒀯𒁯𒈗𒄷) is a Sumerian constellation in [[Lepus]], equalling the Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu''. The determinative <sup>mušen</sup> indicates that it is a bird whose identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is ''taḫtatâ ana tutu'' - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.” <br /> [[File:Ori+umgebung planiJena2020 smh 2014.jpg|thumb|Rooster south of The True Shepherd of Anu in Old Babylonian drawing style (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2017). History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry, in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (ed.). Nuncius Hamburgensis Bd. 41, tredition Verlag, 135-157</ref> as a shepherd, mapped to the planetarium sky (photo by SMH in Planetarium Jena). ]]<br /> The constellation is listed in MUL.APIN (typically dated around 1000 BCE). Roosters were only domesticated in the middle of the -2nd millennium. They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on, so that it is reasonable to assume that they were also kept in the Near East around this time. It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century). Domesticated roosters (actually francolins) therefore date to the same period as the astronomical dating of MUL.APIN. Compared to other Mesopotamian constellations, which can be traced back to the Sumerian culture at the beginning of the -2nd millennium, the constellation of the Rooster is likely to have been one of the more recent figures. Given all this, the Sumerian DAR.LUGAL-bird, literally, 'the royal deer'-bird, is most likely a back-formation from into Sumerian from the same foreign language(s) that yielded Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu'', and other Semitic cognates including Hebrew and Aramaic ''tarnegol''/''tarnagol''. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==<br /> '''Variant readings:''' <br /> <br /> = <sup>mul</sup>TAR<sub>2</sub>.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup>; <br /> <br /> = ''tarlugallu'' "Rooster"; <br /> <br /> = ''tarnugallu'' “rooster”.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <br /> <br /> '''Var. designations:''' <br /> <br /> * 1) the constellation,<br /> * 2) a name of Mars (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396].<br /> <br /> ==== Sources and Identification(s) ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |-<br /> !Sources!!Identifications<br /> |-<br /> |'''EAE.'''<br /> * Late commentaries [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 289; NSAM<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref> 2, 249].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes).”''' <br /> * The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. <br /> * List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 6): <sup>mul</sup>d[ar].lugal<sup>mušen</sup> [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 17; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''MUL.APIN.'''<br /> * The stars of Anu (No. 10): <br /> ** MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL <br /> ** "The star that stands behind it (i.e. behind <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA), (is) the Rooster" (I ii 5) <br /> [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 31], for a parallel see. MLC 1866.<br /> |[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]<br /> |-<br /> |'''List of stars V R 46, 1:27.''' <br /> * <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> kul.aba<sub>4</sub><sup>ki</sup> <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ban<sub>3</sub>-da <br /> * "Rooster, Enlil of Kulaba, Lugalbanda", see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:27].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Text LBAT 1502 obv.''' <br /> * <sup>(mul)</sup>DAR.LUGAL — asterism of Antagubba, see (Kurtik d08) [[DILI|DILI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]]. <br /> The list of the "7 Enlils". The cock correlates with Enlil of Kulaba, see (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|<sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>]].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''GU-text.''' <br /> * (A) <br /> ** <sup>mul</sup>sipa.[z]i.an.na <sup>mul</sup>dar.˹lugal˺ gu <br /> ** "True Shepherd of Anu (β Ori), Rooster (μ Lep), GU" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91], <br /> * the initial star in this equation may have been "Handle on the Crook" (=''ziqpu'' XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree and Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; according to J. Koch, here <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na is γ Ori, <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal is ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 54].<br /> * (B) <br /> ** ˹gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup>.meš˺ ''u''<sub>3</sub> ˹šu˺<sup>II</sup>.meš ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-''u''<sub>2</sub> šu ''imitti''(15) ''u a-si-du'' / ˹egir˺-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na ''u'' murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul?</sup>dar.lugal gu <br /> ** "The legs and arms of the front Great Twin (θ Gem - hand, ν Gem - foot), the right hand and back heel of the True Shepherd of Anu (ξ Ori, κ Ori) and the middle of the Rooster (α Lep) - GU" <br /> * [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 91]; according to Koch, gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup>.meš is η Gem, μ Gem, šu<sup>II</sup>.meš is θ Gem, μ Gem, šu ''imitti'' is ν Ori, ''a-si-du'' egir-''u''<sub>2</sub> is λ Eri, murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal is 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 55].<br /> |[[File:GU II.jpg|alt=star chart for GU II with Babylonian constellations|thumb|The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration by Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.]]<br /> |-<br /> |'''Uranology''' <br /> '''MLC 1866.''' <br /> * ˹MUL˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ''šap-li'' / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL <br /> * "The constellation that stands below the True Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40].<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> [[File:DARLUGAL CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 165054.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside DAR.LUGAL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]<br /> [[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]<br /> ====Stars within the Constellation Area====<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br /> |+<br /> |-<br /> !id<br /> !Label<br /> !IAU design.<br /> !description<br /> !Vmag<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |Arneb<br /> |HIP 25985<br /> |Constellation lines<br /> |2.57<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |Nihal<br /> |HIP 25606<br /> | Constellation lines<br /> |2.84<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |ϵ Leporis<br /> |HIP 23685<br /> |Constellation lines<br /> | 3.18<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |μ Leporis<br /> |HIP 24305<br /> |Constellation lines<br /> |3.29<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |ζ Leporis<br /> |HIP 27288<br /> |Constellation lines<br /> |3.525<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |γ Leporis<br /> |HIP 27072<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |3.6<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |η Leporis<br /> | HIP 28103<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |3.72<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> |δ Leporis<br /> |HIP 27654<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |3.85<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |λ Leporis<br /> |HIP 24845<br /> |Constellation lines<br /> | 4.29<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> | κ Leporis<br /> | HIP 24327<br /> | Constellation lines<br /> |4.44<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |ι Leporis<br /> |HIP 24244<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> | 4.45<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> | θ Leporis<br /> |HIP 28910<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |4.663<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 24927<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |4.729<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |17 Lep<br /> |HIP 28816<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |4.93<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> | -<br /> | HIP 23430<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |5.002<br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 25045<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |5.06<br /> |-<br /> |17<br /> |8 Lep<br /> |HIP 25202<br /> |Constellation lines<br /> |5.229<br /> |-<br /> | 18<br /> |ν Leporis<br /> |HIP 24873<br /> |Constellation lines<br /> | 5.284<br /> |-<br /> |19<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 25045<br /> |Constellation lines<br /> | 5.34<br /> |-<br /> |20<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 24679<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |5.488<br /> |-<br /> |21<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 27517<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |5.49<br /> |-<br /> |22<br /> |10 Lep<br /> |HIP 25853<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |5.525<br /> |-<br /> |23<br /> | -<br /> |HR 2021<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |5.58<br /> |-<br /> |24<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 23554<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |5.582<br /> |-<br /> |25<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 25280<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> |5.636<br /> |-<br /> | 26<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 26966<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |5.727<br /> |-<br /> |27<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 25397<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> | 5.817<br /> |-<br /> | 28<br /> |12 Lep<br /> |HIP 26865<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |5.89<br /> |-<br /> |29<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 24786<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |5.96<br /> |-<br /> |30<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 25532<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |6.065<br /> |-<br /> |31<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 26866<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |6.144<br /> |-<br /> | 32<br /> | V* AK Lep<br /> |HR 1982<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |6.15<br /> |-<br /> |33<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 27308<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> | 6.157<br /> |-<br /> |34<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 26821<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |6.2<br /> |-<br /> |35<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 24394<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |6.21<br /> |-<br /> |36<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 27075<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |6.341<br /> |-<br /> |37<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 24825<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |6.39<br /> |-<br /> |38<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 23818<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> |6.44<br /> |-<br /> |39<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 25059<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |6.47<br /> |}<br /> ===Mythology/ Religion ===<br /> <br /> ==== Deity. ====<br /> In astronomical contexts <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> is associated only with Lugalbanda (see above), the legendary hero and ruler of Uruk, a character that appears in a number of Sumerian myths [MHM II, 75]. In the so-called "Birdcall texts," DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> is associated with <sup>d</sup>˹''En''˺-[''me-šar''<sub>2</sub>]-''ra'' and <sup>d</sup>''Nusku'' [Lambert 1970<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.</ref>, 112-113, STT 341+:2; 114-115, KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref>, 155]. The absence of the name in the lexical texts and in the prediction texts indicates its late origin.<br /> <br /> ==== Symbol. ====<br /> There are no known images that could be associated with the figure of the constellation Rooster.<br /> <br /> ==== Previous Identifications. ====<br /> (1) Constellation:<br /> <br /> = stars east of [[Orion]] to [[Procyon]] (α CMi) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396];<br /> <br /> = [[Lepus]] (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79];<br /> <br /> = [[Canis Minor]] (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11];<br /> <br /> = [[Lepus]] [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 275; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245].<br /> <br /> (2) [[:Category:Mars|Mars]]; cf. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396];<br /> <br /> ==== Parts of the constellation. ====<br /> murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>˹mul?˺</sup>dar.lugal "Middle of the Rooster," see GU-text above.<br /> <br /> ==== Astrology. ====<br /> (1) Orion and the Rooster; late astrological commentary on EAE: AN.MI ''ina'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana tar-ṣi'' DAR.LUGAL "Eclipse (of the Moon) in the True Shepherd of Anu opposite the Rooster" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 289; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 17:9].<br /> <br /> (2) Eclipse of the Moon and the Rooster; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA<sub>5</sub> <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL KI 30 [...] "[If] (the Moon carries) a [crown] (and) scepter, (and) (its) eclipse is red, (it means): The rooster [...] with the moon" [ACh Suppl<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>. 6:3; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 87, Text IIIg ii 4′]. Perhaps the identity is implied here: <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL = <sup>d</sup>''Ṣalbatānu'' "Rooster = Mars" because Mars is mentioned in the previous line.<br /> ==Historical Dictionaries==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |-<br /> !Kurtik (2022, d04)!!Gössmann (1950, 396)<br /> |-<br /> |вар. чтения: = <sup>mul</sup>TAR<sub>2</sub>.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup>; = tarlugallu «Петух»; 1) созвездие в Малом Псе (Canis Minor) (?), 2) название Марса (?) [G. 396]. <br /> I. Источники.<br /> <br /> ЕАЕ. Поздний комментарий [Rochberg-Halton 1988 289; Verderame 2002, 249]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 6): <sup>mul</sup>d[ar].lugal<sup>mušen</sup> [CT 33, 9 r. 17; HBA, 104; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Ану (№ 10): MUL ša<sub>2</sub> EGIR-šu<sub>2</sub> GUB-zu <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL «Звезда, что стоит позади него (т.е. позади mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA), Петух» (I ii 5) [MA, 31], параллель см. MLC 1866. Cписок звезд V R 46, 1:27. <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> kul.aba<sub>4</sub><sup>ki</sup> <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ban<sub>3</sub>-da «Петух, Энлиль из Кулабы, Лугальбанда», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162–3:27]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. <sup>(mul)</sup>DAR.LUGAL — звезда Антагубба, см. d08 DILI ša<sub>2</sub> KUN-šu<sub>2</sub>. Список «7 Энлилей». Петух соотносится с Энлилем из Кулабы, см. e10dEn-lil<sub>2</sub>. GU-текст. (A) <sup>mul</sup>sipa.[z]i.an.na <sup>mul</sup>dar.˹lugal˺ gu «Праведный Пастух Ану (β Ori), Петух (μ Lep), веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91], начальной звездой в этом уравнивании, возможно, была «Рука на Посохе» (=ziqpu XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree-Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; согласно Й.Коху, здесь <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na ― γ Ori, <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal ― ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992, 54]. (B) ˹gir<sub>3</sub>II.meš˺ u<sub>3</sub> ˹šu˺II.meš ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-u<sub>2</sub> šu imittu(15) u a-si-du / ˹egir˺-u<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na u murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul?</sup>dar.lugal gu «Передние ноги и руки Великих Близнецов (θ Gem — рука, ν Gem — нога), правая рука и задняя пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану (ξ Ori, κ Ori) и середина Петуха (α Lep) ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91]; согласно Коху, gir<sub>3</sub>II.meš ― η Gem, μ Gem, šuII.meš ― θ Gem, μ Gem, šu imittu(15) ― n Ori, a-si-du egir-u<sub>2</sub> ― λ Eri, murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal ― 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992, 55]. MLC 1866. ˹MUL˺ ša<sub>2</sub> ina šap-li / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL «Созвездие, которое стоит ниже Праведного Пастуха Ану, Петух» (col. ii 16–17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40].<br /> <br /> II. Божество.<br /> <br /> В астрономическом контексте <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> связан только с Лугальбандой (см. выше), легендарным героем и правителем Урука, персонажем ряда шумерских мифов [MHM II, 75]. В так называемых «The birdcall texts» DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> связан с <sup>d</sup>˹En˺-[me-šar<sub>2</sub>]-ra и <sup>d</sup>Nusku [Lambert 1970, 112–113, STT 341+:2; 114–115, KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973, 155]. Отсутствие названия в лексических текстах и в текстах предсказаний свидетельствует о его позднем происхождении.<br /> <br /> III. Символ.<br /> <br /> Неизвестны изображения, которые можно было бы связать с фигурой созвездия Петух.<br /> <br /> IV. Отождествление.<br /> <br /> (1) Созвездие:<br /> <br /> = звезды к востоку от Ориона до Проциона (α CMi) [Gössmann 1950, 396];<br /> <br /> = Lepus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];<br /> <br /> = Canis Minor (?) [BPO 2, 11];<br /> <br /> = Lepus [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 275; Horowitz 2014, 245].<br /> <br /> (2) Марс; см. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann 1950, 396];<br /> <br /> V. Части созвездия.<br /> <br /> murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>˹mul?˺</sup>dar.lugal «Середина Петуха», см. выше GU-текст.<br /> <br /> VI. Астрология.<br /> <br /> (1) Орион и Петух; поздний астрологический комментарий к ЕАЕ: AN.MI ina SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ana tar-ṣi DAR.LUGAL «Затмение (Луны) в Праведном Пастухе Ану напротив Петуха» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 289; TU, 17:9].<br /> <br /> (2) Затмение Луны и Петух; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA<sub>5</sub> <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL KI 30 […] «[Eсли] (Луна несет) [коро]ну (и) скипетр, (и) при (своем) затмении красная, (это означает): Петух [достиг?…] области Луны» [ACh Suppl. 6:3; Verderame 2002, 87, Text IIIg ii 3′]. Возможно, здесь подразумевается тождество: <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL = <sup>d</sup>Ṣalbatānu «Петух = Марс», поскольку Марс упоминается в предыдущей строке.<br /> |<sup>mul</sup>TAR<sub>2</sub> · LUGAL <sup>mušen</sup> (106)<br /> Das Hahnengestirn, akk.wohl tarlugallu; 82--5-22, 512, 17 (Hommel, A A 469 zu berichtigen); Bez. Farb. S. 136<sup>k</sup>. Nach Br.Mm. 86378 II 5 steht dieses Gestirn hinter dem Orion; ebeso 2. Sup. LXVII 13. "Es kommen also die Sterne östlich von Orion bis Prokyon in Betracht" (3. Erg. S. 324; vgl. Bez. Farb. S. 132, 20). <br /> <br /> Identifizierungen: <br /> <br /> * = Rigel (Bez. ZÄF S. 10. 48). <br /> * = Prokyon (Kugl. Erg. S. 155 f. 218). <sup>mul</sup>TAR<sub>2</sub> · LUGAL ist <br /> <br /> # Unter den Ea-Gestirnen , 82-5-22, 512, Rs. 17. <br /> # Unter den 7 Enlillen: VR 46 Vs. 27 (Enlil von Kullab); VAT 9418 III 8. <br /> # Deckname für Mars (??); VACh Sup. VI 3 f. Bez. Farb.S. 110, 79; 123, 194.<br /> |}<br /> ==References==<br /> *[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]<br /> [[Category:Mesopotamian]] <br /> [[Category:Constellation]] <br /> [[Category:West Asian]] <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Cuneiform]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=Muphrid&diff=40966 Muphrid 2026-04-09T13:17:24Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Muphrid}}<br /> Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> Muphrid ( '''المفرد''') is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Arabic. It is the name of HIP 67927 (η Boo, HR 5235) in constellation [[Bootes]].<br /> <br /> ==Etymology and History==<br /> Ideler (1809)<ref>Ludwig Ideler (1809). "Untersuchungen Über Den Ursprung Und Die Bedeutung Der Sternnamen: Ein Beytrag Zur Geschichte Des Gerstirnten Himmels", reprint: Legare Street Press</ref> writes that he doesn't understand why the star is named as such. He states that the term is translated "isolated" but that it is unclear whether the isolation refers to a location separate from the Bootes figure or something else ("Mufrid heißt abgesondert, isolirt. Was es in dieser Zusammensetzung sagen soll, ist mir nicht ganz klar.").<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Kunitzsch and Smart (2006):<ref>Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub.</ref><blockquote>The formation of this name begins with the ancient Arabic name for α Boo: al-simak al-ramih, "the Lance-bearing simak" (the meaning of simak is uncertain). It seems that later Arabic poets expanded upon this name by making mention of some separate "lance" (al-rumh) that accompanied the star α Boo. Subsequent Arabs attempted to identify this fictitious lance with actual stars, sometimes saying it was η Boo with nearby stars, sometimes saying it was "η Boo alone" (where "alone", in Arabic, is written mufradan). From these discussions came, with a slight copying mistake in the Arabic, the erroneous Arabic name mufrad al-ramih, roughly translating as "the Isolated Single One of the Lance-Bearer". With a wrong vocalization and with abbreviation, this erroneous name, as "Muphrid", was applied in recent times.</blockquote><br /> [[File:Rumh of Simakan RL map+draw.png|thumb|Arabian constellation al-Simak with Lances and Armes (CC BY Roland Laffitte 2025).]]<br /> Roland Laffitte (2025)<ref>Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots</ref> writes: <blockquote>'''''Muphrid''''' ''(η Boo: 2.68) /'' '''المفرد''' '''.''' Borrowed two centuries ago and now adopted by the IAU, this name corresponds to the late Arabic phrase ''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ'', ‘the isolated [star] of Alramech’, which is explained by its position near the main star of the constellation (see ''supra'', ''Fig. 53b''). Arabic: ''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ'', Uluġ Bēg, ''‘Muphrid AlRâmih’'', Hyde > ''Miphrid'', Bode and Piazzi > French: ''Moufride'', Coulier, ''Muphrid'', Francœur. ''Muphrid'' & var., Allen, Rumrill, Hoffleit, but ''Muphrid'' alone, Rhoads, etc., Simbad, IAU.</blockquote> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! valign="top" |Name <br /> (orig.)<br /> ! valign="top" |Name<br /> ! valign="top" |translation<br /> ! valign="top" |identification<br /> (RL)<br /> ! valign="top" |author<br /> ! valign="top" |note<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Rumḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |la Lance<br /> | valign="top" |''η Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mirzam al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Predecessor of Simak<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Marzūqī<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |The Isolated One of Alramech<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Tīzīnī<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Rāyat al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Standard of Simak<br /> | valign="top" |''ε Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Qutayba<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''Tābiᶜ al-Simāk''<br /> | valign="top" |the Follower of Simak<br /> | valign="top" | <br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-ᶜAḍaba''<br /> | valign="top" |the Belt<br /> | valign="top" |''ρσ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | valign="top" |<br /> | valign="top" |''al-Silāḥ''<br /> | valign="top" |the Arms<br /> | valign="top" |''τυ Boo''<br /> | valign="top" |Ṣūfī<br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Mythology==<br /> <br /> ==IAU Working Group on Star Names==<br /> The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2016/09/12. <br /> <br /> ==Weblinks==<br /> * Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/<br /> <br /> ==Reference==<br /> *[[References|References (general)]]<br /> *<br /> <br /> [[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Boo]] [[Category:Arabic]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=UZ3&diff=40948 UZ3 2026-04-08T10:27:51Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:UZ<sub>3</sub> (𒍚, Akkadian ''Enzu'')}}<br /> Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> UZ<sub>3</sub> (𒍚), Akkadian Enzu, is Sumerian, Akkadian equivalent ''enzu,'' "goat", is a Mesopotamian constellation in the [[Lyra|Lyra.]] The term UZ<sub>3</sub> may refer to the bright star only or to a little asterism. The Akkadian term occurs in lexical, religious and astrological texts. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==<br /> Var. reading: <br /> <br /> * <sup>mul</sup>UZA, <br /> * <sup>mul</sup>UD<sub>5</sub>; <br /> * = ''enzu'' "Goat";<br /> <br /> Constellation within modern Lyra (Lyra) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 145; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> E, 183a].<br /> <br /> Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023): <sup>mul</sup>ÙZ (EN 22l, 23l, 24l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><br /> <br /> ==== Sources and Identification(s) ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |-<br /> !Sources!!Identifications<br /> |-<br /> |'''Lexical texts.''' <br /> * (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:407; 136, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 6; 143, col. x 26], <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> [Emar VI/4<ref name=":2">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:110]. <br /> * (2) Urra XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> = ''en-zu'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":2" />, 151:166; SpTU III<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 49; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:306ʹ].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."''' <br /> * (1) Old Babylonian prayer: <br /> ** (a) Erm. 15642: ''in-zu-um'' [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref>, 196-197:19], and also [Shileiko 1924<ref>''Шилейко В.К''. Таблетка с молитвой ночным богам в собрании Лихачева //ИРАИМК. 1924, Т. 3, Ленинград, с. 144-152.</ref>, 147; Dossin 1935<ref name=":4">''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 180; Soden 1936<ref>''Soden W. von''. Ein Opferschaugebet bei Nacht // ZA. 1936. Bd. 43 (N.F. 9), S. 305-308.</ref>, 306], <br /> ** (b) AO 6769: <sup>(mul)</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> [Dossin 1935<ref name=":4" />, 181-182:18].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''EAE.''' <br /> See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 12a-h, 15d; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; Borger 1973<ref name=":6">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 15′-19′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref> 250:79b, 252:106; SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:25-28]. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).''' <br /> * Astrolabe P. Month of Kislim, stars of Ea, 30 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575]. <br /> * Astrolabe B. <br /> ** (1) List (12´3): <br /> *** mul ''ša'' egir-''šu'' gub-''z''[''u''] / <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' <br /> *** "The constellation which sta[nds] after it (i.e. <sup>mul</sup>šu.pa?), the Goat, Gul[a]" (B iii 13-14).<br /> ** (2) List (3´12): <br /> *** [<sup>iti</sup>gan] ... <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> <br /> *** "[Kislimu]: ... The goat (rises in the way) of Enlil" (C iii 9).<br /> ** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): <br /> *** rising – kislimu, <br /> *** setting – simanu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C iii 18, 29; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":7">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 39, 40]; see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A]].<br /> * BM 82923. Month of Kislim, stars of Enlil: <br /> ** <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> // 30 // ''be-let'' MAŠ<sub>2</sub> <br /> ** "Goat // 30 // Lady of divination" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:27].<br /> * BM 34713. Month of Tebet, stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:10], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]]. <br /> * Text Nv. 10. <br /> ** <sup>[mul]</sup>uz<sub>3</sub>? - AN.TA.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.UR.RA asterism in the month of simanu, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].<br /> * Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. <br /> ** (a) List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 12): <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 6; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and the Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. XLIV und XLV. S. 176-185.</ref>, 176].<br /> ** (b) List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 9): <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212]. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''MUL.APIN.''' <br /> * (1) Enlil's stars (nos. 23, 25): <br /> ** (a) <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' "Goat, Gula" (I i 24), for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:11'], see also (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI<sub>7</sub>]], <br /> ** (b) "Star with great brilliance in the Goat" (I i 26) (= Vega), see (Kurtik L03) [[LAMMA|<sup>d</sup>LAMMA]]. <br /> * (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>APIN UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>GABA.GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB IGI<sup>me</sup> "On the 15th day of Arahsamnu, the Goat and the Scorpius's chest become visible" (I iii 4); for an early parallel, see (Kurtik L03) [[LAMMA|<sup>d</sup>LAMMA]]. VM 77054. <br /> * (3) Simultaneous diurnal sunrises and sunsets: <br /> ** a) (I iii 19), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], <br /> ** b) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]. <br /> * (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> 30 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> / TA KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> 30 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A "30 days from the rising of the Libra to the rising of the Goat. 30 days from the rising of the Goat to the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth" (I iii 38-39). <br /> * (5) List of ziqpu-stars: [[UZ3|<sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub>]] (I iv 5). <br /> * (6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: <br /> ** (a) Erua culminates, the Goat ascends (I iv 26), see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], <br /> ** (b) Goat culminates, the Fish ascends (I iv 30), see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]] [MA<ref name=":8">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 25, 44, 49, 50, 54, 59, 65, 67].<br /> Text BM 77054.<br /> * ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>apin ud.15.kam mul <sup>d</sup>''a-n''[''u-ni-tum''...] / <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> [...] "On the 15th of arahsamnu An[unitu...] / Goat [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, rev. 5′-6′].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''"Letters" and "Reports."''' <br /> See. [SAA 10<ref>''. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 88 r. 5; SAA 8<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 74:1, 175 r. 1, 7, 247:8]. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''<br /> * 12 stars of Akkad: <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:212].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''VR 46, 1:53 list of stars.'''<br /> * <sup><mul></sup>uz<sub>3</sub> = ''be-let bi-ri'' "Goat = Lady of prediction" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:53; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''GU text.''' <br /> * (S) [mul] ''e''-˹''du''˺ [''ša''<sub>2</sub>] ''kin-ṣi'' <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> kimin gir<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>pa.bil.sag / ˹''ša''<sub>2</sub>˺ ''ina'' ugu ma<sub>2</sub>.˹gur<sub>8</sub>˺ gu "The separate star on the knee of the Goat (ziqpu VI: μ Her), or the leg of Zababa (λ Aql), (and the star) of Pabilsag, which is above the Ship (ι Sag): the rope" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":11">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:30-31]; according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":12">''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60], gir<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub> - μ Sgr, <sup>mul</sup>pa.bil.sag / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ugu ma<sub>2</sub>.gur<sub>8</sub> - ε Tel. <br /> * (T) <sup>mul</sup>''zubi''(GAM<sub>3</sub>) ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> kimin sa<sub>4</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup> "The staff(? ) of the Goat (ziqpu VII: α Lyr), or the star with great brilliance of the Eagle (α Aql)," [Goat-Fish (β Cap), shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (β Cyg) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":11" />, BM 78161:31; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":13">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 93-94]; according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":12" />, 60], <sup>mul</sup>zubi ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> is η Lyr.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Dalbanna-text.''' <br /> * §m. <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ˹uz<sub>3</sub>˺ <sup>[mu]l</sup>˹gir<sub>3</sub>˺ uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>aga ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a mul[...] 4 mul.m[eš x x x] x na bi kun bi x [...] "Left leg of the Goat (θ Lyr), the leg of the Goat (δ Her), the crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), the star [...]: 4 star[s x x] x his ... his tail x [...]" [Walker 1995, 37; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":13" />, 109]; according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":12" /> 49, 62]: mul[...] = <sup>mul</sup>[zi.ba.an.na egir-''u''<sub>2</sub>] "[Hind of Libra]" (β Lib). <br /> * §w. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> uz<sub>3</sub> "Leg of the Goat" (= δ Her), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A]]. <br /> * §x. <sup>mul</sup>šu [gub<sub>3</sub> uz<sub>3</sub>]<sup>?</sup> "[Left] leg [of the Goat]" (θ Lyr), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A]]. <br /> * §y. <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> u<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup> 3 mul.meš ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na <sup>mul</sup>A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup> ''maḫ-ru'' "Goat (δ Her?), right leg of Zababa (ξ Oph?), Eagle (ε Aql). 3 stars. Damage. 2 intervals, interval. Eagle –first." [Walker 1995, 41; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 51, 64; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":13" />, 111].<br /> * §z. <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> Koza (δ Her?), see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI<sub>7</sub>]], and also (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|<sup>d</sup>''Ḫaniš'']].<br /> |Example<br /> |-<br /> |'''Ziqpu-star lists.''' <br /> * BM 38369+: TA <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> EN <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA...[DUḪ.A...] "From the Goat to the Demon [with the Open Mouth]..." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 92:1]. <br /> |Example<br /> |-<br /> |'''Anaphora.'''<br /> * BM 36609+: 10 UŠ [''ar''<sub>2</sub>] MUL<sub>2</sub> UZ<sub>3</sub> "100 [behind] the stars in the Goat," see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]]. List of "6 palace women." See (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Late astrology.''' <br /> * Predictions on izbu: <sup>múl</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''a-na bu-lum'' "(Constellation) Goat for (predictions having to do with) livestock" [Biggs 1968<ref name=":14">''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53-54:11]; according to Biggs, <sup>múl</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> here is a designation of Capricorn [ibid.<ref name=":14" />, 56, note 8]; see, however, section VI below.<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> [[File:UZ CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 162837.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside UZ3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]<br /> <br /> ====Stars within the Constellation Area====<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br /> |+<br /> |-<br /> !id<br /> ! Label<br /> ! IAU design.<br /> !description<br /> !Vmag<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> | [[Vega]]<br /> |HIP 91262<br /> | Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |0.03<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[Sulafat]]<br /> |HIP 93194<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |3.25<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |[[Sheliak]]<br /> |HIP 92420<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |3.42<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |NAME del Lyr Cluster<br /> |NAME del Lyr Cluster<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |3.8<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |δ 2 Lyrae<br /> |HIP 92791<br /> |Constellation lines<br /> |4.3<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |ζ 1 Lyrae<br /> | HIP 91971<br /> |Constellation lines<br /> |4.36<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> |* eps01 Lyr A<br /> |HIP 91919<br /> |Constellation lines<br /> |4.991<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> | * eps02 Lyr A<br /> |HIP 91926<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |5.23<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |ι Lyrae<br /> |HIP 93903<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |5.253<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> | -<br /> |HR 7162<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |5.277<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |* eps02 Lyr B<br /> |HIP 91926<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |5.35<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |δ 1 Lyrae<br /> |HIP 92728<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |5.573<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> |ζ 2 Lyrae<br /> | HIP 91973<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |5.585<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 92833<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |6.03<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> | [[Xihe]]<br /> |HIP 91852<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |6.037<br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 93354<br /> | Inside the Hull<br /> |6.038<br /> |-<br /> |17<br /> |* eps01 Lyr B<br /> |HIP 91919<br /> |Constellation lines (Vertex)<br /> |6.062<br /> |-<br /> |18<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 92551<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |6.082<br /> |-<br /> |19<br /> | -<br /> |HIP 91820<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> |6.44<br /> |-<br /> |20<br /> | -<br /> | HIP 91552<br /> |Inside the Hull<br /> | 6.489<br /> |}<br /> ===Additional===<br /> <br /> ==== Deity. ====<br /> From the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C. the healing goddess Gula (Kurtik g35 [[Gula|<sup>d</sup>Gula]]) was considered the deity of the constellations <sup>múl</sup>uz<sub>3</sub>. However, the constellation <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> was considered a deity during the later phases of the 3rd millennium BC and in the Old Babylonian period. <br /> <br /> ===== Prayers and rituals. =====<br /> * (1) Palatial ritual in the 3rd dynasty of Ur: 2 ''ma-an-za-aš''<sub>2</sub>-''tum'' <sup>d</sup>Inanna / 1 siškur<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>Inanna / 1 siškur<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> / ša<sub>3</sub> e<sub>2</sub>-gal "2 offerings to Inanna; 1 prayer to Inanna; 1 prayer to the Goat of the Palace" [Sallaberger II<ref name=":15">''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, Tab. 7], see also [ibid.<ref name=":15" />, I 54, note 227]. <br /> * (2) Prayers to the Gods of the Night, see above. <br /> * (3) New Year's ritual in Babylon: <sup>múl</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> ''ba-rat'' an-''e'' "goat watching the sky" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>, 139:327; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220, 229]. <br /> * (4) Hemerology on the 9th day of tashrit: ''ana'' igi <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>udu</sup>siškur bal pad-''su'' ''liš-kun'' "Let him offer a sacrifice in the sacrificial vessel before the Goat " [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 177 rev. i 41-42; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 180-181]. <br /> * (5) For the ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" a deity statue, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum|''Zibānītu'']], II.<br /> * (6) For the Goat constellation in medical practice, see [Reiner 1995<ref name=":16">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 52ff.], and also (Kurtik g35) [[Gula|<sup>d</sup>''Gula'']], II. On Gula as an astral goddess see. [Kurtik 2018; Kurtik 2022].<br /> <br /> In the mythological text BM 55466+, the night sky in the month of tebet is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, with the constellation <sup>múl</sup>''enzu''(uz<sub>3</sub>), identified with <sup>múl</sup>maš<sub>2</sub>, considered to be the astral incarnation of Tiamat; ''aš''<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''an-ni-i ki-i'' <sup>múl</sup>''enzi''(uz<sub>3</sub>) ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''itti''(ki) <sup>múl</sup>''zuqaqīpi''(gir<sub>2</sub>.tab) ''innamru''(igi)<sup>ru</sup> <sup>múl</sup>''suḫurmāšu''(maš<sub>2</sub>) / ''gi''[''z'']-''zu'': <sup>múl</sup>''enzu''(uz<sub>3</sub>) "Therefore she (= Tiamat) is like (the constellation) Goat, which is seen together with (the constellation) Scorpius. (The constellation) Goat-Fish, go[a]t, is equivalent to (the constellation) Goat" [STC II<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, Pl. LXX rev. 6-7; Reynolds 1999<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Stellar Representations of Tiāmat and Qingu in a Learned Calendar Text // RAI. 1999. Vol. 42. P. 369-378.</ref>, 370-371].<br /> <br /> ==== Symbol. ====<br /> The figure of the constellation was apparently a representation of a goat. However, on kudurrus and on Neo-Assyrian seals, we see anthropomorphic images of Gula as being the constellation figure. For an analysis of the problems associated with these images, see. [Kurtik 2018], as well as (Kurtik g35) [[Gula|<sup>d</sup>''Gula'']], III.<br /> <br /> ==== Previous Identification. ====<br /> = Lyra, also identified with <sup>mul</sup>GAŠAN.TIN and <sup>mul d</sup>''Gu-la'', [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 145, I Ergebnis].<br /> <br /> = Lyra [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1974, 73].<br /> <br /> = Lyra with some neighboring stars [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79b; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 16; MA<ref name=":8" />, 138].<br /> <br /> = Lyra + stars from Hercules [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 118, Anm. 375].<br /> <br /> = Lyra [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":7" />, 249].<br /> <br /> = Lyra and part of Herculis [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":13" />, 275].<br /> <br /> ==== Constellation parts and individual stars. ====<br /> (1) MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>LAMMA "A star of great brilliance in Cos, Lamma" (Vega, α Lyrae), see MUL.APIN (I i 26).<br /> <br /> (2) mul ''e-du ša''<sub>2</sub> ''kin-ṣi'' <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> "A separate star on the knee of the Goat" (= ziqpu VI, μ Her), see GU-text.<br /> <br /> (3) <sup>mul</sup>zubi ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> "The staff(?) of the Goat," see GU-text (T). (check and think about this)<br /> <br /> (4) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> uz<sub>3</sub> "Leg of the Goat" (= δ Her), see dbn-text.<br /> <br /> (5) <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> uz<sub>3</sub> "The left hoof of the Goat" (θ Lyr), see dbn-text (§ m, x).<br /> <br /> ==== Astrology. ====<br /> <br /> ===== Identifications: =====<br /> (1) = Venus; <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> is the name of Venus in the month of Tebet, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', I "Tablet of Dilbat"; see also other predictions related to the Goat.<br /> <br /> (2) = unidentified planet, possibly Jupiter(?); see prediction (14) below, and also [Bezold 1925, 122:169; Gössmann<ref name=":0" />145, I A].<br /> <br /> (3) = Ninlil; <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Nin-lil''<sub>2</sub> EGI<sub>2</sub> GAL-[''tu''] "The goat – Ninlil, the grea[t] princess" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 12a].<br /> <br /> (4) = Goat-Fish head; see <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub>: SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup> "Goat = Goat-Fish head" [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 194, K. 42+:24′], see also (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup>]], VI 8.<br /> <br /> See also the identification: <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> = TUR<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' "Goat = Gula's corral" [Reiner 1995<ref name=":16" />, 53].<br /> <br /> ===== Predictions: =====<br /> (5) General astrological meaning; MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> TI.LA MAŠ<sub>2</sub>.ANŠE "The asterism (coming) after it (?) – the Goat, (determining) the life of the cattle" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 12b]; <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''a-na bu-l''[''im''] "The Goat for (predictions concerning) cattl[e]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 12c; ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":17">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 74:5].<br /> <br /> (6) Visibility of the Goat; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>]UZ<sub>3</sub> ŠE.IR.ZI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''lum-mu-nu ḫa-a-a''-DU ''ina'' KUR ''i-man-du'' "[If] (the constellation)] Goat’s radiance is dim: spies will multiply in the country" [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 94, k.2226+:38], see also: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZA<sub>3</sub> ''a-dir'' [...] "If the Goat darkens [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21: 81; Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 119:50].<br /> <br /> (7) The Goat (=Venus) appears and stands for 3 days in the month of Arahsamnu; see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 10.<br /> <br /> (8) The Goat (=Venus) disappears at an inappropriate time; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''i'']-''te-ir''(-)<sup>?</sup>''ru-bu-us-sa'' MU ''i-te-rik ana'' MAŠ.EN.KAK <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' NU UD.BA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> T[UM<sub>3</sub>-''ma''] "[If the Goat] ... the year becomes long for the indigent, (it means): Venus expires at an inappropriate time." [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 246, K.2346+:25], see also [ibid.<ref name=":5" />, 232, D.T. 47: 19; ACh Suppl.<ref name=":17" /> 34:36].<br /> <br /> (9) The Goat emits mišḫu; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> (gloss: ''mu-ul u''<sub>2</sub>-''za'') ''meš-ḫa im-šu''[''ḫ''] (gloss: ''im-šu''-[''uḫ'']) / DINGUR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ˹BUR<sub>2</sub>˺.[MEŠ] / ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ (gloss: ''re-e-mu'') [TUK.MEŠ] "If the Goat emits mišḫu: the gods will enlighten the country, [they will show] mercy (towards) the country" [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 74:1-3], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21:82; Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 63 col. i 13; Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 64 col. ii 11].<br /> <br /> (10) The Goat (= Venus) and the Moon; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''ina'' SA<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>30 GUB [...] "If the Goat stands in (the area of) the Moon [...]", DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''ina'' SI 15 <sup>d</sup>30 GUB [...] "If the Goat stands on the right horn of the Moon [...]", DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''ina'' SI 150 <sup>d</sup>30 GUB [...] "If the Goat stands on the left horn of the Moon [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21: 74-76].<br /> <br /> (11) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the Path of the Sun (=Jupiter); [DIŠ] <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <KASKAL> <sup>d</sup>UTU KUR-''ud'' SU.KU<sub>2</sub> ''bu-lim'' U<sub>2</sub>.GUG GAL<sub>2</sub>-''ši'' "[If] the Goat reaches (the Path) of the Sun: famine of cattle, there will be famine " [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 92, K. 2226+: 10]; in the parallel text LB 1321 r. 18′ the commentary states: <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' <sup>mul</sup>''Šul-pa-e''<sub>3</sub> kur-˹''ma''˺ "Venus reaches Jupiter" [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41 r. 18′], hence the identities, "Goat = Venus," "Path of the Sun = Jupiter." see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21:73; SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:28].<br /> <br /> (12) The Goat (= Venus) reaches the Wolf (=Mars); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra kur-''ud'' | ''ina'' mu bi ''šub-tim bu-lim'' | <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' <sup>mul</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' kur-''ma'' "If the Goat reaches the Wolf: this year (there will be) cattle grazing, (it means): Venus reaches Mars" [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41 r. 16′]; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>]UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim bu-lim'' "[If] the Goat reaches the Wolf: this year (there will be) a drop in the number of cattle" [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:39], see also [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:26; ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21:78; Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 119:51].<br /> <br /> (13) The Goat (= Venus) and the Wolf (= Mars); <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> [...] ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA T[E...] "The Goat [...] approa[ches] the Wolf..." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 12d]; <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>[UR].BAR.RA ''i-mid ina'' MU BI MA[Š<sub>2</sub>.ANŠE...] "The goat stands close to the [Wolf's] asterism: this year catt[le...] [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, II 12g].<br /> <br /> (14) Venus approaches the Goat(?); [UD EŠ<sub>4</sub>.DAR ...] ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> TE ... "[If Ishtar ...] comes close to the Goat: [...] there will be songs in the country in honor of the harvest..." [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, 180, K.229 rev. ii 3′].<br /> <br /> (15) The Wolf (=Mars) reaches the Goat (=Venus); (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 8.<br /> <br /> (16) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the Furrow (=Mercury); see (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|<sup>giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>]], VI 2.<br /> <br /> (17) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the Furrow (=Mercury) from the south; see (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|<sup>giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>]], VI 3.<br /> <br /> (18) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the Field; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> kur-''ma'' | GUB ''ina'' mu bi a<sub>2</sub>.zag<sub>2</sub> gal<sub>2</sub> | <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat'' "If the Goat reaches the Field and stands (there): this year there will be (the demon) Asakku; (Goat) = Venus" [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41 r. 15′], see also [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101: 25; ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21:77; Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 73:50-52].<br /> <br /> (19) The Goat (=Venus) reaches the asterism of Eridu (=Mars or Mercury); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> KUR-''ma'' DU [...] "If the Goat reaches the asterism of Eridu and goes (further on) [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":17" />, 21:72].<br /> <br /> (20) The Goat (=Venus) approaches the Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 8.<br /> <br /> See also [ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":17" />, 69:33].<br /> <br /> ==Historical Dictionaries== <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |-<br /> ! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, e14)<br /> ! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950) <br /> |-<br /> |аккадская параллель к <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> «Коза»; созвездие в Лире (Lyra), в лексических, религиозных и астрологических текстах; cм. u31UZ<sub>3</sub>.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Kurtik (2022, u31)<br /> !<br /> |-<br /> |вар. чтения: <sup>mul</sup>UZA, <sup>mul</sup>UD<sub>5</sub>; = ''enzu'' «Коза»; созвездие в пределах современной Лиры (Lyra) [G. 145; BPO 2, 16; CAD E, 183a].||<br /> |-<br /> |I. Источники.<br /> '''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> [MSL XI, 108:407; 136, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 6; 143, col. x 26], <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> [Emar VI/4, 154:110]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> = ''en-zu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:166; SpTU III, 114A v 49; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:306ʹ]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». '''(1)''' Старовавилонская молитва: '''a)''' Erm. 15642: ''in-zu-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:19], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; Soden 1936, 306], '''b)''' AO 6769: <sup>(mul)</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> [Dossin 1935, 181–182:18]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, II 12a-h, 15d; BPO 3, 289; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 15′–19′; Largement 1957 250:79<sup>b</sup>, 252:106; SpTU III, 101:25–28]. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц кислиму, звезды Эа, 30 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu'' gub-''z''[''u''] / <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' «Созвездие, которое после него (т.е.<sup>mul</sup>šu.pa<sup>?</sup>) сто[ит], Коза, Гул[а]» (B iii 13–14). '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [<sup>iti</sup>gan] … <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> «[Кислиму]: … Коза (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 9). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6<sup>m</sup>): восход — кислиму, заход — симану [KAV 218, C iii 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 39, 40]; см. u06UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A. BM 82923. Месяц кислиму, звезды Энлиля: <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> // 30 // ''be-let'' MAŠ<sub>2</sub> «Коза // 30 // Госпожа предсказательства» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:27]. BM 34713. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:10], см. g27GU.LA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 12): <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> [CT 33, 9 r. 6; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 9): <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 23, 25): '''а)''' <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' «Коза, Гула» (I i 24), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:11'], см. также u19UR.GI<sub>7</sub>, '''b)''' «Звезда с большим блеском в Козе» (I i 26) (= Вега), см. L03<sup>d</sup>LAMMA. '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>APIN UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>GABA.GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB IGI<sup>me</sup> «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); ранняя параллель см. ВМ 77054. '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 19), см. b06BAN, b) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. '''(4)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> 30 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> / TA KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> 30 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A «30 дней от восхода Весов до восхода Козы. 30 дней от восхода Козы до восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью» (I iii 38–39). '''(5)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> (I iv 5). '''(6)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: '''a)''' Эруа кульминирует, Коза восходит (I iv 26), см. a02A.EDIN, '''b)''' Коза кульминирует, Рыба восходит (I iv 30), см. k24KU<sub>6</sub> [MA, 25, 44, 49, 50, 54, 59, 65, 67]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 88 r. 5; SAA 8, 74:1, 175 r. 1, 7, 247:8]. '''''Текст BM 77054'''''. ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>apin ud.15.kam <sup>mul</sup> <sup>d</sup>''a-n''[''u-ni-tum''…] / <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> […] «15-го арахсамну Ан[униту…] / Коза […]» [George 1991, 304–305, rev. 5′–6′]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». 12 звезд Аккада: <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:212]. '''''Список звезд''''' '''''VR 46, 1:53.''''' <sup><mul></sup>uz<sub>3</sub> = ''be-let bi-ri'' «Коза = госпожа предсказания» [HBA, 52:53; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(S)''' [mul] ''e''-˹''du''˺ [''ša''<sub>2</sub>] ''kin-ṣi'' <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> kimin gir<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>za''.''ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>pa.bil.sag / ˹''ša''<sub>2</sub>˺ ''ina'' ugu ma<sub>2</sub>.˹gur<sub>8</sub>˺ gu «Отдельная звезда на колене Козы (''ziqpu'' VI: μ Her), или нога Забабы (λ Aql), (и звезда) Пабилсага, которая выше Корабля (ι Sag): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30–31]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], gir<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub> — μ Sgr, <sup>mul</sup>pa.bil.sag / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ugu ma<sub>2</sub>.gur<sub>8</sub> — ε Tel. '''(T)''' <sup>mul</sup>zubi(GAM<sub>3</sub>) ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> kimin sa<sub>4</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>A<sub>2</sub><sup>nušen</sup> «Посох(?) Козы (''ziqpu'' VII: α Lyr), или звезда с большим блеском Орла (α Aql)», [Коза-Рыба (β Cap), плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью (β Cyg) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 93–94]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], <sup>mul</sup>zubi ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> — η Lyr. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''§m'''. <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ˹uz<sub>3</sub>˺ <sup>[mu]l</sup>˹gir<sub>3</sub>˺ uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>aga ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>mul</sup>[…] 4 mul.m[eš x x] x na bi kun bi x […] «Левая рука Козы (θ Lyr), нога Козы (δ Her), корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), звезда […]: 4 звезд[ы x x] x его … его хвост x […]» [Walker 1995, 37; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 109]; согласно [Koch 49, 62]: <sup>mul</sup>[…] = <sup>mul</sup>[zi.ba.an.na egir-''u''<sub>2</sub>] «[Задняя часть Весов]» (β Lib). '''§w'''. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> uz<sub>3</sub> «Нога Козы» (= δ Her), см. u06UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A. '''§x'''. <sup>mul</sup>šu [gub<sub>3</sub> uz<sub>3</sub>]<sup>?</sup> «[Левая] рука [Козы]» (θ Lyr), см. u06UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A. '''§y'''. <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> ''u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup> 3 mul.meš ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na <sup>mul</sup>A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup> ''maḫ-ru'' «Коза (δ Her<sup>?</sup>), правая нога Забабы (ξ Oph<sup>?</sup>), Орел (ε Aql): 3 звезды. Повреждение. 2 интервала, интервал. Орел — первый.» [Walker 1995, 41; Koch 1995, 51, 64; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]. '''§z'''. <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> Коза (δ Her<sup>?</sup>), см. u19UR.GI<sub>7</sub>, а также h03<sup>d</sup>''Ḫaniš''. '''''Текст Nv. 10'''''. [<sup>mul</sup>]uz<sub>3</sub><sup>?</sup> — звезда AN.TA.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.UR.RA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''''. BM 38369+: TA <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> EN <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.[DUḪ.A…] «От Козы до Демона [с Разинутой] Пастью…» [Horowitz 1994a, 92:1]. '''''Анафора'''''. BM 36609+: 10 UŠ [''ar''<sub>2</sub>] MUL<sub>2</sub> UZ<sub>3</sub> «10<sup>0</sup> [позади] звезды в Козе», см. h12<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>. '''''Список «6 дворцовых женщин»'''''. См. a02A.EDIN. '''''Поздняя астрология'''''. Предсказания ''izbu'': <sup>múl</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''a-na bu-lum'' «(Созвездие) Коза для (предсказаний, имеющих отношение к) скоту» [Biggs 1968, 53–54:11]; согласно Бигсу, <sup>múl</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> здесь – обозначение Козерога [ibid., 56, note 8]; см., однако, ниже раздел VI.<br /> <br /> II. Божество.<br /> <br /> Со второй половины II тыс. до н.э. божеством созвездий <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> считалась богиня-целительница Гула (g35<sup>d</sup>''Gula''). Однако ранее в конце III тыс. до н.э. и в старовавилонский период созвездие <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> само считалось божеством. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Дворцовый ритуал в эпоху III династии Ура: 2 ''ma-an-za-aš''<sub>2</sub>-''tum'' <sup>d</sup>Inanna / 1 sizkur<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>Inanna / 1 sizkur<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> / ''ša''<sub>3</sub> e<sub>2</sub>-gal «2 приношения Инанне; 1 молитва Инанне; 1 молитва Козе из дворца» [Sallaberger II, Tab. 7], см. также [ibid., I 54, note 227]. '''(2)''' Молитвы ночным богам, см. выше. '''(3)''' Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне: <sup>múl</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> ''ba-rat'' an-''e'' «Коза, наблюдающая небо» [RAcc., 139:327; Linssen 2004, 220, 229]. '''(4)''' Гемерология на 9-е ташриту: ''ana'' igi <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>udu</sup>sizkur bal pad-''su'' ''liš-kun'' «Перед Козой жертву в жертвенном сосуде, жертвоприношение свое пусть он принесет» [KAR, 177 rev. i 41–42; Labat 1939, 180–181]. '''(5)''' Ритуал «омовения рта» (''mīs pî'') или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.'' '''(6)''' Созвездие Коза в медицинской практике см. [Reiner 1995, 52ff.], а также g35<sup>d</sup>''Gula'', II. О Гуле как астральной богине см. [Kurtik 2018; Куртик 2022].<br /> <br /> В мифологическом тексте BM 55466+ ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, причем созвездие <sup>múl</sup>''enzu''(uz<sub>3</sub>), отождествляемое с <sup>múl</sup>maš<sub>2</sub>, считается астральным воплощением Тиамат; ''aš''<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''an-ni-i ki-i'' <sup>múl</sup>''enzi''(uz<sub>3</sub>) ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''itti''(ki) <sup>múl</sup>''zuqaqīpi''(gir<sub>2</sub>.tab) ''innamru''(igi)<sup>ru</sup> <sup>múl</sup>''suḫurmāšu''(maš<sub>2</sub>) / ''gi''[''z'']-''zu'': <sup>múl</sup>''enzu''(uz<sub>3</sub>) «Поэтому она (= Тиамат) подобна (созвездию) Коза, которое видно вместе с (созвездием) Скорпион. (Созвездие) Коза-Рыба, ко[з]ел, эквивалентно (созвездию) Коза» [STC II, Pl. LXX rev. 6–7; Reynolds 1999, 370–371].<br /> <br /> III. Символ.<br /> <br /> Фигура созвездия исходно представляла, по-видимому, изображение козы. Однако на кудурру и на новоассирийских печатях мы видим антропоморфные изображения Гулы в качестве фигуры созвездия. Анализ проблем, связанных с этими изображениями, см. [Kurtik 2018], а также g35<sup>d</sup>''Gula'', III.<br /> <br /> IV. Отождествление.<br /> <br /> = Lyra, также отождествляемая с <sup>mul</sup>GAŠAN.TIN и <sup>mul</sup> <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'', [G. 145, I Ergebnis].<br /> <br /> = Lyra [Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 73].<br /> <br /> = Lyra с некоторыми соседними звездами [Weidner 1957–59, 79b; BPO 2, 16; MA, 138].<br /> <br /> = Lyra + звезды из Геркулеса (Hercules) [Koch 1989, 118, Anm. 375].<br /> <br /> = Lyra [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 249].<br /> <br /> = Lyra и часть Herculis [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 275].<br /> <br /> V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.<br /> <br /> (1) MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>LAMMA «Звезда с большим блеском в Козе, Ламма» (Вега, α Lyrae), см. MUL.APIN (I i 26).<br /> <br /> (2) mul ''e''-''du'' ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''kin-ṣi'' <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> «Отдельная звезда на колене Козы» (= ''ziqpu'' VI, μ Her), см. GU-текст.<br /> <br /> (3) <sup>mul</sup>zubi ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> «Посох(?) Козы», см. GU-текст ('''Т'''). (проверить и обдумать)<br /> <br /> (4) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> uz<sub>3</sub> «Нога Козы» (= δ Her), см. dbn-текст.<br /> <br /> (5) <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> uz<sub>3</sub> «Левая рука Козы» (θ Lyr), см. dbn-текст (§ m, x).<br /> <br /> VI. Астрология.<br /> <br /> Отождествления:<br /> <br /> (1) = ''Венера''; <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> — название Венеры в месяце тебету, см. d06''[[Dilbat]]'', I «''Таблица Дилбат''»; см. также другие предсказания, связанные с Козой.<br /> <br /> (2) = ''неустановленная планета'', возможно, Юпитер(?); см. ниже предсказание (14), а также [Bezold 1925, 122:169; G.145, I A].<br /> <br /> (3) = ''Нинлиль''; <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Nin-lil''<sub>2</sub> EGI<sub>2</sub> GAL-[''tu''] «Коза — Нинлиль, велика[я] принцесса» [BPO 2, II 12a].<br /> <br /> (4) = ''Голова Козы-Рыбы''; см. <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> : SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku</sup>6 «Коза = Голова Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3, 194, K. 42+:24′], см. также s24SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku</sup>6, VI 8.<br /> <br /> См. также отождествление: <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> = TUR<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' «Коза = Загон Гулы» [Reiner 1995, 53].<br /> <br /> Предсказания:<br /> <br /> (5) ''Общее астрологическое значение''; MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> TI.LA MAŠ<sub>2</sub>.ANŠE «Звезда (идущая) после него (?) — Коза, (определяющая) жизнь скота» [BPO 2, II 12b]; <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''a-na bu''-''l''[''im''] «Коза для (предсказаний, касающихся) скот[а]» [BPO 2, II 12c; ACh Suppl. 2, 74:5].<br /> <br /> (6) ''Видимость Козы''; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>]UZ<sub>3</sub> ŠE.IR.ZI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''lum-mu-nu'' ''ḫa-a-a-''DU ''ina'' KUR ''i-man-du'' «[Если (созвездие)] Коза, сияние его тусклое: шпионы размножатся в стране» [BPO 3, 94, k.2226+:38], см. также: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZA<sub>3</sub> ''a-dir'' […] «Если Коза потемнела […]» [ACh Ištar, 21: 81; Suppl. 2, 119:50].<br /> <br /> (7) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''появляется и стоит в течение 3 дней в месяце арахсамну''; см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 10'''.'''<br /> <br /> (8) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''исчезает в неположенное время''; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''i'']-''te-ir''(-)<sup>?</sup>''ru-bu-us-sa'' MU ''i-te-rik'' ''ana'' MAŠ.EN.KAK <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' NU UD.BA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> T[UM<sub>3</sub>-''ma''] «[Если Коза] … год станет длинным для неимущего, (это означает): Венера ис[чезает] в неположенный срок» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:25], см. также [ibid., 232, D.T. 47: 19; ACh Suppl. 34:36].<br /> <br /> (9) ''Коза испускает mišḫu''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> (глосса: ''mu-ul u''<sub>2</sub>''-za'') ''meš-ḫa im-šu''[''ḫ''] (глосса: ''im-šu''-[''uḫ'']) / DINGUR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ˹BUR<sub>2</sub>˺.[MEŠ] / ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ (глосса: ''re-e-mu'') [TUK.MEŠ] «Если Коза испускает ''mišḫu'': боги прос[тят] страну, [они проявят] милосердие (по отношению) к стране» [SAA 8, 74:1–3], см. также [ACh Ištar, 21:82; Suppl. 2, 63 col. i 13; Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 11].<br /> <br /> (10) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''и Луна''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''ina'' SA<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>30 GUB […] «Если Коза в (области) Луны стоит […]», DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''ina'' SI 15 <sup>d</sup>30 GUB […] «Если Коза на правом роге Луны стоит […]», DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''ina'' SI 150 <sup>d</sup>30 GUB […] «Если Коза на левом роге Луны стоит […]» [ACh Ištar, 21: 74–76].<br /> <br /> (11) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''Пути Солнца'' (=''Юпитер'') ''достигает''; [DIŠ] <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <KASKAL> <sup>d</sup>UTU KUR-''ud'' SU.KU<sub>2</sub> ''bu-lim'' U<sub>2</sub>.GUG GAL<sub>2</sub>-''ši'' «[Если] Коза (Пути) Солнца достигает: голод скота, голод будет» [BPO 3, 92, K. 2226+: 10]; в параллельном тексте LB 1321 r. 18′ в комментарии указано: <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' <sup>mul</sup>''Šul-pa-e''<sub>3</sub> kur-˹''ma''˺ «Венера достигает Юпитера» [Borger 1973, 41 r. 18′], отсюда тождества: «Коза = Венера», «Путь Солнца = Юпитер». см. также [ACh Ištar, 21:73; SpTU III, 101:28].<br /> <br /> (12) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''достигает Волка'' (=''Марс''); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra kur-''ud'' | ''ina'' mu bi šub-''tim'' ''bu-lim'' | <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' <sup>mul</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' kur-''ma'' «Если Коза достигает Волка: в этом году (будет) падеж скота, (это означает): Венера достигает Марса» [Borger 1973, 41 r. 16′]; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>]UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim bu-lim'' «[Если] Коза достигает Волка: в этом году (будет) падеж скота» [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:39], см. также [SpTU III, 101:26; ACh Ištar, 21:78; Suppl. 2, 119:51].<br /> <br /> (13) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''и Волк'' (= ''Марс''); <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> […] ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA T[E…] «Коза […] к Волку прибли[жается…] « [BPO 2, II 12d]; <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>[UR].BAR.RA ''i-mid ina'' MU BI MA[Š<sub>2</sub>.ANŠE…] «Коза стоит близко с [Вол]чьей звездой: в этом году ск[от…] [ibid., II 12g].<br /> <br /> (14) ''Венера к Козе''(?) ''приближается''; [UD EŠ<sub>4</sub>.DAR …] ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> TE … «[Если Иштар …] подходит близко к Козе: […] в стране будут звучать песни в честь урожая…» [BPO 3, 180, K.229 rev. ii 3′].<br /> <br /> (15) ''Волк'' (= ''Марс'') ''достигает'' ''Козы'' (= ''Венера''); u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 8.<br /> <br /> (16) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''достигает Бороны'' (=''Меркурий''); см. g08<sup>giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>, VI 2.<br /> <br /> (17) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''достигает Бороны'' (=''Меркурий'') ''с юга''; см. g08<sup>giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>, VI 3.<br /> <br /> (18) ''Коза'' (= ''Венера'') ''достигает Поля''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> kur-''ma'' | GUB ''ina'' mu bi a<sub>2</sub>.zag<sub>2</sub> gal<sub>2</sub> | <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat'' «Если Коза достигает Поля и стоит (там): в этом году (демон) Асакку будет; (Коза) = Венера» [Borger 1973, 41 r. 15′], см. также [SpTU III, 101: 25; ACh Ištar, 21:77; Suppl. 2, 73:50–52].<br /> <br /> (19) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''достигает звезды Эриду'' (= ''Марс или Меркурий''); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> KUR-''ma'' DU […] «Если Коза звезды Эриду достигает и идет (дальше) […]» [ACh Ištar, 21:72].<br /> <br /> (20) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''приближается к Крабу''; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 8.<br /> <br /> См. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 69:33].<br /> |Example<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References== <br /> *[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mesopotamian]] <br /> [[Category:Constellation]] <br /> [[Category:West Asian]] <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Cuneiform]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lyr]]</div>

Sushoff https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=ZAG.GAR&diff=40947 ZAG.GAR 2026-04-08T10:21:10Z

<p>Sushoff: </p> <hr /> <div>Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br /> ----<br /> __FORCETOC__<br /> <sup>mul</sup>ZAG.GAR (𒀯𒍠𒃻) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism that only occurs in the commentary to the Urra XXII star-list, namely the series Urgud (Hg). Here the asterism is identified as the consort of the goddess [[Išḫara|<sup>d</sup>''Išḫara'']], who herself is identified with [[Scorpius]]. No identification with any specific star(s) is possible. <br /> <br /> need to check in Litke and MSL XI????. <br /> <br /> ==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==<br /> Star or constellation. <br /> <br /> Occurs only in the Ḫg series. B VI:<br /> <br /> * <sup>mul</sup>zag.gar = (omission) = DAM <sup>d</sup>''be-let'' ˹EDIN˺ "Zaggar = (omission) = consort of the Lady of the plains(?)" [MSL XI<ref name=":0">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:53]. <br /> <br /> In the same text, in a line above, the correspondence: <br /> <br /> * (omission) = <sup>d</sup>''al-ma-nu'' = DAM <sup>d</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'' "Almanu = the wife of I''š''hara" [MSL XI<ref name=":0" />, 41:52]. <br /> * Cf. <sup>d</sup>Sag.˹gar˺ and <sup>d</sup>Al.ma.nu as I''š''hara's wife in the list of AN = <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' gods (IV 281, 283) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 166]. See also (Kurtik i17) [[Išḫara|<sup>d</sup>''Išḫara'']].<br /> == Historical Dictionaries == <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |-<br /> ! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, z02)<br /> ! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950) <br /> |-<br /> | звезда или созвездие. Встречается только в серии Ḫg. B VI: <sup>mul</sup>zag.gar = (пропуск) = DAM <sup>d</sup>be-let ˹EDIN˺ «Заггар = (пропуск) = супруг госпожи равнины(?)» [MSL XI, 41:53]. В том же тексте строкой выше приводится соответствие: (пропуск) = <sup>d</sup>al-ma-nu = DAM <sup>d</sup>iš-ḫa-ra «Алману = муж Ишхары» [MSL XI, 41:52]. Ср. <sup>d</sup>Sag.˹gar˺ и <sup>d</sup>Al.ma.nu как мужья Ишхары в списке богов AN = <sup>d</sup>Anum (IV 281, 283) [Litke 1998, 166]. См. также i17<sup>d</sup>Išḫara.<br /> | Example<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References == <br /> * [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mesopotamian]] <br /> [[Category:Sumerian]] <br /> [[Category:West Asian]] <br /> [[Category:Eurasia]]<br /> [[Category:Cuneiform]]<br /> [[Category:Constellation]]</div>

Sushoff